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[ "Nick Nolte, 1992 - This year, Nick Nolte starred in \"Lorenzo's Oil\" with Susan Sarandon. This same year Woody Allen left his long-term partner Mia Farrow after she discovered his secret affair with her adopted daughter, Soon-Yi Previn. Photo: Reuters", "Sam Bowden (Nick Nolte) is a well-to-do lawyer defending Max Cady (Robert De Niro) who’s being tried for the rape and battery of a young woman. Being illiterate, Cady depends completely on Bowden’s commitment to the law. When Sam sees the photos of the woman and the level of violence Cady inflicted on her, his morals come into conflict with his profession and he decides to hide evidence of the victim’s promiscuity in order to make sure Cady’s sentence isn’t reduced.", "In a revealing close-up, a naked Bobbie sat up against a blank wall (filmed from the chest up), lost in her own thoughts of depression and suicide, and soon after took an overdose of pills. The film then followed Jonathan into his divorced, burnt-out life in the late 60s and 70s, when he looked back and called ex-wife Bobbie \"Queen of the Ballbusters.\" Meanwhile, Sandy was dating 18 year-old free-love advocate and hippie chick Jennifer (Carol Kane) in the late 60s.", "Was set to star in Tequila Sunrise (1988) with Nick Nolte , but when Nolte dropped out, so did he. Mel Gibson and Kurt Russell starred in the film.", "Was set to star in Tequila Sunrise (1988) with Nick Nolte, but when Nolte dropped out, so did he. Mel Gibson and Kurt Russell starred in the film.", "The movie, filmed near Fort Lauderdale, shows Nolte at the head of a troubled family. He and his wife ( Jessica Lange ) have been through counseling because of his infidelities, and now he seems to be in the opening stages of a new affair. They live in a rambling house on a lot of land, but there isn't space enough for their daughter ( Juliette Lewis ), who hates it when they fight and locks herself in her bedroom to brood and watch MTV. This is a family with a lot of problems even before Max Cady arrives on the scene.", "Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an American actress who is best known for her roles as Lois Lane in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, as Susan Mayer in Desperate Housewives and as Paris Carver in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her role as Susan Mayer on the television series Desperate Housewives in 2005. In the same year she won the Screen Actor's Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actress in a Comedy Series and was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, but lost out to fellow cast member and close friend, Felicity Huffman.", "And yet today, two weeks before said Academies, as he putters around his Malibu house in a faded blue shirt, purple pajama bottoms, and tattered slippers, Nolte seems to be living in a truce. His homelife, which he shares with his girlfriend of more than five years, Vicki Lewis of NBC's NewsRadio, seems relatively quiet. As for his career, it's, well, smokin'--thanks to Nolte's own decision to concentrate less on big-money gigs and more on small films like Affliction, a movie that Nolte himself executive-produced. \"It's not about the movie business for him now,\" says Sissy Spacek, his costar in both Affliction and the 1980 drama Heart Beat. \"He's been there and he's done that.\"", "To win the role of Sam Bowden, the lawyer terrorized by an ex-con played by Robert De Niro, Nolte auditioned for the part by showing up at the premiere of Martin Scorsese's GoodFellas in character. \"I thought to myself, Marty's only seen me as that big fat painter guy [from New York Stories]. And I'm real thin now. So I combed my hair back and put a suit on and went over there. Marty saw me and he goes, 'Nick! Jesus, you look...wait right here! I gotta get Bobby!' And he said, 'Listen, can you come for a meeting tomorrow at two?' I went up there and that was it.\"", "Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren) is a young San Francisco socialite. She decides to follow lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) to his home in Bodega Bay, California. She apparently picks the wrong time to visit. The birds of Bodega Bay are becoming increasingly aggressive and soon every human being around comes under attack, with Annie Hayworth (Suzanne Pleshette), a close friend of the Brenners, becoming one of the early casualties.", "*GRACE QUIGLEY (1985) A legendary bomb, Katharine Hepburn's last theatrical film plays like Final Exit turned into a queasy farce. Nolte's the hit man hired by Kate to rub out herself and other tired-of-livin' oldsters. He obviously has no idea what he's doing in this movie, and it's his one truly rotten performance. F", "In the Cape Fear remake, Nolte (Peck in the original) is Sam Bowden, the lawyer sought out by Max Cady (De Niro/Mitchum) for sending him to prison some years earlier. Jessica Lange, who immediately emits an earthy sexuality, is a sharp contrast to Bergen’s pure wife reaction to Cady’s embrace. Lange even makes an impromptu speech, somehow unconvincing, about how she is attracted to Cady, an effort to spare her daughter.", "After the worldwide success of “The Perfect Storm”, she was more in demand than ever. She played Leelee Sobieski’s sinister junkie guardian in the slick thriller The Glass House (2001), and co-starred with Keanu Reeves in the #1 smash hit Hard Ball (2001). However, her greatest career moment was still to come with her lead role in the enormous critical and commercial hit Unfaithful (2002), in which she superbly portrayed Richard Gere’s adulterous wife. Her performance won the respect of critics and audiences alike.", "She has been portrayed on film and television by Dolores Sutton in F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976), Rosemary Murphy in Julia (1977), Bebe Neuwirth in Dash and Lilly (1999) and Jennifer Jason Leigh in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994). Neuwirth was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance, and Leigh received a number of awards and nominations, including a Golden Globe nomination.", "When neighbor Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong) unexpectedly commits suicide it brings murder, mystery and scandal to the already desperate lives of the suburbanites of Wysteria Lane; including Susan (Teri Hatcher, \"Lois & Clark\") who competes for the heart of mysterious new neighbor Mike Delfino (James Denton), Lynette (Felicity Huffman, the overlooked \"Sports Night\") dealing with her own rambunctious young boys and workaholic husband, Gabrielle (Eva Langoria) a philandering trophy wife to her domineering husband Carlos (Ricardo Antonio Chavira, \"Six Feet Under\") and Bree Van De Kamp (Marcia Cross, \"Melrose Place\") whose picture perfect outward image will be shattered by the indiscretions of her family.", "He was often compared to film character Rick \"Wild Thing\" Vaughn (played by Charlie Sheen) in the 1989 David S. Ward film Major League.", "It has to be George Clooney. All you have to do is look at the babe bagged by the Bat:", "\"Finding a girl who could play baseball is not always something that's easy. Kristy McNichol, who was a young actress at the time, actually could throw the ball like a guy. She was really good and a wonderful actress,\" says Jaffe. \"Walter and Tatum, of course, brought a lot of big-name value. (McNichol and O'Neal would later star together in \"Little Darlings\").", "Forgive him if he sounds like he's seen it all. In a 25-year roller-coaster career (see filmography on page 56), Nolte has looked at Hollywood from almost every imaginable perspective: sex symbol, blockbuster star, has-been, critical darling. And his private life has been no less tumultuous. In 1962, the Omaha native was convicted on a felony charge for selling fake draft cards (and given five years' probation); he pretty much drank his way through the 1980s; and he's weathered three divorces. \"It's always been a battle,\" he sighs.", "Frequently appearing for or alongside her actor/writer husband of 50 years, noted stage, screen and TV heavy and writer Leo Gordon , actress Lynn Cartwright is probably best remembered for one of her early screen roles as the brusque, Brooklyn-accented switchboard operator in the cult horror The Wasp Woman , and for her touching final screen appearance as the older, sweet-faced WWII-era baseball player Dottie Hinson (played throughout most the film by Geena Davis )) in the final scenes of the Penny Marshall -helmed comedy A League of Their Own .", "While the public perception of her remains majestic, she was human. She was involved in a romantic relationship with Jimmy Connors before she turned 20. She dated, among others, a president's son (Jack Ford) and an actor (Burt Reynolds), and had an affair with a married British ex-rock star (Adam Faith).", "professional basketball and baseball player, best known for his starring role in the 1950s ABC hit western series The Rifleman.", "Then: Tara Reid landed her first big Hollywood role as Bunny Lebowski, young trophy wife of the Big Lebowski. Charlize Theron reportedly auditioned for the part.", "Sharon Stone reprised the role of Catherine for a very brief cameo in the movie Last Action Hero . She is seen in the same outfit from the interrogation scene and lighting a cigarette as she passes Jack Slater and Danny on their way into LAPD headquarters.", "Bennett Miller's adaptation of Michael Lewis' non-fiction best seller Moneyball stars Brad Pitt as Billy Beane, a one-time phenom who flamed out in the big leagues and now works as the GM for the Oakland Athletics, a franchise that's about to lose their three best players to free agency. Because the team isn't in a financial position to spend as much as perennial favorites like the Yankees and the Red Sox, Beane realizes he needs to radically change how he evaluates what players can bring to the squad. After he meets Peter Brand (Jonah Hill), an Ivy League economics major working as an executive assistant for scouting on another team, Beane realizes he's found the man who understands how to subvert the system of assessing players that's been in place for nearly a century. However, as the duo begin to acquire players that seem too old, injured, or inept to play major-league baseball, they face stiff resistance from both the A's longtime scouts and the team's manager Art Howe (Philip Seymour Hoffman), who outright refuses to allow Beane's more-nontraditional acquisitions to play. Moneyball screened at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Heche won a daytime Emmy for her role as Vicky in 1991. On the big screen, Heche has starred in \"Donnie Brasco\" and opposite Harrison Ford in \"Six Days, Seven Nights.\" She had a reccurring role in the shows \"Ally McBeal\" and \"Men In Trees.\" She currently stars as the slightly neoritic housewife on the HBO show \"Hung.\"", "Major League Baseball pitcher 'Roger Clemens (I)' makes an uncredited cameo appearance as the eye-patched outlaw character \"Dutch Spencer\". See more »", "The Character: Baseball groupie in Bull Durham with an unusually philosophical viewpoint: by shagging one Durham Bulls teammate every season, she can help him to become a better player.", "The romantic comedy, released the following year, saw her play the ditzy girlfriend of a high school jock, a role in which Los Angeles Times found \"serious comedic potential\". In a particularly scathing review, the critic for Variety deemed her \"entirely undirected\", arguing that \"she needs to find a skilled director to tamp her down and channel her obviously abundant energy\". Read Less", "By the early 90s, Robbins had broken out of minor roles in The Love Boat and Top Gun. His ascent to stardom began when he was cast as the lunkhead pitcher “Nuke” LaLoosh in 1988’s Bull Durham. When he won best actor at 1992’s Cannes Film Festival for his role in The Player as a deliciously sleazy Hollywood studio executive, Newsweek named Robbins the “man of the moment.”", "*BASEketball, directed by David Zucker, starring Trey Parker, Matt Stone, Yasmine Bleeth, Jenny McCarthy and Robert Vaughn", "Entertainment Weekly magazine describes Janney's screen presence as \"uncommonly beautiful and infinitely expressive\". As an actor, the magazine deems her to be \"one to watch\"." ]

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[ "First men on the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. First return of samples from another planetary body.", "the U.S. Apollo program sent twelve men to land on the Moon, the first of whom were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in Apollo 11. The first men sent to the Moon were Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, in Apollo 8. Before and since that time, the Moon has been the target of numerous landing and orbiting space probes, starting with the Soviet Luna 1 in 1959", "1969: On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin are the first men to set foot on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission, helped by their colleague Michael Collins, who remains in lunar orbit. Five more Apollo missions successfully explore the Moon until the final one, Apollo 17, concludes on December 19, 1972. The day after the Moon landing, The New York Times apologizes for mocking Goddard's original idea of Moon rockets: \"It is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error.\"", "The first man on the moon - American - Neil Armstrong - and the other American astronauts, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin.", "Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the moon. The crew members, from left, were Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. The mission launched on July 16, 1969.", "1971: Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle on the surface of the moon. It’s the first off-planet automobile ride.", "On July 20th, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts, Neil Armstrong and Edwin �Buzz� Aldrin, became the first men to walk on the Moon. High above, Michael Collins orbited in the Command Module (CM). Four months later, Apollo 12�s Pete Conrad, Alan Bean and Richard Gordon also made it to our only natural satellite. In April, 1970, the Apollo 13 mission went awry, but Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise made it back safely albeit with frozen sausages. Almost a year later, for Apollo 14, Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell landed at Fra Mauro while Stuart Roosa orbited. At the end of July, 1971, Apollo 15 set down on the lunar surface, leaving Alfred Worden circling the Moon. David Scott and James Irwin were the moonwalkers in this mission. Nine months on, John Young and Charlie Duke stepped out onto the Descarte Highlands as Ken Mattingley remained in orbit for Apollo 16. The final Moon landing, Apollo 17, in December, 1972, had Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt landing and Ronald Evans piloting the CM.", "1969: U.S. Apollo 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., and Michael Collins travel to the Moon where Armstrong and Aldrin land to take man's first walk on the lunar surface.", "Neil Armstrong (commander), Buzz Aldrin (lunar module pilot) and Michael Collins (command module pilot) were the crew.", "The Sixties also bought the space race to new heights and ended the race to land a man on the moon and bring him back when America through the Apollo 11 mission on July 20,1969 put Neil Alden Armstrong and Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. became the first humans to land on the Moon fulfilling the American Dream to place a man on the moon before the Russians ( Space Race ). The words spoken by Neil Armstrong \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind\" going into the history books for now and future generations to come.", "The crew members for this historic mission were Neil Alden Armstrong, commander; Lt. Colonel Michael Collins (USAF), command module pilot; and Colonel Edwin Eugene �Buzz� Aldrin, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot.", "The Apollo 17 crew were the last men on the moon. With Ronald Evans in the command module, Commander Eugene Cernan and scientist Harrison H. Schmitt drove 34 km (21 miles) in the lunar buggy. On December 11, 1972 they left behind a plaque that reads: “Here Man completed his first exploration of the Moon, December 1972 A.D. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind.” Cernan was the last man to have set foot on another celestial body.", "UNITED STATES - MAY 30: Aldrin is shown beside the foot of the Lunar Module. Apollo 11, carrying astronauts Neil Armstrong - Commander, Michael Collins - Command Module pilot and Edwin Aldrin - Lunar Module pilot, was the first manned lunar landing mission. It was launched on 16th July 1969 and Armstrong and Aldrin became the first and second men to walk on the moon on 20th July 1969. Collins remained in lunar orbit while Armstrong and Aldrin were on the surface. The astronauts returned to Earth on 24th July 1969. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)", "Armstrong: First man on the moon – The astronaut crew of the Apollo 11 mission are pictured in May 1969. Left to right are Neil Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin, lunar module pilot.", "It was May 22, 1969 when Gene Cernan, Tom Stafford and John Young made history on Apollo 10. While Young orbited in the Command Module (\"Charlie Brown\"), Cernan and Stafford flew the Lunar Module (\"Snoopy\") to within 50,000 feet of the moon's surface. Read more. The very successful mission prepared the way for America's first moon landing on July 20, 1969.", "The Apollo 11 Lunar Module (LM) \"Eagle\" was the first crewed vehicle to land on the Moon. It carried two astronauts, Commander Neil A. Armstrong and LM pilot Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr., the first men to walk on the Moon. Also included on the LM was the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP), which consisted of several self-contained experiments to be deployed and left on the lunar surface, and other scientific and sample collection apparatus.", "July 26, 1971 Saturn V carries Apollo 15 with astronauts David Scott, James Irvin and Alfred Worden to the Moon. Lunar Roving Vehicle, developed by the Marshall Center, is used for the first time for extensive surface exploration of lunar landscape.", "FILE - In this July 24, 1969 file photo, President Richard Nixon, right, greets the Apollo 11 astronauts in the quarantine van on board the U.S.S. Hornet after splashdown and recovery. The Apollo 11 crew from left are Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon after blastoff from Cape Kennedy, Fla., on July 16, 1969. (AP Photo, File)", "The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples. Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race; and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon. ", "Deke Slayton picked a crew of aviators for the first scientific mission to the Moon David Scott, 39, as Commander, Alfred Worden, 39, as Command Module Pilot and Jim Irwin, 41, as Lunar Module Pilot, with backups Richard Gordon, Vance Brand and Harrison Schmitt. The Air Force is in Dave Scotts blood, his father a retired USAF General, and his wife, Ann Lurton, daughter of a retired USAF Brigadier-General. He had been out to the Carnarvon Tracking Station in June 1965 for Gemini 4 and while he was there went on a geological expedition to the Kennedy Ranges some 320 kilometres inland from Carnarvon. These Ranges are noted for their fossils, gemstones, and petrified wood. With Honeysuckle Creek appointed the Prime Station for the mission there were a lot of connections between Apollo 15 and Australia, especially when Apollo 15 sprang a leak during the mission like Cooks Endeavour did on the Great Barrier Reef.", "Apollo 10 becomes the first staffed flight to descend within nine miles of the Moon's surface. Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, and John W. Young are on the flight.", "For thousands of years, man had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. On July 20, 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin .", "1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin become the 1st men to walk on the Moon, during the Apollo 11 mission", "Aldrin was chosen as a member of the three-person Apollo 11 crew that landed on the Moon on 20 July 1969, fulfilling the mandate of President John F. Kennedy to send Americans to the Moon before the end of the decade. Aldrin was the second American to set foot on the lunar surface. He and Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong spent about twenty hours on the Moon before returning to the orbiting Apollo Command Module. The spacecraft and the lunar explorers returned to Earth on 24 July 1969.", "The Apollo lunar module, or LM, was the first true spacecraft-designed to fly only in a vacuum, with no aerodynamic qualities whatsoever. Launched attached to the Apollo command/service module, it separated in lunar orbit and descended to the Moon with two astronauts inside. At the end of their stay on the surface, the lunar module's ascent stage fired its own rocket to rejoin the command/service module in lunar orbit.", "Both Apollo 19 and 20 had the same objective, to land on the far side of the Moon and explore the �alien wreck� that had been photographed by Apollo 15. According to Rutledge, he and Snyder worked for Bell Labs and were contracted out to the USAF. He had also worked for Avro, the Canadian company that developed the famous Avrocar, and Chance Vought, the aircraft company that developed the �Flying Flapjack� aircraft. Leonov was the first man to walk in space and was the Soviet mission commander for the Apollo-Soyuz link.", "May 18 Apollo program: Apollo 10 (Tom Stafford, Gene Cernan, John Young) is launched, on the full dress-rehearsal for the Moon landing.", "Astronaut Alan B. Shepard hit a golf ball and Edgar Mitchell threw a \"javelin\" on the moon. They landed in the same crater and remain on the Moon today.", "Aldrin was lunar module pilot and the second man to walk on the moon. On each lunar landing mission, one crew member stayed in orbit in the command module. On this mission that was Collins.", "* Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr – Second-seat veteran on Gemini 12, flew as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11, the first Moon landing.", "1971 Men rode in a vehicle on the moon for the first time in a lunar rover vehicle (LRV).", "HOUSTON, July 20 - Two men landed on the moon today and for more than two hours walked its forbidding surface in mankind’s first exploration of an alien world." ]

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[ "The previous record for the longest single U.S. space flight was held by Astronaut Shannon Lucid, who lived on Mir for 188 days in 1996, a mission that still is the world record for the longest single space flight by a woman. She also holds the cumulative record for time in space by a woman with 223 days in space on five flights.", "In 1996 who earned the distinctions of enduring the longest stay in space by any american man or woman?", "Mir set every record in long-duration spaceflight. Physician Valeri Polyakov lived aboard Mir for a single, continuous-orbit stay of 437 days, 17 hours and 38 minutes. He completed his stay in 1995 as American Norm Thagard began his Mir residency. Polyakov's experiences contributed greatly to the biomedical studies of long-term human spaceflight conducted by the Institute of Biomedical Problems, where he served as Deputy Director. Combined with an earlier Mir expedition flight, the Russian cosmonaut spent a total 678 days, 16 hours and 33 minutes on the Russian space station. However, his achievement for total time in space was surpassed in 1999 by Sergei Avdeyev who endured a total 747 days, 14 hours and 12 minutes, during three space missions. During Shuttle-Mir, Shannon Lucid set the space endurance record for women in 1996 when she spent 188 days, 4 hours and 00 minutes in orbit.", "1996 - Shannon Lucid returned to Earth after being in space for 188 days. she set a time record for a U.S. astronaut in space and in the world for time spent by a woman in space.", "1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans -- she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights.", "Seven days later, Helen Sharman came back to Earth in her Soyuz TM11 capsule which parachuted into Kazakhstan. With her was Commander Musa Manarov who held the record for the longest time in space at 541 days.", "1996 - The space shuttle Columbia returned from the longest-ever shuttle flight of 17 days, 15 hours and 54 minutes.", "Space Scientist and the first woman to have been twice in the orbit in 1996 and 2001 under the name of C. Andr�-Deshays. (b. 1957-).", "1999 : Space shuttle \"Columbia\" blasted off with the world's most powerful X-ray telescope and Eileen Collins, the first woman to command a U-S space flight. The mission lasted four days.", "* Space shuttle mission STS-7 (CED), the second flight of the orbiter Challenger, is launched from Cape Canaveral with a crew of five, including Dr. Sally K. Ride, a physicist and the first American woman in space.", "1995 : The Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on a history making mission from the Kennedy Space center in Florida. Discovery is being piloted by astronaut Eileen Collins, who is the first woman ever to fly a space shuttle. The high point of the mission is to be a rendezvous with the Russian space station MIR.", "Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, who 50 years ago this Sunday (June 16) launched aboard the Soviet Union's Vostok 6 mission, set a world record by becoming the first woman in space. But her gender wasn't the only contribution that Tereshkova made to the cultural history of space exploration — she was also the first person to wear a mission emblem on her spacesuit, although it was hidden from view.", "From Cape Canaveral, Florida, the space shuttle Challenger is launched into space on its second mission. Aboard the shuttle was Dr. Sally Ride, who as a mission specialist became the first American woman to travel into space. During the six-day mission, Ride, an astrophysicist from Stanford University, operated the shuttle’s robot arm, which she had helped design.", "Lucid is the only American woman to have lived and worked on the Russian Mir space station . Her stay lasted more than 188 days, which was the longest mission of any American aboard that former orbiting outpost.", "Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (; born 6 March 1937) is a retired Russian cosmonaut and politician. She is the first woman to have flown in space, having been selected from more than four hundred applicants and five finalists to pilot Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She completed 48 orbits of the Earth in her three days in space.", "On this day in spaceflight history, a woman showed the world that she too had the “right stuff”.", "Lt. Col. Eileen M. Collins became the first woman to pilot a shuttle, Discovery, during the spacecraft's historic rendezvous with the Russian space station Mir on Feb. 6, 1995. The shuttle Atlantis made the first link-up with the Mir on June 29, 1995.", "On June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to travel into space. After 48 orbits and 71 hours, she returned to earth, having spent more time in space than all U.S. astronauts combined to that date.", "On June 16, 1963, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, now a retired Soviet cosmonaut and engineer, became the first woman and civilian to fly in space after being selected from more than four hundred applicants and five finalists to pilot Vostok 6.", "Laika travelled in a spacecraft known as Sputnik 2. Laika means \"Barker\" in Russian, and her mission helped scientists understand whether people could survive in space.", "Vostok 6 lifted off from Tyuratam Launch Center (now Baikanor Cosmodrome), Kazakhstan on June 16, 1963. It remained in space for nearly three days and orbited the Earth 48 times, giving Tereshkova more time in space than all of the American Mercury astronauts combined. Vostok 6 reentered the Earth's atmosphere on June 19, and Tereshkova parachuted to the ground, as all early cosmonauts had to do. She became a worldwide celebrity, as the first woman in space, and the first woman in orbit.", "1983 : Dr. Sally Ride became the first American woman in space as a mission specialist as she and four colleagues blasted off aboard the space shuttle Challenger. The mission lasted six days.", "50 Years ago today, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova made history and became the first woman ever fly in space, when she launched aboard the Vostok-6 capsule on June 16, 1963.", "Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to fly to space when she launched on the Vostok 6 mission June 16, 1963.", "On June 16, 1963, Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space when she flew aboard Vostok 6.", "Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space during the Vostok 6 mission, which lifted off in 1962. Photo Credit: Commons / Ria Novosti", "STS-93, launched on July 23, 1999, was the first U.S. space mission with a female commander, Lt. Col. Eileen Collins. This mission deployed the Chandra X-ray Observatory.", "The Soviet Union launches the Vostok 6 spacecraft during June of 1963. The mission carried cosmonaut Valentina V. Tereshkova as she became the first woman in space. During the mission medical experiments were conducted to test the effects of space travel on a female body and live video of Tereshkova was broadcast on television in the Soviet Union. The flight also involved the Vostok 5 spacecraft which was also in space at the time. The two crafts flew together and communicated with each other by using two-way radio throughout the mission. The Vostok 6 was in space for 3 days, after which it came to an end and Valentina Tereshkova safely returned to Earth.", "on June 16, 1963, Junior Lieutenant Tereshkova became the first woman to be launched into space. Using her radio callsign (nickname) Chaika (Seagull), she reported, \"I see the horizon. A light blue, a beautiful band. This is the Earth. How beautiful it is! All goes well.\"", "At 12:30 p.m. on June 16, 1963, Junior Lieutenant Tereshkova became the first woman to be launched into space. Using her radio callsign (nickname) Chaika (Seagull), she reported, \"I see the horizon. A light blue, a beautiful band. This is the Earth. How beautiful it is! All goes well.\"", "Flying under the call sign \"Seagull\" (in Russian \"Чайка\" or \"Chayka\"), Tereshkova circled the planet 48 times before returning to Earth under manual control. Like the Vostok pilots that preceded her flight into space, Tereshkova had to eject from the spherical capsule and landed separately by parachute on June 19, 1963.", "Resnik’s first flight (STS-41-D), in 1984, made her the second American female in space, and the first Jewish-American in space. That mission had the crew deploy three satellites into orbit, as well as deploy the OAST-1 solar array. The array, once unfolded, was 13 feet wide and 102 feet long–“it’s up, and it’s big!” she reported to mission control. When folded, it was a mere 7 inches deep. The array demonstrated the feasibility of large lightweight solar arrays in space. Her total time in space as a result of that mission was 6 days, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds." ]

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[ "In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Because the controlled output power can be much larger than the controlling input power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeenand Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input. The American physicist and 1956 Nobel Prize winner, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the “father” of the transistor. Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms today’s building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computing and electronics device.", "In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Because the controlled output power can be much larger than the controlling input power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input. The manager of the Bell Labs semiconductor research group, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the \"father\" of the transistor. Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms today's building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computing and electronics device. In recognition of their invention of the transistor, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. ", "The transistor, the invention that marked the dawn of the information age, was invented by John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Laboratories. Bardeen, Shockley and Brattain were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the transistor effect.", "In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Because the controlled output power can be much larger than the controlling input power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input.[212] The American physicist and 1956 Nobel Prize winner, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the \"father\" of the transistor.[14] Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms today�s building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computing and electronics device.[213]", "On December 23, 1947, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William B. Shockley demonstrated the first working transistor to their colleagues at Bell Laboratories. Amplifying small electrical signals and supporting the processing of digital information, the transistor is \"the key enabler of modern electronics\". The three men received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 \"for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect.\"", "            1910-Sunday- Happy Birthday, William Shockley, English-American engineer and teacher, co-winner  of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for the development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and basically (take note all you MP3, Ipoders, and now Iphoners) began the age of micro-miniature electronics.", "John Bardeen shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain for their joint invention of the transistor. In 1972, with Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer, Bardeen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics again, this time for the first successful explanation of superconductivity. Focusing on such areas as electrical conduction in semiconductors and metals, and surface properties of semiconductors, Bardeen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1954.", "He also holds the distinction that he is and the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice. The first time was in 1956 with Walter Brattain and William Shockley for the invention of the transistor, and the second time was in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity.", "Walter H. Brattain spent three years at the University Minnesota and received his Ph.D. in 1929. Before taking a post at Bell Labs, Brattain began his research which was concerned with thermionic emission and adsorbed layers on tungsten. He continued on into the field of rectification and photo-effects at semiconductor surfaces, beginning with a study of rectification at the surface of cuprous oxide. This work was followed by similar studies of silicon. Brattain discovered the photo-effect at the free surface of a semiconductor; with Bardeen he invented the point-contact transistor, and his research led to a better understanding of the surface properties of semiconductors, with Bardeen, Garrett, and Boddy. Walter Brattain won the Nobel Prize in 1956 with John Bardeen and William Shockley for their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect. '", "John Bardeen was co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for inventing the transistor and in 1972 for the theory of superconductivity.", "The 1956 prize went to John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”. However, the committee did not recognize numerous preceding patent applications. As early as 1928, Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented several modern transistor types.[128] In 1934, HP Pavilion DV5T Battery", "In 1956, the three men were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics by King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden \"for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect.\" Bardeen and Brattain were included for the discovery of the point-contact transistor; Shockley for the development of the junction transistor. Walter Brattain is credited as having said, when told of the award, \"I certainly appreciate the honor. It is a great satisfaction to have done something in life and to have been recognized for it in this way. However, much of my good fortune comes from being in the right place, at the right time, and having the right sort of people to work with.\" Each of the three gave a lecture. Brattain spoke on Surface Properties of Semiconductors, Bardeen on Semiconductor Research Leading to the Point Contact Transistor, and Shockley on Transistor Technology Evokes New Physics.", "One of his major contributions to the electronics industry was to apply quantum theory to the development of semiconductors. In 1947, with colleagues John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, he made the first successful amplifying semiconductor device. They called it a transistor (from transfer and resistor). Shockley made improvements to it in 1950 which made it easier to manufacture. His original idea eventually led to the development of the silicon chip. Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain won the 1956 Nobel Prize for the development of the transistor. It allowed electonic devices to be built smaller and lighter and even cheaper.", "1956: jointly to: William Bradford Shockley (1910 - 1989) American physicist and inventor, to John Bardeen (1908 - 1991) American physicist & electrical engineer, and to Walter Houser Brattain (1902 - 1987) American physicist, \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\".", "Shockley worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories from 1936 to 1956, when he became director of the Shockley Transistor Corp. in Palo Alto, California. He lectured at Stanford University beginning in 1958 and became professor of engineering science in 1963. His research on semiconductors led to the development of the transistor in 1948. For this research he shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics with his associates John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain.", "December 23, 1947 - The transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley, who shared the Nobel Prize for their invention which sparked a worldwide revolution in electronics.", "Walter H. Brattain ~ 1902-1987 ~ Am American of Scottish ancestry he was the senior member of the team at Bell Labs receiving the Nobel Prize for the invention of the transistor in 1956. Some say this was the most important invention since James Watt produced the practical steam engine.14", "William Shockley was a Bell Labs physicist and one of a group there who got a Nobel Prize for inventing the transistor. In 1956 he opened his own electronics company in Mountain View , the area he had grown up in. Only a year later, some of his young engineers (the \"traitorous eight\") left to found Fairchild Semiconductor in San Jose . Fairchild was the first company to use silicon rather than germanium for its transistors and the first to succeed in producing integrated circuits commercially. Like the other major players of the era — Texas Instruments and Motorola — Fairchild Semiconductor was a branch of a large firm well established in other areas of electronics.", "There he conducted research on the electron-conducting properties of semiconductors. This work led to the invention of the transistor. Conditions were rather crowded when I arrived at the Murray Hill, NJ, laboratory.", "Although many scientists contributed along the way, it was three men who really brought the transistor to life, and each played a different role: the thinker, the tinkerer, and the visionary. John Bardeen was the thinker, a man who could look at an event no one else comprehended and go beyond common understanding to explain it. Walter Brattain was the tinkerer, a builder who could put together any contraption asked. William Shockley was the visionary, a seer who predicted how important the transistor would be long before anyone else. All three were top-class scientists, and their unique skills brought together in one laboratory created the perfect environment for their grand invention. But their unique perspectives also made them ill fit to continue working together. They joined for a few years of brilliance and then went their separate ways due to a colossal clashing of egos.", "Image: William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|Nobel laureate William Shockley, BS 1932, co-inventor of the solid state transistor, father of Silicon Valley", "Shockley believed (and stated) that he should have received all the credit for the discovery of the transistor. He actively excluded Bardeen and Brattain from new areas of research, in particular the junction transistor, which Shockley patented. Shockley's theory of the junction transistor was an \"impressive achievement\", pointing the way to future solid-state electronics, but it would be several years before its construction would become practically possible.", "1951 - Dr. William Shockley announced that he had invented a working and efficient junction transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ.", "Shortly before Christmas, Bardeen had an historic insight. Everyone thought they knew how electrons behaved in crystals, but Bardeen discovered they were wrong. The electrons formed a barrier on the surface. His breakthrough was what they needed. Without telling Shockley about the changes they were making to the investigation, Bardeen and Brattain worked on. On December 16, 1947, they built the point-contact transistor , made from strips of gold foil on a plastic triangle, pushed down into contact with a slab of germanium.", "At the same time some European scientists were led by the idea of solid-state amplifiers. In August 1948 German physicists Herbert F. Mataré (1912–2011) and Heinrich Welker (1912–1981), working at Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse in Aulnay-sous-Bois, France applied for a patent on an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process which they called the \"transistron\". Since Bell Labs did not make a public announcement of the transistor until June 1948, the transistron was considered to be independently developed. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of silicon diodes for German radar equipment during WWII. Transistrons were commercially manufactured for the French telephone company and military, and in 1953 a solid-state radio receiver with four transistrons was demonstrated at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair.", "Oskar Heil patented a field-effect transistor.[129] It is unclear whether Lilienfeld or Heil had really built such devices, but they did cause later workers significant patent problems. Further, Herbert F. Mataré and Heinrich Walker, at Westinghouse Paris, applied for a patent in 1948 of an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of germanium diodes for German radar equipment during World War II. Shockley was part of other controversies[ HP Pavilion DV7 Battery", "1947 - Bardeen and Brattain discover amplification effect in germanium at Bell Labs. This is the first point-contact transistor", "This resulted in his invention of the junction transistor, which was announced at a press conference on July 4, 1951. ", "The first Nobel Prize (year 2000) in the new millennium was awarded in half to Jack S. Kilby for achievements that laid the foundations for the present information technology. In 1958, he fabricated the first integrated circuit where all electronic components are built on one single block of semiconducting material, later called \"chip\". This opened the way for miniaturization and mass production of electronic circuits. In combination with the development of components based on heterostructures described in an earlier section (for which Alferov and Kroemer shared the other half of the Prize), this has led to the \"IT-revolution\" that has reshaped so much our present society.", "According to theories of the time, Shockley's field effect transistor, a cylinder coated thinly with silicon and mounted close to a metal plate, should have worked. He ordered Brattain and Bardeen to find out why it wouldn't. During November and December, the two men carried out a variety of experiments, attempting to determine why Shockley's device wouldn't amplify. Bardeen was a brilliant theorist; Brattain, equally importantly, \"had an intuitive feel for what you could do in semiconductors\". Bardeen theorized that the failure to conduct might be the result of local variations in the surface state which trapped the charge carriers. Brattain and Bardeen eventually managed to create a small level of amplification by pushing a gold metal point into the silicon, and surrounding it with distilled water. Replacing silicon with germanium enhanced the amplification, but only for low frequency currents.", "The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Initially the only devices available were germanium point-contact transistors. ", "American electrical engineer who co-won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000.  Inventor of the integrated circuit." ]

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[ "British engineer Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the two-electrode radio rectifier; or vacuum diode, which he calls an oscillation valve. Based on Edison's lightbulbs, the valve reliably detects radio waves. Transcontinental telephone service becomes possible with Lee De Forest's 1907 patent of the triode, or three-element vacuum tube, which electronically amplifies signals.", "However, it was Lee De Forest who is credited with inventing the triode tube in 1907 while continuing experiments to improve his original Audion tube, a crude forerunner of the triode. By placing an additional electrode between the filament (cathode) and plate (anode), he discovered the ability of the resulting device to amplify signals of all frequencies. As the voltage applied to the so-called control grid (or simply \"grid\") was lowered from the cathode's voltage to somewhat more negative voltages, the amount of current from the filament to the plate would be reduced. The negative electrostatic field created by the grid in the vicinity of the cathode would inhibit thermionic emission and reduce the current to the plate. Thus, a few volts' difference at the grid would make a large change in the plate current and could lead to a much larger voltage change at the plate; the result was voltage and power amplification. In 1908, De Forest filed for a patent () for such a three-electrode version of his original Audion tube for use as an electronic amplifier in radio communications. This eventually became known as the triode.", "In 1907, transcontinental telephone service became possible with Lee De Forest's patent of the triode, or three-element vacuum tube, which electronically amplifies signals.", "1907 - Lee de Forest is granted a patent on January 15 for the first triode (three-element)", "However actual amplification by a vacuum tube only became practical with Lee De Forest's 1907 invention of the three-terminal \"audion\" tube, a crude form of what was to become the triode. Being essentially the first electronic amplifier, such tubes were instrumental in long-distance telephony (such as the first coast-to-coast telephone line in the US) and public address systems, and introduced a far superior and versatile technology for use in radio transmitters and receivers. The electronics revolution of the 20th century arguably began with the invention of the triode vacuum tube.", "In January 1906, De Forest filed a patent for diode vacuum tube detector, a two-electrode device for detecting electromagnetic waves, a variant of the Fleming valve invented two years earlier. One year later, De Forest filed a patent for a three-electrode device that was a much more sensitive detector of electromagnetic waves. It was granted US Patent 879,532 in February 1908. The device was also called the De Forest valve, and since 1919 has been known as the triode. De Forest’s innovation was the insertion of a third electrode, the grid, between the cathode (filament) and the anode (plate) of the previously invented diode. The resulting triode or three-electrode vacuum tube could be used as an amplifier of electrical signals, notably for radio reception. The Audion was the fastest electronic switching element of the time, and was later used in early digital electronics (such as computers). The triode was vital in the development of transcontinental telephone communications, radio, and radar after Nikola Tesla’s and Guglielmo Marconi’s progress in radio in the 1890s, until the 1948 invention of the transistor.", "After reading Fleming's 1905 paper on his oscillation valve, American engineer Lee De Forest in 1906 created a three element tube, a triode, which it turned out, could function as an amplifier, an oscillator, as well as a radio receiver detector. Through its initial and future applications, the Fleming valve laid the foundation for the field of electronics. Thermionic diodes and vacuum tubes had the monopoly on the electronic component and devices market well into the 1960s and 70's, when solid state semiconductor diode technology had finally been developed and advanced enough to start catching up to, equal, and eventually surpass, all of the different kinds of thermionic diodes and vacuum tubes, already being used in all kinds of home and business, consumer and commercial grade electronic equipment, components, and devices, such as the Fleming Oscillation valve. In ease of manufacture, greater efficiency, more conveneince, better performance, and with much lower overall costs.", "De Forest - United States electrical engineer who in 1907 patented the first triode vacuum tube, which made it possible to detect and amplify radio waves (1873-1961)", "In 1906, Lee De Forest of the U.S. added a control “grid” to the valve to create a vacuum tube RF detector called the Audion, leading Fleming to accuse him of copying his ideas. De Forest’s device was shortly refined by him and Edwin H. Armstrong into the first electronic amplifier, a tube called the triode. The triode was vital in the creation of long-distance telephone and radio communications, radars, and early electronic digital computers (mechanical and electro-mechanical digital computers already existed using different technology). The court battle over these patents lasted for many years with victories at different stages for both sides. Fleming also contributed in the fields of photometry, electronics, wireless telegraphy (radio), and electrical measurements. He coined the term Power Factor to describe the true power flowing in an AC power system. He was knighted in 1929, and died at his home in Sidmouth, Devon in 1945. His contributions to electronic communications and radar were of vital importance in winning World War II. Fleming was awarded the IRE Medal of Honor in 1933 for “the conspicuous part he played in introducing physical and engineering principles into the radio art”.", "At the same time as physicists were trying to understand what cathode rays were, engineers were trying to apply them to make electronic devices. In 1906, an American inventor and physicists, Lee De Forest, made the vacuum tube triode, or audion as he called it. The triode was a three terminal device that allowed him to make an amplifier for audio signals, making AM radio possible. Radio revolutionized the way in which information and entertainment reached the great majority of people.", "In 1906, the American engineer, Lee De Forest, patented the triode vacuum tube. By 1920 the tube had been improve to the point where it could be used to amplify electric currents for television.", "American electrical engineer who patented the triode electron tube (1907) that made possible the amplification and detection of radio waves. He originated radio news broadcasts in 1916.", "The Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt significantly improved on the original triode design in 1914, while working on his sound-on-film process in Berlin, Germany. Tigerstedt's innovation was to make the electrodes concentric cylinders with the cathode at the centre, thus greatly increasing the collection of emitted electrons at the anode. The first true vacuum triodes in production were the Pliotrons developed by Irving Langmuir at the General Electric research laboratory (Schenectady, New York) in 1915. Langmuir was one of the first scientists to realize that a harder vacuum would improve the amplifying behaviour of the triode, having improved Gaede's diffusion vacuum pump. Pliotrons were closely followed by the French type 'TM' and later the English type 'R' which were in widespread use by the allied military by 1916. These types were the first true hard vacuum tubes; early diodes and triodes performed as such despite a rather high residual gas pressure. Techniques to produce and maintain better vacua in tubes were then developed. Historically, vacuum levels in production vacuum tubes typically ranged from 10 µPa down to 10 nPa. ", "Lee De Forest, an American inventor, files for a patent on a triode, a three-electrode device he calls an Audion. He improves on Fleming’s diode by inserting a gridlike wire between the two elements in the vacuum tube, creating a sensitive receiver and amplifier of radio wave signals. The triode is used to improve sound in long-distance phone service, radios, televisions, sound on film, and eventually in modern applications such as computers and satellite transmitters.", "1906 Triode – Leo De Forest (US). Triode is a diode in group of three p – n – p transistor a semiconductor device whose output current depends on signals to the base. Its main uses are as a switch, as an amplifier or as an oscillator.", "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an  American   inventor and  businessman . He developed many devices that greatly influenced  life  around the world, including the  phonograph , the  motion picture camera , and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb . Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first  inventors  to apply the principles of  mass production  and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial  research laboratory . [1]", "� Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a Croatian born American electrical engineer who in 1888, designed the first practical system of generating and transmitting alternating current for electric power. In 1895, Tesla's alternating-current motors were installed at the Niagara Falls power project.", "Sir John Ambrose Fleming (November 29, 1849-April 18, 1945), often called a father of modern electronics, is best known for developing the first successful thermionic valve (also called a vacuum tube, a diode, or a Fleming valve) in 1904. His invention was the ancestor of all electronic tubes, a development that gave birth not only to radio communications, but to the entire electronics industry.1", "1906: Similar to Fleming and von Lieben. Thin-wire \"grid\" between cathode and anode. Bent and zig-zigged to increase the surface area of the grid. Device, called \"audion\" used for detection and amplification. Real contribution was to combine triode with a resonant circuit to yield an efficient way to generate a continuous high frequency signals. Leads to the replacement of spark gap transmitters.", "• Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931). His inventions include: the practical electric light bulb; an electric generating system; the phonograph, a sound recording device using a round cylinder - he would later adapt it to record on a flat disc - the record player; and the motion picture projector or Kinetoscope. By synchronizing his phonograph and Kinetoscope, he produced, in 1913, the first talking moving pictures.", "John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) invented the 'Thermionic Valve', a device with two electrodes which enabled an electric current to pass through in one direction, but prevented the currents from flowing the other way. In addition to its use as a radio wave detector, it was also used as a power supply rectifier, converting alternating current into steady direct current. Fleming's valve can be regarded as one of the first true electronic components.", "1881-1952. Inventor: holder of many patents notably on quick release valves for vacuum brakes as employed on LNER high speed trains and providing excuse for Mallard's 126 mile/ on 3 July 1938. Worked with Le Clai r and with P.T.W. Remant (see Rly Mag., 1978, 124, 322 ). Patents include GB 334,326 on steam heating radiators and GB 206,256 on ventilators (in association with Peters & Co.). Encountered by Langridge (Under 10 CMEs Volume 2 page 70 not in index ) who called him one of Westinghouse's \"master brains\"", "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.", "Fleming in 1904 invented the valve diode (known as a Fleming valve). The patent which covered its use as a detector of Hertzian waves became the property of the Marconi Company, and eventually, but not until after WWI, Fleming valves were put into operation in Marconi stations.", "Physicist, electrical engineer, 'father' of electronics, invented the thermionic valve (the electron tube), devised the Fleming Rules for electric currents, Professor of Electronic Engineering at London, president of the Television Society, Fellow of the Royal Society.", "The English physicist John Ambrose Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for firms including Edison Telephone and the Marconi Company. In 1904, as a result of experiments conducted on Edison effect bulbs imported from the USA, he developed a device he called an \"oscillation valve\" (because it passes current in only one direction). The heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate (or anode) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons.", "A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. Rectifiers of this type were used in electric motor power supplies for industry, in electric railways, streetcars, and diesel-electric locomotives. They also found use in static inverter stations and as rectifiers for high-voltage direct current power transmission. Mercury arc rectifiers were invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902.", "Control Technology: Electronic Signals - Electronics - Science and Technology Research Paper Topics. The advancement of electrical engineering in the twentieth century made a fundamental change in control technology. New electronic devices including vacuum tubes (valves) and transistors were used to replace electromechanical elements in conventional controllers and to develop new types of controllers. In these practices, engineers discovered basic principles of control theory that could be further applied to design electronic control systems. The voltage and current regulation technology of electrical power networks was among the fields that witnessed an early transition from electromechanical to electronic control. In the early twentieth century, the most prevalent voltage-current regulator was the ''Tirrill'' regulator made by the General Electric Company. A Tirrill regulator had a constantly vibrating contact that moved a resistor in and out of a generator's excitation circuit. It used the presence or...", "After graduation, he continued studying at Yale, receiving a Ph.D. in electrical engineering in 1899. His dissertation focused on radio waves, one of the hot topics in science at the time. In 1906, he invented the \"Audion Tube\", a dual electrode vacuum tube that was specifically designed to amplify radio signals.", "First domestic mercury rectifier was designed and built by V. K. Krapivin on Elektrosila plant in 1924, and since 1927 the plant commenced production of metal mercury rectifiers of RV type. The rectifiers were gradually improved, with rating increased by 1941 up to 7000пїЅ at 600V.", "An exhaustive list includes all the patents he obtained between the years 1905 and 1973. He produced inventions in such fields as railway electrification, motors and direct-current power transmission, telephone relays, gun-control systems and electric ship propulsion, in addition to his pioneer work in radio and television. During World War II, he worked on analog computers for use with radar and developed military applications of the amplidyne.", "U.S. Patent 1,102,990 \"Means for generating alternating electric currents\". Filed 27 January 1914; Issued 7 July 1914." ]

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[ "On December 3, 1967, Dr. Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) of South Africa transplanted a human heart into the body of Louis Washansky. Although the recipient lived only 18 days, it is considered the first successful heart transplant.[6]", "On December 2nd 1982, Barney Clark received the first artificial heart transplant designed for permanent use. Dr. William C. Devries implanted the artificial heart, Jarvik-7, into the 61-year old Clark who was suffering from congestive heart failure. Clark volunteered for this ground-breaking surgery as he wanted to make a contribution to medical science. He did not expect to live longer than a few days with the artificial heart.", "An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery. In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world's first permanent artificial heart, the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.", "An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan . The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery. In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world’s first permanent artificial heart, the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.", "An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery.[245] In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world's first permanent artificial heart,[246] the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.[247]", "Dr. Denton Cooley was born in Houston, Texas on August 22, 1920. He is a pioneering American heart surgeon. He graduated in 1941 from the University of Texas and completed his medical degree and his surgical training at Johns Hopkins. He performed the first successful human heart transplant in the United States in 1968. In 1969, he became the first heart surgeon to implant an artificial heart in man.", "On this day in 1968, surgeon Denton Cooley and his associates at Houston's St. Luke's Hospital performed the first heart transplant in the United States. The patient, Everett Thomas, lived for 204 days with the heart donated from a fifteen-year-old girl. Texas physicians and scientists made numerous contributions to the field of human heart transplantation as it evolved from preliminary experimentation to an accepted orthodox therapy for patients with end-stage cardiac disease. Two Houston surgeons, Cooley and Michael E. DeBakey, have been in the forefront in developing heart surgery and heart transplantation; their rivalry was the subject of a book by journalist Tommy Thompson. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, a total of 26,704 heart transplantations had been reported worldwide by the mid-1990s, and 1,804 of these were performed in Texas. Worldwide, just over 3,000 heart transplants are performed each year. In 1994, 167 of these were in Texas.", "December 2, 1982 - The first permanent artificial heart was implanted in 61-year-old Barney C. Clark by Dr. William De Vries at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Clark, who was near death at the time of the operation, survived 112 days after the implantation.", "Dr. Denton Cooley at the Texas Heart Institute becomes the first heart surgeon to implant an artificial heart in a human subject. The patient lives on the artificial heart, designed by Dr. Domingo Liotta, for 64 hours, but dies 32 hours after transplantation of a donor heart.", "Doctor Christiaan Barnard performed the world’s first human heart transplant operation on 3 December 1967, in an operation assisted by his brother, Marius Barnard; the operation lasted nine hours and used a team of thirty people. The patient, Louis Washkansky, was a 54-year-old grocer, suffering from diabetes and incurable heart disease.", "An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in case heart transplantation is impossible. Although other similar inventions preceded it going back to the late 1940s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, designed by a team including Willem Johan Kolff and Robert Jarvik.", "December marks the anniversary of the world’s first successful human-to-human heart transplant, performed in 1967 by the late South African Dr Christiaan Neethling Barnard – one of an eminent group of physicians renowned for their role in advancement of medicine.", "1967 - The first human heart transplant was successfully performed by Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001), a South African cardiac surgeon.", "\"On Saturday, I was a surgeon in South Africa, very little known. On Monday, I was world renowned.\" That's how Dr. Christiaan Barnard recalled events in December of 1967, when he became the first surgeon to perform a heart transplant on a human being.", "Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart transplant in the world in 1967 in Cape Town at Groote Schuur Hospital.", "It wasn't until 1982 that the first artificial heart implant intended for permanent use was made. A surgical team headed by William DeVries at the University of Utah performed the procedure. Dentist Barney Clark made worldwide headlines when he was given a second chance for life with the Jarvik-7. The Jarvik-7 was designed by American physician Robert Jarvik. The device was a pump made of plastic and titanium powered by compressed air. The compressed air was delivered by a large external (outside) air compressor through two tubes that passed into the body via incisions in the abdomen. Clark survived the surgery for only 112 days.", "1967 – Cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the first successful human heart transplant on Louis Washkansky at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.", "* Heart transplantation or cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed or, less commonly, left in to support the donor heart. It is also possible to take a heart from another speciesor implant or a man-made artificial heart. The first heart transplanted into a human occurred in 1964 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi when a team led by Dr. James Hardy transplanted a chimpanzee heart into a dying patient.[301]", "2006 –  Dr. Norman Shumway (83), who performed the first successful heart transplant in the U.S., died in Palo Alto, Calif.", "Cooley and his associates performed the first heart transplant in the United States on May 3, 1968, at St. Luke's Hospital in Houston. The first transplant patient, Everett Thomas, lived for 204 days with the heart donated from a fifteen-year-old girl. On August 31, 1968, DeBakey and his team performed the first simultaneous multi-organ transplant, removing two kidneys, a lung, and a heart from one donor and implanting them into four different patients. On September 15, 1969, Cooley performed the first heart and lung transplant to the same patient. His two-month-old patient lived only fourteen hours, and died of respiratory insufficiency. Although cardiac transplantation was technically possible in the late 1960s, it had limited therapeutic success. Initially, patients seemed to do well following the transplantation, but within a short period the recipient's body would reject the donor's heart. DeBakey and Cooley reported that sixty of the first 100 heart transplant recipients died by the eighth day following surgery.", "By the mid-1960s, the Shumway group was convinced that immunologic rejection was the only remaining obstacle to successful clinical heart transplantation. In 1967, Michael DeBakey, MD, implanted a artificial left ventricle device of his design in a patient at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.", "1968: First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital, CA.", "~1967 � Louis Washkansky, the first man to undergo a heart transplant, died of double pneumonia in Cape Town, South Africa. He had lived for 18 days after the transplant.", "1983 - Professor Sir Magdi Yacoubi carried out the UK's first heart and lung transplant at Harefield Hospital in London, leading a team of 20 doctors and nurses. The patient was a Swedish journalist, Lars Ljungberg. A combined transplant of this kind is said to be easier than a heart transplant as there are fewer small blood vessels to join and just three main places where the organs are sown into place. Ljunberg died after 13 hours, his wife and mother by his side. His body did not reject the new organs but he succumbed to a previous medical condition.", "Other than her heart, Fae was in good health. A transplant would fix the problem, but this was new territory: even though transplant surgery had come a long way since the first human-human heart transplant was performed in 1967, no one had yet completed a successful infant heart transplant, mainly due to the lack of infant donor hearts. Given that shortage, Bailey, a pediatric cardiac surgeon at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California, had spent seven years researching xenografts, or transplants from other species.", "After Barnard’s first successful kidney transplant in the United States in 1953, he was all set to accomplish the same in South Africa in October 1967. During this time, several pioneering works were done in this regard — Norman Shumway’s surgical team preparing for a human heart transplant being one among them. At the same time, Barnard encountered a patient willing for a heart transplant, but the non–availability of the right donor was the problem. Thus, an innovative yet surprising miracle took place on 3 December 1967 while Barnard operated a fifty three year Louis Washkansky, an old grocer and replaced his heart with a twenty five year old Denise Darvall. Darvall was a young woman who suffered from brain damage in an accident on 2 December 1967 in Cape Town. Barnard secured permission from her father and conducted the successful transplant.", "This procedure reversed what had been inevitable death from heart disease, restoring the opportunity of new life. It demonstrated the ability of an individual working with a team to revolutionize health care. The interesting thing is that it was the relatively inexperienced Barnard who made history in the new field. He beat to the punch—and undercut—more systematic and more disciplined scientists and surgeons of the time. Dr. Norman Shumway of Stanford University (who was my mentor) had patiently and with great rigor made a decade of systematic research by writing papers, teaching others and working through the challenges of the procedure. Barnard, who watched some of these procedures being carried out when he trained in the U.S., went back to South Africa and—with very little background and at the age of 45—seized the moment and performed this transplant. His patient died 18 days later, for Barnard was racing ahead of medicine's understanding of tissue rejection. But the pioneering spirit of that operation captured me at the time.", "At this time, Norman Shumway, MD, Richard Lower, MD, and their associates at Stanford University Medical Center were embarking on the development of heart-lung machines, solving perfusion issues, and pioneering surgical procedures to correct heart valve defects. Key to their success was experimentation with \"topical hypothermia,\" the localized hyper-cooling of the heart which allowed the interruption of blood flow and gave the surgeons the proper blood-free environment and adequate time to perform the repairs. Next came \"autotransplantation,\" where the heart would be excised and resutured in place.", "The first human heart transplant happened on December 3, 1967. Unfortunately the patient only lived for eighteen days, succumbing in the end to pneumonia", "The recipient was Louis Washkansky , a fifty three year old grocer with a debilitating heart condition. Washkansky received the heart of Denise Darvall, a young woman who was run over by a car on 2 December and had been declared brain dead after suffering serious brain damage. Her father, Edward Darvall agreed to the donation of his daughter's heart and kidneys. The operation started shortly after midnight on a Saturday night and was completed the next morning just before 6 a.m. when the new heart in the chest of Louis Washkansky was electrically shocked into action. After regaining consciousness he was able to talk and on occasion, to walk but his condition deteriorated and died of pneumonia eighteen days after the heart transplant.", "3. The first heart transplant took place in January 1964 – what was the name of the patient?", "Extensive research had been carried out into the surgical techniques of heart transplantation, and much work on animals was being done by specialists in several countries. The time was right for the unthinkable – that of a human-to-human heart transplant." ]

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[ "After trying various jobs, Bogart began acting in 1921 and became a regular in Broadway productions in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogart turned to film. His first great success was as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), and this led to a period of typecasting as a gangster in B-movies. His breakthrough came in 1941, with High Sierra (1941) and The Maltese Falcon (1941). The next year, his performance as Rick Blaine in Casablanca (1942) raised him to the peak of his profession and at the same time, cemented his trademark film persona, that of the hard-boiled cynic who ultimately shows his noble side. Other successes followed, including To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947), and Key Largo (1948), with his wife Lauren Bacall; The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948); The African Queen (1951), for which he won his only Academy Award; Sabrina (1954), and The Caine Mutiny (1954). During a film career of almost thirty years, he appeared in 75 feature films.", "Bogart began acting in 1921 after a hitch in the U.S. Navy in World War I and little success in various jobs in finance and the production side of the theater. Gradually he became a regular in Broadway shows in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogart turned to film. His first great success was as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), and this led to a period of typecasting as a gangster with films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and B-movies like The Return of Doctor X (1939).", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He is widely regarded as a cultural icon. The American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star in the history of American cinema.<br/><br/>After trying various jobs, Bogart began acting in 1921 and became a regular in Broadway productions in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogart turned to film. His first great success was as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), and this led to a period of typecasting as a gangster with films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and B-movies like The Return of Doctor X (1939).<br/><br/>His breakthrough as a leading man came in 1941, with High Sierra and The Maltese Falcon. The next year, his performance in Casablanca raised him to the peak of his profession and, at the same time, cemented his trademark film persona, that of the hard-boiled cynic who ultimately shows his noble side. Other successes followed, including To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948), with his wife Lauren Bacall; The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948); The African Queen (1951), for which he won his only Academy Award; Sabrina (1954) and The Caine Mutiny (1954). His last movie was The Harder They Fall (1956). During a film career of almost thirty years, he appeared in 75 feature films.", "Bogart spent a large part of his early movie career making disappointing 'B' pictures. His work was regular, over 30 movies in 4 years after 1936 but he suspected, correctly, that he was just getting the leftover gangster roles which top stars like Cagney had rejected. Some of the movies stand out, such as 'Dead End' in 1937, 'Angels with Dirty Faces' in 1938, and 'They Drive by Night' in 1940 but he had to wait until 1941 for two parts which would propel him to superstardom.", "The leading men ahead of Bogart at Warner Bros. included not just such classic stars as James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, but also actors far less well-known today, such as Victor McLaglen, George Raft and Paul Muni. Most of the studio's better movie scripts went to these men, and Bogart had to take what was left. He made films like Racket Busters, San Quentin, and You Can't Get Away With Murder. The only substantial leading role he got during this period was in Dead End (1937), while loaned to Samuel Goldwyn, where he portrayed a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson.[52] He did play a variety of interesting supporting roles, such as in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) (in which he got shot by James Cagney). Bogart was gunned down on film repeatedly, by Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, among others. In Black Legion (1937), for a change, he plays a good man caught up and destroyed by a racist organization, a movie Graham Greene called “intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest”.[53]", "The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936. Bogart's performance was called \"brilliant\", \"compelling\", and \"superb.\" Despite his success in an \"A movie,\" Bogart received a tepid twenty-six week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of \" B movie \" crime dramas. [4] Bogart was proud of his success, but the fact that it came from playing a gangster weighed on him. He once said: \"I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument. There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody. Nobody likes me on sight. I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy.\"", "The leading men ahead of Bogart at Warner Bros. included not only such marquee names as Paul Muni. Most of the studio's better movie scripts went to them, leaving Bogart with what was left. He made films like Racket Busters, San Quentin , and You Can't Get Away with Murder . The only substantial leading role he got during this period was in Dead End (1937), while loaned to Samuel Goldwyn , where he portrayed a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson .[64]", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 � January 14, 1957) was an American actor. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Bogart the Greatest Male Star of All Time. Playing primarily smart, playful and reckless characters anchored by an inner moral code while surrounded by a corrupt world, Bogart's most notable films include The Petrified Forest (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), The Roaring Twenties (1939), High Sierra (1941), The Maltese Falcon (1941), Casablanca (1942), To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), In a Lonely Place (1950), The African Queen (1951) (for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor), The Caine Mutiny (1954), Sabrina (1954), We're No Angels (1955), and The Lef...", "An acclaimed performance as the gangster Rico Bandello in Little Caesar (1931) led to him being typecast as a 'tough guy' for much of his early career in works such as Five Star Final (1931), Smart Money (1931; his only movie with James Cagney), Tiger Shark (1932), Kid Galahad (1937) with Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart, and A Slight Case of Murder and The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938). In the 1940s, after a good performance in Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940), he expanded into edgy psychological dramas including Double Indemnity (1944), The Woman in the Window (1945) and Scarlet Street (1945); but he continued to portray gangsters such as Johnny Rocco in John Huston's classic Key Largo (1948), the last of five films he made with Humphrey Bogart.", "Bogart typically played smart, playful, courageous, tough, occasionally reckless characters who lived in a corrupt world, anchored by a hidden moral code. His most notable films include Casablanca (1942), Angels With Dirty Faces (1938), The Maltese Falcon (1941), To Have and Have Not (1945), The Big Sleep(1946), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), The African Queen (1951) (for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor), and The Caine Mutiny (1954). He appeared in 75 feature films in all.", "Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel What Happened to the Corbetts the protagonist, when asked whether he knows how to operate an automatic weapon, jokes \"I've seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough ...\". He did play a variety of interesting supporting roles, such as in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) (in which his character got shot by James Cagney's). Bogart was gunned down on film repeatedly by Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, among others. In Black Legion (1937), for a change, he played a good man caught up and destroyed by a racist organization, a movie Graham Greene described as \"intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest\".", "from the The Treasure of the Sierra Madre trailer (1948)Bogart dropped his asking price to get the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's The Caine Mutiny, then griped with some of his old bitterness about it.[110] For all his success, he was still his melancholy old self, grumbling and feuding with the studio, while his health was beginning to deteriorate.", "Bogart could be generous with actors, particularly those who were blacklisted, down on their luck, or having personal problems. During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk directed The Left Hand of God (1955), he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly. He coached Tierney, feeding her lines. He was familiar with mental illness from his sister's bouts of depression, and encouraged Tierney to seek treatment.[133][134] He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtiz 's We're No Angels when an ugly public scandal made her persona non grata with Jack Warner.[135]", "Amazon.com: TCM Greatest Classic Film Collection: Gangsters - Prohibition Era (The Public Enemy / The Roaring Twenties / Little Caesar / Smart Money): James Cagney, Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson: Movies & TV", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart was American actor who became a preeminent motion picture “tough guy” and was a top box office attraction during the 1940s and '50s. In his performances he projected the image of a worldly wise, individualistic adventurer with a touch of idealism hidden beneath a hardened exterior. Offscreen he gave the carefully crafted appearance of being a cynical loner, granting only minimal concessions to Hollywood conventions. He became a cult hero of the American cinema.", "There is a tradition in the films of the depression that some gangsters are not as bad as others. This is not to be taken seriously in real life, but the idea is that certain people are driven to crime by economic circumstances (Cagney returning to no job at the end of World War I) and some are driven by pure evil (the sadistic side of Bogart's nature). Cagney, on his rise, gains the friendship of people like Gladys George (actually the unrequited love of Ms George) and tries to find room in his organization for people like Frank McHugh, a nice guy who really never fit in properly as a criminal - and dies as a result. Bogart gains the support of like villains (Bibberman, who shares Bogie's fate at the end), and keeps showing a contempt for human life in most of the film (witness how he kills a cop on one of the rum runners he and Cagney are on, because the cop was once his sergeant in the army who punished him for breaking the rules when he did). But Cagney turns out to have more guts in him than Bogie. At the end of the film the latter, facing his own demise, turns into a total coward.", "But the film would probably be instantly forgettable without Robinson's superb performance. Whenever he's on screen, his presence is incredibly menacing. The rest of the cast is so so, but Thomas Jackson as Flaherty, Rico's nemesis, gives a wonderfully cynical performance, mocking Rico and all the other gangsters. Like most other early gangster films, it lacks the real emotional depth and complexity that came with later films, like the French gangster films of the fifties or THE GODFATHER and was made primarily as popular entertainment. Pleasant entertainment nevertheless with Edward G. Robinson portraying the first classic gangster role in screen history.", "Directed by Raoul Walsh. Cast: James Cagney, Priscilla Lane, Humphrey Bogart, Gladys George, Jeffrey Lynn, Frank McHugh, Paul Kelly. A World War I veteran returns to New York, innocently becomes involved in bootlegging, builds up an empire and dies in a gang war. 106 min. DVD 3509", "This is the context in which the three gringos band together in a small Mexican town and set out to strike it rich in the remote Sierra Madre mountains. They ride a train into the hinterlands, surviving a bandit attack en route. Once out in the desert, Howard, the old-timer of the group, quickly proves to be by far the toughest and most knowledgeable; he is the one to discover the gold they are seeking. A mine is dug, and much gold is extracted. Greed soon sets in and Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) begins to lose both his trust and his sanity, lusting to possess the entire treasure. Dobbs is also paranoid that he will be killed by his partners. At this time a fourth American shows up, which sets up a moral debate about what to do with the new stranger. The bandits then reappear, pretending, very crudely, to be Federales, which leads to the now-iconic line about not needing to show any \"stinking badges\". After a gunfight, and the fourth American is killed, a real troop of Federales appear and drive the bandits away.", "Cynical, disillusioned, embittered, self-centered, and an exiled loner, Richard \"Rick\" Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) makes a delayed entrance in the film - in a foreground closeup, only his hand is first viewed scrawling/scribbling a signature of authorization/approval across a check for an advance of 1,000 francs: \"OK - Rick.\" Then, the camera reveals the objects in front of him - an ashtray with a smoldering cigarette, an empty glass, a chess board, and a pen. It slowly follows his arm up to his immaculate white tuxedo to his sober face as he drags on his cigarette. Presiding over the gambling tables in the gaming room, Rick drinks and sits by himself, playing a solitary game of chess. His main functions in the casino are to sign checks and vouchers and to occasionally break up fights. Expressionless, he has learned how to survive and be vigilant in the hostile environment.", "James Cagney is one of the most iconic tough guys from the golden age of cinema. Two of his most beloved performances were Irish gangsters Rocky Sullivan in \"Angels with Dirty Faces\" (1938) and Tom Powers in \"The Public Enemy.\" His seventh film, \"Enemy\" became arguably the most influential gangster picture of its time. Powers is a Prohibition bootlegger working his way up the ranks of organized crime as his shell-shocked veteran brother Mike (Donald Cook) tries to stop him.", "Cagney's portrayal of Cody Jarrett in the 1949 film White Heat is one of his most memorable. Cinema had changed in the ten years since Walsh last directed Cagney (in The Strawberry Blonde), and the actor's portrayal of gangsters had also changed. Unlike Tom Powers in The Public Enemy, Jarrett was portrayed as a raging lunatic with few if any sympathetic qualities. In the 18 intervening years, Cagney's hair had begun to gray, and he developed a paunch for the first time. He was no longer a romantic commodity, and this was reflected in his performance. Cagney himself had the idea of playing Jarrett as psychotic; he later stated that \"it was essentially a cheapie one-two-three-four kind of thing, so I suggested we make him nuts. It was agreed so we put in all those fits and headaches.\"", "*He was played by Bing Crosby in the rat pack film Robin and the 7 Hoods.", "Humphrey Bogart plays Rick Blaine, the owner of an upscale club and gambling den in the Moroccan city of Casablanca which attracts a mixed clientele of Vichy French and Nazi officials, refugees and thieves. Rick is a bitter and cynical man, who professes to be neutral in all matters, but still displays a clear dislike for the fascist part of his clientele.", "The \"classic\" form of gangster movie, rarely produced in recent years, tells of a gangster working his way up through his enterprise and daring, until his organization collapses while he is at the peak of his powers. Although the ending is presented as a moral outcome, it is usually seen as no more than an accidental failure. The gangster is typically articulate, although at times lonely and depressed, and his wordly wisdom and defiance of social norms has a strong appeal, particularly to adolescents.", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film that tells the story of bank robbers Butch Cassidy (played by Paul Newman) and his partner The Sundance Kid (played by Robert Redford), based loosely on historical fact.", "PLOT SUMMARY. The film's setting is the Sicilian section of Chicago in the 1920s. Rico, a small town thug, and his compatriot, Joe Massara, venture to Chicago to make their fortunes. Rico's passion is to become a mob chief while Massara, deep in his heart, wants to pursue a dancing career. Joe meets Olga while Rico joins Sam Vettori's gang and quickly pushes Vettori aside. Rico suspects that Joe will betray him. He pushes hard at Joe to desert Olga and join him in the world of crime. Joe refuses. Angered though he is, Rico cannot bring himself to gun down his lifelong friend. Now in desperate straits and isolated, Rico retreats to a hideaway. Persistent police taunting brings him out of his lair and he is shot down in the streets by his archrival Sergeant Flaherty (Thomas E. Jackson). Dying in the gutter, the unbelieving Rico appeals to a greater power, \"Mother of mercy, is this the end of Rico?\" In this final scene is a large billboard featuring Joe and Olga in a coming performance. Joe has realized his dream, whereas Rico meets his doom, a message that ruthlessness as a stepping stone to wealth and success does not in the end pay off�honest toil does.", "And here's where we leap back to the Hollywood blacklist, because Dalton Trumbo wasn't the only man involved in this movie who was on it. Nedrick Young was an actor who had been branching out by writing scripts, such as Elvis Presley's Jailhouse Rock in 1957. His screenplay the following year for The Defiant Ones won him an Academy Award, though his original story, which was adapted by Harold Jacob Smith, was credited to Nathan E Douglas (note the initials), because Young had been blacklisted too. He plays Johnny Crale in this film like the industry he and Trumbo, as well as so many others, were suffering from. He's a bully, an intimidator and, if that doesn't work, an assassin. His ways are old ones that are out of place in the modern world but he can't retire even with a broken shooting hand. His girlfriend Polly tells him that he can't walk into a town and walk out again the way he used to, with state police and rangers and the like now at work, but he is what he is and he can't be anyone else.", "Directed by Alan Parker. With Jodie Foster, Scott Baio, Florrie Dugger, John Cassisi. The classic gangster story of Bugsy Malone told with an all-child cast.", "In the opening scene, main character Henry Hill ( Ray Liotta ) admits, \"As far back as I can remember, I always wanted to be a gangster,\" referring to his idolizing the Lucchese crime family gangsters in his blue-collar, predominantly Italian neighborhood in East New York, Brooklyn in the 1950’s. Feeling the connection of being a part of something, Henry quits school and goes to work for them. His father, knowing the true nature of the Mafia, tries to stop Henry after learning of his truancy, but the gangsters ensure that the father no longer hears from the school by warning the local postal carrier never to deliver any more letters from the school to Henry's house.", "Directed by George Roy Hill. Cast: Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Katharine Ross, Strother Martin, Jeff Corey, Henry Jones. One of the most successful Westerns ever made, this film captures the legend of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and their bandit companions known as \"the hole-in-the-wall\" gang. 110 min. DVD 7833", "Jerry Welbach (BRAD PITT) has had better days. Forced to work as an errand boy for the mob after accidentally causing kingpin Arnold Margolese to be sent to jail, Jerry has just been given an ultimatum by Bernie Nayman (BOB BALABAN). Either he travel to Mexico and retrieve a supposedly cursed pistol named \"The Mexican\" along its current owner, or be killed for screwing up his last assignment." ]

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[ "Pather Panchali (, ) is a 1955 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Satyajit Ray and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's 1929 Bengali novel of the same name and is Ray's directorial debut. It features Subir Banerjee, Kanu Banerjee, Karuna Banerjee, Uma Dasgupta and Chunibala Devi. The first film in the Apu trilogy, Pather Panchali depicts the childhood of the protagonist Apu (Subir Banerjee) and his elder sister Durga (Uma Dasgupta) and the harsh village life of their poor family.", "Indian director Satyajit Ray's first film, the low-budget, coming-of-age tale Pather Panchali (1955, India) (aka The Song of the Road, or The Lament of the Path), was the first of an \"Apu Trilogy\" followed by Aparajito (1956) (aka The Unvanquished) and Apur Sansar (1959) (aka The World of Apu). It realistically portrayed low-class poverty in India through the eyes of its adolescent protagonist Apu (Subir Banerjee). It was the first Indian film to receive major critical attention internationally.", "Satyajit Ray (1921–1992), a native of Calcutta who is widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century, directed 36 films. His first film, Pather Panchali (1955), won eleven international prizes, including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. This film, along with Aparajito (1956), and Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) (1959) form The Apu Trilogy. In 1992, Ray was awarded an honorary Oscar for his life work from the U.S. Academy of Motion Pictures.", "In Ray’s case he had been thinking about and planning how he would make that first film for many years before he started it.  He came from a cultured Bengali family, and Ray early on showed talents in graphic design, calligraphy, musical composition, and writing.  In his twenties (during the 1940s), Ray worked professionally as a graphic designer, but he developed a passion for films and set his sights on eventually becoming a filmmaker.  For a number of years during this period, he thought about making a film based on Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhya’s famous semi-autobiographical Bengali novel, Pather Panchali (“The Song of the Little Road”, 1929). Ray’s first feature covers the first part of that novel, and two of his subsequent films, Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar (The World of Apu, 1959) completed the account.  Together the three films on this subject are known as the Apu Trilogy.", "Many of the most critically acclaimed Bengali films were low-budget films, including Satyajit Ray's famous The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959). The first film in the trilogy, Pather Panchali (1955), was produced on a shoestring budget of Rs. 150,000 ($32000) using an amateur cast and crew. All his other films that followed also had low budgets, with his most expensive films since the 60's being The Adventures of Goopy And Bagha (1968) at Rs. 600,000 ($80,000) and Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977) at Rs. 6 million ($230,000). ", "I've been asked what my favorite film of all time is. It's a silly question, and the answer might have changed over the years. But I am certain now. It is \"Pather Panchali,\" completed by Satyajit Ray in 1955. Strange that I would settle on an Indian film, since I have specialized all my life in Italian movies and think I know a good deal about them. But no, \"Pather Panchali,\" spoken in Bengali and made on a budget that couldn't buy a coffee break on a major production anywhere today, is my favorite film.", "Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay's novel Pather Panchali is a classic bildungsroman (a type of coming-of-age story) in the canon of Bengali literature. It first appeared as a serial in a Calcutta periodical in 1928, and was published as a book the next year. The novel depicts a poor family's struggle to survive in their rural ancestral home and the growing up of Apu, the son of the family. The later part of the novel, where Apu and his parents leave their village and settle in Benaras, formed the basis of Aparajito (The Unvanquished, 1956), the second film of the Apu trilogy.", "In 1949, Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart. The couple had a son, Sandip, who is now a film director. In the same year, French director Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him to find locations in the countryside. Ray told Renoir about his idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been on his mind, and Renoir encouraged him in the project. In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London to work at its headquarters office. During his three months in London, Ray watched 99 films. Among these was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) (1948) by Vittorio De Sica, which had a profound impact on him. Ray later said that he came out of the theatre determined to become a film-maker. ", "Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Shyam Benegal, Shaji N.Karun, Adoor Gopalakrishnan and Girish Kasaravalli Ray's films include The Apu Trilogy, consisting of Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956) and The World of Apu (1959). The three films won major prizes at the Cannes, Berlin and Venice Film Festivals, and are frequently listed among the greatest films of all time. ", "Lindsay Anderson commented after the Cannes screening that Pather Panchali had \"the quality of ultimate unforgettable experience\". In subsequent years, critics have given positive reviews. A 1958 review in Time described Pather Panchali as \"perhaps the finest piece of filmed folklore since Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North\". In her 1982 book 5001 Nights at the Movies, Pauline Kael wrote, \"Beautiful, sometimes funny, and full of love, it brought a new vision of India to the screen\". Basil Wright considered it \"a new and incontrovertible work of art\". James Berardinelli wrote in 1996 that the film \"touches the souls and minds of viewers, transcending cultural and linguistic barriers\". In 2006 Philip French of The Observer called it \"one of the greatest pictures ever made\". Twenty years after the release of Pather Panchali, Akira Kurosawa summarised the effect of the film as overwhelming and lauded its ability \"to stir up deep passions\".", "In the mid-90s the films of Ray were restored and reissued to great acclaim, and retrospectives took place everywhere. \"Pather Panchali\" and the rest of the \"Apu Trilogy\" are available on video or DVD at libraries and retailers and form the nucleus of any collection of world cinema. It is a shining work of art.", "The movie was the first of a trilogy Ray completed in a few years. \"The Apu Trilogy\" is about the life of an idealistic hero. \"Pather Panchali\" deals with the youth of Apu and his impulsive sister Durga, and the travails of his Brahmin priest father and his worrying mother in the midst of crushing poverty. The second and third parts are \"Aparajito\" and \"The World of Apu.\" All these classics are highly acclaimed masterpieces and very much liked by discriminating audiences.", "Pather Panchali: Song of the Road by Bibhuti Bhushan Banerji was dramatised by Gupta for BBC Radio 4 in 2013. It is a classic story of poverty and sibling love set in a remote Bengali village at the beginning of the twentieth century and seen through the eyes of a young brother and his older sister. It charts family life through daily events that cumulatively create a vivid world.", "Ray began filming Pather Panchali in 1952, but his shoestring budget forced a number of delays while he sought additional funds; and the production was only completed three years later.  Although the film was shot mostly in sequence, these delays must have presented concerns, given that two of the key performers were growing children and Chunibala Devi was of frail health.  On top of that, Ray’s cinematographer, Subrata Mitra, was completely inexperienced – at the beginning of the production he was only 21 and had never held a movie camera in his hands before.  Nevertheless, the cinematic expression in the film (both the cinematography and the editing) is extremely good and an important component to the film’s success.  There are constant short tracking and panning shots that maintain the pace of the film. Numerous closeups are interspersed effectively with the medium shots to maintain a visual dynamism throughout.  The film gives the appearance that it was shot entirely on location, but in fact there were some studio scenes that are seamlessly woven into the presentation.", "Satyajit Ray, working as a graphic designer for Signet Press, created the illustrations for a new abridged edition of the book in 1944. At that time, Ray read the unabridged novel; Signet's owner D. K. Gupta told Ray that the abridged version would make a great film. The idea appealed to Ray, and around 1946–47, when he considered making a film, he turned to Pather Panchali because of certain qualities that \"made it a great book: its humanism, its lyricism, and its ring of truth\". The author's widow permitted Ray to make a film based on the novel; the agreement was in principle only, and no financial arrangement was made.", "*Winner – 1957 – Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film – Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road)", "Ray's regular film editor was Dulal Datta, but the director usually dictated the editing while Datta did the actual work. Because of financial reasons and Ray's meticulous planning, his films were mostly cut in-camera (apart from Pather Panchali). At the beginning of his career, Ray worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, and Ali Akbar Khan. He found that their first loyalty was to musical traditions, and not to his film. He had a greater understanding of Western classical forms, which he wanted to use for his films set in an urban milieu. Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose his own scores.", "The three films Pather Panchali, Aparajito and Apur Sansar form a trilogy, and, although each holds up well in itself, they are best viewed as a unity. Speaking on a purely personal note, I know of no greater achievement in cinema, and have certainly seen nothing that moves me more profoundly.", "“Pather Panchali introduced Indian cinema to the West as cataclysmically as Kurosawa’s Rashomon had done for Japanese films. A human document of timeless simplicity and exquisite beauty.”", "After Pather Panchali, Ray went on to make 36 more films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He worked on scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction and editing, as well as designing his own credit titles and publicity material. He developed a distinctive style of film-making based, as was the case with Pather Panchali, on visual lyricism and strongly humanistic themes. Thus, Ray established himself as an internationally recognized auteur of cinema.", "Amazon.com: Pather Panchali: Subir Bannerjee, Kanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Satyajit Ray, Government Of West Bengal: Movies & TV", "Pather Panchali has won many national and international awards. At India's 3rd National Film Awards in 1955, it was named Best Feature Film and Best Bengali Feature Film. The next year, it competed for the Palme d'Or at Cannes, where it won Best Human Document and an OCIC Award – Special Mention. More awards from film festivals across the world followed: the Vatican Award (Rome), the Golden Carbao (Manila), and the Diploma of Merit (Edinburgh) in 1956; the Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film (Berlin), the Golden Gate for Best Director and Best Picture (San Francisco) in 1957; Best Film (Vancouver), and the Critics' Award for Best Film (Stratford) in 1958. It also won several awards for best foreign-language film: at the National Board of Review Awards 1958; at the Afro Arts Theater, New York, 1959; the Kinema Jumpo Award in Japan, 1966; and the Bodil Award in Denmark, 1969. In 1958 it had been nominated for Best Film at the 11th British Academy Film Awards. ", "* Winner – 1955 – President's Gold & Silver Medals (New Delhi) – Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road) ", "* Winner – 1956 – OCIC Award (Special Mention) – Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road)", "In his 1958 New York Times review, Crowther writes that Pather Panchali delicately illustrates how \"poverty does not always nullify love\" and how even very poor people can enjoy the little pleasures of their world. Marie Seton describes how the film intersperses the depiction of poverty and the delights and pleasures of youth. She represents the bond between Durga and Indir, and their fate, as signifying a philosophical core: that both the young and the old die. Seton writes of the film's \"lyrical\" qualities, noting especially the imagery immediately before the onset of monsoon. Robinson writes about a peculiar quality of \"lyrical happiness\" in the film, and states that Pather Panchali is \"about unsophisticated people shot through with great sophistication, and without a trace of condescension or inflated sentiment\".", "Produced on a shoestring budget (Pather Panchali had a budget of roughly 150,000 ($45,300 —)) using an amateur cast and crew, the trilogy is a milestone in Indian cinema and remains one of the most acclaimed works in the Parallel Cinema movement. The three films went on to win many national and international awards, including three National Film Awards and seven awards from the Cannes, Berlin and Venice Film Festivals. They are today frequently listed among the greatest films of all time and are often cited as the greatest movies in the history of Indian cinema. ", "While commercial Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement. Though the movement was mainly led by Bengali cinema, it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. Early examples of Hindi films in this movement include Chetan Anand's Neecha Nagar (1946)[http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm Maker of innovative, meaningful movies]. The Hindu, 15 June 2007 and Bimal Roy's Do Bigha Zamin (1953). Their critical acclaim, as well as the latter's commercial success, paved the way for Indian neorealism and the Indian New Wave. Some of the internationally acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal and Vijaya Mehta.", "Lucknow has had an influence on the Hindi film industry as the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer K. P. Saxena, Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954 along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor Pahari Sanyal, who came from the city's well known Sanyal family. ", "Charles Path� (December 25, 1863 � December 26, 1957) was a major French pioneer of the film and recording industries. The son of a butcher shop owner, Charles Path� was born at Chevry-Cossigny, in the Seine-et-Marne d�partement of France. In 1894, together with his brother �mile, he formed Path� Records. Two years later they created the Soci�t� Path� Fr�res to enter the motion picture production and distribution business. Both companies would become a dominant international force in their respective industries. In 1929, Charles Path� sold out his interest in the businesses and retired to Monaco where he died in 1957....", "(Amrohi had always been something of an innovator. He made the offbeat Daera (1953)in which the lead pair do not so much as meet till the film's last sequence. Such lack of romance was unthinkable in Indian cinema till the 21st century. Thus, only Amrohi could have had the nerve to revive CinemaScope when the Moguls of the Indian film industry had banished it.)", "Bhalji Pendharkar, Baburao Painter, V.Shantaram, Dada Kondke, Raja Paranjpe, Mahesh Kothare, Smita Talwalkar, Sumitra Bhave, Sunil Sukthankar, Gajendra Ahire, Jabbar Patel, Amol Palekar, and Kedar Shinde are some of the notable directors and producers in Marathi cinema in the past few decades.", "Director Songe Dorjee Thongdok introduced the first ever Indian film in the language of Sherdukpen with his film Crossing Bridges in 2014. The language and cinema is native of the north-eastern state Arunachal Pradesh. Dorjee is planning on making future films in the same language, contributing one more regional dialect to the world of Indian cinema. " ]

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[ "Played by Swiss actress Ursula Andress, Honeychile \"Honey\" Ryder is widely regarded as the first Bond Girl. Appearing in 1962's \"Dr. No\" (Bond's first feature film), Honey emerged from the surf wearing an iconic white bikini designed specifically for her by the film's costume designer, Tessa Prendergast. It was so popular with audiences, that sales of two-piece bikinis soared after the film, and the original suit eventually sold for $60,000 at auction in 2001.", "'Swiss bombshell <mark>Ursula Andress</mark> is often cited as the âfirst Bond Girl,â due to her big screen debut in the first Bond film, \\\"Dr. No,\\\" in 1962. '", "This craze was reflected in Roger Moore’s Bond debut, 1973’s Live and Let Die, filmed in Harlem and New Orleans, and starring Blaxploitation stalwarts like Yaphet Kotto and Gloria Hendry, the latter becoming the first black actress to bed James Bond, at a time when on-screen inter-racial relationships were still considered taboo. Over the years, Bond has had a variety of black lovers, played by actresses like Halle Berry, Grace Jones and Naomie Harris, and the current fan favourite to take over the role from Daniel Craig is black British actor Idris Elba.", "'\\n <mark>Britt Ekland</mark> is 20 years, minus a day, older than James Bond, it turns out. \\n\\n The Swedish star, still a dazzler on the eve of her 50th birthday, remembers very fondly her time as a Bond Girl in Man With The Golden Gun (1974), and especially her clinches with Bond of that era, Roger Moore. \\n\\n <mark>Britt Ekland</mark> with her James Bond of choice, Roger Moore \\n\\n Moore, as the joker Bond, sometimes gets sandwiched these days between the memorable charisma of ...", "That was the year when Doctor No, the first Bond adventure, introduced the series’ classic heroine: Honey Rider, played by statuesque and exotic Ursula Andress. Since then, there have been nearly two dozen Bond Girls, whose type has changed with the changing times. The most widely remembered is probably Shirley Eaton, who graced magazine covers and posters as the “golden girl” in Goldfinger (1964), killed by having her body painted gold.", "Emerging from the ocean with her deadly bikini and accompanying weapon, Ursula Andress became a sex symbol for generations to come. As the first Bond Girl, Honey Ryder, in 1962's \"Dr. No,\" the Swiss actress a Golden Globe for New Star of the Year. \"She set the standard by which all of the others would be judged,\" the president of the International James Bond Fan Club and Archive, Graham Rye told BBC in 1999. \"The girls that have come since have almost matched up to her.\" After Dr. No., Andress went on to star with Elvis, Frank Sinatra, and Marcello Mastroianni in a series of early '60s features. And when her iconic bikini went up for auction in 2001, it fetched more than $50,000. \"This is the most important piece of memorabilia ever sold at auction,\" winning bidder and Planet Hollywood co-founder Robert Earl told the BBC. James Bond would no doubt agre (Photo: MGM)", "Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale. Her other films include Fun in Acapulco, She, The Blue Max, Perfect Friday, The Sensuous Nurse, Slave of the Cannibal God, The Fifth Musketeer and Clash of the Titans.", "Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale. Her other films include Fun in Acapulco, She, The Blue Max, Perfect Friday, The Sensuous Nurse, Slave of the Cannibal God, The Fifth Musketeer and Clash of the Titans.", "In the film series, Ryder is widely regarded as the first Bond girl, although she is not the first woman in the film to be with Bond (that distinction belongs to Sylvia Trench, while Miss Taro was Bond's first mission-related \"conquest\"). Her entrance in the film, emerging from the ocean in a white bikini with two large seashells, while the sun shines on her wet blonde hair, is considered a classic James Bond moment. As an homage, Halle Berry performed a similar scene in an orange bikini in the 20th James Bond film, Die Another Day. Andress referred to the Dr. No bikini as the \"secret of her success\". ", "Ursula Andress is a Swiss-American actress and sex symbol. She is best known for her role as Bond girl Honey Rider in the first James Bond film, Dr. No, for which she won a Golden Globe. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale.", "Ursula Andress is a Swiss actress and sex symbol of the 1960s. She is known for her role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No (1962), for which she won a Golden Globe. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale (1967).…  Read More", "Casting Barry was a smart move. Unlike the actresses of considerable repute but limited talent who had been shoehorned into the two previous pictures, Barry brought with her both marquee value and acting chops. She's the first Oscar winner to act in a Bond film since Christopher Walken in A View to A Kill.  She’s also the first black leading lady to star opposite any 007 actor (Live and Let Die's Gloria Hendry, the first black Bond girl, was Bond’s expendable sidekick, and Grace Jones in A View to a Kill was the villain’s henchman who becomes Bond’s expendable sidekick). ", "If the \"unofficial\" James Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again, are included, several actresses have also been a Bond girl more than once: Ursula Andress in Dr. No (1962) and Casino Royale; Angela Scoular, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) and Casino Royale; Valerie Leon in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Never Say Never Again.", "Ursula Andress (born March 19, 1936) is a Swiss actress and a major sex symbol of the 1960s.  She is known for her roles as Bond girl Honey Ryder in Dr. No, for which she won a Golden Globe, and as Vesper Lynd in the 1967 James Bond parody Casino Royale.", "The first Bond Girl: Stunning photographs of 1950s actress who played spy's temptress a decade before Ursula Andress | Daily Mail Online", "When Ursula Andress emerged from the sea with a dagger strapped to her bikini in 1962 film \"Dr. No,\" she made the Bond girl an instant icon.", "Has multiple connections with the James Bond franchise. Her sister, Lana Wood , briefly appeared in Diamonds Are Forever (1971), in which Jill St. John (who is married to Wood's widower, Robert Wagner ) was the lead actress. Wood co-starred in Meteor (1979) with Sean Connery , who played the James Bond character in seven films, and in Brainstorm (1983), she co-starred with Christopher Walken , who was a Bond villain in A View to a Kill (1985). She also co-starred in From Here to Eternity (1979) with Kim Basinger , who was a Bond girl in Never Say Never Again (1983) opposite Connery. Her widower, Robert Wagner, played Number Two in the Austin Powers trilogy which parodies the early Bond films.", "The first Bond Girl: Stunning photographs of 1950s actress who played spy's temptress a decade before Ursula Andress", "Lois Maxwell, who has died in Australia from cancer aged 80, was a screen player of long-term range and experience who will nevertheless be remembered for a single role, albeit one that she performed no fewer than 14 times. In the celluloid annals of James Bond, agent 007, from their inauguration in Dr No with Sean Connery in 1962, until A View to a Kill, Roger Moore's final outing in the role in 1985, an essential component, even if brief in terms of screen time, was that of Maxwell's Miss Moneypenny, personal assistant to Bond's spymaster M, and an unfailing provider of ambiguous verbal jousting with Bond himself.", "Bond Girl Actress: Goldfinger’s personal pilot/ arm candy is played by Honor Blackman. At 38 she was not only the oldest Bond girl to date but also the most experienced actor. The London native was already known to British audiences for her role as the leather-clad Mrs. Cathy Gale in the English hit TV show “The Avengers.” Check out this clip where Blackman can also be heard singing.", "Sir Roger George Moore KBE (born 14 October 1927) is an English actor and humanitarian. Moore played the British secret agent James Bond in seven feature films between 1973 and 1985. Moore worked as a model and made several appearances in minor films and television dramas before finding more substantial roles in the television serials Ivanhoe (1958–1959), The Alaskans (1960–1961) and Maverick (1961). Moore's most significant television work came with his portrayal of Simon Templar in The Saint from 1962 to 1969 and his starring alongside Tony Curtis in the television drama The Persuaders! (1971).", "Sylvia picnics with James Bond and notices the scar on his back, before he is paged by Miss Moneypenny , thus making Trench the only female character (save for Moneypenny and the Judi Dench version of M) to appear in more than one James Bond film.", "Known as Miss Moneypenny, a role she played in several James Bond movies, British actress Samantha Bond trained at England's Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. A member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, she has numerous stage credits to her name including a starring role opposite Judi Dench in the award-winning Amy's View, and the part of Lady Macbeth opposite Sharpe star Sean Bean.", "Lois Maxwell was a Canadian actress, best known for her portrayal of Miss Moneypenny in the first fourteen James Bond films,.", "Was in two movies starring Timothy Dalton as Bond, 1987-89. At 26, she was the youngest actress to play the role.", "Deborah Maria Luisa Moore: Born in 1963 in London, England. Deborah had minor acting roles in two James Bond movies.", "in 1956. Her co-star was Roger Moore who was still trying to become a major star. The director of photography was the well established Ernest Haller ASC.", "Australians will see the new James Bond film Die Another Day on December 12, but without a classic 007 franchise line which was to have been delivered by Madonna. The 44-year-old pop icon appears in an uncredited cameo in the film, wearing a leather outfit which looks more bondage than Bond. She plays, in the words of director Lee Tamahori a \"filthy, lesbian, dominatrix fencing instructor\".", "In the 7 minute sketch, James Bond is on holiday and goes for lunch, only to meet Russian Spy Sonia Sekova (Millicent Martin), who is also on holiday. They both suspect that the other one is spying on them, resulting in some comical situations. Bond discovers the waiter is wearing a wig and punches him over the balcony and the two throw several drinks over there shoulders, suspecting cyanide pills. They both get called back on to cases and end the episode with a kiss.", "The actress - who played the secretary of Bond's spy chief M - starred alongside Sir Sean Connery in the first 007 movie, Dr No, in 1962.", "But before James Bond was in the movies, he was on TV, and he had a Bond Girl there, too.", "Brown was born in Rutherglen and educated at Rutherglen Academy. Early in her career, she presented Picture Book on BBC Television in the 1950s. Beginning with Margaret Thatcher's election as the leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, Brown gained increasing prominence because of her realistic impression of the Tory politician. She performed as Thatcher on BBC TV's Mike Yarwood Show, on BBC Radio's The News Huddlines, and on film in the 1981 James Bond film, For Your Eyes Only." ]

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[ "Expo 67, held in Montreal, Canada, was the most attended world's fair of the 20th century. The United States pavilion, a 250-foot-diameter geodesic dome designed by visionary Buckminster Fuller and architect Shoji Sadao, was an interactive environmental exhibit. It remains the most iconic and fondly remembered of Fuller's built designs. This pavilion survives today as an attraction called the Biosphere.", "1967/--/-- 19 - R. Buckminster Fuller designs a geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '67.", "1967/--/-- 9 - R. Buckminster Fuller designs a geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '67.", "United States Pavilion/Montreal Biosphere: My favourite pavilion of Expo 67 is that mammoth geodesic dome created for the United States by Richard Buckminster Fuller. The sphere is made out of steel and acrylic cells and reaches 250 feet in diameter. The interior building is four platforms with seven levels. During the ’67 Word Fair, attendance at the pavilion reached 9 million. Today the Montreal Biosphere is a museum dedicated to the environment.", "At Expo 67, Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome was one of his finest efforts. It is \"as high as a 20-storey building [which] soon became \"the\" focal point on the Île Sainte-Hélèn site,\" writes Biosphère, Environment Museum . \"In the space of six months it was visited by 5.3 million people, making it the busiest pavilion at Expo '67.  Its six inner floors on the theme \"Creative America\", contained several hundreds artifacts and works of art bearing witness to American genius, and some of the space rockets actually used in the Apollo program. However, everyone agreed that the highlight of the presentation was the building itself. The huge sphere, with a diameter of more than 80 metres, was imposing from the outside but discreet from the inside. At night, it was transformed into a sparkling jewel that dominated the landscape. In 1967 Buckminster Fuller celebrated his 50th wedding anniversary, and dedicated the dome to his wife Anne when they visited the site in April of that year.\"", "Saint Joseph's Oratory, completed in 1967, Ernest Cormier's Art Deco Université de Montréal main building, the landmark Place Ville Marie office tower, the controversial Olympic Stadium and surrounding structures, are but a few notable examples of the city's 20th-century architecture. Pavilions designed for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition, popularly known as Expo 67, featured a wide range of architectural designs. Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have become landmarks, including Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome U.S. Pavilion, now the Montreal Biosphere, and Moshe Safdie's striking Habitat 67 apartment complex.", "The architect of the geodesic dome was Buckminster Fuller. The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, 76 metres (250 ft) in diameter and 62 metres (200 ft) high. The dome is a Class 1, Frequency 16 Icosahedron. A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature.", "The most impressive of all was the eye-catching US Pavilion at Expo ‘67, the World Fair held that year in Montreal. It captured the attention of futuristic architects around the world and especially the young architect Norman Foster who employed Fuller as a consultant to his adventurous and, ultimately, hugely successful London studio until  Fuller's death in 1983.", "Where Buckminster Fuller did meet with some success was in the version of the geodesic dome he created with help from the artist Kenneth Snelson in the late 1940s. Fuller's lightweight lattice of intersecting icosahedrons was granted a US patent in 1954.", "Fuller became famous for creating the geodesic dome of 1949. This structure of geodesic domes comprise of a complex network of triangles that form a roughly spherical surface.", "Spaceship Earth , the AT&T Pavilion at Epcot in Disney World, Florida, is an adaptation of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome", " In 2000, the park was renamed from Parc des Îles to Parc Jean-Drapeau, after Mayor Jean Drapeau, who had brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the Société du parc des Îles to the Société du parc Jean-Drapeau. Two prominent buildings remain in use on the former Expo grounds: the American pavilion's metal-lattice skeleton from its Buckminster Fuller dome, now enclosing an environmental sciences museum called the Montreal Biosphère; and Habitat 67, now a condominium residence. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the Montreal Casino.", "Paul Thiry was the fair's chief architect; he also designed the Coliseum building. Among the other architects of the fair, Seattle-born Minoru Yamasaki received one of his first major commissions to build the United States Science Pavilion. Yamasaki would later design New York's World Trade Center. Walt Crowley, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id", "Kroto discusses the stardome and visiting Expo 67 in “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” pp. 116-117. Smalley writes: “[O]ne problem with the closed solution was that none of us was acquainted with the design principle embodied in geodesic domes.” Smalley, “Great Balls of Carbon,” p. 24.", "organizing this event, a competition was held for designs for a suitable monument. Over 100 designs were submitted, and the World's Fair Committee selected the conception of a 984 foot (300 meter) open-lattice wrought iron tower. This design was the creation of Alexendre-Gustave Eiffel. He was a renown French civil engineer who specialized in metal construction. His previous works included an iron bridge at Bordeaux, the 540 foot (162 meter) Garabit viaduct, the moveable dome at the observatory in Nice, and the framework of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. Eiffel startled the world with the construction of the tower. In contrast to such older monuments, Eiffel's tower was completed in a matter of months with a small labor force. Eiffel made use of advanced knowledge of the behavior of metal arch and metal truss form under loading, including wind forces. His results started a revolution in civil engineering and architectural design. With the completion of the tower, Eiffel earned the nickname, \"magician of iron.\" The tower was almost torn down on several occasions and despite long and continuous protests, the tower vindicated itself aesthetically. With the advent of radio and television, the Eiffel Tower gained even greater importance as a transmission tower. For many years, it was the tallest man-made structure on earth.", "His designs superseded the structural integrity of any architectural structure yet made. In 1970, he received a gold metal from the American Institute of Architects who acclaimed the geodesic dome as:", "France’s pavilion was one of the largest buildings at the Expo 67. The massive 9 story construction was designed by architects Jean Faugeron and André Blouin. When the gates of the Fair closed, it was turned into the Palais De la Civilization, a historical and sociological museum. In 1993, the Montreal Casino took up the space and has been there ever since. A few years later, Quebec’s pavilion (seen at the right hand side of the last picture) was also annexed into the leisure complex.", "According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location. ", "Another dome is from Expo 67 at the Montreal World's Fair, where it was part of the American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and, under the name Biosphère, currently houses an interpretive museum about the Saint Lawrence River.", "1967 was the year of Canada's 100th birthday and of all the events and celebrations that were to take place during that euphoric year of Canadian nationalism, the world's fair in Canada's largest city, Montreal, was to be the most spectacular. It opened on April 27th, 1967 and was located two large islands on the St Lawrence River in the heart of Montreal. By the time the fair came to an end, over 50 million visitors had experienced the amazing presentation of technology, culture and a  view of the future.", "The rapid economic growth of Montreal following World War II was accompanied by administrators intent upon grand designs. One component of the grand design was a successful bid to host the 1967 World’s Fair in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. Expo 67 (Man and His World) involved massive construction and was located on two islands in the St. Lawrence—the existing Île Sainte-Hélène and the nearby, entirely man-made Île Notre-Dame.", "From April 27 to October 29, 1967, the world came to Montreal. 50 Million visitors turned up at Expo 67 which is considered to be the most successful World’s Fair of the 20th Century. That was then, but what about now?", "Implementing legislation passed by the House of Commons in late 1962 established a crown company, the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition, to build and run the exposition. The exhibition was to be a three-way partnership, with 50 p. cent participation by the federal government, 37.5 per cent by the Québec government and 12.5 p. cent by the city of Montréal. With time pressing, the three governments called a conference of educators, literary figures, and intellectuals at Montebello, Québec, to choose a central theme and evolve a philosophy for the exhibition. \"Man and His World,\" the theme chosen at the Montebello conference, derived from the title of a book by the French author, poet and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Terre des Hommes. On schedule in late 1963, the master plan was completed and submitted to Parliament. By late 1966 the corporation listed approximately $320 million as capital-incurred costs of Expo 67, and $138 million as anticipated revenue, yielding an expected deficit of $82 million.", "Above the brick section lies a circular pavilion displaying objects in the Applied Art category. The exterior is clad with aluminium plates upon which vase shapes can be seen in the embossment. Thus, here is also a direct reference to the contents. The building was designed by the French designer Philippe Starck (1949), in close conjunction with Albert Geertjes.", "* April 27 – Montreal, Quebec, Expo 67, a World's Fair to coincide with the Canadian Confederation centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson igniting the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.", "The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel, after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as \"a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals\". Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.", "Prohibition on sales of alcohol in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s made Montreal a Mecca for cross-border fun seekers from nearby New England and New York. The city built up a seedy, yet playful, industry in alcohol, burlesque, and other vices. In the 1960s, an urban renewal drive centred around Expo 67. The World's Fair in Montreal brought a subway system (the métro) and attractive urban parks and is considered to be one of the most successful World Fairs. Over 50 million visitors gathered in Montreal during this memorable summer. The 1976 Olympics left a strikingly idiosyncratic stadium and many other urban improvements.", "The choice of a site for the exhibition presented many difficulties, not the least of which was the shortage of time. Many proposals were studied, but it was finally decided Ile Ste-Hélène, a park in the centre of the St Lawrence linked to Montréal by the Jacques Cartier Bridge, would be expanded by land reclamation techniques using silt and rock dredged from the bottom of the river. In addition, a new island, Ile Notre-Dame, would be created adjoining Ile Ste-Hélène and alongside the St Lawrence Seaway . River bottom sources of landfill proved insufficient and for months parades of dump trucks bringing landfill moved to the site on a 24-hour-a-day basis, and the cost of building the site rose from the original estimate of $10 million to $40 million.", "Cowell, Elspeth. \"The Canadian Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair and the Development of Modernism in Canada.\" Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada (March 1994): 13-20.", "His major work is the central building of the Université de Montréal on the North slope of Mount Royal. This huge example of the Art Deco style was built between World War I and the middle of World War II and kept in a nearly pristine shape over the decades. The only major destruction of his designs took place within the interior spaces. They occurred in the 1970s when the great multistory hall of the central library was filled up with several smaller, one story rooms for the faculty of medicine and its library.", "Despite all the problems, the site was formally turned over to the exhibition corporation on 1 July 1964. As finally developed, it was divided into four main areas. The entrance at Cité du Havre was formerly known as Mackay Pier, a part of the port of Montréal. From the Cité du Havre, the new Concordia Bridge across the St Lawrence led to the first exhibition area on the western section of Ile Ste-Hélène. The third area was the Ile Notre-Dame. The fourth, La Ronde, at the eastern end of Ile Ste-Hélène, contained most of the amusement activities.", "14 June: Calder attends the dedication ceremony for La Grande vitesse, a monumental stabile commissioned by the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan, in August 1967. This is the first sculpture to be funded by the public art program of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA). (CF, project file)" ]

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[ "Gallaher Film & Stage Stars Pre-1940 Signed Portraits of Famous Stars 1935 (reprint 1997) Signed Portraits of Famous Stars 1935 (reprint 1997) 48 - Fred Astaire, Katharine Hepburn, Douglas Fairbanks, Marlene Dietrich and Gertrude Lawrence, famous stars indeed whose names are as familiar today as they were in 1935 when Gallahers pictured them in their series of 48 Portraits of Famous Stars. The cinema in the mid-1930s was at the peak of its popularity, with U.K. admissions exceeding fifty million a week. And one of the biggest box office successes was the film version of John Buchan's \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" The two stars, Robert Donat and Madeleine Carroll, both feature in this card series, reviving memories of their gripping adventure as fugitives, a classic portrayal that has never been equalled in the several remakes. Not all the stars in the set are instantly recognisable to-day such as Tomari Desni or Grete Natzler. Excellent colour portraits are backed by informative texts. Size 63 x 37mm", "As early as 1935, when the Motion Picture Herald listed them just below Shirley Temple , Will Rogers and Clark Gable in the top 10 moneymakers, both Astaire and Rogers suspected the public would one day grow weary of them together.", "After Hal B. Wallis succeeded Zanuck in 1933, and the Hays Code began to be enforced in 1935, the studio was forced to abandon this realistic approach in order to produce more moralistic, idealized pictures. The studio's historical dramas, melodramas (or \"women's pictures\"), swashbucklers, and adaptations of best-sellers, with stars like Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Paul Muni, and Errol Flynn avoided the censors. In 1936, Bette Davis, by now arguably the studio's top star, was unhappy with her roles. She traveled to England and tried to break her contract. Davis lost the lawsuit and returned to America. Although many of the studio's employees had problems with Jack Warner, they considered Albert and Harry fair.", "In the 1930s many actors and actresses disappeared who had characterized the realistic pre-Code era but who were not suited to the new trend into moral and idealized pictures. Warner Bros. remained a top studio in Hollywood, but this changed after 1935 as other studios, notably MGM, quickly overshadowed the prestige and glamor that previously characterized Warner Bros. However, in the late 1930s, Bette Davis became the studio's top draw and was even dubbed as \"The Fifth Warner Brother.\" ", "In 1935, Cagney was listed as one of the Top Ten Moneymakers in Hollywood for the first time, and was cast more frequently in nongangster roles; he played a lawyer who joins the FBI in G-Men , and he also took on his first, and only, Shakespearean role, as top-billed Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream alongside Joe E. Brown as Flute and Mickey Rooney as Puck", "In 1935, Cagney was listed as one of the Top Ten Moneymakers in Hollywood for the first time, and was cast more frequently in nongangster roles; he played a lawyer who joins the FBI in G-Men, and he also took on his first, and only, Shakespearean role, as top-billed Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream alongside Joe E. Brown as Flute and Mickey Rooney as Puck", "* 1935, directed by Richard Boleslawski and starring Fredric March, Charles Laughton, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, Florence Eldridge, Rochelle Hudson, and John Beal; the first adaptation nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture", "Fonda got the first break, as he was hired to make his first film appearance in 1935 as Janet Gaynor's leading man in 20th Century Fox's screen adaptation of The Farmer Takes a Wife; he reprised his role from the Broadway production of the same name, which had gained him critical recognition. Suddenly, Fonda was making $3,000 a week and dining with Hollywood stars such as Carole Lombard. Stewart soon followed him to Hollywood, and they roomed together again, in lodgings next door to Greta Garbo. In 1935 Fonda starred in the RKO film I Dream Too Much with the opera star Lily Pons. The New York Times announced him as \"Henry Fonda, the most likable of the new crop of romantic juveniles.\" Fonda's film career blossomed as he costarred with Sylvia Sidney and Fred MacMurray in The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936), the first Technicolor movie filmed outdoors.", "The 1932 publication of Charles Nordhoff and James Norton Hall's Mutiny on the Bounty sparked a revival of interest in the titular 1789 ship mutiny, and this 1935 MGM movie version won the Oscar for Best Picture. Clark Gable stars as Fletcher Christian, first mate of the infamous HMS Bounty, skippered by Captain William Bligh ( Charles Laughton ), the cruelest taskmaster on the Seven Seas. Bligh's villainy knows no bounds: he is even willing to flog a dead man if it will strengthen his hold over the crew. ", "Crawford was one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. She placed third on the first annual exhibitors' poll of top box office stars in 1932, and later placed tenth in 1933, sixth in 1934, fifth in 1935 and seventh in 1936. Her box office appeal plummeted for a time in the late '30s, leading her to be one of the stars dubbed \"box office poison\" in an exhibitors' poll. The most durable star of them all, though, Crawford, still a star three decades later, could look back at it all and laugh.", "* A 1935 film version was directed by Max Reinhardt and William Dieterle. The cast included James Cagney as Bottom, Mickey Rooney as Puck, Olivia de Havilland as Hermia, Joe E. Brown as Francis Flute, Dick Powell as Lysander and Victor Jory as Oberon. ", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. 1935. Directed by Max Reinhardt. Starring James Cagney, Olivia de Havilland, Mickey Rooney. IMDB details .", "1935: John Ford won Best Director for The Informer (1935), while director Frank Lloyd's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) won Best Picture", "* The 1935 film directed by Richard Boleslawski, starring Fredric March and Charles Laughton, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. It Happened One Night (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay). Written by Robert Riskin, it is one of the first of the \"screwball comedies\", and with its release in the Great Depression, critics considered it an escapist story and a variation of the \"American Dream\". The film established the names of Capra, Columbia Pictures, and stars Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in the movie industry. The film has been called \"picaresque\", and was one of the earliest \"road movies\" which inspired variations on its theme by other filmmakers. ", "He appeared in three Best Picture Academy Award winners, the first two of which were in consecutive years: It Happened One Night (1934), Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) and Gone with the Wind (1939). Wallis Clark also appeared in all three films.", "In 1935, Fonda starred in the RKO film I Dream Too Much with the opera star Lily Pons. … Read More", "He returned to MGM a bigger star than ever. He received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935).", "1935: Casta Diva by Carmine Gallone (Coppa Mussolini for the best Italian film); Anna Karenina (Usa) by Clarence Brown (Award for the best foreign film)", "Cary Grant (born Archibald Alexander Leach; January 18, 1904 – November 29, 1986) was a British-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men. He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s, and became known for his transatlantic accent, light-hearted approach to acting and comic timing, and debonair demeanor. He became an American citizen in 1942.", "Anna Karenina is a 1935 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy and directed by Clarence Brown. The film stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, Basil Rathbone and Maureen O'Sullivan. There are several other film adaptations of the novel.", "In 1935, she appeared in the A-film \"Mississippi\" which starred W.C. Fields, Bing Crosby and Joan Bennett. Ann had a small role playing a school girl.", "His big break did not come until 1934 when he joined Paramount, where he was to remain for the better part of his Hollywood career. During the first few years, he served an apprenticeship playing second leads, usually as the debonair man-about-town, in light romantic comedies. He appeared with Burns and Allen in Many Happy Returns (1934), enjoyed third-billing as a British aristocrat in the Claudette Colbert farce The Gilded Lily (1935) and was described as \"excellent\" by reviewers for his role in the sentimental drama Alias Mary Dow (1935). By 1936, he had graduated to starring roles, first as the injured British hunter rescued on a tropical island by The Jungle Princess (1936), the film which launched Dorothy Lamour 's sarong-clad career. After that, he was the titular hero of Bulldog Drummond Escapes (1937) and, finally, won the girl (rather than being the \"other man\") in Mitchell Leisen 's screwball comedy Easy Living (1937). He also re-visited the tropics in Ebb Tide (1937), Her Jungle Love (1938) and Tropic Holiday (1938), as well as being one of the three valiant brothers of Beau Geste (1939).", "actor: The Americano, He Comes Up Smiling, The Mollycoddle, The Mark of Zorro, The Three Musketeers, Robin Hood, The Thief of Bagdad, The Black Pirate, The Gaucho; formed United Artists with D.W. Griffith & Charlie Chaplin; died Dec 12, 1939", "Baer was now at the height of his fame. He starred in a movie, The Prizefighter and the Lady (banned in Germany because Baer's grandfather was Jewish), and lived the high life. He was romantically linked to innumerable starlets, socialites, chorus girls, and Broadway actresses before marrying in 1935.", " 1935 The Wedding Night (performer: \"Trail to Mexico (Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie)\" - uncredited)", "1935 Best Picture nominees set during the Age of Sail about a dashing British rogue who rebels against his cruel master to become an outlaw of the high seas.", "American film star (1892-1984). Started out playing villains in silent films, but by the early 30s was competing with Colman for romantic leads. Married Carole Lombard in 1931.", "Which 1935 film has the last line “It’s a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done. It’s a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known.”", "Pathe News Inc. records the days events during the 1935 Indianapolis 500. Days later the newsreels would be shown in movie theaters across the country. ", "35 It Happened one Night (1934) was the first film to win Oscars for actor, actress,", "Pictured in 1936, Hughes was associated with Hollywood's most glamorous actresses and the American public was fascinated by him." ]

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[ "Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952) is an American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for his character Pee-wee Herman. Reubens joined the Los Angeles troupe The Groundlings in the 1970s and started his career as an improvisational comedian and stage actor. In 1982, Reubens put up a show about a character he had been developing for years. The show was called The Pee-wee Herman Show and it ran for five sold-out months with HBO producing a successful special about it. Pee-wee became an instant cult figure and for the next decade Reubens would be completely committed to his character, doing all of his public appearances and interviews as Pee-wee. In 1985 Pee-wee's Big Adventure, directed by the then-unknown Tim Burton, was a financial and critical success, and soon developed into a cult film. Big Top Pee-wee, 1988's sequel, was less successful than its predecessor. Between 1986 and 1990, Reubens starred as Pee-wee in the CBS Saturday-morning children's program Pee-wee's Playhouse.", "Paul Reubens is a Jewish-American comedian, actor and writer. Reubens is more widely known by his persona Pee-wee Herman, a character he created while performing with the improvisational group, The Groundings. Later Reubens created the Pee-wee Herman Show which ran for five months at the Roxy Theater. He… more", "Born Paul Rubenfeld on August 27, 1952 in Peekskill, NY, Paul Reubens is an American actor, writer, film producer and comedian best known for his role as hyper Man Child Pee-wee Herman.", "There were also a huge number of cameo appearances by famous singers, actors and directors including  Ray Charles  (Ray the owner of Ray’s Music Exchange), James Brown  (Reverend Cleophus James), Cab Calloway  (Curtis),  John Lee Hooker , Aretha Franklin  (Mrs. Murphy), Carrie Fisher  (Mystery Woman – basically a vindictive former fiancée shunned by Jake), John Candy  (Burton Mercer – Jake’s Correctional Officer), Frank Oz (of The Muppets and Yoda fame – he was one of the Joliet Prison guards),  Paul Reubens (Chez Paul waiter who was later to become famous as Pee-wee Herman), John Landis was one of the troopers, Steven Spielberg  (a clerk in the Cook County Assessors Office) and even Twiggy the British model (Chic Lady) who was stood up by Elwood at the West Wind Motel.", "Then: Best known for playing America's favorite man-child, Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens reunited with his 'Pee-wee's Big Adventure' director Tim Burton for a small cameo in 'Batman Returns' as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot.", "Pee-wee Herman’s stage presence may not be quite as dynamic as Midler’s, but he’s every bit as unique a performer. The evidence can be seen in this recording of his Broadway show, which first aired in a 90-minute HBO special. Ever since Pee-wee’s alter ego, Paul Reubens was busted in a Florida movie theater for lewd behavior, he’s has been struggling to convince promoters and studio executives that he’s not a dangerous sex fiend and millions of fans still love him. Over-cautious casting directors, however, choose instead to ignore the fact that Pee-wee appealed as much to adults as kids, and kept him in professional limbo for most of the last 20 years. After appearing in several out-of-character roles in high profile movies and TV shows, Reubens reinvented “Pee-wee’s Playhouse” for the stage. It was an immediate success. The show revolves loosely around Pee-wee’s longtime desire to fly. It boasts 11 actors, 20 puppets, original songs and the same kooky attitude that enchanted a generation of now-middle-age adults. The vibrant colors of the set furniture, costumes and wigs are a natural fit for the Blu-ray format. It also includes commentary.", "And the creative decision turned out to have an unexpected bonus. Out of his Pee-wee garb, with the beard and long hair that he would grow whenever on hiatus, Paul was virtually unrecognizable. He could go anywhere and not be noticed, except as a tall, thin man with a blank passive face. He was probably the only major TV star who enjoyed such anonymity. The entire world knew who Pee-wee Herman was, but virtually no one knew who Paul Reubens was.", "Paul Reubens  was originally selected to be the voice of Flapjack, but when Reubens did not show up on the day of recording, Van Orman himself decided to voice Flapjack.", "Despite promising to never reprise his role of Pee-wee Herman after the scandal marked the virtual death of his iconic character, Paul Reubens revived his cult persona Pee-wee Herman character, bringing him full circle to the more adult theme of the original acts in a 2011 theater revival.", "Paul Reubens, then a struggling comedian, introduced his Pee-wee Herman character in a raunchy revue here in 1981 that included other aspiring comics including Phil Hartman and Elayne Boosler. *^", "The Sarasota police had no idea what they had on their hands—no idea that they’d arrested a celebrity, and no idea that they’d supplied this decade with its little Archduke Ferdinand moment, a flash point from which all manner of Sturm and Drang would ensue. They were just doing their job: a vice-squad sweep of the triple-X South Trail Cinema, where, had you bought a ticket and walked in on July 26, 1991, you would have taken in a bill of Nurse Nancy, Turn Up the Heat, and Catalina Five-O Tiger Shark. The cops apprehended four suspects that day, all on the usual charge: indecent exposure, i.e., masturbating in public. Among those arrested was a 38-year-old male with long, lank hair and a goatee. He identified himself as Paul Reubens. As he sat in the back of a squad car, one of his cop captors turned the name over in his mind. Paul Reubens. Damned if it didn’t sound…familiar.", "Paul Reubens is currently rehearsing to play his iconic character, Pee-wee Herman, in a new Los Angeles stage production. The show is in part a revival of his original stage show from the early 1980s and his multiple Emmy award-winning children's TV show, Pee-wee's Playhouse . The stage production was initially slated to open in November but was delayed until January so that it could move to a bigger venue.", "Pee-wee Herman is an ambiguous man-child who is always referred to as a \"boy\" but is played by the obviously adult Paul Reubens. In the live Pee-wee Herman Show performed with the Groundlings, as well as Peewees Big Adventure , Pee-wee has a number of friends who are also adults playing children.", "Paul Reubens tells MTV News that a script for \"Pee-Wee’s Playhouse: The Movie\" is done. \"It’s already done, the script is already fully written; It’s ready to shoot tomorrow. Oh wait, not tomorrow! I’m not available tomorrow. I had a conflict, forgot\" says the actor who shot to fame in the 80's with the show.", "In June 2010, various film news sites reported that Paul Reubens was working with Judd Apatow on a new Pee-wee Herman feature film. ", "Perhaps the only good thing about a disaster is that it allows the survivors to start over with a clean slate. Pee-wee Herman may be dead, but Paul Reubens isn’t. His friends say it would take more than this to destroy his drive and creative force. “He will turn this around,” they insist.", "Reubens, who for years would not give interviews or appear on talk shows, did make a subsequent public appearance as Pee-wee at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards, where he asked the audience, \"Heard any good jokes lately?\" He received a standing ovation. Reubens then appeared as Pee-wee once in 1992, when he participated in a Grand Ole Opry tribute to Minnie Pearl. As part of his community service, Reubens returned to the Pee-Wee character for a public service announcement, as well as reviving one of his Playhouse characters, a claymation character named \"Penny\" for a second PSA talking about the dangers of substance abuse.", "In 1985, Reubens and aspiring filmmaker Tim Burton collaborated on the delightful feature-length “Pee-wee’s Big Adventure.” In it, Our Hero sets off on a wild cross-country journey, in search of his stolen bicycle. As strange as it is to watch an adult obsess over something only a kid could take that seriously, it’s just as weird to observe the pre-pubescent character pretending to be a grown-up when the occasional rose. Many of the signature touches that would come to characterize Burton’s work are already on display in “Big Adventure,” although it isn’t easy to tell exactly if they originated with Reubens or Burton. Some of the fun here comes in recognizing Cassandra “Elvira” Peterson, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, James Brolin, Tony Bill, Dee Snider, Milton Berle and Elizabeth Daly. The Blu-ray bonus package includes commentary by Reubens and Burton, additional scenes, sketches and storyboards, and a music-only track with Danny Elfman. Pee-wee’s character has been so consistent and recognizable – going on 30 years, now – that it isn’t hard to believe he would have fit well alongside such silent greats as Buster Keaton, Laurel & Hardy, Harold Lloyd and Fatty Arbuckle, whose popularity demanded they never stray very far from the character that paid the bills.", "Now a genuine comedy-circuit star, he became a frequent guest of David Letterman and a favorite at Caroline's in New York. In 1984, he sold out Carnegie Hall. He later auditioned for the cast of Saturday Night Live , but when that didn't turn out as planned, he started writing a feature-length screenplay for Pee-Wee to star in, and asked friend Tim Burton to direct. Released to wildly divergent reviews, Pee-wee's Big Adventure , followed its star cross-country in a madcap search for his beloved, stolen bike. The $7 million picture ended up grossing $45 million. That following year, CBS which had been losing children's audiences to cable programming, was interested in finding something to shore up its Saturday Morning lineup. The network company signed him to act/produce and to direct its live-action children's program called Pee-wee's Playhouse . They doled out an eye-popping budget of $325,000 per episode - the same price as a prime- time sitcom. Reubens received complete creative control, albeit with three minor exceptions. During its five-year-run on CBS, he never appeared in general as himself. He even granted printed interviews in full Pee-Wee regalia.", "Reubens has landed a series of offbeat character roles. One year after he was taken into custody, he appeared in Burton's Batman Returns as the Penguin's unloving father, and as a vampire henchman in Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Subsequent jobs have included a voice over for Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas , a healthy stint as Andrew J. Lansing III on Murphy Brown , and roles in the feature films, Dunston Checks In , Matilda , Buddy and Mystery Men . He also signed to emcee a new game show based on the popular 'You Don't Know Jack' CD-ROM version.", "Sadly, Reubens' image of Pee-wee Herman was destroyed on July 28, 1991 when he fell victim to a police sting operation while visiting his parents in Sarasota on his summer vacation. Seeking to escape from boredom, Reubens went to catch a showing of X-rated film Nurse Nancy, where he was arrested for sex charges when detectives allegedly saw him playing with his private parts . Released on $219 bail, nobody realized what happened until somebody recognized him beneath his long hair and goatee. As a result, CBS dropped Pee-Wee's Playhouse and related merchandise was released from its shelves. Reubens agreed to pay a $50 fine plus $85 in court costs as well as producing a memorably Narmy PSA", "Thereafter, Reubens decided to take a sabbatical from Pee-wee. In July 1991, Reubens was arrested for indecent exposure in an adult theater in Sarasota, Florida. The arrest set off a chain reaction of national media attention that changed the general public's view of Reubens and Pee-wee. The arrest postponed Reubens' involvement in major projects until 1999, when he appeared in several big-budget projects including Mystery Men and Blow and started giving interviews as himself rather than as Pee-wee.", "In the mid 1970s, his acting career grew slowly and steadily with small roles in theater productions, gigs at local comedy clubs and four guest appearances on The Gong Show (1976). During this time of education/employment, he joined an improvisational comedy troupe called The Groundlings. The popular gang of yuksters, whose roster has included Conan O'Brien , Lisa Kudrow , the late Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , and Julia Sweeney , wrung laughs from audiences with skits starring scads of imaginative, self-created characters. Among Reubens's contributions to this comedic community were a philandering husband named Moses Feldman, an Indian chief named Jay Longtoe, and the now fallen Pee-Wee Herman, who debuted in 1978.", "Ever since Reubens started giving interviews again after his 2002 arrest, he has talked about the two scripts he has written for future Pee-wee Herman films.", "The success of Pee-wee Herman had astonished everyone, even Paul. It started with the appearances with an underground comedy troupe in L.A. in the late ‘70s, then went on to the night-club act that HBO picked up as “The Pee-wee Herman Show” in 1982. Then came two movies, Pee-wee’s Big Adventure and Big Top Pee-wee, “Pee-wee Herman’s Playhouse” with its 16 Emmys, the cover of Life and Rolling Stone, even the keynote speech at the Republican National Convention, in which Michael Dukakis was compared to him. Football players did the Pee-wee dance after scoring a touchdown. By the end of the ‘80s, an incredible 96 percent of all Americans recognized Pee-wee’s name.", "A string of supporting roles in films followed, included Nobody's Fool (1994), in which he was a police deputy punched by Paul Newman. The gambling movie Hard Eight (1996) was the first of five films he made with writer-director Paul Thomas Anderson, who next cast him as Scottie, a gay member of a porn-film crew, in Boogie Nights (1997), an intense and overlong comedy-drama that has become a cult movie, as has the Coen brothers' The Big Lebowski (1998). Hoffman's reputation as an actor who favoured quirky independent features was enhanced by his role in Todd Solondz' Happiness (1998), the remarkable tale of a family riddled with personal demons.", "Eugene Levy is an award-winning actor, writer, and producer. He has appeared in more than 60 motion pictures to date, eight of which having topped the $100M mark. The box office success of films such as Bringing Down The House, Cheaper By the Dozen 2, and Father Of The Bride Part II have established him as one of Hollywood's most popular comedic actors. But it was the role of Noah Levenstein in the American Pie franchise that cemented his reputation as America's favorite Dad. Levy's most recent big-screen role was that of Dory's Dad in the Disney/Pixar smash Finding Dory, in which he stars alongside Ellen DeGeneres and Diane Keaton. The film has surpassed the $1B mark worldwide, and is on track to become one of the highest-grossing animated films of all time. His next film is The War With Grandpa, starring Robert De Niro and Christopher Walken.", "Patrick Warburton is known to many for the role of \"Puddy\" in the hit NBC comedy \"Seinfeld,\" the laconic, enigmatic, quirky Saab salesman and Elaine's boyfriend. Warburton starred for 7 seasons on the hit CBS comedy \"Rules of Engagement\" with David Spade, Oliver Hudson, and Megyn Price about two couples and their single friend, all at different stages in their relationships dealing with the complications of dating, commitment, and marriage. He is now set to star in NBC's newest sitcom series entitled \"Crowded,\" premiering Sunday, March 20th, about an empty nest couple (Warburton & Carrie Preston) who find out their adult daughters want to move back home with them. Patrick also played \"Guy\" in the international blockbuster comedy Ted and recently completed shooting the highly anticipated sequel Ted 2 where he reprises his role. Warburton starred on the ABC hit comedy \"Less than Perfect,\" as \"Jeb Denton,\" an opinionated network anchorman; and on the hit show \"NewsRadio\" as \"Johnny Johnson\" the unscrupulous business rival who takes over the station. Warburton starred in Disney's major motion picture, live action comedy Underdog, as the archenemy \"Cad,\" based on the 1964 cartoon television series. He is also perhaps the busiest voiceover artist in Hollywood for his many characters including the role of the paraplegic and over-zealous cop, \"Joe Swanson,\" on the hit comedy \"Family Guy.\"", "He first drew critical praise for the play Eh?, for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award. This was soon followed by his breakthrough 1967 film role as Benjamin Braddock, the title character in The Graduate. Since then Hoffman's career has largely been focused on cinema, with sporadic returns to television and the stage. His most notable films include Midnight Cowboy,The Graduate, Little Big Man, Straw Dogs, Papillon, Lenny, Marathon Man, All the President's Men, Kramer vs. Kramer, Tootsie, Rain Man, Hook and Wag the Dog.", "It was Tom Hanks’ portrayal of a 13-year-old boy trapped in the body of a 35-year-old man, Josh, in Penny Marshall‘s \"Big\" (1988), which really established his reputation as a box-office success and a gifted actor. His brilliant acting earned him a Los Angeles Film Critics Association and a Golden Globe for Best Actor, as well as his first nomination at the Oscars. He combined the huge victory with another, when Tom was cast as harsh stand-up comic Steven Gold in \"Punchline\" (1988). His strong performance won him a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award that same year. Tom’s next projects, \"Turner & Hooch\" (1989), \"Joe Versus the Volcano\" (1990, opposite Meg Ryan) and \"The Bonfire of the Vanities\" (1990), met with failure. In 1992, Tom moved to a more serious part when he rejoined director Penny Marshall for \"A League of Their Own\" (1992) in which he portrayed a washed up drunk and former player who rediscovers his joy of the game through managing a winning team of female players. The next year, Tom reunited with Meg Ryan in Nora Ephron's \"Sleepless in Seattle\" which received even more recognition and became one of biggest hits in 1993.", "Many of the episode plots draw upon the comedic relationship between Reuben (Dave Madden) and Danny (Danny Bonaduce). These two were good friends both on and off the set. Other plot devices were Keith's good looks and popularity at school, Laurie's 70's style activism and some of the strange encounters that the family had when on the road in their bus.", "After the original show had ended, in 1963, Phil Silvers attempted to start a new show to match his previous outing. Called The New Phil Silvers Show, it featured Silvers as Sgt. Bilko- Expy Harry Grafton, foreman at a factory; the new show lasted less than a year. A film based on the original show, called Sgt. Bilko and starring Steve Martin in the title role, was released in 1996, but it was panned by critics and audiences alike." ]

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[ "Camera Work was a quarterly photographic journal published by Alfred Stieglitz from 1903 to 1917. It is known for its many high-quality photogravures by some of the most important photographers in the world and its editorial purpose to establish photography as a fine art. It has been called \"consummately intellectual\", \"by far the most beautiful of all photographic magazines\", and \"a portrait of an age [in which] the artistic sensibility of the nineteenth century was transformed into the artistic awareness of the present day.\" ", "Photographer, writer, publisher, and curator Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) was a visionary far ahead of his time. Around the turn of the 20th century, he founded the Photo-Secession, a progressive movement concerned with advancing the creative possibilities of photography, and by 1903 began publishing Camera Work, an avant-garde magazine devoted to voicing the ideas, both in images and words, of the Photo-Secession. Camera Work was the first photo journal whose focus was visual, rather than technical, and its illustrations were of the highest quality hand-pulled photogravure printed on Japanese tissue. This book brings together all photographs from the journal’s 50 issues.", "Stieglitz founded and edited the influential photography magazine Camera Work from 1902-17, and founded the Little Galleries of", "Stieglitz was determined from the start that Camera Work would be the finest publication of its day. He asked Edward Steichen to design the cover, a simple gray-green background with the magazine’s title, acknowledgement of Stieglitz’s editorial control and issue number and date in an Art Nouveau-style typeface created especially by Steichen for the journal. Even the advertisements at the back of each issue were creatively designed and presented, often by Stieglitz himself. Eastman Kodak took the back cover of almost every issue, and at Stieglitz’s insistence they used the same typeface Steichen had designed for the cover.", "This magazine cover of Interview was designed by Richard Bernstein and features Andy Warhol photographing model Grace Jones for the December 1972 issue. Warhol founded the magazine in 1969 and featured unedited interviews with celebrities along with photographs and striking ads.", "22. Aperture. Each issue of this recently redesigned photography quarterly is a treasure. The printing quality and paper stock are better than in most photography books. Founded by Ansel Adams , Dorothea Lange and others more than 50 years ago, Aperture thrives as a venue for today's most captivating and diverse fine art photography.", "Okay. So what we have is a magazine called \"Camera Work,\" and on the table we have five issues, but in fact, you have how many of them?", "In 1952 Adams was one of the founders of the magazine Aperture, which was intended as a serious journal of photography showcasing its best practitioners and newest innovations. He was also a contributor to Arizona Highways, a photo-rich travel magazine. His article on Mission San Xavier del Bac, with text by longtime friend Nancy Newhall, was enlarged into a book published in 1954. This was the first of many collaborations with her. In June 1955, Adams began his annual workshops, teaching thousands of students until 1981, He continued with commercial assignments for another twenty years, and became a consultant on a monthly retainer for Polaroid Corporation, which was founded by good friend Edwin Land. He made thousands of photographs with Polaroid products, El Capitan, Winter, Sunrise (1968) being the one he considered his most memorable. In the final twenty years of his life, the 6x6cm medium format Hasselblad was his camera of choice, with Moon and Half Dome (1960) being his favorite photo made with that marque of camera.", "The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period. Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in the late 1870s. In collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the street people of London and established social documentary photography as a form of photojournalism. Instead of the images acting as a supplement to the text, he pioneered the use of printed photographs as the predominant medium for the imparting of information, successfully combining photography with the printed word. ", "The tribe of photographers, more precisely photo journalists, is a very special one. Of course they are journalists – but with a difference. I began my journalistic career in the early 1950s, working for the illustrated magazine Ogonyok, one of the most popular magazines at the time. It was arguably the best loved magazine. That is why I am well versed in this profession. Yuri Abramochkin had yet to appear on the horizon; he was still at school. But about ten years later, his name began appearing in magazines and newspapers. And soon the readers buying a magazine or a paper at a kiosk were looking for Yuri Abramochkin’s photographs. The young Abramochkin, who never thought about journalism and dreamt of being a builder, suddenly discovered that he had not just a photo correspondent’s sharp eye, but the mental frame", "\"Photography being in the main a process in monochrome, it is one subtle gradations of tone and value that its artistic beauty so frequently depends. It is therefore highly necessary that reproductions of photographic work must be made with exceptional care, and discretion of the spirit of the original is to be retained, though no reproductions can do justice to the subtleties of some photographs. Such supervision will be given to the illustrations that will appear in each number of Camera Work. Only examples of such works as gives evidence of individuality and artistic worth, regardless of school, or contains some exceptional feature of technical merit, or such as exemplifies some treatment worthy of consideration, will find recognition in these pages. Nevertheless, the Pictorial will be the dominating feature of the magazine.\"", "Media mogul Condé Montrose Nast bought weekly newspaper Vogue in 1905 and turned it into a bi-weekly magazine, in addition to launching international editions in the 1910s. Almost immediately, Vogue became revolutionarily for its usage of photography — which also meant that it had a repertoire of fashion models. “Fashion illustration has gone from being one of the sole means of fashion communication to having a very minor role,” Historian Laird Borelli noted in 2000. “The first photographic cover of Vogue was a watershed in the history of fashion illustration and a watershed mark of its decline.” In the 1960s, the legendary Diana Vreeland became editor in chief, bringing the sexual revolution of downtown youth to its pages. Anna Wintour became editor in chief in July 1988, with her inaugural issue featuring Israeli model Michaela Bercu, loose hair flying, in an ornamented Christian Lacroix jacket and a pair of worn-in jeans styled by Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele. Three-quarters of her body was in the photograph, which a dramatic change from the face-only images of the 1970s and 1980. The Yale University-funded Robots Reading Vogue project generated the pixel averages of the faces of 1970s and 1980s Vogue, discovering that positioning, gaze, and head angles were all the same. Still under Wintour’s leadership and dedication to high revenue, Vogue has championed celebrity cover stars like Kim Kardashian , though supermodels like Karlie Kloss make occasional appearances too.", "Adams, Ansel. The Camera (The New Ansel Adams Photography Series, Book 1). Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1980. Adams, Ansel and Mary Street Alinder.", "In 1970, Annie Leibovitz began her career working for the Rolling Stone publication that had just came into the market. She worked as a photographer there. Three years later, Jann Wenner promoted her to the Head photographer post in the same magazine and she maintained this post for a decade. While working there, she became introduced to other magazines as well. Richard Avedon‘s work was a powerful and an important influence in her professional life. She figured that she could spend time on her own work while working for publications.", "Land worked closely with arts professionals throughout his career. He hired several art historians to work for the company, believing that the team’s aesthetic abilities were equal in importance to their scientific knowledge. Land also challenged his staff to build films and cameras to the exacting demands of professional artists—Ansel Adams (1902–1984), the legendary landscape photographer, and Marie Cosindas (1925– ), a noted color still life and portrait photographer, consulted on the development of new Polaroid films. Under Land’s leadership, Polaroid successfully bridged ideals in both scientific research and the arts.", "Attached, aged only 21, to Harper's Bazaar, he had established his own studio a year later. His studies at New York's New School for Social Research, under the legendary Alexei Brodovitch (where Diane Arbus and Eve Arnold, among others, also trained), led directly to his appointment as a staffer on Harper's, where Brodovitch and Carmel Snow were commissioning editors. He stayed from 1945 to 1965, before branching out into Vogue, working under Diana Vreeland and Alexander Liberman (from 1966), and at the New Yorker, where, in 1992, he became the magazine's first staff photographer.", "Michael Gross and Doug Kenney chose a young designer from Esquire Magazine named Peter Kleinman to succeed the team of Gross and David Kaestle. During his Lampoon tenure, Kleinman was also the art director of Heavy Metal magazine, published by the same company. The best known of Kleinman's Lampoon covers were \"Stevie Wonder with 3-D Glasses,\" painted by Sol Korby; a photographed \"Nose to The Grindstone\" cover depicting a man's face being pressed against a spinning grinder wheel for the Work issue; the \"JFK's First 6000 Days Issue,\" featuring a portrait of an old John F. Kennedy; the \"Fat Elvis\" Cover which appeared a year before Elvis Presley died, and many of the Mara McAfee covers done in a classic Norman Rockwell style. Kleinman designed the logos for Animal House and Heavy Metal. ", "Beginning in the years leading up to the First World War, fashion photography has grown from a small niche market into a worldwide billion dollar business with important centres in Paris, New York and Milan. Appearing in glossy magazines around the world - such as Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Elle, Cosmopolitan, Seventeen, W, Vanity Fair, GQ, Grazia, Marie Claire, Dazed and Confused, and Sleaze Nation - as well as newspaper supplements like The Sunday Times Magazine, and digital TV and Cable networks, fashion photography has become one of the most ubiquitous and influential types of fine art photography of the 21st century. Its practitioners - lens-based artists who operate at the intersection of portraiture, still life and poster art - have included many of the greatest photographers of the age, all of whom have provided a clear and affirmative answer to the question: Is Photography Art ?", "In 1970 she starting working as a photographer at Rolling Stone magazine, within three years she was named as the magazine's Chief Photographer; by 1983 she had moved to Vanity Fair. During this decade other artists, notably Richard Avedon and Henri Cartier-Bresson, influenced Leibovitz. She observed that one could carve a successful commercial career alongside personal projects.", "The V&A museum’s exhibition Horst: Photographer of Style recently presented a ‘‘definitive retrospective of the work of Horst P. Horst (1906-99), one of the 20th century’s master photographers.’’ Renowned for his glamourous fashion and Hollywood images, he was also a portayer of the male body and exponent of photographic art. K magazine reveals if the exhibition catalogue does him justice….", "The development of the Leica camera was that it enabled pictorial journalism to develop. With wide aperture lenses, it permitted one to take exposures indoors by available light, and its size enabled one to take candid portraits. One of those who took advantage of this versatility was Erich Salomon, famous for his candid pictures of celebrities, often taken in situations where cameras were not permitted.", "He received three Guggenheim Fellowships to work on personal projects, a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, and published four books during his lifetime. He was one of three photographers featured in the influential New Documents exhibition at Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1967 and had solo exhibitions there in 1969, 1977 and 1988. He supported himself by working as a freelance photojournalist and advertising photographer in the 1950s and 1960s, and taught photography in the 1970s. His photographs featured in photography magazines including Popular Photography, Eros, Contemporary Photographer and Photography Annual.", "Initially assistant to Horst P. Horst, this American fashion photographer was best-known for his cover photographs for Cosmopolitan, Seventeen, Harper's Bazaar, Vogue and Rolling Stone magazine as well as his celebrity portraits.", "Photographer and film producer best known for his 60s and 70s portraiture and fashion photography. Worked for Vogue, as well as French Elle, Glamour Magazine, Esquire, The Observer, The Sunday Times and the Telegraph Magazine.", "He is best known for his photography, which often references art history and sometimes conveys social messages. His photographic style has been described as \"hyper-real and slyly subversive\" and as \"kitsch pop surrealism\". One 1996 article called him the \"Fellini of photography\", a phrase that continues to be applied to him.", "Australian born pioneer of colour photography (notably fashion shots for Conde Nast). One of the most important art photographers in America.", "He went to New York in 1928. There he became acquainted with the editors of âVogueâ and âVanity fairâ. Over the next few decades he would work for both the magazines and specialize in fashion photographs and society portraits.", "This work explores the multiple roles of photography at the fair. As a relatively new technology and mode of communication, photography was used for both documentation and exhibition. Brown divides the book into two parts, \"Photographs on Display\" and \"Photographic Practices.\" A bibliography, glossary, and an index are included.", "American industrial photographer, war reporter. Chief photographer of Life magazine; celebrated in America during the 30s and 40s. Also noted for her Holocaust art - her photos of Buchenwald concentration camp.", "The Golden Age of Photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo-magazines ceased publication. They found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs. Still, those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of the still images. ", "Influential German-born lens-based artist best known for his fashion photography which appeared in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar during the 1940s and 1950s. His other fine-art photography included a range of black and white nudes.", "The photographer is unknown to the author. Please see the photo notes at the bottom of the page" ]

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[ "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, is an American automobile race , held annually over the Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. \"The Greatest Spectacle in Racing\" is one of the oldest and richest motorsport events in existence, having the largest attendance and one of the largest TV/radio audiences of any single-day sporting events worldwide. While the official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, news media estimate attendance in excess of 270,000 [1] . The event lends its name to the \" IndyCar \" class of formula , or open-wheel , race cars that have competed in it. It has been broadcast live over radio on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1952, televised live in 1949 and 1950 on then-independent, local station WFBM-TV (now WRTV), and not again until ABC Sports was permitted to broadcast the race via tape delay from 1965 to 1985, and then with live flag-to-flag coverage beginning in 1986. In May 2006, the race celebrated its 90th running and 61st consecutive year of uninterrupted occurrence.", "Love it or not, Indycar racing is one of the world’s most hotly contested forms of motorsport. The most prestigious event in the Indycar calendar is the Indy 500 (or Indianapolis 500-Mile Race), which has been run since 1911, and which along with the Monaco F1 Grand Prix and 24 Hours of Le Mans is one of the races that form the ‘Triple Crown’ of motorsport. The Triple Crown is a feat that has only ever been achieved by a single driver – the late great Graham Hill. As well as being one of the most important four-wheeled racing events, the Indy 500 is also known as one of the most deadly – with drivers achieving speeds of over 200mph just feet away from the safety barrier. Wilbur Shaw – the president of Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1945-1954 was the man who gave us the immortal phrase “gentlemen, start your engines”. All of these things point to the illustrious and immovable position of the Indy 500 in the world of motorsport – and show us why the event billed as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing” is so important.", "The first long-distance auto race in the U. S. was held May 30, 1911, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The winner averaged 75 miles an hour and won a 1st place prize of $14,000. Today the average speed is over 167 miles an hour and the prize is more than $1.2 million. Indianapolis Motor Speedway is the site of the greatest spectacle in sports, the Indianapolis 500. The Indianapolis 500 is held every Memorial Day weekend in the Hoosier capital city. The race is 200 laps or 500 miles long.", "Billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the Indianapolis 500 is an annual Memorial Day sporting event held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The first auto races at the track were held in August 1909. Resurfacing its 500-mile (805 km) track with 3.2 million bricks accomodated the rapidly rising advancements in the automotive industry, and the first \"500\" race was held at the Speedway on Memorial Day in 1911.", "ENTION Indianapolis to any sports fan and they think automatically of the Indy 500, the classic 500-mile American Championship Car race that is held every year over the Memorial Day (the last Monday in May) Weekend. Thirty-three drivers battle out the Indy 500 at speeds of up to 220 mph on the iconic 2.5-mile oval of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (indianapolismotorspeedway.com). The track also welcomes the annual NASCAR’S Brickyard 400 and Indianapolis Red Bull Moto GP (and, from 2000 to 2007, the US F1 Grand Prix). While the stage for the Indy 500 is world famous, Lucas Oil Stadium, home of the Indianapolis Colts (colts.com) American football team, is not far behind. This stadium has been voted two years in a row as having the ‘best stadium experience’ in the world by Stadium Journey magazine", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . The race consists of 200 laps, run counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911 , the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day . Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "The Indianapolis 500 is an annual automobile race, held each year typically on the last weekend in May in correspondence with Memorial Day weekend. The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana. The Indianapolis 500 is an open-wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC, and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996. The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world, and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world.", "INCLUDING ’73, THE RACE 169 HAS BEEN SHORTENED SEVEN TIMES BY RAIN. Indianapolismotorspeedway. com has the official list: • 1926: 160 laps (400 miles) • 1950: 138 laps (345 miles) • 1973: 133 laps (332.5 miles) • 1975: 174 laps (435 miles) • 1976: 102 laps (255 miles) • 2004: 180 laps (450 miles) • 2007: 166 laps (415 miles)", "Conceived by local businessmen as a testing facility for Indiana's growing automobile industry, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway would later become famous as the home to the now world-famous Indianapolis 500 race, which was first held in 1911. In that inaugural race, Schwitzer (then the chief engineer at Stoddard-Dayton) drove a stripped-down Stoddard Dayton touring car with a four-cylinder engine. He achieved an average speed of 57.4 mph on the new track, which was then covered in macadam, or crushed pieces of rock layered and bound by tar. Later, the speedway would be covered with 3.2 million paving bricks, which earned it its enduring nickname, \"The Brickyard.\"", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is a racetrack and home to three large racing events each year - the Indianapolis 500, the Brickyard 400 and the Red Bull Indianapolis GP. The speedway can hold over 250,000 spectators. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum is located on the grounds of the speedway and is dedicated to auto racing and automobiles.", "** Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.", "INDIANAPOLIS, IN:  The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana (an enclave suburb of Indianapolis) in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500 race and is known as the racing capital of the world.", "Cars roaring around the famed 2 1/2-mile oval during the Indy 500. (IMS photo by Forrest Mellott)", "For the most part, races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built private tracks. This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 Grand Prix, as well as the Targa Florio (run on 93 miles (150 km) of Sicilian roads), the 75 miles (121 km) German Kaiserpreis circuit in the Taunus mountains, and the French circuit at Dieppe (a mere 48 miles (77 km)), used for the 1907 Grand Prix . The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval of Brooklands in England , completed in 1907, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , first used in 1909 with the first Indianapolis 500-Mile Race in 1911, and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza , in Italy , opened in 1922.", "For the most part, races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built private tracks. This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 Grand Prix, as well as the Targa Florio (run on 93 mi of Sicilian roads), the 75 mi German Kaiserpreis circuit in the Taunus mountains, and the French circuit at Dieppe (a mere 48 mi), used for the 1907 Grand Prix. The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval of Brooklands in England, completed in 1907, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, first used in 1909 with the first Indianapolis 500-Mile Race in 1911, and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, in Italy, opened in 1922.", "Having decided to dispense with multi-race programs and concentrate on one major race for 1911, Speedway leader Carl Fisher and his partners envisioned an event that would appeal to the public by lasting approximately seven hours between mid-morning and late afternoon. A distance of 500 miles was settled upon, and Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 in six hours, 42 minutes and eight seconds.", "From its inception in 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been considered the marquee event of Championship/Indy Car racing. The race has been held every year from 1911-2016, with the exception of 1917-1918 (WWI) and 1942-1945 (WWII). The Indianapolis 500 has been part of an official National Championship in 1916, 1920-1941, and 1946-2016. In the years from 1911-1915, as well as 1919, the race was held, but it was not attached to an officially recognized national championship.", "Since 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been held every year, with the exception of 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the United States was involved in the two world wars. With an average crowd of 400,000, the Indy 500 is the best-attended event in U.S. sports. In 1936, asphalt was used for the first time to cover the rougher parts of the track, and by 1941 most of the track was paved. The last of the speedway’s original bricks were covered in 1961, except for a three-foot line of bricks left exposed at the start-finish line as a nostalgic reminder of the track’s history.", "Coined \"The Greatest Spectacle in Racing,\" the Indianapolis 500 has been held annually every year since 1911 except for 1917-18 (World War I) and 1942-45 (World War II). ", "The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, one of the oldest and most important automobile races in the world, and is the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. In addition, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $ 13 million in 2011 , with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest prize funds in sports.", "At the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport . From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport , and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti , Tony Stewart , and Robby Gordon , attempted the feat. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the only driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day. [59]", "The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world’s largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $ 13 million in 2011 , with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.", "For 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)", "IF YOU RIPPED OUT THE 54 SEAT BOARDS FROM THE GRANDSTANDS AT IMS AND LAID THEM ALL END-TO-END, THEY’D COVER 99.5 MILES. That’s roughly the distance between The Indianapolis Motor Speedway and French Lick.", "While Harroun's Marmon Wasp car was designed and built just miles away from the speedway, the race was considered an international affair even in the early years, when drivers from across the globe converged on Indianapolis. European-made cars (Peugeot, Delage and Mercedes) won at Indy from 1913 to 1919, and foreign-born drivers also dominated in the Speedway's formative years, with Italian Ralph de Palma emerging as a top star of the era. De Palma's only win at Indy came in 1915, but he finished in the top seven on six occasions and his record tally of 612 laps led at the speedway wasn't exceeded until 1987.", "During the 1960s and 1970s, a handful of drivers raced at the Indianapolis 500 while maintaining a full-time schedule in Formula One. This would require them to travel between Indianapolis and Europe during the month of May, usually between Indy and the Monaco Grand Prix at Monte Carlo, two of the three components of the Triple Crown of Motorsport. This became impossible after Indy moved its race to Sunday.", "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour.", "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour. ", "On this day in 1909, workers place the last of the 3.2 million 10-pound bricks that pave the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana (a town surrounded by the city of Indianapolis). Since then, most of that brick has been buried under asphalt, but one yard remains exposed at the start-finish line. Kissing those bricks after a successful race remains a tradition among Indy drivers.", "Here is the history of some of the most popular and enduring traditions of the Indianapolis 500:", "Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built in 1909 for 1909 cars. The cars have gotten much faster over the years, but apart from the occasional repave, IMS still features the same relatively narrow racing surface and a relatively flat 9 degrees of banking in the turns it did when it opened." ]

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[ "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), better known by her stage name, Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 - May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard 200 and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records , making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B charts in the U.S. and one number-one in the U.K. ", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 � February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all time. Her list of awards includes two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, and 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. Houston was also one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide. Inspired by prominent soul singers in her family, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and her godmother Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing with New Jersey church's junior gospel choir at age 11.[ After she began performing alongside her mother in night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification.", "Maintaining an unbroken string of hits throughout the 70s and 80s, most of which she wrote, Donna holds the record for most consecutive double albums to hit #1 on the Billboard charts (3) and first female to have four #1 singles in a 12 month period; 3 as a solo artist and one as a duo with Barbra Streisand.", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American recording artist, actress, producer and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all time. Her awards include two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, and 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards in her lifetime. Houston was also one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide.", "Aretha Franklin - Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She is known to her fans as the \"Queen of Soul\". Aretha is the second most honored female singer in Grammy history (after Alison Krauss). She has won twenty Grammy Awards, which includes the Living Legend Grammy and the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Aretha won eight consecutive awards between 1968 and 1975, during which time the category of Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was nicknamed \"The Aretha Award\". By the end of the 1960s Franklin was at her peak as an artist and her hits included Otis Redding's \"Respect\", as well as \"Chain of Fools\" and \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" . She had become an African-American icon during the era's turbulent battles over civil rights for minorities and women. She sang \"God Bless America\" at the 1977 inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and continued to perform and record both soul and gospel music into the 21st century.  ' Artist Discography '", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 -- February 11, 2012) was an American recording artist, singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time. Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 200 million records worldwide. She released six studio albums, one holiday album and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for \"How Will I Know,\" influenced several African American women artists who follow in her footsteps.", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time. Houston is one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. She released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for \"How Will I Know\", influenced several African American women artists who follow in her footsteps.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\". Allegations of spousal abuse following her split with Turner in 1977 arose with the publication of her autobiography I, Tina. Turner rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with \"Let's Stay Together\" and the 1984 release of her album Private Dancer.", "During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as “The Way We Were” (US No. 1), “Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)” (US No. 1), “No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)” (1979, with Donna Summer), which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet, (US No. 1), “You Don’t Bring Me Flowers” (with Neil Diamond) (US No. 1) and “The Main Event” (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films. As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S. — only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums.[36] In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced Guilty. The album contained the hits “Woman in Love” (which spent several weeks on top of the pop charts in the fall of 1980), “Guilty”, and “What Kind of Fool”.", "Is the first woman to have four albums go straight to #1 on the American charts.", "Cindi Lauper - Cynthia Ann Stephanie \"Cyndi\" Lauper, born June 22, 1953, is an American Grammy- and Emmy award winning singer-songwriter and actress. She achieved success in the mid-1980s with the release of the album She's So Unusual, and became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. Lauper has released 11 albums and over 40 singles, selling more than 25 million albums and singles worldwide. She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.Cyndi Lauper burst onto the world stage as the quintessential girl who wants to have fun. After more than 20 sterling years and global record sales in excess of 25 million, she has proven that she has the heart and soul to keep her legion of fans compelled by her every creative move. With her newly minted collection, \"Bring Ya To The Brink,\" Cyndi firmly asserts her position as one of the most beguiling, innovative, and downright exciting recording artists of this or any other generation. ' Artist Discography '", "Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States.", "Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia’s highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States.", "Loretta Lynn (née Webb; born April 14, 1932) is a multiple gold album American country music singer-songwriter whose work spans almost 60 years. She has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music, including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music as a duet partner and individual artist. She remains the most awarded female country recording artist, including her being the only female ACM Artist of the Decade (1970s).", "In 1978 she became the first female artist in history to have a #1 single (\"MacArthur Park\") and a #1 album (\"Live and More\") simultaneously on the Billboard charts. She broke her own record just a few months later when her single \"Hot Stuff\" and the album \"Bad Girls\" both reached the #1 position on the Billboard charts at the same time.", "Loretta Lynn (née Webb; born April 14, 1932) is a multiple gold album American country music singer-songwriter whose work spans almost 60 years. She has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music, including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music as a duet partner and individual artist. She remains the most awarded female country recording artist.", "Her debut album, Some Hearts, was released in 2005. Bolstered by the huge crossover success of the singles \"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" and \"Before He Cheats\", it became the fastest selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history, the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history and the best-selling country album of the last ten years. Underwood won three Grammy Awards for the album, including Best New Artist. Released in 2007, her second album, Carnival Ride, had one of the biggest ever opening weeks by a female artist and earned Underwood two Grammy Awards. Her next album, 2009's Play On, was a commercial success led by the single \"Cowboy Casanova\". Underwood's fourth album, Blown Away (2012), earned her a Grammy Award and was that year's second best-selling release by a female artist. Her first compilation album (2014) was a chart and sales success and earned her a Grammy Award. Her fifth album, Storyteller (2015), made her the only country artist to have all first five studio albums reach either numbers one or two on the Billboard 200. She has sold more than 65 million records worldwide.", "In 1987, along with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt, she released the decade-in-the-making Trio album, to critical acclaim. The album strongly revitalized Parton's temporarily stalled music career, spending five weeks at #1 on Billboard's Country Albums chart, selling several million copies and producing four Top 10 Country hits including Phil Spector's \"To Know Him Is To Love Him,\" which went to #1.", "Has attained nine number one Hot 100 singles. Three of them were achieved in 2010. She become the only female in American history to have her first single to go number one after the second. [February 2011]", "Her performances have led some critics to consider her one of the greatest entertainers in contemporary popular music. She has sold over 100 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s (decade). In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s (decade) and handed their Millennium Award in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes also listed her as the most powerful female in entertainment of 2015. ", "She is now also the only recording artist or group to achieve number one albums in each of six consecutive decades. She has a total of eleven.  Both of her last two studio albums, her 2016 Grammy-nominated album  Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway  and her Grammy-nominated 2014 album Partners, entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1  She holds the record for  longest span of No. 1 albums in history: of over 52 years.", "*Three of her recordings, \"River Deep – Mountain High\" (1999), \"Proud Mary\" (2003), and \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" (2012), are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.", "First solo artist ever to have a #1 album and single on the Billboard charts at the same time with a debut.", "Seven more albums followed, including \"Secrets\" (15 million copies sold). Her Number 1 hit singles include \"You're Making Me High,\" \"Let It Flow\" and \"Un-Break My Heart.\"", "In late 1989, she released her best-selling album to date, Cuts Both Ways. The album included the hit singles \"Don't Wanna Lose You\" (Hot 100 No. 1 hit), \"Oye mi Canto\", \"Here We Are\", \"Cuts Both Ways\" (No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart) and \"Get on Your Feet\".", "She had a total of three singles which made the Billboard Hot 100 US charts from 1973-1975.", "The album reached No. 1 on the charts, and produced four No. 1 singles. She won two Grammys that year, for \"Best New Artist\" and \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.\"", "Her first two albums reached number one in the UK charts, with her third reaching number 3.", "American country music singer-songwriter; she was one of the leading country vocalists and songwriters during the 1960s and is revered as a country music legend.", "Her music has been successful mostly in pop and adult contemporary. She has sold an estimated over 100 million albums worldwide." ]

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[ "Throughout the series, Sonny Crockett lived on an Endeavour 42 sailboat named the St. Vitus' Dance (priced at $120,000in 1986), [45] while in the pilot episode , Crockett is seen on an Endeavor 40 sailboat. [45] The allure of the sailboats was so much that the Endeavour 42 used for the 1986 season of Miami Vice was sold to a midwest couple, while the Endeavour 40, the pilot's sailboat, was sold to a chartering service in Fort Lauderdale . At the same time, Endeavour was building a new 42 for the 1987 season of Miami Vice. [45]", "Crockett lived on a yacht, the St. Vitus Dance , portrayed by three different boats over the course of the series -- in the pilot, his home is a Cabo Rico 38 sailboat, in Seasons 1-2, it is an Endeavour 40, and in Seasons 3-5 it is an Endeavour 42. The St. Vitus rarely seemed to leave it's mooring at Miamarina, now known as Bayside Marketplace, although occasionally it was used by Crockett as an easy means of \"disappearing\" persons of interest to Miami's criminal underworld, such as witness Keith Mollis in \" Line of Fire \". When rapid transport over water was required, he used a modified SCARAB 38' KV speedboat for the majority of the series, after replacing the Stinger 390x he used in Season 1.", "The St. Vitus was portrayed by three different yachts during the course of the show's five seasons. In the pilot episode , Crockett lived on a Cabo Rico 38 sailboat, which changed to an Endeavour 40 once the show was picked up as a series. At the start of season 2 , the boat changed to a larger Endeavour 42, although some footage of the Endeavour 40 was still used in some episodes (likely stock footage filmed during season 1 ). By season 3 , the Endeavour 42 was the only boat seen, and would remain so for the rest of the series. It was never stated on the show if these boats were supposed to be the same yacht, or whether they were supposed to be three different vessels each christened the St. Vitus Dance -- however, the use of both the 40 and the 42 during season 2 implies the former.", "Agatha Mary Clarissa, Lady Mallowan, DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976), commonly known as Agatha Christie, was an English crime fiction writer. She also wrote romance novels under the name Mary Westmacott, but is best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Her works, particularly featuring detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Jane Marple, have given her the title the 'Queen of Crime' and made her one of the most important and innovative writers in the development of the genre.", "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976) was an English crime novelist, short story writer, and playwright. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best known for the 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections that she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigative work of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Jane Marple, Parker Pyne, Harley Quin/Mr Satterthwaite, and Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. She also wrote the world’s longest-running play, The Mousetrap. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for her contribution to literature.", "Two other Englishmen were with Shelley on the boat. One was a retired Navy officer, Edward Ellerker Williams ; the other was a boatboy, Charles Vivien. [18] The boat was found ten miles (16 km) offshore, and it was suggested that one side of the boat had been rammed and staved in by a much stronger vessel. However, the liferaft was unused and still attached to the boat. The bodies were found completely clothed, including boots.", "Inspector Maine, the detective in charge of the Soldier Island case, discusses the mystery with his Assistant Commissioner, Sir Thomas Legge, at Scotland Yard. There are no clues on the mainland—the man who arranged \"U.N. Owen's\" purchase of the island covered his tracks well, and was killed the day the party set sail—and while guests' diaries establish a partial timeline, the police cannot determine the order in which Blore, Armstrong, Lombard, and Vera were killed. Blore could not have dropped the clock on himself; Armstrong's body was dragged above the high-tide mark; Lombard was shot on the beach, but his revolver was found outside Wargrave's room. Lombard's pistol having Vera's fingerprints and the clock that killed Blore coming from her room both point to Vera as \"U.N.Owen\"-yet that someone was alive after Vera's suicide is obvious since the chair Vera used to hang herself had been righted and replaced against the wall.", "With the Cornwall coast as his turf, detective superintendent Charles Wycliffe (Jack Shepherd) applies foresight and forensics to investigations of killings both bizarre and banal in this whodunit series adapted from the books of W.J. Burley. Criminal activity doesn't lack for local color as Wycliffe and his team scrutinize evidence of pagan rituals, search for a missing sheep farmer and go after the Beast of Bodmin Moor.", "The episode is all about the sea, about dreams, and about Salvo Montalbano's frustrations with growing older, but first the crime: a disfigured corpse is discovered upon a boat in the Vigat harbour. The investigation focus on a range of characters all based around the harbour. It's initially uncertain whether the case is a suicide, or a murder, but once the latter is established, a comples case gets underway.", "Set against the cosmopolitan backdrop of Amsterdam, with its reputation for drugs and prostitution, this series explores the world of Police officer Van der Valk. He is a blond curly haired detective who searches out common criminals involved in subversive activity.", "If you don’t think of the detective, the famous ship might be your first thought, too.", "He was a river detective who appeared in The Wonder in the 1912 period. He had a suite of three rooms situated underneath a small warehouse he owned, and beneath the wharf was a stone wall with a secret door which only he knew how to open. Flood possessed a good private income and was in the position to take up any case that took his fancy. He had no connection with Scotland Yard, although the Yard often requested his services. In appearance he was very much the sailor, with a bronzed, clean-shaven face. His companion was a black cat named Solomon, which travelled with him on his motor launch Vigilant.", "What is the name of the detective created by Leslie Charteris and known as �The Saint�?", "Korchinsky (Horst Buchholz), a Polish sailor, visits his girlfriend Anya (Yvonne Mitchell), while on shore leave in Cardiff's dockland area of Tiger Bay. On his arrival, he is enraged to find that Anya is now living with another man and an argument develops between them resulting in the jealous seaman killing his ex-girlfriend. The murder is observed by a 12-year-old girl called Gillie (Hayley Mills); she lives in an upstairs flat with her Aunt and witnesses the quarrel while spying through a letterbox. Gillie gets hold of the abandoned gun, convinced the weapon will make her more popular when playing 'Cowboys and Indians' with the other children in town.", "An eccentric Scotland yard detective arrives in Jersey to for holiday and to harass an island resident whom he considers a villain responsible for crippling his former partner.", "Charlie Wilson took up residence outside Montreal, Canada on Rigaud Mountain in the upper-middle-class neighbourhood where the large, secluded properties are surrounded by trees. Wilson lived under the name Ronald Alloway, a name borrowed from a Fulham shopkeeper. He joined an exclusive golf club and participated in his local community activities. It was only when he invited his brother-in-law over from the UK for Christmas that Scotland Yard was able to track him down and recapture him. They waited three months before making their move, in hopes that Wilson would lead them to Reynolds, the last suspect still to be apprenhended. Wilson was arrested on 25 January 1968 by Tommy Butler. Many in Rigaud petitioned to allow his wife and five daughters to stay in the Montreal area.", "Dr Joffe died in 2003 and so cannot reveal more about the investigation. A former detective who helped catch", "The Alcoholic : Almost all of the pirates and Mr. Arrow. Billy Bones's stroke at the beginning is attributed to drinking little but rum at the Benbow Inn, and Captain Flint was allegedly killed by rum as well.", "In Greece, half-Greek daughter Melina Havelock (Carole Bouquet) was flown via seaplane from an Athens, Greece shopping trip to the Triaina, the research yacht of her parents at Corfu, owned by marine archaeologist Sir Timothy Havelock (Jack Hedley) and his wife Iona (Toby Robins). After the seaplane departed, it suddenly circled around, swooped down, and Melina witnessed the murder of her parents, strafed on the deck by its front-mounted machine-guns (# 3-4 deaths).", "Luther (BBC) [1] John Luther is a Detective Chief Inspector working for the Serious Crime Unit", "Inspector Javert : In \"Badge of Honor\", an old friend of Seth's arrives in Cabot Cove. He is followed by a private eye named Jarvis who has been dogging him for years, convinced that he was responsible for a jewellery store robbery.", "Ellis Peters, The Holy Thief (1992), about Brother Cadfael's investigation of a murder that occurs after a flood makes it necessary to move St. Winifred's bones; #19 in the Brother Cadfael mystery series.", "Tiger Bay is a 1959 British crime drama film based on the short story \"Rodolphe et le Revolver\" by Noel Calef directed by J. Lee Thompson and produced and co-written by John Hawkesworth. It stars John Mills as a police superintendent who investigates a murder, his daughter Hayley Mills, in her first major film role, as a girl who witnesses the murder, and Horst Buchholz as a young sailor who commits the murder in a moment of passion.", "Dr. Priestly is a professor whose hobby is \"the mathematical detection of crime\". In this story, he must convince the police inspector that the man he plans to accuse of murder is, in fact, innocent. The... ( more )", "Alanna Knight, Death at Carasheen (2004; also titled Unholy Trinity), about an Edinburgh police inspector whose vacation in Ireland is interrupted by a murder which the village simpleton claims to have witnessed; #13 in the Inspector Faro mystery series.", "Adventures with the Jersey cop. Bergerac is not convinced when Inspector West announces that the hunt for a wanted criminal is over. With guest star Celia Imrie.", "\"Dapper\" Dan Hogan -  \"Dapper\" Danny Hogan  (ca. 1880 - December 4, 1928), known as the \"Smiling Peacemaker\" to local police officials, was a charismatic underworld figure and boss of Saint Paul, Minnesota's Irish Mob during Prohibition. Due to his close relationships with the officers of the deeply corrupt St. Paul Police Department, Hogan was able to act as a go between, overseeing the notorious O'Connor System.", "A detective comes out of retirement to help his daughter's fiance prove that he did not commit a series of murders.", "A former intelligence officer is tasked by the heir to the Gleneyre estate to investigate the unusual deaths of a disparate group of eleven men on a list.", "Classic mystery. Why are there so many crimes on the beautiful island of Jersey? A scuba diver gets washed up on the beach, and a French film star's wife disappears.", "The Isle of Devils. Craig Janacek. 2013. Mystery. Plot relates to the story of how in November 1880 a wounded 28 year old British Army surgeon was washed ashore. ", "The British police never close the file on any unsolved murder, and periodically review even very old cases. In May 2010, a BBC investigation reported that there were more than one thousand unsolved murders in the United Kingdom, including one of a woman in 1866, and another of a market trader in 1914. Although many potential suspects have been named, the Whitechapel Murders (Jack The Ripper) are included on that list. In March 2010, a man was convicted of raping a woman in Bournemouth in 1992 following such a reinvestigation." ]

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[ "Grand Coulee Dam (kōˈlē) [ key ], 550 ft (168 m) high and 4,173 ft (1,272 m) long, on the Columbia River, N central Wash., NW of Spokane; built 1933–42 as a key unit in the Columbia basin project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Grand Coulee Dam, one of the world's largest concrete dams, is used for flood control, river navigation, irrigation, and power production that services the varied manufacturing in the area. The dam has the largest power-producing capacity (6,465 MW) in the United States. The dam impounds Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, 130 sq mi (337 sq km), which extends to the Canadian border; it is one of the largest reservoirs in the United States. Power generated at the dam is used to pump water into Grand Coulee, a vertical-walled gorge, c.30 mi (48 km) long, carved by the Columbia River through the Columbia Plateau. The coulee, dammed at each end, is used as a reservoir (Banks Lake); it supplies water to more than 500,000 acres (202,343 hectares) on the plateau and acts as a backup against pump and power failures. Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake is part of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. Located on the Pacific flyway, a chief north-south migratory route, the area has a great variety of waterfowl and land birds. Grand Coulee (1990 pop. 984) and Coulee Dam (1990 pop. 1,087) were founded by the U.S. government in 1935–36 as construction, operational, and housing bases for the dam.", "The Grand Coulee is an ancient river bed on the Columbia Plateau created during the Pliocene Epoch (Calabrian) by retreating glaciers and floods. Originally, geologists believed the Grand Coulee was formed by a glacier diverting the Columbia River but it was revealed in the mid-late 20th century that massive floods from Lake Missoula carved most of the gorge. The earliest known proposal to irrigate the Grand Coulee with the Columbia River dates to 1892, when the Coulee City News and The Spokesman Review reported on a scheme by a man named Laughlin McLean to construct a 1000 ft dam across the Columbia River, high enough that water would back up into the Grand Coulee. A dam that size would have its reservoir encroach into Canada, which would violate treaties. Shortly after the Bureau of Reclamation was founded, it investigated a scheme for pumping water from the Columbia River to irrigate parts of central Washington. An attempt to raise funds for irrigation failed in 1914, as a bond measure was rejected by Washington voters. ", "Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in Washington. It is the largest electric power producing facility in the United States, and the largest concrete structure in the U.S. When completed in 1941, it was the largest manmade structure ever built. The reservoir it backs up is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake , named after the United States president who presided over the conception and completion of the dam.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States.", "The Grand Coulee dam was built to irrigate 1 million acres in the and Columbia River basin. This scene is near Vantage, Washington. AP/Wide World Photos", "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States and one of the largest concrete structures in the world. The proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal and the other supported a high dam and pumping scheme. Dam supporters won in 1933, but for fiscal reasons the initial design was for a \"low dam\" 290 ft (88 m) high which would generate electricity, but not support irrigation. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK (Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company) began construction that year. After visiting the construction site in August 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began endorsing the \"high dam\" design which, at 550 ft (168 m) high, would provide enough electricity to pump water to irrigate the", "The success of irrigation was noteworthy and as early as 1918, locals began proposing two different plans for irrigating central eastern Washington with water from the Columbia River. One plan, the “gravity plan,” involved transporting water by a canal system from Lake Pend Oreille. The other plan advocated building a dam at the head of the Grand Coulee, a large canyon that resulted from the Ice Age Floods , and pumping the water from the Columbia River into the northern half of the Grand Coulee. The federal government chose to pursue the latter “pumping plan” and the Bureau of Reclamation began construction of Grand Coulee Dam in 1933.", "In 1967, construction began on the massive, 20-story-high, Third Powerplant, and today Grand Coulee is the largest hydropower producer in the United States, producing 21 billion kilowatt hours of electricity a year, or about 11 percent of the power requirements of the Pacific Northwest. Grand Coulee still ranks among the largest dams and top producers of electricity in the world, although it has been eclipsed in recent years by dams such China’s Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, which has been criticized for its impacts on people and the ecosystem. Grand Coulee also has faced criticism, most notably for its impact on West Coast salmon and steelhead populations.", "The Columbia River is a vital waterway of the Pacific Northwest. Rising in the Rockies of British Columbia, the Columbia flows through Lake Revelstoke before entering Washington state. Grand Coulee Dam along the Columbia in Washington forms Lake Roosevelt. When it was completed in 1943, Grand Coulee was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world; it is still America's largest electric power plant. The Columbia receives the Yakima and Snake Rivers before forming much of the Washington-Oregon border, receiving the Willamette River in Portland before emptying into the Pacific where Lewis and Clark sighted the ocean.", "During the Great Depression, a series of hydroelectric dams were constructed along the Columbia river as part of a project to increase the production of electricity. This culminated in 1941 with the completion of the Grand Coulee Dam, the largest concrete structure in the United States.", "The free-flowing headwaters of the Columbia River are located in the Canadian Rockies where snowmelt and spring water fill Columbia Lake near British Columbia's border with Alberta. From the headwaters, the river flows 600 miles downstream and swells behind Grand Coulee Dam. Grand Coulee is the first of 14 dams along the Columbia River.", "In the United States, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Washington, is the largest, with a generating capacity of about 6,800 MW (5th overall worldwide).", "Grand Coulee dam site in 1937 was the biggest construction job in history, the first to top the Great Pyramids. During the Ice Age a glacier blocked the Columbia River and forced it into a wide detour on its way from Canada down through the state of Washington to the sea. The great dam, 4300 feet wide, 440 feet thick at the base and 550 feet high, was built at the beginning of this detour. It created an immense lake, from which 2,000,000 acres in the Big Bend country were irrigated. AP/Wide Wo", "Grand Coulee Dam is on the main stem of the Columbia River about 90 miles west of Spokane, WA. From Spokane, follow U.S. 2 west to Wilbur. Turn north onto WA 21 and then west on WA 174, which proceeds to the town of Grand Coulee. Turn right onto Midway Ave./WA 155 and proceed 1.6 miles to the dam.", "The largest river in the northwest region of the United States is the Columbia River. It stretches 1,240 miles from the Canadian Rockies, through Washington state, and along the Oregon-Washington border to the Pacific Ocean. The river is an excellent source of power and is home to Grand Coulee Dam, the largest power producing dam in the United States.", "Narrator: All along the Columbia, the story of Grand Coulee Dam has been one of dramatic achievements and never-ending controversies.", "Built without a passage for migrating fish, Grand Coulee eradicated wild salmon runs on the upper Columbia. With the fish went a way of life that had sustained the Columbia Basin’s Native Americans for thousands of years. The dam inundated ancient villages, fishing spots, and burial grounds. It displaced about 2,000 members of the Colville Confederated Tribes and about 250 members of the Spokane tribe. For these groups, in particular, \"progress\" brought devastating cultural and economic loss.", "Built more than seventy years ago, the Grand Coulee Dam remains an effective producer of hydroelectric power and irrigation for the Columbia Basin. Without President Roosevelt’s vision for increased employment and economic stimulus, it is probable that the dam would never have been built. Today it stands as a lasting symbol of the New Deal and the public works projects that contributed to the recovery from the Great Depression. Without question, it will continue its desired purpose and have a lasting impact on many decades and generations to come.", "Woody Guthrie Singing (Audio): On up the river at Grand Coulee Dam, mightiest thing ever built by a man, to run the great factories for old Uncle Sam, Roll On, Columbia, Roll On. Roll On, Columbia, Roll On...", ", named after the United States President who presided over the completion of the dam. The foundation was built by the MWAK Company, a joint effort of several contractors united for this purpose. Consolidated Builders Incorporated, including industrialist Henry J. Kaiser , completed the dam. The United States Bureau of Reclamation supervised the contractors and operates the dam. Folk singer Woody Guthrie was commissioned by the Bonneville Power Administration to write songs about the Columbia Basin Project; the songs Roll On Columbia and Grand Coulee Dam are part of that series.", "Narrator: The conflict had delayed the irrigation of the Columbia Basin, but by any measure, Grand Coulee played a significant role in powering the American arsenal of democracy. Like the current from some magic wand, the dam's electricity reached the modest cities of the Pacific Northwest and sparked an astonishing fluorescence.  ", "Great Falls takes its name from the series of five waterfalls in close proximity along the upper Missouri River basin that the Lewis and Clark Expedition had to portage around over a ten-mile stretch; the effort required 31 days of arduous labor during the westward leg of their 1805-06 exploration of the Louisiana Purchase and to the Pacific Northwest Coast of the Oregon Country. Each falls sports a hydroelectric dam today, hence Great Falls is nicknamed \"the Electric City\". Currently there are two undeveloped parts of their portage route; these are included within the Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark.", "Washington State’s Grand Coulee dam is a classic. It’s been around since 1933 and remains one of the biggest in the world. It has a generating capacity of 6,809 MW and is currently undergoing major overhauls.", "Originally, Grand Coulee was to be a low dam (with plans to raise it higher at a later time). The contract for a low dam, awarded on July 13, 1934, went to the Mason-Walsh-Atkinson-Kier Company (MWAK). They quickly set about designing and building Mason City, touted as the world’s first “all electric city,” to house workers. Other towns sprang up, including Engineers Town, built by Reclamation to house its engineers, and the rowdy Grand Coulee, known for its taverns and gambling halls.", "When the Grand Coulee Dam was completed in 1941, it was hailed as the “Eighth Wonder of the World.” The dam is the largest hydropower producer in the United States, generating a total capacity of 6,809 megawatts.", "Looking just upstream from the steel bridge, the question becomes obvious. For there is the greasy-grey concrete monstrousness of Grand Coulee Dam. It is the largest producer of electricity in the United States, a half-century-old totem of American engineering virtuosity, and the economic cornerstone for nine million people in the Pacific Northwest.", "The following text is excerpted by the permission of Washington State University Press from the book Grand Coulee: harnessing a dream, by Paul C. Pitzer, Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press, 1994.", "Work on the irrigation project was suspended during the war but resumed in the late 1940s. The distribution network alone required more time, money, and engineering skill than Grand Coulee itself. Today, the canals bisect a land transformed by the geometry of water: sagebrush and tumbleweeds on one side, huge squares and circles of green on the other.", "Blaine Harden, Writer: My dad went up to Grand Coulee with his brother Albert. And my father worked at the dam for three months and he thought it was just too dangerous to work down there, it's just so big. And the river's so powerful and noisy. It's, it's just scary. I mean, he wasn't terrified of the place, he just... didn't think the odds were good for survival if you worked at the lowliest job.", "Grand Coulee Dam: \"Powering One Corner of the World\" 1987 US Bureau of Reclamation - YouTube", "What was the original cost of Grand Coulee Dam and what is its equivalent cost today?", "Margaret O'Mara, Historian: Grand Coulee Dam, creator of cities. These great dams of the West are why we have the metropolitan areas of the West. It is providing cheap power. It is providing water not only to go in pipes, but also to water lawns. It's really fueling the suburban revolution." ]

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[ "William Bradley \"Brad\" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and producer. He has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment.", "William Bradley \"Brad\" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.", "Brad Pitt is an American actor and film producer whose acting career began in 1987 with uncredited roles in the films No Way Out and Less Than Zero. He subsequently appeared in episodes for television shows during the late 1980s, and played his first major role in the slasher film Cutting Class (1989). He gained recognition in Thelma & Louise (1991) and A River Runs Through It (1992). He later took on the role of vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac in the horror drama Interview with the Vampire (1994) and for his performance in the epic drama Legends of the Fall (1994), he earned his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nomination. ", "Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino; October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987) was an American dancer and film actress who garnered fame during the 1940s as one of the era's top stars. Appearing first as Rita Cansino, she agreed to change her name to Rita Hayworth and her hair color to dark red to attract a greater range in roles. Her appeal led to her being featured on the cover of Life magazine five times, beginning in 1940. The first dancer featured on film as a partner of both the stars Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly , Hayworth appeared in a total of 61 films over 37 years. She is listed by the American Film Institute as one of the 100 Greatest Stars of All Time.", "Charlie Chaplin, a famous actor/producer/director/writer and mime from the silent era into the 1950s, died (on Christmas Day) at the age of 88, at his home in Switzerland. He was considered one of the greatest male screen legends of all time. His most famous character role was as the Tramp, debuted in Kid Auto Races in Venice (1914). He co-founded United Artists Studios in 1919, and he was known for two of the greatest films ever made: City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) . His final directed film was A Countess From Hong Kong (1967).", "Actor William Bradley \"Brad\" Pitt is an American actor and producer. He has received a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and three Academy Award nominations in acting categories, and received . Born: December 18, 1963 (age 51), Shawnee, OK Height: 5' 11\" Spouse: Angelina Jolie (m. 2014), Jennifer Aniston (m. 2000–2005) Children: Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt, More", "William Bradley \"Brad\" Pitt is an American actor and producer, popularly known for his role as Tyler Durden in Fight Club (1999), Billy Beane in Moneyball (2011), and Rusty Ryan in Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels. With his production house, Plan B Entertainment, he has received several awards and nominations. Tagged as the world's 'most attractive man' by several magazines over the years, Pitt is one of the most powerful people of the American film industry.", "Dominique Sanda and Robert De Niro in Bernard Bertolucci’s historical epic “1900,” about the political turmoil in Italy in the first decades of the 20th century. The film also starred Donald Sutherland, Gerard Depardieu and Burt Lancaster.", "The son of a trucking company manager, Brad Pitt was born December 18, 1963, in Shawnee, OK. Raised in Missouri as the oldest of three children, and brought up in a strict Baptist household, Pitt enrolled at the University of Missouri, following high school graduation, studying journalism and advertising. However, after discovering his love of acting, he dropped out of college two credit hours before he could graduate and moved to Hollywood. Once in California, Pitt took acting classes and supported himself with a variety of odd jobs that included chauffeuring strippers to private parties, waiting tables, and wearing a giant chicken suit for a local restaurant chain. His first break came when he landed a small recurring role on Dallas, and a part in a teenage-slasher movie, Cutting Class (1989) (opposite Roddy McDowall), marked his inauspicious entrance into the world of feature films. The previous year, Pitt's acting experience had been limited to the TV movie A Stoning in Fulgham County (1988).", "William Bradley Pitt, known professionally as Brad Pitt, is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.", "Brad Pitt was born on December 18, 1963 in Shawnee, Oklahoma. His father William Alvin Pitt ran a trucking company, and mother Jane Etta was a school counsellor. He has two younger siblings, Doug born in 1966 and Julie Neal born in 1969. Pitt attended Kickapoo High School wherein he was a member of the golf, swimming and tennis teams and participated in the Forensics clubs, school debates, and musicals. He then joined the University of Missouri in 1982, majoring in journalism with a focus on advertising. Pitt left the university two weeks before earning his degree, and moved to Los Angeles where he took acting lessons and worked odd jobs.", "Lee Strasberg (November 17, 1901 � February 17, 1982) was an Academy Award-nominated Jewish-American director, actor, producer, and acting teacher. Career In 1931, Strasberg became one of the co-founders of the Group Theatre, a company which included such legends as Elia Kazan, Clifford Odets, John Garfield, Stella Adler, Sanford Meisner, Franchot Tone, and Robert Lewis. Strasberg left the Group Theatre in 1935 because his controversial theories on acting were challenged by Stella Adler, who in 1934 visited Russian Master Acting Trainer Constantin Stanislavski. Adler claimed that Stanislavski had abandoned the theories that had influenced Strasberg. In 1936, Strasberg became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1949, he began a lengthy career at the Actors Studio in New York ...", "First is Peter Donald Badalamenti II, who provided the physical body, to which Brad Pitt’s face was digitally morphed, for the period of 1928-31, a time from about five until eight. Robert Towers, Benjamin from 1932 – 34, and Tom Everett, Benjamin from 1935-37, at which age Brad Pitt picks up the role body and soul.", "Marlon Brando (April 3, 1924 � July 1, 2004) was an American actor whose body of work spanned over half a century. He was named the fourth Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute, and part of Time magazine's Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century who won an Academy Award for The Godfather; born in Omaha History of the legendary actor's life.Kanfer (The Voodoo That They Did So Well: The Wizards Who Invented the New York Stage, 2007, etc.) portrays Brando as a man unconsciously at war with himself. He hated his profession but was unable to do anything else. Compelled by his gluttonous appetite for women, he indulged in numerous sexual conquests but was unable to maintain a long-term relationship. He was so uncomfortable with his physical beauty that he eventually destroyed it with junk food - induced obesity. The actor could be enormously difficult to work with, a moody, spiteful troublemaker, exacting swift vengeance for any perceived slight. Yet despite his hang-ups, Kanfer joins the ranks of biographers and fans who believe that Brando was the greatest actor of the 20th century. He had an irresistible intensity, and the force of his stage and screen presence warped many a script into orbit around his character, most famously with his portrayal of Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire � Marlon Brando Books � Marlon Brando Movies", "In the spring of 1889, Charlie Chaplin was born to almost unknown music hall entertainer parents. The boy grew up to be the greatest international star of the American silent comic cinema. He also became twentieth century’s first media Superstar, the first artistic creator. Chaplin was the first acknowledged artistic genius of world cinema, recognized by the influential generation of artists and moviegoers.", "Brad Pitt seen here in his 8th grade photo in 1978 in Junior High School, Springfield, Mo. Right, Actor Brad Pitt arrives at the Los Angeles Premiere \"Maleficent\" at the El Capitan Theatre, May 28, 2014, in Hollywood, Calif.", "Ray Milland (3 January 1907 – 10 March 1986) was a Welsh-born, British and American actor and director. His screen career ran from 1929 to 1985, and he is best remembered for his Academy Award\"winning portrayal of an alcoholic writer in The Lost Weekend (1945), a sophisticated leading man opposite a corrupt John Wayne in Reap the Wild Wind (1942), the murder-plotting husband in Dial M for Murder (1954), and as Oliver Barrett III in Love Story (1970).", "In spring 1944, 1st Special Service Force Lieutenant Aldo Raine ( Brad Pitt ) recruits eight Jewish-American soldiers for a mission behind enemy lines, telling them they each owe him 100 Nazi scalps and will take no prisoners. The \"Basterds\" become so feared, Adolf Hitler ( Martin Wuttke ) personally interviews a soldier, Butz ( Sönke Möhring ). Butz relates how his squad was ambushed and his sergeant beaten to death with a baseball bat by Staff Sergeant Donny Donowitz ( Eli Roth ), the \"Bear Jew\" (feared as Golem by the German soldiers), when the sergeant refused to divulge information. Butz survived by providing the information, but Raine carved a swastika into his forehead with a knife.", "Fight Club is a 1999 American film based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk . The film was directed by David Fincher and stars Edward Norton , Brad Pitt , and Helena Bonham Carter . Norton plays the unnamed protagonist, an \" everyman \" who is discontented with his white-collar job . He forms a \"fight club\" with soap maker Tyler Durden, played by Pitt, and becomes embroiled in a relationship with him and a dissolute woman, Marla Singer, played by Bonham Carter.", "The ruggedly-handsome Australian actor Rod Taylor (January 11, 1930-January 7, 2015) appeared in films spanning nearly six decades, most notably George Pal's \"The Time Machine\" (pictured), Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds,\" and -- as Winston Churchill -- in Quentin Tarantino's \"Inglourious Basterds.\"", "Pitt began his acting career with television guest appearances, including a role on the CBS soap opera Dallas in 1987. He later gained recognition as the cowboy hitchhiker who seduces Geena Davis's character in the 1991 road movie Thelma & Louise. Pitt's first leading roles in big-budget productions came with A River Runs Through It (1992) and Interview with the Vampire (1994). He was cast opposite Anthony Hopkins in the 1994 drama Legends of the Fall, which earned him his first Golden Globe nomination. In 1995 he gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys, the latter securing him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. Four years later, in 1999, Pitt starred in the cult hit Fight Club. He then starred in the major international hit Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been 2004's Troy, and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). Pitt received his second Academy Award nomination for his title role performance in the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.", "Pitt began his acting career with television guest appearances, including a role on the CBS prime-time soap opera Dallas in 1987. He later gained recognition as the cowboy hitchhiker who seduces Geena Davis's character in the 1991 road movie Thelma & Louise. Pitt's first leading roles in big-budget productions came with A River Runs Through It (1992) and Interview with the Vampire (1994). He was cast opposite Anthony Hopkins in the 1994 drama Legends of the Fall, which earned him his first Golden Globe nomination. In 1995 he gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys, the latter securing him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. Four years later, in 1999, Pitt starred in the cult hit Fight Club. He then starred in the major international hit as Rusty Ryan in Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004) and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). Pitt received his second Academy Award nomination for his title role performance in the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.", "In his first professional role, he appeared in several episodes of Dallas as a bad influence on Priscilla Presley 's young daughter, and he later lured Tracey Gold in an episode of Growing Pains. His first film, with a tiny, uncredited role, was Charlie Sheen 's 1987 action movie No Man's Land, and after playing Juliette Lewis 's pimp in the TV movie Too Young to Die, Pitt and Lewis moved in together when she was just 17. His first starring role was The Dark Side of the Sun, filmed in Yugoslavia in 1988, but most of the film's footage was lost when civil war consumed the area during post-production. The footage was recovered eight years later, by which time Pitt was a big star, and the film was finally released in 1997.", "In 1999, Pitt portrayed Tyler Durden in Fight Club, a film adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, directed by David Fincher. Pitt prepared for the part with lessons in boxing, taekwondo, and grappling. To look the part, Pitt consented to the removal of pieces of his front teeth which were restored when filming ended. While promoting Fight Club, Pitt said that the film explored not taking one's aggressions out on someone else but to \"have an experience, take a punch more and see how you come out on the other end.\" Fight Club premiered at the 1999 Venice International Film Festival. Despite divided critical opinion on the film as a whole, Pitt's performance was widely praised. Paul Clinton of CNN noted the risky yet successful nature of the film, while Variety remarked upon Pitt's ability to be \"cool, charismatic and more dynamically physical, perhaps than ... his breakthrough role in Thelma and Louise\". In spite of a worse-than-expected box office performance, Fight Club became a cult classic after its DVD release in 2000. ", "On Jan. 22, 1788, George Gordon, who became famous as the poet Lord Byron, was born in London. In 1901 Queen Victoria died at the age of 81. (She was succeeded by her son, Edward VII.) In 1917 President Woodrow Wilson pleaded for an end to the war in Europe, calling for \"peace without victory.\" (By April, however, the U.S. had entered the war.) In 1944 Allied forces began landing at Anzio, Italy, in World War II. In 1953 Arthur Miller's drama, \"The...", "An actor and producer known as much for his versatility as he is for his handsome face, Golden Globe-winner Brad Pitt's most widely recognized role may be Tyler Durden in Fight Club . However, his portrayals of Billy Beane in Moneyball , and Rusty Ryan in the remake of Ocean's Eleven and its sequels, also loom large in his filmography.", "in 1935 - Woody Allen (Allen Stewart Konigsberg) (US film director, clarinetist, actor, comedian) is born", "Film actor Kirk Douglas in one of his first movies, in an undated picture. Born in Amsterdam, New York, he made his Broadway debut in 1941, served in the U.S. Navy and embarked on a screen career in 1946. His films include \"Champion\" (1949), \"The Bad and the Beautiful\" (1952), \"Lust for Life\" (1956) for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and \"Spartacus\" (1960). Douglas also worked as a director.", "Warren Beatty was born into a family of school teachers in Richmond, Virginia, in 1937. His mother taught drama and his father taught psychology. When he was still a child, the family relocated to Arlington, Virginia, where he starred on his high school football team. During his senior year, his older sister Shirley MacLaine, won a Golden Globe for her work in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Trouble With Harry, inspiring him to follow her into show business.", "Sir Dirk Bogarde, distinguished film actor and writer, was born Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde on March 28, 1921, to Ulric van den Bogaerde, the art editor of \"The Times\" (London) newspaper, and actress Margaret Niven in the London suburb of Hampstead. He was one of three children, with sister Elizabeth and younger brother Gareth. His father was Flemish and his mother was of Scottish descent.", "Giambattista Piranesi, Italian architect, 1720; Jean François Millet, French painter, 1814; Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian statesman, 1892; Buster Keaton, US comedian, 1892; Charlton Heston, US film actor, 1924; Terence Conran, British designer, 1931.", "Dirk is the son of Senator George Pitt of California. Throughout his life, there have been three women of significance: Summer Moran, Maeve Fletcher, and Loren Smith." ]

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[ "\"Like a Prayer\" is a pop rock song with elements of gospel music. A choir provides background vocals that heighten the song's spiritual nature, and a rock guitar keeps the music dark and mysterious. Madonna introduced liturgical words in the lyrics—inspired by her Catholic upbringing—but changed the context in which they were used. They have dual meanings of sexual innuendo and religion. \"Like a Prayer\" was acclaimed by critics, and was a commercial success. It was Madonna's seventh number-one single on the United States' Billboard Hot 100, and topped the singles charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and other countries.", "\"Like a Prayer\" is a song by American singer Madonna, from her studio album of the same name. It was released by Sire Records as the lead single from the album on March 3, 1989. Written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, \"Like a Prayer\" denoted a more artistic and personal approach to songwriting for Madonna, who felt she needed to cater more to her adult audience.", "In the United Kingdom, \"Like a Prayer\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number two, before moving to the top the next week, remaining there for three weeks. Madonna became the artist with the most number-one singles of the 1980s in the UK, with a total of six chart-toppers. \"Like a Prayer\" became the tenth best-selling song of 1989 in the UK, with the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certifying it gold, for shipment of 400,000 copies of the single. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 580,000 copies there. \"Like a Prayer\" also reached number one in Belgium, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It was Madonna's fifth number one song on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart, reaching the top on March 25, 1989, and staying at number one for 12 weeks. After the Glee episode \"The Power of Madonna\" was broadcast, \"Like a Prayer\" again entered the chart at position 47, on May 15, 2010. The song went on to sell over five million copies worldwide. ", "\"Like a Prayer\" is considered to be one of the best songs of Madonna's career. It was ranked sixth on Blender magazine's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\", while Rolling Stone included it in their list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", at number 300. In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their \"Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time\", by Q magazine. \"Like a Prayer\" was allocated the number one spot on the list. Another similar poll conducted by MSN Entertainment in 2008 had the same result. In 2014, LA Weekly placed the song at rank two on their list of \"The 20 Best Pop Songs in History By Female Artists\". Art Tavana from the publication opined that \"'Like a Prayer' was the moment when Madonna went from being the voice of America's teenagers to the worldwide high priestess of pop.\" At their ranking of the best songs from the 1980s, Pitchfork Media listed \"Like a Prayer\" at number 50. ", "Taraborrelli noted in Madonna: An Intimate Biography that the lyrics of the song consist of \"a series of button-pushing anomalies\". With Madonna's inclusion of double entendres in the lyrics, \"Like a Prayer\" refers to both the spiritual and the carnal. Taraborrelli felt that the song sounds religious, but with an undertone of sexual tension. This was achieved by the gospel choir, whose voice heightens the song's spiritual nature, while the rock guitar sounds keep it dark and mysterious. Author Lucy O'Brien explained how the song's lyrics describe Madonna receiving a vocation from God: \"Madonna is unashamedly her mother's daughter—kneeling alone in private devotion, contemplating God's mystery. She sings of being chosen, of having a calling.\" The album version features bass guitar played by Guy Pratt doubled by an analogue Minimoog bass synthesizer, while the 7\" version has a different bass part played by Randy Jackson. \"Like a Prayer\" was also remixed by Shep Pettibone for the 12\" single of the song; a re-edited version of Pettibone's mix is featured on Madonna's 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection.", "At the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, \"Like a Prayer\" was nominated in the Viewer's Choice and Video of the Year categories, winning the former. Ironically the award show was sponsored by Pepsi in 1989, and when Madonna came onstage to receive the award she added, \"I would really like to thank Pepsi for causing so much controversy.\" \"Like a Prayer\" also topped video countdowns and critic lists. It was number one on MTV's countdown of \"100 Videos That Broke The Rules\" in 2005, and for the 25th anniversary of MTV, viewers voted it as the \"Most Groundbreaking Music Video of All Time\". In addition, the video was ranked at number 20 on Rolling Stones \"The 100 Top Music Videos\" and at number two on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos. Fuse TV also named \"Like a Prayer\" one of its 10 \"Videos That Rocked The World\". In a 2011 poll by Billboard, \"Like a Prayer\" was voted the second best music video of the 1980s, behind only Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". ", "5. Like A Prayer (most successful song for her in the 80s, famous for her huge scandalous video.)", "Bonnie Tyler and Dan Ellis had major hits with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" and \"Holding Out for a Hero\", while Robert Palmer's had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade.", "During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted \"Always On My Mind\" (No. 5, 1982) and \"To All The Girls I've Loved Before\" (No. 5, 1984), and Newton achieved success with \"Queen of Hearts\" (No. 2, 1981) and \"Angel of the Morning\" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: \"Lady\" by Kenny Rogers , from the late fall of 1980; \"9 to 5\" by Dolly Parton , \"I Love a Rainy Night\" by Eddie Rabbitt (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and \"Islands in the Stream\", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees . Newton's \"Queen of Hearts\" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut \"Endless Love\" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie . [57] Although there were few crossover hits in the latter half of the 1980s, one song — Roy Orbison 's \" You Got It \", from 1989 — made the top 10 of both the Billboard Hot Country Singles \" and Hot 100 charts. [58] [59]", "CHART FACT: Like A Prayer spent three weeks at Number 1 and was 11th best selling single of 1989.", "NUMBER ONE'S OF THE EIGHTIES: 1984 Stevie Wonder: I Just Called To Say I Love You", "CHARTBUSTERS 15 DVD UK / US 1987 CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '87 15 DISC COLLECTION… DISC 1: Bee Gees - You Win Again; Belinda Carlisle - Heaven Is A Place On Earth; Ben E King - Stand By Me (re-issue); Starship - Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now; Whitney Houston - I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me); Firm - Star Trekkin'; Pet Shop Boys - It's A Sin; Madonna - La Isla Bonita; T'Pau - China In Your Hand; Los Lobos - La Bamba; Madonna - Who's That Girl; Pet Shop Boys - Always On My Mind; Mel & Kim - Respectable; Ferry Aid - Let It Be; Aretha Franklin & George Michael - I Knew You Were Waiting For Me; Boy George - Everything I Own; Michael Jackson & Siedah Garrett - I Just Can't Stop Loving You; MARRS - Pump Up The Volume; Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up; Steve \"Silk\" Hurley - Jack Your Body; Bob Seger - Shakedown; Expose - Seasons Change; Huey Lewis & The News; Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam - Head To Toe.", "In 1981, Wonder began work on a follow-up album that was plagued by delays, suggesting that he might not be able to return to the visionary heights of old. He kept busy in the meantime, though; in 1982, his racial-harmony duet with Paul McCartney , \"Ebony and Ivory,\" hit number one, and he released a greatest-hits set covering 1972-1982 called Original Musiquarium I. It featured four new songs, of which \"That Girl\" (number one R&B, Top Five pop) and the lengthy, jazzy \"Do I Do\" (featuring Dizzy Gillespie ; number two R&B) were significant hits. In 1984, still not having completed the official follow-up to Hotter Than July, he recorded the soundtrack to the Gene Wilder comedy The Woman in Red, which wasn't quite a full-fledged Stevie Wonder album but did feature a number of new songs, including \"I Just Called to Say I Love You.\" Adored by the public (it was his biggest-selling single ever) and loathed by critics (who derided it as sappy and simple-minded), \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" was an across-the-board number one smash, and won an Oscar for Best Song.", "As the 1980s dawned, pop-influenced country music was the dominant style, through such acts as Kenny Rogers, Ronnie Milsap, T.G. Sheppard, Eddie Rabbitt, Crystal Gayle, Anne Murray and Dolly Parton. The 1980 movie Urban Cowboy, a romantic comedy starring John Travolta and Debra Winger, spawned a successful soundtrack album featuring pop-styled country songs, including \"Lookin' for Love\" by Johnny Lee, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band, \"Could I Have This Dance\" by Murray and \"Love the World Away\" by Rogers. The songs, and the movie itself, resulted in an early 1980s boom in pop-styled country music, and the era is sometimes known as the \"Urban Cowboy Movement\".", "In 1981, Wonder began work on a follow-up album that was plagued by delays, suggesting that he might not be able to return to the visionary heights of old. He kept busy in the meantime, though; in 1982, his racial-harmony duet with Paul McCartney , \"Ebony and Ivory,\" hit number one, and he released a greatest-hits set covering 1972-1982 called Original Musiquarium I . It featured four new songs, of which \"That Girl\" (number one R&B, Top Five pop) and the lengthy, jazzy \"Do I Do\" (featuring Dizzy Gillespie ; number two R&B) were significant hits. In 1984, still not having completed the official follow-up to Hotter Than July , he recorded the soundtrack to the Gene Wilder comedy The Woman in Red , which wasn't quite a full-fledged Stevie Wonder album but did feature a number of new songs, including \"I Just Called to Say I Love You.\" Adored by the public (it was his biggest-selling single ever) and loathed by critics (who derided it as sappy and simple-minded), \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" was an across-the-board number one smash, and won an Oscar for Best Song.", "The title track of 1988's Indestructible was the group's final Top 40 hit, reaching No. 35. It was also featured in the 1988 science-fiction cop film, Alien Nation. Another track, \"Loco in Acapulco\", written and produced by British pop musician, Phil Collins and former Motown composer-producer, Lamont Dozier climbed into the UK Top 10. The Arista contract provided an opportunity to pair Levi Stubbs with fellow Arista artist, another legendary R&B vocalist from Detroit, Aretha Franklin, who was at the height of her own 1980s hit streak. This pairing resulted in the song \"If Ever A Love There Was\", which became a popular R&B and Adult Contemporary hit, as well as being featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture \"I'm Gonna Get You Sucka\".", "Richie's 1982 solo debut album, Lionel Richie, contained three hit singles: the U.S. #1 song \"Truly\", which continued the style of his ballads with the Commodores and launched his career as one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s, and the top five hits \"You Are\" and \"My Love\". The album hit #3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies. His 1983 follow-up album, Can't Slow Down, sold over twice as many copies and won two Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, propelling him into the first rank of international superstars. The album contained the #1 hit \"All Night Long\" a Caribbean-flavored dance number that was promoted by a colorful music video produced by former Monkee Michael Nesmith. In 1984, Richie performed \"All Night Long\" at the closing ceremony of the XXIII Olympic Games in Los Angeles.", "This is the one where everything changed for Madonna and she began to resemble the unstoppable force that would dominate pop in the Eighties. The Nile Rodgers-produced track didn’t just kick off the campaign for Madonna’s second album of the same name, Like A Virgin was also the first of an incredible run of 36 consecutive Top 10 entries. No star has bettered that yet.", "in 1957 - Jermaine Stewart (US singer, dancer; backup/solo) is born. An eighties pop-soul performer, Jermaine Stewart was also a one-time member of Shalamar. Trained on piano and reared on Motown soul, Stewart was a Soul Train dancer in the Seventies when the programme was filmed in Chicago. Joining Shalamar as a backing dancer/vocalist in 1980, Stewart remained in the shadows of the Howard Hewitt-led group. With Shalamar about to disband, Stewart left the group in 1983 and was encouraged to pursue a solo career by bandmate Jodie Watley. After providing the backing vocals on Culture Club�s hit �Miss Me Blind�, Stewart was aided by the group�s bassist Mike Craig, who financed a solo demo recording. After scoring a minor R&B hit with the title track of his d�but solo album Word Is Out (1984), Stewart enjoyed a dance-club smash with �We Don�t Have To Take Our Clothes Off� (1986), the song penned by his producer Narada Michael Walden and Preston Glass. Stewart�s final successes came with �Jody� (1986), �Say It Again� (1988), and the Top 10 British chart entry, �Get Lucky� (1988). Embracing house music in the Nineties, Jackson fared poorly with the 1992 album, Set Me Free. He died at Oak Forest Hospital in Oak Forest, Illinois. - Died March 17, 1997. (Liver cancer).", "“ Close to You ” by Maxi Priest, “ Praying for Time ” by George Michael and “ Jukebox in My Mind ” by Alabama all topped the charts.", "One was a member of the most popular band of the 1960s; the other was arguably the most acclaimed singer-songwriter of the ’70s. And their pairing became one of the biggest hits of the ’80s.", "There were two more No. 1's: \"Modern Day Romance\" (1985) and \"Fishin' in the Dark\" (1987). Other successful songs were \"Dance Little Jean\" (1983); \"I Love Only You\" (1984); \"High Horse\" (1985); \"Home Again in My Heart,\" \"Partners, Brothers and Friends\" and \"Stand a Little Rain\" (1986); \"Fire in the Sky,\" \"Baby's Got a Hold on Me\" and \"Oh What a Love\" (1987); \"Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go)\" and \"I've Been Lookin'\" (1988); and \"Down That Road Tonight\" and \"When it's Gone\" (1989).", "In 1980, after leaving Atlantic Records, Franklin signed with Clive Davis' Arista Records and that same year gave a command performance at the Royal Albert Hall in front of Queen Elizabeth. Franklin also made an acclaimed guest role as a waitress in the comedy musical, The Blues Brothers. Franklin's first Arista album, Aretha, featured the #3 R&B hit, \"United Together\" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Otis Redding's \"I Can't Turn You Loose\". The follow-up, 1981's Love All the Hurt Away, included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\". Franklin returned to the Gold standard– for the first time in seven years– with the album, Jump to It. Its title track was her first top 40 single on the pop charts in six years.", "Jon Paulos - drummer for The Buckinghams on their string of 1967 hits, including \"Kind Of A Drag\" and \"Mercy, Mercy, Mercy\", died of a drug overdose on March 26th, 1980. He was 32", "MC Hammer had five top 10 hits but to most people born after his prime he's known as a two-hit wonder for \"U Can't Touch This\" and \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" — at least, to the minority that doesn't consider him one-hit wonder for the former. What's more, neither song was his biggest hit on the Hot 100 : The less remembered \"Pray\" made it to #2 thanks to strong CD single sales (\"U Can't Touch This\" was a radio smash, but physical copies were much scarcer).", "The singer was most famous for hits in the 1970s and 1980s including You Sexy Thing, It Started With A Kiss and So You Win Again.", "I am trying to find out the name of a song and the singer.... I believe it possible was in the esc in 1977 or there abouts... It was also possibly a foreign group. A line of the Lyrics are \"do it do it again, do it do it again with love.....\" etc...", "In late 1989, she released her best-selling album to date, Cuts Both Ways. The album included the hit singles \"Don't Wanna Lose You\" (Hot 100 No. 1 hit), \"Oye mi Canto\", \"Here We Are\", \"Cuts Both Ways\" (No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart) and \"Get on Your Feet\".", "\"Save a Prayer\" was finally released on 9 August 1982, and peaked at #2 on the UK charts in mid September 1982. On 1 November 1982, the \"Rio\" single was released worldwide. It peaked at #9 in the UK in December 1982.", "My Own Way/Like An Angel-Nov. 16,1981,reached #14 in U.K.,11 weeks on chart.no official release in US", "Dead or Alive: “You Spin Me Right Round (Like a Record)” (1984), “Lover Come Back To Me” (1984), “In Too Deep” (1985), “ Brand New Lover ” (1986)", " 2002 Unconditional Love (writer: \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\", \"Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head\")" ]

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[ "Ewan Gordon McGregor was born March 31, 1971 in Crieff, Scotland. He achieved worldwide critical acclaim with his role in the film Trainspotting in 1996. In 1998, McGregor landed the largest role of his career when he signed on as Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. In the early 21st century, Ewan McGregor started his own production company called Natural Nylon.", "Ewan Gordon McGregor, (; born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor. His first professional role was in 1993, when he won a leading role in the Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar. He is best known for his roles as heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama Trainspotting (1996), the young Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001), and Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011).", "Ewan Gordon McGregor, OBE (/ˌjuːən məˈɡrɛɡər/; born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor. His first professional role was in 1993, when he won a leading role in the Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar. He is best known for his roles as heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama Trainspotting (1996), the young Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001), and Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011).", "Actor. Born Ewan Gordon McGregor on March 31, 1971 to schoolteachers James Charles Stuart McGregor and Carole Diane Lawson. McGregor was born in Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland, just a few miles north of Edinburgh. He also has a brother Colin, who is an RAF pilot.", "Greenock has featured as the backdrop to several films: the television films Just a Boys' Game (1979), Down Where The Buffalo Go (1988) and Down Among the Big Boys (1993) and the cinema films Sweet Sixteen (2002) and Dear Frankie (2004). \"Leaving\" 1988 by Danny Boyle. In \"Rob Roy\", which is set in the mid eighteenth century, Greenock is referred to as \"the new world\".", "Ewan McGregor and his wife have three daughters: Clara Mathilde, born in 1996, Esther Rose, born in 2001, and 4-year-old Jamiyan adopted from Mongolia in April 2006.", "Trainspotting is a 1996 British black comedy crime drama film directed by Danny Boyle, and starring Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Kevin McKidd, Robert Carlyle and Kelly Macdonald in her acting debut. Based on the novel of the same name by Irvine Welsh, the film was released in the United Kingdom on 23 February 1996. ", "Pierce Brendan Brosnan OBE Hon (born 16 May 1953) is an Irish actor and film producer who after leaving comprehensive school at age 16, began training in commercial illustration. He then went on to train at the Drama Centre in London for three years. Following a stage acting career he rose to popularity in the television series Remington Steele (1982–87), which blended the genres of romantic comedy, drama, and detective procedural. After the conclusion of Remington Steele, Brosnan appeared in films such as the Cold War spy film The Fourth Protocol (1987) and the comedy Mrs. Doubtfire (1993).", "Twenty years ago, a young Scottish actor named Ewan McGregor careened onto the movie screen, daring viewers to “Choose life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a f***ing big television.” This was just the beginning of McGregor’s star-making turn in Trainspotting, a darkly comic yet harrowing tale of five heroin-addicted friends. To properly mark the film’s two-decade anniversary and prepare you for next year's sequel , here are 15 facts about the film that might make you feel less queasy about the “worst toilet in Scotland.” But only slightly.", "He received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for both Moulin Rouge! and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen. McGregor has also starred in theatre productions of Guys and Dolls (2005–07) and Othello (2007–08). He was ranked No. 36 on Empire magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list in 1997. In 2010 he won Best Actor for playing the title role in Roman Polanski's film The Ghost Writer at the 23rd European Film Awards. ", "He is now one of the most critically acclaimed actors of his generation, and portrays Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first three Star Wars episodes. McGregor is married to French production designer Eve Mavrakis , whom he met while working on the television series Kavanagh QC (1995). They married in France in the summer of 1995 and have two daughters, Clara Mathilde and Esther Rose. McGregor formed a production company, with friends Jonny Lee Miller , Sean Pertwee , Jude Law , Sadie Frost , Damon Bryant , Bradley Adams and Geoff Deehan , called \"Natural Nylon\", and hoped it would make innovative films that do not conform to Hollywood standards. McGregor and Bryant left the company in 2002. He was awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2013 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to drama and charity.", "In 2007, Ewan McGregor and his friend Charley Boorman created a follow-up documentary to their 2004 trip, entitled Long Way Down. During this trip the two rode their motorcycles again, but this time traveled from John o' Groats in northern Scotland to Cape Town, South Africa. This documentary also centered on the pair spending time visiting UNICEF projects along their journey and was distributed as another television series, DVD set, and book. That same year, McGregor appeared in Cassandra's Dream (2007), and was ranked No. 36 by Empire magazine in their list of the \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time.\" The next year, he appeared in the films Incendiary (2008) and Deception (2008).", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery, Légion d'honneur, (born 25 August 1930) is an Oscar winning Scottish actor who has starred in many films and is best known as the original cinematic James Bond .", "Paul Dehn died in 1976. Working on She (1965), Bernard first met the man who later became his second life partner, actor Ken McGregor, with whom he lived in Jamaica until 1993, when the two men returned to England. McGregor died in 1994.[2]", "Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born 25 August 1930) is a Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes.", "He is now one of the most critically acclaimed actors of his generation, and portrays Obi-wan Kenobi in the first three Star Wars episodes. McGregor is married to French production designer Eve Mavrakis, whom he met while working on the TV show \"Kavanagh QC\" (1995). They married in France in the summer of 1995 and have two daughters, Clara Mathilde and Esther Rose. McGregor has formed a production company with friends Jonny Lee Miller, Sean Pertwee, Jude Law and Sadie Frost. Called Natural Nylon, they hope it will make innovative films that do not conform to Hollywood standards.", "Trainspotting: Boyle's film adaptation of the Irvine Welsh novel Trainspotting , which followed a group of friends and heroin addicts in Edinburgh, was a huge critical and commercial success. Ewan McGregor again starred, alongside Robert Carlyle and Johnny Lee Miller. John Hodge's screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award. Boyle reportedly convinced Welsh to let them option the rights to his book by writing him a letter stating that Hodge and producer Andrew Macdonald were \"the two most important Scotsmen since Kenny Dalglish and Alex Ferguson\".", "After high school, Ewan McGregor joined the Perth Repertory Theater and furthered his education through three years of training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. His studies at Guildhall eventually led to McGregor landing a major role as Private Mick Hopper in Dennis Potter's 1993 Lipstick on Your Collar, which was a British made-for-television musical comedy.", "Ewan McGregor's uncle - Denis Lawson - achieved fame as an actor by appearing in the groundbreaking TV series, 'Rock Follis', and subsequently starred as Kit Curran in the' Kit Curran Radio Show'. But it was left to his nephew Ewan - who is frequently hailed as Scotland's biggest movie star since Sean Connery - to bring lasting worldwide acting fame to the name of McGregor.", "Twenty years have gone by. Much has changed but just as much remains the same. Mark Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) returns to the only place he can ever call home. They are waiting for him: Spud ( Ewen Bremner ), Sick Boy ( Jonny Lee Miller ), and Begbie ( Robert Carlyle ).", "Mystery thriller directed by Roman Polanski, starring Ewan McGregor and Pierce Brosnan. A ghostwriter is hired to oversee the memoirs of a former British prime minister and travels to his employer's luxurious island retreat in America to begin work. However, as a scandal linked to the politician begins to brew, the writer starts to uncover some dark secrets from the man's time in office.", "MOVIE star Ewan McGregor is being touted for an Oscar nomination before his latest film has even been released.", "Leading film star Ewan McGregor has been awarded an honorary degree by the University of Ulster.", "The first thing that strikes you about Ewan McGregor is just how much a man of the people he is. In London to talk about his latest film, Baz Luhrmann�s kaleidoscopic musical Moulin Rouge, McGregor is clearly more excited about the fact that later on today, he�ll be riding a motorbike at very, very high speeds.", "Cast: Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Robert Carlyle, Kelly Macdonald, Kevin McKidd, Peter Mullan, Irvine Welsh", "Connery has been called \"the rogue with the brogue,\" and in 1989, at almost 60 years of age, he was named People magazine's \"Sexiest Man Alive.\" But while his professional work is applauded, his personal choices have often come under fire. \"I'm not shy about voicing what I believe to be true,\" he said in 1998, after being denied a British knighthood due to his active support for the Scottish National Party. (He would be knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000, for which he wore traditional Highland attire.) In 1999, Connery received a Kennedy Center Honor for Lifetime Achievement, and in 2006 received the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award.", "Following his success in Trainspotting, McGregor took a completely different role as Frank Churchill in the historical comedy Emma (1996). McGregor then continued his work in cinema, including Brassed Off (1996), The Serpent's Kiss (1997), A Life Less Ordinary (1997), and Nightwatch (1998).", "Even with all these notable works under his belt, Alec Guinness might still be most widely known for playing Obi-Wan (Ben) Kenobi in Star Wars (1977). The film was an international sensation, and Guinness’ quietly powerful portrayal of the wise Jedi knight brought his name to a whole new generation of film audiences. After Star Wars’ nearly unprecedented success, Guinness reprised the role in the film’s equally successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Guinness reportedly hated working on Star Wars so much that he claims Obi-Wan’s death was his idea, as a means to limit his involvement in the film. ", "Widely regarded as the one of greatest stage and screen actors both in his native Great Britain and internationally, twice nominated for the Oscar and recipient of every major theatrical award in UK and US, Ian Murray McKellen was born on May 25, 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire, England, to Margery Lois (Sutcliffe) and Denis Murray McKellen...", "On 25 August, 1930 the actor, Sean Connery, was born in the Fountainbridge area of Edinburgh. Connery achieved international success appearing in films as Ian Fleming’s suave secret agent, James Bond. Connery has also become well known in his homeland as a prominent supporter of Scottish Independence and the Scottish National Party.", "A new generation of filmgoers was introduced to legendary actor Alec Guinness when he starred as the supremely wise Jedi knight, Ben Obi-Wan Kenobi. The role earned him an Oscar nomination for best supporting actor in 1977. Guinness had earlier won an Academy Award for best actor in 1957 for \"The Bridge on the River Kwai.\" He died in 2000 at the age of 86.", "In Scotland, 1713, Robert Roy MacGregor (Liam Neeson) is the Chief of Clan MacGregor. Providing the Lowland gentry with protection against cattle rustling, he barely manages to feed his people. Hoping to alleviate their poverty, MacGregor borrows £1,000 from James Graham, Marquess of Montrose (John Hurt) in order to trade cattle." ]

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[ "The Boeing 747 is a widebody commercial airliner , often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet . [5] [6] It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft , [7] and was the first widebody ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707 , [8] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [9]", "The Boeing 747 is a widebody commercial airliner, often referred to by the nickname \"Jumbo Jet\". It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft,and was the first widebody ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the US, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years.", "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. Its distinctive \"hump\" upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft makes it among the world's most recognizable aircraft, and it was the first wide-body produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 had two and a half times greater capacity than the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. ", "On September 30, 1968, Boeing rolls out the first 747 \"Jumbo Jet\" in Everett, Washington. The aircraft, originally designed to haul both cargo and passengers for Pan Am Airways, was more than twice the size of the Boeing 707. In order to assemble the flying behemoth, Boeing built the world's largest structure by volume, enclosing 291 million cubic feet, at Paine Field in Everett.", "* The era of jumbo jets began on January 15, 1970 when First Lady Pat Nixon christened a Pan Am Boeing 747 at Dulles in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby. Rather than a traditional champagne bottle, red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft. Pan Am's first Boeing 747 flight was Dulles to London Heathrow Airport.", "First built in 1971, the DC-10 was the McDonnell-Douglas answer to Boeing's 747. Originally, McDonnell-Douglas decided to pass on building a jumbo jet, and promoted a stretched version of their DC-8. But when orders for the 747 took off, McDonnell-Douglas played catch-up, rushed the DC-10 into production. As a result, there were some spectacular crashes due to design problems, which gave the plane a bad reputation. But once the original design problems were fixed, the DC-10 flew with exceptional safety. With an overall record of one accident in three-million hours of flying, the DC-10 has had not had an accident in the past twenty years, except in developing countries.", "After launching the series 200 with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7 engines, on August 1, 1972 Boeing announced that it had reached an agreement with General Electric to certify the 747 with CF6-50 series engines to increase the aircraft's market potential. Rolls-Royce followed 747 engine production with a launch order from British Airways for four aircraft. The option of RB211-524B engines was announced on June 17, 1975. The series 200 was the first 747 to become available with a choice of engine manufacturer, which Boeing maintained for the type until the introduction of the 747-8.", "In January 1978, Boeing announced a major extension of its Everett factory—which was then dedicated to the manufacture of the 747—to accommodate its new wide-body family. In February 1978, the new jetliner received the 767 model designation, and three variants were planned: a 767-100 with 190 seats, a 767-200 with 210 seats, and a trijet 767MR/LR version with 200 seats intended for intercontinental routes. The 767MR/LR was subsequently renamed 777 for differentiation purposes. The 767 was officially launched on July 14, 1978, when United Airlines ordered 30 of the 767-200 variant, followed by 50 more 767-200 orders from American Airlines and Delta Air Lines later that year. The 767-100 was ultimately not offered for sale, as its capacity was too close to the 757's seating, while the 777 trijet was eventually dropped in favor of standardizing around the twinjet configuration.", "The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers, with a range of 5235 to. Commonly referred to as the \"Triple Seven\", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer-aided design.", "The Boeing 777 is a long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliner manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a capacity of over 300 passengers, with a range of 5,235 to 9,380 nautical miles (9,695 to 17,370 km), depending on model. Commonly referred to as the \"Triple Seven\", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, a circular fuselage cross-section and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between the 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls; it is also the first entirely computer-designed commercial aircraft.", "747 Jumbo Jet prototype, N1352B at Boeing Field, Seattle, Washington on June 18, 1973. It was equipped with General Electric CF-6 engines to investigate the option of offering customers an alternative to the Pratt & Whitney JT-9D engine. Operators of CF-6 powered DC-10s wanted to reduce the variety of different engine types that they had to maintain.", "In 1967, Boeing introduced another short- and medium-range airliner, the twin-engine 737 . It has become since then the best-selling commercial jet aircraft in aviation history. Several versions have been developed, mainly to increase seating capacity and range. The 737 remains in production as of 2016.", "TWA's fleet-renewal program included adding newer and smaller, more fuel-efficient, longer-range aircraft such as the Boeing 757 and 767 and short-range aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Boeing 717 . Aircraft such as the Boeing 727 and 747, along with the Lockheed L-1011 and older DC-9s, some from Ozark and the 1960s, were retired. TWA also became one of the early customers for the Airbus A318 through International Lease Finance Corporation . TWA, had it continued operating through 2003, would have been the first U.S. carrier to fly the type.[ citation needed ]", "The Boeing 767 is a mid-size, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was the manufacturer's first wide-body twinjet and its first airliner with a two-crew glass cockpit. The aircraft features two turbofan engines, a conventional tail, and for reduced aerodynamic drag, a supercritical wing design. Designed as a smaller wide-body airliner than preceding aircraft such as the 747, the 767 has a capacity of 181 to 375 persons and a range of 3,850 to 6,385 nautical miles (7,130 to 11,825 km), depending on variant. Development of the 767 occurred in tandem with a narrow-body twinjet, the 757, resulting in shared design features which allow pilots to obtain a common type rating to operate both aircraft.", "The BBJ spawned in 1996 from a partnership between Boeing and General Electric (maker of the CFM-56 series of engines for newer-generation 737s). Now entering its fifth decade of production, the 737 twinjet is the most successful and ubiquitous jetliner ever produced.", "After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and Lancaster that could be converted into commercial aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet . By 1952, the British state airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin, and eventually led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.", "The British Overseas Aircraft Corporation (BOAC), the national British carrier, first introduced a commercial jet airliner into service. The 36-seat Comet 1, built by De Havilland , flew for the first time on July 27, 1949. BOAC inaugurated the world's first commercial jet service on May 2, 1952. Initial flights took passengers from London to Johannesburg in South Africa, with stops in Rome, Beirut, Khartoum (in Sudan), Entebbe (in Kenya), and Livingstone, near Victoria Falls. At the time, the top cruising speed of the most well known piston-engine aircraft, the DC-3 , was about 180 miles per hour (290 kilometers per hour). With the Comet, passengers could travel comfortably at 480 miles per hour (772 kilometers per hour), making it a revolutionary leap in air travel. The Comet also provided conditions that contrasted sharply to piston-engine planes: the planes were vibration-free and relatively quiet.", "Boeing, the oldest major aircraft manufacturer, entered the jet airliner business third, after the British and Russians. Success long eluded Boeing in the art and science of building and selling airliners (non-military airplanes for commercial air travel) at a profit. Beginning in 1928 with the model 80 trimotor airliner (a biplane with fabric covering), Boeing labored hard at producing a handful of innovative airliner designs in small, unrewarding quantities. In 1958, Boeing’s first jet airliner, the 707, proved to be the vehicle that finally changed the commercial side of the ledger from red to black ink. The 707, based on the prototype Dash-80 (1954), was the first truly successful jet airliner in service that was built in large numbers (almost twice that of the runner up Douglas DC-8) and which returned a profit to its maker.", "In August 1997, Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas in a US$13 billion stock swap under the name The Boeing Company. However this name had actually been Boeing's official name previously adopted on May 21, 1961.   Following the merger, the McDonnell Douglas MD-95 was renamed the Boeing 717, and the production of the MD-11 was limited to the freighter version. Boeing introduced a new corporate identity with completion of the merger, incorporating the Boeing logo type and a stylized version of the McDonnell Douglas symbol, which was derived from the Douglas Aircraft logo from the 1970s.", "In 1958, Boeing began delivery of its 707, the United States' first commercial jet airliner, in response to the British De Havilland Comet, French Sud Aviation Caravelle and Soviet Tupolev Tu-104, which were the world’s first generation of commercial jet aircraft. With the 707, a four-engine, 156-passenger airliner, the US became a leader in commercial jet manufacture. A few years later, Boeing added a second version of this aircraft, the 720, which was slightly faster and had a shorter range.", "The Boeing 767 is a twin-engine airliner type long haul, produced by the American company Boeing. It made its first flight 26 September 1981. The different versions of the 767 passenger can carry between 181 and 375 people and battery life varies from 9400 to 12 200 km, depending on the version and configuration of the unit. The Boeing 767 is available in three different fuselages. The first, the 767-200, entered service in 1982, followed by the 767-300 in 1986 and the 767-400ER in 2000. Boeing has also developed versions \"Extended Range\" (ER) for the -200 and -300 versions, with greater autonomy and a higher payload. In 1995, Boeing has commissioned the 767-300F, a freighter version completely. Other freighter versions also exist, but it is used for passenger versions of the 767 that were converted.", "A Laker Airways McDonnell Douglas DC-10 series 10[24] widebodied aircraft was one of four widebodies that were specially flown in for the pre-inauguration of the then new terminal building at Berlin's Tegel Airport on October 23, 1974. (A British Airways Lockheed L-1011 Tristar 1[25], a Pan Am Boeing 747-100[26] and an Air France Airbus A300 B2[24] were the other widebodies specially flown in on that day to mark this occasion.)[27]", "The Boeing 757 is a mid-size, narrow-body twin-engine jet airliner that was designed and built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the manufacturer's largest single-aisle passenger aircraft and was produced from 1981 to 2004.", "* 1949: First commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, designed, developed and manufactured by de Havilland.", "    The Boeing 707 was not the first US transport aircraft to be jet-powered; that distinction belonged to the experimental military XC-123A powered assault glider. However, the 707 was the first production American jet airliner that allowed the US to gain the lead in commercial jet transportation. The 707 remained in continuous production from the mid-1950s until 1977 with more than 1,000 aircraft produced. The 707 prototype, the Model 367-80 or \"Dash 80\", made its inaugural flight on July 15, 1954.", "1957: Boeing’s firstjetliner, the 707, makes its firstflight, entering service the following year. The company subsequently develops a series of jetliners that are enormously popular worldwide.", "The Avro name would subsequently be resurrected by British Aerospace when this aircraft manufacturer renamed its BAe 146 family of regional jetliners as Avro regional jets (Avro RJ). Three differently sized versions of the four engine jetliner were produced: the Avro RJ70, the Avro RJ85 the Avro RJ100.", "1946: Duringtrials aboard the USS FranklinD. Roosevelt, the McDonnell FH-1 Phantom makes the first carrier takeoff and landing by an U.S. jet aircraft. 1946: KLM begins transatlantic services to New York.", "1963 – First flight of Boeing 727 jet . 1,832 of the aircraft were built until 1984 when production stopped.", "1963: Continental Airlines moves its headquarters to Los Angeles, California, and transports U.S. troops to Asia during the Vietnam War. 1964: The Fokker F-28 Fellowship jet makes its first flight.", "An American-build plane, and still another plane tied with the Tu-154 and Airbus 310 in terms of safety. First built in 1965.", "1974 – The F-16 Fighting Falcon flies for the first time. A Fort Worth legend is born!" ]

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[ "\"Let's Hear It for the Boy\" was the second number-one song for Deniece Williams and appeared on the soundtrack to the feature film Footloose. It climbed to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on May 26, 1984, as well as number one on the dance and R&B charts, and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song, and was certified platinum in the US, gold in Canada and silver in the UK by the RIAA, Music Canada and the British Phonographic Industry respectively. The music video for the song was released in mid-April 1984. The tune features background vocals from George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam, who would go on to form the duo Boy Meets Girl.", "1984, Former backing singer with Stevie Wonder, Deniece Williams started a 2 week run at No.1 on the US singles chart with 'Let's Hear It For The Boy', taken from the film 'Footlose', a No.2 hit in the UK.", "Deniece Williams (born June Deniece Chandler; June 3, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer who achieved success in the mid-1970s and 1980s. Williams is known for hits such as \"Free\" (1976), \"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\" (1978), \"Silly\" (1981), \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" (1982), \"Let's Hear It for the Boy\" (1984), and for her duets with Johnny Mathis.", "Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records, and has since been the recipient of two Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, and a Golden Globe Award for her work.", "Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr. (April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984), better known by his stage name Marvin Gaye, was an American singer-songwriter and instrumentalist with a three-octave vocal range. Starting as a member of the doo-wop group The Moonglows in the late fifties, he ventured into a solo career after the group disbanded in 1960 signing with the Tamla subsidiary of Motown Records. After starting off as a session drummer, Gaye ranked as the label's top-selling solo artist during the sixties.", "Stevie Wonder, original name Steveland Judkins or Steveland Morris (born May 13, 1950, Saginaw , Michigan , U.S.), American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, a child prodigy who developed into one of the most creative musical figures of the late 20th century.", "Vincent Damon Furnier, better known under his nickname Alice Cooper, was the first \"shock rocker\" in music history. With the song \"I'm Eighteen\", the breakthrough hit for Alice Cooper, and the following album \"Love It Till Death\" the long and successful collaboration with producer Bob Ezrin started in 1971. Famous for his controversial horror-influenced stage shows and branded by increasing alcohol abuse in the mid 70s, Cooper turned during the 80s to a film actor, restaurant owner, golfing celebrity and even a popular radio DJ. Since October 2009 he's also the new testimonial of the German chain of electronic stores called Saturn.", "George Alan O'Dowd (born 14 June 1961), known professionally as Boy George, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, fashion designer and photographer. He is the lead singer of the Grammy and Brit Award-winning pop band Culture Club. At the height of the band's fame, during the 1980s, they recorded global hit songs such as \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" and George was known for his soulful voice and androgynous appearance. He was part of the English New Romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s to the early 1980s.", "Andrew Roy \"Andy\" Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was a British and Australian singer, songwriter, performer and teen idol. He was the younger brother of the group Bee Gees: Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb.", "Although Jackson had already become the youngest artist to ever record a number-one (\"I Want You Back\" with The Jackson 5, in 1970), \"Ben\" made him the third-youngest solo artist, at fourteen, to score a number-one hit single. Only Stevie Wonder, who was thirteen when \"Fingertips, Pt. 2\" went to number one, and Osmond, who was months shy of his fourteenth birthday when \"Go Away Little Girl\" hit number one in 1971 were younger. The song is one of Jackson's most re-released, having appeared on The Jackson 5 Anthology, The Best of Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson Anthology, Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection, The Essential Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection, Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection, The Definitive Collection, Number Ones, King of Pop and Icon.", "Natalie Maria Cole (February 6, 1950 – December 31, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter, and actress. The daughter of Nat King Cole, she rose to musical success in the mid-1970s as an R&B artist with the hits \"This Will Be\", \"Inseparable\", and \"Our Love\". After a period of failing sales and performances due to a heavy drug addiction, Cole re-emerged as a pop artist with the 1987 album Everlasting and her cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Pink Cadillac\". In the 1990s, she re-recorded standards by her father, resulting in her biggest success, Unforgettable... with Love, which sold over seven million copies and also won Cole numerous Grammy Awards. She sold over 30 million records worldwide. ", "During the mid-1980s American pop singer Cyndi Lauper was considered the \"Voice of the MTV Generation of 80s\" and so different visual style that made the world for teens. Her first two albums She's So Unusual (1984) and True Colors (1986) were critically and commercially successful, spawning the hits, \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Time After Time\", \"She Bop\", \"All Through the Night\", \"The Goonies 'R' Good Enough\", \"True Colors\" and \"Change of Heart\".", "Andy Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was a British / Australian singer , teen idol , and the youngest brother of Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb , also known as the Bee Gees .", "Although Jackson had already become the youngest artist to ever record a number-one (\" I Want You Back \" with The Jackson 5 , in 1970 ), \"Ben\" made him the third-youngest solo artist, at fourteen, to score a number-one hit single. Only Stevie Wonder , who was thirteen when \" Fingertips, Pt. 2 \" went to number one, and Osmond, who was months shy of his fourteenth birthday when \" Go Away Little Girl \" hit number one in 1971 were younger. The song is one of Jackson's most re-released, having appeared on The Jackson 5 Anthology , The Best of Michael Jackson , Michael Jackson Anthology , Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection , The Essential Michael Jackson , Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection , Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection , The Definitive Collection , Number Ones , King of Pop and Icon .", "1956 ● Kashif Saleem (Michael Jones) → Singer, producer, songwriter and key figure on the development of R&B in the post-disco 80s, joined funk/disco B. T. Express (“Do It (‘Til You’re Satisfied),” #2, R&B #1, 1974) in 1971 as a teenager, in the 80s did session work, went solo with numerous R&B hits, including “I Just Gotta Have You (Lover Turn Me On),” #103, R&B #5, 1983) and produced hits for Whitney Houston, went behind the scenes in the 90s, wrote several books and was producing a documentary film about R&B music when he died from undisclosed causes on 9/25/2016, age 59", "Alpert recorded sporadically through the 1980s. He scored a minor hit in 1982 with \"Route 101,\" and a pair of hits in 1987 with \"Diamonds\" and \"Making Love in the Rain,\" both of which featured vocals from A&M artist Janet Jackson. The following year, he mined a gold single with \"Keep Your Eye on Me.\" Meanwhile, A&M continued to sign and break new artists. They had huge hits with artists as diverse as The Police, Cat Stevens, Peter Frampton, Supertramp, Styx, The Go-Go's, Bryan Adams, and many others.", "In 1979, Alpert staged a major comeback with Rise; not only did the album reach the Top Ten, but the title track topped the singles charts and became the biggest hit of his career. The follow-up, 1980's Beyond, was a Top 40 success, but subsequent efforts like 1982's Fandango and 1985's Wild Romance fared poorly. In 1987 Alpert enjoyed another renaissance with the album Keep Your Eye on Me; the lead single \"Diamonds\" hit the Top Five and featured a guest vocal from Janet Jackson , one of A&M's towering successes of the late '80s.", "In 1979, Alpert staged a major comeback with Rise; not only did the album reach the Top Ten, but the title track topped the singles charts and became the biggest hit of his career. The follow-up, 1980's Beyond, was a Top 40 success, but subsequent efforts like 1982's Fandango and 1985's Wild Romance fared poorly. In 1987, Alpert enjoyed another renaissance with the album Keep Your Eye on Me; the lead single \"Diamonds\" hit the Top Five and featured a guest vocal from Janet Jackson, one of A&M's towering successes of the late '80s.", "Henley achieved arguably the greatest commercial solo success of any former Eagle. In 1981, he sang a duet with Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac fame, \"Leather and Lace.\" In 1982, he released I Can't Stand Still, featuring the hit \"Dirty Laundry.\" This album would pale in comparison to his next release, Building the Perfect Beast (1984), which features the classic rock radio staples \"The Boys of Summer\" (a Billboard number 5 hit), \"All She Wants to Do Is Dance (number 9),\" \"Not Enough Love in the World\" (number 34) and \"Sunset Grill\" (number 22). Henley's next album, The End of the Innocence (1989), was also a major success. It includes \"The End of the Innocence,\" \"The Last Worthless Evening\" and \"The Heart of the Matter.\" His solo career was cut short due to a contract dispute with his record company, which was finally resolved when the Eagles reunited in 1994.", "1945, Born on this day, Magic Dick, harmonica, The J Geils Band, (1982 US No.1 & UK No.3 single 'Centerfold').", "The only one-hit wonder to hit #1 in 1978, “Hot Child in the City” is largely forgotten partly because a song about an underage prostitute doesn’t really translate on the radio today. Gilder the artist soon disappeared, but Gilder the songwriter remains at work with a number of successful hits including “The Warrior” by Patty Smyth and Scandal.", "1952, Born on this day, Berton Averre, The Knack, (1979 US No.1 & UK No.6 single 'My Sharona').", "* \"Mad About the Boy\" performed by Jools Holland & His Rhythm & Blues Orchestra with Caro Emerald", "  His mid-1970s work including the What's Going On , Let's Get It On and I Want You albums helped influence the quiet storm , urban adult contemporary and slow jam genres. After a self-imposed European exile in the early eighties, Gaye returned on the 1982 Grammy-winning hit, \" Sexual Healing \" and the Midnight Love album before his death. Gaye was shot dead by his father on April 1, 1984. He was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.", "When Gaye left Motown in 1982, after falling out with Gordy, he enlisted Fuqua to help him put the finishing touches to his first recordings for Columbia Records. The resulting album, Midnight Love, and a single, Sexual Healing, restored Gaye's popularity and earned two Grammy awards. In April 1984, however, Gaye was shot dead by his father during an argument between his parents.", "Michael formed the duo Wham! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. The band's first album Fantastic reached No. 1 in the UK in 1983 and produced a series of top 10 singles including \"Young Guns\", \"Wham Rap!\" and \"Club Tropicana\". Their second album, Make It Big, reached No. 1 on the charts in the US. Singles from that album included \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" (No. 1 in the UK and US), \"Freedom\", \"Everything She Wants\", and \"Careless Whisper\" which reached No. 1 in nearly 25 countries, including the UK and US, and was Michael's first solo effort as a single.", "singer: Pride & Joy, How Sweet It Is, I�ll Be Doggone, Ain�t That Peculiar, I Heard It Through The Grapevine, What�s Going On, Let�s Get It On, Sexual Healing; inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame [1987]; died Apr 1, 1984", "The singer-songwriter and A&R man behind the 1978 song remember how punk energy fired up a gay-rights anthem", "\"Be Mine Tonight\" was released by Polydor in October 1981, but it failed to chart - Billy himself didn´t expect anything from that record, saying it would only \"go as high as a flea would jump\". It was in fact a recreation of his late 60´s sound but in the 80´s style. He was still quite unwilling to make a major comeback, spending most of his time at his farm looking after wildlife and apparently turning acres of marsland into lakes and ponds for birds.", "has had 19 UK Top 40 hits and four US #1 singles.  Listen to Your Heart was the third", "Andrew is known for being a singer, songwriter, musician and arranger. His works also include \"Thank You for Being a Friend\" (1978) and \"Never Let Her Slip Away\" (1978).", "\"Say Man\" which got to No. 20 in the US, was the only Top 20 hit - in the US or the UK - for which legendary performer?" ]

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[ "The Rockefeller University is an American private university located in New York City in the United States, offering postgraduate and postdoctoral education. It conducts research mainly in biological sciences and medical science, and has produced or attracted many Nobel laureates. The Rockefeller University is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue. ", "Founded in 1901, The Rockefeller University is a non-profit private higher education institution located in the the urban setting of the metropolis of New York City (population range of over 5,000,000 inhabitants), New York. Officially accredited/recognized by the New York State Board of Regents and the Commissioner of Education, The Rockefeller University is a very small (enrollment range: under-250 students) coeducational higher education institution. The Rockefeller University offers courses and programs leading to officialy recognized higher education degrees such as master degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study. International students are welcome to apply for enrollment. The Rockefeller University also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, housing, financial aids and/or scholarships, as well as administrative services.", "With Gates as his investment manager and philanthropic adviser, John D. Rockefeller founded the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York in 1901. Within their laboratories, causes, cures, and various manners of prevention of diseases were discovered, including the cure for meningitis and the identification of DNA as the central genetic matter.", "Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Under his governorship it grew from 29 campuses and 38,000 full-time students to 72 campuses and 232,000 full-time students. Other accomplishments included more than quadrupling state aid to primary and secondary schools; providing the first state financial support for educational television; and requiring special education for children with disabilities in public schools. ", "He resigned three years into his fourth term to work at the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans.<br /><br /> Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Under his governorship it grew from 29 campuses and 38,000 full-time students to 72 campuses and 232,000 full-time students. Other accomplishments included more than quadrupling state aid to primary and secondary schools; providing the first state financial support for educational television; and requiring special education for children with disabilities in public schools.<br /><br /> Consistent with his personal interest in design and planning, Rockefeller began expansion of the New York State Parks system and improvement of park facilities. He persuaded voters to approve three major bond acts to raise more than $300 million for acquisition of park and forest preserve land and he built or started 55 new state parks. Rockefeller initiated studies of environmental issues, such as loss of agricultural land through developmentâan issue now characterized as \"sprawl.\" In September 1968, Rockefeller appointed the Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks. Read Less", "*The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, the public policy research arm of the State University of New York", "Rockefeller Center, in New York City, extends from 5th Ave. to the Avenue of the Americas between 48th and 52nd Sts. (and halfway to 7th Ave. between 47th and 51st Sts.). It occupies more than 22 acres and has 19 buildings.", "Rockefeller was a noted collector of both modern and non-Western art. During his governorship, New York State acquired major works of art for the new Empire State Plaza in Albany. He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern Art as president, and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a gallery while placing works of sculpture around the grounds (an activity he enjoyed personally supervising, frequently moving the pieces from place to place by helicopter). While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New York system, Rockefeller built, in collaboration with his lifelong friend Roy Neuberger, the Neuberger Museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College, designed by Philip Johnson.", "Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City, United States. Built by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan, spanning the area between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.", "Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richford, New York. At age 14, he and his family moved to Cleveland where he enrolled in Central High School and then E. G. Folsom's Commercial College. After graduating in 1855, the young Rockefeller got his first job as a bookkeeper for Hewitt & Tuttle. Although the work paid little and was difficult, it was in this job that he began to establish himself as an intelligent and reliable businessman. Because he had spent three years building this reputation, Rockefeller was able to start his first business with Maurice B. Clark at the young age of 19. Image Courtesy of Cleveland State University. Michael Schwartz Library. Special Collections. View File Details Page", "Rockefeller gave $80 million to the University of Chicago under William Rainey Harper, turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. He also gave a grant to the American Baptist Missionaries foreign mission board, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society in establishing Central Philippine University, the first Baptist and second American university in Asia, in 1905 in the Philippines. ", "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77) under President Gerald Ford, and as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–73). He also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt regarding Latin America and Dwight Eisenhower regarding welfare programs. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector, as well as administrator of Rockefeller Center.", "Rockefeller was born in 1908 in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the second son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist and socialite Abigail Greene \"Abby\" Aldrich. He had a sister, Abby (1903–76); and four brothers: John III (1906–78), Laurance (1910–2004), Winthrop (1912–73), and David (born 1915). Their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia \"Cettie\" Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman \"Abby\" Chapman. Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930 he graduated cum laude with an A.B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society), Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon.", "Go to Rockefeller, John D. (1839–1937) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)", "1801 Elgin Botanical Garden was under development at the northern edge of New York City, largely through efforts of David Hosack, a professor at the medical school of Columbia College. Today Rockefeller Center stands on a portion of the 20 acre site once occupied by this garden.", "33% of the faculty are members of the National Academy of Science or Engineering and/or fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. This is the highest percentage of any faculty in the country with the exception of the graduate institution Rockefeller University. ", "When he was a boy, his family moved to Moravia, NY, and in 1851 to Owego, where he attended Owego Academy. In 1853, his family moved to Strongsville, a suburb of Cleveland. Rockefeller attended Cleveland's Central High School, the first high school in Cleveland and the first free, public high school west of the Alleghenies. Then, he took a ten-week business course at Folsom's Commercial College, where he studied bookkeeping. ", "New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States and the world. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard College, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Yale University was founded in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1701, and awarded the nation's first doctoral (PhD) degree in 1861. Yale moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1718, where it has remained to the present day.", "He was the second son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist and socialite Abigail Greene \"Abby\" Aldrich. He had a sister, Abby (1903â76); and four brothers: John III (1906â78), Laurance (1910â2004), Winthrop (1912â73), and David (born 1915). Their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia \"Cettie\" Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman \"Abby\" Chapman. Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. Read Less", "Cornell University is a nationally acclaimed academic and research institution located in Ithaca, New York. Part of the Ivy League, Cornell was founded in 1865, and boasts some of the most famous and well respected academic minds in the country.", "Cornell University is located in Ithaca, in upstate New York. This is a rural area of woods and lakes renowned for its natural beauty and popular with weekend vacationers from New York City. Ithaca is a quintessential example of an American college town – small, close-knit, surprisingly cultured and rather liberal, with film houses, galleries, vegetarian restaurants (including the famous Moosewood Restaurant), and, in recent years, social experiments such as a local currency and a cooperative health care system. The University and the city offer what is probably the most family-friendly environment in the Ivy League – a factor that can make Cornell an especially attractive choice for graduate and Ph.D. students.", "Located in upstate New York, Cornell has the interesting designation of being both a private and a public land-grant university. As the last of the Ivies to be founded in 1865, Cornell was able to receive public land and funding in addition to the original contributions by Ezra Cornell, giving it its split nature.", "Cornell University (enrollment: 19,000) is located in Ithaca,  New York, although two of its medical graduate and professional programs are in New York City.  Established in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university is a private endowed university and the federal land-grant institution of New York State.  It is also a partner of the State University of New York. ", "Brown University is a private, Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 as \"The College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,\" Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. ", "Brown University is a private research university and part of the Ivy League. It is situated in Providence, Rhode Island, and is the seventh-oldest higher education institution in the United States, and third-oldest in New England. Brown was the first college in the country to admit all students, regardless of religious association. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 6380 students, and...", "Many colleges provide such an education; some require it. The University of Chicago and Columbia University were among the first schools to require an extensive core curriculum in philosophy, literature, and the arts for all students. Other colleges with nationally recognized, mandatory programs in the liberal arts are St. John's College, Saint Anselm College and Providence College. Prominent proponents of liberal arts in the United States have included Mortimer J. Adler and E. D. Hirsch, Jr..", "Brown University is located in Providence, Rhode Island; it is one of the oldest institutes of higher learning in the United States. It was founded in 1746 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, the campus is one of the finest examples of Georgian style American colonial era architecture.", "Undergraduates can select from seven colleges and schools, ranging from architecture to engineering. Cornell awarded the nation's first university degree in veterinary medicine and the first doctorates in electrical engineering and industrial engineering.  It also established the first four-year schools of hotel administration and industrial and labor relations in the country.  Twenty-seven Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Cornell as faculty members or students.  The university ranked first in funds allocated by the National Science Foundation for programs in academic science and engineering in 1996-97 (the most recent data available).", "He founded the General Education Board in 1903 (later the Rockefeller Foundation). The General Education Board helped to establish high schools throughout the South by providing free professional advice on improving instruction and education. The effort was a cooperative one, and local money was used to build the high schools. In 1919, Rockefeller donated $50,000,000 to the Board to raise academic salaries, which were very low in the wake of WWI.", "\"A very powerful complex of foundations and affiliated organizations has developed over the years to exercise a high degree of control over education. Part of this complex, and ultimately responsible for it, are the Rockefeller and Carnegie groups of foundations.\"", "Rockefeller served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art from 1932 to 1979. Read Less", "Friedman, Jerome Isaac American physicist who, together with Richard E. Taylor and Henry W. Kendall, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1990 for their joint experimental confirmation of the fundamental particles known as quarks. Friedman was educated at the University..." ]

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[ "The Cardinals franchise hasn’t always been based in Arizona, but it has always been around; always as in the Cardinals are the oldest professional football franchise in American history. The team was founded way back in 1898 and called Chicago its home. There isn’t much history to glean from those early years in that there wasn’t really much of a sport of football in existence quite yet. 22 years later though, in 1920, the Cardinals would become one of the charter members of the NFL.", "The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898, and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States. The Cardinals play their home games at the University of Phoenix Stadium, which is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale, Arizona.", "After three years of construction, University of Phoenix Stadium opened its doors in August 2006 in Glendale, AZ. The 63,400 seat is a multi-purpose facility, but was built primarily to serve as the home of the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL . Prior to University of Phoenix Stadium, the Cardinals had to play their home games at Sun Devil Stadium - the home field of Arizona State University. University of Phoenix Stadium was originally named Cardinals Stadium, but the University of Phoenix paid a whopping $154.5 million to have the naming rights of the stadium for the next 20 years. This impressive stadium will host Super Bowl in February 2008.", "The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation.", "The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation.", "The Cardinals were the designated \"home team,\" as was the case for all NFC champions in odd numbered Super Bowls. Arizona wore their red jerseys, which it has done at home since moving into University of Phoenix Stadium in 2006 after predominantly wearing their white jerseys at home for their first 18 years in Arizona to combat the intense heat of September and October. As a result, the Steelers wore white jerseys for their second consecutive Super Bowl. [22]", "The Cardinals' first home game in Arizona, in 1988, saw them play in red jerseys. Thereafter, for the next 18 years in Arizona, the Cardinals, like a few other NFL teams in warm climates, wore their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season—forcing opponents to suffer in their darker jerseys during Arizona autumns that frequently see temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C). However, this tradition did not continue when the Cardinals moved from Sun Devil Stadium to University of Phoenix Stadium in 2006, as early-season games (and some home games late in the season) were played with the roof closed. With the temperature inside at a comfortable 70 °F (21 °C), the team opted to wear red jerseys at home full-time. The Cardinals wore white jerseys at home for the first time in University of Phoenix Stadium on August 29, 2008, in a preseason game against the Denver Broncos.", "The Cardinals were the designated \"home team,\" as was the case for all NFC champions in odd numbered Super Bowls. Arizona wore their red jerseys, which it has done at home since moving into University of Phoenix Stadium in 2006 after predominantly wearing their white jerseys at home for their first 18 years in Arizona to combat the intense heat of September and October. As a result, the Steelers wore white jerseys for their second consecutive Super Bowl. ", "The franchise began play in Chicago in 1898 before moving to St. Louis in 1960 and Arizona in 1988. Team owner Chris O’Brien purchased used and faded maroon jerseys from the University of Chicago in 1901 and dubbed the color of his squad’s new outfits “cardinal red.” A nickname was born. The team adopted the cardinal bird as part of its logo as early as 1947 and first featured a cardinal head on its helmets in 1960.", "In 1960, the Chicago Cardinals moved and became the St. Louis Cardinals , where they remained through the AFL-NFL merger in 1970. The team stayed in St. Louis all the way up until 1988. In those days, the team won a pair of division titles but little else. Its coach in the 70s was the soon-to-be legendary head man Don Coryell. Air Coryell, as he would be known as, won Coach of the Year for St. Louis in 1974. Under Coryell, Hall of Fame lineman Dan Dierdorf developed into an All-Pro. Dierdorf would go on to make six Pro Bowls and was a member of the NFL’s All-Decade team for the 1970s. Terry Metcalf also shined under Coryell, setting the NFL all-purpose yards record in 1975, when the Cards won their second division title of the era.", "There is another curse which has never been broken: no team has ever had a true home game. The Super Bowl venue is decided on four years ahead of time, yet no home team has ever made it to the big game. Two teams have played in their home town, but in different stadiums (the LA Rams and the 49ers, who played at the Rose Bowl in XIV and Stanford at XIX, respectively). Super Bowl XLVIII was even the home to two teams (the Jets and the Giants), neither of which were even able to make the playoffs. The 2014 Arizona Cardinals had the best chance, being the best team in the NFL through the first three months of the season. However, a brutal rash of quarterback injuries destroyed their offense and they dropped from the #1 seed to the #5, ultimately losing in the first round.", "After Arizona won the right to host Super Bowl XLIX, Cardinals president Michael Bidwill offered his thoughts on what attracted the league to the city once again, via the venue's official website . He also delved into what it means to the local community:", "The St. Louis Cardinals: The most successful team in the National League during the World Series era (11 championships) and by far the most popular \"Small Market\" franchise, the Cardinals are noted for their highly-devoted and highly-knowledgable fanbase (it is not uncommon for them to applaud the opposing team or one of their players should they do something impressive), Albert Pujols and their rivalry with the City of Chicago in general and the Chicago Cubs in particular (it is said that the only way you can get booed in Busch Stadium is if you are wearing a Chicago jersey - just ask Barack Obama ). Their fanbase is not only incredibly devoted, but incredibly nice - see the booing example above. Three Hall of Fame broadcasters were once employed by the Cardinals: Harry Caray (who spent 25 years in St. Louis before moving to Chicago), catcher-turned-announcer Joe Garagiola, and Jack Buck. (Jack's son Joe is the current main broadcaster of both MLB and the NFL for Fox.)", "Papa John’s is in the midst of a multi-year sponsorship with the NFL and is also the Official Pizza of the Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens, Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Houston Texans, Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, New York Giants, New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Seattle Seahawks, St. Louis Rams, Tennessee Titans and Washington Redskins.", "Papa John’s is in the midst of a multi-year sponsorship with the NFL and is also the Official Pizza of the Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens, Chicago Bears, Cincinnati Bengals, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Houston Texans, Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants, New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, St. Louis Rams, Tennessee Titans and Washington Redskins.", "College sports are popular in the Louisville area. The Louisville Cardinals have competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), since joining that league in July 2014.", "After the 1994 NFL season, the Rams left California and moved east to St. Louis, Missouri. Five seasons after relocating, the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans. The Rams continued to play in the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season, when the team filed notice with the NFL of its intent to pursue a relocation back to Los Angeles. At an owners' meeting in January 2016, the move was approved by a 30–2 margin, and the Rams announced their intent to return to the city for the 2016 NFL season. ", "* 2003 — Arizona Cardinals vs. Minnesota Vikings: The Cardinals stunned the Vikings on a 28-yard touchdown pass as time expired from Josh McCown to Nate Poole to win 18–17. The pass, which was made in just McCown's third start, appears to have been intended for strictly for Poole, one of two reasons it is not historically viewed as a Hail Mary (the other is that it was a relatively short play, as Hail Mary plays have usually traveled at least 50 yards to completion). The loss was costly for the Vikings as they not only lost the game, but lost the NFC North title to the Packers and were eliminated from playoff contention. The reception is more notable historically for the fact that under NFL rules at the time, Poole was given the TD reception even though he did not get both feet inbounds because he was shoved out of bounds by a Viking defender after making the catch and getting 1 foot in; the league has since changed this rule, and under current standards the pass would have been incomplete. ", "They are currently the only NFL team to actually play their home games within New York State. Both the New York Jets and the New York Giants play in the suburb of East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "The franchise's inception dates back to 1898, when a neighborhood group gathered to play in the Chicago South Side, calling themselves Morgan Athletic Club. Chicago painting and building contractor Chris O'Brien acquired the team, which he relocated to Normal Field in Racine Avenue. The team was known as Racine Normals until 1901, when O'Brien bought used jerseys from the University of Chicago. He described the faded maroon clothing as \"Cardinal red\" and the team became the Racine Street Cardinals. The team eventually became in 1920 a charter member of the American Professional Football Association (APFA), which two years later was rechristened to National Football League (NFL). The team entered the league as the Racine Cardinals, however the name was changed in 1922 to Chicago Cardinals to avoid confusion with the Horlick-Racine Legion who entered the league the same year. Except for 1925, when they were awarded the championship after the Pottsville Maroons were suspended, the Cardinals experienced only minimal success on the playing field during their first 26 seasons in the league. During the post-World War II years, the team reached two straight NFL finals against the Philadelphia Eagles, winning in 1947 - eight months after the death of owner Charles Bidwill - and losing the 1948 NFL Championship Game the following year. After years of bad seasons and losing fans to the cross-town rivals Chicago Bears, by the late 1950s the Cardinals were almost bankrupt, and owner Violet Bidwill Wolfner became interested in a relocation.", "The Cardinals have a storied past as the oldest continuously run team in the NFL. This franchise has seen its share of great players take the field, including Larry Fitzgerald and Ottis Anderson. You can expect to see very competitive football, as the Cardinals have experienced recent success that includes several division championships and an appearance in Super Bowl XLIII.", "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Jets and New York Giants (officially the New York Football Giants), although both teams play their home games at Meadowlands Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey .", "* NFL team: Los Angeles Rams played in Anaheim from 1980 through 1994 before moving to St. Louis.", "Since winning the championship in 1947, the team suffered many losing seasons, and currently holds the league's longest active championship drought, at 68 consecutive seasons. In 2012 the Cardinals became the first NFL franchise to lose 700 games since its inception. The franchise's all-time win-loss record (including regular season and playoff games) at the conclusion of the 2015 season is 542–733–39 (535–724–39 in the regular season, 7–9 in the playoffs). They have been to the playoffs ten times and have won seven playoff games, three of which were victories during their run in the 2008–09 NFL playoffs. During that season, they won their only NFC Championship Game since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, and reached Super Bowl XLIII. The team has also won five division titles (, , , and ) since their 1947–1948 NFL championship game appearances. The Cardinals are the only NFL team who have never lost a playoff game at home, with a 5-0 record: the 1947 NFL Championship Game, two postseason victories during the aforementioned 2008–09 NFL playoffs, one during the 2009-10 playoffs, and one during the 2015-2016 NFL playoffs.", "In addition, St. Louis and Baltimore also publicly financed stadiums for the purpose of luring the former Los Angeles Rams and the first incarnation of the Cleveland Browns. The Rams returned to Los Angeles following the 2015 season.", "Due to its concrete construction and the Seahawks' raucous fans, the Kingdome was known as one of the loudest stadiums in the NFL. Opposing teams were known to practice with rock music blaring full blast to prepare for the high decibel levels typical of Seahawk home games. In 1987, Bo Jackson of the Los Angeles Raiders rushed for 221 yards, the most ever on Monday Night Football, and scored 2 touchdowns. One of his scores was a 91 yard touchdown and the other was a historic plowing into Seahawks high-profile rookie linebacker Brian \"The Boz\" Bosworth.", "The Cardinals' flagship radio station was KMVP AM, \"ESPN Radio 860.\" KMVP assumed the broadcast rights in 2006 after many years on KSLX-FM and KDUS. Dave Pasch, Ron Wolfley, and Paul Calvisi handle the radio broadcast. Most preseason games are televised on KNXV, channel 15, the local ABC affiliate. For regular season games, it can be aired on the Fox O&O affiliate KSAZ-TV, CBS affiliate KPHO-TV when they host an AFC Team, and KPNX, the local NBC station for Sunday Night Football.", "Due to its concrete construction and the Seahawks' raucous fans, the Kingdome was known as one of the loudest stadiums in the NFL. Opposing teams were known to practice with rock music blaring full blast to prepare for the high decibel levels typical of Seahawk home games. In 1987 , Bo Jackson of the Los Angeles Raiders rushed for 221 yards, the most ever on Monday Night Football , and scored 2 touchdowns. One of his scores was a 91 yard touchdown and the other was a historic plowing into Seahawks high-profile rookie linebacker Brian \"The Boz\" Bosworth .", "The Cardinals have been fairly successful since moving to the stadium in 2006, even making the Super Bowl one year.", "Jacksonville is home to one major league sports team, the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in the 1995 season; they play their home games at EverBank Field. In 2005, Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX. The PGA Tour, which organizes the main professional golf tournaments in the U.S., is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it holds The Players Championship every year. " ]

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[ "Stanley \"Stan\" Getz (February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol, Lester Young. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Herman's big band, Getz is described by critic Scott Yanow as \"one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists\". Getz went on to perform in bebop and cool jazz, but is perhaps best known for popularizing bossa nova, as in the worldwide hit single \"The Girl from Ipanema\" (1964) performed with Astrud Gilberto and for his work done under the influence of João Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim.", "Stan Getz (Stanley Gayetzky, February 2, 1927 Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 Malibu, California) was an American jazz tenor saxophone player. Known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, Getz's prime influence was the wispy, mellow tone of his idol, Lester Young .", "Stanley \"Stan\" Getz was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy, me...", "By nature, Getz possessed an extremely addictive personality type. At 15 he took up smoking cigarettes at the rate of a pack a day for the rest of his life. He also discovered that alcohol helped lower his anxiety, so each night he was getting drunk. His male role models at this stage of his life were a father who had deferred to Stan's musical money making options and a famous guardian with a non-stop drinking habit. Stan appreciated the happiness soloing on his saxophone brought him. Soloing was like getting high, and he wanted to repeat the feeling each night on the stand.", "His parents were Ukrainian Jews who immigrated from Kiev city, Ukraine in 1903. The family later moved to New York City for better jobs. Stan worked hard in school receiving straight \"A's\" on average and finished 6th grade close to the top of his class. Stan's major interest was in musical instruments, and he felt a need to play every instrument in his sight. He played a number of instruments before his father bought him his first saxophone at the age of 13. Even though his father also got him a clarinet, Stan instantly fell in love with the saxophone and began practicing 8 hours a day. In 1941, he was accepted into the All City High School Orchestra of New York City. This gave Stan a chance to receive a private, free tutor from the New York Philharmonic, Simon Kovar - a bassoon player. He also began to spend more time playing the saxophone. He eventually dropped out of school in order to pursue his musical career, but was later sent back to the classroom by the school system’s truancy officers.", "“If you like an instrument that sings, play the saxophone. At its best it’s like the human voice.” ~ Stan Getz", "Stan signed with Norman Granz's Clef Records label in 1952, and Granz turned on the P.R. machine to sell Stan. He combined several 78 singles into an LP album entitled Stan Getz Plays, packaged with a memorable cover shot of Stan leaning forward with his saxophone to receive a kiss from his young son Steve in the recording studio. Granz put him on tour with a Jazz At The Philharmonic company, and things were great until he got busted in a Los Angeles narcotics sweep. He was arraigned, but the judge let him finish his pre-arranged eight-day tour with west coast producer Gene Norman and pianist George Shearing. Stan fronted a sax unit on the trip featuring Zoot Sims and Wardell Gray.", "One of the all-time great tenor saxophonists, Stan Getz was known as \"The Sound\" because he had one of the most beautiful tones ever heard. Getz, whose main early influence was Lester Young , grew to be a major influence himself, and to his credit he never stopped evolving.", "Many prominent jazz musicians from the 1940s onwards have been tenor players. The strong resonant sound of Hawkins and his followers always in contrast with the light, almost jaunty approach of Lester Young and his school. Then during the bebop years the most prominent tenor sounds in jazz were those of the Four Brothers in the Woody Herman orchestra, including Stan Getz who in the 1960s went on to great popular success playing the Brazilian bossa nova sound on tenor saxophone (not forgetting John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins). In recent years, the tenor continues to be very popular with fans of smooth jazz music, being used by notable artists like Kirk Whalum, Richard Elliot, Steve Cole and Jessy J. Saxophonists Ron Holloway and Karl Denson are two of the major proponents of the tenor on the jam band music scene.", "Getz died of liver cancer on June 6, 1991. Stan's ashes were poured out of his saxophone case six miles off the coast of Marina del Rey, California by his grandson, Chris.", "Kenton’s band became a mainstay on the music scene during the 1940s through steady touring and radio broadcasts. One of its first big hits was “Eager Beaver,” a song composed by Kenton that became his band’s theme song. He also scored big with “Tampico,” “And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine, “which featured a vocal by Anita O’Day, and “Across the Alley from the Alamo,” sung by June Christy. During the 1940s Kenton helped launch the career of saxophonist Stan Getz, who signed on with the band in 1943 at the age of 16. Two years later he brought in trombonist Kai Winding, trumpeter Ray Wetzel, and bassist Eddie Safranski.", "On November 20, 1976, Stan was back at Carnegie Hall for Woody Herman's 40th Anniversary Concert as a bandleader. At the end of January, 1977 he recorded Stan Getz Gold back at the Montmarte Club in Copenhagen and then celebrated his 50th birthday at The Monastery, Copenhagen's finest club. Twenty jazz saxophonists from all over Denmark arrived at the club to play \"Happy Birthday\" for Stan. In April Getz toured the nation of Cuba with a group and then traveled to Israel for the summer, where he filmed, Stan Getz in Israel: A Musical Odyssey.", "Sims' signature sound formed in the early 1940s, when he surfaced in Los Angeles' fertile Central Avenue scene. Clarinetist and bandleader Benny Goodman discovered him and immediately recruited him for his band. In 1947 Sims landed an even higher profile gig when he joined Woody Herman's famed Second Herd, along with fellow saxophonists Stan Getz , Herbie Steward and Serge Chaloff. Together, the quartet of sax players was known as the Four Brothers, after a Jimmy Giuffre composition written for them, and became famous for their deft unison lines and the novelty of their dark, sweet sound.", "vacation sojourn. Its four movements (played without pause) comprise a lively scherzo-like second movement, a quieter lyrical third movement, both enclosed by two outer movements whose central portions use an attractive rhapsodic 32-bar ballad theme. First stated by the guitar (Chuck Wayne) and further proclaimed by Bill Harris's trombone, this more or less traditional symmetrically formed theme contrasts strikingly with the two inner movements' many “asymmetrical\" phrase structures (many of them an uncommon seven bars in duration). In addition, these latter sections abound with a constantly varied instrumentation, resulting in an unusual degree of textural and timbral variety. In these respects Burns was further surveying territory previously explored only by Ellington, Eddie Sauter, and (occasionally) Sy Oliver. In turn Summer Sequence, although never a large popular success - until, that is, its last movement was re-worked into Early Autumn, featuring Stan Getz's famous solo - exerted a considerable influence, in differing ways, to be sure, on such bands as", "Getz could have spent the next decade sticking to bossa nova, but instead he de-emphasized the music and chose to play more challenging jazz. His regular group during this era was a piano-less quartet with vibraphonist Gary Burton , he recorded with Bill Evans (1964), played throughout the 1965 Eddie Sauter soundtrack for Mickey One, and made the classic album Sweet Rain (1967) with Chick Corea . Although not all of Getz's recordings from the 1966-1980 period are essential, he proved that he was not afraid to take chances. Dynasty with organist Eddie Louiss (1971), Captain Marvel with Chick Corea (1972), and The Peacocks with Jimmy Rowles (1975) are high points. After utilizing pianist Joanne Brackeen in his 1977 quartet, Getz explored some aspects of fusion with his next unit, which featured keyboardist Andy Laverne. Getz even used an Echoplex on a couple of songs but, despite some misfires, most of his dates with this unit are worthwhile. However, purists were relieved when he signed with Concord in 1981 and started using a purely acoustic backup trio on most dates.", "Back in Boston in October of 1951, he recorded Live at Storyville Vol. 1 and 2 at George Wein's Boston club. The gig, recorded on October 28th, was an amazing performance by Getz, and featured Al Haig on piano, Jimmy Raney on guitar and Tiny Kahn on drums. They sped through thirteen tunes in sixty-seven minutes, including the spectacular tribute \"Parker 51\".", "While Stan is living in Europe, another musical revolution had occurred in the U.S. The rise of modal jazz, as played by Miles Davis and John Coltrane is dominating the progressive jazz scene. Modal jazz was a challenge for musicians trained to follow more structured chord-based melodics, ans Stan felt like he was being quickly left behind, but he stuck to chordal music. It didn't elude him that while he was helping Swedish musicians play swing and bebop, the Americans were building a new musical venture - and selling records. John Coltrane's \"My Favorite Things\" became a hit, and after eleven years, Getz lost both the Metronome and Downbeat polls to Coltrane. The final blow was when his good friend Oscar Pettiford died suddenly of Meningitis at age 37. Stan played a benefit concert for his wife and family, raising $4,600.", "One of the recordings I have of Stan is him playing with Bill Evans on “Night and Day” which is amazing.  He gets a nice light and airy quality to his sound that is still full and sweet sounding.  When I first played the 5* I could indeed imagine getting a bit closer to  that Getz type tone.   Even though this mouthpiece was a smaller tip than I am used to it, it was a lot of fun to play.  If you are into the Stan Getz sound and concept I would give this mouthpiece a try.  Don’t think it is something you can play on a modern rock gig because it isn’t but for a laid back jazz gig it would be great.  On this sound sample I’m just playing a simple “Night and Day” with a little bit of noodling.  Nothing fancy but you can hear a bit of the tone of the mouthpiece.  This is more laid back than I usually play.  I was just in that type of mood after listening to Stan for an hour or two.", "Getz became a central figure in introducing bossa nova music to the U.S. audience. Teaming with guitarist Charlie Byrd, who had just returned from a U.S. State Department tour of Brazil, Getz recorded Jazz Samba in 1962 and it became a hit. The title track was an adaptation of Antonio Carlos Jobim's \"One Note Samba\". Getz won the Grammy for Best Jazz Performance of 1963 for \"Desafinado\". As a follow-up, Getz recorded Jazz Samba Encore! with one of the originators of bossa nova, Brazilian guitarist Luiz Bonfa.", "Not least of the band’s musicians was Ellington himself, a pianist whose style originated in ragtime and the stride piano idiom of James P. Johnson and Willie “The Lion” Smith . He adapted his style for orchestral purposes, accompanying with vivid harmonic colours and, especially in later years, offering swinging solos with angular melodies. An elegant man, Ellington maintained a regal manner as he led the band and charmed audiences with his suave humour. His career spanned more than half a century—most of the documented history of jazz. He continued to lead the band until shortly before his death in 1974.", "During the early '50s, Getz broke away from the Lester Young style to form his own musical identity, and he was soon among the most popular of all jazzmen. He discovered Horace Silver in 1950 and used him in his quartet for several months. After touring Sweden in 1951, he formed an exciting quintet that co-featured guitarist Jimmy Raney ; their interplay on uptempo tunes and tonal blend on ballads were quite memorable. Getz's playing helped Johnny Smith have a hit in \"Moonlight in Vermont\"; during 1953-1954, Bob Brookmeyer made his group a quintet and, despite some drug problems during the decade, Getz was a constant poll winner. After spending 1958-1960 in Europe, the tenor man returned to the U.S. and recorded his personal favorite album, Focus, with arranger Eddie Sauter's Orchestra. Then, in February 1962, Getz helped usher in the bossa nova era by recording Jazz Samba with Charlie Byrd ; their rendition of \"Desafinado\" was a big hit. During the next year, Getz made bossa nova-flavored albums with Gary McFarland 's big band, Luiz Bonfá, and Laurindo Almeida , but it was Getz/Gilberto (a collaboration with Antonio Carlos Jobim and João Gilberto) that was his biggest seller, thanks in large part to \"The Girl from Ipanema\" (featuring the vocals of Astrud and João Gilberto).", "Examples of Jones's contributions are his slide guitar on \"I Wanna Be Your Man\" (1963), \"I'm a King Bee\" (1964, on the Rolling Stones), \"Little Red Rooster\" (1964), \"I Can't Be Satisfied\" (1965, on Rolling Stones No. 2), \"I'm Movin' On\" (1965, on the EP Got Live If You Want It!), \"Doncha Bother Me\" (1966, on Aftermath) and \"No Expectations\" (1968, on Beggars Banquet). Jones can also be heard playing Bo Diddley-style rhythm guitar on \"I Need You Baby\", the guitar riff in \"The Last Time\"; sitar on \"Street Fighting Man\", \"Paint It, Black\"; organ on \"Let's Spend the Night Together\"; marimba on \"Under My Thumb\", \"Out of Time\" and \"Yesterday's Papers\"; recorder on \"Ruby Tuesday\" and \"All Sold Out\"; saxophone on \"Child of the Moon\" and \"Citadel\"; Appalachian dulcimer on \"I Am Waiting\" and \"Lady Jane\", Mellotron on \"She's a Rainbow\", \"We Love You\", \"Stray Cat Blues\", \"2000 Light Years from Home\", and \"Citadel\"; and (for his final recording as a Rolling Stone) the autoharp on \"You Got the Silver\".", "During the early '50s, Getz broke away from the Lester Young style to form his own musical identity and he was soon among the most popular of all jazzmen. He discovered Horace Silver in 1950 and used him in his quartet for several months. After touring Sweden in 1951, he formed an exciting quintet that co-featured guitarist Jimmy Raney; their interplay on up-tempo tunes and tonal blend on ballads was quite memorable. Getz's playing helped Johnny Smith have a hit in \"Moonlight in Vermont,\" during 1953-1954 Bob Brookmeyer made his group a quintet and, despite some drug problems during the decade, Getz was a constant poll winner. After spending 1958-1960 in Europe, the tenorman returned to the U.S. and recorded his personal favorite album, Focus, with arranger Eddie Sauter's Orchestra.", "Were there any instrumentalists, Dankworth aside, whose improvisations she particularly enjoyed emulating? “I loved Stan Getz. He’s always moved me in his playing, though he had a reputation for being difficult. There’s a marvellous story about Ronnie Scott walking around in his club with a bent back and someone asked him, ‘What’s the matter with your back, Ron?’ And he replied, ‘I got it bending over backward to please Stan Getz’.”", "The previous month (July, 1950) Woody Herman's record of \"Early Autumn\" had been released, and the more airplay it got, the bigger the Getz name became. Stan was now officially a star, based on one solo, and everyone wanted to hear him play.", "Charles Mingus (April 22, 1922 � January 5, 1979) was an American jazz bassist, composer, bandleader, and occasional pianist. He was also known for his activism against racial injustice. Mingus is highly ranked among the composers and performers of jazz, and he recorded many highly regarded albums. Dozens of musicians passed through his bands and later went on to impressive careers. His tunes�though melodic and distinctive�are not often re-recorded, in part because of their unconventional nature. Mingus was also influential and creative as a band leader, recruiting talented and sometimes little-known artists whom he assembled into unconventional and revealing configurations. Nearly as well known as his ambitious music was Mingus' often fearsome temperament, which earned him the nickn...", "-- David Getz, musician, teacher of drumming and art, and still a member of Big Brother and the Holding Company.", "Between several damaging \"recording bans\" instituted during the 1940's by the American Federation of Musicians for union bargaining, bands squeezed in as many recording dates as they could. On one of these rushed sessions, Herman recorded \"Early Autumn\", featuring a brief, beautifully stated solo by Getz. The record became a hit when it was released a few months later. Although Getz was never interested in listening to his own records, he once said, \"'Early Autumn' I've heard, because it's played on the radio enough for me to hear it. And it's okay. It's a nice solo. But I don't get it. I don't understand why it was such an earth-shaking thing. It's just another ballad solo for me... my music is something that's done and forgotten about.\"", "The use of the Strayhorn composition as the signature tune was made necessary by a ruling in 1940 by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). When ASCAP raised its licensing fees for broadcast use, many ASCAP members, including Ellington, could no longer play their compositions over radio, as most music was played live on radio at the time. Ellington turned to Billy Strayhorn and son Mercer Ellington, who were registered with ASCAP competitor BMI to \"write a whole new book for the band,\" Mercer recalled. \"'A' Train\" was one of many tunes written by Strayhorn, and was picked to replace \"Sepia Panorama\" as the band's signature song. Mercer recalled that he found the composition in a trash can after Strayhorn discarded a draft of it because it sounded too much like a Fletcher Henderson arrangement. The song was first recorded on January 15, 1941 as a standard transcription for radio broadcast. The first (and most famous) commercial recording was made on February 15, 1941.", "During the 1920’s Leon Theremin developed an instrument which, to this day, is associated with the eerie sounds of early sci-fi/horror pictures. In the 60’s the Beach Boys used it on their hit “Good Vibrations.” The instrument was played by moving hands near, but not touching, a metallic rod or plate.", "It was Krupa's pounding tom tom beat which made this a hit. Gene was given a large amount of solo space on toms throughout the piece, which on the commercially released record, took up two sides of a 12 inch 78rpm disc. When the band came to play at Carnegie Hall in January 1938, it was \"Sing Sing Sing\" that was the highlight of the concert, lasting a glorious twelve  minutes.", "Stanley “Fess” Williams, born April 10, 1894, in Danville, Kentucky, (died December 17, 1975) becomes a bandleader. (From: Biographical Dictionary of Black Musicians and Music Educators)" ]

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[ "Notable for some of the most famous songs in musical theater, such as \"Tonight,\" \"America\" and \"I Feel Pretty\", with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . The movie adaptation, directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins and starring Natalie Wood as Maria, won a whopping 10 Academy Awards , including Best Picture.", "The rolled jeans, slicked hair and finger-snapping choreography have been oft-parodied (we swear, the gang's balletic moves are less comical on stage than on-screen). But when Tony serenades \"Maria\" (the beautiful but lip-syncing Natalie Wood) or when she convinces Anita (the amazing Rita Moreno) to accept love rather than hate with \"I Have a Love,\" the genius of composer Leonard Bernstein and lyricist Stephen Sondheim cannot be denied. Fifty years later, there are few showstoppers that give chills like the climax's \"Tonight.\" The soaring \"Romeo and Juliet\" remake won 10 Oscars, including best picture, the most of any musical. -- S.A.C.", "Set in New York in the mid-1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between two teenage gangs of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The young protagonist, Tony, who belongs to the Anglo gang (Jets), falls in love with Maria, the sister of the rival Puerto Rican gang's (Sharks) leader. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre. Bernstein's score for the musical has become extremely popular; it includes \"Something's Coming,\" \"Maria,\" \"America,\" \"Somewhere,\" \"Tonight,\" \"Jet Song,\" \"I Feel Pretty,\" \"One Hand, One Heart,\" and \"Cool.\"", "\"Tonight\" is a popular song with music written by Leonard Bernstein and the lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and was published in 1956.", "The second series album, As Time Goes By: the Great American Songbook 2, reached number two in the US, number four in the UK and number one in Canada. \"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered\", a duet with Cher, went Top 20 on the US adult contemporary charts. \"Time After Time\" was another Top 30 track on the US adult contemporary charts. A musical called Tonight's The Night, featuring many of Stewart's songs, opened 7 November 2003 at London's Victoria Palace Theatre. It is written and directed by Ben Elton, who previously created a similar production, We Will Rock You, with music by Queen. ", "* A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show. The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of \"Tonight\" by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro.", "The musical includes such hits as \" Super Trouper \", \" Lay All Your Love on Me \", \" Dancing Queen \", \" Knowing Me, Knowing You \", \" Take a Chance on Me \", \" Thank You for the Music \", \" Money, Money, Money \", \" The Winner Takes It All \", \" Voulez-Vous \", \" SOS \" and the title track. Over 60 million people have seen the show, which has grossed $2 billion worldwide since its 1999 debut. A film adaptation starring Meryl Streep , Colin Firth , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters was released in July 2008.", "“Send in the Clowns,” Sondheim’s most popular and well versed song. From the musical “A Little Night Music” by Patrick Quentin. It had re-composed and has had the most artists cover it over the last 30+ years. It was written to suit the actress Glynis Johns, structured as 4 verses and bridge, with a compound-complex meter,", "Stephen Joshua Sondheim (born March 22, 1930) is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theatre. Sondheim has received an Academy Award, eight Tony Awards (more than any other composer, including a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre), eight Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, the Laurence Olivier Award, and a 2015 Presidential Medal of Freedom. He has been described by Frank Rich of The New York Times as \"now the greatest and perhaps best-known artist in the American musical theater.\" His best-known works as composer and lyricist include A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Company, Follies, A Little Night Music, Sweeney Todd, Sunday in the Park with George, and Into the Woods. He wrote the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy.", "Cats (stylized as CATS) is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot. The musical tells the story of a tribe of cats called the Jellicles and the night they make what is known as \"the Jellicle choice\" and decide which cat will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life. Cats also introduced the song standard \"Memory\".", "West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The musical's plot is based on William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.", "Steven Suskin, reviewing the new Broadway cast for Variety, wrote \"What a difference a diva makes. Bernadette Peters steps into the six-month-old revival of 'A Little Night Music' with a transfixing performance, playing it as if she realizes her character's onstage billing -- \"the one and only Desiree Armfeldt\"—is cliched hyperbole. By figuratively rolling her eyes at the hype, Peters gives us a rich, warm and comedically human Desiree, which reaches full impact when she pierces the facade with a nakedly honest, tears-on-cheek 'Send in the Clowns.'\" ", "Movies have long relied on Broadway musicals for prestige-picture fodder, but in recent years Broadway has become increasingly dependent on stage versions of popular movies. Cinephiles looking for an evening of live entertainment on The Great White Way can currently choose from musical versions of films like Kinky Boots, Newsies, Once, and The Lion King. The musical of Tim Burton’s Big Fish just opened, and the musical of Sylvester Stallone’s Rocky is on its way. You laugh, but I’ve heard “Cut Me, Mick,” is an emotionally devastating duet.", "In August 2014, the musical was given a three-night engagement at the Hollywood Bowl. Directed by Adam Shankman, the all-star cast included Kristen Bell as Sheila, Hunter Parrish as Claude, Benjamin Walker as Berger, Amber Riley as Dionne, Jenna Ushkowitz as Jeanie, Sarah Hyland as Crissy, Mario as Hud, and Beverly D'Angelo and Kevin Chamberlin as Claude's parents. ", "The night itself is said to smile at the escapades of the addled lovers in “A Little Night Music,” Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler’s erotic waltz of a show from 1973. But the expression that hovers over Trevor Nunn’s revival, which opened Sunday night at the Walter Kerr Theater, feels dangerously close to a smirk.", "The musical opened off-Broadway at the Eden Theatre on June 21, 1969, transferred to the Belasco Theatre on February 17, 1971, and closed on August 12, 1972 after a total of 1,314 performances. It was directed by Jacques Levy (later the songwriting partner of Bob Dylan on his album Desire) and choreographed by Margo Sappington. The cast included Raina Barrett, Mark Dempsey, Katie Drew-Wilkinson, Boni Enten, Bill Macy, Alan Rachins, Leon Russom, Margo Sappington, Nancy Tribush and George Welbes, as well as the 3 \"Open Window\" composers.", "Sondheim's work has also been the subject of several revues, including Side by Side by Sondheim in 1976, Putting It Together in 1992 and Sondheim on Sondheim in 2010. Broadway has continued to host Sondheim classics as well, including the 2009 revivals of West Side Story and A Little Night Music, with the latter starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and Angela Lansbury . 2011 saw a revival of Follies with  Bernadette Peters . ", "The premiere on Broadway was in 1950. It ran for 1200 performances and won the Tony Award for Best Musical. The musical has had several Broadway and London revivals, as well as a 1955 film adaptation starring Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra and Vivian Blaine.", "A stellar performance of the hit Broadway musical based on the life and music of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons. Features the original cast: John Lloyd Young as Frankie Valli, Christian Hoff as Tommy DeVito, Daniel Reichard as Bob Gaudio, and J. Robert Spencer as Nick Massi. This Grammy-winning soundtrack includes performances of the #1 hits \"Rag Doll\" \"Walk Like A Man\" \"Big Girls Don't Cry\" \"Sherry\" and \"December 1963 (Oh, What A Night)\".", "29.Allegro, musical: Act 1. Finale - (with Schuyler G. Chapin / Marni Nixon / Audra McDonald / Laura Benanti / Patrick Wilson / Galen Guengerich / Ashley Brown / Norbert Leo Butz / Danny Burstein)", "In 2007 the New York Philharmonic held a full-costume concert presentation of the musical. The concert had a four-day engagement lasting from March 7–10 at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall. It starred Kelsey Grammer as Higgins, Kelli O'Hara as Eliza, Charles Kimbrough as Pickering, and Brian Dennehy as Alfred Doolittle. Marni Nixon played Mrs. Higgins; Nixon had provided the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn in the film version. ", "Cats is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot. It introduced the song standard \"Memory\".", "Book by Stephan Elliott and Allan Scott, based on the Latent Image/Specific Films Motion Picture, distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc., written by Mr. Elliott, produced by Al Clark and Michael Hamlyn; directed by Simon Phillips; choreographed by Ross Coleman; music supervision and arrangements by Stephen (Spud) Murphy; production supervisor, Jerry Mitchell; bus concept and production design by Brian Thomson; costumes by Tim Chappel and Lizzy Gardiner; lighting by Nick Schlieper; sound by Jonathan Deans and Peter Fitzgerald; orchestrations by Mr. Murphy and Charlie Hull; music coordinator, John Miller; music director, Jeffrey Klitz; technical supervisor, David Benken; production stage manager, David Hyslop; flying by Foy; makeup design by Cassie Hanlon; associate director, Dean Bryant; associate choreographer, Andrew Hallsworth; associate producer, Ken Sunshine; general manager, B. J. Holt; executive producer, Alecia Parker. Presented by Bette Midler; James L. Nederlander; Garry McQuinn; Liz Koops; Michael Hamlyn; Allan Scott; Roy Furman/Richard Willis; Terry Allen Kramer; Terri and Timothy Childs; Ken Greiner; Ruth Hendel; Chugg Entertainment; Michael Buckley; Stewart F. Lane/Bonnie Comley; Bruce Davey; Thierry Suc /TS3; Bartner/Jenkins; Broadway Across America/H. Koenigsberg; M. Lerner/D. Bisno/K. Seidel/R. Gold; Paul Boskind and Martian Entertainment/Spirtas-Mauro Productions/MAS Music Arts & Show; and David Mirvish, in association with MGM On Stage, Darcie Denkert and Dean Stolber. At the Palace Theater, 1564 Broadway, between 46th and 47th Streets; (877) 250-2929; ticketmaster.com . Running time: 2 hours 30 minutes.", "15.Allegro, musical: Act 2. Finale Ultimo - (with Harvey Evans / Patrick Wilson / Marni Nixon / Norbert Leo Butz / Liz Callaway / Stephen Sondheim)", "The musical officially opened at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on November 10, 2010, after previews from November 2, 2010. The cast included Sebastian Arcelus as Buddy, Amy Spanger as Jovie, Beth Leavel as Emily, Mark Jacoby as Walter, Matthew Gumley as Michael, Valerie Wright as Deb, Michael McCormick as Mr. Greenway, Michael Mandell as Store Manager, and George Wendt as Santa. It ran through to January 2, 2011. ", "ISBN 0881882100. With vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics and stage cues. Broadway and Movies. 9x12 inches.", "\"[This Aspects of Love] came about whilst we were doing Little Night Music originally at the Chocolate Factory, which is nearly 2 ½ years ago now,\" Babani explained. Nunn also staged Night Music, the Stephen Sondheim-Hugh Wheeler musical about mismatched lovers across generations, which transferred to Broadway in fall 2009.", "ISBN 0881882062. With vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics, chord names and black & white photos. Broadway and Movies. 9x12 inches.", "* \"All Through the Night\" (Reprise, not included in 1987, 2011) – Billy Crocker, Hope Harcourt", "In April 2014, a one-night-only performance took place at Carnegie Hall, starring Nathan Lane reprising the role that made him a star, Megan Mullally, Patrick Wilson and Sierra Boggess. It was directed by Jack O'Brien and featured the St.Luke's Orchestra playing the original orchestrations. ", "Shows listed are stage musicals unless otherwise noted. (Where the show was later made into a film, the year refers to the stage version.)", "Music and Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim - Starring: Bernadette Peters, Joanna Gleason, Chip Zien, Tom Aldredge and Robert Westenberg" ]

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[ "Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is considered one of Russia's most important writers as well as one of the world's greatest playwrights. He was born on January 17, 1860, in Taganrog, a small seaport town in Southern Russia. His father was a grocer, his grandfather a serf who had bought his own freedom. His mother, Yevgenia Morozov, was the daughter of a cloth merchant. The author was only one year old when Czar Nicholas II freed Russia's serfs. This historic event, generally referred to as either the Liberation or the Emancipation, plays a central role in many of Chekhov's writings, including The Cherry Orchard.", "The Cherry Orchard is Russian playwright Anton Chekhov's last play which premiered in 1904 and is one his masterpieces. The plot concerns an aristocratic Russian woman and her family as they return to the family's estate (which includes a large and well-known cherry orchard) just before it is auctioned to pay the mortgage. While presented with options to save the estate, the family essentially does nothing and the play ends with the estate being sold to the son of a former serf, and the family leaving to the sound of the cherry orchard being cut down.", "Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) was the foremost Russian realist playwright of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Chekhov wrote in naturalistic detail about the uneventful lives of the Russian landed gentry in an era of economic and social decline. His play The Seagull was first performed in 1896, when it was so unfavorably received that it was nearly hissed off the stage. However, when the Moscow Art Theater performed The Seagull two years later, applying newly developed principles of realist acting and staging to their production, it was an immediate success. Chekhov's other major realist plays include Uncle Vanya (1896), Three Sisters (1901), and The Cherry Orchard (1904), the latter two written specifically for the Moscow Art Theater. Maksim Gorky (1868-1936) was another major Russian realist playwright. His most celebrated play, The Lower Depths (1902), concerns a character from the lower echelons of Russian society.", "Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) was a Russian short story writer, playwright, and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short story writers in the history of world literature. His career as a dramatist produced four classics—The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard—and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics alike. Initially, Chekhov wrote stories solely for financial gain, but as his artistic ambition grew, he made formal innovations that have influenced the evolution of the modern short story. His originality consists in an early use of the stream-of-consciousness technique, later adopted by James Joyce and other modernists, combined with a disavowal of the moral finality of traditional story structure. He made no apologies for the difficulties this posed to readers, insisting that the role of an artist was to ask questions, not to answer them. Chekhov published over a hundred short stories, including \"The Duel,\" \"In Exile,\" \"On Official Business,\" \"The Bishop,\" and \"The Cobbler and the Devil.\"", "Later in his life, living on a country estate outside Moscow, Chekhov developed an interest in gardening and planted his own cherry orchard. After relocating to Yalta due to his poor health, Chekhov was devastated to learn that the buyer of his former estate had cut down most of the orchard. Returning on one trip to his childhood haunts in Taganrog, he was further horrified by the devastating effects of industrial deforestation. It was in those woodlands and the forests of his holidays in Ukraine that he had first nurtured his ecological passion (this passion is reflected in the character of Dr. Astrov, from his earlier play Uncle Vanya, whose love of the forests is his only peace). A lovely and locally famous cherry orchard stood on the farm of family friends where he spent childhood vacations, and in his early short story \"Steppe,\" Chekhov depicts a young boy crossing the Ukraine amidst fields of cherry blossoms. Finally, the first inklings of the genesis for the play that would be his last came in a terse notebook entry of 1897: \"cherry orchard.\" Today, Chekhov's Yalta garden survives alongside The Cherry Orchard as a monument to a man whose feeling for trees equaled his feeling for theatre. Indeed, trees are often unspoken, symbolic heroes and victims of his stories and plays; so much so that Chekhov is often singled out as Europe's first ecological author.", "I once saw the Oral Roberts University ’s production of Chekhov’s play The Seagull which seemed to have a tragic surreal air about the characters.  His play The Cherry Orchard is a good example of realism since it appears to show a slice of society not as Chekhov wants it to be but as it is.  Chekhov presents his audience with the common, the mundane, and the seemingly unimportant as it would be in everyday life.  Chekhov once wrote about life, “It is very monotonous and boring; one day is very much like another.” (RCWL, p.105).  In his writings this outlook on life is definitely apparent.", "Along with Gogol’s The Inspector General, Chekhov’s plays are the high point of Russian drama. In his four great plays, Chayka (1896; The Seagull ), Dyadya Vanya (1897; Uncle Vanya ), Tri sestry (1901; Three Sisters ), and Vishnyovy sad (1904; The Cherry Orchard ), Chekhov’s belief that life is lived at ordinary moments and that histrionics are a dangerous lie found expression in a major innovation, the undramatic drama—or, as it is sometimes called, the theatre of inaction.", "*Anton Chekhov, famous for his short stories and plays, author of The Cherry Orchard, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, The Seagull", "Anton Chekhov, Russian dramatist and short-story writer, was born in 1860, the son of a grocer and the grandson of a serf. After graduating in medicine from Moscow University in 1884, he began to make his name in the theatre with the one-act comedies The Bear, The Proposal and The Wedding. His earliest full-length plays, Ivanov (1887) and The Wood Demon (1889), were not successful, and The Seagull, produced in 1896, was a failure until a triumphant revival by the Moscow Art Theatre in 1898. This was followed by Uncle Vanya (1899), Three Sisters (1901) and The Cherry Orchard (1904), shortly after the production of which Chekhov died. The first English translations of his plays were performed within five years of his death.", "Chekhov started writing plays a few years later, mainly short comic sketches he called vaudvilles. The first collection of his humorous writings, Motley Stories, appeared in 1886, and his first play, Ivanov, was produced in Moscow the next year. In 1896, the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg performed his first full- length drama, The Seagull. Some of Chekhov's most successful plays include The Cherry Orchard, Uncle Vanya, and Three Sisters. Chekhov brought believable but complex personalizations to his characters, while exploring the conflict between the landed gentry and the oppressed peasant classes. Chekhov voiced a need for serious, even revolutionary, action, and the social stresses he described prefigured the Communist Revolution in Russia by twenty years. He is considered one of Russia's greatest playwrights.", "Thus, in every performance there must be realism in some degree. At certain epochs and in certain kinds of plays, the aim has been to be as realistic as possible. But even the most realistic production (e.g., Anton Chekhov ’s play The Cherry Orchard as first produced by Konstantin Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theatre in 1904) made immense concessions to theatrical artifice . Conversation in real life often leads nowhere; it is full of inconclusive, meaningless, boring passages. It does not necessarily attempt, as every word in Chekhov’s play must, to fit into a story, to be part of the expression of a theme, or to introduce and reveal a group of characters.", "An acclaimed Russian critic, Nebakov, stated that Chekhov was not a great writes but a pleasant one. Chekhov noted that fiction was his wife and drama his noisy impudent and tiresome mistress. His reputation rests on the plays: The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The three sisters and the Cherry Orchard. He is the son of a former serf but his grandfather bought their freedom. His father beat him up but he inherited his mother's gentleness. Chekhov studied medicine but his writing took up most of his time. He started off with his short comic sketches and that paid for his university fees. Chekhov fell in love with Olga Knipper, a leading actress, and married her in 1901. He died shortly after of Tuberculosis in Germany at the age of 44.", "Chekhov - 4 Plays: \"The Seagull\", \"Uncle Vanya\", \"Three Sisters\", \"The Cherry Orchard\" : Anton Chekhov : 9781854598455", "In autumn 1887, a theatre manager named Korsh commissioned Chekhov to write a play, the result being Ivanov, written in a fortnight and produced that November.From the biographical sketch, adapted from a memoir by Chekhov's brother Mikhail, which prefaces Constance Garnett's translation of Chekhov's letters, 1920. Though Chekhov found the experience \"sickening\" and painted a comic portrait of the chaotic production in a letter to his brother Alexander, the play was a hit and was praised, to Chekhov's bemusement, as a work of originality.Letter to brother Alexander, 20 November 1887. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6408 Letters of Anton Chekhov.] Although Chekhov did not fully realize it at the time, Chekhov's plays, such as The Seagull (written in 1895), Uncle Vanya (written in 1897), The Three Sisters (written in 1900), and The Cherry Orchard (written in 1903) served as a revolutionary backbone to what is common sense to the medium of acting to this day: an effort to recreate and express the \"realism\" of how people truly act and speak with each other and translating it to the stage in order to manifest the human condition as accurately as possible in hopes to make the audience reflect upon their own definition of what it means to be human, warts and all.", "Oftentimes, his characters, like those in The Cherry Orchard, are provincial aristocratic landowners of the era before the Russian Liberation who are unable to take action in times of crisis. In addition, Chekhov's intermingling of the comic and tragic genres characterizes him as one of the greatest playwrights of all time. In addition, he remains highly regarded for his technique, which has come to be called \"indirect action.\" This technique emphasizes the off-stage action which the audience never sees but hears about from the onstage characters.                                    ", "Chekhov, Anton. The Cherry Orchard. Grove Press, Inc.: New York, 1977. The Sea Gull. Harper & Row: New York, 1977.", "is a play by the Russian author and playwright Anton Chekhov. It was written in 1900 and first performed in 1901 at the Moscow Art Theatre. The play is sometimes included on the short list of Chekhov's outstanding plays, along with The Cherry Orchard, The Seagull and Uncle Vanya.Harold Bloom, Genius.", "In the year that saw the production of \"The Cherry Orchard,\" Chekhov, the favourite of the Russian people, whom Tolstoi declared to be comparable as a writer of stories only to Maupassant, died suddenly in a little village of the Black Forest, whither he had gone a few weeks before in the hope of recovering his lost health.", "I like the sense of tradition as held by the landowners.  This sense of something which outlasts themselves and should be held as it is despite their financial problems.  I felt The Cherry Orchard somewhat ironically displays the problems with selfish aristocratic living including arranged marriages because of money, apathy about the devotion of servants, and self-centered attitudes. Even now I think reading Chekhov’s slice-of-life style help people today to understand an era when people have lost this sense of dedication and seek after “their own thing”.  After all anyone can learn from the way people were if they are willing to consider the past and do something different in their own lives.", "Chekhov: Four Plays; The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard in Plays Plays Plays at Strand Books", "Olga not only starred in Chekhov's plays, she also deeply understood them. More than anyone in Chekhov's circle, she interpreted the subtle meanings within the plays. For example, Stanislavski thought The Cherry Orchard was a \"tragedy of Russian life.\" Olga instead knew that Chekhov intended it to be a \"gay comedy,\" one that almost touched upon farce.", "The Cherry Orchard. The story of an aristocratic Russian woman, Madame Ranevskaya, and her family as they return to their country estate (which includes a large cherry orchard), just before it is auctioned to pay off the mortgage. While the family is presented with a number of options to save their home, they essentially do nothing and at the end of the play, the estate is sold to, Yermolai Alexeievitch Lopakhin, the weathy son of a former serf. As the family leaves, the sounds of the cherry orchard being chopped down can be heard in the distance. The play presents themes of cultural futility: The futile attempts of the aristocracy to maintain their position and the attempts of the new merchant-class to find meaning in their wealth.", "Additionally, notwithstanding the political analysis informing the production, the representation of the larger sociohistorical context proved opaque. As in Richard Eyre's two Cherry Orchards in Nottingham (1977) and for the BBC (1981), Lopakhin was a Scot, whose Presbyterian persona underlined the upper-class English accents and insouciance of Ranevskaya and Gayev. The production also cast the mysterious Passerby as Irish. However, if his nationality signified wider social malaise, this was undermined by the grotesque wig and makeup that may have masked the actor's doubling as the Stationmaster but which rendered the intruder merely pantomimic, providing no hint of his being a political radical escaping from exile. This obfuscation emerged despite the significance of the painted backdrop used for act 2: a large reproduction of Levitan's \"Vladimirka\"—an 1892 landscape depicting the famous road along which convicts marched to Siberia. The allusion was too abstruse and the painting looked merely like a period mood landscape; [End Page 129] moreover, it lacked the synecdochic elements—telegraph poles and distant town—that Chekhov specifies to evoke the world beyond the estate. In failing to substantiate meaningfully that wider world and in underplaying Ranevskaya, the Crucible's Cherry Orchard did not realize satisfactorily the conflict between objective reality and subjective feelings that is fundamental to the drama.", "4. The Cherry Orchard deals with the forced sale of a beautiful Cherry Orchard by an aristocratic family experiencing hard economic times. The plangent sound of an ax cutting down the cherry trees ends the play.", "By 1887 Chekhov was a literary success in St. Petersburg. His first play, Ivanov, a fairly immature work compared to his later plays, examines the suicide of a young man very similar to Chekhov himself in many ways. His next play, The Wood Demon (1888) was also fairly unsuccessful. In fact, it was not until the Moscow Art Theater production of The Seagull (1897) that Chekhov enjoyed his first overwhelming success. The same play had been performed two years earlier at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg and had been so badly received that Chekhov had actually left the auditorium during the second act and vowed never to write for the theatre again. But in the hands of the Moscow Art Theatre, the play was transformed into a critical success.", "1. The Seagull: This 1896 play won fame for Chekhov following its production at the Moscow Art Theatre. The work deals with the love of the fledgling playwright Trepilov in love with Nina who dreams of becoming a great actress. Nina falls in love with the famous playwright Trigorin running away with him. In despair, Trepilov plays a dead seagull which he has shot down at the feet of Nina. Two years later, Nina returns to the estate deserted by her quondom lover the scamp Trigorin. She declares that her life has been shot down just as the seagull was earlier brought down to death. Trigorin attempts suicide for the second time and is successful in this effort. The play is beautifully written and the theme of being busy with work is prominent. It is a play about the hard work necessary by a playwright as well as dealing with a tragic love story.", "Chekhov's plays, which take a tragicomic view of the staleness of provincial life and the passing of the Russian gentry, received international acclaim after their translation into English and other languages, and as a short-story writer he is still regarded as virtually unmatched. Most of his characters are decent and sensitive. They dream of improving their lives, but most fail, victims of their sense of helplessness and uselessness. Scholars believe Chekhov probably was criticizing the backwardness he saw in Russian social and political life under the czars. But he never preached at his readers or audiences, preferring to present highly individualized characters with specific problems.", "Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian physician, short story writer, and playwright. He was born in Taganrog, southern Russia, on 29 January 1860 [O.S. 17 January], and died of tuberculosis at the health spa of Badenweiler, Germany, on 15 July 1904 [O.S. 2 July]. His brief playwriting career produced four classics of the repertoire, while his best short stories are regarded as masterpieces by many writers and critics. Chekhov continued to practise as a doctor throughout his life: \"Medicine is my lawful wife,\" he once said, \"and literature is my mistress\".", "Chekhov was a master at uncovering the folly of human beings. His plays do not have conventional heroes because he did not see people as such gigantic figures. The people who populated life as he saw it were commonplace, undramatic, and often humorous creatures. He once said proudly, \"There is not a single villain or angel in my play (though I did not resist the temptation of putting in a few buffoons)\" (Brustein 143). Although subtly hidden in his seemingly naturalistic style, elements of farce and melodrama � falls down flights of stairs, interrupted love scenes, unsuccessful suicides and murders � are used in Chekhov's plays as satiric devices to deflate his pompous and arrogant characters to their true size. ", "In 1887, exhausted from overwork and ill health, Chekhov took a trip to Ukraine, which reawakened him to the beauty of the steppe.\"There is a scent of the steppe and one hears the birds sing. I see my old friends the ravens flying over the steppe.\" Letter to sister Masha, 2 April 1887. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6408 Letters of Anton Chekhov.] On his return, he began the novella-length short story \"The Steppe,\" which he called \"something rather odd and much too original,\" and which was eventually published in Severny Vestnik (The Northern Herald). In a narrative that drifts with the thought processes of the characters, Chekhov evokes a chaise journey across the steppe through the eyes of a young boy sent to live away from home, and his companions, a priest and a merchant. \"The Steppe\" has been called a \"dictionary of Chekhov's poetics\", and it represented a significant advance for Chekhov, exhibiting much of the quality of his mature fiction and winning him publication in a literary journal rather than a newspaper. ", "Of course the scene is used in Friedrich Schiller 's play William Tell, in which a nobleman forces Tell to shoot an apple off his son's head. Tell is later chosen to kill the same nobleman because every knows how gifted he is with the crossbow, making this William Telling one of the oldest Chekhov's Skill in the book.", "It is the birthday of playwright and short story writer Anton Chekhov , born in Tagnarog, Russia (1860). His grandfather had been a serf who bought the family's freedom, and Chekhov's father owned a small grocery store. Anton was one of six children. His father insisted his sons learn Greek because there was a large Greek colony in Tagnarog, and he thought it would be good for business reasons, so Chekhov started his education in a Greek school. He loved the theatre and managed to go to plays often, even though high school students were forbidden from going. Chekhov was very good at impressions, and he put on performances for his family with help from his brothers." ]

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[ "Was it really any surprise that this song would end up in the No. 1 position? 'Jack and Diane' is one of the biggest hits of Mellencamp's storied career. A love song for the young in which he encourages people to “hold onto 16 as long as you can,” chances are good that many teens were taken by this song in 1982, feeling as though Mellencamp just might have a good idea of what he's talking about.", "1982: John Mellencamp begins a four-week run at No. 1 on the singles chart with \"Jack and Diane.\"", "After releasing a few albums, he broke out in 1979 with his first hit, \"I Need A Lover\" In 1982 his fifth album American Fool was the year's best-selling album on the strength of two huge hits, \"Hurts So Good,\" and the number 1 single \"Jack & Diane,\" The albums that followed in the 80's, Uh-Huh, Scarecrow, Lonesome Jubilee, and Big Daddy, were released under the name John Cougar Mellencamp. Hit singles during this period included \"Crumblin Down,\" \"The Authority Song,\" \"Small Town,\" \"Rain On The Scarecrow,\" \"Lonely Ol Night,\" \"\"R.O.C.K. In The U.S.A.,\" \"Paper In Fire,\" \"Check It Out,\" \"Cherry Bomb,\" \"Pop Singer,\" and \"Jackie Brown.\"", "Bonnie Tyler and Dan Ellis had major hits with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" and \"Holding Out for a Hero\", while Robert Palmer's had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade.", "She burst onto the pop music scene with the colourful 'Girls Just Want To Have Fun', which was effectively 'girl power' a dozen years before the Spice Girls made it vogue, but eventually Cyndi Lauper demonstrated her true colours with this awesome romantic track. A definite candidate for the best love song of the 1980s, this hit single was drawn from an album which also boasted a courageous attempt at covering Marvin Gaye's classic composition 'What's Going On'. I remain perpetually perplexed as to why the repetitive 'Time After Time' continues to attract more airplay than this track which climbed to the summit of the Billboard Top 100 in 1986. Cyndi Lauper was born on this date in 1953 in New York. She emerged from obscurity around the same time as Madonna, but only enjoyed a fraction of the latter's success. Nevertheless, with tunes like 'True Colors' and 'All Through The Night' (which is arguably the finest ever pop song), Lauper had no need to envy Madonna's riches.", "The 1980s was a period of unprecedented success for Warner Bros. Records. The golden decade began with the success of singer-songwriter Christopher Cross, whose self-titled debut album went to #6 in the US and produced four charting singles, including the #1 hit \"Sailing\". He also won five major categories at the 1981 Grammy Awards, becoming the only solo artist to date to win the \"Big Four\" awards in one year (Record, Song and Album of the Year, and Best New Artist) while his performance of \"Arthur's Theme\" from the Dudley Moore film Arthur, which also went to #1, won both the Oscar and the Golden Globe award for Best Original Song.", "When summertime hits, or when you’d like to pretend it’s here, there’s no better song to revisit (and blast in the car at top volume) than ‘Jack & Diane.’", "Ross scored a Top 10 hit in late 1980 with the theme song to the 1980 film It's My Turn. The following year, she collaborated with former Commodores singer-songwriter Lionel Richie on the theme song for the film Endless Love. The Academy Award-nominated \"Endless Love\" single became Ross' final hit on Motown Records, and the Number One Record of the year. Feeling that Motown, and in particular Gordy, were keeping her from freely expressing herself, and not according her financial parity, Ross left Motown for $20 million contract to sign with RCA Records in the US and Canada and Capitol/EMI elsewhere, ending her twenty-year tenure with the label. The Ross-RCA deal was the most money ever paid to an artist until Michael Jackson, Madonna, Janet Jackson and Whitney Houston all signed bigger deals many years after Ross'. When \"Endless Love\" hit number-one in 1981, Ross became the first female artist in music history to place six singles at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing Cher's four number-ones, Barbra Streisand's five number-ones, Donna Summer's four number-ones and Olivia Newton-John's four number-ones. \"Endless Love\" remains the most successful male-female duet in pop history.", "In 1987, \" Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now \" was featured in the film 'Mannequin' and hit #1, although only Slick and Thomas (plus Craig Chaquico's guitar solo) appeared on it. This song made Slick the oldest female vocalist to sing on a number-one Billboard Hot 100 hit, at the age of 47 (a record that she held until Cher broke it at age 53 in 1999 with \" Believe \".) The following year, with the new members Mark Morgan (keyboard) and Brett Bloomfield (bass) added. the band's song \" Wild Again \" (which reached #78 on the Billboard singles chart) was used in the movie 'Cocktail' .", "Two years after taking the UK singles chart by storm with her Grease collaborations with John Travolta, Australia's Olivia Newton-John was back at the top of the British hit parade with her best-ever 45, 'Xanadu'. The summit-climber was also the only Number One achieved by the Electric Light Orchestra. Their drummer, Bev Bevan (previously a member of the Move), was born this day in 1946 in Birmingham. He and his group ought to be credited with creating arguably the best chart-topper of the 'eighties, with this special effort that was blessed by the vocals of Olivia Newton-John. Few subsequent Number Ones can compare with this outstanding pop song.", "I was in the sixth grade when this song was popular(summer of 83); I think this just about the \"heart\" of the 1980's and I only consider music that was made between about 1981-84 to qualify as \"true\" eighties music, mainly since it was very New Wave and different from music produced in say 1980 or in say 1986 when Janet Jackson, Tiffany and Bon Jovi type performers took over MTV and the Top 40", "There were two more No. 1's: \"Modern Day Romance\" (1985) and \"Fishin' in the Dark\" (1987). Other successful songs were \"Dance Little Jean\" (1983); \"I Love Only You\" (1984); \"High Horse\" (1985); \"Home Again in My Heart,\" \"Partners, Brothers and Friends\" and \"Stand a Little Rain\" (1986); \"Fire in the Sky,\" \"Baby's Got a Hold on Me\" and \"Oh What a Love\" (1987); \"Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go)\" and \"I've Been Lookin'\" (1988); and \"Down That Road Tonight\" and \"When it's Gone\" (1989).", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '82 DISC 5: Roxy Music - More Than This; Junior - Mama Used To Say; Christopher Cross - Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do); Blancmange - Livin' On The Ceiling; Diana Ross - Work That Body; Maisonettes - Heartache Avenue; Bow Wow Wow - Go Wild In The Country; Stranglers - Strange Little Girl; Evelyn \"Champagne\" King - Love Come Down; Jackson Browne - Somebody's Baby; Juice Newton - Love's Been A Little Bit Hard On Me; Hot Chocolate - Girl Crazy; Kid Creole & The Coconuts - Stool Pigeon; Shalamar - I Can Make You Feel Good; Spandau Ballet - Lifeline; Eddie Rabbitt & Crystal Gayle - You And I; Huey Lewis & The News - Do You Believe In Love; Iron Maiden - Run To The Hills; REO Speedwagon - Keep The Fire Burnin'; Bucks Fizz - Now Those Days Are Gone; Patrice Rushen - Forget Me Nots; Pinkees - Danger Games; Adrian Gurvitz - Classic; Mari Wilson - Just What I Always Wanted; Toto Coelo - I Eat Cannibals Part 1; Jam - Just Who Is The Five O'Clock Hero.", "1981 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Endless Love ” by Diana Ross & Lionel Richie, “ Theme from “Greatest American Hero” (Believe It or Not )” by Joey Scarbury, “ Slow Hand ” by Pointer Sisters and “ I Don’t Need You ” by Kenny Rogers all topped the charts.", "Michael Jackson is that rare artist that can score on the charts alone, in a group, duetting with another male superstar (for example with Paul McCartney on \"Say Say Say\" and \"The Girl Is Mine\"), and, as was the case with this love ballad, pairing his lilting tones with a female singer. \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You,\" which found the King Of Pop trading emotional verses with Siedah Garrett, rose to the top of the Hot 100 in Sept. 1987.", "Alpert recorded sporadically through the 1980s. He scored a minor hit in 1982 with \"Route 101,\" and a pair of hits in 1987 with \"Diamonds\" and \"Making Love in the Rain,\" both of which featured vocals from A&M artist Janet Jackson. The following year, he mined a gold single with \"Keep Your Eye on Me.\" Meanwhile, A&M continued to sign and break new artists. They had huge hits with artists as diverse as The Police, Cat Stevens, Peter Frampton, Supertramp, Styx, The Go-Go's, Bryan Adams, and many others.", "Ross and Richie recorded the song for Motown, and it was used as the theme for the Franco Zeffirelli's film adaptation of Scott Spencer's novel Endless Love. Produced by Richie and arranged by Gene Page, it was released as a single from the film's soundtrack in 1981. While the film Endless Love was a modest box-office success, the song became the second biggest-selling single of the year (first was \"Bette Davis Eyes\" by Kim Carnes) in the U.S. and reached number 1 on the Hot 100, where it stayed for nine weeks from August 15 to October 10, 1981. It also topped the Billboard R&B chart and the Adult Contemporary chart, and reached number 7 in the UK.", "In 1987, Steve \"Silk\" Hurley 's \" Jack Your Body \" topped the charts for 2 weeks, but in fact it should have never been there. The 12\" actually exceeded the maximum playing time to qualify as a single and therefore Jackie Wilson 's re-issue of \" Reet Petite \" should have enjoyed a fifth week at the top and \" I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) \" was deprived of a week at the top, which would have increased its total to three.", "The heart-throbs, both now 52, enjoyed a string of hits together in the mid 80s, including Wake Me Up Before You Go Go, Last Christmas and I’m Your Man.", "In 1979, Alpert staged a major comeback with Rise; not only did the album reach the Top Ten, but the title track topped the singles charts and became the biggest hit of his career. The follow-up, 1980's Beyond, was a Top 40 success, but subsequent efforts like 1982's Fandango and 1985's Wild Romance fared poorly. In 1987, Alpert enjoyed another renaissance with the album Keep Your Eye on Me; the lead single \"Diamonds\" hit the Top Five and featured a guest vocal from Janet Jackson, one of A&M's towering successes of the late '80s.", "* In 1981, Nielsen/Pearson released their remake as a single. It became their last Hot 100 hit, peaking at #56.", "Diana Ross' RCA Records debut, the platinum-selling Why Do Fools Fall in Love, was issued in the summer of 1981. The blockbuster album yielded 3 Top 10 hits including the title track \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\", a remake of the 1956 Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers classic of the same name, and the smash single \"Mirror Mirror\". A third single, \"Work That Body\", hit the top ten in the UK.", "It entered the American music pop charts in early 1979. Unusually, the success of this single release came more than six months after the relatively unheralded release of the band's debut album in October 1978. BBC Radio were unwilling to play the song due to its high lyrical content; after it became a U.S.A. hit, however, their line softened. The song reached the top 10 in both the UK and the U.S., reaching number 8 on the UK Singles Chart and number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped drive sales of the album, which also became a hit.", "In 1984 Ann Wilson recorded a duet, with Mike Reno of Loverboy , called \" Almost Paradise \". It was featured on the soundtrack of the movie Footloose . The song was a hit on the pop charts, reaching number 7, and was a further foreshadowing of the sound that shaped the band's enormous comeback.", "On June 16, 1981, the Carpenters released what would become their final LP as a duo, Made in America. The album sold around 200,000 copies and spawned a final top 20 pop single, \"Touch Me When We're Dancing\", which reached No. 16 on the Hot 100. It also became their fifteenth and final number one Adult Contemporary hit. The album also produced three other singles, including \"(Want You) Back In My Life Again\", \"Those Good Old Dreams\", and a remake of the Motown hit \"Beechwood 4-5789\". The singles fared well on the adult contemporary charts. \"Beechwood 4-5789\", the last single by the Carpenters to be released in Karen's lifetime, was released on her 32nd birthday.", "Thriller, the title track of Michael’s 1982 album, is at Number 2 in our countdown, with over 244,000 digital downloads. Originally peaking at Number 10 upon its UK release in 1983, Thriller re-entered at Number 12 the week after Michael’s death.", "In 1981, the partnership between Finch and Casey came to an acrimonious end. Two years after the release of the previous album, the group released two solo albums with new material, geared toward pop: The Painter and Space Cadet. These albums generated little success, but in 1982, a hit track called \"Give It Up\" on the album All in a Night's Work (recorded before Casey and Finch split partnership) brought a return to success in the UK, and appeared two years later on the United States Billboard Top 40. The song was also featured on the band's next album, 1983's KC Ten. Epic Records, however, refused to issue the song as a single due to its prior failure in the US. Because of this, a frustrated Casey formed Meca Records, releasing the single himself on this label in a final attempt to garner the song some success in America. It worked, but the album still failed to surpass expectations. This led to the group falling into stasis around 1985 with Casey's retirement.", "After more than a decade together, Simon and Taylor were divorced in 1983. Later that same year, she returned to the UK Top 20 as the uncredited vocalist on the Will Powers hit \"Kissing With Confidence.\"", "Jackson's 1982 album Night and Day was his only studio album to reach either the UK or US Top 10, peaking at No. 3 (UK) and at No. 4 (US). Two singles released from the album, \"Steppin' Out\" and \"Breaking Us in Two\", were US top 20 hits. The tracks \"Real Men\" and \"A Slow Song\" referred obliquely to New York City's early 1980s gay culture. \"Real Men\" also became a top 10 hit in Australia.", "In 1981, the single \"Wired for Sound\" hit No. 4 in the UK and also became Richard's biggest hit in Australia since the early 1960s. To finish the year, \"Daddy's Home\" hit No. 2 in the UK. On the singles chart, Richard was having his most consistent period of top twenty hits since the mid-1960s. He also was amassing a string of top ten albums, including I'm No Hero , Wired for Sound , Now You See Me, Now You Don't , a live album he recorded with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra titled Dressed for the Occasion , and Silver , marking his 25th year in show business in 1983.", "The song features a 1980s musical-style with new wave production. It topped the Canadian Singles Chart.", "In 1981, the single \"Wired for Sound\" hit No. 4 in the UK and also became Richard's biggest hit in Australia since the early 1960s. To finish the year, \"Daddy's Home\" hit No. 2 in the UK. On the singles chart, Richard was having his most consistent period of top twenty hits since the mid-1960s. He also was amassing a string of top ten albums, including I'm No Hero, Wired for Sound, Now You See Me, Now You Don't, a live album he recorded with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra titled Dressed for the Occasion, and Silver, marking his 25th year in show business in 1983." ]

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[ "Truman Garcia Capote (; born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 – June 27, 1984) was an American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, and actor, many of whose short stories, novels, plays, and nonfiction are recognized literary classics, including the novella Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958) and the true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966), which he labeled a \"nonfiction novel\". At least 20 films and television dramas have been produced of Capote novels, stories, and plays.", "Truman Capote threw himself into his work. He wrote Breakfast at Tiffany’s, a novella about a light-hearted girl living in New York City, which was published by Random House in 1958. The novella, which Capote dedicated to Dunphy, was made into a popular motion picture in 1961 directed by Blake Edwards and starring Audrey Hepburn in the lead role.", "Truman Capote (1924 - 1984) was an American author, many of whose short stories, novels, plays and non-fiction are recognized literary classics. He was born in Louisiana and his early works, including The Glass Harp, are about the South. He then moved to New York, where he wrote scripts for plays and films plus further novels including his 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany's. In the early 1960s, Capote's career flagged until In Cold Blood (1965), his journalistic work about the murder of a Kansas farm family in their home, made Capote a celebrity.", "Writer, Truman Capote, created a goldmine when he wrote the book (turned film) Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Both the book and film center around a 19 year old young woman named Holly Golightly who lives in New York City. Golightly has a high spirit and bright smile, but within she is lonely, and yearning for the love that she needs. The film has a few differences from the book such as supporting characters and scenes, the description of the narrator’s feelings for Holly and the endings which makes it easy to say that the movie was overall better than the book.", "Truman Capote was born on September 30, 1924 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA as Truman Streckfus Persons. He was a writer and actor, known for Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), In Cold Blood (1967) and The Innocents (1961). He died on August 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California, USA.", "Inspiration: While living in the house Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's, later adapted into a film featuring Audrey Hepburn's iconic performance as the mysterious Holly Golightly", "Since the 1960s, both the novella and the film version of Breakfast at Tiffany's have remained popular with American audiences. While Capote's contemporaries gave the work mixed reviews, late 20th-century academic interest in the text has influenced its current public reputation as a piece remarkable for its technical innovation and progressive social politics. Influenced by the emerging critical field of gay, or \"queer\", literary studies, contemporary critics have been impressed by Capote's complex, sensitive treatment of human sexuality and gender roles. While earlier scholarship focused - often negatively - on the character of Holly as a personification of Capote's unorthodox views on sex and gender, modern critics have excavated the novella's subtle references to the alternative sexual identities and practices of the text's male characters, suggesting that Capote intended Breakfast at Tiffany's as an exploration of the powerful and loving relationships that often exist between straight women and gay men. As interest in the underground gay communities of the early 20th century continues to rise, it is likely that Breakfast at Tiffany's, and Capote himself, will continue to enjoy critical attention.", "DISCLAIMER: The following is a Masters-level annotated discursive bibliography which I wrote in April 2006 entitled “The Critical Evolution of Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s.” I am publishing it here because it is the culmination of months of research and many hours of reading and, as such, it should be of use to anyone researching the critical response to the novella within Capote’s lifetime. I am giving permission for it to be used for educational purposes, however, please refrain from any attempts to pass it off as your own work. Presumptuous, I know, but one should never underestimate the laziness of others. Finally, friendly corrections are welcome, I am blind to my own mistakes. Then again, who isn’t?", "Truman Capote was one of the most controversial literary figures of the 20th century. The author of Breakfast at Tiffany's and In Cold Blood died on August 25, 1984. Here, Martin Chilton and Charlotte Runcie pick his 20 best quotes.", "...Breakfast at Tiffany’s – Truman Capote As a passionate lover of Audrey Hepburn I decided to take this book for supplementary reading. It is not a secret that this book is more famous for its well known adaptation based on the Capote’s book Breakfast at Tiffany’s in which Hepburn was in the leading part. First of all I would like to say few words about the author of the book. Truman Capote was an American writer, born in 1925 in New...", "After exploding to meteoric fame with his novella Breakfast at Tiffany's, Capote became the New York café society's darling, heir to Coward's gay-man-child-bon-vivant. He drank and held court with the best of New York, which just also happened to be the nexus of television in the early 60s. Before long Capote was the quintessential modern celebrity, famous for being famous. And he did it all before our eyes.", "Prolific author and spectacular southern dandy Truman Capote penned many works, including In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany’s.-Pagepulp.com", "Truman Capote was born in New Orleans in 1925. By the age of fourteen he had already started writing short stories, some of which were published. After leaving school at fifteen he worked for the New Yorker, his first - and last - regular job. Following this Capote spent two years on a Louisiana farm where he wrote Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948). He lived, at one time or another, in Greece, Italy, Africa and the West Indies, and travelled in Russia and the Orient. Capote is the author of many highly acclaimed books, including A Tree of Night and Other Stories (1949), The Grass Harp (1951), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958), In Cold Blood (1965), which immediately became the centre of a storm of controversy on its publication, Music for Chameleons (1980) and Answered Prayers (1986). Truman Capote died in 1984. show more", "For Capote, Breakfast at Tiffany's was a turning point, as he explained to Roy Newquist (Counterpoint, 1964):", "Truman Capote, author of \"In Cold Blood\" and \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" photographed by Richard Avedon in New York City, 1955.", "Many movie houses that show classic films cannot resist placing Breakfast at Tiffany’s on their marquee again. Audrey Hepburn is irresistible, of course. Truman Capote, who wrote the original novella in 1959, assisted on the screen writing for the movie as well. Capote was maturing as a writer in the late ‘50s and working up to his 1965 masterpiece In Cold Blood. Our reviewer of Breakfast found the stories included with the novella’s publication to be “gentle, delicate and almost sound.” It can be a rewarding reading experience to read a prominent author’s early works, knowing there are hints of genius within. — May 27, 2013", "To Kill a Mockingbird was the only book that Harper Lee ever published. The author, who was born on April 28, 1926, and raised in Monroeville, Alabama, was a friend from childhood of the writer Truman Capote (Breakfast at Tiffany’s, In Cold Blood). In the 2005 biopic Capote, starring Philip Seymour Hoffman, the actress Catherine Keener played Lee, while Sandra Bullock took on the role in 2006’s Infamous.", "Breakfast at Tiffany’s came to occupy a unique place in Capote’s cannon, representing his daylight form at its best, and existing as a way station between his early and later styles. The evolution of the critical regard for the novella within Capote’s lifetime reflects more than the critical treatment of Capote the author; it reflects the cultural and critical trends of the two decades wherein they took place.", "*In 1948, American author Truman Capote stayed in room number 3 in the Pensione Lustro, in the town of Forio, on the island. He wrote an essay about his stay there, which later appeared in Local Color (1950), published by Random House.", "With the success of Other Voices, Other Rooms, Capote began his life-long habit of seeking out inspiring places, mainly in Europe, to write and socialize. During the 1950s he and Dunphy lived in France, Sicily, Switzerland, Greece, and many other places. The couple owned adjoining houses in Sagaponack, New York, and Capote owned a place in Verbier, France. He also owned an apartment at the upscale United Nations Plaza. But he never stayed anywhere long.", "World-renowned author and popular-culture icon Truman Capote (1924-1984) was born in New Orleans and raised in the northeast, but his true sense of identity and the literature he produced were rooted more in Alabama than anywhere else. Both of his parents were Alabamians, and his extended visits with Monroeville relatives and close friendship with Harper Lee greatly influenced his writing and his world view. Capote's flamboyant public persona and battles with substance abuse brought him as much attention as his literary output and made him a symbol of the artistic excesses that characterized New York's literati in the minds of the public during the 1960s and 1970s.", "Nelle Harper Lee and Truman Capote became friends in the early 1930s as kindergarteners in Monroeville, Alabama. They lived next door to each other: Capote with aunts and uncles, Lee with her parents and three siblings. From the start they loved reading and recognized in each other \"an apartness,\" as Capote later expressed it. When Lee's father gave them an old Underwood typewriter, they began writing original stories. Although Capote moved to New York City in the third grade to join his mother and stepfather, he returned to Monroeville most summers, eventually providing the inspiration for Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird.", "Fired by the New Yorker for offending poet Robert Frost by walking out on one of his readings, Capote began to work on his writing in earnest. During his early twenties, he published several stories in Harper's Bazaar and Mademoiselle, and in 1948, at 24, he published an autobiographical coming-of-age novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms. The book received great praise for the excellence of its prose and earned national attention because of a provocative photograph of the author posing seductively on a couch. Henceforth, Capote, like his literary contemporaries Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal, was known as much for his public persona as for his writing. It was also at this time that Capote began his long-term relationship with Jack Dunphy, an author, playwright, and former professional dancer some 10 years Capote's senior.", "Truman Capote, in his article published in the November 1975 issue of Esquire Magazine, relates a story Porter told him. Porter used \"Miss Otis\" as a punchline in the 1950s, opening the door to dismiss a presumptuous man from his home, Porter handed him a check as he said \"Miss Otis regrets she's unable to lunch today. Now get out.\" ", "His first novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, was published in 1948 to mixed reviews. In the work, a young boy is sent to live with his father after the death of his mother. His father's home is a decrepit old plantation. For a time the boy does not get to see his father and instead must deal with his stepmother, her cousin, and some other unusual characters that inhabit this desolate place. While some criticized elements of the story, such as its homosexual theme, many reviewers noted Capote's talents as a writer. The book sold well, especially for a first-time author.", "\"I said goodnight, locked myself in my room, tossed the manuscript of Summer Crossing into a bottom bureau drawer, collected several sharp pencils and a fresh pad of yellow lined paper, got into bed fully clothed and with pathetic optimism wrote Other Voices, Other Rooms - a novel by Truman Capote,\" it quotes its subject. Which sounds like one for posterity.", "Truman Capote , as quoted in New Republic (9 February 1959), also n Roger Ebert's Movie Home Companion (1986) by Roger Ebert , p. 283", "Photo by Truman Capote; taken from 1st edition dust jacket, courtesy Printers Row Fine & Rare Books.", "A decade before In Cold Blood, the legendary writer followed an American theater troupe to the Soviet Union, where they were putting on Porgy and Bess. Peter Hessler likes the mildly satirical portrait \"for the way it depicts a group journey. It's interesting there aren't more travel books like this. Capote had the perfect vehicle with that book\" (out-of-print).", "Levine, Paul. “Truman Capote: The Revelation of the Broken Image.” Virginia Quarterly Review 34 (1958): 600-17. Rpt. in Waldmeir and Waldmeir 81-93.", "Fill in the blank for the name of the novel by Truman Capote: In Cold ________. Blood", "Who said: \"Life is a moderately good play with a badly written third act\"? Truman Capote" ]

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[ "As in the embodiment of FIG. 1 it will be appreciated that the ordered sequence of letters across the word processor keyboard described with reference to FIG. 2 makes memorising the positions of the letters of the alphabet very simple, which reduces keyboard training time. Also, the vowels follow the easily remembered sequence A, E, I, O and U from left to right across the keyboard, with the letters A and Z occupying, respectively, the natural first and last positions on the keyboard.", "It will be appreciated that the ordered sequence of letters across the word processor keyboard described hereinabove makes memorising the positions of the letters of the alphabet very simple, which reduces keyboard training time. In addition, it will be seen that the vowels follow the easily remembered sequence of A, E, I, O and U from left to right across the keyboard, with the letter A occupying the natural first position in the keyboard. Further the letter Z, the last letter of the alphabet, is operated by the little finger of the right hand and as such occupies the natural last position in the keyboard.", "If you use a laptop, the numeric keypad is usually embedded within the regular keyboard, using the following keys: \"7\", \"8\", \"9\", \"0\", \"u\", \"i\", \"o\", \"p\", \"j\", \"k\", \"l\", \";\", \".\", and \"/\".", "next, (i=2). Keypad[2] = \"ABC\" but the letter is E (and it isn't in \"ABC\") so nothing here", "The letter \"ö\" is pronounced similar to the \"i\" in \"sir\" or the \"e\" in \"certain\". If you don't have it on your keyboard, replace it by \"oe\" rather than \"o\".", "The 'computer' keyboard is directly derived from the old typewriter keyboard. As the original typewriters were mechanically slower than a reasonably quick typist the keys were arranged to slow the typist down. Hence the common letters, a, s and e are used by the third and fourth finger of the left hand.", "On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, a direct result of the historical fact that these were the last characters to become \"standard\" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar pressed down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called \"dead key\" feature), allowing one to superimpose multiple keystrikes on a single location. The ¢ symbol (meaning cents) was located above the number 6 on electric typewriters, while ASCII computer keyboards have ^ instead.", "1. Qwerty/s – the name for a keyboard whose letters are in the standard typewriter arrangement (hence, Q, W, E, R, T, Y in the upper left-hand corner of the letter section).", "Most of the keyboard characters had different meanings in letter mode and figure mode. In figure mode the M-key printed a full stop, the N-key a comma, the C-key a colon, and the A-key a dash, for example. (Unlike a modern keyboard, the teleprinter did not have separate keys for punctuation.) The meanings of the other keys in figure mode are given at the right of the table.", "In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).", "As a person who spends a LOT of time on the computer, typing for work, I am all for anything that saves me keystrokes and/or is easier on my wrists; one carpal tunnel surgery was enough, thanks. So when I see abbreviations for things I type often, like IDK, YW, TYVM, etc, I’m all for it. My friends know that OMW means I’ll be there soon, OOB means I’m awake, and so on. So I can’t see typing 0s instead of Os, because my finger would have to reach further, and it’s hardly worth straining for. Same thing when substituting Z for S (as in, iz or itz). It’s easier to type “is” and “its,” because my finger is already sitting on the S key, but has to strain to reach the Z. My daughter, who is 18, for some reason types ii instead of I (as in, “ii have to go shopping”). Why, I have no idea. More typing=more strain on my hands. In texting, less is more. But maybe not so for eleetists.", "Like the Palantype, this keyboard also had three rows of consonants for the fingers. Except for A and U, it had two complete sets of vowels so that the spelling of dipthongs could be indicated, but they are located where a finger, not the thumb, reaches them.", "And, still referring to Fig. 2, the font position occupied by the tilde [ ~ ], which is in the shift position of the single quote mark, might be replaced with the exclamation j comma. The replaced caret and tilde are of little use for composing type anyway, since they are not useful as such for human language, but rather are intended for computer telecommunication coding. In any case, a keyboard operator using the IBM PC keyboard layout (or, e.g., apparatus operated by software) equipped with a font structured as described above and as shown in Fig. 3, may access, for display, printing, communication, storage, etc. purposes, the question ? comma by activating the shift of the number 6 key, and the exclamation J comma may be accessed by activating the shift position of the single quote mark, as s/he (another sign of our times) accesses other punctuation, such as the question mark which is the shift of the diagonal key, or the exclamation mark which is the shift of the number 1 key.", "ä-ë-ï-ü: Press option and type \"u\" key. Release both keys and type \"a\", \"e\", \"i\", or \"u\".", "The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡). ", "Option + u, the letter\"o\" or Option + u, Shift and the letter for capital \"O\"", "On the right of the regular face of the keys, also in yellow, are alternate characters for when the keyboard is switched into word processing mode, in which ASCII characters not found on a typewriter are exchanged for characters found on typewriters but not in 7-bit ASCII. On the left is a revised set of alternate characters, sometimes matching those for word processing mode, but not always, for typesetting mode; this, though, is probably excessive.", "It is usually labeled (rarely, or is seen) on keyboards which use English abbreviations for key labeling. Abbreviations in the language of the keyboard layout also are in use. e.g. the German layout uses as required by the German standard DIN 2137:2012-06. Also, there is a standardized keyboard symbol (to be used when Latin lettering is not preferred), given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 26, and in ISO 7000 “Graphical symbols for use on equipment” as symbol ISO-7000-2028. This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2388 (⎈).", "One interesting kink in this theory is that many European keyboards have an additional punctuation key to the left of [Z] (aka [Y], in QWERTZ). I’d be very interested to know if European touch-typists thus do type the key in the [Z] position with their ring finger.", "2)  (2L) 2 points_ A computer ____________is a peripheral partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard. These devices are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer. Physically, computer keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular buttons, or \"keys\". _____________ typically have characters engraved or printed on the keys; in most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence; other keys do not produce any symbol, but instead affect the operation of the computer or the keyboard itself.", "In the keyboard charts listed below, the primary letters or characters available with each alphanumeric key are often shown in black in the left half of the key, whereas characters accessed using the key appear in blue in the right half of the corresponding key. Symbols representing dead keys usually appear in red.", "a:What letter is on the left end of the middle row of the letters on a keyboard ?", "Most operating systems allow switching between functional keyboard layouts, using a key combination involving register keys that are not used for normal operations (e.g. Microsoft reserve or register control keys for sequential layout switching; those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). There are keyboards with two parallel sets of characters labeled on the keys, representing alternate alphabets or scripts. It is also possible to add a second set of characters to a keyboard with keyboard stickers manufactured by third parties.", "Windows and Mac keyboards share most of the same keys. All of the standard letter, number, and punctuation keys familiar to most typists are usually arranged in the same order on computer keyboards. A computer keyboard has a number of extra keys, however, and the number and function of these keys differs based on the kind of computer you have and the operating system you're using. Here are a few basics:", "10.    Which is the only vowel on a standard keyboard that is not on the top line of letters? – - – A", "Which symbol appears on a computer keyboard on the '7' key, just above the number itself?", "A keyboard is an arrangement of buttons that each correspond to a function, letter, or number. They are the primary devices used for inputting text. In most cases, they contain an array of keys specifically organized with the corresponding letters, numbers, and functions printed or engraved on the button. They are generally designed around an operators language, and many different versions for different languages exist.", "On a standard QWERTY computer keyboard, what is the only vowel not to appear in the top row of letters? | Poll Everywhere", "This keyboard uses a standard Russian arrangement . English symbols are marked by gray lettering on the left side of keys, Russian symbols are marked by gray lettering in an outline font on the right side of keys.", "A sentence used by technicians to test keyboards on computers, due to the fact that it uses all letters in the alphabet.", "keyboard An input device containing numerous keys that can be used to input letters, numbers, and other symbols.", "There is one alternative character set, sadly neglected on today's computers, that I would also wish to include on an ideal keyboard:" ]

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[ "Abyssinia was an extensive territory in East Africa that is known today as Ethiopia. In ancient times Ethiopia extended over vast domains in both Africa and Asia. Classical historians and geographers called the whole region from India to Egypt, both countries inclusive, by the name of Ethiopia. They regarded all the dark-skinned and black peoples who inhabited it as Ethiopians.", "Abyssinia the former name for the country now known as Ethiopia. (The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms)", "The first of these wars was the Imperial-Abyssinian War. Previously, Abyssinia, also known as the Ethiopian Empire, was a quiet backwater which remained somewhat distant from European influence. This changed in the mid-1880s when the kingdom saw token backing in the forms of military advisers and weapons from the Prussian and Russian Empires. Prussia propped up the African kingdom due to her rivalry with France-Spain (known unofficially by the 1890s as simply \"the Empire\" due to her large size and imminent expansion via personal union with Austria-Hungary), while Russia felt closely tied to Abyssinia due to their dual Orthodox religious identity. This dual backing caused some tensions between the two empires and the Franco-Spanish Empire, which had her eyes on Abyssinia around that same time. However in the end, the later knew how to take proper advantage of the situation.", "In English, and generally outside Ethiopia, the country was also once historically known as Abyssinia, derived from Habesh, an earlyArabic form of the Ethiosemitic name “Ḥabaśāt” (unvocalized “ḤBŚT”). The modern form Habesha is the native name for the country’s inhabitants (while the country has been called “Ityopp’ya”). In a few languages, Ethiopia is still referred to by names cognate with “Abyssinia,” e.g., modern Arabic Al-Ḥabashah.", "Throughout much of history Ethiopia has also been known as Abyssinia, which probably originates from the Egyptian name of Habashat. 'Ethiopia' itself is Greek, meaning 'burnt faces', a collective name for all dark-skinned people south of Egypt. This is somewhat disputed, as the Book of Aksum, a Ge'ez chronicle that was first composed in the fifteenth century, states that the name is derived from ''Ityopp'is', a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of Cush, son of Ham who, confusingly, also founded the city of Axum, according to legend. Given the book's lateness in terms of publication, its authority must be considered dubious.", "The Second Italo–Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d’Italia), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea. The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition, it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League’s own Article X.", "The Greeks called all peoples south of Egypt (particularly the area now known as Nubia; modern usage has transferred this name further south to the land and peoples known in the late 19th and early 20th century as Abyssinia) Ethiopians.", "The Ethiopian state consists, territorially, of the only area in Africa that was never colonized by a European power, with the exception of a brief Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941. Indeed, Ethiopia—or Abyssinia, as the area was once called—is one of the oldest independent countries in the entire world. Modern Ethiopia, characterized by political centralization and a modern state apparatus, emerged in the mid-19th century. Throughout much of the 20th century, Ethiopia was presided over by the emperor, Haile Selassie , who ruled the state autocratically (single-handedly and dictatorially), until he was overthrown and subsequently executed in the revolution of 1974.", "In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a king claiming lineage from the Aksumite kings and, hence, Solomon. The thus-named Solomonic dynasty was founded and ruled by the Habesha, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. The Habesha reigned with only a few interruptions from 1270 until the late 20th century. It was under this dynasty that most of Ethiopia's modern history occurred. During this time, the empire conquered and incorporated virtually all the peoples within modern Ethiopia. They successfully fought off Italian, Arab and Turkish armies and made fruitful contacts with some European powers.", "ABYSSINIA is an extensive country of Eastern Africa, the limits of which are not well defined, and authorities be regarded as lying between 7° 30' and 15° 40' N. lat., and 35° and 40° 30' E. long., having, N. and N.W., Nubia; E., the territory of the Danakils; S; the country of the Gallas; and W., the regions of the Upper Nile [Footnote 61-1]. It has an area of about 200,000 square miles, and a population of from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000.", "Ethiopia (Abyssinia) has a long and proud history as one of the oldest intact nations in Africa. During the “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800’s, Ethiopia was one of two countries to retain sovereignty as an independent nation by repulsing Italian attempts at colonization in the “First Italo-Ethiopian War” of 1895-6. After Italy’s defeat, the other colonizing nations in the region (Britain and France), were quick to negotiate treaties and borders with newfound respect for this African power. With the rise of Haile Selassie I, who became Emperor in 1930, Ethiopia began to modernize, being the first African nation to become a member state of the League of Nations.", "Abyssinia was little changed through the centuries: a poor, proud, fiercely independent African empire with several religious groups— Christians , Muslims, Jews , and ani-mists—ruled by a constantly warring network of kings, princes, dukes, and lords. Tafari was an Amhara, the dominant ethnic group that had adopted Coptic Christianity in the year 325 AD. Coptics hold that Christ was solely divine, a belief later denounced as heretical by most of the Christian world except in Egypt and Ethiopia.", "Abyssinia appears to have been originally peopled by the eastern branch of the Hamitic family , which has occupied this region from the remotest times, and still constitutes the great bulk of its inhabitants, though the higher classes are now strongly Semitized . The prevailing colour in the central provinces ( Amhara , Gojam) is a deep brown, northwards ( Tigré , Lasta) it is a pale olive, and here even fair complexions are seen. Southwards ( Shoa , Kobbo, Amuru) a decided chocolate and almost sooty black is the rule. Many of the people are distinctly negroid , with big lips, small nose, broad at the base, and frizzly or curly black hair. The negroid element in the population is due chiefly to the number of negro women who have been imported into the harems of the Abyssinians. The majority, however, may be described as a mixed Hamito - Semitic people, who are in general well formed and handsome, with straight and regular features, lively eyes, hair long and straight or somewhat curled and in colour dark olive, approaching to black. The Galla , who came originally from the south, are not found in many parts of the country, but predominate in the Wollo district, between Shoa and Amhara . It is from the Galla that the Abyssinian army is largely recruited, and, indeed, there are few of the chiefs who have not an admixture of Galla blood in their veins.", "The Ethiopian Empire spans a geographical area of today Ethiopia, Eritrea , and Djibouti ,and included parts of Northern Somalia , Southern Egypt , Eastern Sudan , Yemen and Western Saudi Arabia . Abyssinia was an empire that existed for more than 800 years, from circa 1137 (beginning of Zagwe Dynasty) until 1974 when the Ethiopian monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat.", "Ethiopia was also a black African kingdom. Europeans conceived it as such. For the Arabs, however, Ethiopia was a multi-racial land and hence they named it Al-Habasha, the Land of the Mixed Race People. Abyssinia, a term derived from the Arabic Al-Habasha, was a curious geographic construct. It was neither full- fledgedly black African nor was it thoroughly Arabised. It stood apart and always at the crossroads. It was an ancient Christian kingdom that had ruled huge swathes of the Arabian Peninsula. As such it had strong cultural and economic links with the people of Arabia, and especially those of Al-Hejaz (the region which includes Islam’s holiest cities Mecca and Medina) and Yemen.", ". The inhabitants consist mainly of the Abyssinians, the Galla and the Somali (the two last-named peoples are separately noticed). Of non-African races the most numerous are Armenians , Indians , Jews and Greeks . There is a small colony of British , French , Italians and Russians . The following remarks apply solely to Abyssinia proper and its inhabitants. It should be remembered that the term “Abyssinian” is purely geographical, and has little or no ethnical significance; it is derived from the Arabic Habesh, “mixed,” and was a derisive name applied by the Arabs to the heterogeneous inhabitants of the Abyssinian plateau.", "4. Ethiopia During the Italian Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-1936) was under the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie (translated into: Power of the Trinity)[4], whereas Italy was under the rule of Mussolini. It was sparked by a small border conflict 80 miles within the Italian Somaliland-Ethiopian border (Ethiopian Side) at an Italian outpost of Welwel in the Ogaden desert [5]", "Italy had a small colony in Eritrea, adjacent to Abyssinia.  Mussolini made claims that Haile Selassie was about to invade Eritrea.  Troops were mobilized.  Then on 5 December 1934, a border incident provided justification for invading Abyssinia.   Italian troops were eager to join up and fulfill Italian's destiny.  After the rainy season was over, Mussolini addressed a crowd in Rome on 2 Ocoter 1935 in a firey speech.  The next day, Italy invaded Abyssinia with their 100,000 infantry supported by armor, aircraft and gas attacks against a force that were largely armed with old rifles and spears.  Within 4 months, Abyssinia had fallen and King Selassie had fled the country.  On 9 May, Mussolini again stood on the balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome and proclaimed that the defeat of Adowa(1896) had been avenged.  He was drowned out by thunderous cheers: \"Duce!  Duce!  Duce!\".  This marked the peak of Mussolini's popularity with his countrymen.   He eventually merged Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into one state; the Italian East Africa (AOI - Africa  Orientale Italiana).", "* The Ethiopian Empire is invaded by the Kingdom of Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War from 1935 to 1936. The occupied territory merges with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into the colony of Italian East Africa.", "Ethiopia is a large, geographically and ethnically diverse country in Eastern Africa, in a region of the continent known as the “Horn of Africa.” It shares borders with Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan. As of 2010, Ethiopia is the 14th most-populous nation in the world, with 85 million people. It is known as a country that exports great coffee, as the site of the hominid fossil “Lucy,” as the supposed site of the Ark of the Covenant, and as the only African country to resist colonization from a European country. Though Italy occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941, Ethiopia had earlier defeated Italy in the 1896 Battle of Adwa and limited Italy's reach to what was then its colony of Eritrea. Since the fourth century, the national religion of Ethiopia has been Ethiopian Orthodox Christian, but for hundreds of years the the country has also had a large population of Jewish and Muslim peoples. Today, Ethiopia is about 43 percent Ethiopian Orthodox and 34 percent Muslim. The country is also ethnically diverse, and is made up of Oromo, Amhara, Tigray, Somali, and other peoples, each of which speak their own languages.", "Source: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. II, August 1935, Abyssinian, Italian, page 1754. Accessed 17 April 2012 from http://www.keesings.com", "The Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos) is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia . Use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia . The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.[citation needed]", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a country situated in the Horn of Africa (landlocked as of May 24, 1993). It is the third-most populous nation in Africa, bordered by ► Eritrea to the north, ► Djibouti to the northeast, ► Somalia , with ► Somaliland to the southeast, ► Kenya to the south, and ► Sudan to the west. Ethiopia is the only country in Africa with an unbroken sovereignty and is one of the oldest continuous nations in the world. Recently regarded as \"the cradle of mankind\", Ethiopia is also the second-oldest official Christian nation in the world, after Armenia. It has long been an intersection between the civilizations of North Africa, the Middle East and the rest of Africa. Unique among African countries, Ethiopia was never colonised, maintaining its sovereignty throughout the Scramble for Africa.", "Having suffered from a drawn-out period of post-colonial strife during the twentieth century, Ethiopia today is not quite the country it once was. It has a history that goes further back in time than almost any other in Africa, and a population that is the second largest on the continent, but it lost its northern region of Eritrea in 1993 following years of internecine warfare. Denuded of a Red Sea coastline, the landlocked Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia retains its capital at the ancient city of Addis Ababa. It is neighboured by the aforementioned Eritrea to the north and, beyond that, Sudan and South Sudan to the west and north-west, Yemen across the Red Sea, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the south.", "On 27 August 1942, Haile Selassie abolished the legal basis of slavery throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading. After World War II, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. In 1948, the Ogaden, a region disputed with Somalia, was granted to Ethiopia. On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of Eritrea (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.Shinn, pp. 140–1. Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.", "The East African Campaign was conducted by a largely multi-African force and consisted of Ethiopian , Eritrean , British , Sudanese , Kenyan , Rhodesian , South African , Indian , Nigerian , Ghanaian and Free French units. Within months, the liberation of Ethiopia was achieved and on May 5, 1941, five years to the day that the Emperor fled his capital, Haile Selassie was restored to his throne. The defeat of Fascists in Ethiopia marked the very first victory for the Allies in the Second World War and allowed for the remaining forces to be quickly moved up to Egypt to confront the Axis advance towards Cairo. It must be noted that the quick and relatively easy collapse of the Italians would not have been possible had it not been for the relentless and continuous armed resistance by the Ethiopian Patriots through the years leading up to world war.", "The Ethiopian Empire existed until 1974 when the monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat .  It was the only native African nation to successfully resist the Scramble for Africa by the colonial powers during the 19th century.", "The Italian invasion and conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-6 were succeeded in 1936 by the union of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia in the Italian East African Empire. Eritrea was now brought into a colonial federal-type political union with Ethiopia and the greater part of the Somali territories. Only French Somaliland and the Somalis in northern Kenya escaped this new Empire. However, Italian successes were short-lived: Italy declared war on June 10, 1940; by May 1941 British forces had occupied Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and most of Ethiopia. Nevertheless, Italian and British Sub-regional rulerships helped give the people common experiences while indirectly facilitating the vision of a confederated Horn of Africa.", "Independence was recognized by Ethiopia and other countries, and Eritrea was admitted to the UN and the OAU. At the OAU summit in June, however, Isaias bitterly criticized the organization, which had long upheld the sanctity of African nations’ existing frontiers and thus legitimized Ethiopian control of Eritrea.", "Long isolated, the Ethiopian emperors began to consolidate the country in the mid-nineteenth century. The Italian invasions in 1895 and 1935 forced Ethiopia into greater contact with world politics. U.S.-Ethiopian relations were established in 1903 and were good throughout the period prior to the Italian occupation in 1935.", "A new era of conflict begins in Somalia in 1923 with the arrival in the Italian colony of the first governor appointed by Mussolini, newly in power as Italy's fascist dictator. A vigorous policy is adopted to develop and extend Italian imperial interests, culminating in the defeat and annexation of Ethiopia in 1936.", "This tragic episode in Ethiopian history had far-reaching repercussions. First, it galvanised the people of the Ethiopian heartlands around the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the ruling elites officially adopted Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. Europeans were viewed suspiciously and the country deliberately shunned outside influences. Roman Catholics, Muslims and Jews were precluded from ascending the imperial throne which became the exclusive prerogative of Orthodox Christians." ]

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[ "Jennifer Aldridge, née Archer (born 7 January 1945 ) (Angela Piper) is the elder daughter of Peggy Woolley by her first husband, Jack Archer. In early years her character was the hippy of the Archer family, her first child, Adam, being — sensationally at the time — the illegitimate result of a fling with a cowman, Paddy Redmond. She married a travelling businessman, Roger Travers-Macy, in the late 1960s and had a daughter, Debbie. She then divorced him and married Brian Aldridge. With Brian she had two daughters, Kate and Alice. Jennifer has endured Brian's series of affairs over the years, partly by having one affair with her ex-husband, though Brian has long suspected John Tregorran as having rivalled him for Jennifer's affections at one time. Jennifer's current main source of worry is the behaviour of her gin-soaked, chain-smoking sister Lilian, who has moved back into the village. This concern has been shared with her brother Tony, whom Jennifer is usually keen to put down.", "Asa Briggs was a historian who specialised in the Victorian era. He was one of the key movers in the introduction of the Open University, and served as Chancellor from 1978-1994. Between 1961 and 1995 he published five volumes covering the histry of British Broadcasting, covering the period 1922-1974. Briggs was 94 and a hit for another pair of teams. Anita Brookner succeeded in two careers, first in art history and then in literature. Brookner became the first woman to be Professor of Fine Art at the Slade College in Cambridge in 1967. She turned her hand to writing novels in her 50s and in 1984 won the Booker Prize for 'Hotel du Lac', which was later made for television. Brookner was 87 with 2 literature-based theme teams cashing in...", "Archer wrote his first book, Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less , in the autumn of 1974, as a means of avoiding bankruptcy. [17] The book was picked up by the literary agent Deborah Owen and published first in the US, then eventually in Britain in the autumn of 1976. A BBC Television adaptation of the book was broadcast in 1990, and a radio adaptation was aired on BBC Radio 4 in the early 1980s. [29]", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, née Roberts (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician, the longest-serving (1979–1990) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the \"Iron Lady\", which became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented Conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.", "*In the 1980s and 1990s, English novelist [http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3482900080/harris-ruth-elwin-1935.html Ruth Elwin Harris] wrote her Quantock Quartet, a set of novels centred on four sisters growing up around the Quantock Hills during the early 20th century.", "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976) was an English crime novelist, short story writer, and playwright. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best known for the 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections that she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigative work of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Jane Marple, Parker Pyne, Harley Quin/Mr Satterthwaite, and Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. She also wrote the world’s longest-running play, The Mousetrap. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for her contribution to literature.", "Estelle Margaret Parsons (born November 20, 1927) is an Academy Award-winning American theatre, film and television actress. She is a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Early life Parsons was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the daughter of Elinor Ingebore (n�e Mattson), who was a native of Sweden, and Eben Parsons. She attended the Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. Career Moving to New York, she worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs....", "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English crime novelist, short story writer and playwright. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott including Giant's Bread, but she is best known for the 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections that she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigative work of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Jane Marple, Parker Pyne, Ariadne Oliver, Harley Quin/Mr Satterthwaite and Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. She wrote the world's longest-running play, a murder mystery, The Mousetrap. In 1971 she was made a Dame for her contribution to literature. ", "Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the foremost modernists of the twentieth century.", "(Adeline) Virginia Woolf was an English novelist and essayist regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.", "Virginia Woolf (1882 – 1941) was an English writer and one of the foremost modernists of the twentieth century. Between the two world wars, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a central figure in the influential Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, \"A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.\" Woolf suffered from severe bouts of mental illness throughout her life and committed suicide by drowning in 1941 at the age of 59. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.", "Dame Judith Olivia \"Judi\" Dench, (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress and author. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays in such roles as Ophelia in Hamlet, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. Although most of her work during this period was in theatre, she also branched into film work, and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer. She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical Cabaret in 1968.", "Dame Jean Iris Murdoch (; 15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish novelist and philosopher, best known for her novels about good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her first published novel, Under the Net, was selected in 1998 as one of Modern Library's 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Her books include The Bell (1958), A Severed Head (1961), The Red and the Green (1965), The Nice and the Good (1968), The Black Prince (1973), Henry and Cato (1976), The Sea, the Sea (1978, Booker Prize), The Philosopher’s Pupil (1983), The Good Apprentice (1985), The Book and the Brotherhood (1987), The Message to the Planet (1989), and The Green Knight (1993). In 2008, The Times ranked Murdoch twelfth on a list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\". ", "Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital . He was two weeks old when his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare , Somerset, where he spent most of his early life. He has an older brother born out of wedlock, also originally called Jeffrey, who was put up for adoption at an early age. The brother assumed the name David Brown and only discovered his relationship to Archer in 1980, even though Archer already apparently knew this, according to the journalist Michael Crick . His father, William (died 1956 [2] ), was sixty-four when Archer was born. In 1951, he won a scholarship to Wellington School , in Somerset (not to be confused with the public school Wellington College , which is possible from the ambiguous biography in Archer's earlier books). At this time his mother, Lola, contributed a column \"Over the teacups\" to the local press in Weston-super-Mare and wrote about the adventures of her son 'Tuppence'; this caused Archer to be the victim of bullying while at Wellington School. [3]", "Mary Anne (Mary Ann, Marian) Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England, are well known for their realism and psychological insight.", "Barbara Anne Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, PC , GCOT (née Betts, 6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979 , making her the longest-serving female MP in the history of the House of Commons , until that record was broken in 2007 by Gwyneth Dunwoody . She later became the Member of the European Parliament for Greater Manchester from 1979 to 1989 . One of the most significant Labour Party politicians of the 20th century, she served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Harold Wilson in a number of roles, including as Secretary of State for Employment , Secretary of State for Health and Social Services , and First Secretary of State .", "Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).", "Dame (Mary) Barbara Hamilton Cartland, DBE, CStJ (9 July 1901 – 21 May 2000), was an English author, one of the most prolific authors of the 20th century. As Barbara Cartland she is known for her numerous romantic novels, but she also wrote under her married name Barbara McCorquodale.", "Anne's mother, Maria Branwell (1783–1821), was the daughter of a successful, property-owning grocer and tea merchant of Penzance, Thomas Branwell and Anne Crane, the daughter of a silversmith in the town. The eighth of eleven children, Maria had enjoyed all the benefits of belonging to a prosperous family in a small town. After the death of both parents within a year of each other, Maria went to help her aunt with the teaching at the school. A tiny, neat woman, aged thirty, she was well read and intelligent. Her strong Methodist faith immediately attracted Patrick Brontë.", "Edith Head (October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American costume designer who won a record eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, starting with The Heiress (1949) and ending with The Sting (1973).", "Edith Head (October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American costume designer who had a long career in Hollywood that garnered her more Academy Awards than any other woman in history. She graduated from university in 1919 and became a school teacher at Bishops School in La Jolla, California.", "Dame Jean Iris Murdoch (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and philosopher, famed for her series of novels that combine rich characterization and compelling plotlines usually involving ethical or sexual themes. Her life-story was filmed in 2001 as Iris.", "Elizabeth was evacuated from Gibraltar in 1944 and was at Queen Anne’s at the same time as Valerie Eliot. Born in 1927, she attended Queen Anne’s when she was evacuated, with her mother and sister during the Second World War. She always recalled happy times at the school and kept her red cloak which her children used to dress up in to play Red Riding Hood. She was married to the writer, Philip McCutchan, and leaves a son, a daughter and five grandchildren.", "Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital. He was two weeks old when his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his early life. His father, William, was sixty-four when Archer was born. He died when Archer was fifteen. In 1951, he won a scholarship to Wellington School, in Somerset (not to be confused with the public school Wellington College, which is possible from the ambiguous biography in Archer's earlier books). At this time his mother, Lola, contributed a column \"Over the teacups\" to the local press in Weston-super-Mare and wrote about the adventures of her son 'Tuppence'; this caused Archer to be the victim of bullying while at Wellington School.", "Sylvia Plath, one of Britain’s most celebrated female poets of the 20th century, was born 80 years ago today. Martha Murphy Badger reviews her legacy.", "Lady Anne Neville (11 June 1456 – 16 March 1485) was an English queen, the daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (the \"Kingmaker\"). She became Princess of Wales as the wife of Edward of Westminster and then Queen of England as the wife of King Richard III.", "Vita Sackville-West is known as much for her creation of the gardens at Sissinghurst Castle with her husband Harold Nicolson as for her numerous novels, which include The Edwardians and All Passion Spent, her collections of poetry and her gardening articles. A central figure in the Bloomsbury group of artists and writers, she was the model for Virginia Woolf's Orlando. She died in 1962.", "Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 April 1940) is an English author and former politician.", "Fonteyn was born in Reigate, Surrey on May 18, 1919. She was given the name Margaret Hookham at birth by her English father and Irish/Brazilian mother. Early in her career, Fonteyn changed her name to her stage name, Margot Fonteyn.", "Dame Margot Fonteyn (18 May 1919 - 21 February 1991) was a British ballet dancer, born Margaret Hookham, and nicknamed \"Peggy\".", "Anne Rice was born in Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. She was educated at three independent schools: at Dunrobin School, Limpsfield, Surrey; at St Michael's, Surrey, and at Croydon High School, England. Rice adopted the name \"Anneka\" when she joined the British actors' union Equity, as her birth-name had already been registered with that organisation. ", "Anne V. \"Anna\" Quayle (born 6 October 1932, Birmingham) is an English actress. Her parents were actor Douglas Quayle and the former Kathleen Parke." ]

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[ "Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was a prominent American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers in works like the Woolworth Building, Gilbert was also responsible for numerous museums (Saint Louis Art Museum) and libraries (Saint Louis Public Library), state capitol buildings (the Minnesota, Arkansas and West Virginia State Capitols, for example) as well as public architectural icons like the United States Supreme Court building. His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism. Gilbert's achievements were recognized in his lifetime; he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09.", "Cass Gilbert, born in Zanesville, Ohio in 1859, studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1912, Gilbert designed the world's first skyscraper, the Woolworth Building in New York City. His other works include the state capitols of Minnesota and Arkansas, and the U.S. Treasury Building and the U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Gilbert died in 1934, just two years after West Virginia's State Capitol was completed.", "Cass Gilbert was a famous twin cities architect. While much of his career was spent designing houses and apartment buildings, he caught a major career break in landing the project to design the Minnesota State Capitol building. This brought fame to Gilbert, which allowed him to take on other world famous building projects including a building that would be the tallest skyscraper in the world. But as Gilbert's star rose, the Minnesota natives turned their back on him, forcing him to ultimately leave his twin cities home.", "Cass Gilbert is often confused with Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, another prominent architect of the time. Cass Gilbert designed the famous Woolworth Building skyscraper on Broadway for Frank W. Woolworth, while Woolworth's personal mansion was designed by C.P.H. Gilbert. The Ukrainian Institute building on Manhattan's 5th Avenue is the work of C.P.H. Gilbert, and often incorrectly attributed to Cass Gilbert. ", "That, however, is not the end of the Cass Gilbert story. Rather, it was just the start of his career as a nationally known architectural superstar. Unlike Frank Lloyd Wright, who dreamed up a lot of projects, Cass Gilbert's projects ended up being built. This included two more state capitols, the Woolworth Building in New York City, and the US Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC. The Woolworth Building was the tallest skyscraper in the world from 1913 to 1930.", "* The Woolworth Building, a neo-Gothic \"Cathedral of Commerce\" overlooking City Hall, was designed by Cass Gilbert. At 792 feet (241 m), it became the world's tallest building upon its completion in 1913, an honor it retained until 1930, when it was overtaken by 40 Wall Street.", "A Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff limestone structure that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. Construction began in 1924, and, after the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the capitol on June 20, 1932. ", "The state capitol project was Cass Gilbert's break-through project. He designed a building with a central dome modeled after the Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. The unsupported marble dome is the second largest in the world after the Saint Peter's Basilica dome. Gilbert worked to avoid any other religious overtones in the design. Items such as a triumphal arch and palace block were designed out of the building, and sightlines were kept short. The project was started in 1896 and was largely finished in 1904.", "Cass Gilbert lived from 1859 to 1934. Born in Ohio, he spent his youth and early career in Saint Paul. His work in the city is honored with a park and overlook located a block north and east of the Minnesota State Capitol Building, which was his break-through project. Most of Gilbert's twin cities area work was completed between 1880 and 1900.", "Gilbert later worked for a time with the firm of McKim, Mead, and White before starting a practice in St. Paul with James Knox Taylor. He was commissioned to design a number of railroad stations, including those in Anoka, Willmar and the extant Little Falls depot (1900). He won a series of house and office-building commissions in Minnesota: the Endicott Building in St. Paul is still regarded as a gem. As a Minnesota architect he was best known for his design of the Minnesota State Capitol dome and the downtown St. Paul Endicott Building. His goal was to move to New York City and gain a national reputation, but he remained in Minnesota from 1882 until 1898. Many of his Minnesota buildings are still standing, including more than a dozen private residences (especially those on St. Paul's Summit Avenue), several churches featuring rich textures and colors, resort summer homes, warehouses, and railroad depots in Anoka, Willmar, and Little Falls.Irish, Sharon. \"West Hails East: Cass Gilbert in Minnesota,\" Minnesota History, April 1993, Vol. 53 Issue 5, pp 196-207", "And for that reason Architect Cass Gilbert was chosen and then charged by Chief Justice Taft to design \"a building of dignity and importance suitable for its use as the permanent home of the Supreme Court of the", "This is a Cass Gilbert row house built on Portland Ave in Saint Paul. It was built as the Bookstaver House, but is currently known as Portland Terrace. It was built as 4 units, each 2 stories and 2,604 square feet. They vary between four and five bedrooms, but each had two baths. The project was completed in 1885 in the Romanesque Revival style. Some of the units have since been chopped up into apartments. The Cass Gilbert Society is located in the 550 unit.", "Gilbert had a narrow view of the world that was typical of his time: He believed that professions were for men—generally white, Protestant men —and professional expertise, like Western cultural history, was invariably to be trusted. His buildings, however, transcended his personal limitations. From the Detroit Public Library to Oberlin College's art museum to the United States Supreme Court building (his last major work, completed just after his death), Gilbert's buildings are masterworks of composition, and they are startlingly fresh. Were he alive today, Gilbert might rant about our continued focus on the Woolworth Building, but \"Inventing the Skyline\" makes clear how much remains, still, to be learned from looking at this extraordinary tower.", "The second building was designed by Cass Gilbert and was completed in 1930. It houses a large terrace-level exhibition space and a large 730-seat auditorium. The bronze doors were done by Herbert Adams and represent Arts, Letter, Poetry, Music, Painting, Sculpture, Inspiration, and Drama.", "Tour an architectural masterpiece by influential architect Cass Gilbert. From its grand stairs to its historic legislative chambers to the public works of art surrounding the building, there's always something to see at the State Capitol. Take a free guided tour to see the restoration effort up close or take your own self-guided tour .", "In this sense Gilbert was one of the great American eclectic architects who filled American cities with lavish Neoclassical and Georgian and Tudor and Gothic and Renaissance banks and clubs and courthouses and libraries and churches and city halls and train stations and houses for the rich. McKim, Mead White, Carrère Hastings, James Gamble Rogers, Delano Aldrich: They were all his peers, a fraternity of architects who had close ties not only to one another but to the business and cultural establishments of cities all around the country, and they took pride in their belief that they were carrying on the great architectural traditions of Western history. They did most of their work around the same time as Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright and the developing modern movement in Europe, but they had no particular interest in modernism. They did not question the order of the world; they believed their mission was to continue it.", "Gilbert was born in Zanesville, Ohio, the middle of three sons, and was named after the statesman Lewis Cass, to whom he was distantly related. Gilbert's father was a surveyor for the United States Coast Survey. At the age of nine, Gilbert's family moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he was raised by his mother after his father died. He attended preparatory school but dropped out of Macalester College. He began his architectural career at age 17 by joining the Abraham M. Radcliffe office in St. Paul. In 1878, Gilbert enrolled in the architecture program at MIT.", "The downtown area contains a mixture of architectural styles from various periods, ranging from the hewn-log James White House (1786) to the modern Knoxville Museum of Art (1990). Styles represented include Greek Revival (Old City Hall), Victorian (Hotel St. Oliver and Sullivan's Saloon), Gothic (Church Street Methodist Church and Ayres Hall), Neoclassical (First Baptist Church), and Art Deco (Knoxville Post Office). Gay Street, Market Square, and Jackson Avenue contain numerous examples of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture.", "The old Carrollton Theater, on Carrollton Avenue at Canal Street, was a classic Art Deco style house. It was unfortunately renovated in the 1960's thus destroying the classic 1930's entrance. (Why did people think this was progress?)  It eventually ended its run as an off the wall college house showing Marx Bros. movies until the wee hours. Before Katrina, it was a banquet/wedding reception hall. ", "During the Cold War era, Atlanta embraced global modernist trends, especially regarding commercial and institutional architecture. Examples of modernist architecture include the Westin Peachtree Plaza (1976), Georgia-Pacific Tower (1982), the State of Georgia Building (1966), and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis (1985). In the latter half of the 1980s, Atlanta became one of the early adopters of postmodern designs that reintroduced classical elements to the cityscape. Many of Atlanta's tallest skyscrapers were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with most displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns, such as One Atlantic Center (1987), 191 Peachtree Tower (1991), and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta (1992). Also completed during the era is Atlanta's tallest skyscraper, the Bank of America Plaza (1992), which, at 1023 ft, is the 61st-tallest building in the world and the 9th-tallest building in the United States. The Bank of America Plaza is the tallest building outside of New York City and Chicago, and was the last building built in the United States to be in the top 10 tallest buildings in the world until One World Trade Center was completed externally in May 2013. The city's embrace of modern architecture, however, translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, including the Equitable Building (1892–1971), Terminal Station (1905–1972), and the Carnegie Library (1902–1977). The Fox Theatre (1929)—Atlanta's cultural icon—would have met the same fate had it not been for a grassroots effort to save it in the mid-1970s.", "The futuristic architecture of Oral Roberts University was also a product of its regional context. Tulsa proved fertile ground for experimentation in art deco and modern architecture. In 1968, Roberts and his wife joined the Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, an important art deco church designed by Oklahoma architect Bruce Goff in 1926. In Bartlesville, Oklahoma, some fifty miles north of Tulsa, was another key architectural landmark: Wright’s Price Tower (1952–56), one of his only realized tall buildings and part of his imagined Broadacre City, a proposed plan for the development of the United States. In downtown Tulsa in 1975, Yamasaki designed the skyscraper One Williams Center (now BOK Tower), though this was nearly a decade after Wallace’s Prayer Tower for Oral Roberts University influenced by Yamasaki’s U.S. Science Pavilion for the Seattle fair. The context of the Midwest freed Roberts from the Colonial Revival style that dominated conservative Christian colleges on the East Coast, including Jerry Falwell’s Liberty University (founded 1971), Pat Robertson’s Regent University (founded 1978), and the more recent Patrick Henry College (founded 2000), all located in Virginia. Unlike Falwell and Robertson, Roberts did not need to rely on architectural revivalism to express his religious and social conservatism; rather, the populuxe aesthetic aligned Roberts with the modern era and spoke to the realization of God’s great wealth. [End Page 408]", "The only realized skyscraper designed by Wright is the Price Tower , a 19-story tower in Bartlesville , Oklahoma. It is also one of the two existing vertically-oriented Wright structures (the other is the S.C. Johnson Wax Research Tower in Racine , Wisconsin). The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. It opened to the public in February 1956. On March 29, 2007, Price Tower was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior , one of only 20 such properties in the state of Oklahoma. [50]", "The city grew up in America’s Gilded Age and the prosperity spilled over into some of the finest neighborhoods and architectural statements in the country. Oak Park, where architect Frank Lloyd Wright started his original studio, is a museum of residential architecture. It is an attractive, typically-Midwestern commuter enclave of square city blocks, stately homes with shaded streets, and a shopping area next to the rail station, which still functions as an important commuter terminal. This story is repeated frequently; Riverside to the south is similar but with flowing curved streets and a park like setting designed by Frederick Law Olmstead of Central Park fame.", "In Chicago, Louis Sullivan referred to the classical column, but in his pioneering search for a self-referential skyscraper aesthetic, he transformed base, shaft, and capital into commercial ground floor, office tier, and attic for ancillary services, each function indicated externally. By recessing windows and walls a few inches behind columns and mullions, he privileged vertical elements of the frame to create, he wrote in 1896, \"a proud and soaring thing\" that was \"every inch of it tall.\" Although highly regarded by critics, Sullivan's \"system of vertical construction\" was not widely adopted by architects, not even his Chicago School (c. 1885–1915) colleagues, whose so-called \"utilitarian\" building facades, less ornamented and more fenestrated than Sullivan's, closely followed in composition the grid pattern of the frame, which in reality is nondirectional.", "A real estate developer is getting some help from the Feds in his quest to transform Al Capone's former headquarters, once an opulent palace of sin, into a respectable hotel for business travelers. The Lexington Hotel, on Chicago's Near South Side, was the posh Prohibition Era haven from which Capone ruled his criminal empire in the late 1920s and early '30s, before he was sent to federal prison on an income tax evasion charge.", "1927: The Hotel San Carlos finally became the hotel project the growing city yearned for when Charles Harris, financed by Dwight B. Heard, purchased the hotel site and began construction. The design was done by nationally known architects, G. Witecross Ritchie of Los Angeles, in the Italian renaissance style.", "Willis tower, originally named Sears Tower built in Chicago contributes heavily towards defining Chicago architecture. The tower built post-CIAM was influenced by CIAM's main principles such as the notion of architecture working hand in hand with government, politics, and economic and social conditions. Bruce Graham, the architect along with the mayor's support, created a consolidation office tower in the place of several other small Sears's offices throughout Chicago. The mayor, considering the economic and social aspects thought this project would attract future commerce. He had previously lifted the height restriction on buildings through a zoning ordinance revision in 1955, which allowed for the large height. The grand scale is also a result of the demand of enormous office space. More considerations for zoning are seen through aspects like restricting the height to manage air traffic, maintaining the interior space requirements by cutting down the floor plates. These acts were not only required but also gave the building a distinctive form of an enormously tall building. Bruce Graham believed that the buildings define cities and his mindset of responding to the Chicago's downtown urban context is further explored. This essay will further investigate how the building follows the CIAM principles of adjoining architecture with government, economic conditions, principles of following a functional order and finally the principles of creating a zoned city.", "At 328 Rodeo, you'll find the Anderton Court Center (between Brighton Way and Dayton Way), designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.", "The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture. A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. Other projects include the demolition of the Ford Auditorium off of Jefferson St.", "The first plan for the Capitol Center was the 1947 Taylor Plan, which consolidated several government buildings in one downtown area. In 1974, the Capitol Center Planning Commission for the City of Tallahassee, Florida responded to growth of its urban center with a conceptual plan for the expansion of its Capitol Center. Hisham Ashkouri, working for The Architects' Collaborative, led the urban planning and design effort. Estimating growth and related development for approximately the next 25 years, the program projected the need for 2.3 million square feet (214,000 m2) of new government facilities in the city core, with 3,500 dwelling units, 100 acre of new public open space, retail and private office space, and other ancillary spaces. Community participation was an integral part of the design review, welcoming Tallahassee residents to provide input as well as citizens' groups and government agencies, resulting in the creation of six separate Design Alternatives. The best elements of these various designs were combined to develop the final conceptual design, which was then incorporated into the existing Capitol area and adjacent areas.", "Downtown Córdoba is home of large shopping malls, notably Patio Olmos. This mall is the result of a massive regeneration effort, recycling and refurbishing the west side old warehouses into elegant offices and commercial centres. An important cultural point of interest is the Palacio Ferreyra, a mansion built in 1916 based on plans by the French architect, Ernest Sanson. The Ferreyra palace was converted into the Evita Perón Museum of Fine Arts (the city's second) in 2007. Located at the corner of Hipólito Yrigoyen and Chacabuco Avenues, it has now been restored and adapted to house the city's principal art gallery.", "The complex is bordered by wide thoroughfares named for city founders James Ross (Ross Street), John Forbes (Forbes Avenue) and James Grant (Grant Street). The current building, completed in 1888, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. Richardson later referred to it as his \"great achievement\". " ]

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[ "Madonna was born on August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, United States. Her full name is Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone and currently has 56 years old today. His hits include the song include, “Like a Virgin” from the year 1984, “La Isla Bonita” in the year 1987, “like a prayer” in 1989 and “Hung Up” in 2005), it also became actress, acting in the film, “Evita”, released in 1996. The American singer is one of the artists with greater commercial success of the last century.", "Madonna was born Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone was born on 16th August 1958 in Michigan and now simply goes by the name �Madonna�. She gained global recognition after a series of hit singles ", "Madonna (born Madonna Louise Ciccone; August 16, 1958) is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan , she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in pop groups, she released her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums in which she found immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Throughout her career, most of her songs have hit number one on the record charts, including \" Like a Virgin \", \" Papa Don't Preach \", \" Like a Prayer \", \" Vogue \", \" Frozen \", \" Music \", \" Hung Up \", and \" 4 Minutes \". Madonna has been praised by critics for her diverse musical productions while at the same time serving as a lightning rod for religious controversy.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone was born in Bay City, Michigan on August 16, 1958. Her mother, Madonna Louise (née Fortin), was of French Canadian descent, and her father, Silvio Anthony Ciccone, was a first-generation Italian American . [1] The Ciccone family originated from Pacentro , Italy; her father later worked as a design engineer for Chrysler and General Motors . Madonna was nicknamed \"Little Nonni\" to distinguish her from her mother. [2] [3] The third of six children, her siblings are Martin, Anthony, Paula, Christopher , and Melanie. [4] Madonna was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now part of Rochester Hills ).", "Madonna Louise Ciccone (lahir di Bay City , Michigan , Amerika Serikat , 16 Agustus 1958 ; umur 53 tahun) adalah seorang penyanyi, aktris, dan pengusaha berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Ia merupakan salah satu figur paling besar dalam sejarah musik populer dunia dan mendapat julukan sebagai “Ratu Pop”. Menurut Guinness World Records , ia merupakan penyanyi wanita tersukses sepanjang masa. Madonna dikenal akan produksi musik yang inovatif dan provokatif, koreografi dan pertunjukan panggung yang ekstravagan, serta video musik yang artistik. Sejak kemunculan dan dominasinya di dunia hiburan era 1980-an , Madonna telah mendefinisikan musik dan budaya pop dan menjadi pengaruh besar bagi banyak penyanyi di berbagai belahan dunia.", "The renowned American singer, actress, dancer and businesswomen, Madonna Louise Ciccone was born on August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan.The Queen of Pop is the eldest daughter of Madonna Louise Fortin and Silvio Anthony Ciccone. From her childhood, Madonna wanted to become a ballet dancer and in struggle for achieving her dreams, she moved to New York City in 1978 where she started to work as a backup dancer along with working as a waitress at Dunkin’ Donuts to fulfill her financial needs. During 1981, she formed a band named “Emmy” with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray. The two recorded a few songs and after getting impressed by their work, Madonna was signed by Sire Records.", "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone was born August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan. In 1977 Madonna dropped out of college at the University of Michigan to move to New York to study with Alvin Ailey for a career as a dancer. By 1979 she had signed on to dance and sing behind Disco performer Patrick Hernandez who had a major hit with \"Born To Be Alive.\" Upon returning to New York, she helped form the Breakfast Club pop/dance group.", "Born Madonna Louise Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan , USA , she was raised in a large Italian American and French Canadian (both were devout Catholic ) family in the Detroit suburb of Rochester . Madonna's mother died of cancer when Madonna was five years old. She took classes in piano and ballet, and was an active participant in a variety of artistic activities at school. She received a dance scholarship and attended the University of Michigan for two years but quit and moved to the Corona, Queens district of New York in 1978 to pursue dance and acting professionally. She appeared in a short film called A Certain Sacrifice and joined several punk-pop bands including Breakfast Club and Emmy. She eventually penned a number of songs that brought her local fame in gay dance clubs such as Danceteria.", "Born Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958, to parents Silvio \"Tony\" Ciccone and Madonna Fortin. Tony, the son of Italian immigrants, was the first of his family to go to college, where he earned a degree in engineering. Madonna's mother, an x-ray technician and former dancer, was of French Canadian descent. After their marriage in 1955, the couple moved to Pontiac, Michigan, to be close to Tony's job as a defense engineer. Madonna was born three years later, during a visit with family in Bay City. The third of six children, Madonna learned early on how to handle her role as the middle child, admitting that she was \"the sissy of the family\" who often used her feminine wiles to get her way.", "Michigan Rock & Roll Legends, as part of their \"Bay City's Madonna Tour\" on their website, writes that Madonna \"was born in Mercy Hospital at 7:05 a.m. on August 16, 1958, in the Maternity Ward on the 4th floor\". \"The physician who brought Madonna into this world was Dr. Abraham Jacoby\". [1]", "Madonna, born Madonna Louise Ciccone is an international pop star. She moved to Ashcombe House on the Wiltshire-Dorset border with her then husband, film maker Guy Ritchie. Ashcombe is a Georgian Manor House on Cranborne Chase in the parish of Berwick St John. It is also the former home of photographer Cecil Beaton.", "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone (born August 16, 1958), simply known by the stage name Madonna, is a pop singer considered by many to be the queen of popular music . She has had a long career that has been marked by success and controversy.", "was the third of six children in a Catholic family. Her father Sylvio, also known as Tony, was a design engineer for Chrysler/General Dynamics. Madonna's mother was of French Canadian descent. She died of breast cancer when Madonna was five years old. Tony Ciccone moved the family to Pontiac, Michigan, and he married one of the women hired to care for the Ciccone household. The adjustment was difficult for Madonna as the eldest daughter. She had considered herself the \"lady of the house\" and had received much of her father's affection and attention.", "In 1977, during her undergraduate studies at Michigan, Madonna was awarded a six-week scholarship to study with the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York City, followed by a rare opportunity to perform with choreographer Pearl Lang in 1978. At the urging of her dance instructor, the budding star dropped out of college after only two years of study in order to move to New York and further her dance career.", "Madonna later attended Rochester Adams High School where she became a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad. After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, and attended the American Dance Festival over the summer. She convinced her father to allow her to take ballet lessons and was persuaded by Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, to pursue a career in dance. ", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Madonna, filed for adoption on October 10, 2006, for a boy from the orphanage, David Banda Mwale, and was later renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie. The adoption process became an issue, because according to the Malawian law, the would-be parents are required to reside in Malawi for a year before adopting a child, which Madonna did not abide, and stated, that Malawi had no written adoption laws that regulated foreign adoption, addressed during The Oprah Winfrey Show. Madonna described how David Mwale Ritchie was suffering from pneumonia after he survived from malaria and tuberculosis when she first met the baby. Yohane Mwale, Banda’s biological father, stated, that he was harassed and threatened by so-called human rights activists, and want him to support their court case, which he declined because he gave his consent of adoption between Madonna and then-husband Ritchie. On May 28, 2008, Banda Mwale’s adoption was finalized. Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie and was finalized in December 2008, citing irreconcilable differences. Madonna decided to adopt again from Malawi, which the High Court approved initially the adoption of Chifundo “Mercy” James, however, the adoption process was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of Malawi. On June 12, 2009, Madonna appealed, and was granted by the Supreme Court of Malawi the right to adopt Mercy James.", "Singer Madonna arrives at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute Gala in New York, on Monday, May 4, 2009. (AP Photo/Peter Kramer)", "Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying. ", "Madonna entered the 1990s with the release of the soundtrack, I'm Breathless (1990), which contained songs inspired by the film Dick Tracy. She also released her first greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, in the same year. The album has sold more than 30 million copies, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist. It also became the second best-selling album by a female artist in the United Kingdom and her second certified diamond album in the United States. In 1991, she signed a $60 million recording contract and business deal with Warner Bros. and Time Warner. As part of this, she founded Maverick Records, which became her main record company, with Sire and Warner Bros. as distributors of her music. Her next releases under Maverick were the studio albums, Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994), as well as Something to Remember (1995), a collection of Madonna ballads. All of them reached multi-platinum status in the US and achieved commercial success. Her third soundtrack album, from the musical Evita, was released in 1996. The double-disc endeavor was certified five times platinum by the RIAA, recognizing 2.5 million shipments throughout the United States. Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light, was released in 1998 and has sold more than 16 million copies worldwide.", "His parents were of Italian origin, the singer’s father was an engineer who worked in the automotive industry in the city of Detroit, and her mother died of breast cancer when Madonna was just 6 years old. Madonna was the third of six siblings.", "Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah and in 2004, she adopted the name Esther which in Hebrew means \"star\". [217] She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject. [217] [218] After she joined the Jewish religion, she faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism . Madonna defended her studies, saying \"It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party\", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is \"not hurting anybody.\" [219] The influence of the Kaballah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music. According to scholar Bill Friskics-Warren, \"the ethereal arrangement of music in these albums and the philosophizing, replete with references to gurus and fate-fitting karma, at first may seem like New Age lyrics, but a deep analysis yields a sense of connection that encompasses spiritual illumination and carnal ecstacy, in effect erasing the distinction betwen the two, and is the effect of her oblique Kabbalistic meditation on union and transcendence.\" [217] During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore t-shirts that read \"Kabbalists Do It Better\". [217]", "In 2004, Madonna embarked on her 'Re-Invention World Tour', during which she played 56 dates across the United States, Canada, and Europe. The tour explored social, political and religious themes, and included images of yoga , sacred geometry , tarot cards and astrology , as well as Judeo-Christian iconography such as the tree of life .The tour became the highest earning tour of the year 2004, grossing 125 million dollars according to Billboard . Once again proving Madonna was still present and at the top. The tour ended with the Palestinian and Israeli flags side by side. Many believe that Madonna's next passion is protecting the children of Israel and Palestine from continuous fighting. Her musical horizons also expanded as she added a cover version of the John Lennon favorite 'Imagine' to her live repertoire. Madonna met Fahrenheit 9/11 filmmaker Michael Moore backstage for a photo opportunity during the tour and openly embraced political commentary in her act, which included a scathing indictment of George W. Bush and the 2003 Iraq war .Also, in 2004 Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame, joining Elvis Presley , The Beatles , Bob Marley , and U2 as automatic inductees.", "Recognized as one of the biggest-selling artists in music history, Madonna has sold more than 250 million records within 20 years of her career. She is ranked by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century, and the second top-selling female artist in the United States behind Barbra Streisand , with 64 million certified albums. Guinness World Records listed her as the world's most successful female recording artist of all time. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked Madonna at number two behind only The Beatles , on the \" Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists \", making her the most successful solo artist in the history of the chart. She was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Considered to be one of the most influential figures in contemporary music, Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry.", "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \" These Boots Are Made for Walkin' \" by Nancy Sinatra ; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". [205] As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque , and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". [206] Other musical influences included artists Karen Carpenter , The Supremes , Led Zeppelin , and dancers such as Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev . [207] Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents were reflected in the album Like a Prayer. [55] It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career. [208] Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a rosary , and also prayed with it in the music video for \"La Isla Bonita\". [209] The \"Open Your Heart\" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song \"Papa Don't Preach\" to the Pope. [209] [210]", "Madonna's popularity was further enhanced by her critically successful role in film Desperately Seeking Susan (1985). However, most of her film appearances received harsh feedback. She garnered critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Evita (1996). Her other ventures include: fashion design, writing children's books, and film directing and producing. She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman, most notably after she founded entertainment company Maverick (including the label Maverick Records) in 1992 as a joint venture with Time Warner. In 2007, she signed an unprecedented US $120 million 360 deal with Live Nation.", "By 1992 Madonna's popularity stretched across the world, and she had established herself as a sharp, confident businesswoman. She signed a sixty million dollar contract with Time-Warner, which included her own record company (under the Maverick label) and called for her to make videos, films, books, merchandise, and more than six albums. The announcement of the deal was timed with the release of the album Erotica, an extended video, and an adults-only picture book called Sex, featuring black-and-white photographs in which Madonna appears mostly without clothes with everything from men and women (in all combinations, positions, and numbers) to chairs, dogs, and slices of pizza. She was even shown hitchhiking wearing nothing but high heels. The book was a best-seller across the country.", "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended. ", "On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon. [99]", "Is a distant cousin of Gwen Stefani . Gwen's great-aunt's mother-in-law shares the same last name with Madonna.", "Madonna's alignment with a Jewish faith caused shockwaves when it became public because she had drawn on her Catholic roots throughout her career. This included draping herself with crucifixes and famously kissing a black Jesus in the video for her No 1 single \"Like A Prayer\". She gave a credit to the Kabbalah Centre for its \"creative guidance\" when she released her 1998 album Ray of Light and has spoken in interviews about how studying the teachings had \"changed my whole outlook on life\".", "I'm no Madonna fan but she was definitely part of the downtown scene in the early 80s. She wasn't a celebutante or one of the IT girls or anything. She as more just another cool girl in weird clothes going to clubs and trying to do something arty." ]

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[ "The second Ventriloquist (Peyton Riley), called \"Sugar\" by Scarface, has surfaced in the pages of Detective Comics and has apparently been thought to be deceased (as part of her face is shown to be scarred). She is a more compatible partner than the original Ventriloquist was, since Scarface does not substitute the letter \"B\" with \"G\" anymore and is much more compliant with the dummy's brutal strategies. She and Scarface seem to have a relationship similar to that of the Joker and Harley Quinn. She is the former fianceé of Hush (Dr. Thomas Elliot).", "Sugar and Spice are more or less Two-Face's answer to Harley Quinn . They were later made Canon Immigrants in the Arkham City #1 comic (suggesting further use for the duo), though they don't appear in the game itself.", "In Detective Comics #843 (April 2008), Scarface kidnaps a rival gangster, Johnny Sabatino, and takes Bruce Wayne hostage. While alone, Sugar breaks away from Scarface and talks to Bruce in what appears to be her 'real' personality. She reveals that she was engaged to Wayne's friend, Matthew Atkins, \"years ago.\" Her real name is revealed to be Peyton Riley, and she expresses remorse for her crimes before the Scarface persona reappears and interrupts their conversation.", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics. Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\",[2] \"The Dark Knight\",[2] and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\"[2] among other titles.", "Spider-Man is a fictional character, a comic book superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, he first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and as a teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crimefighter. Spider-Man's creators gave him super strength and agility, the ability to cling to most surfaces, shoot spider-webs using devices of his own invention which he called \"web-shooters\", and react to danger quickly with his \"spider-sense\", enabling him to combat his foes.", "Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional character from DC Comics The Batman is a comic book superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit). The character made his first appearance in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy industrialist, playboy, and philanthropist. Witnessing the murder of his parents as a child leads him to train himself to physical and intellectual perfection and don a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime. Batman operates in Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his sidekick Robin and his butler Alfred Pennyworth , and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime.", "Jean Elaine Grey-Summers (born: Jean Elaine Grey), is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a founding member of the X-Men, and has been known under the aliases Marvel Girl, Phoenix, and Dark Phoenix. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963).", "Captain Marvel, also known as Shazam, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939. Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 (February 1940), published by Fawcett Comics. He is the alter ego of Billy Batson, a boy who, by speaking the magic word \"Shazam\", can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength, speed, flight, and other abilities.", "In addition to the creation of new minority heroes, publishers have filled the identities and roles of once-Caucasian heroes with new characters from minority backgrounds. The African-American John Stewart appeared in the 1970s as an alternate for Earth's Green Lantern Hal Jordan, and would become a regular member of the Green Lantern Corps from the 1980s onwards. The creators of the 2000s-era Justice League animated series selected Stewart as the show's Green Lantern. In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Miles Morales, a multiracial American youth who was also bitten by a genetically-altered spider, debuted as the new Spider-Man after the apparent death of the original. Kamala Khan, a Pakistani-American teenager who is revealed to have Inhuman lineage after her shapeshifting powers manifested, takes on the identity of Ms. Marvel in 2014. Her self-titled comic book series became a cultural phenomenon, with extensive media coverage by CNN, the New York Times and The Colbert Report, and embraced by anti-Islamophobia campaigners in San Francisco who plastered over anti-Muslim bus adverts with Kamala stickers. Other such successor-heroes of color include James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes as Iron Man, Ryan Choi as the Atom, and Jaime Reyes as Blue Beetle.", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero , Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939 ), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics . Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\", \"The Dark Knight\", and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\" among other titles.", "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Originally named \"the Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as \"the Caped Crusader\", \"the Dark Knight\", and \"the World's Greatest Detective\".", "The superheroine Vixen made her first appearance in Action Comics #521 (July 1981). To mark the 45th anniversary of the series, Lex Luthor and Brainiac were both given an updated appearance in issue #544 (June 1983). Lex Luthor dons his war suit for the first time in the story \"Luthor Unleashed!\" and Brainiac's appearance changes from the familiar green-skinned android to the metal skeletal-like robot in the story \"Rebirth!\". Keith Giffen's Ambush Bug character made appearances in issues #560, #563, and #565. Action Comics #579, written by Jean-Marc Lofficier and drawn by Giffen, featured an homage to Asterix where Superman and Jimmy Olsen are drawn back in time to a small village of indomitable Gauls. Schwartz ended his run as editor of the series with issue #583 (September 1986) which featured the second part of the \"Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?\" story by Alan Moore and Curt Swan. ", "The superheroine Vixen made her first appearance in Action Comics #521 (July 1981). [40] To mark the 45th anniversary of the series, Lex Luthor and Brainiac were both given an updated appearance in issue #544 (June 1983). Lex Luthor dons his war suit for the first time in the story \"Luthor Unleashed!\" [41] and Brainiac's appearance changes from the familiar green-skinned android to the metal skeletal-like robot in the story \"Rebirth!\". [42] Keith Giffen 's Ambush Bug character made appearances in issues #560, [43] #563, [44] and #565. [45] Action Comics #579, written by Jean-Marc Lofficier and drawn by Giffen, featured an homage to Asterix where Superman and Jimmy Olsen are drawn back in time to a small village of indomitable Gauls. [46] Schwartz ended his run as editor of the series with issue #583 (September 1986) which featured the second part of the \" Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? \" story by Alan Moore and Curt Swan. [47]", "The Daily Planet is a fictional broadsheet newspaper appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Superman. The newspaper is based out of the fictional city of Metropolis, and employs Clark Kent, Lois Lane, and Jimmy Olsen, with Perry White as its editor-in-chief. In the Batman: Hush storyline, it is named a subsidiary of Wayne Entertainment.", "Learning that Garfield (Changeling) Logan was in Los Angeles (BEAST BOY # 1) and falsely accused of murder, Bette sought him out (# 2) and, \"borrow(ing) money from my Aunt Kathy,\" she tried to bail him out of jail. Nightwing stepped in to facilitate Gar's release and requested a private conference with Bette, urging her to give up her Flamebird persona. Just as Dick had reacted when Bruce Wayne made a similar request of him, Bette turned defiant. \"Quit ? ... Like Hell I will\" (# 3).", "Both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories and/or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics; and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. Female supporting characters who were successful professionals or hold positions of authority in their own right also debuted in the pages of several popular superhero titles from the late 1950s onward: Hal Jordan's love interest Carol Ferris was introduced as the Vice-President of Ferris Aircraft and later took over the company from her father; Medusa, who was first introduced in the Fantastic Four series, is a member of the Inhuman Royal Family and a prominent statesperson within her people's quasi-feudal society; and Carol Danvers, a decorated officer in the United States Air Force who would become a costumed superhero herself years later.", "Jonah and Marla Madison also adopted their niece, Mattie Franklin, who unknown to them was also Spider-Woman . In the third volume of Alias , Mattie's secret was revealed, as, while searching for Jessica Drew in a drug-induced haze, she found former superhero Jessica Jones . Jones tracked down the girl and found that Mattie's boyfriend was using her blood to make Mutant Growth Hormone . For saving his daughter, Jonah heavily promoted Jones' agency and later hired her as a reporter for the Bugle's new Pulse magazine.", "In his revised origin, Billy Batson is an arrogant and troubled 15-year-old foster child living in Philadelphia who has gone through several foster homes. At his newest foster home, he gains five foster siblings, including new versions of Mary Bromfield and Freddy Freeman. When the evil Dr. Sivana unleashes the ancient magical warrior Black Adam from his tomb, the Wizard of the Rock of Eternity – the last of a council of beings who once controlled magic – begins abducting new candidates to assess them for the job of being his champion. He dismisses them all for not being pure of heart. ", "Solomon Grundy is a fictional corporeal revenant (zombie) supervillain in the DC Comics universe and an antihero in the DC animated universe. Named after the 19th century nursery rhyme, Grundy was introduced as an enemy of the Golden Age Green Lantern (Alan Scott), but has since become a prominent enemy for a number of superheroes, such as Superman and Batman. He also has ties to DC/Vertigo's Swamp Thing character, vital in the sprout storyline (Swamp Thing #66 November 1987). Created by Alfred Bester, he first appeared in All-American Comics #61 (October 1944).", "Two-Face first appears in Detective Comics #66 with the name Harvey \"Apollo\" Kent; later stories changed his name to \"Harvey Dent\" to avoid an association with Superman (Clark Kent) (Superman appears on screen in the story, although almost certainly this is one of the Fleischer cartoons). ", "Already well-known from its company's advertising campaign, Kool-Aid Man starred in a comic book in the 1980s, originally published by Marvel and later Archie Comics. In these comics, he battled long-tongued aliens known as the Thirstees, and later a pyromaniac named Scorch. Also in the 1980s, two video games created by M Networks, and based on the comic books out, were made for the Atari 2600 and Intellivision systems. Both involved Kool-Aid Man having to prevent the Thirstees from stealing all the Kool-Aid from the kids.", "Cyrus Gold was a Gotham City merchant who was murdered and thrown into Slaughter Swamp, where he was transformed into an undead, superstrong zombie-like creature. Solomon Grundy was initially an enemy of the Golden Age Green Lantern , the large amount of wood in his body giving him protection against the power ring , and the Justice Society , but has both battled and aided various heroes during his multiple resurrections. He has battled Batman on a number of occasions, notably in The Long Halloween and Dark Victory .", "A year later, the Calculator had been reduced to hanging out in a super-villain bar called the Dark Side, trading stories with bad guys like Calendar Man who’d also seen better days (1990’s JUSTICE LEAGUE AMERICA # 43, by Keith Giffen & J.M. DeMatteis, Adam Hughes and Jose Marzan, Jr.). He hasn’t been seen since although one of his spare costumes recently surfaced in the possession of the Skeleton, a villain who takes the guise of Batman’s various foes (2000’s BATMAN: GOTHAM CITY SECRET FILES # 1, by Brian K. Vaughan, Marcos Martin and Mark Pennington).", "Also there's an unrelated character from \"Jungle Girl\" comic named Jana created by Frank Cho... (unless Time Warner or Toho or the Doug Wildey estate forced Cho to use the generic \"Jungle Girl\" title, which would make sense since \"Jana\" isn't listed on Dynamite comics' character page besides the synopsis)", "In Containing America: Cultural Production and Consumption in Fifties America, authors Nathan Abrams and Julie Hughes point out that homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin existed prior to Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent. Wertham claimed his book was, in fact, prompted by the earlier research of a California psychiatrist. The relationship between Batman and arch villain the Joker has also been interpreted by many as homoerotic. Frank Miller, author of The Dark Knight Returns, has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a \"homophobic nightmare,\" and views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, \"He'd be much healthier if he were gay.\"", "Ling is a beautiful martial artist and a member of the Parisian branch of the Ghost Dragons, a Chinese youth gang that serves King Snake . For failing to kill Tim Drake , King Snake takes out her left eye. Eventually, she takes control of the Ghost Dragons and attempts to expand their Gotham territory. She is later killed during an encounter with Batgirl .", "The first post-Crisis appearance of Captain Marvel was in the 1986 Legends miniseries. In 1987, Captain Marvel appeared as a member of the Justice League , and that same year (spinning-off from Legends), he was also given his own miniseries titled Shazam! The New Beginning. With this four-issue miniseries, writers attempted to re-launch the Captain Marvel mythos and bring the wizard Shazam, Dr. Sivana, Uncle Dudley, and Black Adam into the modern DC Universe with an altered origin story.", "She is a playable character in the action RPG released for the PS2, Xbox, PSP and the Nintendo DS. Unlike most other games it is based on the long running comic book series and written by Justice League of America writer Dwayne McDuffie.", "This article is a stub . You can help Fictional Characters Wiki by expanding it .", "It also was an inspiration to a comic story by Brazilian artist Eugênio Colonnese, who made comics about O Morto Do Pântano (= Swamp Zombie). Colonnese was ahead of his time. His Zombie character was made long before American \"Swamp Thing\" was on the scene. He also conceived an original character Mirza, which later seems to have been the inspiration for \"Vampirella\".", "a character in an American comic strip and several films who secretly assumes a batlike costume in order to fight crime", "In this round you will be given the years of publication and 3 characters / story lines from a comic. All I need is the name of the comic concerned." ]

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[ "1995 - Rep. Newt Gingrich (R-GA) was formally elected Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was the first Republican to hold the post in 40 years and the first Georgia Speaker in over 100 years.", "In 1994 mid-term elections, another Southern politician, Newt Gingrich, led the Republican Revolution, ushered in 12 years of GOP control of the House. Gingrich became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999. Tom DeLay was the most powerful Republican leader in Congress until he was indicted under criminal charges in 2005 and was forced to step aside by Republican rules. Apart from Bob Dole of Kansas (1985–96), the recent Republican Senate leaders have been Southerners: Howard Baker (1981–85) of Tennessee, Trent Lott (1996–2003) of Mississippi, Bill Frist (2003–2006) of Tennessee, and Mitch McConnell (2007–present) of Kentucky.", "The Republicans took control of the House in 1995, under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich. Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America on which the House Republicans had been elected, and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton, or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. The Republicans held on to the House until 2006, when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011, the largest shift of power since the 1930s. ", "-served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. In 1995, Time magazine selected him as the Person of the Year for his role in leading the Republican Revolution in the House, ending 40 years of Democratic Party majorities in that body. During his tenure as Speaker he represented the public face of the Republican opposition to Bill Clinton.", "In 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the gains made in the 1994 congressional elections. In those elections, the Republicans, led by Newt Gingrich, captured the majority of seats in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years and the majority of seats in the U.S. Senate for the first time in eight years.", "In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.", "Nancy Pelosi (1940-) was the first female Speaker of the House in the U.S. House of Representatives. First elected to congress in 1987, Pelosi has represented California's 8th district since then. In 2002 she was selected as the Democratic Leader for the House of Representatives and when Democrats won the majority of the House in the 2006 election, she assumed the role of Speaker. She remained Speaker until 2010 when Republicans won back control of the House. Pelosi is currently the minority leader in the House. She recently announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president.", "Paul Davis Ryan (born January 29, 1970) is the 54th and current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Ryan is a member of the Republican Party who has served as the U.S. Representative for since 1999. Ryan previously served as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, from January 3 to October 29, 2015, and, before that, as Chairman of the House Budget Committee from 2011 to 2015. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States, running alongside former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts in the 2012 election. Ryan, together with Democratic Senator Patty Murray, negotiated the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013.", "A co-author and architect of the \"Contract with America\", Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him \"Man of the Year\" for \"his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House\". While he was House Speaker, the House enacted welfare reform, passed a capital gains tax cut in 1997, and in 1998 passed the first balanced budget since 1969. The poor showing by Republicans in the 1998 Congressional elections, a reprimand from the House for Gingrich's ethics violation, and pressure from Republican colleagues caused Gingrich's resignation from the speakership on November 6, 1998, followed by his outright resignation from the House on January 3, 1999.", "2007/01/04 32 - California Democrat Nancy Pelosi becomes the first woman Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "January 4, 2007 - The first female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Representative Nancy Pelosi of San Francisco, California, is sworn into office.", "Following Livingston’s resignation, Dennis Hastert, Republican Representative from Illinois, gained the support of the Republican leadership to seek the speakership as Livingston's successor. He began serving as Speaker in January 1999, and held that role while the Senate conducted the impeachment trial. ", "The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as the Speaker of the House (or simply, the Speaker), serves as the presiding officer of the U.S. House of Representatives. The Speaker fulfills several roles, including representing constituents as a Member of Congress, acting as administrative head of the House, and serving as leader of the majority political party in the House.", "John Andrew Boehner (pronounced /ˈbeɪnər/ BAY-nər; born November 17, 1949) is the U.S. Representative from Ohio's 8th congressional district, serving since 1991, and the Republican House Minority Leader since 2007. The district includes several rural and suburban areas near Cincinnati and Dayton and a small portion of Dayton itself. Following the 2010 midterm elections, with the Republicans becoming the majority party in the House of Representatives, it is widely presumed that Boehner will be elected Speaker of the House of Representatives once the 112th Congress takes office on January 3, 2011. Early life, education and career Boehner was born in Reading, Ohio, the son of Mary Anne (n�e Hall) and Earl Henry Boehner, the second of twelve children in a German-Ir...", "Tip O’Neill (1912-1994) was a Democratic politician who served in the House of Representatives for 34 years. From 1977-1987, he was the Speaker of the House and emerged in the 1980s as a vocal critic of the Reagan administration’s policies.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman , an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence .", "On January 3rd, 2007, Pelosi became the first woman, the first Italian-American, and the first Californian to be elected Speaker of the House. She served through 2011, when Democrats ceded control of the House following the 2010 midterm election. She continues as House Minority Leader.", "In the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia. During this period he ran twice (1974 and 1976) for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 to 1995.", "Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President. ", "Barbara Jordan (1936 – 1996) first African American from a southern state to serve in the US House of Representatives, first African American to serve a keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention", "The Speaker exercises duties as a Member of Congress, as presiding officer of the House of Representatives, and as leader of the majority political party in the House.", "James Danforth \"Dan\" Quayle (born 4 February 1947 ) is a former United States Representative, Senator, the 44th Vice President of the United States (1989–1993), and a minor candidate for the 2000 Republican presidential nomination. After retiring from politics, he became the chairman of Cerberus Capital Management.", "Policies Born: June 17, 1943 Birthplace: Dauphin, Pennsylvania Education: B.A. Emory University, PhD. Tulane University Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic Occupation: Former Representative/Speaker of the House, currently a political commentator", "Death of Sam Rayburn, American political leader, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1940-47, 1949-53, 1955-61)", "* Congresswoman Barbara Charline Jordan of Texas, the first African-American congresswoman to come from the Deep South and the first woman ever elected to the Texas Senate, who had received widespread recognition as a key member of the House Judiciary Committee during President Nixon's impeachment, delivered the keynote address to the Democratic National Convention. She was the first black person and first woman to address the convention as a keynote speaker, declaring that \"My presence here . . . is one additional bit of evidence that the American dream need not forever be deferred.\" ", "Clarence William \"Bill\" Nelson (born September 29, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Florida. A member of the Democratic Party, he is a former U.S. Representative and former Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner of Florida. He is a leader in air and space policy, and in 1986, he became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space.", "Former speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives suggests that Americans are united on most of the important issues facing the nation but that politicians ignore their constituents. Posits that both political parties are failing, offers examples of government reform, and provides possible twenty-first-century solutions. Bestseller. 2008.", "Clarence William \"Bill\" Nelson (born September 29, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Florida and a member of the Democratic Party. He is a former United States Representative and former Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner of Florida. In 1986, he became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space.", "Nelson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978. He served in the U.S. House from 1979 to 1991.", "Ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives and won in 1946. He served from 1947 to 1950.", "NOV. 5, 1946: Elected as a U.S. representative for the 11th Congressional District in Boston at age 29. He is re-elected in 1948 and 1950.", "Was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the United States Senate in 1952." ]

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[ "Following this feat, Glenn became a U.S. Senator from the state of Ohio. After serving in the Senate, he was selected to become a shuttle astronaut and returned to space as a senior citizen. We owe him a “hats off” for braving the unknown, sitting on top of a virtual bomb, and being launched into the unknown.", "Senator John Glenn, a retired United States Marine Corps pilot and space pioneer, became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962, as part of the Mercury program.  After leaving NASA, he won a senate seat and served four terms as a Democratic senator from Ohio. When he was 77, Glenn flew again, aboard the Shuttle Discovery, and still holds the record for oldest man in space.", "Three years after the confetti and streamers had blown away, John Glenn left NASA and, relegating space flight to a vivid memory, moved into another public arena. Politics is a high-profile world in which Glenn’s clean-cut image and amiable personality easily endeared him to his constituents and to the public in general. In 1974, he was elected to the U.S. Senate by his home state of Ohio, an office he has held through three more terms.", "John Glenn resigned from NASA two years after his Mercury flight. When he left NASA, he ran for the U.S. Senate from the state of Ohio. An injury forced him to withdraw from that race. He went on to be elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974, and served in the senate for 25 years. In 1984, John Glenn ran for U.S. president but did not win the Democratic nomination. After leaving the Senate in 1999, he became an adjunct professor at Ohio State University. In 1999, NASA renamed its field center in Cleveland, Ohio, \"John H. Glenn Research Center\" after him.", "Astronaut Glenn now became Senator Glenn. In this new career, he represented Ohio and took a leading role in weapons control and government affairs. He was chief author of the 1978 Nonproliferation Act, served as chairman of the Senate Government Affairs Committee from 1978 until 1995, and sat on the Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees and the Special Committee on Aging. Never far from the center of Democratic politics, he was a contender for the vice presidential nomination three times and ran in the Democratic primaries as a presidential candidate in 1984.", "GLENN, John Herschel, Jr., a Senator from Ohio; born in Cambridge, Guernsey County, Ohio, July 18, 1921; educated in the public schools of New Concord, Ohio; graduated, Muskingum College; served in the United States Marine Corps 1942-1965; test pilot; joined the United States space program in 1959, having been selected as one of the original seven Mercury astronauts; in February 1962, became the first American to orbit the Earth; unsuccessful candidate in 1964 to the United States Senate; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in November 1974, for the term commencing January 3, 1975; subsequently appointed by the Governor, December 24, 1974, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Howard M. Metzenbaum for the term ending January 3, 1975; reelected in 1980, 1986, and again in 1992 for the term ending January 3, 1999; not a candidate for reelection in 1998; chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs (One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses); returned to space as payload specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, October 29 to November 7, 1998; awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on August 7, 2009, for service as first American to orbit the earth; awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012; was a resident of Columbus, Ohio, until his death on December 8, 2016.", "Glenn left NASA in 1964 and entered into business and politics. He was elected to the United States Senate, representing his native Ohio as a Democrat, and served from 1974 to 1999.", "American John Glenn, one of the Mercury Seven selected in 1959 by NASA became the first American astronaut to orbit the earth when he flew the Mercury-Atlas 6 named Friendship 7 for three earth orbits on February 20, 1962, and left the manned space program in 1964. In 1964, Glenn announced that he would challenge incumbent U.S. Senator Stephen M. Young in the Democratic primary at the end of Young's first term in office. Criticism of \"astronaut turned politician\" Glenn came immediately following his announcement, taking issue with the \"undesirable precedent in astronauts' capitalizing on their fame to enter political roles\" with some grumbling that Glenn did not follow the standard \"step-by-step progression up the political ladder\" by \"aspiring immediately for the Senate\". Speculation also ran strong that then-Attorney General of the United States Robert F. Kennedy had promoted Glenn's electoral bid as a means to enhance the Democrat's chances in Ohio. Asked the question while on an official trip in Tokyo, Kennedy would offer no comment beyond stating that he had had \"a number of conversations with John Glenn over his future\". At the time, fellow Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper was cited as having met with Democratic Party leaders in Oklahoma to consider a Senate run there.Via The New York Times. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?idZhYOAAAAIBAJ&sjid", "Glenn resigned from NASA on January 16, 1964, and the next day announced his candidacy as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate from his home state of Ohio. On February 26, 1964, Glenn suffered a concussion from a slip and fall against a bathtub; this led him to withdraw from the race on March 30. Glenn then went on convalescent leave from the Marine Corps until he could make a full recovery, necessary for his retirement from the Marines. He retired on January 1, 1965, as a Colonel and entered the business world as an executive for Royal Crown Cola.", "Mr. Glenn keeps an office at the school, holds seminars with students and is close to the archive of papers from his careers as an astronaut and, later, a four-term United States senator from Ohio and a candidate in the 1984 Democratic presidential primaries. It is quite an archive: about 1,800 boxes of materials. “I was a pack rat,” he said.", "1962: John Herschel Glenn Jr. is the first American to orbit Earth, aboard the Mercury capsule Friendship 7. He will be elected U.S. senator from Ohio in 1974, 1980 and 1986.", "* Both U.S. Senators from Ohio: John H. Glenn Jr. (1974-1999) and Howard M. Metzenbaum (1974, 1976-1995)", "So, Glenn went into business, and then politics. He represented his native Ohio as a Democrat in the United States Senate from 1974 to 1999. During his tenure, he remained a staunch supporter of NASA and the American space program, Pearlman said.", "John Glenn is 90 now, dividing his time between Washington and Ohio after a long career in the U.S. Senate. He and his wife Annie have been married for 69 years, slowed only by the inevitable maladies of age.", "John Glenn remained with NASA until 1964, but did not return to space in any of the later Mercury missions. It is believed that President Kennedy and other government officials, well aware of the symbolic importance of the first man to orbit the Earth, ordered NASA to keep him grounded, for fear of his being injured or killed in a space program that was still, in many ways, in the developmental stage. Glenn returned to Ohio, where he became a successful businessman. He later entered politics, and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974, serving four terms. Glenn maintained close contacts with NASA, and spoke often of his regret at not having been part of subsequent missions, including the lunar landings. In 1998, however, John Glenn got his wish and returned to space. Though it had been more than 35 years since he had last suited up, Glenn was selected as part of the crew aboard the space shuttle Discovery. His participation, at the age of 77, would allow scientists to study the affects of space travel on the elderly. When Glenn returned from the nine-day mission, he and his fellow crew members were welcomed home with a ticker-tape parade in New York City, marking the second time Glenn had received such an honor.", "The NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio is named after him. Also, Senator John Glenn Highway runs along a stretch of I-480 (Ohio) across from the NASA Glenn Research Center. Colonel Glenn Highway, which runs by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton, Ohio, and John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord, Ohio, and Col. John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills, Ohio were named for him as well.", "The NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio, is named after him. Also, Senator John Glenn Highway runs along a stretch of I-480 in Ohio across from the NASA Glenn Research Center. Colonel Glenn Highway, which runs by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton, Ohio, John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord, Ohio, and Col. John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills, Ohio, are named for him as well. High Schools in Westland and Bay City, Michigan; Walkerton, Indiana; San Angelo, Texas; Elwood, Long Island, New York; and Norwalk, California were also named after him.", "John Glenn of Ohio was a more serious threat to Mondale, and after winning several early primaries it looked as if he might take the nomination away from Mondale. Glenn criticized Mondale, comparing him to the McGovern of the 1972 Presidential Election. He emerged as a formidable candidate, winning the key New Hampshire, Ohio, and California primaries as well as several others, especially in the West and parts of the South. However, Glenn could not overcome Mondale's financial and organizational advantages, especially among labor union leaders in the Midwest and industrial Northeast.", "NASA psychologists had determined during Glenn's training that he was the astronaut best suited for public life. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy suggested to Glenn and his wife in December 1962 that he should run against incumbent United States Senator Stephen M. Young of Ohio in the 1964 Democratic primary election. In 1964 Glenn announced that he was resigning from the space program to run against Young, but withdrew when he hit his head on a bathtub. Glenn sustained a concussion and injured his inner ear, and recovery left him unable to campaign. Glenn remained close to the Kennedy family and was with Robert Kennedy when he was assassinated in 1968.", "John Glenn is a former NASA astronaut. He was part of the first group of astronauts NASA selected. In 1962, he became the first American to orbit Earth. After leaving NASA, he became a U.S. senator. Later, he became the oldest person to fly in space.", "John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962. He had previously been a U.S. Marine test pilot, but in 1959 he was assigned to NASA as one of the original group of Mercury astronauts. After he piloted the first American manned orbital mission aboard the Friendship 7 spacecraft, he was considered and American hero and given a tickertape parade. He later become a U.S. Senator.", "Sen. John Glenn confers with a fellow Democrat on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Joe Biden, during a 1981 hearing on the sale of an AWACS radar plane to Saudi Arabia. Glenn would serve in the Senate until 1999, while Biden would go on to become vice president in 2009. (Bob Daugherty / AP) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "John H. Glenn, Jr., was born in Cambridge, Ohio, on July 18, 1921, the son of John Herschel and Clara Sproat Glenn. At age two, young John moved with his parents to New Concord, where his father opened a plumbing business. After relocating to New Concord, the Glenns built a home that doubled as a rooming house for students from nearby Muskingum College.", "On February 20, 1997, the anniversary of his historic spaceflight, Senator John H. Glenn, Jr. announced his plans to retire from the Senate. In January, 1999 his retirement from the Senate became official.", "On April 6, 1943, Glenn married his childhood sweetheart, Anna Margaret Castor (b. 1920). Both Glenn and his wife attended Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio. He also was a member of the Stag Club Fraternity at Muskingum College. ", "Glenn continued his work with NASA, and even though he was a lifelong Democrat, he turned aside a suggestion in mid-1963 from Bobby Kennedy, who became a good friend and political mentor, to run for the Senate. But when a second space flight failed to materialize and President Kennedy was assassinated, Glenn’s powerful interest in public service and politics led him to announce his candidacy for the Senate in January 1964.", "1984 United States Presidential Election (President John Glenn) | Alternative History | Fandom powered by Wikia", "John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on the Friendship 7 mission. Image Credit: NASA", "On February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. He made three turns around the planet before returning safely.", "John H. Glenn Jr. is the first American to orbit the Earth, flying Mercury-Atlas 6 for three orbits on February 20.", "Space Exploration: John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, returns to space at age 77.", "On February 20, 1962, the Friendship 7 capsule carried astronaut John Glenn around the Earth three times on a five-hour space flight. He was the first American to orbit our planet." ]

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[ "\"The Battle of New Orleans\" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the 1815 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959. ", "* Country singer Johnny Horton had a Number 1 hit in 1959 with \"The Battle of New Orleans\" (written by Jimmy Driftwood), which won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording and was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It was ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's \"Songs of the (20th) Century.\" The melody is from a 19th-century fiddle tune, \"The Eighth of January,\" which presumably was inspired by the American victory. (Before the Civil War, January 8 was a day to celebrate, like July 4.) Lonnie Donegan, the \"King of Skiffle\", also had a U.K. Number 2 hit with his cover of \"The Battle of New Orleans,\" in 1959.", "1959 - The Battle of New Orleans, by Johnny Horton, started week number four at the top of the nations music Tunedex. The song was number one for a total of six weeks. It was Hortons only number one record and million-seller. He had big hits, however, with movie music: Sink the Bismarck and North to Alaska (from the film by the same title, starring John Wayne) -- both in 1960. Horton, from Tyler, TX, married Billie Jean Jones, Hank Williams widow. Tragically, Johnny Horton was killed in a car crash on November 5, 1960.", "Driftwood, Jimmy (James Morris) an Arkansas schoolteacher who specialized in spreading the knowledge of American folklore and songs through festival performances and songwriting. In 1959 Johnny Horton had an enormous hit with Jimmy's \"Battle of New Orleans\", which was based on an old fiddle tune called \"The Eighth of January\" (and there was even a version recorded by Donegan, Lonnie for Canadian/UK consumption: \"We fired our guns and the rebels kept a-comin'\"!).", "Bob Dylan (; born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, artist and writer. He has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when his songs chronicled social unrest, although Dylan repudiated suggestions from journalists that he was a spokesman for his generation. Nevertheless, early songs such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" became anthems for the American civil rights and anti-war movements. After he left his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single \"Like a Rolling Stone\" altered the range of popular music in 1965. His mid-1960s recordings, backed by rock musicians, reached the top end of the United States music charts while also attracting denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.", "The melody is based on a well-known American fiddle tune \"The 8th of January,\" which was the date of the Battle of New Orleans. Jimmy Driftwood, a school principal in Arkansas with a passion for history, set an account of the battle to this music in an attempt to get students interested in learning history. It seemed to work, and Driftwood became well known in the region for his historical songs. He was \"discovered\" in the late 1950s by Don Warden, and eventually was given a recording contract by RCA, for whom he recorded 12 songs in 1958, including \"The Battle of New Orleans.\" ", "  Elvis Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), was an American singer, musician and actor. A cultural icon, he is commonly referred to by his first name, and as the \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or \"The King\". In 1954, Presley began his career as one of the first performers of rockabilly, an up tempo fusion of country and rhythm and blues with a strong back beat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing \"black\" and \"white\" sounds, made him popular, and controversial, as did his uninhibited stage and television performances. He recorded songs in the rock and roll genre, with tracks like \"Hound Dog\" and \"Jailhouse Rock\" later embodying the style. Presley had a versatile voice and had unusually wide success encompassing other genres, including gospel, blues, ballads and pop. To date, he has been inducted into four music halls of fame. In the 1960s, Presley made the majority of his thirty-one movies—mainly poorly reviewed, but financially successful, musicals. In 1968, he returned with acclaim to live music in a television special, and thereafter performed across the U.S., notably in Las Vegas. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales. He is one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. Health problems, drug dependency and other factors led to his death at age 42. \" Artist Discography \"", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, poet and painter who has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was, at first, an informal chronicler and then an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs, such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin',\" became anthems for both the civil rights and the anti-war movements. Dylan's early lyrics incorporated political, social and philosophical as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture . While expanding and personalizing genres , he has explored many traditions of American song, from folk , blues and country to gospel, rock and roll and rockabilly to English, Scottish and Irish folk music, and even jazz and swing.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935–August 16, 1977), sometimes written Aron,a was an American singer, musician and actor. He is a cultural icon, often known as “The King of Rock ‘n’ Roll”, or simply “The King”.", "Nathaniel Adams Coles (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965), known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his soft baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres, and was a major force in popular music for three decades. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a national television variety show, The Nat King Cole Show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from lung cancer in February 1965.", "b]† Etta James (born Jamesetta Hawkins on January 25, 1938, died January 20, 2012) was an American blues, soul, R&B, rock & roll and jazz singer and songwriter. She is the winner of four Grammys, seventeen Blues Music Awards, and was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (in 1993), the Blues Hall of Fame (in 2001), and the Grammy Hall of Fame (in both 1999 and 2008). Having her biggest success as a blues and R&B singer in the 1950s and 60s, she is best known for her 1961 ballad “At Last”, classified as a “timeless classic” and which has featured in many movies and television commercials.", "James Hillier Blount (born 22 February 1974), better known by his stage name James Blunt, is an English singer-songwriter and musician, and former army officer, whose debut album, Back to Bedlam and single releases, including “You’re Beautiful” and “Goodbye My Lover”, brought him to fame in 2005. The following year, he released his second album All the Lost Souls (2007). Blunt was an officer in the Life Guards, a cavalry regiment of the British Army, and served under NATO in Kosovo during the conflict there in 1999. James spent his early childhood living in England, Cyprus, and Germany, where his father, a Colonel in the British Army Air Corps, and military helicopter pilot, was posted at various times. His father inculcated in him a love of flying, and he earned his pilot’s licence at age 16.", "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.", "7)     New Orleans – The first hit by 60s singer/songwriter Gary U.S. Bonds is one of many songs simply titled “New Orleans” but this song is widely recognized to be one of the best and has been covered by The Grateful Dead, The Blues Brothers, Neil Diamond and Hank Williams Jr.", "James Hillier Blount (born 22 February 1974), better known by his stage name James Blunt, is an English singer-songwriter and musician, and former army officer, whose debut album, Back to Bedlam and single releases, including “You’re Beautiful” and “Goodbye My Lover”, brought him to fame in 2005. His repertoire can be best described as a mix of acoustic-tinged pop, rock and folk. Blunt was an officer in the Life Guards, a Cavalry regiment of the British Army, and served under NATO in Kosovo during the conflict there in 1999.", "Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 - February 3, 1959), known as Buddy Holly, was an American musician and singer/songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. Holly was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a musical family during the Great Depression; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music and rhythm and blues acts, and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school. He made his first appearance on local television in 1952, and the following year he formed the group \"Buddy and Bob\" with his friend Bob Montgomery. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music. He opened for Presley three times that year; his band's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, who helped him get a contract with Decca Records.", "Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959), known professionally as Buddy Holly, was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. Holly was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a musical family during the Great Depression; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts, and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school. He made his first appearance on local television in 1952, and the following year he formed the group \"Buddy and Bob\" with his friend Bob Montgomery. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music. He opened for Presley three times that year; his band's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, who helped him get a contract with Decca Records.", "Soul singer Ben E. King got a surprise number 1 with a re-release of 1961's \"Stand by Me\", which was used in an advert for Levi Jeans. Long running band The Bee Gees also got their first number 1 of the decade with \"You Win Again\", their fifth overall in a 20-year career, and Michael Jackson released the multi-million selling \"Bad\" which as of 2008 is one of the top ten highest selling albums in UK chart history. It spawned the number 1 single \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\" (a duet with Siedah Garrett), the number 3 title track and the number 3 \"The Way You Make Me Feel\". The year also saw George Michael launch his solo career post-Wham! with the album \"Faith\" and its title track, which reached number 2.", "William James \"Willie\" Dixon (July 1, 1915 – January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. A Grammy Award winner who was proficient on both the upright bass and the guitar and as a vocalist, he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. ", "Grammy award-winning soul singer, humanitarian and actor. Velvet-voiced singer with a four-octave range known for such signature hits as \"You'll Never Find (Another Love Like Mine),\" \"Lady Love\" and \"Love is a Hurtin' Thing.\" Lou Rawls who won three Grammy awards and 13 nominations over a nearly 50 year career, covered almost every form of African-American music from Gospel and Blues to R & B, Soul and Jazz. During his career, he opened for The Beatles and appeared with the legendary [Read More] (Bio by: Curtis Jackson )", "\"Ode to Billie Joe\" is a 1967 song written and recorded by Bobbie Gentry, a singer-songwriter from Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The single, released in late July, was a number-one hit in the United States, and became a big international seller. The song is ranked #412 on Rolling Stone's list of \"the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". The recording of \"Ode to Billie Joe\" generated eight Grammy nominations, including three wins for Gentry and one win for arranger Jimmie Haskell.", "Songs that had limited success in North America, such as \"Penny Arcade\" and \"Working for the Man\" would go to No. 1 on the Australian charts, and \"Too Soon to Know\" went to No. 3 in England. His popularity extended to Germany, and he recorded his hit song \"Mama\" in German. His records were in great demand on the \"black market\" behind the Iron Curtain. In France, he was viewed as the master of the ballad of lost love in the vein of that country's most popular singer Édith Piaf. A cover version of Orbison's \"Blue Bayou\" sung in French by Mireille Mathieu went to the top of France's record charts. Fans in the Netherlands founded his largest worldwide fan club. He continued to perform in Ireland, despite the continual terrorist activities in Northern Ireland. In 1972, Orbison covered the popular Irish anthem, \"Danny Boy\", featured on his album, Memphis.", "Ritchie Valens was a Mexican-American singer and songwriter influential in the Chicano rock movement. He recorded numerous hits during his short career, most notably the 1958 hit \"La Bamba.\" Valens died at age 17 in a plane crash with fellow musicians Buddy Holly and J.P. Richardson on February 3, 1959. The tragedy was later immortalized as \"the day the music died\" in the song \"American Pie.\"", "The war remained in the American popular consciousness as late as the later 20th century as a result of the song \" The Battle of New Orleans \".", "Unlike many artists, Orbison maintained his success as the British Invasion swept America in 1964. His single, \"Oh, Pretty Woman\", broke the Beatles stranglehold on the Top 10, soaring to No. 1 on the Billboard charts and No. 1 on the British charts. The record sold more copies in its first ten days of release than any single up to that time, and eventually sold over seven million copies. The song later became the signature tune for the film Pretty Woman, named for his song, which brought fame to actress Julia Roberts.", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "Turner was listed on Rolling Stone's list \"The Immortals — The Greatest Artists of All Time\". [6] Turner is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee, [61] and two of her recordings, \"River Deep - Mountain High\" (1999) and \"Proud Mary\" (2003), are in the Grammy Hall of Fame. [62] Turner has won eight Grammy Awards. [9]", "Louis Prima - Died 8-24-1978 - After an operation for a brain tumor ( R&B - Jazz - Pop ) Born 12-7-1911 in New Orleans, LA, U.S. - (He did, \"Sing, Sing, Sing\" and \"Angelina\").", "Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally", "The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and Albums stated he was \"regarded by many as the greatest song stylist of the 20th century\" as well as being the \"first teen idol\". He achieved 34 US gold albums. By 2005 he had achieved more US top ten LPs than any other soloist and was still the 12th most successful artist in the history of the UK singles and albums charts.", "In 1965, he had his biggest solo hit yet, reaching number 45 on the Hot 100 with a version of Buffy Sainte-Marie's \"Universal Soldier\". Asked about the pacifist message of the song, he elected to assert that \"people who are advocating burning draft cards should be hung.\" ", "Who had a big hit with \"The Gambler\", winning a Grammy, and reaching No. 22 in the UK?" ]

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[ "Drivers of foreign-registered cars must have the appropriate international sign affixed to the rear (except for cars registered in Canada or Mexico). American registered cars don’t need a ‘USA’ international sign when used in Canada or Mexico.", "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "Each Mexican state issues license plates of a different design. Most states change designs more or less every third year, with each state on its own plate replacement cycle. Every year Mexicans pay the \"tenencia\" or \"revalidación de placas\" (car plates renewal tax). A set of Mexican plates includes one pair of plates, a windshield sticker, and in a few states a plate sticker. In 2001 the size of the plate number was reduced to accommodate the addition of the state number, legend indicating the position of the plate on the vehicle (\"delantera\" (front) or \"trasera\" (rear)), and additional graphics. European-sized plates do exist in Mexico, but are not official or technically even legal. [4] These generally contain the same design as the standard-size plate in use at the time, and bear the standard letter and number sequence.", "Company Car / Car belonging to a Corporation: a notarized notarized letter of permission confirming the employment relationship and authorizing the employee to import the vehicle into Mexico.", "Each Mexican state issues licence plates of a different design. Most states change designs more or less every third year, with each state on its own plate replacement cycle. Every year Mexicans pay the \"tenencia\" or \"revalidación de placas\" (car plates renewal tax). A set of Mexican plates includes one pair of plates, a windshield sticker, and in a few states a plate sticker. In 2001 the size of the plate number was reduced to accommodate the addition of the state number, legend indicating the position of the plate on the vehicle (\"delantera\" (front) or \"trasera\" (rear)), and additional graphics. European-sized plates do exist in Mexico, but are not official or technically even legal. These generally contain the same design as the standard-size plate in use at the time, and bear the standard letter and number sequence.", "If your vehicle is covered by a fleet or commercial policy that is not vehicle specific, then you will need to contact your insurance company. Give them the name that is listed on the letter you received from the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) and the vehicle information. Ask them to contact the IIDB so the vehicle will be listed as insured under a commercial policy.", "If your vehicle is covered by a fleet or commercial policy that is not vehicle specific, then you will need to contact the fleet policy insurance company. Give them the name that is listed on the Verification of Mandatory Automobile Insurance letter you received from the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) and the vehicle information. Ask them to contact the IIDB so the vehicle will be listed as insured under a commercial policy.", "Foreign-plated vehicles must obtain necessary permits before being allowed into the interior of Mexico. This can be done at the border checkpoints by showing your vehicle title or registration, as well as immigration documents and a valid credit card. It is now possible to apply for your vehicle import permit online. Vehicle permits will only be issued to the registered owner of the vehicle, so the papers will have to be in the name of the applicant. The Baja California peninsula and the northern part of the State of Sonora do not require a permit.", "Foreign-plated vehicles must obtain the necessary permits before being allowed into the interior of Mexico. This can be done at the border checkpoints by showing your vehicle title or registration, as well as immigration documents and a valid credit card. It is now possible to apply for your vehicle import permit on-line and can be obtained at some Mexican consulates within the US. Vehicle permits will only be issued to the registered owner of the vehicle, so the papers will have to be in the name of the applicant. Once you complete the form, you can choose to have your vehicle permit mailed to you so you can have it before you get to the border or, you can simply print the form and present it to the Banjército official when you get to the border. The Baja California peninsula and the northern part of the State of Sonora do not require a permit.", "In 1997, just six years after pulling out of both United States and Canadian markets, Peugeot returned to Mexico after a 36-year absence, under the Chile–Mexico Free Trade Agreement. Peugeot models (1992–present) cannot be bought or imported into the United States from Mexico.", "Foreigners who wish to purchase a car in Mexico must hold either temporary or permanent residency in Mexico, be able to pay vehicle taxes and obtain Mexican licence plates. If you are interested in buying a car, consult local authorities.", "If you currently have insurance on the vehicle(s) listed on the letter then there are several possibilities as to why you received this letter. The most common reason is that the information listed on your insurance policy does not match the information listed on your vehicle(s) registration. Another possibility is that the insurance policy that the vehicle is covered by is not a New Mexico policy and therefore is not being reported by the insurance company. Finally the vehicle(s) may be covered by a fleet or commercial policy, if that is the case then those policies do not report all of the vehicles covered under them.", "In 1967 a new format was introduced, known as suffix registration marks. These displayed three letters, up to three numbers, and then the letter A. This meant any vehicle registered in 1967 would have an A on the end. The following year the last letter was changed to a B, so any vehicle registered in 1968 would end in a B. This pattern continued until 1983 when the format was reversed (the prefix format) and the first letter became the year of registration. This was the case until the format changed again in 2001 to the one we have currently.", "Mexico has very strict rules regarding the importation of foreign vehicles and boats. Do not enter Mexico without having obtained the proper importation permit and car/boat insurance. Without a permit, you may be fined and have your vehicle seized. Contact the  Mexican embassy or a consulate in Canada to verify the latest regulations and requirements regarding vehicle and boat importation or visit the Mexican embassy's Travelling to Mexico by land website. Complete information on temporary importation is available from Mexico’s tax department, Servicio de Administración Tributaria  (in English).", "Vehicles by members of the Diplomatic and Consular Corps and several international organizations enter the location of the embassy or the consulate State issued license plate on the model (Article 84 paragraph 4 and 86 VZV).", "If you plan to drive a vehicle beyond the Mexico \" Free Zone \" you will need to purchase a Mexico Vehicle Import Permit. The temporary vehicle import permit can be obtained from Banjercito, the official Mexican issuing agency. It is valid for any type of vehicle, weighing less than three tons, for up to six months (180 days). The permit may be purchased online at the Banjercito website or at the Mexican border. One can purchase the permit online 7-60 days prior to travel into Mexico.", "In cases where the permit holder cannot exit the country with the vehicle (for example, in case of death or sickness), the person driving the car out of Mexico must be a foreigner with a valid tourist card and have documentation to prove the relationship with the car owner, such as a marriage or birth certificate.", "If you wish to travel beyond the border zone (21 kilometres from the U.S. border) with your car, you must obtain the Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit (Solicitud de importación temporal de vehículos). The permit can only be obtained at the port of entry or online at Banco Nacional del Ejército, Fuerza Aérea y Armada (in English) before crossing the border into Mexico.", "Postcode: The Mexican postal service has defined a five-digit postal code (C�digo Postal). The first two digits represent a", "In case a motor vehicle removed from the country is brought back to the country and registration needs to be reactivated, the registration certification issued on the removal of the vehicle, the documents relevant to the cancellation of registration in a foreign country if such has been the case, should be submitted along with the customs documents.", "In case of an accident or theft of your vehicle, you should immediately obtain a police report from the nearest local branch of the state prosecutor’s office (Agencia del Ministerio Público) and present it to the Mexico City customs office (Aduanas) in order to cancel the Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit no later than five days after the incident. If you are involved in a traffic accident, you may face serious legal problems, including imprisonment. You could be taken into custody until responsibility for the accident is determined and all penalties are paid. If you do not have Mexican liability insurance, you could be prevented from leaving the country until all parties agree that adequate financial satisfaction has been received. Depending on the extent of injuries or damages, drivers may face criminal charges. Motor vehicle insurance is considered invalid in Mexico if the driver is found to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the accident, or if the driver has no valid driver’s licence.", "An individual who acts as an agent for a customer, who is attempting to route a car to a customer in Mexico or Canada. Equipment destined to a locale in Mexico is billed only to the border. At that time a broker, in cooperation with a broker in Mexico, prepares the proper paperwork which allows the car to cross the border and proceed to its destination.", "American automobile insurance is not accepted in Mexico; however it is easy to obtain short-term or long-term tourist policies that include the mandatory liability coverage, together with theft and accident cover for your vehicle and, often, legal assistance cover. Should you decide to drive to Mexico, the Transport and Communications Secretariat website has free downloadable road maps.", "Today vehicles with plates ending in 0 and 1, 2 and 3, etc 8 and 9 do not circulate", "3. Customs need a Temporary Export / Import form (Official name = Simplified Customs Declaration Form for a car and motorcycle temporarily imported or exported. ) You get this from at the Customs office at the border. Customs are organized & computerized. They will complete the form for you. Your data goes in the computer & the form is printed out for you to sign.", "Tourists are allowed to bring in their personal effects duty free. Failure to declare personal effects will result in their confiscation and a fine. Mexican customs provides information regarding entry into Mexico by air or land. When carrying more than US$10,000 or the equivalent in other currencies, cash, cheques, money orders or any other monetary instrument, you must declare the amount exceeding US$10,000. Failure to make this declaration is against Mexican law and often results in detention.", "There are a large number of bus lines operated by various companies such as Autobuses Americanos , Omnibus Mexicanos , Turimex Internacional , El Expreso , and Tornado that serve the large Mexican population in Texas, running routes across the border from Texas to regions in Mexico such as Monterrey, Guadalajara, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, Durango, Tampico, Mexico City, and Chihuahua. Bus passengers coming from Mexico must have a valid passport.", "Zina Bus, Excelencia, Excelencia Plus ,  ☎ +52 55 5278-4721 . goes from Mexico DF to the surrounding Mexico, Guerreo and Michoacan states ", "To get your Texas license plates, you need to register your vehicle with the TX DMV.", "Costa Line AERS , Mexico Norte, Mexico Sur (Taxquena),  ☎ +52 55 5336-5560 , toll-free: 01800-0037-635. Serves mainly in Mexico state, Morelos and Guerrero. They also operate the Turistar, Futura and AMS bus lines. ", "If you wish to donate goods, contact the Embassy of Mexico in Canada before sending or importing goods to Mexico in order to fulfill the importation permit requirements.", "Texas offers several types of temporary plates and short-term registration options that allow you to operate a vehicle that must be registered." ]

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[ "Collins twice hosted the Billboard Music Awards on television, which were produced and directed by his longtime music video and TV special collaborators, Paul Flattery and Jim Yukich of FYI (Flattery Yukich Inc). He also appeared in an episode of the series Miami Vice, entitled \"Phil the Shill\", in which he plays a cheating con-man. He also appeared in several sketches with The Two Ronnies.", "A year after his \"In The Air Tonight\" soundtracked the single most defining musical moment of Miami Vice's first season (and arguably the entire series), Phil Collins appeared on the show as Phil Mayhem, the con-artist host of a TV game show called Rat Race. \"Phil the Shill\" (which also featured a young Kyra Sedgwick) ranks among Vice's funniest episodes thanks to the comic chemistry between Collins and cast goofballs Martin Ferrero (\"Izzy Moreno\") and Michael Talbott (\"Stan Switek\"). Collins even recorded a parodic theme song for Rat Race, which brilliantly bookends the episode.", "1985: An episode of Miami Vice, ‘Phil The Shill,’ features Phil Collins in the role of a drug dealer airs on NBC.", "At the height of his musical popularity in 1985, following the release of his Diamond-certified No Jacket Required album, Phil Collins stepped in front of the camera to play game show host/con man Phil “The Shill” Mayhew, who moved to Miami from London and quickly set about depleting the bank accounts of the city’s richest residents with a shady drug deal. His accomplice in this endeavor? None other than “The Closer” herself, Kyra Sedgwick, in one of her earliest on-screen appearances (she was just 20 at the time).", "Collins was portrayed in the cartoon South Park in the episode \"Timmy 2000\" holding his Oscar throughout, referring to his 1999 win for You'll Be in My Heart, which defeated \"Blame Canada\" from South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. He was seen again in the episode \"Cartman's Silly Hate Crime 2000\". Collins appears briefly in the Finnish animated sitcom Pasila in the episode \"Phil Collins Hangover\". The music of this episode is a pastiche of Collins's Another Day in Paradise. Collins was mentioned in the Psych episode \"Disco Didn't Die. It Was Murdered!\" as resembling Shawn Spencer's father, Henry, portrayed by actor Corbin Bernsen. ", "In 1968, Collins auditioned successfully for the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. After graduation, he worked at Glasgow Citizens theatre and the Royal Court , London, before, in 1974, landing his TV debut in the police series Z Cars. But it was in The Cuckoo Waltz, in which he was the lodger to impoverished newlyweds played by Diane Keen and David Roper, that he made his name. As Gavin Rumsey, he played the kind of self-regarding Lothario who was not a million miles away from Bodie.", "Besides his roles in Vice and Buster, Collins also appeared in the movies Hook (with Julia Roberts ), Frauds, and as a voice actor in The Jungle Book 2. Additionally, his music has appeared in dozens of movies and TV shows; a cover version of \"In The Air Tonight\" appeared in the Miami Vice film , and a special re-recording of his original version appeared -- along with himself -- in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, which is heavily inspired by Miami Vice and can be seen as an homage to the show.", "One mission in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories has Victor trying to prevent gangsters from killing a rock star during a performance. It should be noted that the rock star is Phil Collins playing himself .", "Sketches include a yokel postman makes a delivery and has an interesting conversation, three tramps discuss crime, there is an edition of 'Speak Oz' where foreigners are taught the Australian Wagga Wagga double talk, a milkman makes a delivery to William Shakespeare and offers some advice, two allied naval officers are on the high seas and upset the Germans war effort, Ronnie dedicates his joke to the show's executive producer and is about two chaps who go to the movies, there's a singalong down the local, the final drama is a science fiction thriller called 'It Came from Outer Hendon'. The musical performer is Phil Collins.", "Miami Vice is a crime drama Buddy Cop Show which ran on NBC from 1984-1989. Created by former Hill Street Blues writer and producer Anthony Yerkovich, the series drew much of its premise from real-life laws allowing property seized from drug dealers to be used in drug enforcement. In other words, if a drug dealer has a Cool Car or Cool Boat , and that drug dealer is jailed, the police can use his stuff. These laws gave the producers a perfectly valid excuse for putting their public-servant characters in Ferraris and Armani suits.", "And thus we have THE SWEENEY, a ground-breaking show about Britain's elite coppers The Flying Squad. (Cockney rhyming slang: Flying Squad = Sweeney Todd = The Sweeney.) Previous British police shows had been relatively genteel affairs, but THE SWEENEY exposed the raw side of street policing. Inspector Jack Regan (John Thaw of Inspector Morse fame) is a born cop and a stone predator in the crime jungle. He will bend the rules when necessary to achieve rough justice. His sidekick George Carter (Dennis Waterman) often calls his methods into question, but is always ready when the scrap is on.", "Chief of Detectives 21 Sep 1979-29 Aug 1980 under the USA title Eischied (NBC/Gerber Productions/Columbia Pictures TV); 17 Jan 1980-10 Apr 1980 (UK: ITV) 13 60-minute episodes; Tough southerner Earl Eischied is strict NYPD Chief of Detectives. He clashed with Deputy Commissioner Kimbrough, who had a political agenda. Earl Eischied's friend Chief Inspector Ed Parks kept the conflict from boiling over. Earl Eischied, a bachelor with a cat \"P.C.\" who commuted to work with his master, ran a special squad. The characters were spun-off from the powerful miniseries To Kill a Cop, and deserved to do better in the ratings... Executive Producer: David Gerber; Producers: Matthew Rapf, Jay Daniel; Starring: JOE DON BAKER as Chief of Detectives Earl Eischied; EDDIE EGAN (in real life, he;d been NYPD Detective First Grade) as Chief Inspector Ed Parks; ALAN OPPENHEIMER as Capt. Finnerty; ALAN FUDGE as Deputy Commissioner Kimbrough; SUZANNE LEDERER as Carol Wright; VINCENT BUFANO as Rick Alessi.", "This kind of butch badinage, along with rugged good looks, helped make Lewis Collins, who played Bodie in all 57 of the show's episodes from 1977 and 1983, and who has died aged 67 after suffering from cancer, into a household name. During that time he formed one half of Britain's answer to Starsky and Hutch, a crime-fighting duo called Bodie and Doyle who worked for a shadowy criminal intelligence agency, CI5, headed by Gordon Jackson's strait-laced George Cowley. At its height, The Professionals was watched by 12 million viewers a week, and Collins became a heart-throb. He was even considered to replace Roger Moore as James Bond.", "Eischied 21 Sep 1979-29 Aug 1980 (NBC/Gerber Productions/Columbia Pictures TV); 17 Jan 1980-10 Apr 1980 (UK: ITV) under the British title Chief of Detectives; 13 60-minute episodes; Tough southerner Earl Eischied is strict NYPD Chief of Detectives. He clashed with Deputy Commissioner Kimbrough, who had a political agenda. Earl Eischied's friend Chief Inspector Ed Parks kept the conflict from boiling over. Earl Eischied, a bachelor with a cat \"P.C.\" who commuted to work with his master, ran a special squad. The characters were spun-off from the powerful miniseries To Kill a Cop, and deserved to do better in the ratings... Executive Producer: David Gerber; Producers: Matthew Rapf, Jay Daniel; Starring: JOE DON BAKER as Chief of Detectives Earl Eischied; EDDIE EGAN (in real life, he;d been NYPD Detective First Grade) as Chief Inspector Ed Parks; ALAN OPPENHEIMER as Capt. Finnerty; ALAN FUDGE as Deputy Commissioner Kimbrough; SUZANNE LEDERER as Carol Wright; VINCENT BUFANO as Rick Alessi.", "Penelope was the damsel-in-distress, with an evil villain (The Hooded Claw and his helpers The Bully Brothers) out to destroy her. Other characters in the series were a reinvented Ant Hill Mob (who were very much like the silent movie characters The Keystone Cops), and Dick Dastardly and Muttley, although the latter only featured in earlier episodes and were later dropped.", "The Mod Squad was the enormously successful groundbreaking \"hippie\" undercover cop show that ran on ABC from September 24, 1968, until August 23, 1973. It starred Michael Cole as Pete Cochren, Peggy Lipton as Julie Barnes, Clarence Williams III as Linc Hayes, and Tige Andrews as Captain Adam Greer. ...", "Paris 29 Sep 1979-15 Jan 1980 (CBS/MTM); 21 Oct 1980-15 Dec 1981 (UK: ITV/Thames); 13 60-minute episodes; A strong show loved by critics, that just didn't click with viewers. Captain Woody Paris led the Metro Squad, taught Criminology in college at night, cracked the most difficult cases, mentored a quartet of eager young cops, and got along well with both boss and wife. Creator: Steven Bochco; Executive Producer: Steven Bochco; Producers: Grgory Hoblit, Edward De Blasio; Director: Music: Starring: JAMES EARL JONES as Captain Woody Paris; LEE CHAMBERLAIN as Barbara Paris; HANK GARRETT as Deputy Chief Jerome Bench; CECILIA HART as Stacey Erickson; JAKE MITCHELL as Charlie Bogart; FRANK RAMIREZ as Ernie Vilas; MIKE WARREN as Willie Miller; Guest Stars who later starred in Hill Street Blues included: KIEL MARTIN; JOE SPANO; TAUREAN BLACQUE; JAMES B. SIKKING; MICHAEL CONRAD.", "*Phil and Nige (James Quinn and Peter Wight) - Local crooked policemen whom Ken is friendly with. They often come knocking on the back door for a bitter and Diet Coke, though they are partial to the odd cigar or brandy chaser. Phil and Nige often break the law themselves, having stolen from an electrical store that was being robbed and are shown to be recreational drug users. In the second series they lose any faith they had in their work after bungling a raid by falling asleep, so turn to drug dealing, while doing the odd bit of police work on the side. Best known for their parting expression: 'Crime won't crack itself'. Whenever Phil and Nige are leaving the pub, their police radios crackle a message in the phonetic alphabet sounding like a random police radio message, but it is usually a profanity or swear word spelled phonetically, 'Foxtrot Uniform Charley Kilo' being one of many examples.", "Dog and Cat 5 Mar 1977-14 May 1977 (ABC/Paramount); 10 60-minute episodes; \"Dog and Cat\" was the slang term for \"men and women's police teams.\" This lightweight Mystery/Detective/Police drama series starred Kim Bassinger, before she became a hot movie star, as gorgeous, hip, Officer J.Z. Kane, graduate of an unspecified college in the South. Plainclothes vet Jack Ramsey was the \"dog.\" This odd couple patrolled LAPD's 42nd Division. Creator: Walter Hill; Executive Producer: Lawrence Gordon; Producer: Robert Singer; Music: Barry De Vorzon; Starring: LOU ANTONIO as Det. Sgt. Jack Ramsey; KIM BASINGER as Officer J.Z. Kane; MATT CLARK as Lt. Arthur Kipling.", "Starring John Woodvine, one of Britain's most distinguished character actors, this LWT police drama series presents a grippingly authentic portrayal of detective work in London during the rapidly changing 1970s. Executive-produced by Rex Firkin (Budgie, The Power Game), this first series also featured ex-Chief Superintendent Frank Williams (former head of the Yard's Murder Squad) as advisor and scripts by Gangsters creator Philip Martin and Robert Banks Stewart (Shoestring, Bergerac).", "The series starred James Farentino (Police Story) as pilot Frank Chaney; Dana Carvey (Saturday Night Live) as his observer Clinton \"JAFO\" Wonderlove; Sandy McPeak as Cpt. Ed Braddock, the unit commander; Ann Cooper as Officer J.J. Douglas; and ex-NFL jocks Dick Butkus (Any Given Sunday) & Bubba Smith (Police Academy) as Officers Richard \"Ski\" Butowski & Lyman \"Bubba\" Kelsey, the ground support team.", "The Tom Selleck show “Blue Bloods” on CBS has treated Catholics fairly in the past before beginning to turn on its audience. Selleck stars as Police Commissioner Frank Reagan.", "James Nesbitt (COLD FEET) stars as a loner undercover cop in this TV series that is highly praised by audiences. The series is based on novelist Colin Batemas's MURPHY's LAW about the adventures of a maverick cop who is more concerned with his work than he is in having a personal life. Detective Tommy Murphy has struggled to rebuild his life ever since a particularly dark day scarred him emotionally. His daughter was kidnapped by a terrorist and he was given an ultimatum: become a suicide bomber and attack the country's military base, or watch his daughter get murdered. Murphy chose not to attack the base, putting the lives of many over the life of his daughter, though he was never the same since that day. Now, Detective Murphy is attempting to bring justice to those who have harmed others and have violated the law.", "Produced in England, Dempsey and Makepeace chronicled the exploits of two members of SI-10, a special undercover group working out of London's Scotland Yard. Jim Dempsey was a New York City cop who had discovered corruption in the New York City police force and had been sent to England for his own protection. He was brash, impetuous, occasionally obnoxious, and much quicker to use his gun than the British. His reluctant partner was Lady Harriet Makepeace, a member of royalty who, for reasons never clearly explained on the show, had decided to make a career out of police work. Her connections with those in high places often proved handy when they were looking for information or assistance on various cases. Although a grudging mutual respect developed between them, and there was a certain sexual tension, a social relationship never materialized. Spikings was the blustery head of SI-10 and Chas was one of the other members of the team.", "Featuring: Billy's Bollocks, Johnny Fartpants, Big Vern, Jack Black, Biffa Bacon, Tristram Banks, Interstellar Dave, Bottom Inspectors, The Acne Street Gang, The Parkie and Billy the fish.", "Oh wow, Lee Horsley or should I say Matt Houston! It was a TV show back in the early 80s (1982-1985 on ABC). Matt Houston was a millionaire private investigator that always got the bad guy…..it was a poor competitor of Magnum P.I. (1980-1988) which starred Tom Selleck on CBS. Other than that, nothing more to add here about the cologne or the campaign…..", "A police detective (Michael Nouri) serves as parole officer for four ex-cons living in a halfway house. Blair Underwood starred as a former pickpocket, and Mariska Hargitay as a tough but pretty street-person who tried to help the cop solve his cases. Robert Englund was also in the cast. (One-hour drama; 13 episodes)", "Phil Davis is cast very much to type as the cynical, angry, working policeman but the twist here is that he is the one who makes major mistakes every time about the perpetrator of the crimes and the possible suspects.", "The first of these featured a pair of former government agents (Zimbalist as Stu Bailey, Roger Smith as Jeff Spencer) who set up as private detectives with an office on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. They were assisted in their investigations by Kookie (played by Edd Byrnes), a hip car-parking valet. Introduced by a catchy theme song, the series had a breezy, light-hearted edge that prefigured similar television dramas that would become popular throughout the Sixties.", "Brilliant British TV series starring George Cole as Arthur Daley, a shady businessman and used-car dealer on London's \"alternate economy\". Dennis Waterman is Terry McCann, Daley's business associate and bodyguard, or \"minder\", hence the title. The show ran for several years and usually centered on Arthur hatching some half-baked scheme, only to escape just a half-step ahead of the police or British mobsters. Patrick Malahide played Det. Sgt. Chisholm, a low-rent Javert who always seemed to let Arthur and Terry slip through his fingers.", "David Yip played Sgt Johnny Ho, a chinese immigrant determined to be a policeman to please his aged father. Ho was an outsider struggling for acceptance often showing up the inherent racism both within the police force and the criminal underworld. Having written-off his car, Ho drives around in a distinctive green and wooden-panelled Morris Minor Traveller. Ho's scruffy image and unconventional approach lead to many a run-in with his superior, the engagingly charmless DCI Berwick, played with great appetite by genre veteran Derek Martin.", "Angie Dickinson did a superb job as the police woman sgt Pepper. She was one of the first female cops on tv I believe....and she was very popular!" ]

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[ "\"You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on.\" ― Dean Martin", "\"You're not drunk unless you can lie on the floor without holding on !\" - Dean Martin", "“You’re not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on.” — Dean Martin", "Kim Jong-un, Supreme Leader of North Korea; Carrie Underwood, American singer; Mila Kunis, Ukrainian/American actress; Joey Votto, Canadian baseball player (Cincinnati Reds); Amy Winehouse, British singer (d. 2011); Nicky Hilton, American model and socialite; Miranda Lambert, American country music singer", "  Elvis Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), was an American singer, musician and actor. A cultural icon, he is commonly referred to by his first name, and as the \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or \"The King\". In 1954, Presley began his career as one of the first performers of rockabilly, an up tempo fusion of country and rhythm and blues with a strong back beat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing \"black\" and \"white\" sounds, made him popular, and controversial, as did his uninhibited stage and television performances. He recorded songs in the rock and roll genre, with tracks like \"Hound Dog\" and \"Jailhouse Rock\" later embodying the style. Presley had a versatile voice and had unusually wide success encompassing other genres, including gospel, blues, ballads and pop. To date, he has been inducted into four music halls of fame. In the 1960s, Presley made the majority of his thirty-one movies—mainly poorly reviewed, but financially successful, musicals. In 1968, he returned with acclaim to live music in a television special, and thereafter performed across the U.S., notably in Las Vegas. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales. He is one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. Health problems, drug dependency and other factors led to his death at age 42. \" Artist Discography \"", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; 26 November 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have led many to call her the \"Queen of RocknRoll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\".", "Following his recovery from a life-threatening fungal infection of his right lung in January 1974, Crosby emerged from semi-retirement to start a new spate of albums and concerts. In March 1977, after videotaping a concert at the Ambassador Theater in Pasadena for CBS to commemorate his 50th anniversary in show business, and with Bob Hope looking on, Crosby fell off the stage into an orchestra pit, rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month in the hospital. His first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977 (the day singer Elvis Presley died); when the power went out during his performance, he continued singing without amplification.", "Bette Midler (born December 1, 1945) is an American singer, actress and comedian, also known (by her informal stage name) as The Divine Miss M.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\". Allegations of spousal abuse following her split with Turner in 1977 arose with the publication of her autobiography I, Tina. Turner rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with \"Let's Stay Together\" and the 1984 release of her album Private Dancer.", "On 13 June 1968, seven songs were recorded including \"Indian Gin and Whisky Dry\" all of the songs was credited to Gibb alone just his vocals and guitar and the song was later appeared on Idea. On 27 July 1968, Gibb collapsed and fell unconscious. He later admitted to a London nursing home suffering from nervous exhaustion as the group's American tour was postponed. Gibb later moved to Sussex on 31 July to continue his recuperation. Harley Madison of Hullabaloo also made a comment on Gibb's nervous exhaustion. When Gibb collapsed it was only a few hours before the Bee Gees began the tour. Four dates were cancelled and Gibb had another illness called relapse and had to fly back to England to rest a few days. Gibb co-wrote \"Only One Woman\", The Marbles' debut and successful hit especially in Europe and New Zealand. The single \"I Started a Joke\" on which he sang lead and co-wrote made the Bee Gees' debut on the US Top 10. Although Gibb claimed that the melody of the song was inspired by the sounds he heard in a jet engine.", "By Monty Harper . This song warns about the dangers of drinking and putting yourself in risky situations. \"When they say everybody does it, I say not my friends and me. When they say come on try a little. I say a little's too much for me...So the kids who pester me and advertisers on TV will have to just get used to it - no alcohol for me .\"", "\"I always said I'm not a singer, but I have my own style and I make it tough on singers who have to follow me. John Stienbeck told me, 'Brick, when you sing 'Embraceable You' you take 20 years off a man's life.' And I swear, every time I shimmy, a skinny woman loses her man.\"   - Bricktop on her performing style.", "Singer Jayne Morgan (42) is taken unconscious to a hospital in New York City, after telling a friend she had consumed a dose of sleeping pills. “I did it. I did it … I took some pills.” She regained consciousness and her condition was listed as good.", "In 1988, Bob Dylan stopped someone at a party, hugged him and said, \"Don't stop what you're doing, man. We're all inspired by you.\" To whom was he speaking?", "While performing at the 02 arena in London, she changed the lyric in her song, \"Party in the U.S.A.\", from \"And a Britney ( Britney Spears ) song was On\" to \"And a Michael song was On\". Michael being referred to Michael Jackson , who was suppose to have performed at the 02 Arena in July of 2009 but passed away before leaving to perform in London.", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (25 June 1963 – 25 December 2016), known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer, songwriter, and record producer who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham! He is best known for his work in the 1980s and 1990s, including hit singles such as \"Last Christmas\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\", and albums such as Faith (1987) and Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 (1990).", "Quote: \"I didn't really have a drink until I got divorced the first time, when I was 30.\" Alcohol wasn't part of Madonna 's early life.", "I just watched her on the Toni Tenille show on youtube, and she seemed to be either high or drunk at the time. I just wanted to save her. They sang Proud Mary...", "In March 1982, a horrendous car accident left him trapped in his Rolls-Royce. When extricated, he was left with spinal cord injuries that paralyzed him from the waist down and confined him to a wheelchair. After rehabilitation, he recorded the album Love Language , featuring the 1984 ballad \"Hold Me\", a duet with a then-unknown Whitney Houston . He also performed at Live Aid on July 13, 1985, and continued to record throughout the 1980s and 1990s.", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll uttered this to his fiancée on his way to the bathroom after she said, \"Don't fall asleep in there.\"", "The crowd wasn't privy to her preshow rituals: first, the physical transformation from woman to Stage Presence. (One night in the elevator up to the hotel room where the singer would make up, do her hair, and don the gown, a stranger asked, \"Are you Peggy Lee?\" Her answer: \"Not yet, I'm not.\") Then came the hugging and kissing of the musicians, for good luck. Then the healthy slug of cognac, from a large glass, followed by a drink of cool water—not just for the rush of energy, but for the added release the alcohol brought, the little bit of extra freedom. For every show had to be special—they expected no less of her, and she demanded no less of herself. An element of unpredictability could only add to the mystery. She wanted to seduce them all. She wanted them to hear each word, and feel every emotion that lay behind it. She wanted perfection. She needed perfection.", "Live from New York, it's.. Sketeches Include: Wheelchair Bound, A Trip to the Doctor, Fashion Show, Surgery Free Healing, Dangerous But Inept, National Pancreas Association PSA, At The Blaine Hotel, What Gilda Ate, Square Dancing, Smoking Craters, and Operation. John Belushi (as Joe Cocker) performed \"A Little Help From My Friends.\"", "It would later turn out however that the singer had been found by his girlfriend after having collapsed while on the toilet.", "singer: Take Good Care of Her, The Writing on the Wall, As If I Didn�t Know, Crying in the Chapel; TV host: Musical Chairs; played in Las Vegas� all-black version of Guys and Dolls", "ELVIS: I have a fairly powerful voice; his is much more melodious than mine and very much more powerful, and I have the memory of him singing and the door rattling in the frame. He never had the recording career that I thought he deserves. He's always been an amazing performer, always had bold choices of songs. By the time I got to my fifth album, by the early Eighties, I wasn't listening to pop music - I was listening to all jazz. You can hear the shape of songs starts to change. And that comes from this broad-mindedness that was fostered in my household from an early age. He gave me some very good advice. I can't tell you the number of times it pops into my head in crucial moments, like when you get a rough throat or youre feeling low - and that is, \"Never look up to a note, always look down.\"", "singer: Take Your Hands Off My Heart, Thank You Ma�am, I�ll Take the Dog, Volkswagon, Gone with the Wine", "Well known as a singer. His song \"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad\" was a major hit in the late 70s. The album from which this song came was also a top seller as well.", "            GEORGE: Even right up to when he died he was a killer, because of his songs, and he had the most incredible voice. He'd had so many hit songs and people could sit and listen to him all night. He didn't have to do anything, he didn't have to wiggle his legs, in fact he never even twitched; he was like marble. The only things that moved were his lips - even when he hit those high notes he never strained. He was quite a miracle, unique.", "“After four or five songs, he quit playing and climbed up the speaker column and was going to jump off. The bouncers were freaking out, and everybody was just begging him to come down. And he was saying, ‘No, no, I’m just going to dive.’ He had really reached his limit. People literally saw a guy wig out in front of them who could break his neck if he didn’t get it together”. 42", "As a surprise for the audience, a celebrity (different every night) played the role of the drunk and was not introduced until after the show, when actors took their bows. Guess what character I played? I experienced stage fright briefly even though I had played that part all my life. One of the actors told me not to worry, that I would do great. Told her I did my best when drunk but she reminded me I couldn’t move – to leave the beer bottle alone. Shucks!", "In 2008, Tony Kanal collaborated with pop rock artist P!nk on the album Funhouse. Kanal co-produced \"Sober\", co-wrote \"Funhouse\" and also sang back-up vocals on \"Crystal Ball\".", "Sam:  Shindig! had you singing some of the biggest songs of the era when they couldn’t get the original performer on the show that week.  Was that intimidating that for you?" ]

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[ "Florida is home to the country’s major spaceport, the John F. Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, which occupies some 220 square miles (570 square km). This spaceport is not only a major Florida industry but has also become a prime tourist attraction.", "Florida is the center of the nation’s activity in space. All of NASA’s manned orbital flights are launched from Florida’s Kennedy Space Center.", "Why not kill 2 birds with one stone, and visit a famous attraction as well as view some excellent wildlife? A nice drive from Miami Beach brings you to the Space Coast, the location of the Kennedy Space Center, one of major attractions in Florida. Explore actual space shuttles; satellites and moon walk suits, and so much more. This is great fun for both youngsters as well as adults.", "This film gives a brief historical look at Cape Kennedy, \" Florida's gateway to the final frontier.\" It shows a rocket launch, the visitors center and several space exploration vehicles. Produced by the Florida Development Commission and the Florida Bicentennial Commission.", "NASA's Launch Operations Center is established on Merritt Island in Florida. The center is renamed John F. Kennedy Space Center following the president's death in 1963.", "Nelson is seen as a major supporter of the space program. In 2010 he proposed creating as many as “five business enterprise zones as magnets for commercial space ventures.” “The move is expected to attract thousands of jobs to Florida’s 'Space Coast' area around NASA’s Kennedy Space Center and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Base.”", "Since the development of the federal NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral (most notably Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry.", "All U.S. shuttle flights have been launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Before 1992, most landings were at Edwards Air Force Base, California, except for one at White Sands, New Mexico, and a handful at Kennedy Space Center, Florida.", "Since the arrival of the NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral (most notably Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry .", "Orion crew capsule, Service Module and 6 ton Launch Abort System (LAS) mock up stack inside the transfer aisle of the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Credit: Ken Kremer/kenkremer.com", "* John F. Kennedy Space Center, U.S. government installation that manages and operates America's astronaut launch facilities in Titusville, near Cocoa Beach, FL", "Another popular cities to visit are: Tampa, St. Petersburg, Tallahassee, Fort Lauderdale, and St. Augustine. The Everglades National Park, Key West, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Busch Gardens, and Wakulla Springs are famous places to visit in Florida.", "The John F. Kennedy Space Center is the United States launch site that has been used for every NASA human space flight since December 1968. Although such flights are currently on hiatus, KSC continues to manage and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for the U.S. government's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Its Vehicle Assembly Building is the fourth-largest structure in the world by volume, and was the largest when completed in 1965. Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north-northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast. It is 34 miles long and roughly 6 miles wide, covering 219 square miles. A total of 13,100 people worked at the center as of 2011. Approximately 2,100 are employees of the federal government; the rest are contractors. Since December 1968, all launch operations have been conducted from Pads A and B at Launch Complex 39. Both pads are on the ocean, 3 miles east of the VAB. From 1969–1972, LC-39 was the departure point for all six Apollo manned Moon landing missions using the Saturn V, the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle in history, and was used from 1981–2011 for all Space Shuttle launches. The Shuttle Landing Facility, located just to the north, was used for most Shuttle landings and is among the longest runways in the world.", "Atlantis will be displayed at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida, while the California Science Center in Los Angeles gets Endeavour.", "It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, the two are sometimes conflated with each other. In homage to its spacefaring heritage, the Florida Public Service Commission allocated area code 321 to the Cape Canaveral area. ", "John F. Kennedy Space Center, U.S. government installation that manages and operates America's astronaut launch facilities in Titusville near Coco Beach, Fl.", "Atlantis will be on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, near Cape Canaveral, Florida.", "Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth's rotation. The linear velocity of the Earth's surface is greatest towards the equator; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward, in the same direction as the Earth's rotation. It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated, in case of accidents; an ocean is ideal for this. The east coast of Florida has the logistical advantages over potential competing sites. The Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is the easternmost near the tip of the cape.", "Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north-northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast. It is 34 miles (55 km) long and roughly six miles (10 km) wide, covering 219 sqmi.", "As more and more companies enter the commercial market of space exploration, the Florida rocket launch site is filling up with scheduled lift-offs. Private space companies like SpaceX and United Launch Alliance have planned more than 30 launches from Florida this year, nearly doubling their number of launches since last year.", "Kennedy lies on 219-square miles on Florida’s coast, 50 miles east of the city of Orlando, on Merritt Island, located between the Indian and Banana Rivers with launch pad access on the Atlantic Ocean. The center has a unique designation as a wildlife sanctuary, where bald eagles, alligators, herons and other wildlife coexist with humans. The natural areas include the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and a major part of the Canaveral National Seashore. The first U.S. astronauts launched aboard the Redstone Atlas, and Titan II rockets from military launch pads located at the Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Station. The first Saturn I and IB rockets were also launched from Cape Canaveral.", "Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León visited Cape Canaveral in 1513. Until after World War II the cape was a stretch of barren, sandy scrubland. In 1950, missile testing began there, and in 1958, after NASA was formed, the agency made the cape the basis of its operations for space exploration. The first U.S. manned flight into outer space occurred on May 5, 1961, when Alan B. Shepard, Jr. , was launched from the installation in his Project Mercury capsule, and the first lunar-landing flight, manned by Neil Armstrong , Edwin Aldrin , and Michael Collins , was launched from the cape on July 16, 1969. The John F. Kennedy Space Center —including a space shuttle landing facility, a visitors’ centre, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and a space vehicle assembly building 525 feet (160 metres) tall with 8 acres (3 hectares) of floor area—now occupies much more than the cape itself. It extends 34 miles (55 km) from north to south and is 10 miles (16 km) at its widest point, spanning the Banana River and covering a large portion of Merritt Island. Nearby to the south is Patrick Air Force Base.", "John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is one of the best-known NASA facilities. It has been the launch site for every United States human space flight since 1968. Although such flights are currently on pause, KSC continues to manage and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for America's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.", "American astronauts won’t be launched from Boca Chica. SpaceX will continue its NASA-funded launches at Cape Canaveral. But Musk said Boca Chica would be focused on business from companies and foreign governments as well as, eventually, space tourism.", "By taking up residence on the Space Coast, Bezos’s company will join a growing number of commercial entities that are slowly transforming Cape Canaveral into what NASA calls a “multi-user spaceport.” The commercial investment is slowly reinvigorating a historic stretch of coast, which has suffered since the retirement of the space shuttle in 2011.", "25 Oct. 1961 On this date NASA announced the establishment on a deep south bayou the Mississippi Test Facility, renamed the John C. Stennis Space Center in 1988. This installation became the test site for the large Saturn boosters developed for Project Apollo.", "19 Sep. 1961 NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced on this date that the site of the NASA center dedicated to human space flight would be Houston, Texas. This became the Manned Spacecraft Center, renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973.", "The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted. It was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president and Texas native, Lyndon B. Johnson, by an act of the United States Senate on February 19, 1973.", "The Space Flight Operations Facility, a National Historic Landmark , is located at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at 4800 Oak Grove Dr. in Pasadena, California. Visitors must contact the JPL Public Services Office to make an advance reservation for a free group or individual tour. All tours are two to three hours in duration and commonly include a multi-media presentation on JPL entitled \"Welcome to Outer Space,\" which provides an overview of the Laboratory's activities and accomplishments. Visitors 18 years of age or older must present valid photo ID. Please call the Public Service Office at 818-354-9314 to make a reservation or visit the JPL website for further information.", "On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush visited NASA Headquarters and announced a new Vision for Space Exploration. This Vision entails sending humans back to the Moon and on to Mars by eventually retiring the Shuttle and developing a new, multipurpose Crew Exploration Vehicle. Robotic scientific exploration and technology development is also folded into this encompassing Vision.", "11. In 1994, NASA learned that Jupiter was in some danger of being hit by errant pieces of a comet. The fine folks of Green River, Wyoming, were immediately concerned for the welfare of any Jupiterians who needed to escape. So the city officially renamed their small, 5,000-foot landing strip the \"Greater Green River Intergalactic Spaceport” as a way of welcoming these extraterrestrial immigrants.", "Alaska Spaceport is a commercial launch facility on 3,100 acres of Kodiak Island, Alaska, from which satellites can be blasted to polar orbit. The launch site is located on Narrow Cape, of Kodiak Island, Alaska, 41 miles south of the city of Kodiak and 250 miles south of Anchorage. A hilly, almost-treeless island, Kodiak Island is a volcanic peak in the ocean 30 miles off the southern coast of the state of Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska. The Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (AADC) built the launch complex on the island. The first launch from the Kodiak Island site was an Athena-I rocket boosting the Kodiak Star payload of four satellites in 2001. The Kodiak Island site also provides a backup launch facility for Vandenberg Air Force Base for satellites needing delivery to polar orbit." ]

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[ "Ever since \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,\" graced the Monterey Bay scene in the 1972 movie \"Play Misty For Me,\" she was bound for greatness. That haunting melody was the perfect backdrop for this Clint Eastwood movie. Roberta went on to have one after another chart toppers that are still played today. This the perfect album for a romantic mood.", "That’s exactly what happened to Roberta Flack when Clint Eastwood rung her up to seek permission to use her hit “First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” in his movie Play Misty For Me after being so ‘hypnotized’ by the song, he nearly drove off the freeway.", "PLAY MISTY FOR ME, Clint Eastwood's first film as a director, was delivered four days early and came in $50,000 under budget. In the clever thriller, Eastwood also played a Carmel disc jockey, indolent and sexy, a character probably as close to the actual young Eastwood as had appeared on screen (above, with Donna Mills). His friend and mentor, the maverick director Don Siegel, had a cameo role and Eastwood said of his own directing debut: \"We were shooting the first sequence of Play Misty for Me in the Sardine Factory at Monterey. Don Siegel was behind the bar in his role as a bartender in the opening scenes. I noticed that he looked a little uptight and he admitted he was nervous because he had never acted before. 'That's funny,' I told him. 'I don't feel at all nervous and I've never directed before.'\". The film featured some wonderful music, including jazz from Cannonball Adderley and Errol Garner and Roberta Flack singing the song written by English folk musician Ewan MacColl The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. Asked about his first directing role, Eastwood said: \"People didn’t really do that at the time, go from actor to director. There were precedents, Stan Laurel for one, but it was not something that was very common.\"", "Ever I Saw Your Face’. A No.14 hit in the UK. The song was featured in the Clint Eastwood film ‘Play Misty For Me.’It", "Flack's cover version of \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" hit number seventy-six on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972. Her Atlantic recordings did not sell particularly well, until actor/director Clint Eastwood chose a song from First Take, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\", for the sound track of his directorial debut Play Misty for Me; it became the biggest hit of the year for 1972 - spending six consecutive weeks at #1 and earning Flack a million-selling Gold disc. The First Take album also went to #1 and eventually sold 1.9 million copies in the United States. Eastwood, who paid $2,000 for the use of the song in the film, has remained an admirer and friend of Flack's ever since. It was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1973. In 1983, she recorded the end music to the Dirty Harry film Sudden Impact at Eastwood's request.", "The film also features one of the most memorable beautiful love songs sung by iconic songstress Roberta Flack (one of my all time idols as a songwriter), who delivers a quiver inducing The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face, which underscores a love making scene in the woods between the naked Eastwood and Donna Mills. Groovy just watch out for poison oak and briars.", "Play Misty also heralded Eastwood’s ongoing predilection for a style of location shooting in which the landscape itself became an important player in the film. Set in his hometown of Carmel, California, the opening sequence shows Dave driving along the coast that features repeatedly through the film. The lengthy romantic scene with his girlfriend Tobie (Donna Mills) also takes place out of doors, traversing beaches, woodlands and meadows to the accompaniment of Roberta Flack’s now classic song, “The First Time I Saw Your Face”. Eastwood has attributed his penchant for working in “realistic, authentic backgrounds” to his experiences of location shooting in Europe, especially, one assumes, on the Leone Westerns (8) .", "In a nutshell: Eastwood's performance is a little stiff and un-even; Carmel locations are beautifully photographed; there's also a memorable scene set at the real Monterrey Jazz Festival, Jessica Walter's harrowing performance is excellent and believable, and there&#146s lots of tasty jazz on the soundtrack. Eastwood is stretching himself in terms of the acting he has shown in past movies and he seems quite wooden and stiff at times. Roberta Flack's The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face quickly moved to the top of the charts after the film was released (it's featured in the film).", "Call him \"Dirty Harry,\" \"The Man with No Name\" or \"Outlaw Josey Wales,\" Clint Eastwood personifies everything a hero should be on screen from fighting for the truth to beating up the bad guys. His talents are not limited to acting, as Eastwood is also a celebrated director and served as the mayor of his adopted hometown. He turns 86 today.", "Sudden Impact ( 1983 ), directed by Clint Eastwood . The film's plot revolves around an aging, but still bitter \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan being sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. It is best known for the phrase \"Go ahead, make my day,\" which is often incorrectly attributed to the first film.", "Following his positive professional association with Sergio Leone and new status as a movie star, Clint Eastwood's next valuable connection became director Don Siegel, who directed him in the 1968 Western Coogan's Bluff. After a solid response to Eastwood's directorial debut, 1971's Play Misty for Me, in which the actor played a DJ stalked by a crazed listener, he and Siegel teamed up for Dirty Harry, the first adventure of San Francisco inspector Harry Callahan. Spouting the immortal line, \"Do I feel lucky?\", the character became a pop culture mainstay and made Eastwood into the ultimate on-screen law enforcer for aspiring cops everywhere.", "Clint Eastwood achieved international stardom via Leone's first three films, then became the new screen icon that John Wayne had created in his minimalistic way, & directs films in a style & with a choice of material which makes him the most interesting & consistently watchable & enjoyable American director working today. After years of boxoffice success & dismissal by critics, he finally achieved recognition with an Oscar as Best Director of Unforgiven with the film widely regarded as the Best Picture of 1992, & got a 2nd Oscar for Million Dollar Baby in 2004.", "Clint Eastwood got his first starring role as Rowdy Yates on Rawhide. While visiting a friend at CBS studios, a studio executive saw him and thought he looked like a cowboy. His first 3 big films \"A Fistful Of Dollars\", \"For A Few Dollars More\" and \"The Good, The Bad, & the Ugly\" were Spanish/Italian/German co-productions and, therefore, not originally produced in English. When those films came to the U.S., Eastwood insisted on dubbing his own voice tracks himself.", "The Bridges of Madison County is a 1995 American romantic drama film based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Robert James Waller. The film was produced and directed by Clint Eastwood with Kathleen Kennedy as co-producer. The film stars Eastwood and Meryl Streep; Streep received an Academy Award for Best Actress nomination in 1996 for her performance in the film.", "Every Which Way but Loose is a 1978 American adventure comedy film, released by Warner Brothers, produced by Robert Daley and directed by James Fargo. It stars Clint Eastwood in an uncharacteristic and offbeat comedy role, as Philo Beddoe, a trucker and brawler roaming the American West in search of a lost love while accompanied by his friend/manager, Orville, and his pet orangutan, Clyde. In the process Philo manages to cross a motley assortment of characters, including a pair of police officers and an entire motorcycle gang (the \"Black Widows\"), who end up pursuing him for revenge.", "With his father, Eastwood wandered the West Coast as a boy during the Depression. Then, after four years in the Army Special Services, Eastwood went to Hollywood, where he got his start in a string of B-movies. For eight years, Eastwood played Rowdy Yates in the popular TV Western series Rawhide, before emerging as a leading man in a string of low-budget “spaghetti” Westerns directed by Sergio Leone: Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three were successful, but Eastwood made his real breakthrough with 1971’s smash hit Dirty Harry, directed by Don Siegel. Though he was not the first choice to play the film’s title role–Frank Sinatra, Steve McQueen and Paul Newman all reportedly declined the part–Eastwood made it his own, turning the blunt, cynical Dirty Harry into an iconic figure in American film.", "The second major crystallization in Eastwood's image, Dirty Harry (1971) redefined certain aspects of the Man With No Name and added new elements to Clint's polysemy.  It also marked him as a commercial success and set audience expectations for the rest of the decade.", "1972: Roberta Flack's song \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" hits number one in the U.S.", "|rowspan=\"3\"| || \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" || Record of the Year || ", "1971 marked Eastwood’s directorial debut with the psychological thriller Play Misty for Me. He directed his first Western, High Plains Drifter, two years later. Eastwood had a solid to middling output throughout the rest of the ’70s and ’80s, most famously playing Harry Callahan in the Dirty Harry film series. He reinvigorated the Western genre in 1992 with Unforgiven, a gritty, realistic and convention-breaking film which won four Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director. He’d repeat this feat in 2004 with Million Dollar Baby, which similarly won four Academy awards and earned him his second Best Picture and Best Director wins. 2004 was also the year that Unforgiven was added to the National Film Registry, for being “culturally, historically or aesthetically significant.” You can’t get much higher praise than that.", "Clint Eastwood takes over the camera for his directorial debut in the psychological thriller \"Play Misty For Me.\"", "THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY was based on Robert James Waller's novel of 1992, set in the Sixties, which sold 50 million copies. Meryl Streep plays the lonely married Italian woman who has an affair with a National Geographic photographer from Washington, played by Eastwood. Eastwood and his cinematographer, Jack N Green, created some superb play of light, shadow and candlelight in the love scenes across the kitchen table, with jazz playing softly on a radio. Steven Spielberg, who originally optioned the rights to the novel, once said of Eastwood that the most wonderful thing about Eastwood's transition from small-part actor to acclaimed film star and award-winning director was \"watching Clint remain the same man he's always been; that is to say, totally unimpressed with himself\". Eastwood said that Streep originally told him that \"she wasn't too nuts about the book but thought the screenplay was superior\". The screenplay was written by Richard LaGravenese (Fisher King).", "This was the film which reinvigorated, indeed reinvented, the genre of the western and, in the process, turned an actor from the television series \"Rawhide\" into an international star. When Clint Eastwood was first suggested to director Sergio Leone, the Italian had never heard of the American and, when Eastwood went to the shooting in southern Spain, he had never been to Europe, but it proved to be an inspired piece of casting. Eastwood is ideal as the enigmatic man with no name, few morals, and fistfuls of dollars and his piercing eyes are perfect for Leone's trademark close-ups, while his sardonic delivery is just right for the laconic lines.", "Made on fairly small budgets and using foreign locales, these movies made Eastwood, playing an unlikable anti-hero, an international star. Everything about these movies changed the way audiences viewed westerns. Good and evil were now ambiguous states. Abandoning soundstages, Leone also changed the way the films looked and felt. Gritty, sand swept vistas left people dirty and sweaty. His shooting techniques always maximized tension. In 1968, Leone would craft what is considered his western masterpiece, “Once Upon a Time in the West,” starring Fonda in his first bad guy role.", "In his most autobiographical film — a box-office and critical failure at the time of his release — Eastwood plays a country singer trying to crash the big time before he dies of tuberculosis.", "Clint Eastwood plays Dave Garver, a radio DJ in southern California. One night, a woman calls requesting that he \"Play Misty for me.\" Later, he meets the woman at a bar he goes to often, and they go back to her house together and make love. The next morning, he leaves, figuring it was just a one-night stand, but when he gets home, the woman, Evelyn Draper (Jessica Walter) shows up with groceries and starts to make herself at home. Dave decides to go with it, and later sees that his old girlfriend, Tobie Williams (Donna Mills), is back in town, and the two become close again. But Evelyn won't go away, and continues to follow Dave everywhere, and starts to get viciously jealous of Tobie. And as Dave and Tobie's relationship forms, Evelyn becomes angry and violent, and eventually, murderous, and Dave must find some way to stop her before she ruins his life, and potentially, kills him.", "In this ahead-of-its-time thriller, Clint Eastwood (in his directorial debut) plays a radio DJ who's stalked by a female fan with whom he had a brief fling.", "Eastwood plays David \"Dave\" Garver, a radio disc jockey who becomes the target of Evelyn Draper, an obsessed female fan, played by Jessica Walter. Donna Mills plays his re-acquainted girlfriend, Tobie Williams. The title comes from Draper's habit of phoning in to Garver's radio show and asking him to play the classic Erroll Garner ballad \"Misty\"", "Eastwood’s Bill Munny is an older, wiser version of the character(s) he played in those Sergio Leone Spaghetti Westerns of the 1960’s. In many scenes Eastwood shoots himself in shadow, hat cocked over one eye and the gaunt features of his face peeking out underneath. Like John Wayne his stature and screen presence grew greater with age. Bill Munny’s life story is written across his weathered face.", "In what movie does Clint Eastwood play a DJ with a stalker? Play Misty for Me", "Men relate to him, women�s hearts skip a beat. He�s the strong, silent type. He�s Clint Eastwood (Jr.), born, probably complete with leathered face, on this day in San Francisco in 1930.", "This one is the source of the famous quote, \"Go ahead, make my day.\" It was directed by Eastwood." ]

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[ "Michael Keaton (born Michael John Douglas, 5.9.1951) Michael Keaton is an American film actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles in the Tim Burton-directed Batman films and Beetlejuice.", "Michael John Douglas (born September 5, 1951), better known by the stage name Michael Keaton, is an American actor, perhaps best known for his early comedic roles in films such as Night Shift, Beetlejuice, and his portrayal of Batman in the two Tim Burton-directed films of the series.", "During the height of his popularity, Keaton spent $300,000 to build a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) home in Beverly Hills, which was later owned by James Mason and Cary Grant . Keaton's \"Italian Villa\" can be seen in Keaton's film Parlor, Bedroom and Bath . Keaton later said, \"I took a lot of pratfalls to build that dump.\" Mason found numerous cans of previously \"lost\" Keaton films in the house in the 1950s; the films were quickly transferred by Raymond Rohauer to safety film before the original cellulose nitrate prints further deteriorated. Among the discovered films is Keaton's long-lost classic The Boat . [32]", "The 1990s continued to be a steady success for `Michael Keaton, though lacking the blockbuster successes that preceded them. Amongst his successes were Pacific Heights (with Melanie Griffith), One Good Cop (with Rene Russo). He then went on to feature in Much Ado About Nothing, in a star-studded cast that featured Kenneth Branagh, Richard Briers, Keanu Reeves, Emma Thompson and Denzel Washington.", "Chaplin and Keaton are the giants of silent comedy, and in recent years the pendulum of fashion has swung between them. Chaplin ruled supreme for years, but by the 1960s he looked dated and sentimental to some viewers, and Keaton seemed fresher and more contemporary. In the polls taken every 10 years by Sight & Sound, the British film magazine, Chaplin placed high in 1952 and was gone by 1962; Keaton placed high in 1972 and 1982, and Chaplin replaced him again in 1992. The only thing such polls prove for sure is that a lot of film lovers think the work of both men belongs on a list of the 10 greatest films ever made.", "Michael Keaton ( Beetlejuice , Batman , etc.) was born Michael John Douglas. \"Keaton\" is his mother's maiden name and tribute to Diane Keaton and Buster Keaton . He needed a stage name because the Michael Douglas ( The Streets of San Francisco , Fatal Attraction , Wall Street , etc.) had established a prior claim.", "In 1995, Keaton directed Unstrung Heroes, her first theatrically released narrative film. The movie, adapted from Franz Lidz's memoir, starred Nathan Watt as a boy in 1960s whose mother (Andie MacDowell) becomes ill with cancer. As her sickness advances and his inventor father (John Turturro) grows increasingly distant, the boy is sent to live with his two eccentric uncles (Maury Chaykin and Michael Richards). In a geographic switch, Keaton shifted the story's setting from the New York of Lidz's book to the Southern California of her own childhood. And the four mad uncles were reduced to a whimsical odd couple. In an essay for the New York Times, Lidz said that the cinematic Selma had died not of cancer, but of 'Old Movie Disease'. \"Someday somebody may find a cure for cancer, but the terminal sappiness of cancer movies is probably beyond remedy.\" ", "Keaton's personal life had stabilized with his 1940 marriage, and now he was taking life a little easier, abandoning Columbia for the less strenuous field of feature films. Throughout the 1940s, Keaton played character roles in both \"A\" and \"B\" features. Critics rediscovered Keaton in 1949 and producers occasionally hired him for bigger \"prestige\" pictures. He had cameos in such films as In the Good Old Summertime (1949), Sunset Boulevard (1950), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1956).", "In the early 2000s, Keaton appeared in several films with mixed success, including Live From Baghdad (for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe award), First Daughter, White Noise and Herbie: Fully Loaded. While he continued to receive good notices from the critics (particularly for Jackie Brown), he was not able to re-approach the box-office success of Batman until the release of Disney/Pixar's Cars (2006), in which he voiced Chick Hicks. On New Year's Day of 2004, he hosted the PBS TV special Mr. Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor. It was released by Triumph Marketing LLC on DVD September 28 that year.", "By the late 1930s, Buster Keaton (1895-1966) was out of business as a self-starting auteur. He continued to work all his life, doing innumerable TV appearances and turning up in movies like Chaplin's \" Limelight ,\" Wilder's \" Sunset Boulevard \" and even \"Film,\" an original screenplay by Samuel Beckett. He lived in the San Fernando Valley, raised chickens, and thought his work had been forgotten. Then came a 1962 retrospective at the Cinematheque Francaise in Paris, and a tribute at the 1965 Venice Film Festival. He was relieved to see that his films were not after all lost, but observed, no doubt with a stone face, \"The applause is nice, but too late.\"", "Quirky, inventive and handsome US actor, Michael Keaton first achieved major fame with his door busting performance as fast talking, ideas man \"Bill Blazejowski\" alongside nerdish morgue attendant Henry Winkler in Night Shift (1982).", "In August 1960, Keaton accepted the role of mute King Sextimus the Silent in the national touring company of Once Upon A Mattress , a successful Broadway musical. Eleanor Keaton was cast in the chorus, and throughout rehearsals, she fielded questions directed at her husband, creating difficulties in communication. After a few days, Keaton warmed up to the rest of the cast with his \"utterly delicious sense of humor\", according to Fritzi Burr, who played opposite him as his wife Queen Aggravaine. When the tour landed in Los Angeles, Keaton invited the entire cast and crew to a spaghetti party at his Woodland Hills home, and entertained them by singing vaudeville songs. [5]", "Keaton first appeared on TV in several episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968). He left Pittsburgh and moved to Los Angeles to begin auditioning for TV. He began cropping up in popular TV shows including Maude (1972) and The Mary Tyler Moore Hour (1979). Around this time, Keaton decided to use an alternative surname to remove confusion with better-known actor Michael Douglas . After reading an article on actress Diane Keaton , he decided that Michael Keaton sounded good. His next break was scoring a co-starring role alongside Jim Belushi in the short-lived comedy series Working Stiffs (1979), which showcased his comedic talent and led to his co-starring role in Night Shift (1982). Keaton next scored the lead in the comedy hits Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) , Gung Ho (1986) and the Tim Burton horror-comedy Beetlejuice (1988).", "Joseph Frank \"Buster\" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American comic actor, filmmaker, producer and writer. He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was phy...", "In August 1960, Keaton accepted the role of mute King Sextimus the Silent in the national touring company of Once Upon A Mattress , a successful Broadway musical. Eleanor Keaton was cast in the chorus, and during rehearsals, she fielded questions directed at her husband, creating difficulties in communication. After a few days, Keaton warmed up to the rest of the cast with his \"utterly delicious sense of humor\", according to Fritzi Burr , who played opposite him as his wife Queen Aggravaine. When the tour landed in Los Angeles, Keaton invited the entire cast and crew to a spaghetti party at his Woodland Hills home, and entertained them by singing vaudeville songs. [26]", "Twenty years after Adam West's Batman came Michael Keaton in Tim Burton's 1989 \"Batman.\" He played more of a dark, explosive Batman, the opposite of West's goofy type. Keaton's performance in the Tim Burton movie received favorable reviews, and he became the first actor to reprise the role in 1992's \"Batman Returns\" with Danny DeVito as the Penguin.", "Keaton additionally had a cameo as Jimmy, appearing near the end of the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). Jimmy assists Spencer Tracy 's character, Captain C. G. Culpepper, by readying Culpepper's ultimately-unused boat for his abortive escape. (The restored version of that film, released in 2013, contains a restored scene where Jimmy and Culpeper talk on the telephone. Lost after the comedy epic's \" roadshow \" exhibition, the audio of that scene was discovered, and combined with still pictures to recreate the scene.) Keaton was given more screen time in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966). The appearance, after it was released after his death, was his posthumous swansong.", "Aside from Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928), Keaton's most enduring feature-length films include Our Hospitality (1923), The Navigator (1924), Sherlock Jr. (1924), Seven Chances (1925), The Cameraman (1928), and The General (1927). The General, set during the American Civil War , combined physical comedy with Keaton's love of trains, including an epic locomotive chase. Employing picturesque locations, the film's storyline reenacted an actual wartime incident . Though it would come to be regarded as Keaton's proudest achievement, the film received mixed reviews at the time. It was too dramatic for some filmgoers expecting a lightweight comedy, and reviewers questioned Keaton's judgment in making a comedic film about the Civil War, even while noting it had a \"few laughs\". [20] The fact that the heroes of the story were from the Confederate side may have also contributed to the film's unpopularity.", "Keaton left Pittsburgh and moved to Los Angeles to begin auditioning for various TV parts. He popped up in various popular TV shows including Maude and The Mary Tyler Moore Hour. Around this time Keaton decided to use a stage name to avoid confusion with well-known actor Michael Douglas and daytime host Mike Douglas, as well as to satisfy SAG rules. The rumor that Keaton changed his surname because of an attraction to actress Diane Keaton is incorrect. He chose Keaton because of an affinity for the physical comedy of Buster Keaton. Keaton's film debut came in a small non-speaking role in Joan Rivers film Rabbit Test. ", "Aside from Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928), Keaton's most enduring feature-length films include Our Hospitality (1923), The Navigator (1924), Sherlock Jr. (1924), Seven Chances (1925), The Cameraman (1928), and The General (1926). The General, set throughout the American Civil War , combined physical comedy with Keaton's love of trains, including an epic locomotive chase. Employing picturesque locations, the film's storyline reenacted an actual wartime incident . Though it would come to be regarded as Keaton's greatest achievement, the film received mixed reviews at the time. It was too dramatic for a few filmgoers expecting a lightweight comedy, and reviewers questioned Keaton's judgement in making a comedic film about the Civil War, even while noting it had a \"few laughs\". [27]", "Keaton was so demoralised throughout the production of 1933's What! No Beer? that MGM fired him after the filming was complete, notwithstanding the film being a resounding hit. In 1934, Keaton accepted an offer to make an independent film in Paris, Le Roi des Champs-Élysées . During this period, he made another film, in England, The Invader (released in the United States as An Old Spanish Custom in 1936).", "Keaton subsequently expanded her range to avoid becoming typecast as her Annie Hall persona. She became an accomplished dramatic performer, starring in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) and received Academy Award nominations for Reds (1981), Marvin's Room (1996) and Something's Gotta Give (2003). Some of her popular later films include Baby Boom (1987), Father of the Bride (1991), The First Wives Club (1996), and The Family Stone (2005). Keaton's films have earned a cumulative gross of over US$1.1 billion in North America. In addition to acting, she is also a photographer, real estate developer, author, and occasional singer.", "Keaton was so demoralized during the production of 1933's What! No Beer? that MGM fired him after the filming was complete, despite the film being a resounding hit. In 1934, Keaton accepted an offer to make an independent film in Paris, Le Roi des Champs-Élysées. During this period, he made another film, in England, The Invader (released in the United States as An Old Spanish Custom in 1936).", "Keaton was forced to use a stunt double throughout a few of the more dangerous scenes, something he had never done in his heyday, as MGM wanted badly to protect its investment. \"Stuntmen don't get laughs,\" Keaton had said. Some of his most financially successful films for the studio were throughout this period. MGM tried teaming the laconic Keaton with the rambunctious Jimmy Durante in a series of films, The Passionate Plumber , Speak Easily , and What! No Beer? The latter would be Keaton's last starring feature in his home country. The films proved popular. (Thirty years later, both Keaton and Durante had cameo roles in It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World , albeit not in the same scenes.)", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. [33] The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon , who additionally directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained a large number of factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. [7] A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill , won two Emmy Awards . [55]", "A significant break came for Michael Keaton when he appeared alongside James Belushi in Working Stiffs, as well as appearing in a Ron Howard-directed comedy, Night Shift, which also starred Henry Winkler and Shelley Long. His reputation as a decent comic actor was bolstered by appearances in Mr. Mom, Johnny Dangerously and Gung Ho.", "Caped crusader: Keaton played the title role in 1989 film Batman and in 1992 film Batman Returns", "He played the title character in Tim Burton's 1988 horror-comedy Beetlejuice, which co-starred Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, Catherine O'Hara and Winona Ryder, earned Keaton widespread acclaim and boosted him to movieland's A list. He originally turned down the role, then reconsidered like most of the cast. He now considers Beetlejuice his favorite of his own films. That same year, he also gave an acclaimed dramatic performance as a drug-addicted businessman in Clean and Sober. Newsweek featured him in a story during this time.", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon, who also directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, won two Emmy Awards.", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon, who also directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, won two Emmy Awards. ", "Buster Keaton was a comedian and actor famous for his stoic and deadpan expression in his silent films. This biography of Buster Keaton provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.", "Buster Keaton was an acrobatic stage performer from childhood. In what scenes in particular does he seem to be using his acrobatic talents?" ]

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[ "\"He's a Tramp\" is a song featured in Disney Lady and the Tramp . It is sung by Peggy Lee . The song was nominated for AFI's 100 years...100 Songs, as one of 15 songs from Disney and one of 17 songs from an animated movie to be nominated.", "     Walt Disney studios created memorable full-length animated musical films during the fifties: �Cinderella� in 1950, �Alice in Wonderland� in 1951, �Peter Pan� in 1953, �Lady and the Tramp� in 1954, and �Sleeping Beauty� in 1959. You Can Fly, A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes and the spaghetti-sharing Bella Notte were all introduced in Disney films. Peggy Lee recorded the memorable He�s a Tramp from �Lady and the Tramp.� The catchy tune Bibbidi-Bobbidi Boo from �Cinderella� was a hit recording for Jo Stafford & Gordon MacRae and for Perry Como and for Dinah Shore.", "Legendary recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well. In the film she sings: \" He's a Tramp \", \" La La Lu , \" The Siamese Cat Song \", and \" What is a Baby? \". She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers. These appearances are available, as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.", "The film score for was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well. In the film, she sings: \"He's a Tramp\", \"La La Lu\", \"The Siamese Cat Song\" and \"What Is a Baby?\". She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers. These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.", "With the company’s well of fairy tales running temporarily dry, animals-in-peril became something of a trend for Disney in the 1960s and 1970s, with films like “The Aristocats” and “The Rescuers,” and it was all kicked off by “Lady & The Tramp,” the animation giant’s first true romantic comedy, and a damn effective one at that. The film details the romance between pampered cocker spaniel, Lady (Barbara Luddy), and streetwise, cynical stray Tramp (Larry Roberts). Free of the breathless plotting of the company’s modern-day fare, it’s a languid, almost loose picture that sweetly lets the burgeoning unlikely pairing happen organically, culminating in that all-time classic spaghetti scene, arguably cinema’s most iconic image of romance not involving John Cusack and a boombox. There’s a charming specificity to the film’s Southern turn-of-the-century setting, and the supporting characters are all winners, particularly Peggy Lee’s vaguely Blanche DuBois-ish faded belle (her straight-up racist Siamese cats strike the film’s sourest note these days, but the chanteuse’s songs more than make up for it). If anyone can explain why Lady & Tramp’s children are miniature clones of them, though, it’d be much appreciated.", "Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romance film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955, by Buena Vista Distribution , making it the first Disney animated film to not be distributed by RKO Radio Pictures . The fifteenth animated feature in the Disney Animated Canon , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope Widescreen film process. The story, which was based the book Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, centers on a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper-middle-class family, and a male stray mutt called Tramp. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure , was released in 2001 . While not a runaway hit at first, today it is considered one of Disney's greatest classics.", "Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on November 11, 1955, by Buena Vista Distribution, making it the Disney animated film to not be distributed by RKO Pictures. The fifteenth animated feature in the Disney Animated Features Canon, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope Widescreen film process. The story, which was based the book Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, centers on a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper-middle-class family, and a male stray mutt called Tramp. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure , was released in 2001. While not a runaway hit at first, today it is considered one of Disney's greatest classics.", "10. Larry Roberts, who voiced Tramp, was a stage actor and stand-up comic. \"Lady and the Tramp\" was his only film role.", "* Stan Freberg (died April 7, 2015, age 88) (The Pet Store Clerk, The Beaver, and Hunter Van Pelt in Lady and the Tramp and Lambert Lion in Lambert the Sheepish Lion)", "The beaver in this film is similar to the character of Gopher in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree , down to the speech pattern: a whistling noise when he makes the \"S\" sound. This voice was created by Stan Freberg , who has an extensive background in commercial and comedy recordings. On the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD he demonstrates how the effect was done, and that a whistle was eventually used because it was difficult to maintain the effect.", "* \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" (performed by Lily Allen with Jools Holland & His Rhythm & Blues Orchestra)", "Verna Felton (Flora) previously lent her voice to the Elephant Matriarch and Mrs. Jumbo in Dumbo , the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella, the Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland and Aunt Sarah in Lady and the Tramp. After Sleeping Beauty, her last film for Disney was providing the voice for Winifred in The Jungle Book .", "Alan Reed (1907 - 77) as Fred Flintstone. Alan created the catchphrase Yabba dabba doo! for his most famous incarnation Fred Flintstone and also supplied the voice of 'Boris' in Disney's Lady and the Tramp. His distinctive voice is still being used as archive sound for video long after his passing.", "Verna Felton (1890 - 1966) as Pearl Slaghoople (Wilma's mother) (1963 - 1966). Verna also provided the voices for Flora in Sleeping Beauty, Winifred in The Jungle Book, the Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland, and Aunt Sarah in Lady and the Tramp.", "Vocal Talent: Ilene Woods (Cinderella), Eleanor Audley (Lady Tremaine), Verna Felton (Fairy Godmother), Luis Van Rooten (King, Grand Duke), James Macdonald (Gus, Jaq, Bruno), June Foray (Lucifer), William Phipps (Prince Charming), Mike Douglas (Prince Charming [Singing Voice]), Don Barclay (Doorman), Rhoda Williams (Drizella Tremaine), Lucille Bliss (Anastasia Tremaine), Lucille Williams (Perla), Clint McCauley (Mice), Betty Lou Gerson (Narrator), Helene Stanley, Claire DuBrey, John Fontaine, Marion Darlington, John Woodbury, June Sullivan, Helen Seibert.", "An unforgettable story, breathtaking animation, beloved characters and award-winning music sets the stage for \"The Lion King\", a Disney classic that follows the adventures of Simba, the feisty lion cub who \"just can't wait to be king.\" But his envious Uncle Scar has plans for his own ascent to the throne, and he forces Simba's exile from the kingdom. Alone and adrift, Simba soon joins the escapades of a hilarious meerkat named Timon and his warmhearted warthog pal, Pumbaa. Adopting their carefree lifestyle of \"Hakuna Matata,\" Simba ignores his real responsibilities until he realizes his destiny and returns to the Pride Lands to claim his place in the \"Circle of Life.\" The all-star vocal talents—including Matthew Broderick, Nathan Lane, Whoopi Goldberg, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Ernie Sabella, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Robert Guillaume, Cheech Marin and Moira Kelly—rip-roaring comedy and uplifting messages of courage, loyalty and hope make this a timeless tale for all ages.", "Cast: Leila Ernst (Cinderella), Edward Dew (Prince Charming), Florence Desmond (Lady Eve), Jody Gilbert (Mistress Spratt), Marilyn Day (Delilah), Sherle North (Thais), Joe Besser (Herman), Edward Lambert (King Kindly), Jack Williams (Broderick), Jean Olds (Dame Crinkle), Joyce White (Dame Crumple), Chloe Owen (Dame Crackle), Ray Cook (The Baker), Adrienne (Widow Willow), Frank Milton (His Magnificence, the Wizard), Richard Wentworth (The Butcher Boy), Gail Adams (Lorelei), Eileen Ayers (Lilith), Youka Troubetzkoy (Major Domo), Eleanor Jonesa (Lady Guinevere), Dorothy Karroll (Lady Persevere), Barbara Perry (Kate), Vincent Carbone (Court Dancer), Robert Penn (Town Crier), Don Mayo, Walter Kattwinkel (Undertakers), Harvy Braun, Stanley Simmonds (Lawyers), William Rains, Ray Morrissey, Richard Wentworth (Three Troubadours), Fin Olsen (Their Arranger), Richard D’Arcy (Sailor), Billy Vaux (Dancing Attendant), Eugene Martin (Singing Attendant), Jane Vinson, Paula Dee (Acrobatic Attendants), Vincent Carbone, Harry Rogers, Allen Knowles, Fred Bernaski (Four Sprites), Marcia Maier, Marybly Harwood (Sailor’s Sweethearts).", "Voiced four different characters in Lady and the Tramp (1955): Darling, Peg, and both the Siamese cats.", "One of the greatest radio comedians of all time, Phil Harris cemented his animation legacy by voicing three of the most beloved Disney characters of all time: Baloo, Mowgli's friend in The Jungle Book, Thomas O'Malley from the Aristocats, and Little John, from Robin Hood. Phil's low-pitched, distinct, but always cool voice served him well in his music career, and he used it to sing one of Disney's greatest songs of all time: The Bare Necessities, a ditty that's been stuck in the heads of Disney fans for the last 40 years. Harris' performances for Disney might not have been many, but they were all great, and absolutely unforgettable.", "Chris Williams, Byron Howard4.5B001OMU6UWBolt (voiced by John Travolta) is the star of the biggest show in Hollywood. The only problem is, he thinks the whole thing is real. When the super dog is accidentally shipped to New York City and separated from Penny (voiced by Miley Cyrus), his beloved co-star and owner, Bolt springs into action to find his way home. Together with his hilarious new sidekicks  Rhino (voiced by Mark Walton) – Bolt’s #1 Fan – and a street-smart cat named Mittens (voiced by Susie Essman), Bolt sets off on an amazing journey where he discovers he doesn’t need super powers to be a hero.", "Clopin is also present in the 1996 Disney film version of the same name, in which he is a more jovial and less sinister gypsy than in the novel. However, he is much darker, in clothing and humor, when Quasimodo and Captain Phoebus arrive in the Court of Miracles, suggesting his personality during the day to have been something of a façade. However, he shows to have a gentle nature at the end of the film when he picks a little girl up and entertains her with a puppet resembling Judge Claude Frollo. Clopin's ending pitch of the song \"The Bells of Notre Dame\" has garnered incredible acclaim for its high D-note singing. He is voiced by Paul Kandel.", "From the box Tony made his way into television commercials, where the instantly-recognizable character became even more famous with his distinct voice and catchphrase. The deep, resonant sound of “They’re Grrrreat!” that we remember was the voice of Thurl Ravenscroft who voiced Tony for more than 50 years. He also was the deep voice behind the song, “You’re A Mean One, Mr. Grinch” from The Grinch Who Stole Christmas, but he wasn’t the first voice of Tony the Tiger. Dallas McKennon initiated the voice of Tony, but he was quickly replaced by Ravenscroft. McKennon was also known to boomers as the voice of Buzz Buzzard in Woody Woodpecker cartoons, and he sang many songs and provided character voices in many of Disney’s classic films.", "Streling Holloway didn't have the vocal range of some voice actors, but he could play a wide variety of roles. His distinctive voice worked equally well as Christopher Robin's favorite bear of very little brain, a villainous snake with hypnotic powers and numerous other Disney characters.", "The Princess and the Frog (three nominations and no wins), Disney's cel-animated film set in 1920's Jazz era New Orleans about a frog prince (voice of Bruno Campos) who is kissed by Tiana (voice of Anika Noni Rose), who is transformed herself into a frog because she is not a real princess; it was Disney Studios' first traditional 2-D animated film in 5 years, since Home on the Range (2004). It also featured the studio's first-ever black female protagonist, an African-American princess named Tiana (voice of Anika Noni Rose)", "'Lady and the Tramp': 19 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About the Disney Classic | Moviefone", "John Ratzenberger, who remained with \"Cheers\" through its final season, has had a voice role in just about every animated Disney-Pixar film to date, including notable parts as Hamm the Piggy Bank in \"Toy Story\" and Mack the truck in the \"Cars\" series. The actor, now 68, had a recurring role on USA's now-canceled series \"Franklin & Bash.\" âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: Michael Tullberg/Getty Images)", "On this day in 1937 Bobby Driscoll, the voice of Walt Disney's Peter Pan, was born. He died in his 30s, but otherwise would have been 73 years old today.", "Richard White (born August 4, 1953 in Oak Ridge, Tennessee) is an American Reverend, gay activist, actor, opera singer and voice actor. He is most famous for voicing the character of Gaston in the 1991 Disney film Beauty and the Beast and in the TV series House of Mouse.", "character voice: Spider-Man, Critters, James Bond Jr., Bonkers, Snow Monkeys, Mighty Ducks, Pocahontas, Hercules, 101 Dalmatians, Toy Story 2, Atlantis: The Lost Empire", "This actor/singer with his distinctive clipped gravelly speech and New York accent narrated the rankin/bass classic Frost the Snowman.", "He made his cinema debut in 1950, the same year he made his Broadway debut in the comedy \"Ring Round the Moon.\" The following year, he appeared on Broadway as Gaston in the musical \"Gigi\", which featured Audrey Hepburn in the title role. He was Henry Higgins in the national touring production of My Fair Lady in the late 1950s and for a 1960 tour of the USSR.", "17. The actress who voiced Disney’s Snow White made a voice cameo during the Tin Man’s “If I Only Had a Heart” (She’s the one who says, ‘Wherefore art thou, Romeo?’)" ]

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[ "The Metropolitan Opera House is among the most powerful cultural institutions in the world of opera. The majestic 3,800-seat opera house is located at the iconic Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, and is the only structure with a facade facing the major thoroughfare of Broadway on Manhattan’s Upper West Side. Situated between New York City Ballet’s David H. Koch Theater and New York Philharmonic’s David Geffen Hall, the Metropolitan Opera looks over a vast plaza and the wondrous, ever-spouting Revson Fountain. Two Marc Chagall painted murals, framed in large windows of the grand tier lobby, give the opera house an especially distinct look.", "The Metropolitan Opera House is one of the top opera stages in the entire country. In fact, many consider it to be the best in the entire world. The Metropolitan Opera House is located at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. For an opera lover or anybody who is visiting the area, a trip to the Metropolitan Opera House is a must. Not only is this venue outstanding on the outside, but when you step inside you will feel like you are in heaven.", "The present Metropolitan Opera House is located in Lincoln Center at Lincoln Square in the Upper West Side and was designed by architect Wallace K. Harrison. It has a seating capacity of approximately 3800 with an additional 195 standing room places at the rear of the main floor and the top balcony. As needed, the size of the orchestra pit can be decreased and another row of 35 seats added at the front of the auditorium. The lobby is adorned with two famous murals by Marc Chagall, The Triumph of Music and The Sources of Music. Each of these gigantic paintings measures 30 by 36 feet.", "   The Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met), largest art museum in the United States. The main building, located on the eastern edge of Central Park along Manhattan's Museum Mile, is by area one of the world's largest art galleries. There is also a much smaller second location at \"The Cloisters\" in Upper Manhattan that features medieval art. Wallace K. Harrison designed the Metropolitan Opera House as part of this NYC complex Lincoln Center", "It is called simply the Met. The Metropolitan Opera of New York is the Holy Grail for every classical singer on the planet. Only one venue could be worthy of this stellar organization: Lincoln Center. The cathedral-like windows behind streaming water jets from the fountain in the forecourt. The hanging fireworks lamps in the lobby. The vast, ornate auditorium with its huge, bubbly chandelier, golden stage curtain, and lighted balconies as far as the eye can see. Even those who are indifferent to opera could look at the architectural marvels for hours and never get tired. It seats 3800 and stands (as in “Standing Room Only”) 195 more. While regular ticket prices are just as high as you would expect, a special program called “Rush Tickets” sets aside a certain number of seats at a much lower rate. Patrons phone in to be included in a drawing and are notified by e-mail if they have won.", "Lincoln Center, technically Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, on New York City's Upper West Side, is the nation's premier cultural arts complex. Begun in 1959, a result of the city's urban renewal initiative, the 16.3-acre facility includes 12 performance halls as well as educational and rehearsal buildings. Lincoln Center is home to the Metropolitan Opera Company, Jazz Lincoln Center, the New York Philharmonic, and several other well-known performance companies.", "The Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America. It presents about 27 different operas each year in a season which lasts from late September through May. The operas are presented in a rotating repertory schedule with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week. Moving to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966, performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday. Several operas are presented in new productions each season. Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera houses. The rest of the year's operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons. The 2015-16 season comprised 227 performances of 25 operas. ", "New York City's cultural hub, Lincoln Center is the sprawling 16.3-acre Upper West Side home of 11 cultural organizations, including Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Metropolitan Opera and the New York City Ballet.", "Lincoln Center was conceived in the mid -1950s, a part of Robert Moses' grand plan for Manhattan. The list of architects involved in the project reads like a \"Who's Who\" of mid-century modern architecture and design. It includes Max Abramovitz (Avery Fisher Hall), Eero Saarinen (Vivian Beaumont Theater), and Wallace Harrison (The Metropolitan Opera House). The complex took a decade to complete, with Avery Fisher Hall being the first to open in 1962. The Jazz at Lincoln Center Building joined the grouping in 2004.", "The Lincoln Center is comprised of twelve resident organizations, including The Julliard School, The Metropolitan Opera, and the New York Philharmonic. These twelve establishments constitute a total of 26 venues located on 16 acres in New York City’s Upper West Side. No other establishment in the world has bred and hosted so many talented world-class performers as the Lincoln Center.", "Lincoln Square in Manhattan was badly blighted in 1955. An informal committee that met to discuss what to do with it quickly elected John Rockefeller III as chairman. Rockefeller and his entire family became convinced that what the area—and New York City generally—really needed was a musical center. So he began raising funds to build one. Altogether, Rockefeller would raise nearly half of the $185 million used for the project, with various Rockefeller foundations and family members contributing heavily. The first building was 1962’s Philharmonic Hall, renamed Avery Fisher Hall in 1973 after a donor, and then David Geffen Hall after a renovating donor. The New York State Theater followed in 1964, and the Metropolitan Opera House opened in 1966. The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts was incorporated as home of the New York Philharmonic, Juilliard School, Metropolitan Opera, New York City Ballet, and dozens of other performing-arts organizations.", "To provide a home for its regular Tuesday night performances in Philadelphia, the Met purchased an opera house originally built in 1908 by Oscar Hammerstein I, the Philadelphia Opera House at North Broad and Poplar Streets. Renamed the Metropolitan Opera House, the theater was operated by the Met from 1910 until it sold the house in April 1920. The Met debuted at its new Philadelphia home on December 13, 1910, with a performance of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser starring Leo Slezak and Olive Fremstad. ", "Music lovers can attend performances of New York’s Metropolitan Opera or concerts of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra .", "Caruso also appeared in commercial films and played in important opera venues such as La Scala in Milan, the Royal Opera House in London, the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, he was also the leading tenor of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City for 18 consecutive seasons.", "See the Metropolitan Opera, world-class, with renown singers and orchestra. Attend New York Philharmonic concerts at David Geffen Hall. David Koch Theatre offers multiple fares, ballet, modern and other forms of dance. Vivian Beaumont Theater for revivals, plays and other performing arts. Lincoln Restaurant is a 5-Star rating.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, known colloquially as The Met, is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments.", "Along with the many operas that take place on a regular basis, the Metropolitan Opera House has also played host to other high level events. They include the MTV Video Music Awards, and also the American Ballet Theatre.", "The first Metropolitan Opera House opened on October 22, 1883, with a performance of Faust. It was located at 1411 Broadway between 39th and 40th Streets and was designed by J. Cleaveland Cady. Gutted by fire on August 27, 1892, the theater was immediately rebuilt, reopening in the fall of 1893. Another major renovation was completed in 1903. The theater's interior was extensively redesigned by the architects Carrère and Hastings. The familiar red and gold interior associated with the house dates from this time. The old Met had a seating capacity of 3,625 with an additional 224 standing room places.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, known colloquially as The Met, is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, United States, North America. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments. The main building, often referred to simply as the Met, is one of the world's largest art galleries; there is also a much smaller second location in Upper Manhattan, at The Cloisters, which features medieval art. Represented in the permanent collection are works of art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of notable interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Met's galleries. The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people.", "San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing-arts companies in the U.S. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall.", "Today the dramatically styled Kauffman Center is home to the Kansas City Symphony, Lyric Opera, and the Kansas City Ballet, along with many smaller and touring performers. A New York Times reviewer characterized the new facility as “one of the most enjoyable, exhilarating arts centers I’ve been to.”", "With such a rich history it is easy to see why so many tourists visit the Metropolitan Opera House year in and year out. Anybody who ever has the chance to see a show inside the Metropolitan Opera House should take advantage. Not only will you learn a bit about modern culture, but you will also have a great time soaking up the historic atmosphere.", "In its early decades the Met did not produce the opera performances itself but hired prominent manager/impresarios to stage a season of opera at the new Metropolitan Opera House. Henry Abbey served as manager for the inaugural season 1883-1884 which opened with a performance of Charles Gounod's Faust starring the brilliant Swedish soprano Christina Nilsson. Abbey's company that first season featured an ensemble of artists led by sopranos Nilsson and Marcella Sembrich; mezzo-soprano Sofia Scalchi; tenors Italo Campanini and Roberto Stagno; baritone Giuseppe Del Puente; and bass Franco Novara. They gave 150 performances of 20 different operas by Gounod, Meyerbeer, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi, Wagner, Mozart, Thomas, Bizet, Flotow, and Ponchielli. All performances were sung in Italian and were conducted either by music director Auguste Vianesi or Cleofonte Campanini (the tenor Italo's brother).", "*May 3 – 75-year-old tenor Carlo Bergonzi makes his final professional appearance at Carnegie Hall, in a concert performance of Otello. After two acts, he is replaced by an understudy.", "NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC, Zubin Mehta, conductor; Florence Quivar, mezzo-soprano; Vinson Cole and Jon Garrison, tenors; John Cheek and Gwynne Howell, basses; Werner Klemperer, narrator; Westminster Symphonic Choir, Joseph Flummerfelt, director. At Avery Fisher Hall.", "Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center is home of the Israeli Opera, where Plácido Domingo was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the Cameri Theater. With 2,482 seats, the Tel Aviv Culture Palace is the city's largest theater and home to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. ", "Apart from his work at Milan's Teatro alla Scala, where he was music director for 19 years, Muti has led operatic performances with the Philadelphia Orchestra and productions in the principal opera houses of Rome (from 1969), Ravenna, Vienna, London (from 1977), Munich (from 1979), and, finally, in 2010, New York. His work with the Vienna State Opera has included Aida in 1973, La forza del destino in 1974, Norma in 1977, Rigoletto in 1983, Cos� fan tutte in 1996 and 2008, Don Giovanni in 1999, and The Marriage of Figaro in 2001.", " Dalayman; Kaufmann, Mattei, Nikitin, Pape; Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, Gatti. Production: Girard. Sony 88883725589, 280 mins., subtitled", "Marco Berti as Calaf, Alexander Tsymbalyuk as Timur, and Anita Hartig as Liù in Puccini’s Turandot. Photo by Marty Sohl/Metropolitan Opera.", "4. He was the first American to conduct a performance at La Scala in Milan. In 1953, Bernstein became the first-ever U.S.-born conductor to lead a performance at Teatro alla Scala, Milan’s premier opera house. At Teatro alla Scala, he directed renowned soprano Maria Callas in Medea by Luigi Cherubini and La Sonnambula by Vincenzo Bellini.", "Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (April 30June 23; 39-0424/464-191; www.maggiofiorentino.com ). Music director Zubin Mehta conducts a new production of Verdi's Falstaff, while the festival's dance troupe, Maggio Danza, presents German choreographer Reinhild Hoffman's Callas, dance theater exploring the late opera star's conflict between her public success and private life. Led by Lorin Maazel, the New York Philharmonic performs a program of Berlioz , Brahms, and Kodály.", "The Mariinsky Theatre (, Mariinskiy Teatr, also spelled Maryinsky, Mariyinsky) is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre. Today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. Since Yuri Temirkanov's retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the theatre's general director." ]

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[ "Arnold Raymond Cream ( January 31 , 1914 � February 25 , 1994 ), better known as Jersey Joe Walcott, was a world heavyweight boxing champion. He broke the world's record for the oldest man to win the world's Heavyweight title when he earned it at the age of 37.", "Jersey Joe Walcott, original name Arnold Raymond Cream (born Jan. 31, 1914, Merchantville, N.J., U.S.—died Feb. 25, 1994, Camden , N.J.), American world heavyweight boxing champion from July 18, 1951, when he knocked out Ezzard Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, Pa., until Sept. 23, 1952, when he was knocked out by Rocky Marciano in 13 rounds in Philadelphia.", "Arnold Raymond Cream (January 31, 1914 – February 25, 1994), better known as Jersey Joe Walcott, was an American world heavyweight boxing champion. He broke the world's record for the oldest man to win the world's heavyweight title when he earned it at the age of . That record would eventually be broken on November 5, 1994, by 45-year-old George Foreman, who defeated the 26-year-old heavyweight champion of the world Michael Moorer, to win the WBA and IBF heavyweight titles.", "Jersey Joe Walcott was a renowned boxer. Walcott was born “Arnold Raymond Cream around Camden, New Jersey and was raised along with eleven brothers and sisters. When Walcott was 14, his father passed away and he was left to help support his family. He got a job working at a soup factory and during this time, he also began to train as a boxer.", "ne of the most persistent boxers of the 20th century, Jersey Joe Walcott refused to give up his dream of winning the world heavyweight title. Long after most boxers would have abandoned all hope, Walcott battled on. On July 18, 1951, he became, at the age of thirty-seven, the oldest boxer ever to become the heavyweight champ, knocking out Ezzard Charles in the seventh round to finally take the title he had so long pursued. For more than four decades, he held the distinction of being the oldest boxer to win the heavyweight title, until 45-year-old George Foreman won the crown in 1994. After retiring from the ring, Walcott remained active in boxing as a referee and later became chairman of the New Jersey State Boxing Commission. Sadly, his tenure in the latter position was marred by charges that he had taken bribes. Despite this stain on his reputation, Walcott will forever stand as an inspiration to dreamers everywhere that perseverance can pay off.", "Jersey Joe Walcott, the son of poor immigrants from Barbados who was to slug his way out of poverty and into the record books as the oldest fighter to win the heavyweight championship of the world, died Friday at Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center in Camden, N.J., where he lived. He was 80.", "Walcott was born in Merchantville, New Jersey , the son of immigrants from St. Thomas . Walcott's father died when he was 13 years old, so he quit school and took a job working in a soup factory to support his mother and 11 sibilings; He also began training as a boxer. He took the name of his boxing idol, Joe Walcott , the welterweight champion from Barbados, hence his nickname, \"Jersey Joe\".", "Three months later Rocky Marciano challenged Jersey Joe for the heavyweight title. On September 23, 1952 in Philadelphia’s Municipal Stadium a crowd of 40,379 fans witnessed Rocky Marciano stop Walcott in the thirteenth round to become the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. The paid attendance that day was $504,645.", "Jersey Joe Walcott was the oldest man to win an undisputed heavyweight title. He knocked out Ezzard Charles in the seventh round in Pittsburgh on July 18, 1951 when he was 37 years old.", "The pair was matched again on July 18, 1951. At 37 years of age, Walcott was given little chance for an upset. However this time Jersey Joe delivered. A crushing left hook in round seven brought the patient fighter from Merchantville the biggest prize in sports – the world heavyweight championship. ", "Boxer Jersey Joe Walcott was born Arnold Raymond Cream and raised in Merchantville, near Camden, New Jersey, one of twelve children of Ella and Joseph Cream. His father, an immigrant from Barbados, died when Arnold was fourteen. To help support the family, the boy began working in a soup factory and did odd jobs. He also began to train as a boxer. In 1930 he started his professional career as a lightweight. Soon after, he took the name \"Jersey Joe Walcott\" in honor of Joe Walcott, a well-known Barbadian welterweight champion.", "On September 23, 1952, Marciano fought against Jersey Joe Walcott for the world heavyweight championship. He was knocked down in the first round, and was behind for the first seven, but won in the 13th round, knocking out Walcott with an accurate right punch. The punch was later referred to as his \"Susie Q.\"", "Born Arnold Cream, he changed his professional name to Jersey Joe Walcott in honor of an early 20th-century boxer his father greatly admired.", "10. Jersey Joe Walcott. Until the big, bald guy who sells kitchen grills came along, Jersey Joe (born Arnold Cream in Merchantville in 1914) was the oldest heavyweight champion when, at the age of 37, he knocked out Ezzard Charles in 1951.", "Photo: Jersey Joe Walcott fighting Ezzard Charles, the heavyweight champion, in 1951. Walcott won the title by a knockout in the seventh round. (Associated Press)", "Walcott died at the age of 80 on February 25, 1994, in Camden, N.J. In one of his last public appearances, Walcott traveled across the Delaware River to Philadelphia in 1992 to attend the first outdoor professional boxing show since the 1950s. Speaking haltingly to the assembled crowd, Walcott said, \"I tried to be a champion for everybody. I did my best. I tried to make a way for our young people.\" The deafening applause was proof that in the minds of the spectators anyway Walcott had succeeded.", "After his boxing days, Walcott was a referee and appeared in the film “The Harder They Fall”. Later he became the Sherriff of Camden County and served as long-time Chairman of the NJ State Athletic Commission. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. ", "4 wins later, Marciano and his 42-0 record went up against 38-year-old heavyweight champion of the world, Jersey Joe Walcott. In the first round, Marciano looked out of his depth. He was knocked down for the first time in his career. Walcott was passionate about defending the belt he’d been chasing for over 20 years. He was up on all scorecards and cruising to a victory, but Marciano's right hand had other plans.", "JERSEY JOE WALCOTT was born Arnold Cream on 31 January 1914. He grew up in Merchantville, New Jersey. Today he is ill with cancer in a home in New Jersey. Walcott was 37 years old when he beat Ezzard Charles in July 1951. Walcott's reign coincided with the rule of Frank Carbo and Blinky Palermo, two mobsters who controlled the main weight divisions (dubbed 'accounts') through James Norris, owner of Madison Square Garden.", "1965 51 Years Old In 1965, Walcott refereed the controversial world heavyweight championship rematch between Muhammad Ali and Sonny Liston. … Read More", "There are many sportspeople associated with the city, with footballers such as Billy Wright, Steve Bull, Bert Williams and Jimmy Mullen; along with Percy Stallard and Hugh Porter within the world of cycling, the Olympic medallist swimmer Anita Lonsbrough, professional darts player Wayne Jones, racing driver and winner of the 24 hours of Le Mans Richard Attwood as well as athletes such as Tessa Sanderson and Denise Lewis and cricketer Vikram Solanki who grew up here and played for Wolverhampton Cricket Club before joining Worcestershire.", "Although Langford is often credited as the greatest fighter to never challenge for a world title, he fought World Welterweight Champion Barbados Joe Walcott on September 5, 1904 for his title. The fight resulted in a draw by decision, thus Walcott retained his title. However, reports of the fight say Langford clearly outpointed the champion. Langford kept Walcott at a distance with his longer reach and used his footwork to evade all of Walcott’s attacks. Langford landed lefts and rights to the jaw so effectively, Walcott was bleeding by round two and continued bleeding more after every round. Walcott was brought on one knee in the third round and the fight ended with hardly a scratch on Langford.", "Rocky Marciano def. Jersey Joe Walcott KO-13 9-23-1952 in Philadelphia, PA.....Marciano retired as the only undefeated champion with a perfect record of 49-0, the title was declared vacant 4-27-1956", "* In winning the triple jump England's Jonathan Edwards simultaneously held the World, Olympic, European and Commonwealth championships and the World record. He would lose the European title a week later in Munich.", "In 1946, when he lost consecutive fights to a mature Elmer “Violent” Ray and the world-renowned Joey Maxim, Walcott’s career seemed to be going nowhere, despite his 41-11-2 record. However, Jersey Joe wouldn’t be counted out yet. ", "Jonathan David Edwards, CBE (born 10 May 1966 in London) is a former triple jumper. He is a former Olympic, World, Commonwealth and European champion, and has held the world record in the event since 1995.", "In 1936, Walcott (11-1) took his first step up in competition, and faced the far more seasoned Al Ettore (52-7-2). The result was a resounding KO loss for Jersey Joe. But Walcott picked himself up, and continued to chase his dream. ", "In retirement Walcott became a New Jersey sheriff and then, in the 1970s, the New Jersey State Athletic Commissioner. In the 1990s Walcott was again indirectly involved in unwanted controversy when his then-deputy, Bobby Lee (now chairman of the IBF), was named in unproven bribery allegations. Lee publicly denied them but on the stand took the Fifth Amendment. A benefit was held for Walcott in Philadelphia in 1992. According to one eye-witness: 'He did not look well. He doesn't have a lot of money but it's not like he's out on the street.'", "What football club did Geoff Hurst play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal? West Ham United", "January 30: After beating Waldek Zbyszko and Ed �Strangler� Lewis in late-1919 to earn a title shot, Joe Stecher regains the World title by beating Earl Caddock in 2: 05:30 at Madison Square Garden.", "The World Professional Championship (instituted 1927) was won a record 15 times by Joe Davis, on the first 15 occasions it was contested 1927-40 and 1946. The most wins in the Amateur Championships (instituted 1963) have been two by; Gary Owen in 1963 and 1966; Ray Edmonds 1972 and 1974; and Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1985-86. Allison Fisher (b. 24 Feb 1968) has won seven Women's World Championships, 1985-86, 1988-89, 1991, 1993-94.", "Have been to the World Championship 3 times over the past 8 years and was at the Premier League Final in Brighton this year, and am going in March as well for the Premier League at Brighton" ]

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[ "North Africa - British armoured forces crossed the Libyan desert to a point south of Benghazi and cut off the retreating Italians. The resulting Battle of Beda Fomm starting on the 5th inflicted heavy losses. Australian troops captured the major port of Benghazi at the same time, and by the 9th El Agheila was reached. There the advance stopped. Large numbers of British and Dominion troops were now withdrawn for transfer to Greece, just as the first units of the Afrika Korps under Gen Rommel arrived in Tripoli. 24th - Destroyer \"DAINTY\" escorting supplies to Tobruk with the Inshore Squadron, was sunk off the port by German Ju87 Stukas.", "Following early successes against Italian forces, the Australians suffered defeat with the Allies at the hands of the Germans in Greece, Crete, and North Africa. In June and July 1941 Australians participated in the successful Allied invasion of Syria, a mandate of France and the Vichy government. Up to 14,000 Australians held out against repeated German attacks in the Libyan port of Tobruk, where they were besieged between April and August 1941. After being relieved at Tobruk, the 6th and 7th Divisions departed from the Mediterranean theatre for the war against Japan. The 9th Division remained to play an important role in the Allied victory at El Alamein in October 1942 before it also left for the Pacific. By the end of 1942 the only Australians remaining in the Mediterranean theatre were airmen serving either with 3 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) or in the Royal Air Force (RAF).", "On 13th September, 1940, Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and five Italian divisions began a rapid advance into Egypt but halted in front of the main British defences at Mersa Matruh. Although outnumbered, General Archibald Wavell ordered a British counter-offensive on 9th December, 1940. The Italians suffered heavy casualties and were pushed back more than 800km (500 miles). British troops moved along the coast and on 22nd January, 1941, they captured the port of Tobruk in Libya from the Italians.", "The British pushed the Italian Tenth Army out of Egypt and then, on January 3, 1941, scored a major victory at Bardia, just inside Libya. Driving into Cyrenaica (eastern Libya), the British took the vital port of Tobruk on January 22. O’Connor continued to pursue the Italians, trapping them at Beda Fomm on February 7, 1941. The Italian Tenth Army collapsed. In two months, a British force of about two divisions had advanced 500 miles, destroyed 10 Italian divisions, and captured 130,000 prisoners, 380 tanks and 845 guns. In the process, the British had suffered 555 dead and 1,400 wounded.", "TOBRUK is a very important city because it is Libya's only natural harbor and port. Tobruk was occupied by the Italians during the early twentieth century, where they created a powerful military and air base. During World War II, the city was the scene of several major battles and was virtually destroyed. Tobruk was rebuilt after the war and became the site of a major oil terminal, Marsa el-Hariga. This terminal is linked by pipeline with a large oil field 320 miles (515 kilometers) south of Tobruk. The city's population is estimated at 34,200.", "With the French fleet neutralized, the UK Royal Navy battled the Italian fleet for supremacy in the Mediterranean. The British had strong bases at Gibraltar , Malta , and Alexandria, Egypt. In Africa, Italian troops invaded and captured British Somaliland in August. In September, the North African Campaign began when Italian forces in Libya attacked British forces in Egypt . The aim was to capture the Suez Canal , a vital link between the United Kingdom and India . UK, Indian, and Australian forces counter-attacked in Operation Compass, but this offensive stopped in 1941 when much of the Australian and New Zealand forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. German forces (known later as the Afrika Korps) under General Erwin Rommel , however, landed in Libya and renewed the assault on Egypt.", "With the French fleet neutralized, the UK Royal Navy battled the Italian fleet for supremacy in the Mediterranean. The British had strong bases at Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, Egypt. In Africa, Italian troops invaded and captured British Somaliland in August. In September, the North African Campaign began when Italian forces in Libya attacked British forces in Egypt . The aim was to capture the Suez Canal , a vital link between the United Kingdom and India . UK, Indian, and Australian forces counter-attacked in Operation Compass, but this offensive stopped in 1941 when much of the Australian and New Zealand forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. German forces (known later as the Afrika Korps) under General Erwin Rommel, however, landed in Libya and renewed the assault on Egypt.", "On 11 June 1940, hostilities commenced and the British were ordered to dominate the frontier and isolate Giarabub . The British crossed into Libya that night, exchanged fire with Italian troops at Sidi Omar and discovered that some Italians were unaware that war had been declared. On 14 June, the British captured Fort Capuzzo and Fort Maddalena, taking 220 prisoners. Two days later, the British raided a convoy on the Tobruk – Bardia road, killed 21 Italian troops and took 88 prisoners, including Generale di Brigata Romolo Lastrucci, the 10th Army Chief Engineer. At an engagement near the frontier wire at Nezuet Ghirba, an Italian force of 17 light tanks, four guns and 400 infantry was defeated by a mixed force of British tanks, artillery and motorised infantry. [18] [19]", "Elements of the 5th Light Division capture Mechili and threaten to cut of the 9th Australian Division which is withdrawing at speed towards Tobruk along the coast. Haile Selassie's troops occupy the Italian forts at Debra Markos, after their epic march through the Abyssinian hinterland, relying on camels to carry all their supplies. The 11th African Division captures Addis Ababa, the capital of Abyssinia, taking 8,000 Italians prisoner.", "As well as serving in the Mediterranean Sea, ships of the RAN also served in the Red Sea. In August 1940, Italian forces invaded British Somaliland. After a fighting withdrawal, the small British garrison was evacuated from Berbera, with assisting in the destruction of the port and its facilities. To aid in the delaying action, Hobart sent a 3-pounder gun ashore, operated by volunteers from the crew. The seamen were captured by the Italians, but were later liberated. Two RAN sloops joined the Red Sea force in 1940: Parramatta on 30 July and Yarra in September. In October, Yarra engaged and drove off two Italian destroyers attempting to raid a convoy. Although vessels of the RAN served in the Red Sea throughout the war, after 1941 the larger RAN ships were deployed to Australian waters in response to the threat from Japan. ", "The contemporary course of events in the Balkans, described above, nullified the first great victory won by British land forces in World War II, which took place in North Africa. When Italy declared war against Great Britain in June 1940, it had nearly 300,000 men under Marshal Rodolfo Graziani in Cyrenaica (present-day Libya), to confront the 36,000 troops whom the British commander in chief in the Middle East, General Sir Archibald Wavell , had in Egypt to protect the North African approaches to the Suez Canal. Between these forces lay the Western Desert, in which the westernmost position actually held by the British was Mersa Matruh ( Marsa MatIuh ), 120 miles east of the Cyrenaican frontier. The Italians in September 1940 occupied Sidi Barrani, 170 miles west of Mersa Matruh; but, after settling six divisions into a chain of widely separated camps, they did nothing more for weeks, and during that time Wavell received some reinforcements.", "9-16 Sep – Italian troops attack British forces from their bases in Libya into British-controlled Egypt, capturing Sidi Barrani, an Egyptian port on the Mediterranean (1940).", "During early 1940 , Italian colonial forces consisted of 80,000 Italian troops and 200,000 native troops, while British forces in all of British Somaliland , Kenya and Sudan only amounted to 17,000. [5] . The Italians first amassed in preparation of taking French Somaliland (now known as Djibouti ). This attack was called off with the collapse of the French army and the installation of the neutral government of Vichy France . In July , Sudanese border towns of Kassala and Gallabat were occupied by an Italian force of 50,000, [6] and in August 1940 , the Italian colonial army attacked and took British Somaliland using a force of 25,000. This gave Italy control of nearly all of the Horn of Africa .", "The British turned their attention to retaining control of the Suez Canal.  In December 1940, the Italian High Command abandon their claim on Sudan and focus on defending Ethiopia.  British Major Orde Wingate lead a hit and run raids from Sudan against the Italians.   The British were reinforced and on January 18, 1941, the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions launched an attack on Eritea.  On the southern front, South African troops under British commander Cunningham attacked Italian Somaliland.  In March, the British Royal Navy launched attacks to recapture British Somaliland.", "By October 1940, the threat of a German invasion of the British Isles had eased, and the British began to reinforce Wavell. Through that December, an additional 126,000 Commonwealth troops arrived in Egypt from Britain, Australia, New Zealand and India. On November 11, British naval air power seriously damaged the Italian navy in a surprise attack against Taranto. On December 9, the Western Desert Force, under Lt. Gen. Sir Richard O'Connor, attacked the Italians at Sidi Barrani.", "The Second World War saw Durrës (called Durazzo again in Italian) and the rest of Albania being annexed to the Kingdom of Italy between 1939–1943, then occupied by Nazi Germany until 1944. Durrës's strategic value as a seaport made it a high-profile military target for both sides. It was the site of the initial Italian landings on 7 April 1939 (and was fiercely defended by Mujo Ulqinaku) as well as the launch point for the ill-fated Italian invasion of Greece. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war and the port installations were blown up by the retreating Germans in 1944.", "25th - Over a period of 10 days, cruiser-minelayers \"Abdiel\" and \"Latona\" transported troops and supplies to besieged Tobruk and carried out Australian units. On the last mission \"LATONA\" was bombed and sunk north of Bardia by Ju87s Stuka divebombers.", "The Italian invasion of Egypt (Operazione E) was an Italian offensive against British , Commonwealth and Free French forces during the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) of the Second World War . The goal of the offensive was to seize the Suez Canal ; to accomplish this, Italian forces from Libya would have to advance across northern Egypt to the canal. After numerous delays, the aim of the offensive was reduced to an advance into Egypt, as far as Sidi Barrani and attacks on any British forces in the area.", "Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions, one into the Sudan and the other into Kenya. Then, in August 1940, the Italians advanced into British Somaliland. After suffering and inflicting few casualties, the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland, retreating by sea to Aden.", "On 15 January 1941 the British launched an attack against Italian forces in East Africa, from the Sudan. Mogadiscio, capital of Italian Somaliland, fell on 26 February, followed by Neguelli in southern Ethiopia on 22 March; the capital, Addis Ababa , fell on 6 April.", "In the first days of August, an Italian force of irregular Eritreans raided Port Sudan [24] [[[|page needed]]] as a prelude to the Italian campaign to conquer British Somaliland.", "The British initiated their first military action in the Middle East by an attack on French naval vessels at Oran , Algeria, 3 July 1940—which crippled the French fleet there (and resulted in 1,300 French dead). This was part of an effort to ensure that the Axis powers could not use the French fleet; the French squadron at Alexandria was disarmed while two French submarines in British ports joined the Free French forces fighting with the British. The next day, Italian forces from Ethiopia occupied border towns in the Sudan, and within six weeks they penetrated British Kenya and seized British Somaliland. On 13 September, Italian forces under Rodolfo Graziani invaded Egypt; they penetrated some sixty miles (90 km) within a week, and dug in along a fifty-mile (80 km) front from the coast to Sidi Barrani.", "1940 The cruiser HMAS HOBART, (CAPT H. Howden, RAN), bombarded the main buildings and port installations of Berbera, as the Italian Army entered the port. During the bombardment three exhausted soldiers of the King's African Rifles were seen on the beach. LEUT T. M. Synnot, RAN, took a boat in close to the beach, and stood off while AB V. E. Lewis swam ashore and brought the men off.", "Following all the major engagements of their invasion, Italian troops from the colony of Eritrea entered Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936. Along with Dire Dawa, the city had been spared the aerial bombardment (including the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas) practiced elsewhere and its railway to Djibouti remained intact. Under its Italian spelling Addis Abeba, the city served as the Duke of Aosta's capital for the unified colony of Italian East Africa until 1941, when it was abandoned in favor of Amba Alagi and other redoubts during the Second World War's East African Campaign. The city was liberated by Major Orde Wingate's Sudanese and Ethiopian Gideon Force in time to permit Emperor Haile Selassie's return on 5 May 1941, five years to the day after he had left.", "19: Italian forces took Berbera , the capital of British Somaliland, which completed the invasion of the British colony. After taking British Somaliland, the Italians began a series of minor cross-border raids into British-held Sudan and Kenya.", "The 1880s were marked by the so-called \"Scramble for Africa\" which in several cases was an effort to secure the Mediterranean from pirates operating from various coastal areas, which included parts of what are now Eritrea and Eastern Africa, when the Italians began to vie with the British and French for influence in the area. Asseb , a port near the southern entrance of the Red Sea , was bought by in March 1870 from the local Afar sultan, vassal to the Ethiopian Emperor, by an Italian company, which by 1890 led to the Italian colony of Eritrea being established. From then on, the Kingdom of Italy had traded and set up large tracts of farm land up to the borders with Ethiopia. As the Italian colonists moved further inland from the agreed upon borders of Eritrea which had been agreed upon in the Treaty of Wuchale, Emperor Menelik II saw this as an invasion of his country, whereas the Italian King Umberto of Italy referred to Article 17 of the treaty to justify Italian claims to the land.", "November 12, 1942 - During World War II in North Africa , The city of Tobruk was captured by the British Eighth Army under General Bernard Montgomery.", ", town, N Egypt, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was the site of a decisive British victory in World War II (see North Africa, campaigns in).", "New Britain was invaded by the U.S. 1st Marine Division in the Cape Gloucester area of the very western end of the island, and also by U.S. Army soldiers at some other coastal points. As for Cape Gloucester, with its swamps and mosquitos, the marines said that it was \"worse than Guadalcanal\". They captured an airfield but accomplished little toward reducing the Japanese base at Rabaul.", "* The Ethiopian Empire is invaded by the Kingdom of Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War from 1935 to 1936. The occupied territory merges with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into the colony of Italian East Africa.", "P01103.005 At sea off Crete in the Mediterranean, 19 July 1940: Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni under attack from HMAS Sydney near Cape Spada.", "General Platt and his 'Northern Force' capture Asmara, the capital of Eritrea. A pro-axis coup, led by Raschid Ali seizes power in Iraq." ]

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[ "After a royalty dispute, the Everlys signed with Warner Bros. Records in 1960, and enjoyed their biggest hit with “Cathy’s Clown” (written by Don), which sold eight million copies. It was the high water mark of their career, and their last #1. Though there were further hits like “Walk Right Back” and “Crying In The Rain,” there were also setbacks, when a dispute with their publisher denied them access to Acuff-Rose songs. A six month stint in the Marines also curtailed their career momentum. Their last Top 10 hit was “That’s Old Fashioned” in 1962; their last Top 40 hit came in 1967 with “Bowling Green.”", "The brothers never stopped working as a duo during this time, but their last US Top Ten hit was 1962's \"That's Old Fashioned,\" a song previously recorded (but unreleased) by the Chordettes, and given to the Brothers by their old mentor, Archie Bleyer. Succeeding years saw the Everly Brothers selling many fewer records in the United States. Their enlistment in the United States Marine Corps in November 1961 also took them out of the spotlight; one of their few performances during their Marines stint was an on-leave appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing \"Jezebel\" and \"Crying In The Rain\". ", "\"That's Old Fashioned\" proved to be the Everly Brothers' last Top-10 hit. The followup single, \"Don't Ask Me to Be Friends\" [WB 5297] only made #48, and from there they hit a long spell off the charts altogether. They managed two more top-40 entries, \"Gone Gone Gone\" [WB 5478, #31 in 1964] and \"Bowling Green\" [WB 7020, #40 in 1967], but the last seven years of the Everly Brothers' 10-year pact was short on hits. Despite the limited later chart success during this time, the Everly Brothers produced a series of outstanding albums in the late 1960s for Warner Brothers. Arguably their finest album was the great Roots [WS 1752], which featured traditional folk and country songs interspersed with segments taken from the Everly Family radio show when the brothers were children. In the early 1970s, the brothers had a well-publicized breakup and didn't reconcile until the 1980s, when they had a reunion concert and signed with Mercury Records. Their last chart single to date was the 1984 top-50 single \"On the Wings of a Nightingale\" [Mercury 880213], penned by Paul McCartney and produced by Dave Edmunds.", "The Everly Brothers charted nearly three dozen hits in their heyday from the late ’50s through the early ’60s. Some of their most notable songs – “Cathy’s Clown,” “Wake Up Little Susie,” “Bye Bye Love,” “When Will I Be Loved” and “All I Have to Do is Dream” – have become pop staples and influenced major acts such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys and the Byrds, the Times reported.", "18. The Everly Brothers   Wikipedia entry (f.r.: 2; y). The brothers Phil and Don set a standard for vocal performance of traditional and folk-like material that has never been surpassed, or possibly even equaled:  'Wake Up Little Susie,' 'Let It Be Me,' 'Bye Bye Love,' 'All I Have to Do Is Dream,' 'Devoted to You,' 'Bird Dog,' 'Cathy's Clown'   youtube.com videos   myspace.com   *fp *mv", "The Everly Brothers had 26 Billboard Top 40 singles and 35 Billboard Top 100 singles. They hold the record for the most Top 100 singles by any duo, and trail only Hall & Oates for the most Top 40 singles by a duo.", "The Everly Brothers: \"Wake Up Little Susie\" (1957), \"Claudette\" (1958), \"Take A Message To Mary\" (1959), \"Poor Jenny\" (1959), \"Cathy's Clown\" (1960), and \"Lucille\" (1960).", "            1937 –Monday-  Happy Birthday, Don Everly of the Everly Brothers.  Don is the one on the left, Phil on the right.  The Everly Brothers' career took off in 1957 with their first major hit Bye, Bye Love on Cadence records(with the maroon label).  The two went on to record Wake Up Little Susie, All I Have To Do Is Dream, (the B side was the great Claudette) Bird Dog and Devoted To You.         ", "After three years on Cadence, the Everlys signed with Warner Bros. Records in 1960, for 10 years. Their first hit for Warner Brothers, 1960's \"Cathy's Clown\" (written by Don and Phil), sold eight million, the duo's biggest-selling record. \"Cathy's Clown\" was number WB1, the first in the United Kingdom by Warner Bros. Records.", "The Everlys' influence, meanwhile, has been incredibly wide-ranging. Just last month, Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong and Norah Jones teamed up for an Everly Brothers tribute album, \"Foreverly,\" which bowed on the Billboard 200 chart at No. 40. \"The Everly Brothers go way back far as I can remember hearing music,\" Armstrong tweeted early this morning. \"Those harmonies live on forever. We're gonna miss you Phil. Gratitude.\"", "Don and Phil Everly of the Everly Brother sang backup on this track. Paul Simon and his musical partner Art Garfunkel idolized the Everlys and recorded their song \" Bye Bye Love \" for their Bridge Over Troubled Water album. Simon said he heard \"Graceland\" as \"a perfect Everly Brothers song.\"", "On Labor Day Weekend 1988, Central City Kentucky began The Everly Brothers Homecoming event to raise money for a scholarship fund for Muhlenberg County students. The Homecoming became a popular annual event for fourteen years, ending in 2002. Don and Phil toured the United Kingdom in 2005 and Phil appeared in 2007 on recordings with Vince Gill and Bill Medley. Also in 2007, country singer Alison Krauss and former Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant released \"Raising Sand\" which included a cover of the 1964 hit single, \"Gone, Gone, Gone\" produced by T-Bone Burnett.", "While in Knoxville, the brothers caught the attention of family friend Chet Atkins, manager of RCA Victor's studio in Nashville. The brothers became a duo and moved to Nashville. Despite affiliation with RCA, Atkins arranged for the Everly Brothers to record for Columbia Records in early 1956. Their \"Keep a-Lovin' Me,\" which Don wrote, flopped, and they were dropped from the Columbia label.", "It was when The Everly Brothers were taken up by the Cadence record label that their careers began to take off. In 1957 they recorded Felice and Boudleaux Bryant’s Bye Bye Love, on which Phil and Don played guitars alongside Chet Atkins and the Nashville session musician Ray Edenton. The song was an immediate hit, and established the brothers as the first successful pop act to come out of Nashville. Don and Phil bought a new Oldsmobile on the proceeds and embarked on a tour with Johnny Cash. They began sporting matching suits, and their growing army of fans had difficulty telling them apart (Don’s hair was darker, and his the deeper voice).", "Their first Cadence single, \"Bye Bye Love\", had been rejected by 30 other acts  including Elvis Presley but the Everlys saw potential in the song. Their recording of \"Bye Bye Love\" reached #2 on the pop charts behind Presley's \"Let Me Be Your Teddy Bear\", hitting #1 on the Country and #5 on the R&B charts. The song, written by the husband and wife Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, became the Everly Brothers' first million-seller.", "1973 - The Everly Brothers called it quits during a concert at the John Wayne Theatre in Buena Park, CA. Phil Everly walked off the stage in the middle of the show and brother Don said, �The Everly Brothers died ten years ago.� The duo reunited a decade later for a short time.", "            1939- Happy Birthday, Phil Everly (the one on the right when you watch them on TV) of the Everly Brothers, famous for songs such as Wake up a Little Susie, All I Have to do is Dream, and Bye Bye Love. Please note that the entomologist version of this song is Bye Bye Larvae.", "Also reproduced are the Everly Brothers� mid-set performances of �Wake Up Little Susie,� �All I Have To Do Is Dream� and �Bye Bye Love� with Simon and Garfunkel.", "After the Marine Corps, the brothers resumed their career, but US chart success was limited. Of the 27 singles the Everly Brothers released on Warner Brothers from 1963 through 1970, only three made the Hot 100, and none peaked higher than #31. Album sales were also down. The Everlys' first two albums for Warner (in 1960 and 1961) both peaked at #9 US—but after that, though they went on to release a dozen more LPs for Warner Brothers, only one made the top 200 (1965's Beat & Soul, which topped out at #141.) Their dispute with Acuff-Rose lasted until 1964, at which point the brothers once again began writing some of their own material, as well as working with the Bryants again.", "The Everly Brothers, who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in its inaugural year of 1986, were famously contentious. They initially broke up the act following a performance in 1973, Phil having smashed his guitar onstage and storming off. They reunited 10 years later, after embarking on solo careers, and notably performed with Simon and Garfunkel on the latter’s own reunion tour in 2003-04.", "The Everly Brothers had enjoyed an enormous level of success at home and abroad.  In the UK they amassed 29 hit singles from 1957 to 1965, of which 13 made the Top 10, four of those hitting number one; plus three Top 10 albums in that period.  However things were changing on the music scene, and along with many other 1950s hit-makers, their record sales dropped off after 1962.  The brothers went their separate ways in the 1970s, but reunited in the 1980s and 90s for a series of sell-out concerts.  Phil Everly died on 3rd January 2014.  See also song number 6.", "In honor of the Everly Brothers, following the passing yesterday (Jan. 3) of Phil Everly , Billboard has ranked the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame duo's 20 biggest Billboard Hot 100 chart hits.", "From Bye Bye Love to Cathy's Clown, cellist and fan Julian Lloyd Webber picks out the Everly Brothers' ten best songs. Younger brother Phil Everly has died", "*The Everly Brothers recorded a cover version, released ias a 45-rpm single (Warner Brothers 5611) in 1965. Their recordin reached number 30 on the UK charts.", "The Everly Brothers - Influencing The Beatles, Simon & Garfunkel, and many others, Phil and Don Everly's flawless harmonies was their greatest asset. Best known for their Cadence classics in the '50s, the brothers released a series of strong albums in the '60s as well.", "\"Cathy's Clown\" is a popular song, written and recorded by the Everly Brothers, in which the singer informs Cathy that \"[I] don't want your love anymore.\"", "Sadly Phil Everly died January 3, 2014 but the music of the Everly Brothers will remain for us forever. ", "* The Everly Brothers Rock 'n Soul album (Recorded December 1, 1964; Released March 1965: Warner Bros. W/WS 1578)", "People we lost in 2014 – Singer Phil Everly , left -- one half of the groundbreaking, smooth-sounding, record-setting duo the Everly Brothers -- died on January 3, a hospital spokeswoman said. He was 74.", "The death of Phil Everly -- one-half of the singing duo the Everly Brothers -- resonates on the charts this week.", "The documentary includes new interviews with surviving brother Don and archival interviews with Phil, who died in January 2014 . Art Garfunkel, Keith Richards, Graham Nash, Dave Edmunds, Tim Rice, Albert Lee, Waddy Wachtel and Jake Bugg also discuss the duo's influence. Bugg contributes two exclusive acoustic performances of Everly Brothers tracks.", "People of my vintage will know that this song sold squillions for the Everly Brothers who didn't turn it down." ]

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[ "\"The Great White Way\" is a nickname for a section of Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, specifically the portion that encompasses the Theater District, between 42nd and 53rd Streets, and encompassing Times Square.", "Times Square is a major commercial intersection in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. Times Square -- iconified as \"The Crossroads of the World\"[1][2][3][4][5] and the \"The Great White Way\"[6][7][8] -- is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater district,[9] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,[10] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.[11] According to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square is the world's most visited tourist attraction, bringing in over 39 million visitors annually.[12]", "Times Square is a major commercial intersection and a neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway (now converted into a pedestrian plaza) and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. Brightly adorned with billboards and advertisements, Times Square is sometimes referred to as The Crossroads of the World, The Center of the Universe, and The Great White Way. It is the hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. Times Square is one of the world's most visited tourist attractions. Formerly Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters to the newly erected Times Building (now called One Times Square), the site of the annual ball drop on New Year's Eve, a tradition which began on December 31, 1907 and continues today, attracting thousands to the Square every New Year's Eve.", "The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, a narrow, 400-foot (120 m) deep strait that serves as the mouth of the San Francisco Bay, between San Francisco at the northernmost tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, and the Marin Headlands at the far southern end of Marin County. Although close by proximity, the two sides of the strait are separated by significant natural obstacles. Crossing the strait directly by boat is dangerous because of strong currents and lack of suitable landings. Ocean tides drive an average of 528 billion gallons (2 billion cubic meters) of water every six hours, at peak currents exceeding 5.6 miles per hour (2.5 m/s). Circumnavigating the Bay, however, involves a trip of several hundred miles and crossing several major rivers", "(This \"Along the Great White Way\" head was continued for several Sundays after this. A man is shown with a cane, and there are well-dressed women behind him. It is not possible to determine when the column began—ed.)", "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait between San Francisco and Marin County to the north. The masterwork of architect Joseph B. Strauss, whose statue graces the southern observation deck, the bridge took seven years to build, and was completed in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed, and has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco and California. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. The famous red-orange color of the bridge was specifically chosen to make the bridge more easily visible through the thick fog that frequently shrouds the bridge.", "Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, is a large urban park consisting of 1017 acres (4.1 km², 1.6 mi²) of public grounds. Configured as a rectangle, it is similar in shape but 174 acres (0.7 km², 0.27 mi²) larger than Central Park in New York, to which it is often compared. With 13 million visitors annually, Golden Gate is the fifth most visited city park in The United States after Central Park in New York City, Lincoln Park in Chicago, and Balboa Park and Mission Bay Park in San Diego. It is not adjacent to the Golden Gate strait.", "Anderson, Dave. \"The Last Great White Hope.\" New York Times (September 15, 2002): section 7, p. 21.", "50 mi (80 km) long and from 3 to 13 mi (4.8–21 km) wide, W Calif.; entered through the Golden Gate, a strait between two peninsulas. The bay is as deep as 100 ft (30 m) in spots, with a channel 50 ft (15 m) deep maintained through the sandbar off the", "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean. As part of both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937, and has become one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and of the United States.", "The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River are part of a vast system linking North America's heartland with ports and markets throughout the world. The world's longest deep-draft inland waterway, the system extends from Duluth, Minn., on Lake Superior, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean, a distance of more than 2,340 miles. This shortcut to the continent's interior was made possible with the construction of a ship canal and lock system opened in 1855 at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., the development of the Welland Canal since 1829, and the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959.", "The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most iconic bridges in the United States, and has been called one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. The bridge spans the Golden Gate, a strait between San Francisco and Marin County to the north, and is one of the major road routes into and out of the city.", "U.S. Highway 101 or U.S. Route 101 is a north–south U.S. highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as El Camino Real (The Royal Road) where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos, and presidios. It merges at some points with California Highway 1.", "The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County.", "Glacier National Park is a national park located in the U.S. state of Montana, on the Canada–United States border with the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. The park encompasses over 1,000,000 acres and includes parts of two mountain ranges, over 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants and hundreds of species of animals. This vast pristine ecosystem is the centerpiece of what has been referred to as the \"Crown of the Continent Ecosystem\", a region of protected land encompassing 16,000 square miles. The region that became Glacier National Park was first inhabited by Native Americans and upon the arrival of European explorers, was dominated by the Blackfeet in the east and the Flathead in the western regions. Soon after the establishment of the park on May 11, 1910, a number of hotels and chalets were constructed by the Great Northern Railway. These historic hotels and chalets are listed as National Historic Landmarks, and a total of 350 locations are on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1932, work was completed on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, later designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, which provided greater accessibility for automobiles into the heart of the park.", "On September 3rd of 1609, Henry Hudson sailed the Half Moon into the mouth of the great New York river that later bore his name. The explorer and his crew journeyed north for several days, trading with the native residents and searching for the fabled northwest passage to the Orient. By the time he reached the area that would become present-day Albany, Hudson knew that he had not found the passage for which he sought. Reluctantly, he turned the Half Moon and sailed back down the river...", "Along this entire route, you can take side trips (or short cuts, as the case may be), via ferry, to Wisconsin, North and South Manitou Islands, Beaver Island and Mackinac Island, one of the Crown Jewels of the Great Lakes/Midwest Region.  This entire route could be driven in as little as one or two days, but to do it right, and enjoy what the west coast of Michigan has to offer, at least 4 or 5 days is in order.", "Built in 1937, the iconic Golden Gate Bridge (goldengatebridge.org) connects San Francisco with Marin County. Measuring 4,200 feet long, the famed structure crosses over the meeting place of the San Francisco Bay and Pacific Ocean. A sidewalk is reserved for pedestrians and cyclists, allowing visitors to cross the bright orange steel bridge. Inline skates, quad skates, skateboards and animals are not allowed. Guests may reserve 45- to 60-minute walking tours of the bridge from May through October. The bridge draws 10 million visitors annually.", "*George Meegan, The Longest Walk – Odyssey of the Human Spirit (1988); describes an unbroken walk from Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip of South America to the northern coast of Alaska at Prudhoe Bay between 1977 and 1983.", "In Cook's third, and final, voyage he set out on the ship Resolution in search of the Northwest Passage. Cook was the first person to reach the Bering Strait, what separates Siberia Russia and Alaska, the farthest western point of North America. In the winter Cook had to give up on looking for the Northwest Passage because his boat would get stuck in the ice. He went south and faced his biggest challenge back in the Hawaiian islands. He ended up getting killed by local tribesmen.", "* 1903 – Roald Amundsen commences the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage, leaving Oslo, Norway.", "In searching for the Strait of Anian, or Northwest Passage, Drake sailed as far as 48�N�just south of the Strait of Juan de Fuca�before turning south. On June 17, 1579, Golden Hind anchored in 38�30N at a \"convenient and fit harbor\" generally thought to be Drake's Bay, on Point Reyes, California, just north of San Francisco Bay. Drake's dealings with the natives were characteristically evenhanded, and the English found \"a goodly countrye, and fruitfull soyle, stored with many blessings fit for the use of man\"�fit even to be called New Albion and claimed for his majesty.", "US Route 101, established in 1926, stretches 1,540 miles north from Los Angeles to Olympia, Washington. From Southern California to the San Francisco Bay Area, it follows much of the route of El Camino Real, the “royal road” of California’s Spanish- and Mexican-era missions, while north of San Francisco it becomes the famed Redwood Highway.", "Located on the northernmost tip of Australia, Cape York Peninsula is one of the largest, remote, relatively untouched wilderness areas in the world. It is only accessible during the dry months from April to December by four-wheel drive.", "In 1673, the governor of New France sent Jacques Marquette , a Catholic priest and missionary, and Louis Jolliet , a fur trader to map the way to the Northwest Passage to the Pacific. They traveled through Michigan's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan. On canoes, they crossed the massive lake and landed at present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin. They entered the Mississippi River on June 17, 1673.", "History has it that before the advent of automobiles, 17 mile drive was navigated by horse driven vehicles along the spectacular coast line . It is often described as \"the greatest meeting of land and water in the world\". And one has to agree to that.", "Bounded on the west by Michigan (US) and on the north and east by Ontario, Lake Huron is another Great Lake that boasts as the second largest when it comes to its surface area of 59,600 sq. km (23,000 sq. mi). The lake is 331 km (206 mi) long, 295 km (184 mi) wide and 229 m (750 ft) deep.", "Thousands of years ago, the melting mile-thick glaciers of the Wisconsin Ice Age left the North American continent a magnificent gift: five fantastic freshwater seas collectively known today as the Great Lakes -- Lake Superior , Lake Huron , Lake Michigan ,  Lake Erie and Lake Ontario .", "Thanks for your ground-truth! I had in the past looked at the USGS maps of 1947 and 1956, both of which show the traverse drive intersecting CPW about 200′ south of 81st Street entrance to the West Drive. I should not have questioned the accuracy of those maps.", "* The farthest-south location that the public can visit is the seaward end of the White Street Pier.", "El Camino Real (The Royal Road) is a historic road linking the 21 Spanish missions of Alta California (modern day state of California) offering a fascinating look into California's history.", "Question 1: Between which markers and in which direction (right or left) would you turn to follow the ICW going north?" ]

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[ "Appalachian Mountains : The Appalachian Mountain Range straddle the eastern United States, stretching from Alabama, northeast across New England, and extending further up to Canada. The range is about 1,500 miles long, and traverses the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The Appalachian Range also usually includes the Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Smoky Mountains, and Allegheny Mountains.", "Much like the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachian Mountains stretch for a considerable distance, running through portions of multiple states. Such ranges are perhaps best defined as mountain systems, as they are basically a collection of regional mountain ranges. In the US, the Appalachian Mountains reach from Maine all the way down to Alabama . Other US states that claim significant sections of the range include New Hampshire, Vermont, New York , Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. Subranges and hilly areas extend the general boundaries of the Appalachian Mountains and the associated Appalachia cultural region. Among the mountain subranges of note in the Appalachian region is the aforementioned Great Smoky Mountains range. Numerous parks and mountain resorts are sprinkled throughout the Appalachian Mountains, and the region’s star attraction – the Appalachian Trail – runs all the way from Mount Katahdin in Maine to Springer Mountain in Georgia .", "Forming the eastern front of the Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern United States the Blue Ridge Mountains cross the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Beginning as a narrow strip of land south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the geological Blue Ridge Mountains run northeast to southwest, rarely more than a few miles wide in Virginia (and only a mile wide at a point near Roanoke), North Carolina and South Carolina. When they reach Georgia in the extreme northeastern part of the the state, the mountains turn to the west and widen, up to 60 miles across in places. The Blue Ridge Province, a geographical area that includes other mountain ranges also extends from Pennsylvania to Georgia including the states of West Virginia and Tennessee with those that hold the geological Blue Ridge.", "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. However, the term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania and southern Ohio.", "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. However, the term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , Maryland, West Virginia , and North Carolina , as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southern Ohio.", "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. However, the term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , Maryland , West Virginia , and North Carolina , as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina , as far north as Pennsylvania , and as far west as southern Ohio .", "Blue Ridge Online is a travel and vacation guide for the Blue Ridge Mountains, Blue Ridge Parkway, Great Smoky and Appalachian mountain ranges of the eastern United States. Specializing in North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and West Virginia mountain tourism.", "* Southern Appalachia: mainly refers to areas situated in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, namely Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, Western Maryland, West Virginia, Southwest Virginia, North Georgia, and Northwestern South Carolina. ", "The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia, part of Tennessee, and a small portion of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia. The terms \"Allegheny Plateau\" and the \"Cumberland Plateau\" both refer to the dissected plateau lands lying west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms stem from historical usage rather than geological difference, so there is no strict dividing line between the two. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland River rising in the Cumberland Plateau. At Kentucky's Pottsville Escarpment, which is the transition from the Cumberland Plateau to the Bluegrass in the north and the Pennyrile in the south, there are many spectacular cliffs, gorges, rockhouses, natural bridges, and waterfalls.", "North of Roanoke, VA, the Blue Ridge is pretty much a single mountain crest. South of Roanoke, it startes expanding into a huge, wide, confusing oval of ranges and ridges that extends all the way into Georgia. To make sense of the entire complex, it has been divided into 4 sections: first,the Northern Blue Ridge, the single ridge north of Roanoke; second, the Southern Blue Ridge Front, which forms the eastern and southern edges of the large southern oval; third, the massive Great Smoky Mountains; fourth, the Western Blue Ridge Ranges, which are the other ranges at the western edge of the oval excepting the Smokies; and fifth and finally, the Central Blue Ridge Ranges, the jumble in the middle of the oval, which includes the Black Mountains and its high point, Mt. Mitchell (6684') .", ", are the Pinnacle (3,007 ft) and Pidgeon Roost (3,400 ft). In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m)., including Spruce Knob (4863 ft), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Thorny Flat (4,848 ft) and Bald Knob (4,842 ft) are among the more notable peaks in", "The Appalachian Mountains are such an ancient mountain range that it has at least one river that flows across it: something that is impossible with newer and higher mountain ranges such as the Rocky Mountains or the Andes. The New River rises in the middle of the Appalachians in northwestern North Carolina. This river must have been even older than the mountain range, and as the Appalachians and the Blue Ridge Mountains rose, the New River kept pace with the growth of the mountains, cutting its gorge ever deeper, and continuing to flow north. After flowing into West Virginia, the New River continues in the New River Gorge until it flows into the Kanawha River, which is a mere change-of-name for the river. This river flows into the Ohio River, which then flows west.", "Shenandoah Valley extends southwestward from the vicinity of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, on the Potomac River and lies between the Blue Ridge to the east and the Allegheny Mountains to the west. Drained by the Shenandoah River, it embraces nine counties Berkeley and Jefferson in West Virginia and Frederick, Clarke, Shenandoah, Warren, Rockingham, Page, and Augusta in Virginia.", "Chief summits in the southern section of the Blue Ridge are located along two main crests&mdash; the Western or Unaka Front along the Tennessee-North Carolina border and the Eastern Front in North Carolina&mdash; or one of several \"cross ridges\" between the two main crests. Major subranges of the Eastern Front include the Black Mountains, Great Craggy Mountains, and Great Balsam Mountains, and its chief summits include Grandfather Mountain near the Virginia-North Carolina border, Mount Mitchell in the Blacks, and Black Balsam Knob and Cold Mountain in the Great Balsams. The Western Blue Ridge Front is subdivided into the Unaka Range, the Bald Mountains, the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Unicoi Mountains, and its major peaks include Roan Mountain in the Unakas, Big Bald and Max Patch in the Bald Mountains, Clingmans Dome, Mount Le Conte , and Mount Guyot in the Great Smokies, and Big Frog Mountain near the Tennessee-Georgia-North Carolina border. Prominent summits in the cross ridges include Waterrock Knob in the Plott Balsams. Across northern Georgia, numerous peaks exceed 4000 feet, including Brasstown Bald, the state's highest, at and Rabun Bald.", "In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia . This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia , eastern Kentucky , western Virginia , eastern Tennessee , and northern Alabama .", "In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province , the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York , the Poconos in Pennsylvania , and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia . This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia , eastern Kentucky , western Virginia , eastern Tennessee , and northern Alabama .", "The Mountain State marks its 150th anniversary in 2013. In June 1863, at the height of the Civil War, an expanse of land in the Appalachian Mountain range broke away from the state of Virginia, becoming the only state to form by seceding from the Confederacy. Among West Virginia’s must-see sites is the New River Gorge, a 3,030-foot-long steel arch bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia.", "The Blue Ridge Mountains in northeast Georgia make up the state's highest mountain range. The range of rugged ridges and rounded, weathered peaks varies in elevation from 1,600 to 4,700 feet and harbors spectacular mountain scenery, as well as some of the world's richest biological diversity. In addition, the range contains Georgia's wettest areas, with higher elevations getting more than eighty inches of rain annually on average.", "In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2500 ft; the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3000 ft. In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3162 ft and 2882 ft respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3007 ft and Pidgeon Roost 3400 ft. In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4000 ft, including Spruce Knob 4863 ft, the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4800 ft. Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4848 ft and Bald Knob 4842 ft are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.", "Appalachian Plateau: Isolated to a small piece of Georgia in the extreme northwestern corner of the state, the Appalachian Plateau stands about 1,800 to 2,000 feet above sea level and consists of narrow valleys and wooded ridges. Lookout Mountain and Sand Mountain are found in this region.", "The Appalachian Trail begins in Georgia at Springer Mountain and leaves the Peach State 79 miles later at Bly Gap. The rugged, often rocky terrain reaches a height of more than 4400 feet and never dips below 2500 feet. The high point of the trail is at Blood Mountain (4,461 ft.) while the low point is Dicks Creek Gap (2,675 ft.) Access to the beginning of the Appalachian Trail is by foot from Amicalola Falls State Park .", "The Commonwealths of Kentucky & Virginia share a rugged mountainous border of jagged peaks rising over 4,135 feet into the horizon. Pine and Black Mountains create this phenomenal land mass...", "The western part of the state is the Mountain region. It is smaller in area that the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The elevation in this region reaches to more than one mile high. The Blue Ridge Mountains separate the Piedmont from the Mountain region. Other ranges in the Mountain region include the Bald, Balsam, Black, Brushy, Great Smoky, Iron, Pisgah, Stone, and Unaka. All of these ranges are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains, possibly the oldest mountains in the United States. North Carolina has at least 40 mountains that rise to 6,000 feet and 100 that rise more than 5,000 feet. Mount Mitchell in the Black Mountain range is 6, 684 feet high. This is the highest point in North Carolina and the highest in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The Eastern Continental Divide runs east from those flowing west. Rivers on the eastern side of the divide flow east toward the Atlantic Ocean. Rivers that run on the western side of the divide flow toward the Tennessee and Ohio rivers and into the Gulf of Mexico.", "This gallery illustrates Virginia’s section of the Blue Ridge Parkway. (See separate gallery for North Carolina’s section.) Photos by Tom Dempsey include: vibrant fall foliage colors on October 18-19, 2015; a lovely sunset view at Chimney Rock Mountain Overlook (Milepost 44.9); and beautiful Indian Rocks. The scenic 469-mile Blue Ridge Parkway was built 1935-1987 to aesthetically connect Shenandoah National Park (in Virginia) with Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina, following crest-lines and the Appalachian Trail.", "According to the USGS, the Cumberland Mountain range is 131 miles long and 20 miles wide, bounded by Russell Fork River on the northeast, Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. The crest of the range forms the Kentucky and Virginia boundary from the Tennessee border to Russell Fork River.", "The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain (2,145 ft) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches. and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man (4,031), Hawksbill Mountain (4,066), Apple Orchard Mountain (4,225 ft) and Peaks of Otter (4001 and 3875). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain (5,520 ft) and Mount Rogers (5,729 ft), the highest point in the state.", "Northwest Georgia consists of several smaller ranges—the Cohuttas, the Unakas, and the Cumberland Plateau. They are separated from the Blue Ridge by geologic formations known as the Hightower-Jasper Ridges and the McCaysville Basin in north central Georgia, along a boundary roughly marked by Georgia Highway 5. The Blue Ridge's southern boundary is along the Brevard Fault, at an elevation of 1,700 feet, where the Piedmont province begins. The Blue Ridge occupies all or portions of eleven counties in Georgia: Dawson , Fannin , Gilmer , Habersham , Lumpkin , Pickens , Rabun , Stephens , Towns , Union , and White .", "Black Mountains, mountain range in Yancey and Buncombe counties in western North Carolina , U.S. , part of the Appalachian Mountains extending north from the Blue Ridge . The range includes Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet [2,037 metres]), the highest point east of the Mississippi River . Since the Black Mountains were not subject to glaciation, their slopes are covered with soil to the top, except for rocky precipices , and are heavily wooded. They lie within Pisgah National Forest and are a popular recreational site.", "After traversing the Bald Mountains, the Appalachian Trail crosses the Nolichucky River and enters the Unakas, gradually ascending to the Roan Highlands near the town of Roan Mountain in Carter County. Atop Roan High Knob, the A.T. again eclipses 6,000 feet (approximately 6280 ft), and passes the highest shelter along the entire trail. After crossing Grassy Ridge, which is the longest stretch of grassy bald in the Appalachians, the trail descends to the Laurel Fork Valley, where it turns west away from the state boundary.", "Black Mountains mountain range in Yancey and Buncombe counties in western North Carolina, U.S., part of the Appalachian Mountains extending north from the Blue Ridge. The range includes Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet [2,037 metres]), the highest point east of the Mississippi...", "The Blue Ridge area lies on the eastern edge of Tennessee, bordering North Carolina. This region of Tennessee is characterized by the high mountains and rugged terrain of the western Blue Ridge Mountains, which are subdivided into several subranges, namely the Great Smoky Mountains, the Bald Mountains, the Unicoi Mountains, the Unaka Mountains and Roan Highlands, and the Iron Mountains.", "Containing the entire drainage of the Middle Fork of the Williams River and the North Fork of the Cranberry River, West Virginia’s Cranberry Wilderness is a popular spot for autumn foliage-watching and backpacking within the Monongahela National Forest. It is considered among the “wilder” and more untouched wildlands in the heavily-developed eastern U.S." ]

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[ " Alan Alda – Alphonso Joseph D’Abruzzo (born January 28, 1936) is a five-time Emmy Award-winning, six-time Golden Globe-winning, Academy Award-nominated American actor. He is perhaps most famous for his role as Hawkeye Pierce in the television series M.A.S.H. Alda contracted polio, aged 7, during an epidemic. His parents administered a painful treatment, developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, where hot woolen blankets were applied to the limbs and the muscles were stretched by massage. This treatment, though brutal, allowed Alda to recover much movement.", "Alan Alda - Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo (born January 28, 1936) is a five-time Emmy Award-winning, six-time Golden Globe-winning, Academy Award-nominated American actor. He is perhaps most famous for his role as Hawkeye Pierce in the television series M.A.S.H. Alda contracted polio, aged 7, during an epidemic. His parents administered a painful treatment, developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, where hot woolen blankets were applied to the limbs and the muscles were stretched by massage. This treatment, though brutal, allowed Alda to recover much movement.", "* Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto d'Abruzzo took the first two letters of his first and last names as his surname and an Anglicised version of one of his middle names to come up with the name Robert Alda. When his sons (by different wives) Alphonso and Antonio followed their father into acting, they took his stage surname and Anglicised their first names (approximately in Alphonso's case) to create the names Alan Alda and Antony Alda.", "The following year, DiCaprio made a self-mocking cameo appearance in Woody Allen's caustic satire of the fame industry, Celebrity (1998). That year, he also starred in the dual roles of the villainous King Louis XIV and his secret, sympathetic twin brother Philippe in Randall Wallace's The Man in the Iron Mask, based on the same-titled 1939 film. Despite receiving a rather mixed to negative response,[29] the film became a box office success, grossing US$180 million internationally.[30] Though DiCaprio's performance was generally well-received, with Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman writing that \"the shockingly androgynous DiCaprio looks barely old enough to be playing anyone with hormones, but he's a fluid and instinctive actor, with the face of a mischievous angel,\"[31] he was awarded a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple for both incarnations the following year.", "Actor. One of the most beloved character actors in Hollywood history, best known for playing five roles in the MGM film classic \"The Wizard of Oz.\" He was born Francis Phillip Wuppermann on June 1, 1890 in New York City, one of 11 children of a prosperous businessman. His family manufactured and distributed Angostura Bitters. Taking the stage name \"Morgan\" he followed his older brother Ralph into show business in 1914, first on the Broadway stage and then into movies. His first film was \"The... [Read More] (Bio by: Edward Parsons )", "James O'Neill, father of playwright Eugene, performed the title role over 6,000 times during his career. Edmond Dantès has been portrayed on film many times by actors such as George Michael Dolenz, Sr., Robert Donat, Jean Marais, Louis Jourdan, Gérard Depardieu, Richard Chamberlain, and, most recently, Jim Caviezel. Dantès has also been portrayed on stage, including in a musical adaptation of the novel. In the Japanese animated television series Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo, which adds the demon known as \"Gankutsuou\" to Edmond, he is voiced by Jōji Nakata.", "Harlequin (; , , Old French Harlequin) is the best-known of the zanni or comic servant characters from the Italian Commedia dell'arte. Traditionally believed to have been introduced by Zan Ganassa in the late 16th century, the role was definitively popularized by the Italian actor Tristano Martinelli in Paris in 1584–1585 and became a stock character after Martinelli's death in 1630.", "Italian-American actor who gained fame through his romantic portrayals and whose films included \"The Sheik,\" 1921 \"Blood And Sand,\" 1922 and \"Monsieur Beaucaire,\" 1924. He came to the U.S. in 1913 and became a star after his first role in, \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,\" 1921.", "Famous for: American actor well known for his distinctive voice as well as for his serio-comic performances in a series of horror films during the latter part his career. Was originally a character actor. Made his first horror film in 1939. Notable roles are Duke of Clarence from Tower of London, Clifford Pyncheon from The House of the Seven Gables, Prosecutor Vital Dutour from The Song of Bernadette, Shelby Carpenter from Laura, Angus Mealey from The Keys to the Kingdom, Sir Walter Raleigh from The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex, Russell Quinton from Leave Her to Heaven, Nicholas Van Ryn from Dragonwyck, James Reavis from The Baron of Arizona, Professor Henry Jarrod from House of Wax, Baka from The Ten Commandments, Frederick Loren from House on Haunted Hill, Dr. Erasmus Craven from The Raven, Matthew Hopkins from Witchfinder General, Professor Ratigan from The Great Mouse Detective, the Inventor from Edward Scissorhands, Mr. Maranov from The Whales of August, and so many characters from horror movies.", "Famous for: British actor best remembered for his roles in horror films especially as Frankenstein’s monster, resulting in immense popularity and international fame. Notable roles are the Monster from the first 3 Frankenstein films, Gaffney from Scarface, Dr. Fu Manchu from The Mask of Fu Manchu, Imhotep/Ardath Bey from The Mummy, Count Ledrantz from The House of Rothschild, Hjalmar Poelzig from The Black Cat, Edmond Bateman from The Raven, Mord the Executioner from Tower of London, Dr. Gustav Niemann from House of Frankenstein, Dr. Hugo Hollingshead from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, John Gray from The Body Snatcher, and Byron Orlok from Targets.", "Al Pacino (born 25.4.1940) Al Pacino is a highly revered American actor, best known for his roles in Scarface and The Godfather trilogy.", "Several of these admirable actors were literary men, who have written on their art, and shown that it was one. The Harlequin Cecchini composed the most ancient treatise on this subject, and was ennobled by the Emperor Matthias; and Nicholas Barbieri, for his excellent acting called the Beltrame, a Milanese simpleton, in his treatise on comedy, tells us that he was honoured by the conversation of Louis XIII., and rewarded with fortune.", "His stage CV includes roles such as Georges Seurat in the first production of Sondheim’s Sunday in the Park with George in 1983, and Che opposite Patti LuPone’s Eva Perón in the original Broadway version of Evita in 1979, for which he won a Tony award. His best-known film role has been the Spanish swordsman Inigo Montoya in the 1987 classic The Princess Bride.", "The characters or \"masks,\" in spite of changes over the years, retained much of their original flavor. Most important were the zanni, or servant types; Arlecchino, or Harlequin, was the most famous. He was an acrobat and a wit, childlike and amorous. He wore a catlike mask and motley colored clothes and carried a bat or wooden sword, the ancestor of the slapstick. His crony, Brighella, was more roguish and sophisticated, a cowardly villain who would do anything for money. Figaro and Molière's Scapin are descendants of this type. Pedrolino was a white-faced, moon-struck dreamer; the French Pierrot is his descendant. Pagliaccio, the forerunner of today's clown, was closely akin to Pedrolino.", "Born into poverty in Sora, Lazio (1901), he began his career as a theatre actor in the early 1920s and joined Tatiana Pavlova's theatre company in 1923. In 1933 he founded his own company with his wife Giuditta Rissone and Sergio Tofano. The company performed mostly light comedies, but they also staged plays by Beaumarchais and worked with famous directors like Luchino Visconti.", "Famous for: British actor known for his character performances in various films. Notable roles are Captain Beams from The Last of the Mohicans, Giuseppe Conlon from In the Name of the Father, Mr. Kobayashi from The Usual Suspects, Magic Man from James and the Giant Peach, Brother Gilbert of Glockenspur from Dragonheart, William S. Holabird from Amistad, John from Between Strangers, Dr. Lorbeer/ Dr. Brandt from The Constant Gardener, Spyros from Clash of the Titans, Maurice Fischer from Inception, and Fergus “Fergie” Colm from The Town.", "Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill (born 5 May 1983) is a British actor. Cavill began his acting career starring as Albert Mondego in the 2002 film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo. He would later star in minor and supporting roles in television shows such as BBC's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, Midsomer Murders and The Tudors before transitioning to more mainstream Hollywood films such as Tristan & Isolde, Stardust and Immortals.", "Famous for: Italian American actor whose career spanned for over 40 years. Notable roles are Lawyer Laslo from Murder, Inc., Bartender from The Hustler, Dutch Schnell from Bang the Drum Slowly, Det. Frank Ochoa from Death Wish, Sheriff Pete Hartmann from The Front Page, Det. Lt. Krim from Heaven Can Wait, Mr. Mushnik from Little Shop of Horrors, and Cosmo Castorini from Moonstruck.", "Vaughn's first notable appearance was in The Young Philadelphians (1959) for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. Next, he appeared as gunman Lee in The Magnificent Seven (1960), a role he essentially reprised 20 years later in Battle Beyond the Stars (1980), both films being adaptations of filmmaker Akira Kurosawa's 1954 Japanese samurai epic, Seven Samurai. Vaughn is the last surviving member of those who portrayed The Magnificent Seven. He played a different role, Judge Oren Travis, on the 1998-2000 syndicated TV series The Magnificent Seven.", "With news of his death in Italy, the world lost not only an immensely talented actor, but also a cultural icon.", ", 1924–96, Italian movie actor, b. Fontana Liri, Italy. Known for his striking good looks and his world-weary introspective air, he was directed by Federico Fellini in such films as La Dolce Vita (1959), 8 1-2 (1963), and", "Louis Mazzini's (Dennis Price) mother married for love, with the result that she was cut off from her aristocratic family, the D'Ascoynes. When the current Duke (Alec Guinness) refuses to allow her to be buried in the family cemetery, Louis sets out to murder everyone who stands before him (all played by Guinness, eight roles in total) in the line of succession to the dukedom.", "Rudolph Valentino was born Rodolfo Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy, in 1895. He immigrated to the United States in 1913 and worked as a gardener, dishwasher, waiter, and gigolo before building a minor career as a vaudeville dancer. In 1917, he went to Hollywood and appeared as a dancer in the movie Alimony. Valentino became known to casting directors as a reliable Latin villain type, and he appeared in a series of small parts before winning a leading role in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921). The film, which featured a memorable scene of Valentino dancing the tango, made the rakishly handsome Italian an overnight sensation. His popularity soared with romantic dramas such as The Sheik (1921), Blood and Sand (1922), and The Eagle (1925).", "Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 � August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor. He was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy, to a middle-class family. Filmography * My Official Wife (1914) * The Quest of Life (1916) * The Foolish Virgin (uncredited) (1916) * Seventeen (uncredited, extra) (1916) * Alimony (1917) * A Society Sensation (1918) * All Night (1918) * The Married Virgin (or Frivolous Wives; 1918) * The Delicious Little Devil (1919) * The Big Little Person (1919) * A Rogue's Romance (1919) * The Homebreake (1919) * Out of Luck (1919) * Virtuous Sinners (1919) * The Fog (1919) * Nobody Home (1919) * The Eyes of Youth (1919) * Stolen Moments (1920) * ...", "Italian actor Nino Manfredi used the diminutive as his stage first name because his real one was Saturnino.", "Gabriele Ferzetti is a succesful Italian actor most noted for his role in 1969's James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Since the start of his career in 1942, he has been in over 150 movies and tv shows. He is famous in Italy for many of his movies including 'Once Upon a Time in the West'.", "Naples has appeared in episodes of TV serials like The Sopranos and miniseries like the 1998 version of The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Gérard Depardieu.", " Includes an all-star cast, with Alec Guinness in the role of Malvolio and Joan Plowright playing Viola.", "Gregory Hines (February 14, 1946 – August 9, 2003) was an American award-winning actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer.", "Hargitay's acting career wasn't limited to the United States; he also appeared in many Italian productions, and acted in Hungarian director György Szomjas' 1988 film, Mr. Universe. ", "In 1892 Ezio Pinza is born in Rome, Italy. He created the role of Emile de Becque in SOUTH PACIFIC (1949) and received the Tony Award for his performance.", "She is a well known Italian Stage and film actress and even filmed in Hollywood. Her most famous film was the 1968 released feature film The Legend of Lylah Clare." ]

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[ "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it’s 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified. ", "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it’s 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified. From childhood to the end of his long life, Edison was always working on some project. Many of them were inspirations that changed the world we live in. This issue explores these great inventions and the man who pioneered them.", "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified.", "Speaking of the life and labors of Thomas A. Edison, a writer says that two per cent of his great discoveries and inventions can be credited to inspiration, while the other 98 per cent is due to perspiration.", "To those who believe that Edison’s work is the product of an inspiration given by nature to but few, the story of the manner in which he achieves success will seem shockingly unromantic. In the genius who works by inspiration Edison has no great faith. “Genius is two per cent inspiration and ninety-eight per cent perspiration,” is the incisive, epigrammatic answer he once gave to a man who thought that a genius worked only when the spirit moved him.", "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent... perspiration In this case, we can name the coiner of the expression - the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Edison is first reported as saying \"Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent perspiration\" sometime around 1902 Perspiration means sweat. And when do we sweat? When we do hard work. And when do we do hard work? When we get a push or inspiration. You just need a slight push and it will be enough to be inspired to...", "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration In this case,... we can name the coiner of the expression - the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Edison is first reported as saying \"Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent perspiration\" sometime around 1902 Perspiration means sweat. And when do we sweat? When we do hard work. And when do we do hard work? When we get a push or inspiration. You just need a slight push and it will be enough to be inspired to...", "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration In this case, we can name the coiner of the expression -... the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Edison is first reported as saying \"Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent perspiration\" sometime around 1902 Perspiration means sweat. And when do we sweat? When we do hard work. And when do we do hard work? When we get a push or inspiration. You just need a slight push and it will be enough to be inspired to...", "Thomas Alva Edison introduced America to the power of the light bulb. Edison’s most important invention was the light bulb,... which drastically improved the lives of everyone. Edison said, “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration” which was certainly true with the light bulb because Edison failed many times but was determined to never quit. His tenacity produced an enduring success that has stood the test of time and contributed to countless innovations in its many...", "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration. * Spoken... statement (c. 1903); published in Harper's Monthly (September 1932) * Variants: * None of my inventions came by accident. I see a worthwhile need to be met and I make trial after trial until it comes. What it boils down to is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. * Statement in a press conference (1929), as quoted in Uncommon Friends: Life with Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey...", "'Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration' - the meaning and origin of this phrase", "Edison's life. Although Thomas Edison obviously had a gift of mechanical abilities, he had learned skills that others can apply... to their lives. He was: He was Curious about technical matters. Knowledgeable about scientific method He was competitive Ambitious and hard working Organized person A good businessperson Hardworking. Capable Solitude He was a restless person (restlessness) Positivity “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” Thomas Edison said, “The reason a...", "In conclusion, the basic idea that genius is composed of inspiration and perspiration was in circulation before Edison’s adage was published. But Edison can be credited with presenting a clever fractional breakdown. Indeed, evidence suggests that he presented two different ratios: 2 to 98 and 1 to 99. QI thinks it is reasonable to credit him with the modern saying that uses a 1 to 99 ratio. It is also acceptable to ascribe to him the maxim specifying a 2 to 98 ratio.", "Edison went on to hold 1,093 U.S. patents, many of them commercially successful, such as the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the alkaline storage battery.  In 1929, Edison said: “None of my inventions came by accident. I see a worthwhile need to be met and I make trial after trial until it comes. What it boils down to is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” Two years later, inventor and former employee Nikola Tesla had this to say (in the ) the day after Edison died: \"If he had a needle to find in a haystack he would not stop to reason where it was most likely to be, but would proceed at once, with the feverish diligence of a bee, to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. ... I was almost a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety percent of his labor.\"", "Thomas Alva Edison ( February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century . Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production to the process of invention, and can therefore be credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Some of the inventions attributed to him were not completely original but amounted to improvements of earlier inventions or were actually created by numerous employees working under his direction. Nevertheless, Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,097 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom , France , and Germany .", "Thomas Alva Edison ( 11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931 ) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life worldwide into the twenty-first century.", "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an  American   inventor and  businessman . He developed many devices that greatly influenced  life  around the world, including the  phonograph , the  motion picture camera , and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb . Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first  inventors  to apply the principles of  mass production  and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial  research laboratory . [1]", "Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding well over 1,000 US patents in his name, as well as many patents elsewhere.", "Thomas Edison - Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) was an American inventor of Dutch origin and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered. He was noted to be terrible at mathematics, unable to focus, and had difficulty with words and speech. This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. The cause of Edison's deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle ear infections. Thomas Edison was dyslexic, a problem child, and a mischief-maker. He talked when he was supposed to be listening and did not listen when the teacher talked. He had no patience. He was not well-coordinated and did poorly in sports. He applied himself with a passion to whatever caught his attention, but his attention was easily diverted.", "Thomas Edison, The Inventor Thomas Alva Edison was arguably one of the world’s most... influential and unique people to ever walk on this Earth. Thomas Edison is most commonly thought of to be an inventor; the inventor of the electric light bulb, the phonograph, and the first motion-picture studio and machine. Because of Edison’s unique childhood, he was able to become a successful entrepreneur and create many inventions that made a big impact on America. Thomas Edison was born on February 11, 1847...", "Edison was an American inventor who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world. Dubbed “The Wizard of Menlo Park” by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications.", "Born in rural Ohio in 1847, Thomas Edison was the archetypal self-made titan who had risen from humble origins to become the most famous inventor in the world. He had little formal schooling and his outlook was quintessentially American: practical, optimistic, and suspicious of intellectuals. By the age of 10, he had a small chemical laboratory in his cellar and was operating a home made telegraph. When he was 12, he hawked newspapers, magazines, and candy on a train from 7 in the morning until 9 at night. He printed a newspaper and conducted experiments in the train's baggage room. When one of his experiments started a fire, he lost his job.", "February 11, 1847, American inventor Thomas Edison, who, singly or jointly, held a world record of 1,093 patents and who played a critical role in introducing the modern age of electricity, was born.", "Thomas Edison, one of the most prolific inventors in history, produced more than 1 000 inventions in his workshop in New Jersey, USA.", "Thomas Edison was granted 1,093 patents for inventions that ranged from the lightbulb, typewriter, electric pen, phonograph, motion picture camera and alkaline storage battery—to the talking doll and a concrete house that could be built in one day from a cast-iron mold. When he died in 1931, he left 3500 notebooks which are preserved today in the temperature-controlled vaults of the West Orange Laboratory Archives at the Edison National Historic Site in New Jersey.", "Few proverbial sayings can be attributed to a named individual. In this case, we can name the coiner of the expression - the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison.", "Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a \"freethinker\". Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason. Edison defended Paine's \"scientific deism\", saying, \"He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity.\" In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:", "Dear Quote Investigator: A piquant statement about mental laziness is attributed to the inventor and research laboratory pioneer Thomas A. Edison. Here are two versions:", "Dear Quote Investigator: A fascinatingly prescient remark about energy has been attributed to the famous inventor and entrepreneur Thomas Edison:", "There are several interesting facts about Thomas Edison that many people do not know. For example:", "I read this statement in a book published in 2000, but an exact reference was not given. Did Edison really say this?", "Strangely, the same colorful quotation is credited to Benjamin Franklin. I am trying to figure out if this story about Edison is true. What do you think?" ]

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[ "The Chinook was designed and initially produced by Boeing Vertol in the early 1960s; it is now produced by Boeing Rotorcraft Systems. It is one of the few aircraft of that era – along with the fixed-wing Lockheed C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft – that remain in production and frontline service, with over 1,200 built to date. The helicopter has been sold to 16 nations with the U.S. Army and the Royal Air Force (see Boeing Chinook (UK variants)) being its largest users.", "The Chinook was designed and initially produced by Boeing Vertol in the early 1960s. The helicopter is now produced by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems . Chinooks have been sold to 16 nations. Although some nations operate larger helicopters such as the Russian Mil Mi-26 , the Chinook remains the heaviest lifting helicopter used by its largest operators, the U.S. Army and the Royal Air Force , see Boeing Chinook (UK variants) .", "2 / 4 Show Caption + Hide Caption – This stock photo shows the CH-47A model, the first Chinook helicopter manufactured in 1961. The Chinook took flight for the first time on Sept. 21, 1961, and the U.S. Army took delivery of the aircraft in August 1962. The aircraft has been used heavily since the Vietnam War for military and humanitarian missions as a cargo and personnel transporter. (Photo Credit: Courtesy photo) VIEW ORIGINAL", "Vertol Aircraft Corporation was acquired by Boeing in 1960, [28] and was reorganized as Boeing's Vertol division . The twin-rotor CH-47 Chinook , produced by Vertol, took its first flight in 1961. This heavy-lift helicopter remains a work-horse vehicle up to the present day. In 1964, Vertol also began production of the CH-46 Sea Knight .", "1961: Boeing's fast, cargo-carrying tandem rotor CH-47 Chinook helicopter makes its maiden flight (entering production the following year). It can manage loads of up to 10 tonnes.", "\"The second prototype for the Chinook 47A helicopter was finished in June 1961 and was the first Chinook to fly - first a hover on 21 September 1961 piloted by Vertol test pilot Leonard LaVassar, and its first official flight on 19 October from the Vertol Flight Test Facility at Philadelphia Airport,\" according to a history of Chinook development. The aircraft was delivered to the Army in 1964.", "Although the CH-47 was originally manufactured by the American firm Boeing Vertol at the beginning of the 1960s, the Chinook is presently being built by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. Like the UH-1 and C-130 aircraft, it is one of the few aircraft of the Vietnam War era which is still being produced. The Chinook helicopter has been sold to more than 16 nations.", "The Army then ordered the larger Model 114 under the designation HC-1B. The pre-production Boeing Vertol YCH-1B made its initial hovering flight on September 21, 1961. In 1962 the HC-1B was redesignated the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system . The name \"Chinook\" alludes to the Chinook people of the Pacific Northwest .", "The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King (company designation S-61) is an American twin-engined anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft. It was a landmark design, being the first ASW helicopter to take advantage of turboshaft engines, as well as being the first amphibious helicopter in the world. [2] Introduced in 1961, it served with the United States Navy , and remains in service in many countries around the world. The Sea King has been built under license in Italy and Japan, and in the United Kingdom as the Westland Sea King . The major civil versions are the S-61L and S-61N .", "In 1960, Boeing bought Vertol Aircraft Co., a helicopter manufacturer in Philadelphia, Pa. The company had three tandem-rotor helicopters under production: the Chinook for the U.S. Army, the Sea Knight for the U.S. Navy and Marines, and the commercial 107-11 for the airlines.", "   The U.S. Army's continued need for further performance improvements led to the development of the CH-47C . Designed to meet an Army requirement to transport a 15,000 pound sling load over a 30 mile radius, the C model boasted an increased gross weight to 46,000 pounds, four additional auxiliary fuel tanks that increased fuel capacity to 1,068 gallons, the Lycoming T55-L11 engine developing 3,750 SHP at 100 percent indicated torque, and additional structural improvements. The aircraft had a transmission torque limit of 84 percent. The C model had a maximum cargo hook capacity of 20,000 pounds. The initial U.S. Army version of the CH-47C had only a single cargo hook below the center of the aircraft. Later on other customers, including the United Kingdom, procured or modified their C models to a triple hook configuration. 67-18494 was the first of 270 C models, Boeing build numbers 464 through 733, manufactured by Boeing at their facility in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the United States Army. 67-18494 conducted its first flight on 14 October 1967. The C model became the mainstay of the Chinook fleet until the advent of the CH-47D. Production of the C model continued until 1980 with improvements such as the crash worthy fuel system and fiberglass rotor blades being incorporated into the fleet. One of the better documented CH-47C helicopters is 70-15032 . There are no surviving U.S. Army CH-47C helicopters.", "The Chinook was used both by Argentina and the United Kingdom during the Falklands War in 1982. The Argentine Air Force and the Argentine Army deployed four CH-47C (two each) which were widely used in general transport duties. Of the Army's airframes one was destroyed on ground by a Harrier while the other was captured (and reused after the war) by the British. Both Air Force helicopters returned to Argentina and remained in service until 2002. [11]", "Osama bin Laden, the founder and head of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1:00 am PKT by Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six). The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a Central Intelligence Agency-led operation. The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), a U.S. Army Special Operations Command unit known as the \"Night Stalkers\", provided two modified Black Hawk helicopters that were used for the raid itself, as well as the much larger Chinook heavy-lift helicopters that were employed as backups. The Black Hawks appear to have been never-before-publicly-seen \"stealth\" versions of the helicopter that fly more quietly while being harder to detect on radar than conventional models.", "The CH-47F, an upgraded D model, first flew in 2001. The first production model was rolled out on June 15, 2006 at the Boeing facility in Ridley Park , Pennsylvania , and had its maiden flight on October 23, 2006. [21] The CH-47F was designed to extend the service life of the Chinook class beyond 2030. Among its upgrades are new 4,868 shaft horsepower Honeywell engines, improved avionics, and an upgraded airframe with larger single-piece sections to reduce part count and need for fasteners. [22] The new milled construction will reduce vibrations, eliminate points of joint flexing, and reduce the need for inspections and repairs, and reduce maintenance costs. It is also expected to increase service life. [23] The CH-47F can fly at speeds of over 175 mph (282 km/h) with a payload of more than 21,000 lb (9,530 kg). [24] The improved avionics include a Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit, and BAE Systems ' Digital Advanced Flight Control System (DAFCS). [22]", "   As of 11 July 2009, of the 355 A model Chinook helicopters produced for the U.S. Army, there were only seven surviving, although non-operational, airframes: 59-04984 , last seen at Fort Eustis, Virgina in February 2006 where it was utilized as a training device for the 67U aircraft maintenance course; 59-04986 , for many years, was utilized as a Category C sheet metal repair training device at Fort Eustis, Virginia and was eventually given to a private individual in Georgia approximately 2003/2004; 60-03451 , pictured above on display at the Army Aviation Museum located at Fort Rucker, Alabama; 61-02408 , at one time on display at the California Army National Guard Museum near San Luis Obispo and later moved to Fort Campbell, Kentucky; 64-13149 , nick-named \"Easy Money\" and on display at Redstone Arsenal. Of the four produced, \"Easy Money\" was the sole surviving ACH-47A Armed Attack Chinook. The ACH-47A helicopters were also known as \" Guns-A-Go-Go \"; 65-07992 , an A model heavily modified into the only BV-347 aircraft produced and now stored in the museum at Fort Rucker; and finally 65-08025 on display near Khe Sanh Battle Field, in the old demilitarized zone (DMZ) Area, Central Vietnam, at least as late as July 2008.", "The \"sizing\" of the Chinook was directly related to the growth of the Huey and the Army's tacticians' insistence that initial air assaults be built around the squad. The Army pushed for both the Huey and the Chinook, and accelerated its airmobility program by years. [7]", "The world's first production helicopter, the Sikorsky VS-300, made its maiden flight. Sikorsky would go on to equip military units in both Britain and the US. ww2dbase [ AC ]", "There was a period of evolution in the VS-300. Mr. Sikorsky tried 19 different configurations before he was satisfied with the final design. Military contracts followed, and in 1943 large-scale manufacture of the R-4 made it the world's first production helicopter. Public acceptance of this strange new vehicle, however, was far from immediate. The helicopter had to prove itself. It did just that in the Korean War, serving as a troop transport and rescue aircraft; men injured in combat were flown directly to field hospitals, their chances of recovery greatly enhanced.", "    The Boeing Vertol Model 114, tail number 59-04983 (Boeing build number B-002), made it's first hovering flight on 21 September 1961. Initially designated the YHC-1B helicopter in Fiscal Year (FY) 1959, the first 8 helicopters, Boeing build numbers B-001 through B-008, were powered by the Lycoming T55-L-5 engines, generating a maximum of 1,940 Shaft Horsepower (SHP). Beginning with 60-03450 , Boeing build number B-009, the Lycoming T55-L-7 engine, producing 2,650 SHP, was utilized. Boeing build numbers B-001 through B-005 were designated YHC-1B helicopters. Build numbers B-006 though B-029 were originally designated as HC-1B helicopters. In July 1962, the Department of Defense redesignated all U.S. military aircraft to a new system . All YHC-1B helicopters became YCH-47A and all HC-1B helicopters became CH-47A.", "Sikorsky fitted utility floats (also called pontoons) to the VS-300 and performed a water landing and takeoff on 17 April 1941, making it the first practical amphibious helicopter.[http://www.sikorsky.com/vgn-ext-templating-SIK/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid", "The Chinook is an able and versatile support helicopter that can be armed with crew served weapons to provide self-defence, and can be operated from land or ship in such diverse environments as the Arctic, jungle and desert.", "In 1951, at the urging of his contacts at the Department of the Navy, Charles Kaman modified his K-225 synchropter — a design for a twin-rotor helicopter concept first pioneered by Anton Flettner in 1939, with the aforementioned Fl 265 piston-engined design in Germany — with a new kind of engine, the turboshaft engine. This adaptation of the turbine engine provided a large amount of power to Kaman's helicopter with a lower weight penalty than piston engines, with their heavy engine blocks and auxiliary components. On 11 December 1951, the Kaman K-225 became the first turbine-powered helicopter in the world. Two years later, on 26 March 1954, a modified Navy HTK-1, another Kaman helicopter, became the first twin-turbine helicopter to fly. However, it was the Sud Aviation Alouette II that would become the first helicopter to be produced with a turbine-engine. ", "1951: Charles Kaman builds the K-225 , the first gas-turbine engined helicopter. Three years later, he builds the first twin-turbine helicopter, the HTK-1, for the US Navy.", "In late 1956, the United States Department of the Army announced plans to replace the Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave, which was powered by piston engines, with a new, gas turbine-powered helicopter. Turbine engines were also a key design feature of the smaller UH-1 \"Huey\" utility helicopter. Following a design competition, in September 1958, a joint Army–Air Force source selection board recommended that the Army procure the Vertol medium transport helicopter. However, funding for full-scale development was not then available, and the Army vacillated on its design requirements. Some in Army Aviation thought that the new helicopter should be a light tactical transport aimed at taking over the missions of the old piston-engined Piasecki H-21 and Sikorsky H-34 helicopters, and be consequently capable of carrying about fifteen troops (one squad). Another faction in Army Aviation thought that the new helicopter should be much larger to be able to airlift a large artillery piece, and have enough internal space to carry the new MGM-31 \"Pershing\" Missile System.", "On September 11, 1982, at an airshow in Mannheim, Germany a United States Army Chinook (serial number 74-22292) carrying parachutists crashed, killing 46 people. The crash was later found to be caused by an accumulation of ground walnut shells that had been used to clean the machinery. [45] [46] [47]", "Sikorsky Aircraft remains one of the leading helicopter manufacturers, producing such well-known models as the UH-60 Black Hawk and SH-60 Seahawk, as well as experimental types like the Sikorsky S-72 X-Wing. It is a leading defense contractor. Sikorsky has supplied the Presidential helicopter since 1957. Sikorsky's VH-3 and VH-60 currently perform this role.", "By the 1960s, the United States military was developing the swing-wing F-111 project as a follow-on to the Republic F-105 Thunderchief , a fast low-level fighter-bomber designed in the 1950s with an internal bay for a nuclear weapon. [81] There had been some interest in the TSR-2 from Australia for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), but in 1963, the RAAF chose to buy the F-111 instead, having been offered a better price and delivery schedule by the American manufacturer. [82] [83] Nonetheless, the RAAF had to wait 10 years before the F-111 was ready to enter service, by which time the anticipated programme cost had tripled. [84] The RAF was also asked to consider the F-111 as an alternative cost-saving measure. In response to suggestions of cancellation, BAC employees held a protest march, and the new Labour government, which had come to power in 1964, issued strong denials. [85]", "Heinrich Focke at Focke-Wulf was licensed to produce the Cierva C.30 autogyro in 1933. Focke designed the world's first practical transverse twin-rotor helicopter, the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, which first flew on 26 June 1936. The Fw 61 broke all of the helicopter world records in 1937, demonstrating a flight envelope that had only previously been achieved by the autogyro.", "On April 24th, 1972, Lieutenant Hunsicker was tasked with flying his UH1H \"Iroquois\" helicopter in and out of the Tanh Canh Base Camp, Kontum Province, South Vietnam as part of a rescue operation after the base was overrun. After picking up some American troops, the chopper took enemy fire and crashed on a small island in the Dak Poko River about 500 meters from the base. Some of the crew and passengers were later rescued and some are still missing in action. Lt. Hunsicker is listed as Killed/Body Not Recovered.", "In 1959, Pan American World Airways ordered 12 of Lockheed's GL-207 Super Hercules to be delivered by 1962, to be powered by four 6,000 eshp Allison T61 turboprops. The Super Hercules was to be 23 ft longer than the C-130B; a variant powered by 6,445 eshp Rolls-Royce Tynes and a jet-powered variant with four Pratt & Whitney JT3D-11 turbofans were also under development. Both Pan American and Slick Airways (which had ordered six) cancelled their orders and the other variants did not evolve past design studies.", "Jarrett Robertson, William Densberger, Robert Kelly, and Gary Rhodes all died on 23 February 1993 when their Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter crashed on landing in Weisbaden, Germany. A jury later found that the pilots were not at fault, but that the helicopter \"entered into an uncontrollable right turn caused by a design defect.\"", "1996: Two Army OH-58 Kiowa helicopters collided at Fort Bliss, Texas, while they were on a night training mission. Three of the four crew members were killed in the crash." ]

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[ "In 2001, Oceana merged with the American Ocean’s Campaign (AOC), which was founded in 1987 by Ted Danson .", "The Ocean Law Project — also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts — was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor and environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address our common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans.", "An outspoken environmentalist, Danson founded the American Oceans Campaign in 1986, and it has long been one of his favorite ways to change the subject while being interviewed. \"We can have vibrant fisheries and healthy oceans\", he explains. \"But we have to manage smarter and learn to catch fish without destroying the seafloor habitat we depend on for healthy oceans\".", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Edward Bridge “Ted” Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor best known for his role as central character Sam Malone in the sitcom Cheers, and his role as Dr. John Becker on the series Becker. He also plays a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm, starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama Damages and is now a regular on the HBO comedy series Bored to Death. In his thirty-year career, Danson has been nominated for fourteen Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Awards nomination; one American Comedy Award and a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in TV Guide's list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them,\" written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Description above from the Wikipedia article Ted Danson, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.", "Jalen Rose, American basketball player; Portia de Rossi, American actress; Oscar de la Hoya, American boxer; Jason Kidd, American basketball player; Jim Parsons, American actor; David Blaine, American magician; Pharrell Williams, American musician ; Tori Spelling, American actress; Demetri Martin, American comedian; Neil Patrick Harris, American actor; Carson Daly, American talk show host; Monica Lewinsky, American former White House intern; Dave Chappelle, African-American actor, comedian; Lisa Ling, American journalist; Paul Walker, American actor, founder Reach Out Worldwide (ROWW), an organization providing relief efforts for areas affected by natural disasters. (d. 2013); James Marsden, American actor; Mario Lopez, American actor; Seth MacFarlane, American animator and voice actor; Nick Lachey, American singer (98 Degrees); Monica Seles, Yugoslavian-born tennis player; Holly Marie Combs, American actress; Seth Meyers, American actor and comedian", "Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV on July 3 , 1962 ) is a three-time Academy Award -nominated, Golden Globe Award -winning American actor and film producer . Counted as one of most successful movie stars in Hollywood , he is the only actor to have six consecutive $100 million plus blockbusters on his resume. His first leading role in a blockbuster movie was 1983 's Risky Business . [1] From then on, he starred in many top films, becoming an iconic celebrity of Hollywood. Despite the recent scrutinizing media coverage of his personal life, mainly regarding his support of Scientology and his related criticism of psychiatry, he remains a star of worldwide renown.", "Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV; July 3, 1962) is an American actor and filmmaker. Cruise has been nominated for three  Academy Awards  and has won three  Golden Globe Awards . He started his career at age 19 in the 1981 film  Endless Love . After portraying supporting roles in  Taps  (1981) and  The Outsiders  (1983), his first leading role was in the  romantic comedy   Risky Business , released in August 1983. Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete \"Maverick\" Mitchell in the action drama  Top Gun  (1986). Since 1996 he has been well known for his role as secret agent  Ethan Hunt  in the  Mission: Impossible  film series, which has a fifth film set for release in 2015.", "In the late 1980s, Reeve became more active. He was taking horse-riding lessons, and trained five to six days a week for competition in combined training events. He built a sailboat, The Sea Angel, and sailed from the Chesapeake to Nova Scotia. He campaigned for Senator Patrick Leahy and made speeches throughout the state. He served as a board member for the Charles Lindbergh Fund, which promotes environmentally safe technologies. He lent support to causes such as Amnesty International, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and People for the American Way. He joined the Environmental Air Force, and used his Cheyenne II turboprop plane to take government officials and journalists over areas of environmental damage. In late 1987, 77 actors in Santiago, Chile were threatened with execution by the dictator Augusto Pinochet. Reeve was asked by Ariel Dorfman to help save their lives. Reeve flew to Chile and helped lead a protest march. A cartoon then ran in a newspaper showing him carrying Pinochet by the collar with the caption, \"Where will you take him, Superman?\" For his heroics, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Bernardo O'Higgins Order, the highest Chilean distinction for foreigners. He also received the Obie Prize and the Annual Walter Brielh Human Rights Foundation award. Reeve's friend Ron Silver later started the Creative Coalition, an organization designed to teach celebrities how to speak knowledgeably about political issues. Reeve was an early member of the group, along with Susan Sarandon, Alec Baldwin, and Blythe Danner. ", "Tom Cruise, byname of Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (born July 3, 1962, Syracuse , New York , U.S.), American actor, who emerged in the 1980s as one of Hollywood’s most popular leading men, known for his clean-cut good looks and versatility.", "Donnie Wayne \"Don\" Johnson (born December 15, 1949) is an American actor, producer, director, singer, and songwriter. He is best known for his role as James \"Sonny\" Crockett in the 1980s television series Miami Vice and as the eponymous lead role in the 1990s cop series Nash Bridges. Johnson is a Golden Globe-winning actor for his role in Miami Vice, the American Power Boat Association's 1988 World Champion of the Offshore World Cup, and has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "Pitt supports the ONE Campaign, an organization aimed at combating AIDS and poverty in the developing world. He narrated the 2005 PBS public television series Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge, which discusses current global health issues. The following year Pitt and Jolie flew to Haiti, where they visited a school supported by Yéle Haïti, a charity founded by Haitian-born hip hop musician Wyclef Jean. In May 2007, Pitt and Jolie donated $1 million to three organizations in Chad and Sudan dedicated to those affected by the crisis in the Darfur region. Along with Clooney, Damon, Don Cheadle, David Pressman, and Jerry Weintraub, Pitt is one of the founders of Not On Our Watch, an organization that focuses global attention on stopping \"mass atrocities\". ", "In 1989, Harris received top billing in James Cameron's The Abyss, lending his distinctive humanity to the underwater sci-fi adventure. In 1992, he joined the assemble cast of David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross. Co-starring with actors Jack Lemmon, Kevin Spacey, Alec Baldwin, Alan Arkin and Al Pacino, Harris gave a forceful performance in the largely overlooked film.", "The Beach (2000, 20th Century Fox/Figment, dir. Danny Boyle, based on a novel by Alex Garland, 119 min, PG-13) was supposed to announce star Leonard Di Caprio (who plays American adventurer Richard) as a player in environmentalism, which he has since developed with his own film �Global Warming.� Richard finds a treasure map in a seedy hotel in Thailand when another drug-addict guest commits suicide, and travels to the paradise, which is out at sea near a major nature preserve. He actually has to swim across a wide channel to get to it. Once he gets there, he finds something like Prospero�s kingdom in Shakespeare�s The Tempest. But heavy stuff happens as the world closes in on the guests; one actually loses a leg. Eventually Richard escapes back and he is glad to be able to get his email at an Internet caf� in Bangkok. A georgeous film to watch, if a bit like the Goonies. ", "In 1987, he appeared as a celebrity panelist on the John Davidson version of Hollywood Squares and had a small role in the comedy film Overboard starring Kurt Russell and Goldie Hawn. In 1985, he appeared on an episode of The Facts of Life as a background character. Around this time he also guest starred on an episode of The Golden Girls.", "John Paul Cusack (, born June 28, 1966) is an American actor, producer and screenwriter. He appeared in several teen films in the mid-1980s, most notably Better Off Dead (1985), before he starred in Cameron Crowe's romantic comedy-drama Say Anything... in 1989. He later starred in High Fidelity (2000), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe. Cusack is also known for his performances in the films Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), Being John Malkovich (1999), 1408 (2007), 2012 (2009), Hot Tub Time Machine (2010) and The Raven (2012).", "Albert Arnold \"Al\" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician, advocate and philanthropist, who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993--2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and lost the 2000 U.S. presidential election despite winning the popular vote. Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.", "Frankie Avalon was born September 18, 1939,is an American actor, former teen idol, singer and playwright (writer of drama). Avalon married Kathryn Diebel on January 19, 1963 and had eight children. Diebel was a former beauty  contestant winner, and Avalon met her while playing cards at a friend’s house. He told his friend that Kay was the girl he was going to marry. He  performed on April 8, 2009 in American Idol.", "In his 40-year career, Danson has been nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Awards; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in TV Guides list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them, written with journalist Michael D'Orso.", "* Tom Selleck (AT&T 1990s commercials, Florida Orange Juice, and Cornelius Robinson in Meet the Robinsons)", "Cruise, who took up acting in high school, made his film debut in Endless Love (1981). He had supporting roles in such movies as Taps (1981) and The Outsiders (1983) before starring as a high-school senior who turns his parents’ home into a brothel in Risky Business (1983). The movie was a major success, earning Cruise widespread recognition. His star status was cemented with Top Gun (1986), the highest-grossing film of that year, in which he played a navy jet pilot. In 1986 Cruise appeared opposite Paul Newman in The Color of Money , which was directed by Martin Scorsese , and two years later starred as an autistic man’s selfish brother in Rain Man . For his portrayal of a Vietnam veteran turned activist in Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Cruise received his first Academy Award nomination.", "John Deszo Ratzenberger (born April 6, 1947) is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as Clifford C. 'Cliff' Clavin, Jr. in the classic sitcom Cheers (1982) and appearing in all Pixar feature length films. Personal life Ratzenberger was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Bertha (n�e Grohowski) and Deszo Alexander Ratzenberger. His father was German-American and his mother Polish-American. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended St. Ann's School in Bridgeport, Connecticut and Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut. On the May 8, 2008 airing of The Mark Levin Show, Ratzenberger reported that he was a tractor operator for the Woodstock Festival. He related the disdain that the audience and numerous musical acts had expressed for government...", "Emilio Estévez (born May 12, 1962) is an American actor, film director, writer and poet. He started his career as an actor and is well-known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s, starring in The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo’s Fire. He is also known for Repo Man, The Mighty Ducks and its sequels, Maximum Overdrive, and his performances in western films such as Young Guns and its sequel. One of his first appearances was “Two-Bit” in The Outsiders.", "Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez (born August 3, 1940), better known by his stage name Martin Sheen, is an American actor who first achieved fame with roles in the films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979).", "Brooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress, model and former child star. Initially a child model, she gained critical acclaim for her leading role in Louis Malle's controversial film Pretty Baby (1978), in which she played a child prostitute in New Orleans at the turn of the 20th century. The role garnered Shields widespread notoriety, and she continued to model into her late teenage years and starred in several dramas in the 1980s, including The Blue Lagoon (1980), and Franco Zeffirelli's Endless Love (1981).", "Aidan Quinn (born March 8, 1959) is an Irish-American actor, who made his film debut in Reckless (1984). He has starred in over 50 feature films, including Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), The Mission (1986), Stakeout (1987), Avalon (1990), Benny & Joon (1993), Legends of the Fall (1994), Frankenstein (1994), Blink (1994), Michael Collins (1996), Practical Magic (1998), and Unknown (2011).", "(1935-1995) American actor. Leading man in over 20 B- grade films, including \"The King's Pirate\" (1967), \"The Land That Time Forgot\" (1975) and \"The People That Time Forgot\" (1977); recently seen in \"Maverick\" (1994) with Mel Gibson. Also made several TV series including \"Checkmate\", \"The Virginian\" and \"Out Of This World\". {Backwards, Legion}", "Born in Hackensack, New Jersey, USA, and grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the second child of four (older brother, two sisters, all connected to the medical profession in some way). Graduated from Florida Atlantic University in 1989. Was engaged to Kristin Chenoweth for three years; the relationship ended in 2001. Appeared as \"TV Guy\" in Toyota commercials, 1999-2000. Starred as Conrad Birdie in the national tour of \"Bye Bye Birdie\" in 1992, and reprised the role in the 1995 ABC TV movie remake. Starred on Broadway in \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\", as Gaston in \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1995-97), \"High Society\" (1998), 'The Scarlet Pimpernell\" (1999), \"The Wild Party\" (2000) and as Jeff Moss in \"Bells Are Ringing\" (2001). {Anonymous}}", "actor: The American Friend, Wings of Desire, The Last Days of Chez Nous, Children of Nature", "1986: Save the Whales with Greenpeace is the first major campaign that Anita and The Body Shop launch.", " 1987 Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"BORN IN THE USA\") / (writer: \"BORN IN THE USA\")", " 1987 Stand by Me: AIDS Day Benefit (TV Movie) (performer: \"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word\")", " 1991 Desperately Seeking Roger (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Englishman in New York\") / (writer: \"Englishman in New York\")" ]

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[ "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow [1] (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression , robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche , Raymond Hamilton , W. D. Jones , Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults , and Henry Methvin . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the “ Public Enemy Era ,” between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn ‘s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde ,. [2]", "Bonnie and Clyde (1967) is one of the sixties' most talked-about, volatile, controversial crime/gangster films combining comedy, terror, love, and ferocious violence. It was produced by Warner Bros. - the studio responsible for the gangster films of the 1930s, and it seems appropriate that this innovative, revisionist film redefined and romanticized the crime/gangster genre and the depiction of screen violence forever.", "      This research guide is a study of the famous outlaw duo Bonnie and Clyde and their existence in American memory. I have divided the guide into two parts. Part one explores Bonnie and Clyde in history and in their own time, the time of the Great Depression. In this section I have included a number of primary sources, many of them from digitized archives. The Dallas Municipal Archives and FBI Vault each provide a trove of primary sources related to the exploits of Bonnie and Clyde. Important among these sources are reports detailing the crimes and accomplices of the Barrow gang, as they provide a clear picture of what happened during Bonnie and Clyde’s crime spree from 1932 to 1934. Some of these sources capture the public’s response to Bonnie and Clyde in the Depression Era, such as the photographs of Bonnie and Clyde’s funerals and the report by the New York Times on their ambush. Photo evidence and personal correspondences, furthermore, offer insight into who Bonnie and Clyde were as people. The accounts of Barrow gang members W.D. Jones and Blanch Caldwell Barrow also help shape the story of what happened in the 1930s and who Bonnie and Clyde were. The secondary sources provided in part one help to put the story of Bonnie and Clyde in the historical context of the Depression Era. They also help debunk some of the mythologized aspects of Bonnie and Clyde’s story that have cropped up throughout the time since their deaths.", "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were well-known outlaws, robbers, and criminals who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the \" public enemy era \" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. The couple themselves were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . [1] Testing Nearby from Ft Worth.", "Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were the most famous gangster couple in history, made more so by the 1967 Oscar-winning film Bonnie and Clyde, starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway. From 1932 to 1934, during the height of the Great Depression, their gang evolved from petty theives to nationally-known bank robbers and murderers. Though a burgeoning yellow press romanticized their exploits, the gang was believed responsible for at least 13 murders, including two policemen, as well as several robberies and kidnappings. The spree ended when they were betrayed by a friend and shot dead at a police roadblock in Louisiana on May 23, 1934.", "Bonnie and Clyde continued to capture the publics imagination long after their lives on the run ended. Hollywood made a number of movies about the pair, including 1967s Academy Awardwinning Bonnie and Clyde, starring Faye Dunaway. Seven decades later, Bonnie and Clyde still blaze brightly, a Great Depression Romeo and Julietwith guns.", "Through the decades, many cultural historians have analyzed Bonnie’s and Clyde’s enduring appeal to the public imagination. E.R. Milner, an historian, writer, and expert on Bonnie and Clyde and their era, put the duo’s enduring appeal to the public, both during the Depression and continuing on through the decades, into historical and cultural perspective. To those people who, as Milner says, “consider themselves outsiders, or oppose the existing system,” Bonnie and Clyde represent the ultimate outsiders, revolting against an uncaring system.", "Bonnie Parker (October 1, 1910-May 23, 1934) and Clyde Barrow (March 24, 1909-May 23, 1934) were outlaws during the Public Enemies Era (1933-1935). Bonnie and Clyde were poor, young people with little hope for the future when they met in Dallas, Texas in January 1930. Clyde was arrested shortly after, which would have ended most relationships but Bonnie’s love was true. Despite a brutal experience in prison, Clyde hated the drudgery of honest work, so he returned to a life of crime, bringing Bonnie with him. After a drunken encounter with police officers at a dance resulted in a dead deputy on August 5, 1932, surrender was no longer an option for Clyde because he would get the electric chair. Recently released from prison, his elder brother Buck met Clyde, Bonnie and new recruit, 16-year-old W.O. Jones, hoping to persuade Clyde to surrender, but the vacation ended on April 13, 1933 when two police officers died in a shootout, and Buck and his fiance Blanche found themselves part of the gang.", "Bonnie Parker (1910-1934) - Half of the Bonnie and Clyde pair, these two were criminals who, with their gang, traveled and robbed numerous locations in the Central United States during the Great Depression .", "Bonnie and Clyde were among the first celebrity criminals of the modern era, and their legend has proven durable. Certainly Bonnie knew how to enhance the pair's popular appeal by manipulating the media, and newspapers were quick to publish her poem \"The Story of Bonnie and Clyde\". Her other poems, especially \"Suicide Sal,\" show her flair for an underworld vernacular that owes much to the detective magazines she read avidly. According to Geringer, Bonnie appealed to the out of work and generally disenfranchised third of America shattered by the Depression, who saw the duo as Robin Hood-like. Milner put their appeal this way: \"By the time Bonnie and Clyde became well known, many had felt the capitalistic system had been abused by big business and government officials... Now here were Bonnie and Clyde striking back.\" [25] In an A&E Network -produced Biography on the two bandits, historian Jonathan Davis expresses a similar thought, pointing out that \"Anybody who robbed banks or fought the law were really living out some secret fantasies on a large part of the public.\" [26]", "Parker, Emma Krause, Nell Barrow Cowan and Jan I. Fortune. The True Story of Bonnie and Clyde. (New York: New American Library, 1968.) ISBN 0848821548. Originally published in 1934 as Fugitives.", "John's alluding to the end of the notable 1967 gangster film BONNIE AND CLYDE , in which real-life criminals Bonnie Parker (Faye Dunaway) and Clyde Barrow (Warren Beatty) meet an unfortunate end.", "Bonnie and Clyde met in Texas in January, 1930. At the time, Bonnie was 19 and married to an", "* Arthur Penn directed the best-known version of the tale, Bonnie and Clyde (1967), which starred Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway.", "Part two of the research guide explores Bonnie and Clyde’s existence in American memory and consists of three sections. The first section covers Bonnie and Clyde’s depiction in film. Arthur Penn’s famous 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde revivified the story of Bonnie and Clyde through a glamorous and romantic depiction of the outlaw couple, but not without controversy. Included along with the movie are a number of reviews of the film and articles discussing its relationship to history and to the memory of Bonnie and Clyde. Another film included in this section is The Bonnie Parker Story, a film that focuses on the figure of Bonnie Parker. The second part of this section covers Bonnie and Clyde’s existence in music. Among popular depictions of the pair in music is a modern day Broadway musical as well as a concert tour by Beyoncé and Jay-Z inspired by the story of Bonnie and Clyde. The third and final section of part two is an examination of Bonnie and Clyde in modern local memory. For this exploration, I have included two news articles describing the monuments, museums, and festivals recalling the story of Bonnie and Clyde.", "All told, the Barrow Gang was believed responsible for the deaths of 13 people, including nine police officers. Parker and Barrow are still seen by many as romantic figures, however, especially after the success of the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, starring Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "On a beautiful morning, May 23, 1934 the careers of a notorious criminal duo, the scourge of stores and banks across the country, came to an abrupt end. Six lawmen took them down in an ambush that’s still talked about today, marking the end of Bonnie and Clyde, criminal superstars. They were the best of the worst in their time, robbing any and everyone where they found an opportunity, and responsible for at least 13 deaths...", "“Bonnie and Clyde live on” . The Washington Times. May 23, 2004. Retrieved June 17, 2005.", "The notorious bandits Bonnie and Clyde were shot dead in Bienville Parish on May 23, 1934. The Bonnie and Clyde Ambush Museum in Gibsland contains memorabilia about the killing. It is operated by Ted Hinton, the son of Ted Hinton, one of the officers involved in the ambush.", "Goldstein, Patrick. “Bonnie & Clyde & Joe & Pauline.” Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, CA), August 25, 1997.", "On this day in 1934, notorious criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow are shot to death by Texas and Louisiana state police while driving a stolen car near Sailes, Louisiana. Bonnie Parker met the charismatic Clyde Barrow in Texas when she was 19 years old and her husband (she married when she was... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/police-kill-famous-outlaws-bonnie-and-clyde?et_cid=75388668&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fpolice-kill-famous-outlaws-bonnie-and-clyde", "About a month after the accident, Bonnie and Clyde (plus Buck, Blanche, and W.D. Jones) checked into two cabins at the Red Crown Tavern near Platte City, Missouri. On the night of July 19, 1933, police, having been tipped off by local citizens, surrounded the cabins.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed May 23, 1934, on a desolate road near their Bienville Parish, Louisiana hideout. They were shot by a posse of four Texas and two Louisiana officers. Questions about the way the ambush was conducted, and the failure to warn the duo of impending death, have been raised ever since that day. [ Wikipedia ]", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed on May 23, 1934, on a desolate road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . [67] [94] The couple appeared in daylight in an automobile and were shot by a posse of four Texas officers and two Louisiana officers. [95] Questions about the way the ambush was conducted, and the failure to warn the duo of impending death, have been raised about the incident.[citation needed]", "* Bonnie and Clyde, directed by Arthur Penn, starring Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Gene Hackman, Estelle Parsons, Michael J. Pollard", "* May 23 – American outlaws Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed and killed by police in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.", "\"Good afternoon,\" Clyde would say when they walked into a bank. \"This is the Barrow Gang.\" In a way Bonnie and Clyde were pioneers, consolidating the vein of violence in American history and exploiting it, for the first time in the mass media.", "This article is about the robbers. For the film starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway, see Bonnie and Clyde (film) . For other uses see the Popular culture section.", "Narrator: The legend of Bonnie and Clyde was born. With the photos, the duo went from two-bit Texas hoods to mythic outlaws.", "The exploits of Bonnie and Clyde were part of one daring crime spree. (Actually Clyde and Bonnie were imprisoned for stints during their career together. Also, the movie about them leaves out a near-fatal car accident that left Bonnie so badly burned down one leg that she was left permanently disabled as well as the fact they made frequent visits to their families.)", "Bonnie and Clyde influenced popular culture over time because of their loyalty to one another. There are many songs and movies about them. In the museum, you can see a copy of their car with many bullet holes. There is also a bullet from their real car, as well as a piece of glass from a window.", "\"Free Wheeling to Wheeling\" may indicate that Clyde was based on Clyde Barrow of Bonnie & Clyde fame:" ]

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[ "The African Queen is a 1935 novel written by English author C. S. Forester, which was adapted to the 1951 film with the same name.", "The African Queen is based on the 1935 novel of the same name by English novelist C.S. Forester, pen name for Cecil Louis Troughton Smith [1899-1966]. It was adapted for the movie by American novelist James Agee and director John Huston.", "The African Queen is a 1951 adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner and Theodore Bikel. ", "When maverick film director John Huston decided to helm an independently financed film adaptation of C.S. Forester’s novel The African Queen, few expected it would turn into one of the most popular American films from the Golden Age of Hollywood. Indeed, Huston’s choices of cast and crew have much to do with the film’s enduring appeal. From the heavyweight star power of Bogart and Hepburn to the finely tuned banter in scribe James Agee’s screenplay, The African Queen boasts a superlative pedigree of talented artists, including legendary director of photography Jack Cardiff, BSC (Black Narcissus, The Red Shoes), who mounted the project in lush, incandescent Technicolor.           ", "THE AFRICAN QUEEN, adapted for the screen by James Agee and John Huston, from the novel. \"The African Queen,\" by C. S. Forester; directed by Mr. Huston; produced by S. P. Eagle. A Horizon-Romulus Production released by United Artists. At the Capitol.", "From the novel by Davis Grubb - the first and only film directed and purportedly written by the flamboyant and swashbucking actor, Charles Laughton. In Robert Mitchum's biography, he stated that Laughton found the script by James Agee (co-writer of the African Queen) totally unacceptable. Laughton paid off Agee, sent him packing and rewrote virtually the entire script himself, uncredited.", "The African Queen was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the December 15, 1952 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater with Humphrey Bogart reprising his film role and joined by Greer Garson. This broadcast is included as a bonus CD in the Commemorative Box Set version of the Paramount DVD.", "Ivor Novello David Ivor Davies (15 January 1893 – 6 March 1951), better known as Ivor Novello, was a Welsh composer, singer and actor who became one of the most popular British entertainers of the first half of the 20th century.", "Keywords: Academy Award; The African Queen; Alice Adams; Broadway; Bryn Mawr College; Emmy Award; Guess Who’s Coming To Dinner; Hollywood Walk of Fame; Howard Hughes; The Lion In Winter; The Making of the African Queen; Me: Stories of My Life; Morning Glory; The Philadelphia Story; Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award; Spencer Tracy; Woman of the Year", "The African Queen was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1994, with the Library of Congress deeming it \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\". The film currently holds a 100% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 37 reviews. ", "Reel Classics - The African Queen (1951) Information on this Hollywood classic with Humphrey Bogart and Katherine Hepburn in the lead. Includes details on cast, crew, and awards with pictures.", "*White Hunter Black Heart (1990) — based on the location filming of The African Queen in 1951", "The song still had to be launched and this was where Mam played her part. Accompanied by Ivor, a young Welsh singer and pupil of his mother’s called Sybil Vane, brought the house down during a Sunday League Concert at the Alhambra. To his great astonishment, the composer heard the audience – mainly working-class people with whom he felt a special rapport — joining in and, to the wildest applause, they kept on singing the words over and over again, even as they made their way out of the theatre and into the street. Within weeks the song had swept the country and reached the Front. Its popularity showed no sign of waning, especially after the Americans entered the war. The composer’s mother, ever eager to boost his reputation, is said to have paid organ-grinders to play the song in the streets of London. A year after its first performance, it had earned Ivor the nice fortune of about £15,000, which helped set him up as a man of the theatre for many years thereafter. Only Lena G. Ford, who shared his triumph, did not live to enjoy the wealth she had helped him earn: she was killed, with her son, in an air-raid over London in 1918. Ivor Novello would go on to write musicals set in Ruritania that included Glamorous Night (1935), The Dancing Years (1939) and King’s Rhapsody (1949) and to enjoy a career as ‘King of Make Believe’ like no other.", "While in Lagos, Achebe started work on a novel. This was challenging, since very little African fiction had been written in English, although Amos Tutuola's Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952) and Cyprian Ekwensi's People of the City (1954) were notable exceptions. While appreciating Ekwensi's work, Achebe worked hard to develop his own style, even as he pioneered the creation of the Nigerian novel itself. [40] A visit to Nigeria by Queen Elizabeth II in 1956 brought issues of colonialism and politics to the surface, and was a significant moment for Achebe. [41]", "While William Grant Still's Afro-American Symphony, Florence Price's Symphony in E Minor, and William Dawson's Negro Folk Symphony are examples of American musical nationalism, they also represent the culmination of the Harlem Renaissance, an affirmation of the black cultural heritage in which composers sought to elevate the Negro folk idiom to symphonic form. Still's Afro-American Symphony is based on a theme in the Blues idiom. The second theme of the first movement of Dawson's Negro Folk Symphony is based on the spiritual \"Oh, M' Littl' Soul Gwine-a Shine,\" and the two themes of the third movement are based on the spirituals \"O Le' Me Shine, Lik' a Mornin' Star\" and \"Hallelujah, Lord I Been Down into the Sea.\" In Symphony in E Minor, Price is more subtle in her use of elements from the Afro-American folk tradition: her instrumentation calls for African drums; the principal theme of the first movement and its countermelody are built upon a pentatonic scale (the most frequently used scale in Afro-American folk songs); and the third movement is based on the syncopated rhythms of the Juba, an antebellum folk dance. (RLS)", "ne of the joys of directing non-canonical operas is the absence of the immanent pressure to make one’s mark by a ‘novel’ approach to well-known material. In Wexford a director becomes the conduit between an arcane opera and an unbiased audience. Delius’s opera and Cable’s forgotten novel are uniquely progressive in validating the cultural, spiritual and social identity brought to the nascent American nation by enslaved Western Africans, with an insight associated with contemporary postcolonial thought. Because western understanding of Africa is continually reductive, moulded by a few noted films set in the ‘dark continent’ and perfunctory television reports of droughts, wars and epidemics, Delius’s opera emerges as one of the most avant-garde works of its time. Koanga (1895–7) portrays the eponymous Jaloff prince – our production uses the revised libretto by Craig and Page, which makes Koanga Dahomean (Beninese) – with the gravitas usually reserved for European royalty, and discusses the complex subject of mixed ethnic identity with a foresight that predates late twentieth-century writing. Having lived on the borderline of several cultural, linguistic and religious identities, I found Delius’s ultra-progressive stance on the subject revelatory. At the height of the Victorian colonial era, Delius,", "This belief in Kenya as a pre-historic Utopia left its mark on its inhabitants (and remained an idealized world of the imagination even for generations that came after). But by the time that Blixen was finishing the manuscript for Out of Africa at the age of 51, the Kenya protectorate of her younger years was a thing of the past. Aggressive agricultural development had spread the colony’s human footprint far out into the game country; many of the new farmers were middle-class retired Army officers recruited by a government settlement programme after World War I. The popularity of hunting safaris, especially after Roosevelt’s world-famous journey in 1909, had depleted the big herds precipitously. And as the clouds of war threatened Europe once again, the colony became as famous (or infamous) for the misbehavior of the wife-swapping, hard-partying Happy Valley set as it was for being a dreamy horizon of Empire.", "Anna Harriette Leonowens (born Anna Harriet Emma Edwards; 5 November 1831 – 19 January 1915) was an Anglo-Indian or Indian-born British travel writer, educator and social activist.", "Songwriter (\"Magic Moments\", \"Baby Elephant Walk\", \"What the World Needs Now is Love\") and author, educated at New York University. Joining ASCAP in 1943, he collaborated musically with Burt Bacharach , Sherman Edwards , Lee Pockriss , [error], Redd Evans , Don Rodney, John Barry and Henry Mancini . His other popular-song compositions include \"Four ... See full bio »", "A more polished and elegant development of the Victorian drawing-room song is to be found in the work of Roger Quilter, (1877-1953). From a wealthy family, this most English of composers found early success as a song writer and only occasionally strayed outside this genre. The two well-crafted Shakespeare songs It was a Lover and Hey, Ho, the Wind and the Rain are from his Opus 23.", "Imaginative Trespasser makes it clear that Bessie Head was one of Africa's great letter writers as well as one of the continent's finest novelists. Writing for the most part from Serowe, Botswana, where she lived as an exile from South Africa, to her friends Patrick (a distinguished poet) and Wendy Cullinan, Head describes her life as an alien in Botswana, her struggles to support herself and her child, and her gradual discovery of her own powers. Cullinan's commentary on the letters, and the context he provides, are indispensable to the book, which shows Head as both victim (of apartheid and of hostility in Botswana) and as fascinating, acute artist.", "*Gordon, April A. and Gordon, Donald L., Understanding Contemporary Africa, London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, ch. 12, George Joseph, \"African Literature\". ", "The concert began with Nat King Cole’s When I Fall in Love and a duo of Bert Kaempfert hits – Swinging Safari and African Beat.  Frank Sinatra’s Strangers in the Night was followed by Highland Cathedral, a tune associated with Scotland although a German composition.  Elizabeth then performed the theme from the TV series, Howards’ Way and Circle of Life from The Lion King musical, following up with an Andy Williams hit, How Wonderful to Know.", "Fanon has also profoundly affected contemporary African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical gloss for writers including Ghana's Ayi Kwei Armah, Senegal's Ken Bugul and Ousmane Sembène, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Kenya's Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Ngũgĩ goes so far to argue in Decolonizing the Mind (1992) that it is \"impossible to understand what informs African writing\" without reading Fanon's Wretched of the Earth. ", "Solomon Linda (Solomon Linda Ntsele) - Died 10-8-1962 ( Composer ) (He wrote, \"Mbube\" which was later adapted for \" Wimoweh \" and \"The Lion Sleeps Tonight\") - He was the leader of The Evening Birds.", "During the era of apartheid in South Africa, several South African theatre companies planned to put on all-white productions of Porgy and Bess. Ira Gershwin, as heir to his brother, consistently refused to permit these productions to be staged. But in 2009, Cape Town Opera's production, set in 1970s South Africa and inspired by life in Soweto, toured Britain, opening at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff and going on to the Royal Festival Hall in London and Edinburgh Festival Theatre. Most of the cast were black South Africans; American singers involved in the production have found the \"passionate identification with the opera\" by the South African singers \"a wake-up call\".", "Sophiatown produced some of South Africa’s most famous writers, poets, musicians and artists, but it was the great Jazz legend, Miriam Makeba, who put the Black ‘suburb’ on the world map. In the 1950s when White South Africans wore Safari suits and inhabited cloistered and privileged lives, Sophiatown, like a mini Soho, was the nerve centre of the country’s entertainment scene.", "In the year that the merged countries of British Togoland and The Gold Coast, became Ghana, and the first African Colony to gain independence, Harold Macmillan succeeded Anthony Eden as British Prime Minister, and Andrei Gromyko became Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union. In the world of music, Paul Anka singing 'Diana' topped the British charts for 9 weeks.", "In 1961, areas on either side of East London were declared Bantu homelands. Ciskei to the west and Transkei to the East. East London found itself almost surrounded except to the north and became very unsettled during the Apartheid era. The editor of the local newspaper, the Daily Dispatch, was Donald Woods, who broke the story of the murder of Steve Biko, a Pan Africanist leader and author of the book I Write What I Like, at the hands of South African Security Police in Port Elizabeth, in September 1977. The story of Donald Woods was recorded in the Hollywood film Cry Freedom. A prominent statue of Biko now stands outside the East London City Hall.", "To keep track of all of the writers and literary influences on Out of Africa here is an overview:", "In 1959, she performed in the musical King Kong alongside Hugh Masekela, her future husband. Though she was a successful recording artist, she was only receiving a few dollars for each recording session and no provisional royalties, and was keen to go to the US. Her break came when she starred in the anti-apartheid documentary Come Back, Africa in 1959 by independent filmmaker Lionel Rogosin. She attended the premiere of the film at the Venice Film Festival.", "In 1945 a conference was held in Manchester to promote Pan-African ideas. This was attended by Nkrumah of Ghana, Azikwe of Nigeria and Wallace Johnson of Sierra Leone. The India and Pakistani independence catalysed this desire. There was also the rejection of African culture to some extent. Some external forces also contributed to this feeling. African-Americans such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey (Afro-Jamaican) raised strong Pan-African conscience." ]

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[ "\"Everyday People\" is a 1968 song by Sly and the Family Stone. It was the first single by the band to go to number one on the Soul singles chart and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. It held that position, on the Hot 100, for four weeks from February 15 to March 14, 1969, and is remembered as a popular song of the 1960s. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song of 1969. As with most of Sly & the Family Stone's songs, Sly Stone was credited as the sole songwriter.", "1969 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Everyday People ” by Sly & The Family Stone, “ Proud", "The '60s was the first full decade of rock and roll, and the top twenty singles of the decade reflect a battle between old and new forms. Elvis Presley and Ray Charles , who helped lay the foundation for the explosion of rock and soul in the '50s, each appear on the list; so does the smooth doo-wop of the Four Seasons . Louis Armstrong , the famous jazz musician who had been recording since the 1920s, had one of the biggest hit singles of the '60s.", "Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien OBE (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999), known professionally as Dusty Springfield, was an English pop singer and record producer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. With her distinctive sensual sound, she was an important blue-eyed soul singer and at her peak was one of the most successful British female performers, with six top 20 singles on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and sixteen on the United Kingdom Singles Chart from 1963 to 1989. She is a member of both the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame. International polls have named Springfield among the best female rock artists of all time. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde bouffant hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up, made her an icon of the Swinging Sixties.", "The most popular stars of the 1960s were The Beatles, four young men from Liverpool, England, with singer-songwriters John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (born 1942) in the lead. They brought the art of creating catchy pop and rock melodies to a new height. During the later 1960s they became entangled with and championed many radical ideologies and also the use of narcotics, which became very widespread from the late 1960s onwards. Much of the popular music of the period was easily accessible and perhaps easily forgotten, although some of the leading artists, among them the American singer-songwriter and poet Bob Dylan (born 1941), could display more lasting melodic and lyrical qualities.", "Sandie Shaw was a regular on popular British TV programmes of the time such as Top of the Pops , Ready Steady Go! and Thank Your Lucky Stars . She was seen as epitomising the \"swinging Sixties\", and her trademark barefoot performances endeared her to the public at large. [2] She also recorded most of her hit singles in Italian, French, German and Spanish boosting her popularity in Europe. She was popular across South America, performed behind the Iron Curtain , and sang at concerts in pre-revolutionary Iran .[ citation needed ] Shaw also released several original albums in the 1960s: Sandie ; Me ; Love Me, Please Love Me ; The Sandie Shaw Supplement and Reviewing the Situation . These albums generally consisted of Andrews-penned songs mixed with cover versions of songs made popular by other musicians.", "This UK number one is another of those records that just falls into a Sounds Of The Sixties category. Released towards the end of 1959, Michael Holliday together with The Mike Sammes Singers entered the charts in the first week of 1960 then four weeks later became the first new number one of the sixties topping the charts in the last week of January for just one week. 'Starry Eyed' was a cover of a minor American hit for Gary Stites.", "Today in history in 1960's: March 11: Born: Mike Hugg, Manfred Mann (1940) Mark Stein , Vanilla Fudge (1947) Events: Otis Redding posthumously receives gold record for \"(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay\" (1968) Vince Edwards actor ( Ben Casey ), dies of cancer at 67 (1996) March 12: Born: Barbara Feldon Pittsburgh PA, actress (Agent 99-Get Smart) (1939) Al Jarreau (1940) Paul Kantner , Jefferson Starship (1942) James Taylor , singer (1948) Jon Provost actor (Timmy-Lassie) (1950) Events: \"Runaway,\" Del Shannon 's first hit, makes the charts. (1961) \" Good Lovin \" by The Rascals charts. (1966) Paul Mccartney and Linda Eastman wed. (1969) The 60s had its own special places to enjoy our high calorie, high fat meals. They became part of our daily routine especially during the summer. We cruised to these places as part of our weekly or nightly cruisin' activities. These meals were high in fat and calories and we didn't have the obesity problem that we see today. People weren't on diet programs like The Medifast Plan ...", "Her popularity continued in the 1950s, peaking with \"My Son, My Son\", a number-one hit in 1954[18] which she co-wrote with Gordon Melville Rees. In 1960 she left Decca Records after nearly 25 years, and joined EMI.[19] She recorded for EMI's Columbia, MGM and HMV labels. In 1967, she recorded \"It Hurts To Say Goodbye\",[20] a song which hit the top 10 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart.\"", "Paul McCartney (18 June 1942 in Liverpool, England) is a British singer, guitar player and songwriter, most famous for being a member of The Beatles.", "Some economic prosperity returned in the late 1950s, and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan told Britons they’d ‘never had it so good’. London was the place to be during the 1960s when the creative energy that had been bottled up in the postwar era was spectacularly uncorked. London became the epicentre of cool in fashion and music, and the streets were awash with colour and vitality. The introduction of the contraceptive pill, legalisation of homosexuality and the popularisation of drugs such as marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) through the hippy movement created an unprecedented permissive and liberal climate, outraging the conservative older generations and delighting the young. Two seminal events were the Beatles recording at Abbey Rd and the Rolling Stones performing free in front of half a million people in Hyde Park. Carnaby St was the most fashionable place on earth, and pop-culture figures from Twiggy and David Bailey to Marianne Faithfull and Christine Keeler became the icons of the new era.", "Multi-talent Darlene Love brak in 1962 door met de nummer 1 single “He’s A Rebel.”en was een fundament van Phil Spector’s Wall of Sound.  Rolling Stone rekent haar bij de ‘100 Greatest Singers’ en ze is opgenomen in de Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2013 was ze te zien (cfr Canvas) in de geweldige documentaire ‘20 Feet From Stardom’, over het wel en wee van top backing-vocalisten. Zo kan je haar stem horen op de platen van Elvis Presley, Sam Cooke, Frank Sinatra, Dionne Warwick en The Righteous Brothers om er maar een paar te noemen.", "The Dave Clark Five's UK Top Ten singles (1963–70) were as follows: \"Glad All Over\" (No.1 for 2 weeks from 14 January 1964); \"Bits and Pieces\" (No.2, March 1964); \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" (No.10, June 1964); \"Catch Us If You Can\" (No.5, August 1965); \"Everybody Knows\" (No.2, November 1967); \"The Red Balloon\" (No.7, October 1968); \"Good Old Rock'n'Roll\" (No.7, January 1970) and, finally, \"Everybody Get Together\" (a cover version of \"Get Together\", the Chet Powers' song popularised by The Youngbloods in the US), which peaked at No.8 in April 1970.", "Born in Glasgow in 1948. As a teenager, she toured the northern clubs with her band, \"the Luvvers\". After her initial success with a cover of \"Shout\" reaching #7 in 1964, Lulu went on to establish herself as one of the biggest-selling British female singers of the 1960s. She made her film début in To Sir, with Love (1967), starring Sidney Poitier , and performed the title song, which went to No. 1 in the U.S., but was only released as a B-side in the UK with the A-side, \"Let's Pretend\", making #11. She was one of four joint winners of the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest with \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\". In 1969, she married The Bee Gees ' Maurice Gibb , and moved more into family entertainment, building on the success of her self-titled BBC television show. She recorded a version of David Bowie 's song \"The Man Who Sold the World,\" which reached #3 in the UK charts (it hadn't charted for Bowie), and sang the title theme to the James Bond feature The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), both in 1974.", "Benny Andersson  (born 16 December 1946 in  Stockholm , Sweden) became (at age 18) the member of a popular Swedish pop-rock group,  The Hep Stars , that performed covers of international hits. The Hep Stars were known as \"The Swedish Beatles\". They also set up Hep House, their equivalent of the  Apple Corps . Andersson played the keyboard and eventually started writing original compositions for his band, many of which became major hits including \"No Response\" that hit number 3 in 1965, \"Sunny Girl\", \"Wedding\" and \"Consolation\", all of which hit number 1 in 1966. Andersson also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with  Lasse Berghagen , with whom he composed his first  Svensktoppen  entry \"Sagan om lilla Sofi\" (\"The Story of Little Sophie\") in 1968.", "The Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with \"Hello, Dolly! \", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song \"Bout Time\" was later featured in the film Bewitched .", "He was at the forefront of the 60s pop revolution, with million-selling records alongside the likes of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Animals.", "Through the mid-1960s, he enjoyed considerable success as a recording artist on both sides of the Atlantic. As a performer, he charted 16 Top 40 hit singles in the U.S., four of which reached the Top Ten. In the UK, the figures were even more impressive: 22 top 40 hits, and 11 Top Tens. As a songwriter, he also penned the big early 1960s hits \"He's A Rebel\" by The Crystals, and \"Hello Mary Lou\" by Rick Nelson.", "During the 1960s there were many \"one-hit wonder\" groups who left their mark on pop-rock music. Today, some 40-50 years later, the music of these groups are rarely heard and seem hopelessly relegated to the history books of pop music. One group, however, The Murmaids, remains in the forefront of '60s music to this day with their big hit, \"Popsicles and Icicles\", still frequently played and their name continuously mentioned in '60s music articles.", "As the Sixties drew to a close, the Bacharach/David Songbook continued to attract an amazing variety of interpreters. The latter months of 1969 found Engelbert Humperdink at #38 with \"I'm A Better Man\" and Isaac Hayes at #30 with his version of \"Walk On By,\" the first of several Bacharach-David tunes recorded by the Shaft-man.", "\"In the 1960s, you didn't have the 24-hour news cycle, saturation of personality journalism that you have today. So what appealed to people was the fact that the songs were so extraordinary. Her singing was so great. Everything about her was so refreshing and country,\" he said.", "During the sixties, Cilla sustained her place at the forefront of the Brit-Pop music scene, with one of the most impressive starts for a British female recording artist, including 17 consecutive Top 40 triumphs on the singles charts. To put this unprecedented success into perspective, it happened during a decade when achieving a Top 20 single meant that you had to sell in excess of 100,000 copies a day in the UK alone!", "1943, Born on this day, Frank Allen, The Searchers, (1964 UK No.1 single 'Needles And Pins').", "While his solo career in the UK was mildly successful, he sold few records in the US. He had enough hits in Sweden to have a greatest hits album released there on EMI. Subsequent single releases in Britain in the late 1960s on the Columbia label, as a result of EMI transferring their remaining pop acts from His Master's Voice , included \"Aquarius\", from the musical \"Hair\", and a cover version of a Bee Gees song, \"And the Sun Will Shine\".", "Who had a #1 hit single with the song, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ? Back in the sixties, these teams had something in common.  What was it?", "1962, Born on this day, Colin Vearncombe, singer, songwriter, Black, (1987 UK No.8 single 'Wonderful Life'). Solo", "He enjoyed success as a songwriter in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He penned the virtual one-hit wonders The Casuals ' \"Jesamine\", plus Lulu's \"I'm A Tiger\", and the early Status Quo 's \"Ice In The Sun\".", "He enjoyed success as a songwriter in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He penned the virtual one-hit wonder's The Casuals' \"Jesamine\", plus Lulu's \"I'm A Tiger\", and the early Status Quo's \"Ice In The Sun\".", "Other popular groups and solo artists during this period that sprouted up in the middle and towards the end of the 60s were:", "His 1967 single âCan't Take My Eyes Off Youâ is one of his most popular solo singles. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and had a major cultural impact. The song was so popular that it spawned numerous cover versions in different countries all over the world. The singleâs enduring popularity can be assessed by the fact that it has been featured on a number of television and film soundtracks.", "broadcast the message of the singer which by the late 1960s and the 1970s was consonant", "This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular music in the 1960s." ]

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[ "His pleasing vocal tones established him as the most prominent member of the group, and by the late 70's he had begun to accept songwriting commissions from other artists. He composed \"Lady\" for his friend Kenny Rogers (which hit number 1 in 1980), and he produced his Share Your Love album the following year. Also in 1981, he sang a duet with Diana Ross in the theme song for the film Endless Love. Issued as a single, the song topped the UK and US pop music charts, and it became one of Motown's biggest hits. Its success encouraged Richie to branch out into a full-fledged solo career in 1982. His debut album, Lionel Richie, produced another chart-topping single, \"Truly\", which continued the style of his ballads with the Commodores.", "During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted \"Always on My Mind\" (No. 5, 1982) and \"To All the Girls I've Loved Before\" (No. 5, 1984, a duet with Julio Iglesias), and Newton achieved success with \"Queen of Hearts\" (No. 2, 1981) and \"Angel of the Morning\" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: \"Lady\" by Kenny Rogers, from the late fall of 1980; \"9 to 5\" by Dolly Parton, \"I Love a Rainy Night\" by Eddie Rabbitt (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and \"Islands in the Stream\", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees. Newton's \"Queen of Hearts\" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut \"Endless Love\" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie. The move of country music toward neotraditional styles led to a marked decline in country/pop crossovers in the late 1980s, and only one song in that period—Roy Orbison's \"You Got It\", from 1989—made the top 10 of both the Billboard Hot Country Singles\" and Hot 100 charts, due largely to a revival of interest in Orbison after his sudden death. ", "Rogers pulled off another cross-pollination of genres with “Lady,” a piano ballad written by Lionel Richie. Written specifically at Rogers’ request, the song was Richie’s first production outside of the Commodores. The track centers around a simple melody, lush string arrangement, and the sincerity of Rogers’ performance. It reached No. 1 across three formats in the U.S., and became a monster hit worldwide, not only bolstering Rogers’ status as a crossover sensation, but helping to launch Richie into a huge solo career as well.", "After years of success with the Commodores, with songs like “Brick House,” “Easy” and “Three Times a Lady,” Lionel Richie began a career transition by writing a monster hit for Rogers in 1980. It’s no surprise that there would be a mega hit in combining these successful hitmakers. “Lady” topped the Country, Hot 100, and Adult Contemporary charts. The song’s overwhelming success set the stage for Richie to release his first solo album in 1982.", "Known For : Female American R & B, soul, disco and jazz singer who during the mid 1970s through to the mid- 1980's helped shape the Motown sound as lead singer of The Supremes who has sold more than 100 million records worldwide. During her career she has had eighteen American number-one singles including \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", \"Touch Me in the Morning\", \" Do You Know Where You're Going To \", \"Upside Down\", \"Love Hangover\" and \"Endless Love\" (with Lionel Richie). Twelve were as lead singer of The Supremes and six as a soloist. In addition to singing career she has won critical and popular acclaim as an actress and was nominated for an Oscar for her role as Billie Holiday in Lady Sings the Blues.", "In the early '80s, it was popular for 2 superstars to get together and release a hit single. Other notable combinations include Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder on \" Ebony And Ivory ,\" Diana Ross and Lionel Richie on \" Endless Love ,\" and Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton on \" Islands in the Stream .\" This was the first time Queen collaborated with another artist.", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "George Michael Since the break-up of teen duo Wham! in 1986, George Michael has constantly had to reinvent himself as a credible master of various musical styles. Ladies And Gentlemen charts this journey, from his duets with pop elite such as Aretha Franklin (\"I Knew You Waiting (For Me)\") and Elton John (\"Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me\"), to dance floor classics such as \"Too Funky\" and \"Fastlove\" and bleak, evocative numbers such as \"Jesus To A Child\" and \"A Different Corner\". The songs are arranged on two complementing discs: the slower, ballady productions are on the first disc (\"for the heart\"), and the more dancey, poppy numbers are on the second (\"for the feet\"). The compilation also includes three tracks specially recorded for the album, most notably his duet with Mary J Blige on the Stevie Wonder classic \"As\". John Galilee", "Deborah Ann \"Debbie\" Harry (born July 1, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known as the lead singer of the new wave and punk rock band Blondie. She recorded several worldwide number one singles with Blondie during the 1970s and 1980s. She is sometimes considered the first rapper to chart at number one in the United States due to her work on \"Rapture\". She has also had success (mainly in Europe) as a solo artist before reforming Blondie in the late 1990s. Her acting career spans over 60 film roles and numerous television appearances.", "\"She's a Lady\" is a million-selling gold-certified hit song written by Paul Anka and performed by Tom Jones, and released at the beginning of 1971. It is Jones' highest-charting single in the U.S. to date, hitting #1 in Cash Box magazine for a week and spending one week at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The original version of the song was re-written for commercial release in 1971 by Jones and Anka due to the explicit lyrics. It was also a Top Ten hit on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 25 song for 1971. ", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock on 26 November 1939, Nutbush, Tennessee, USA) is a Grammy-winning multi-platinum rock/soul, r&b/pop singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She is the most successful female rock artist of all time: the Acid Queen or The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll. She started her storied career by joining Ike Turner to form The Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1960. They had a string of hits like A Fool in Love , It's Gonna Work Out Fine , a cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival 's \" Proud Mary , and the autobiographical Nutbush City Limits and were widely admired by their audiences and peers.", "Two years after taking the UK singles chart by storm with her Grease collaborations with John Travolta, Australia's Olivia Newton-John was back at the top of the British hit parade with her best-ever 45, 'Xanadu'. The summit-climber was also the only Number One achieved by the Electric Light Orchestra. Their drummer, Bev Bevan (previously a member of the Move), was born this day in 1946 in Birmingham. He and his group ought to be credited with creating arguably the best chart-topper of the 'eighties, with this special effort that was blessed by the vocals of Olivia Newton-John. Few subsequent Number Ones can compare with this outstanding pop song.", "Paul Francis Gadd (born 8 May 1944), known by the stage name Gary Glitter, is an English former glam rock singer-songwriter and musician who achieved great popular success between the early 1970s and mid-1980s. He was known for his extreme glam image of glitter suits, makeup and platform boots, and his energetic live performances. He sold over 20 million records, spent 168 weeks in the UK charts and had 21 hit singles placing him in the top 100 UK most successful chart acts. From 1997, he returned to public notice for committing sex offences, being imprisoned for possession of child pornography in 1999, and child sexual abuse and attempted rape in 2006 and 2015.", "The single \"Ghost Town\", released in June 1981, spent three weeks at number one and ten weeks in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. The b-side song, \"Friday Night Saturday Morning\", penned by Terry Hall, described a night out at the Coventry Locarno. [4]", "Queen had eight gold and six platinum records. The group's U.S. Top Forty include \"Killer Queen\" (Number 12), 1975; \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" (Number Nine), \"You're My Best Friend\" (Number 16), and \"Somebody to Love\" (Number 13), 1976; \"We Are the Champions\" b/w \"We Will Rock You\" (Number Four), 1977; \"Fat Bottomed Girls\" b/w \"Bicycle Race\" (Number 24), for which the group staged an all-female nude bicycle race, 1978; \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" (Number One), 1979; \"Another One Bites the Dust\" (Number One), 1980; \"Under Pressure\" with David Bowie (Number 29), 1981; \"Body Language\" (Number 11), 1982; and \"Radio Ga-Ga\" (Number 16), 1984. At first their hits were march-like hard rock, but in the late 1970s and early 1980s the group began to branch out. In 1980 they released The Game which featured two big hits in the rockabilly-style \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and the disco-style \"Another One Bites the Dust,\" a close relative of Chic's \"Good Times,\" that went to Number One pop and R&B. The Game became Queen's first American Number One album.", "Interestingly for such an obscure song, two other covers of \"April Lady\" exist, both issued in the States as late as 1981. One is by a group called Wax, who recorded for RCA, while the other, faster version by modern soul singer, James Perry, appears on a new compilation \"Carnival Of Soul\" (Kent CDKEND 124). Although, on the evidence of Perry's version, Stanley Lucas seems to have written two different songs with the same title.", "Marc Almond (born Peter Mark Sinclair Almond on 9 July 1957 in Southport, Lancashire, (now in the county of Merseyside, England) is a popular English singer, songwriter and recording artist, who originally found fame as half of the seminal synthpop/New Wave duo Soft Cell.", "The early 1980s saw Oldfield make a transition to mainstream pop music, beginning with the inclusion of shorter instrumental tracks and contemporary cover versions on Platinum and QE2 (the latter named after the ocean liner). Soon afterwards he turned to songwriting, with a string of collaborations featuring various lead vocalists alongside his characteristic searing guitar solos. The best known of these is \"Moonlight Shadow\", his 1983 hit with Maggie Reilly. The most successful Oldfield composition on the US pop charts during this period was actually a cover version – Hall & Oates's cover of Oldfield's \"Family Man\" for their 1982 album H2O. Released as the album's third single, it hit the Top 10 during the spring of 1983 and was a hugely popular MTV music video.", "Richie immediately set about recording his solo debut for Motown. Titled simply Lionel Richie , the album was released in late 1982 and was an immediate smash, reaching number three on the pop charts on its way to sales of over four million copies. It spun off three Top Five pop hits, including the first single, \"Truly,\" which became Richie 's first solo number one. If Lionel Richie made its creator a star, the follow-up, Can't Slow Down , made him a superstar. Boasting five Top Ten singles, including the number ones \"All Night Long (All Night)\" and \"Hello,\" Can't Slow Down hit number one, eventually sold over ten million copies, and won the 1984 Grammy for Album of the Year. Such was Richie 's stature that he was invited to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, a spectacular stage event that was broadcast worldwide.", "Marc Almond (born Peter Mark Sinclair Almond on 9 July 1957 in Southport, Lancashire) is an English singer, songwriter and recording artist, who originally found fame as half of the seminal synthpop/New Wave duo Soft Cell.", "Richie immediately set about recording his solo debut for Motown . Titled simply Lionel Richie, the album was released in late 1982 and was an immediate smash, reaching number three on the pop charts on its way to sales of over four million copies. It spun off three Top Five pop hits, including the first single, \"Truly,\" which became Richie's first solo number one. If Lionel Richie made its creator a star, the follow-up, Can't Slow Down, made him a superstar. Boasting five Top Ten singles, including the number ones \"All Night Long (All Night)\" and \"Hello,\" Can't Slow Down hit number one, eventually sold over ten million copies, and won the 1984 Grammy for Album of the Year. Such was Richie's stature that he was invited to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, a spectacular stage event that was broadcast worldwide.", "Richie immediately set about recording his solo debut for Motown. Titled simply Lionel Richie, the album was released in late 1982 and was an immediate smash, reaching number three on the pop charts on its way to sales of over four million copies. It spun off three Top Five pop hits, including the first single, \"Truly,\" which became Richie's first solo number one. If Lionel Richie made its creator a star, the follow-up, Can't Slow Down, made him a superstar. Boasting five Top Ten singles, including the number ones \"All Night Long (All Night)\" and \"Hello,\" Can't Slow Down hit number one, eventually sold over ten million copies, and won the 1984 Grammy for Album of the Year. Such was Richie's stature that he was invited to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, a spectacular stage event that was broadcast worldwide.", "1955, Born on this day Steve George, Mr Mister, (1985 US No.1 & 1986 UK No.4 single 'Broken Wings').", "In 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, \"Bad Love\", for the film Foxes. She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal. Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her hair and dyeing it bright yellow, green, and pink. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates. Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone magazine, \"The critics panned us, and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'\" During the band's active period, Cher was a successful nightclub singer in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week. Black Rose later broke up in 1981. That year, she released the UK top-five hit \"Dead Ringer for Love\", a duet with musician Meat Loaf, later described by Allmusic's Donald A. Guarisco as \"one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980's\". In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by biographer Mark Bego as Cher's \"strongest and most consistent solo album in years\" despite its disappointing sales.", "Pop icon and diva who was one of the most prominent faces in music during the 1980's. She has sold over 300 million albums across the world. Her best known songs include \"Like a Virgin,\" \"Papa Don't Preach,\" and \"4 Minutes.\"", "During the 1980s, Stewart recorded six studio albums, one live album, 1982's “Absolutely Live,” and one compilation album, 1989's “Storyteller - The Complete Anthology: 1964-1990.” The tenth album, “Foolish Behaviour,” was released on November 21, 1980, and peaked at No. 4 in the U.K. and No. 12 on the U.S. charts. It was certified platinum in the U.K. and U.S. and produced the popular single “Passion.” “Tonight I'm Yours” followed on November 6, 1981. It charted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200 and No. 8 in the U.K. and spawned three charted singles with the title track “Tonight I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me),” “Young Turks” and the cover song “Young.” The album also contained the U.S. rock hits “Jealous” (#44) and “Tora, Tora, Tora (Out with the Boys)” (#38). After “Body Wishes” (June 10, 1983), which produced the U.K. No. 1 hit singles “Baby Jane” “Camouflage” (1984) and “Every Beat Of My Heart” (1986), the singer launched the studio album “Out Of Order” on May 23, 1988. The album made the top 20 in the U.K. and U.S. and was certified double multi platinum in the U.S. It featured the hit singles “Lost In You” (#12 US), “Forever Young” (#12 US), “My Heart Can't Tell You No” (#4 US) and “Crazy About Her” (#11 US).", "In 1983, Matthew Wilder had a New Wave/Synthpop song which topped out at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 entitled \"Break My Stride\" . No other song released by him ever came that close to the top.", "The singer shot to fame in the 1980s, thanks to a distinctive voice and androgynous image, and Culture Club topped the charts with hits like Karma Chameleon and Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?", "During the late-1970s and early-1980s, Coventry was the centre of the Two Tone musical phenomenon, with bands such as The Specials and The Selecter coming from the city, spawning several major hit singles and albums. The Specials achieved two UK #1 hit singles between 1979–1981, namely \"Too Much Too Young\" and \"Ghost Town\". Notable singles by The Selecter included \"On My Radio\" and \"Three Minute Hero\".", "During the late-1970s and early-1980s, Coventry was the centre of the Two Tone musical phenomenon, with bands such as The Specials and The Selecter coming from the city, spawning several major hit singles and albums. The Specials achieved two UK #1 hit singles between 1979 - 1981, namely \"Too Much Too Young\" and \"Ghost Town\". Notable singles by The Selecter included \"On My Radio\" and \"Three Minute Hero\".", "61A: Title girl in a 1983 Kool & the Gang hit (Joanna) - flat-out gimme. 1983 is a year that my brain pretty much owns, pop music-wise. Rode bus for 90 min. a day and driver played a top 40 station the whole time.", "66 Which former vocalist with Earth Wind & Fire duetted with Phil Collins on the 1985 number one hit Easy Lover?" ]

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[ "Igor Sikorsky was a Russian-American aviator and designer, who invented and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft. He developed the first flying boats of the Pan American Airways fleet in the 1930s. He also developed the now-standard rotor configuration in helicopters, with the VS-300, and went on to produce the first mass-produced helicopter, the Sikorsky R-4.", "Igor Sikorsky, in full Igor Ivan Sikorsky (born May 25, 1889, Kiev , Ukraine , Russian Empire—died October 26, 1972, Easton, Connecticut, U.S.), pioneer in aircraft design who is best known for his successful development of the helicopter .", "Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972) was a Russian-American inventor, who produced pioneering designs of both aeroplanes and helicopters . He designed the first multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft , the Russky Vityaz, in 1913, and the world's first airliner , Ilya Muromets, in 1914. In the 1930s, following his move from Russia to the USA, he built flying boats capable of making ocean crossings in the 1930s. In 1939, Sikorsky developed the single-rotor helicopter. The main rotor provided lift and propulsion while the tail rotor prevented the fuselage (the body of the aircraft) from twisting. The German aircraft designer Heinrich Focke (1890–1979) had built a helicopter that used two rotors, one on each wing in 1936. But Sikorsky's design, in which the helicopter could be safely flown forwards and backwards, up and down, was the one followed by helicopter designers from then on.", "Igor Sikorsky (Mei 25, 1889 – 26 Oktober 1972), [1] lahir Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky ( Rusia : Игорь Иванович Сикорский,  Ukraina : Ігор Іванович Сікорський), adalah seorang  Rusia-Amerika pelopor  penerbangan di kedua  helikopter dan  bersayap pesawat . Dia dirancang dan terbang pertama dunia-sayap multi-mesin pesawat tetap tersebut,  Vityaz Russky pada tahun 1913, dan yang pertama  pesawat ,  Ilya Muromets , pada tahun 1914.", "It has been said that Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky achieved distinction in three separate careers, all in the field of aviation. He created the world's first multi-engine airplane in Russia in 1913; he launched a second career in the United States and became famous for his Flying Clippers; lastly, he conceived and developed the world's first practical helicopter. He is best known, perhaps, for this third career.", "In the United States, Igor Sikorsky originally concentrated on the development of multi-engined landplanes and then amphibious aircraft. In the late 1930s, sales declined and United Aircraft merged his division with Vought Aircraft. He took this opportunity to begin work on developing a practical helicopter. After first flying the VS-300 he developed the Sikorsky R-4, the first stable, single-rotor, fully controllable helicopter to enter large full-scale production in 1942, upon which the majority of subsequent helicopters were based (though Sikorsky did not invent the helicopter itself).", "Igor sikorsky invented the helicopter he also died on october 26, 1972 and born on may 25, 1889", "No runway, no problem—have helicopter, will travel! Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), father of the modern chopper, had no doubt at all about the brilliance of this amazing, flying machine, which he said was the closest thing to \"fulfillment of mankind's ancient dreams of the flying horse and the magic carpet.\" Jet planes are wonderful for screaming us from one side of the planet to the other. But when it comes to tricky rescue missions—plucking stranded sailors from the sea, hurling tubs of water onto forest fires, plucking engineers off wind turbines, dashing the critically injured to hospital—nothing beats a chopper. According to science historians, inventors had been trying to develop flying machines with spinning rotors for over 2000 years before Sikorsky finally built the world's first practical helicopter in 1939. Why did it take so long? Because helicopters are incredibly complex machines—miracles of intricate engineering that take real skill to fly. How exactly do they work? Let's take a closer look!", "Even though Sikorsky's was not the first helicopter, his was the first truly successful design incorporating all the components that have become standard on helicopters today. Igor Sikorsky's principal contribution to helicopter design was the use of a tail rotor to counteract the torque produced by the main rotor. It was this innovation that finally solved the last major hurdle in helicopter control and made the craft a truly practical flying machine. The VS-300 made its first flights in 1939 while tethered to the ground for safety, but the first free flight occurred on 13 May 1940 ( learn more ).", "Pan Am worked closely with manufacturers to develop aircraft capable of servicing the developing transoceanic routes. Although Pan Am’s first aircraft had been the Fokker Trimotor, it was soon apparent that more advanced designs were required. Pan Am began to rely heavily on the designs of Russian American aeronautical engineer Igor Sikorsky, who produced large flying boats. Pan Am decided that the flying boat was the most appropriate design for their operation, because many of the countries to which they were operating had no majorairports. Virtually all, however, had adequate areas for waterborne operations. Sikorsky designed multiengined flying boats that could carry up to forty-two passengers at 140 miles per hour. These aircraft serviced the routes throughout Central and South America and conducted proving runs across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "In the 1930s, the French Louis Bréguet and German Heinrich Focke had made major advances in helicopter design in Europe. A Russian who had emigrated to the United States, Igor Sikorsky, eventually made the most significant advances. Although Sikorsky is not generally credited with inventing any new solutions to the problems of controlling a helicopter in flight, he is widely regarded as the person who improved existing technology and made the helicopter practical and successful.", "After studying engineering in Paris and St. Petersburg, Sikorsky finished his studies at the Mechanical Engineering College of the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev. While there, he conceived his first helicopter. “He had this idea of a single rotor vertical flight craft,” notes Dorothy Cochrane, co-author of The Aviation Careers of Igor Sikorsky. But after a couple of tries in 1909 and 1910, he abandoned the idea because they didn’t fly. The technology just wasn’t there at the time, says Cochrane, a curator of general aviation for the aeronautics division of the Smithsonian’s National Air & Space Museum .", "Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the \"father\" of helicopters not because he invented the first.", "While in Paris, Sikorsky became known to many of the men who would later become great names in aviation - Bleriot, Ferber, and others. Despite advice to the contrary from these and other experienced men, Sikorsky announced plans to build a helicopter. Having absorbed all the knowledge he could in Paris, he headed back to Kiev. His early prototype models for a helicopter failed, mainly due to a lack of power and poor design of the rotary wing. He eventually set his experiments aside and began concentrating on traditional, fixed-wing aircraft.", "With financial backing from his sister Olga, At the time, Paris was the center of the aviation world. Sikorsky met with aviation pioneers, to ask them questions about aircraft and flying. In May 1909, he returned to Russia and began designing his first helicopter, which he began testing in July 1909. Despite his progress in solving technical problems of control, Sikorsky realized that the aircraft would never fly. He finally disassembled the aircraft in October 1909, after he determined that he could learn nothing more from the design. ", "The first aerosanis may have been built by young Igor Sikorsky in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light plywood vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers. ", "Sikorsky's greatest success during this period was designing seaplanes. These planes could land on ground or on water. They could fly long distances. The Pan American airline company used them to fly from North America to Central and South America.", "Sikorsky left Russia following the Bolshevik Revolution, which saw the overthrow of the Czar and brought such figures as Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin to power. He arrived in New York City in 1919 with $600 to his name—and the Czar’s gold watch in his pocket. With encouragement from other Russian émigrés, Sikorsky began a second career as an aviation designer in 1923 and founded the Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation on a Long Island chicken farm owned by a fellow Russian. Here Sikorsky produced twin-engine seaplanes. In the days before airports were commonplace, airlines used seaplanes to provide air mail service to warm-water ports, where the water became the runway.", "This section of the Product History provides Sikorsky lineage charts as well as attempts to focus on the full range of those experimental, production and historical events of fixed and rotary wing aircraft created under the direction of Igor Sikorsky and transportation products created by the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation.The development and production history of selected", "Educated as an engineer and designer, Sikorsky developed an interest in man-powered flight in his youth. He was fascinated by the work done up to that point by the Wright Brothers and by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin.  After graduating from the Petrograd Naval College, he traveled to Europe to study engineering and aviation in Paris. In 1907, he went home to Kiev where he completed his studies at the Mechanical Engineering College of the Polytechnical Institute.", "In 1912, Sikorsky’s success led to a position as head of the aviation subsidiary of the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works. In this position, as a result of a mosquito-clogged carburetor and subsequent engine failure, he conceived the idea of an aircraft having more than one engine -a most radical idea for the times. With the blessings of his parent company, he embarked on an engineering project which gave the world its first multi-engine airplane, a four-engined creation called \"The Grand.\" The revolutionary aircraft featured such things as an enclosed cabin, a lavatory and upholstered chairs. His success with \"The Grand\" led him to design an even larger aircraft, called the Ilia Mourometz, named after a legendary 10th Century Russian hero. More than 70 copies of military version of the aircraft were built for use as bombers during the First World War.", "Planes at that time had only one engine. Sometimes, a plane's propeller pulled masses of flying insects into the engine. The engine stopped, and the plane crashed. Sikorsky thought planes would be safer if they had more than one engine. So he designed a plane with four engines. He called it \"The Grand.\"", "First multi-engined aircraft. Built and flown by Igor Ivan Sikorsky while still in his native Russia.", "Cochrane, Dorothy, Von Hardesty, Russell Lee, and National Air and Space Museum. The Aviation Careers of Igor Sikorsky. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1989.", "The main rotor could increase the pitch of the three blades collectively to change lift. Sikorsky also adopted cyclic control from Cierva's autogyro. Wearing a topcoat and fedora to protect himself from the cold, Sikorsky piloted the VS-300 himself during its first flight on September 14. The craft vibrated excessively, until Sikorsky was a blur at the controls of the skeletal craft.", "Sikorsky retired as engineering manager for his company in 1957 but remained active as a consultant until his death. Sikorsky received many honorary doctorates in science and engineering, honorary fellowships in leading scientific and technical societies in the United States and Europe, and the highest medals and awards in aviation, including the Cross of St. Vladimir from Russia, the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award for 1942 from the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in New York, the United States Presidential Certificate of Merit in 1948, the Daniel Guggenheim Medal and Certificate for 1951, the Elmer A. Sperry Award for 1964, and the National Defense Award in 1971.", "It was during this time that he developed his now famous Fokker tri-motor aircraft which became the workhorse of the rapidly developing air travel industry. These rugged planes were also used extensively by the explorers of that age. It was a U.S. Air Corps Fokker T-2 which made the first non-stop transcontinental trip from New York to San Diego.  Also the explorer Richard E. Byrd used a Fokker aircraft to make the first flight over both the North and South Poles.", "Although Cockerell and his engineers continued to tinker with the design of the SR.N1 and made small improvements, the next big advance came with the development of the flexible skirt, invented by British aircraft engineer Cecil Latimer-Needham (1900–1975). Thanks to this innovation, the SR.N1 prototype was soon superseded by much bigger and more practical craft. The first commercial passenger hovercraft service began in 1962, with a Vickers-Armstrong VA3 operating between Rhyl in North Wales and Merseyside, England carrying 24 passengers at up to 110kph (70mph). By 1968, technology had advanced to the point where Saunders Roe could build two giant, cross-channel, SR.N4 hovercraft ferries. These huge machines successfully ferried tens of millions of people from England to France until 2000, when the service was closed for good. Although Britain pioneered the hovercraft, the only passenger service now operating in the UK is a relatively modest ferry shuttling passengers from Portsmouth on the English mainland to the nearby Isle of Wight (fittingly, the island where hovercraft first buzzed into life). Even so, hovercraft continue to be widely used by military forces throughout the world, and in all kinds of niche applications where they outperform boats and helicopters.", "The Moller Skycar M400 is a prototype personal VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft which is powered by four pairs of in-tandem Wankel rotary engines, and is approaching the problems of satellite-navigation, incorporated in the proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System. Moller also advises that, currently, the Skycar would only be allowed to fly from airports & heliports. Moller has been developing VTOL craft since the late 1960s, but no Moller vehicle has ever achieved free flight out of ground effect. The proposed Autovolantor model has an all-electric version powered by Altairnano batteries. ", "Tódor (Theodore) von Kármán - (May 11, 1881 � May 7, 1963) Aerospace engineer and physicist. He is responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization. Also is the Father of the Supersonic Flight, and the founder of the aeronautical and the astronautically sciences. Developed first helicopter tethered to the ground that was able to maintain hovering flight. He was one of the creators of scientific fluid mechanics. He designed the first rocket to reach interstellar space.", "In 1952 the British inventor Christopher Cockerell worked with air lubrication with test craft on the Norfolk Broads. From this he moved on to the idea of a deeper air cushion. Cockerell used simple experiments involving a vacuum cleaner motor and two cylindrical cans to create his unique peripheral jet system, the key to his hovercraft invention, patented as the 'hovercraft principle'. He proved the workable principle of a vehicle suspended on a cushion of air blown out under pressure, making the vehicle easily mobile over most surfaces. The supporting air cushion would enable it to operate over soft mud, water, and marshes and swamps as well as on firm ground. He designed a working model vehicle based on his patent. Showing his model to the authorities led to it being put on the secret list as being of possible military use and therefore restricted. However, to keep Britain in the lead in developments, in 1958 the National Research and Development Corporation took on his design (paying £1000 for the rights) and paid for an experimental vehicle to built by Saunders-Roe, the SR.N1. The craft was built to Cockerell's design and was launched in 1959 and made a crossing from France to the UK on the 50th anniversary of Bleriot's cross Channel flight. He was knighted for his services to engineering in 1969. Sir Christopher coined the word 'Hovercraft' to describe his invention.", "The World War II German design, the Arado Ar 232 was the first purpose built cargo aircraft. The Ar 232 was intended to supplant the earlier Junkers Ju 52 freighter conversions, but only a few were built. Most other forces used freighter versions of airliners in the cargo role as well, most notably the C-47 Skytrain version of the Douglas DC-3, which served with practically every Allied nation. One important innovation for future cargo aircraft design was introduced in 1939, with the fifth and sixth prototypes of the Junkers Ju 90 four-engined military transport aircraft, with the earliest known example of a rear loading ramp. This aircraft, like most of its era, used tail-dragger landing gear which caused the aircraft to have a decided rearward tilt when landed. These aircraft introduced the Trapoklappe, a powerful ramp/hydraulic lift with a personnel stairway centered between the vehicle trackway ramps, that raised the rear of the aircraft into the air and allowed easy loading. A similar rear loading ramp even appeared in a somewhat different form on the nosewheel gear-equipped, late WW II era American Budd RB-1 Conestoga twin-engined cargo aircraft." ]

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[ "American actress and businesswoman Priscilla Presley, the ex-wife of cultural icon Elvis Presley and mother of singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley, was born on May 24, 1945. She starred in three Naked Gun movies with Leslie Nielsen, and played the character Jenna Wade on the television series Dallas. Presley founded Elvis Presley Enterprises, and helped to turn Graceland into a multimillion-dollar tourist attraction.", "Priscilla Presley's stepfather was an Air Force officer stationed in West Germany when as a teenager she met Elvis Presley in 1959, then four years into his meteoric career in rock and roll and serving with the U.S. Armed Forces. After an eight year courtship, she married him on 1 May 1967. As their marriage was winding down, she began studying karate and acting. After his death she went into business and began work in movies and TV, notably playing the part of Jenna Wade (1983-88) in the very successful series Dallas . She more recently established herself as Jane Spencer in the \"Naked Gun\" ( The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! ) movies.", "Priscilla Ann Presley (née Wagner; May 24, 1945) is an American actress and business magnate. She is the former wife of the late entertainer Elvis Presley as well as co-founder and former chairwoman of Elvis Presley Enterprises (EPE), the company that turned Graceland into one of the top tourist attractions in the United States. She practices Scientology. In her acting career, Presley starred with Leslie Nielsen in the three successful Naked Gun films, and played the role of Jenna Wade on the long-running television series Dallas.", "Crosby was married twice, first to actress/nightclub singer Dixie Lee from 1930 until her death from ovarian cancer in 1952. They had four sons: Gary, twins Dennis and Phillip, and Lindsay. The 1947 film Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman is indirectly based on her life. After Dixie's death, Crosby had relationships with actresses Inger Stevens and Grace Kelly before marrying the actress Kathryn Grant in 1957. They had three children: Harry (who played Bill in Friday the 13th), Mary (best known for portraying Kristin Shepard, the woman who shot J.R. Ewing on TV's Dallas), and Nathaniel.", "His wife and her father, both had a long association with Barbara Bel Geddes , before she met the young actor on Dallas (1978).", "Two years later, Hagman exuded buttery charm during a 2006 one-man show at Fort Worth's Casa Manana theater. Titled Laugh With a Texas Legend, it seemed to firmly plant Dallas in his past. While showing off a picture of his mother with Bing Crosby, Hagman noted that the late crooner's daughter, Mary Crosby, went on to plug him while playing the role of Kristin Shepard.", "In 1971, J.R. married Sue Ellen Shepard (Linda Gray), a beautiful former \"Miss Texas\". Their marriage became increasingly turbulent and, by the late 1970s, Sue Ellen became an alcoholic due to J.R.'s endless philandering and scheming. J.R. would resort to just about anything to get what he wanted. One plot included even mortgaging Southfork Ranch behind his family's back. Sometimes, he would ally himself with a corrupt Dallas Police detective, Harry McSween (James E. Brown), in order to get what he wanted. J.R. often had McSween issue arrest warrants for trumped up charges (usually false) against, most notably, Peter Richards (Christopher Atkins), who was driven out of Dallas on trumped up drug charges; his sister in-law, Kristin Shepard (Mary Crosby), whose rivalry with him resulted in her shooting J.R. in 1980 and later in her death in 1981; and attorney Alan Beam (Randolph Powell), with whom she was allied.", "As the marriage wound down, she began to explore acting. Five years into \"Dallas,\" she joined the series for a five-year stint. After she left the show -- reportedly because she was displeased with the planned direction of her character -- Presley appeared in episodic television programs such as \"Melrose Place\" and \"Touched by an Angel.\" She also appeared in the highly popular \"Naked Gun\" movies.", "Crosby was married twice. His first wife was actress/nightclub singer Dixie Lee, to whom he was married from 1930 until her death from ovarian cancer in 1952; they had four sons: Gary, twins Dennis and Phillip, and Lindsay. The 1947 Susan Hayward film, Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman, is indirectly based on Lee's life. Bing and Dixie along with their children lived at 10500 Camarillo Street in North Hollywood for over five years. After her death, Crosby had relationships with model/Goldwyn Girl Pat Sheehan (who married his son Dennis in 1958) and actresses Inger Stevens and Grace Kelly before marrying the actress Kathryn Grant, who converted to Catholicism, in 1957. They had three children: Harry Lillis III (who played Bill in Friday the 13th), Mary (best known for portraying Kristin Shepard, who shot J. R. Ewing on TV's Dallas), and Nathaniel (the 1981 U.S. Amateur champion in golf).", "Jean Kasem went on to star alongside Dan Hedaya on the short-lived \"Cheers\" spinoff \"The Tortellis.\" Kasem works mostly as a voice actor now, with rare appearances on television. She is the widow of radio legend Casey Kasem. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Michael Tullberg/Getty Images)", "Barbara Bel Geddes (actress) -- Dead. Lung cancer. Died August 8, 2005. Born October 31, 1922. The first Miss Ellie on Dallas.  ", "Over the ensuing years, Lee has continued to record and perform all around the world, previously cutting records in four different languages.She is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Chuck Berry wrote a song about Brenda Lee on the album St. Louis to Liverpool. She was also immortalized in the hit Golden Earring song \"Radar Love\": \"Radio's playing some forgotten song / Brenda Lee's 'Coming on Strong'.\" Although her songs have often centered on lost loves, and although she did lose her father at a young age, she has been married to her husband Ronnie since 1963. Together they have two daughters, Jolie and Julie (who was named for Patsy Cline's daughter) Brenda & Ronnie have 3 grand children.", "While the public perception of her remains majestic, she was human. She was involved in a romantic relationship with Jimmy Connors before she turned 20. She dated, among others, a president's son (Jack Ford) and an actor (Burt Reynolds), and had an affair with a married British ex-rock star (Adam Faith).", "She left acting for several years in order to live with rock musician Neil Young and care for their son Zeke, who was born with cerebral palsy, but returned in 1978 in The Fury. She and Neil Young split up about 1975. Sylvester Stallone said she was the first choice for Adrian in the movie Rocky, but she passed on the role.", "Jayne Meadows , a longtime television actress who was the widow of TV legend Steve Allen and the elder sister of actress Audrey Meadows , died of natural causes at her home in Encino, Calif., on Sunday night. She was 95.", "The two rockers have on and off histories with Anderson. Rock recently married — and divorced — the former \"Baywatch\" star, and Lee married her in 1995.", "In recent years, he made club appearances and had guest roles on television. He is survived by his wife, Arlene.", "Known For : American actress best known for her role in the television series Charlies Angels which ran from 1976 to 1981 about three women ( Kate Jackson as \"Sabrina Duncan,\" Farrah Fawcett-Majors as \"Jill Munroe,\" and Jaclyn Smith as \"Kelly Garrett\" ) who work for a private investigation agency. The show was one of the most successful series of the 1970s. Farrah Fawcett was married to Lee Majors who was Colonel Steve Austin in the Six Million Dollar Man ( 1974 - 1978 ) until divorce in 1982. In 2006 she was diagnosed with cancer and died just 3 years later.", "Also in 2014, Melanie filed for divorce from Banderas citing \"irreconcilable differences\" after nearly twenty years together. She never publicly discussed her reasons for the divorce, and she didn't promote her feature film Automata (2014), the final time that she acted with Banderas. It took a year for the divorce to be finalized, during which time, she and Banderas made one important appearance together at their daughter Stella's high school graduation. She also made another public appearance with another ex-husband, Don Johnson, on Saturday Night Live (1975) to support their daughter Dakota, who was the host for that week. Dakota was promoting her star-making turn in Fifty Shades of Grey (2015), thus carrying on the family tradition of being a film actress. Melanie maintains close ties with her three children and her mother Tippi Hedren. She is involved in various charities, including raising funds for Tippi's Shambala preserve, a refuge for wild animals. Melanie also runs a non-profit organization for benefiting burned children. Melanie is single and her children are living on their own. So she has devoted most of her time seeking out acting roles.", "The actress had her 7-year-old son, Ryder, with ex-husband Chris Robinson of the rock band the Black Crowes. The two divorced in 2007 after almost seven years of marriage.", "Her son Gabriel is married to singer Debby Boone , daughter of 1950s pop singer Pat Boone . Her brother, Nick Clooney , was an ABC news anchor in Cincinnati, and her nephew George Clooney has developed into one of the biggest movie stars of the 21st century. In 1968 she was standing in the Ambassdor Hotel in Los Angeles with Roosevelt Grier when Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in the hotel kitchen after she had participated in his campaign rally. Her top hits include \"Hey There\" in 1954, \"Tenderly\", \"This Ole House\" and \"Half As Much\" in 1952.", "Her best-selling 1976 autobiography was made into an Academy Award winning film, Coal Miner's Daughter, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones in 1980. Her most recent album, Van Lear Rose, was released in 2004, produced by Jack White, and topping the country album charts. Lynn continues to tour and has received numerous awards in country and American music...\"", "Walsh made a name for himself as a solo artist with the hit Rocky Mountain Way off of The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get (1973). The song was inspired by Walsh's move to Colorado with his wife Stephanie and small child Emma Kristen. Tragically, Emma was killed in a car accident in 1974 while on her way to nursery school, an event which haunts Walsh to this day. He had a small drinking fountain built in her memory in her favorite park in Boulder, denoted by a simple plaque. His next album, So What (1974), contained a tribute to her entitled Song for Emma. He has said that even the album name was a result of Emma's death - that nothing else seemed meaningful or important in the months that followed. The strain would eventually contribute to Walsh's divorce from his second wife Stephanie (Walsh had already been briefly married in the sixties to a lady named Margie).", "Carlin met Brenda Hosbrook while touring with Burns and Carlin in Dayton, Ohio, in August 1960. They were married at her parents' home in Dayton on June 3, 1961. The couple's only child, Kelly, was born on June 15, 1963. In 1971 the couple renewed their wedding vows in Las Vegas. Brenda died of liver cancer on May 11, 1997, the day before Carlin's 60th birthday. ", "Mobley, who was married to the late actor and TV host Gary Collins, died Tuesday morning in her Beverly Hills home after a battle with breast cancer, execs with Warner Bros. Television said. One of her daughters, Clancy Collins White, is senior vp drama development at the company.", "Bette Midler took to Twitter.com to write, \"Jean Stapleton, beloved as Edith in ALL IN THE FAMILY dies at 90. She was unforgettable in that role...rest in peace...\", while Glee's Jane Lynch, who is currently starring on Broadway, added, \"Tonight I dedicate @ANNIEonBroadway to the great JEAN STAPLETON and her gorgeous memory.\"", "Williams married Barbara Ruick, an American actress and singer, in 1956. Together they had three children: Jennifer (b. 1956), Mark Towner Williams (b. 1958), and Joseph (b. 1960), who is the lead singer of Toto. The two remained married until her death in 1974. In 1980, Williams married Samantha Winslow, a photographer. ", "Rock stars who died too young and where they would be now had they lived - Houston Chronicle", "While performing at Gigi's, a Houston strip club (later renamed as \"Pleasures\") in October 1991, Smith met elderly oil tycoon J. Howard Marshall, and they began a relationship. During their two-year affair, he reportedly lavished gifts on her and asked her to marry him several times. She divorced her husband Billy on February 3, 1993, in Houston. On June 27, 1994, 26-year-old Smith and 89-year-old Marshall were married in Houston. This resulted in a great deal of gossip about her marrying him for his money. She reportedly never lived with him, never made love with him, or kissed him on the mouth more than ten times. Smith, however, maintained that she loved her husband, and age did not matter to her. Thirteen months after his marriage to Smith, Marshall died in Houston at age 90, on August 4, 1995.", "THEN : Already a famous American actress, she was by far the biggest star in the film in her role as Carrie. She was married to former model Paul Qualley, and they had three daughters.", "Nov. 15, 2016: Actress Lisa Lynn Masters, known for her roles in Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Ugly Betty, died of an apparent suicide according to media reports. The actress, who was in Peru to take part in a modeling event, was found dead in her hotel room. She was 52. ", "(1938- ) American singer and sometime actress. Hits include \"What's Love Got To Do With It?\" and \"We Don't Need Another Hero\" from the 1985 Australian film \"Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome\", in which she starred." ]

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[ "The Power and the Glory is one of the most powerful of Graham Greene’s novels, and many critics consider it his finest. The story arose from Greene’s journey through Tabasco and Chiapas in 1938. President Plutarco Elías Calles, in the name of revolution, had closed the churches and exiled and murdered priests and practicing Catholics. In Greene’s journalistic account of his visit, The Lawless Roads (1938), he describes characters and settings that reappear and form the basis of his novel.", "The Power and the Glory (1940) is a novel by British author Graham Greene. The title is an allusion to the doxology often recited at the end of the Lord's Prayer: \"For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, forever and ever, amen.\" It was initially published in the United States with the title, The Labyrinthine Ways.", "This is a study guide for the book The Power and the Glory written by Graham Greene. The Power and the Glory (1940) is a novel by British author Graham Greene. The title is an allusion to the doxology often added to the end of the Lord's Prayer: \"For thine is the kingdom, (and) the power, and the glory, now and forever (or forever and ever), amen.\" This novel has also been published in the US under the name The Labyrinthine Ways. In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present. Please click on the literary analysis category you wish to be displayed. Back and Next buttons can guide you through all the sections or you can choose to jump from section to section using the links below or the links at the left.", "Throughout the 1930s, Greene wrote novels, reviewed books and movies for the Spectator, and traveled through eastern Europe, Liberia, and Mexico. One of his best-known works, Brighton Rock, was published during this time; The Power and the Glory, generally considered Greene's masterpiece, appeared in 1940. Along with The Heart of the Matter and The End of the Affair, they cemented Greene's reputation as a serious novelist—though George Orwell complained about Greene's idea \"that there is something rather distingué in being damned; Hell is a sort of high-class nightclub, entry to which is reserved for Catholics only.\"", "Other globally well-known British novelists include George Orwell, C. S. Lewis, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, Mary Shelley, Lewis Carroll, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf, Ian Fleming, Walter Scott, Agatha Christie, J. M. Barrie, Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, E. M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, Roald Dahl, Helen Fielding, Arthur C. Clarke, Alan Moore, Ian McEwan, Anthony Burgess, Evelyn Waugh, William Golding, Salman Rushdie, Douglas Adams, P. G. Wodehouse, Martin Amis, J. G. Ballard, Beatrix Potter, A. A. Milne, Philip Pullman, Terry Pratchett, H. Rider Haggard, Neil Gaiman, Enid Blyton and J. K. Rowling. Important British poets of the 20th century include Rudyard Kipling, W. H. Auden, Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, T. S. Eliot, John Betjeman and Dylan Thomas. In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the \"nation's best-loved novel\" of all time, with works by English novelists J. R. R. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. K. Rowling making up the top five on the list. Known for his macabre, darkly comic, fantasy children's books, Roald Dahl is frequently ranked the best children's author in UK polls. ", "Though the genre has evolved since its inception, the historical novel remains popular with authors and readers to this day and bestsellers include Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series, Ken Follett's Pillars of the Earth, and Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle. A development in British and Irish writing in the past 25 years has been the renewed interest in the First World War. Works include William Boyd's An Ice-Cream War; Sebastian Faulks' Birdsong and The Girl at the Lion d'Or (concerned with the War's consequences); Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy and Sebastian Barry's A Long Long Way. William Golding wrote a number of historical novels. The Inheritors (1955) is set in prehistoric times and shows \"new people\" (generally identified with Homo sapiens sapiens), triumphing over a gentler race (generally identified with Neanderthals) by deceit and violence. The Spire (1964) follows the building (and near collapse) of a huge spire onto a medieval cathedral (generally assumed to be Salisbury Cathedral); the spire symbolizing both spiritual aspiration and worldly vanity. The Scorpion God (1971) consists of three novellas, the first set in a prehistoric African hunter-gatherer band ('Clonk, Clonk'), the second in an ancient Egyptian court ('The Scorpion God') and the third in the court of a Roman emperor ('Envoy Extraordinary'). The trilogy To the Ends of the Earth, which includes the Rites of Passage (1980), Close Quarters (1987), and Fire Down Below (1989), describes sea voyages in the early 19th century.", "Arguably the most popular successor to The Light That Failed is AEW Mason's classic The Four Feathers (1902),which shares significant characteristics with Kipling. There is the Sudanese campaign background (Mason's tale covers the years 1882-1888), and the element of exciting 'Boy's Own' adventure. More importantly, both explore the theme of loss of sight commensurate with courage and personal growth. Guards officer Harry Feversham is given four feathers as an accusation of cowardice because he resigns his commission before active duty in the Sudan. The fourth feather is given by his fiancee Ethne, also a woman in conflict, who has rejected Harry because of his actions.", "\"King Arthur\" trilogy by M. M. Hume.  A retelling of Arthur's life; how Arthur rose to power, his battle with the Saxons, failed marriage and ultimately his death.  Series includes \"Dragon's Child\", \"Warrior of the West\" and \"The Bloody Cup\".  This series is sequel to Hume's \"The Merlin Prophecy\" trilogy.", "The roots of military fiction can be found in the epic poetry such as The Iliad, Beowulf and the legends of King Arthur. In the 19th century, the war novel gained popularity with works like War and Peace (1869) by Leo Tolstoy and The Red Badge of Courage (1895) by Stephen Crane.", "Everyone notices that the works of Sienkiewicz are Epics rather than Novels. Even bearing Fielding clearly in mind, there is no better illustration to be found in literary history. The Trilogy bears the same relation to the wars of Poland that the Iliad bears to the struggle at Troy. The scope and [Pg 121] flow of the narrative, the power of the scenes, the vast perspective, the portraits of individual heroes, the impassioned poetry of the style—all these qualities are of the Epic. The intense patriotism is thrilling, and makes one envy the sensations of native readers. And yet the reasons for the downfall of Poland are made perfectly clear.", "Favorite Books: \"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men\" by James Agee and \"War and Peace\" by Leo Tolstoy (considers it to be \"one of\" his favorite books).", "SOURCE: Cox, James. \"On Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage.\" In Classics of Civil War Fiction, edited by David Madden and Peggy Bach, pp. 45-62. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 1991.", "Salman Rushdie was born in 1947 and has lived in England since 1961. He is the author of six novels: Grimus, Midnight’s Children, which won the Booker Prize in 1981 and the James Tait Black Prize, Shame, winner of the French Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger, The Satanic Verses, which won the Whitbread Prize for Best Novel, Haroun and the Sea of Stories, which won the Writers’ Guild Award and The Moor’s Last Sigh which won the Whitbread Novel of the Year Award. He has also published a collection of short stories East, West, a book of reportage The Jaguar Smile, a volume of essays Imaginary Homelands and a work of film criticism The Wizard of Oz. His most recent novel is The Ground Beneath Her Feet, which was published in 1999.", "Epic British writer Ken Follett was writing The Pillars of the Earth (1989) for ten years in the process when almost everyone around him told him its best to play it safe by writing another thriller novel as it is what everyone expects from him since the release of his first best seller thriller novel The Big Needle (1979). However Ken's fascination with churches and their architecture kept him on the right track until he published The Pillars of the Earth in 1989. He had sold more than 130 million of his work. Other best sellers novels for him are Fall of Giants (2010) and lately Edge of Eternity (2014). Ken Follett won a number of prestigious awards; in 2010 Fall of Giants won the Libri Golden Book Award for Best Fiction Nada Soliman", "Crane's The Red Badge of Courage (1895) offers a vivid portrait of American Civil War combat through its account of a young Union soldier's first days on the battlefield. Embraced as a hallmark of American literature, the novel is a study of heroism and the complex psychology of the common foot soldier during wartime. Remarkably, Crane's knowledge of the Civil War was culled solely from historical texts and autobiographical accounts, as he had not witnessed military action prior to writing the work. The Red Badge of Courage is commonly approached from two different critical perspectives. One school views it as an essentially realist text documenting an unromanticized account of warfare and a soldier's maturation; proponents of the naturalist school, on the other hand, focus on the social, biological, and psychological forces that shape the youth's experiences. Other critics have examined the novel within the context of several major literary trends of the nineteenth century. A meditation on pride, fear, bravery, humility, and mortality, The Red Badge of Courage is widely regarded as Crane's masterpiece. Given its accessible length, relatable narrative voice, and applicable themes about identity, violence, and the amorphous definition of courage, Crane's novel remains a fixture on school reading lists, enabling Crane's literary influence to affect large segments of adolescent readers.", "While the novel is humorous (one instance has the King sitting on top of an omnibus and speaking to it as to a horse: \"Forward, my beauty, my Arab,\" he said, patting the omnibus encouragingly, \"fleetest of all thy bounding tribe\"), it is also an adventure story. Chesterton is not afraid to let blood be drawn in his battles, fought with sword and halberd in the London streets between neighbouring boroughs; Wayne thinks up some ingenious strategies, and Chesterton does not shrink from the death in combat of some of his characters. Finally, the novel is philosophical, contemplating the value and meaning of man's actions and the virtue of respect for one's enemies.", "The Power of One and its sequel Tandia by Bryce Courtenay borrow heavily from Arthurian Myth, even though it's about a South African boxer during the beginnings of Apartheid.", "\"The Shadow of Avalon\" trilogy by Jan Foxall.  This series chronicles the time of King Arthur and the generation following him.  It is Arthur's story told in the voices (ten per each book) of those who knew him well.  The trilogy includes \"The King of Powys\" (King Arthur's attempt to stop the westward invasion), \"The Aftermath\" (time following the Battle of Camlann with the struggle to set a new government) and \"The Triumph of the Dark\" (more struggle and strife in Britain with a new leader emerging).  All three novels are collected in the omnibus \"The Shadow of Avalon\".", "Jeff Shaara is the New York Times bestselling author of \"The Final Storm\", \"No Less Than Victory\", \"The Steel Wave\", \"The Rising Tide\", \"To the Last Man\", \"The Glorious Cause\", \"Rise to Rebellion\", and \"Gone for Soldiers\", as well as \"Gods and Generals\" and \"The Last Full Measure\" -- two novels that complete the Civil War trilogy that began with his father’s Pulitzer Prize–winning classic, \"The Killer Angels\". Shaara was born into a family of Italian immigrants in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He grew up in Tallahassee, Florida, and graduated from Florida State University. He lives in Tallahassee. Website: www.JeffShaara.com .", "novelist: The Glory Game, Silver Wings, Santiago Blue, The Pride of Hanna Wade, Calder Saga, Notorious, The Rogue, Rivals, Tangled Vines, The Keeper", "(1915- ) American novelist, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1952) for \"The Caine Mutiny\" (1951); more recent novels include \"The Winds Of War\" (1971) and \"War And Remembrance\" (1978).", "Acclaimed U.S. Author of such classic fiction as “The Old Man and the Sea,” “A farewell to Arms,” and “Death In the Afternoon.”", "Cornwell and wife Judy co-wrote a series of novels, published under the pseudonym \"Susannah Kells\". These were A Crowning Mercy, published in 1983, Fallen Angels in 1984, and Coat of Arms (aka The Aristocrats) in 1986. Cornwell's strict Protestant upbringing informed the background of A Crowning Mercy, which took place during the English Civil War. He also published Redcoat, an American Revolutionary War novel set in Philadelphia during its 1777 occupation by the British, in 1987.", "BOOK REVIEW: 'A Blaze of Glory': Jeff Shaara Portrays the Horror of the Battle of Shiloh in Stunning First Entry of New Civil War Trilogy", "Geoffrey Wilson, Land of Hope and Glory (2011), alternative history/fantasy about a man who becomes the leader of a rebellion against the Indian rulers of England; #1 in the Land of Hope and Glory series.", "Officers and Gentlemen is the second novel in Waugh's Sword of Honour series, the author's look at the Second World War. The novels loosely parallel Waugh's wartime experiences.", "Julian Stockwin, Conquest (2011), about a British naval captain who joins an expedition to take the African port city of Cape Town from the Dutch; #12 in the Kydd series. Review", "\"Despite the darkness of its theme, Earthly Powers is a rewarding entertainment - full of invention, of dazzling word-play, of humour and compassion, of brilliantly sustained portraits of the famous, the infamous and the unforgettable. It is a magnificent accomplishment by one of the most prodigiously gifted of contemporary writers.\"", "* \"The Warrior's Soul\": written late 1915–early 1916; published in Land and Water, March 1917; collected in Tales of Hearsay, 1925", "\"The two great themes from the origin of literature are love and war: this is a magnificent novel of love and war,\" he said.", "Anthony Riches, Thunder of the Gods (2015), about a young centurion sent to Parthia with a dangerously demoralized legion to relieve a siege; #8 in the Empire series.", "His new book, Mightier Than The Sword, is a rip-roaring read that revels in high finance, boardroom power struggles, politics and terrorism. There’s a big bang in the first few chapters, a beautiful spy and an epic trial." ]

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[ "The Red Army Faction (RAF; German: Rote Armee Fraktion), in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group (or Baader-Meinhof Gang), was a West German terrorist organization. The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader , Gudrun Ensslin , Horst Mahler , and Ulrike Meinhof . The RAF described itself as a communist and anti-imperialist \" urban guerrilla \" group engaged in armed resistance against what they deemed to be a fascist state . As such, members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term \" Faction \" when they wrote in English. [1] The West German government considered the Red Army Faction to be a terrorist organization. [lower-alpha 1]", "The Red Army Faction (German: Rote Armee Fraktion), shortened to RAF and in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Gang, was one of postwar West Germany's most violent and prominent left wing groups. The RAF described itself as a communist and anti-imperialist \"urban guerrilla\" group engaged in armed resistance against what they deemed to be a fascist state. The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, and Ulrike Meinhof.", "The Red Army Faction ( German : Rote Armee Fraktion), shortened to RAF and in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Gang, was one of postwar West Germany 's most violent and prominent left wing groups. The RAF described itself as a communist and anti-imperialist \" urban guerrilla \" group engaged in armed resistance against what they deemed to be a fascist state. The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, and Ulrike Meinhof.", "Three on-the-run militants from Germany’s far-left terrorist group Red Army Faction, better known as the Baader-Meinhof gang, have been linked to two armed robberies by their DNA.", "The Soviet Union expelled Mr. Ramírez as a troublemaker in 1970 while he was a student at Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. He soon moved to Lebanon, where he fell in with pro-Palestinian radicals who were plotting terrorist attacks in Europe. He later allied himself with the Baader-Meinhof Gang, a German terrorist group also known as the Red Army Faction.", "On 5 September, 1977, a woman with a pushchair stepped out in front of a car on a street in Cologne. She pulled out two machine guns, and her accomplices, following behind, bundled Hanns Martin Schleyer out of the car. His bodyguards were killed at the scene and one month later, his body was found in the boot of a car. Schleyer is one name on a list of more than 30 people killed by the Baader-Meinhof gang - or Red Army Faction as it later became known - during a campaign against members of the German elite and US military personnel which started in the late 1960s. The group protested what they perceived as fascist-leaning and otherwise oppressive , middle class, bourgeois values of West Germany. This general orientation was coupled with specific protests of the Vietnam War. The group pledged allegiance to communist ideals, and opposed the capitalist status quo. ", "THE RED ARMY FACTION (RAF): A third-generation terrorist group descended from the Baader Meinhof Gang (BMG) and German Red Army, all active from 1968 to 1998, when they indicated they were ceasing operations. Founded out of a student protest movement, Red Army ideology consisted of terrorism on behalf of the oppressed Third World. The BMG picked victims with ethnic-sounding names (e.g. Brinkmann) out of a phone book. The RAF fought to free the BMG founders from prison and later turned their attention to the anti-NATO movement. The BMG had an unique composition of half men, half women. The leaders, Andreas Baader and Ulricke Meinhof - a female - mixed pornography and group sex with their ideological indoctrination. Their story is told at the website This is Baader-Meinhof . Like most European left-wing groups, RAF merged into Direct Action (a shadowy French umbrella group) to create the appearance of a superterrorist united front. In the late 1970s, it was reported that RAF members were training other terrorists in bacteriological warfare at Palestinian camps.  ", "Four Palestinians hijack a Lufthansa airliner and demand the release of 11 imprisoned members of Germany's Baader-Meinhof terrorist group, also known as the Red Army Faction. The Red Army Faction was a group of ultra-left revolutionaries who terrorized Germany for three decades, assassinating more than 30 corporate, military, and government leaders in an effort to topple capitalism in their homeland.", "On May 14th 1970, Andreas Baader imprisoned for setting fire to two department stores, was allowed to meet the journalist, Ulrike Meinhof, at the German Central Institute for Social Questions (“Deutsches Zentralinstitut für Soziale Fragen”) to write a book together about young offenders. However, during this “meeting” Baader was forcefully liberated, which marks the birth of the Baader-Meinhof Group also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang and later on as the Red Army Faction (RAF) .", "The article is also notable for mentioning both the terms “Red Army Faction” and “Baader-Meinhof Gang.” It’s also notable that female gang members are referred to as “girls.”", "The group always called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion, never the Baader-Meinhof Group or Gang. The name correctly refers to all incarnations of the organization: the \"first generation\" RAF, which consisted of Baader and his associates, the \"second generation\" RAF, which operated in the mid to late 1970s after several former members of the Socialist Patients' Collective joined, and the \"third generation\" RAF, which existed in the 1980s and 90s.", "The Red Army Faction (RAF) was a New Leftist group founded in 1968 by Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof in West Germany. Inspired by Che Guevara, Maoist socialism, and the Vietcong, the group sought to raise awareness of the Vietnamese and Palestinian independence movements through kidnappings, taking embassies hostage, bank robberies, assassinations, bombings, and attacks on U.S. air bases. The group is best known for 1977's \"German Autumn\". The buildup leading to German Autumn began on April 7, when the RAF shot Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback. On July 30, it shot Jurgen Ponto, then head of the Dresdner Bank, in a failed kidnapping attempt; on September 5, the group kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer (a former SS officer and an important West German industrialist), executing him on October 19.[130] The hijacking of the Lufthansa jetliner \"Landshut\" by the PFLP, a Palestinian group, is also considered to be part of German Autumn.[citation needed]", "The Red Army Faction existed from 1970 to 1998, committing numerous operations, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as \"German Autumn\". It was held responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets — such as chauffeurs and bodyguards — and many injuries in its almost 30 years of activity. Although more well-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells (RZ), which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995.", "The Baader-Meinhof Gang drew a measure of support that violent leftists in the United States, like the Weather Underground , never enjoyed. A poll at the time showed that a quarter of West Germans under forty felt sympathy for the gang and one-tenth said they would hide a gang member from the police. Prominent intellectuals spoke up for the gang's righteousness (as) Germany even into the 1970s was still a guilt-ridden society. When the gang started robbing banks, newscasts compared its members to Bonnie and Clyde. (Andreas) Baader, a charismatic, spoiled psychopath, indulged in the imagery, telling people that his favourite movies were Bonnie and Clyde, which had recently come out, and The Battle of Algiers. The pop poster of Che Guevara hung on his wall, (while) he paid a designer to make a Red Army Faction logo, a drawing of a machine gun against a red star.", "      The Red Army Faction was founded by ultra-left revolutionaries Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof in 1970. Advocating Communist revolution in West Germany, the group employed terrorist tactics against government, military, and corporate leaders in an effort to topple capitalism in their homeland.", "The German film The Baader Meinhof Complex is about the Red Army Faction, a real-life far-left terrorist group that was active in Germany in the 1970s.", "Social revolutionary terrorism, also known as terrorism of the left, includes those acts perpetrated by groups seeking to overthrow the capitalist economic and social order and was typified by the European “fighting communist organizations” active throughout the 1970s and 1980s (e.g., the Red Army Faction in Germany and the Red Brigades in Italy), though social revolutionary groups have been active around the world, including the Shining Path in Peru and the Japanese Red Army Faction in Japan .", "The Red Army Faction was formed with the intention of complementing the plethora of revolutionary and radical groups across West Germany and Europe, as a more class conscious and determined force compared with some of its contemporaries. The members and supporters were already associated with the 'Revolutionary Cells' and 2 June Movement as well as radical currents and phenomena such as the Socialist Patients' Collective, Kommune 1 and the Situationists.", "The Red Army Faction followed Marxist-Leninist ideology and sought to overthrow the West German government and fight perceived U.S. imperialism. The organization killed 34 people and wounded hundreds from its first attack in 1968 to 1998, when it declared itself disbanded.", "A term used in reference to the left-wing organizations engaged in terrorist activities from the 1960s to the mid 1970s with the aim of changing state policies) (e.g., Red Brigades in Italy, Baader-Meinhof Gang in Germany, Weathermen, and Symbionese Liberation Army in the US)", "The Revolutionäre Zellen (Revolutionary Cells or RZ) is a self-described “urban-guerilla” organization that was active between 1973 and 1995. The West German Interior Ministry described RZ as one of Germany’s most dangerous leftist terrorist groups. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the RZ, which is responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson, and other attacks during their 22 years of existence.", "The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse in Italian, often abbreviated as the BR) was a collection of communist- terrorist cells [1] in Italy . They were most active during the 1970s and 1980s.", "Staub was convicted of membership of a terrorist organisation in 1986, but went underground soon after being released from a four year prison sentence. Police believe he and Daniela Klette were a couple. She was part of an RAF support group in 1978, and later joined the so-called third generation of the RAF. Garweg became radicalised in Hamburg in the 1980s and is often cited by RAF experts as proof of the cross-generational nature of the organisation, as at 47, he was not even alive when RAF founders Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin started their revolutionary campaign.", "*The German Red Army Faction occasionally used car bombs, such as in an unsuccessful attempt to attack a NATO school for officers in 1984.", "II. The following are named as Groups or Organisations (since dissolved) which should be declared criminal by reason of their aims and the means used for the accomplishment thereof, and in connection with the conviction of such of the named defendants as were members thereof: DIE REICHSREGIERUNG (REICH CABINET); DAS KORPS DER POLITISCHEN LEITER DER NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHEN DEUTSCFIEN ARBEITERPARTEI (LEADERSHIP CORPS OF THE NAZI PARTY); DIE SCHUTZSTAFFELN DER NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHEN DEUTSCHEN ARBEITERPARTEI (commonly known as the “SS”) and including the SICHERHEITSDIENST (commonly known as the “SD”); DIE GEHEIME STAATSPOLIZEI (SECRET STATE POLICE), (commonly known as the “GESTAPO”); DIE STURMABTEILUNGEN DER N.S.D.A.P. (commonly known as the “SA”); and the GENERAL STAFF and the HIGH COMMAND of the GERMAN ARMED FORCES. The identity and membership of the Groups or Organisations referred to in the foregoing titles are hereinafter in Appendix B more particularly defined.", "The Red Brigades was Italy's largest, longest lasting, and most broadly diffused left-wing terrorist group. At its peak the organization had thousands of active members and supporters, with its strongest presence in the industrial cities of Northern Italy. [3] It sought to overthrow the democratic Italian state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its primary targets were symbols of capitalism and the Italian state. These included politicians, especially those of the center-right Christian Democratic party, law enforcement, and factories. The organization cast its armed activities as acts of self-defense, undertaken on behalf of workers facing repression from factory bosses and police. [4]  ", "ITALIAN RED BRIGADES (BR or Brigate Rosse): An ultra left-wing group active from 1967-1985 who engaged in over 14,000 terrorist attacks and brought the Italian government to a standstill. Known for decentralized cluster attacks (simultaneous or in sequence), they believed that the only thing politicians of any stripe could understand was violence. They accomplished the murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978, the kidnapping of US Army BGen. James Dozier in 1981, and claimed responsibility for murdering Leamon Hunt, US chief of the Sinai Multinational Observer Group in 1984. Their solid anti-Establishment ideology won the hearts and minds of many followers. They came closest to perfecting the Tupamaros model than any other terrorist group, and have formed alliances with others, such as the PLO. ", "The Sturmabteilung (SA; Storm Detachment; Brownshirts), founded in 1921, was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. Their initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies. They also took part in street battles against the forces of rival political parties and violent actions against Jews and others. By 1934, under Ernst Röhm's leadership, the SA had grown to over half a million members—4.5 million including reserves—at a time when the regular army was still limited to 100,000 men by the Versailles Treaty.", "German officers captured by the Red Army since the start of the war, form an anti-Hitler association, called the \"Bund Deutscher Offiziere\".", "The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylized as with Armanen runes;; literally \"Protection Squadron\") was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP; Nazi Party) in Nazi Germany. It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz (Hall-Protection) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and given its final name. Under his direction (1929–45), it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the regime's collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of surveillance and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe.", "The Schutzstaffel (abbreviated as SS), \"protection squadron\" or \"defence corps\"; also with stylized \"Armanen\" ''sig'' runes) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). It began with a small, permanent guard unit known as the \"Saal-Schutz\" (Hall-Protection) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for Nazi Party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the \"Schutz-Staffel\". Under Himmler's leadership (1929–45), it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS under Himmler's command was responsible for many crimes against humanity during World War II (1939–45). The SS, along with the Nazi Party, was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal, and banned in Germany after 1945.", "The Red Brigade was a left-wing terrorist group formed in 1970 with the sole aim of overthrowing capitalist Italy by violent means. Most of their leading members had been captured and imprisoned by the mid-1980s." ]

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[ "Sherlock Holmes (born William Sherlock Scott Holmes, pet named \"Sherl\" by Janine ) is the world's only consulting detective, a profession he created for himself. He is based in London and often consulted by Greg Lestrade of New Scotland Yard , usually taking his best friend and former flatmate, John Watson , on cases. He has a keen interest in unusual or bizarre crimes, without which he rapidly becomes bored, relying on nicotine to keep his brain active, although in the past he has dabbled in illegal drugs such as heroin for entertainment.", "A popular misconception is that the Sherlock Holmes stories gave rise to the entire genre of detective fiction. In fact, the Holmes character and his modus operandi were inspired by two predecessors, C. Auguste Dupin and Monsieur Lecoq and their technique for solving crime. Created by Edgar Allan Poe and Émile Gaboriau respectively, they were both investigators to whom even Holmes himself alluded. Many fictional sleuths have imitated Holmes' logical methods and followed in his footsteps, in various ways. Some of the more popular to continue Holmes' legacy include Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot , Ellery Queen , Bobby Goren , Philip Marlowe , Sam Spade , Perry Mason , Columbo , Dick Tracy , Adrian Monk , the children's book series Encyclopedia Brown , and even the comic book hero Batman . The long running Japanese manga and anime Detective Conan (released as Case Closed in English due to copyright issues) was also heavily influenced by Sherlock Holmes, with the main character himself taking after Holmes' and giving himself a nickname based on Sir Arthur's middle name.", "Jane Marple, usually referred to as Miss Marple, is a fictional character appearing in 12 of Agatha Christie 's crime novels and in 20 short stories. Miss Marple is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur consulting detective . Alongside Hercule Poirot , she is one of the most loved and famous of Christie's characters and has been portrayed numerous times on screen. Her first appearance was in a short story published in The Royal Magazine in December 1927, \" The Tuesday Night Club \", [3] which later became the first chapter of The Thirteen Problems (1932). Her first appearance in a full-length novel was in The Murder at the Vicarage in 1930.", "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie (15 September 1890 � 12 January 1976) was the Queen of English Mystery Fiction , ranked with Arthur Conan Doyle as the greatest mystery writer of all time. Her stories are elaborately plotted puzzle pieces, full of false identities and faked deaths. She enjoyed a very long career; her first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920, while her final novel, Sleeping Murder, was published posthumously in 1976. Among the best-selling authors of all timenote The Guinness Book says she's sold more books than any other individual author. If you count shorter works, William Shakespeare takes the lead. If corporations are invited, the collected works of Walt Disney Productions top the list. Regardless, she's sold three billion copies in over 100 languages.", "Hercule Poirot (;) is a fictional Belgian detective, created by Agatha Christie. Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-lived characters, appearing in 33 novels, one play (Black Coffee), and more than 50 short stories published between 1920 and 1975.", "Old and new readers of Agatha Christie's whodunits will not be disappointed with her 1957 puzzler. It has an unforgettable opening sequence, an ingenious denouement, and an interesting sleuth, especially created for the occasion, named Lucy Eylesbarrow. Although it is the elderly Jane Marple who exerts her powers of detection, she does it by remote control while her much younger friend does the spadework - or the domestic work. As Agatha Christie explains, \"The point about Lucy Eylesbarrow was that all worry, anxiety, and hard work went out of a house when she came into it.\" Accordingly, the tertiary-trained domestic, Lucy, is soon installed in Rutherford Hall, where Jane Marple believes a body thrown from a train might be hidden.", "After finally catching serial killer and occult \"sorcerer\" Lord Blackwood, legendary sleuth Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson can close yet another successful case. But when Blackwood mysteriously returns from the grave and resumes his killing spree, Holmes must take up the hunt once again. Contending with his partner's new fiancée and the dimwitted head of Scotland Yard, the dauntless detective must unravel the clues that will lead him into a twisted web of murder, deceit, and black magic - and the deadly embrace of temptress Irene Adler. Written by The Massie Twins", "The period of the 1920s and 1930s is generally referred to as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. During this period, a number of very popular writers emerged, mostly British but with a notable subset of American writers. Female writers constituted a major portion of notable Golden Age writers, including Agatha Christie [ 12 ] 1, the most famous of the Golden Age writers, and among the most famous authors of any genre, of all time. Four female writers of the Golden Age are considered the four original \"Queens of Crime\": Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Ngaio Marsh2 and Margery Allingham3.", "An estimate of Holmes's age in the short story \" His Last Bow\" places his year of birth around 1854, although there is no authoritative biography. Not much is said of Holmes' parents, yet he had an older brother, Mycroft Holmes, a government official, who appears in three stories: \" The Greek Interpreter\", \" The Final Problem\", and \" The Bruce-Partington Plans\". He is also mentioned in a number of others, including \"The Empty House\". Mycroft had a unique civil service position as a kind of memory-man for all aspects of government policy — a kind of walking database. Sherlock thought Mycroft was more gifted but not a man of action, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club, described as a club for the most un-clubbable men in London. In \"The Greek Interpreter\", Holmes also claims that his grandmother was the sister of Vernet, the French artist.", "William of Baskerville is the equivalent of a Medieval Sherlock Holmes. Adso, whose French name happens to be Adson, conveniently rhyming with Watson. William is a man committed to logic. He is a student of Roger Bacon. He is a contemporary of William of Occam. It should come as no surprise that he is capable of the art of deduction through that logic, nor that he should be in possession of a pair of optical lenses, serving him as eyeglasses enabling him to read the tiny writing of a murdered monk, barely perceptible to the naked eye. The monk's almost invisible writing lead William and Adso to discover the secrets of the labyrinth and to search for a book that seems to hold the motive for the accumulating bodies, day by day.", "Impossible Disappearances of Objects. \"The Capture of Cerberus\" in The Labors of Hercules is one of several stories Christie wrote about the Impossible Disappearance of an object. These include \"The Affair of The Pink Pearl\" (1924) in Partners in Crime, \"The Pearl of Price\" (1933) in Parker Pyne Investigates. All three of these tales have solutions (SPOILER WARNING) that involve \"clever hiding places\" for the vanished objects. The Impossible Disappearance in \"The Capture of Cerberus\" recalls Ellery Queen in general, and Queen's The American Gun Mystery (1933) in particular.", "The Argentinean writer Jorge Luis Borges claims that the police novel genre is inaugurated with Edgar Allan Poe's short story, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\". But it was Sherlock Holmes, the fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in works produced from 1887 to 1915, who first used forensic science as one of his investigating methods. Conan Doyle credited the inspiration for Holmes on his teacher at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh, the gifted surgeon and forensic detective Joseph Bell.", "Le Chevalier C. Auguste Dupin is a fictional character created by Edgar Allan Poe. Dupin made his first appearance in Poe's \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (1841), widely considered the first detective fiction story. He reappears in \"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt\" (1842) and \"The Purloined Letter\" (1844).", "Such was the speculation that the home secretary of the day, William Joynson-Hicks, put pressure on the police to make faster progress. Even the celebrated crime writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, and Dorothy L Sayers, author of the Lord Peter Wimsey series, were drawn into the puzzle. Conan Doyle, who was interested in the occult, took a discarded glove of Christie's to a medium, while Sayers visited the scene of the disappearance, later using it in the novel Unnatural Death.", "Colin Lamb was a marine biologist helping the Sercret Service when he meets a young woman who finds a dead body. He narrates half the novel The Clocks, giving his own point-of-view of the police proceedings in the investigation of three murders while describing his own adventures into espionage. Apart from being friends with Poirot, he was also acquainted with the mystery novelist Ariadne Oliver. It is hinted in the novel that his father might've been Superintendent Battle, but it is up to the reader to decide. It was Poirot that Colin contacts to help assist him and Detective Inspector Hardcastle in investigating the murder of a Mr. Curry. What is inexplicable, however, is that in the television version of The Clocks, Colin's last name is Race and his father is Colonel Race, seen in the adaptation of Death on the Nile.", "The influence of The Moonstone (No 19 in this series ) is unmistakable from the moment Holmes's client, Mary Morstan, presents herself in Baker Street. Her father, an Indian army captain, has gone missing. As a second puzzle, she reports that over the last several years, on 7 July, she has received six pearls in the mail from an unknown source. Mary Morstan can offer the great detective only one clue, a map of a fort found in her father's desk, with the names of three Sikhs, and a certain Jonathan Small. It is, of course, enough.", "Many of the most popular books of the Golden Age were written by Agatha Christie, who produced a long series of books featuring her detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple , amongst others, and usually including a complex puzzle for the reader to try to unravel. Christie's novels include, Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and And Then There Were None (1939). Also popular were the stories featuring Dorothy L. Sayers 's Lord Peter Wimsey and S. S. Van Dine's Philo Vance.", "Agatha Christie, the most famous of the Golden Age writers, and among the most famous authors of any genre, of all time. Four female writers of the Golden Age are considered the four original \"Queens of Crime\": Christie,", "Christie grew tired of Poirot's idiosyncrasies so much so that she wrote Curtain: Poirot's Last Case in the 1940s. It was locked in a safe until 1974 when it was finally published, earning Poirot a well-deserved obituary in The New York Times; he is the only fictional character to have received such an honour.", "The word detective did not exist at the time Poe wrote \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", though there were other stories that featured similar problem-solving characters. Das Fräulein von Scuderi (1819), by E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Mlle. de Scuderi, a kind of 19th-century Miss Marple, establishes the innocence of the police's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweler, is sometimes cited as the first detective story. Other forerunners include Voltaire's Zadig (1748), with a main character who performs similar feats of analysis, themselves borrowed from The Three Princes of Serendip, an Italian rendition of Amir Khusro's \"Hasht-Bihisht\". ", "For a new twist on the detective story, author Davis sets hers in ancient Egypt in 77 A.D. Her private eye is Marcus Didius Falco, a private \"informer,\" who works for Emperor Vespasian. While vacationing with his family in Alexandria, Falco learns that the director of the city's famous library has murdered in a room locked from the inside. As he investigates the case, Falco uncovers more bodies in a race to find the killer before he strikes closer to home. Author Davis's exciting mysteries set in ancient times are known for their historical accuracy. [$24.95; hardcover; 338 pages; Minotaur Books]", "Another \"Golden Age\" writer, A.E.W. Mason (1865-1948), who in younger days had had professional acting experience, introduces opera and operetta into a few of his extremely well-written detective thrillers. In THE SAPPHIRE (Hodder, 1933) one of the main female characters successfully steps up from the chorus to take the title role in a new operetta, Dido (an obviously Offenbachian work and doubtless a reference to Helen, C. B. Cochran's actual re-staging of Offenbach's La Belle Hélène at the Adelphi in 1932, with music arranged by Erich Korngold and English lyrics by A. P. Herbert). The aristocratic heroine of NO OTHER TIGER (Hodder, 1927) is also cast for an operetta lead though one fancies that this thriller's stirring dénouement and its aftermath prevent her fulfilling it. The heroine of the slightly later THEY WOULDN'T BE CHESSMEN (Hodder, 1935) is a young English opera singer resting her voice - in the course of the novel she nearly loses her life as well as her voice but both are happily (or more or less happily) restored at the end.", "Parvati was portrayed by Sitara Shah in Prisoner of Azkaban. Shefali Chowdhury took over the part for Goblet of Fire, along with the film and game versions of Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince.", "In the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Trials of the Demon!\", both Holmes and Watson guest star. Watson mentions Moriarty, suggesting he might be the one responsible for stealing the souls of women (the real culprit is Jim Craddock). Holmes quickly ruled out Moriarty as a suspect based on the choice of weapon.", "Anne Perry, Seven Dials (2003), about a Victorian police inspector who investigates the murder of a junior diplomat found in the garden of a mansion where a beautiful Egyptian woman lives; #23 in the Charlotte and Thomas Pitt mystery series.", "The Veiled Lodger : Sherlock Holmes becomes involved in the case of a mutilated woman after her landlady mentions Abbas Parva to him.", "This 39-book series about a tomboy detective premiered in 1948. The first six novels were written by Julie Campbell. From no. 7 on, Kathryn Kenny is listed as the author, but many different writers contributed to the series. Unlike most series, some of the most-sought-after titles in the series are paperbacks. Numbers 35 to 39 came out in small numbers and the publisher soon dropped the series, making them hard to find.", "uguste Mariette, known as Mariette Bey in Egypt, never claimed to be a composer. Nor was he a playwright. He was the director of Egyptian antiquities, a post to which he had been appointed in 1858 after several years of outstanding work as an archeologist. As supervisor of some 35 excavations, spokesman for conservation of the monuments and keeper of the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, he and his imagination were dominated by the glories of ancient Egypt. Mariette had even written a story about ancient Egypt—a story about an Ethiopian slave girl, an Egyptian princess and the Egyptian captain they both loved. To Mariette, and many others, the story of Aida seemed the perfect vehicle on which to base the Egyptian opera so desired by the khedive.", "Sue Grafton 1940 detective novels. She is best known as the author of the 'alphabet series' \"A\" Is for Alibi, etc. K is for Killer", "In \"Prey\", a body is found with marks suggesting an attack by a tiger or similar big cat. Morse raises the possibility that a weapon specially made to leave such marks could have been used. The Sherlock Holmes story \"The Veiled Lodger\" includes such a weapon, though in both cases the marks turn out to be from an actual animal attack.", "In the Daily Mirror (8 July 1937), Mary Dell wrote: \"Once I had started reading, I did not have to rely on Bob or his cleverness to keep me interested. This is Agatha Christie at her best.\" She concluded, \"Here's a book that will keep all thriller fans happy from page one to page three hundred and something.\" ", "In the Daily Mirror (8 July 1937), Mary Dell wrote: \"Once I had started reading, I did not have to rely on Bob or his cleverness to keep me interested. This is Agatha Christie at her best.\" She concluded, \"Here's a book that will keep all thriller fans happy from page one to page three hundred and something.\"" ]

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[ "A barbershop quartet is an ensemble of four people who sing a cappella in the exacting barbershop music genre.", "Many people are familiar with the traditional Barbershop Quartets, who often dressed in striped blazers and straw hats. Four is the minimum number of members but a group can be much larger with varying numbers of singers for each of the voices.", "Barbershop music is generally performed by either a barbershop quartet, a group of four singers with one on each vocal part, or a barbershop chorus, which closely resembles a choir with the notable exception of the genre of music. Female barbershop quartets are often referred to as \"Sweet Adelines quartets\", while male barbershop quartets are generally simply referred to as \"Barbershop quartets\".", "   Barbershop harmony is close, unaccompanied vocal harmony and ringing chords produced by four parts:  tenor, lead, baritone, and bass.  The lead usually sings the melody, with the tenor harmonizing above the lead.  The bass sings the lowest harmonizing notes and the baritone sings the all-important missing note to complete the chord.  From four singers in a quartet - to hundreds of voices in a chorus - you'll always find these four voice parts in female and male barbershop groups.", "Barbershop harmony is a style of unaccompanied vocal music which usually has four-part chords for every melody note. Only occasional brief passages may be sung by fewer than four voices. All four parts should be singing the same words on each chord for most of each song. Fundamentally Barbershop songs should be easy to sing - because of the origin of the style.", "We are a fun loving group of over 100 women who gather each Monday evening to sing and learn the musical art form of barbershop harmony. Made up of women of all ages and backgrounds, during the day we are mothers, nurses, business professionals, teachers, bus drivers, etc. But on Monday evenings we're just \"us\" having a great time preparing for shows, competitions, and performances when we become \"stars\"!!", "There are several types of harmony singing. Barbershop is one of the more complex because it has four different voices, each with its own role.", "Increasingly, young people are discovering the joys of singing barbershop, as well.  With the rising popularity of a cappella harmony groups in the mainstream musical world, many young men and women have turned to barbershop to learn how to sing unaccompanied harmony.  They have found there's nothing quite like the challenge and fun of using just their voices to ring chords and make music with their friends.", "Other researchers argue that today's barbershop music is an invented tradition related to several musical features popular around 1900, including quartet singing and the use of the barbershop chord, but effectively created during the 1940s in the ranks of the Barbershop Harmony Society whilst creating a system of singing contests and its contest rules. ", "There are four parts in Barbershop harmony: bass, baritone, lead, and tenor (lowest to highest), with \"tenor\" referring to the highest part. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice, corresponding roughly to the countertenor in classical music, and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is B♭-below-middle C (B ♭ 3) to D-above-high C (D5), though it is written an octave lower. The \"lead\" in barbershop music is equivalent to the normal tenor range.", "    A t the turn of the century amateur singers, usually men, could often be heard singing improvised barbershop harmony at parties and picnics. Minstrel shows also featured barbershop quartets, who sang in front of the curtain as an \"olio\" act while performers and stage hands prepared for the next act. It was convenient to use a quartet for this purpose, since no props or instruments were required.", "   At the turn of the century, amateur singers (usually men) could often be heard singing improvised barbershop harmony at parties, on street corners - and in barber shops, which were popular gathering places.   Many historians point to a strong African American influence in barbershop, and minstrel shows in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and, thereafter, Vaudeville, also featured barbershop quartets who sang in front of the curtain while performers and stage hands prepared for the next act.", "Cash had struck a chord, albeit unwittingly, and soon, across North America, men responded in their thousands and later in the same year the \"Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America\" was set up, known by the abbreviation S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A. at a time when many institutions in the United States were in the habit of using multiple initials to denote their function. The group adopted the alternate name \"Barbershop Harmony Society\" early in its history. While its legal name has never changed, it changed its official brand name to \"Barbershop Harmony Society\" in 2004.", "* Men's choirs, or Male Chorale, usually consisting of two tenors, baritone, and bass, often abbreviated as TTBB (or ATBB if the upper part sings falsetto in alto range). ATBB may be seen in some barbershop quartet music.", "The thing that makes Barbershop different from other harmony singing is the ringing chord. This is a special acoustical effect which is known by several different names including the overtone, expanded sound, angel's voice, fifth voice, and barbershop seventh. This is a way of combining the parts so that there appear to be more voices than there really are.", "In barbershop music, the baritone part sings in a similar range to the Lead (singing the melody) however usually singing lower than the lead. A barbershop baritone has a specific and specialized role in the formation of the four-part harmony that characterizes the style.", "*An abridged Barbershop Quartet arrangement was performed by \"The New Tradition\" quartet while dressed and acting as the Marx Brothers as part of their final song set as they won the 1985 International Barbershop Competition. They subsequently repeated this performance during shows they performed, and finally recorded it as part of an LP.", "With varied backgrounds in folk, classical, musical theater, and more, it was the discovery of barbershop and Sweet Adelines International that brought them together. These barbershop chorus and quartet medal-winning singers are branching out into the \"greater than 4-part harmony\" a cappella world and the result is a fresh sound with that infamous blend that comes from being a group of experienced barbershoppers!", "�tenor� -           One of four parts of a Barbershop song, usually (but not always) the highest note and often the third of a chord.  Tenors often sing in their �falsetto� voice register.  Tenor voices should be able to sing a high C as the highest note without strain and as low as G.", "�lead� -            One of four parts of a Barbershop song, usually (but not always) the melody.  Lead voices should be able to sing a high F as the highest note without strain and as low as D.", "   Singing barbershop is uplifting and energizing!  It's one of the most challenging and most fun kinds of music to perform - and it is different from any other kind of choral or group singing.", "Barbershop singers adjust pitches to achieve perfectly tuned chords in just intonation while remaining true to the established tonal center. Artistic singing in the barbershop style exhibits a fullness or expansion of sound, precise intonation, a high degree of vocal skill, and a high level of unity and consistency within the ensemble. Ideally, these elements are natural, unmanufactured, and free from apparent effort.", "Formed by tenor Jinny Osborn in 1949 (whose father was national president for The Society For The Preservation And Encouragement Of Barbershop Quartet Singing In America Inc) the Chordettes - Janet Ertel, Carol Bushman and lead singer Dorothy Schwartz - got their in 1949 winning an audition for a spot on Arthur Godfrey's prestigious Talent Scouts daily TV show. Godfrey pronounced them \"air worthy\" and \"truly radiophonic\" and the girls began a four-year stint as Godfrey regulars, sticking to a traditional a cappella barbershop repertoire and even cutting some records for Columbia. Unsurprisingly they also became the new stars of the barbershop convention circuit, and when Dorothy left the Chordettes in 1951, she was replaced by barbershopper Lynn Evans from Youngstown, Ohio.", "In July 1999, he was made an honorary life member of The Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barbershop Quartet Singing in America (SPEBSQSA), Inc. at their annual International Convention in Anaheim, California. He has sung in an a cappella quartet called \"The Vantastix\" since 2000. The group released a children's album in 2008.", "He notes too that \"barbershoppers almost never speak of 'singing' a chord, but almost always draw on a discourse of physical work and exertion; thus, they 'hit', 'chop', 'ring', 'crack', 'swipe', and 'bust.' Vocal harmony is interpreted as an embodied musicking. Barbershoppers never lose sight (or sound) of its physicality.\"", "\"Smile\" has been adapted for the barbershop style. It has been recorded by famous quartets such as The New Tradition and Nightlife , among many others.", "Hairdressers will often be Italians. Bonus points if they are effeminate and sing the “Figaro” chorus from The Barber of Seville while working.", "* The 2009 Barbershop Harmony Society International Chorus Champions Ambassadors of Harmony performed this song a cappella in their championship performance. ", "There are several Wikipedia entries with more detailed information about Barbershop Music, Barbershop Arranging, Vocal Harmony, Close Harmony, A cappella.", "The Barbershop Harmony Society announced on May 28, 2015, that the \"Polecat\" program would be expanded to include the following songs:", "Home | Doo Wop | Barbershop | World | Contemporary | Christian | Vocal Jazz | Choral | Christmas | Instructional | Arrangements", "In orthodox and conservative Jewish congregations, the tradition of singing mostly a cappella still exists. In these synagogues, it is customary for a cantor to chant or sing a scriptural text which the congregation responds to in kind. The only instruments used might be a pitch pipe to give everyone a starting note or a ram's horn on a special occasion or holiday." ]

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[ "Ross’ first solo LP, Diana Ross, featured her first solo number-one hit, “Ain’t No Mountain High Enough”.", "Ross' first solo LP, Diana Ross, featured her first solo number-one hit, \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\".", "August 17 (4 weeks) Diana Ross - I'm Still Waiting: A first solo Number One for Diana Ross. It was a minor success in the US reaching Number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.", "In May 1970, Ross released her eponymous solo debut, which included her signature songs, \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", the latter becoming Ross' first number-one solo single. Follow-up albums, Everything Is Everything and Surrender , came out shortly afterwards. In 1971, the ballad \"I'm Still Waiting\" became her first number-one single in the UK. Later in 1971, Ross starred in her first solo television special, Diana!, which included The Jackson 5. In 1972, the soundtrack to her film debut, Lady Sings the Blues, reached number one on the Billboard 200, selling two million units. In 1973, Ross had her second number-one hit with the ballad \"Touch Me in the Morning\". Later in the year, Motown issued Diana & Marvin, a duet album with fellow Motown artist Marvin Gaye. The album became an international hit. Touring throughout 1973, Ross became the first entertainer in Japan's history to receive an invitation to the Imperial Palace for a private audience with the Empress Nagako, wife of Emperor Hirohito.", "In 1971, Motown released Ross's second album Everything Is Everything, which garnered Ross's first UK number one solo single, \"I'm Still Waiting\". Several months later, Ross released Surrender, which garnered the top 20 pop hit, \"Remember Me\". That year, Ross hosted her first solo TV special, Diana!. Featuring guest appearances by The Jackson 5, Bill Cosby and Danny Thomas, Ross' special continued her popularity with her rapidly increasing fan base.", "Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970, Ross released her debut solo album, Diana Ross, which contained the hits \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and the No.1 hit \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". She released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973. Its title track reached No. 1, becoming her second solo hit. By 1975, the Mahogany soundtrack included her 3rd No.1 hit \"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\". Her 1980 album Diana spawned the No.1 hit \"Upside Down\" and the international hit \"I'm Coming Out\". After leaving Motown, Ross achieved her sixth and final No.1 hit with the duet \"Endless Love\".", "After a half-year of recording material with various producers, Ross settled with the production team of Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, the creative force behind Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell's hit duets. Ashford and Simpson helmed most of Ross' first album, Diana Ross, and would continue to write and produce for Ross for the next decade. In May 1970, Diana Ross was released on Motown. The first single, the gospel-influenced \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\", peaked at #20 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's second single, a cover of Gaye and Terrell's 1967 hit \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", was an international hit, and gave Ross her first #1 pop single as a solo artist. \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" garnered Ross a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female.", "Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970, Ross released her debut solo album, Diana Ross, which contained the hits \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and the number-one hit \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". She released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973. Its title track reached number 1, becoming her second solo hit. By 1975, the Mahogany soundtrack included her 3rd number-one hit \"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\". Her 1976 album Diana Ross included her fourth number-one hit \"Love Hangover\". In 1979, Ross released the album The Boss. Her 1980 album Diana which reached number 2 on the Billboard albums chart and spawned the number-one hit \"Upside Down\" and the international hit \"I'm Coming Out\". After leaving Motown, Ross achieved her sixth and final number-one hit with the duet \"Endless Love\".", "Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970, Ross released her debut solo album, Diana Ross, which contained the hits \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and the #1 hit \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". She released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973. Its title track reached #1 becoming her second solo hit. By 1975, the Mahogany soundtrack included her 3rd number-one hit \"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\". Her 1976 album Diana Ross included her fourth #1 hit \"Love Hangover\". In 1979, Ross released her first gold certified album The Boss. Her 1980 album Diana which reached #2 on the Billboard albums chart and spawned the #1 hit \"Upside Down\" and the international hit \"I'm Coming Out\". After leaving Motown, Ross achieved her sixth and final #1 hit with the duet \"Endless Love\".", "Diana Ross, though not individually credited, provided vocals on the Supremes 1964 chart-topper \"Baby Love\". She most recently had a solo no. 1 with \"Chain Reaction\" in 1986 (21 Years, 4 Months, 1 Day - or 1114 weeks - total span).", "In 1968, Ross started performing as a solo artist on television specials, including the Supremes' own specials such as TCB and G.I.T. on Broadway, The Dinah Shore Show and a Bob Hope special, among others. In mid-1969, Gordy decided that Ross would depart the group by the end of that year, and Ross began recording her initial solo work that July. One of the first plans for Ross to establish her own solo career was to publicly introduce a new Motown recording act. Though she herself did not claim their discovery, Motown pinned Ross as having discovered the Jackson 5. Ross would introduce the group during several public events, including The Hollywood Palace. In November, Ross confirmed a split from the Supremes in Billboard. Ross' presumed first solo recording, \"Someday We'll Be Together\", was eventually released as a Supremes recording and became the group's final number-one hit on the Hot 100. It was also the final number-one Billboard Hot 100 single of the 1960s. Ross made her final appearance with the Supremes at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada on January 14, 1970", "in 1986 - Diana Ross was at No.1 on the UK singles chart with the 'Chain Reaction.' Written and produced by the Bee Gees, (who also provided the backing vocals for the single). The single became her first No.1 single in the UK since 'I'm Still Waiting' in 1971.", "As a solo artist, Diana Ross is one of the most successful female singers of the rock era. If you factor in her work as the lead singer of the Supremes in the 1960s, she may be the most successful. With her friends Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin, Ross formed the Primettes vocal quartet in 1959. In 1960, they were signed to local Motown Records, changing their name to the Supremes in 1961. Martin then left, and the group continued as a trio. Over the next eight years, the Supremes (renamed \"Diana Ross and the Supremes\" in 1967, when Cindy Birdsong replaced Ballard) scored 12 number one pop hits. After the last one, \"Someday We'll Be Together\" (October 1969), Ross launched a solo career.", "In 1979, Ross reunited with Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson for the album The Boss, which became Ross’ first gold-certified album (Motown sales records before 1977 were not audited by the RIAA, and therefore none of Motown’s pre-1977 releases were awarded certifications). In 1980, Ross released her first RIAA platinum-certified disc, “diana”, produced by Chic’s front men Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards. The album included two of Ross’ most successful and familiar solo hits, her fifth number-one single, “Upside Down”, and the Top 5 single “I’m Coming Out”. diana was the singer’s most successful studio album to date, peaking at number-two on the Billboard 200 chart for three weeks and selling over 6 million copies worldwide.", "Diane Ernestine “Diana” Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American recording artist, actress, and entertainer. During the 1960s, she helped shape the Motown Sound as lead singer of The Supremes before leaving for a solo career in the beginning of 1970. Since the beginning of her career with The Supremes and as a solo artist, Diana Ross has sold more than 100 million records.", "1969: Diana Ross and the Supremes reach No. 1 on the singles chart with \"Someday We'll Be Together.\"", "As lead singer of the Supremes and as a solo artist, Ross has earned 18 number-one singles (12 as lead singer of the The Supremes and 6 as a solo artist). The only other female artist to have 18 number-one singles is Mariah Carey – who holds the record as the only solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history because she was never in a group – but not the only female due Ross' chart success. Ross is also credited for singing on the number-one single \"We Are the World\" as part of the USA for Africa collective. Ross was featured on the Notorious B.I.G.'s 1997 number-one hit, \"Mo Money Mo Problems\" as her voice from her 1980 hit, \"I'm Coming Out\", was sampled for the song. Billboard magazine named Ross the \"female entertainer of the century\" in 1976. In 1993, she earned a Guinness World Record, due to her success in the United States and United Kingdom for having more hits than any other female artist in the charts with a career total of 70 hit singles. Ross is also one of the few recording artists to have two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—one as a solo artist and the other as a member of the Supremes. After her 1983 concert in Central Park, Diana Ross Playground was named in her honor with a groundbreaking opening ceremony in 1986.", "In 1976, Billboard magazine named her the female entertainer of the century. Guinness World Records declared Diana Ross as the most successful female music artist of the 20th century with a total of eighteen American number-one singles: twelve as lead singer of The Supremes and six as a solo artist. Ross was the first female solo artist to score six number-ones. She is also one of the few artists to have two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame —one as a solo artist and the other as a member of the Supremes.", "After the release of a modestly successful LP, Last Time I Saw Him, Ross had a third number-one hit with \"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\", from her second feature film, Mahogany. A year later, in 1976, she began recording disco music, scoring with the international hit, \"Love Hangover\", which gave the singer a fourth chart-topper in the US. A two-week stint at Broadway's Palace Theatre in 1977 led to the Emmy-nominated television special, An Evening with Diana Ross, and a Special Tony Award. After the albums, Baby It's Me and Ross, tanked, she released The Boss, in 1979. That album continued her popularity with dance audiences as the title song became a number-one dance single. That year, Ross hosted her own HBO special, Standing Room Only, taken place in Las Vegas during Ross' \"Tour '79\" concert tour, with most of the performances coming from The Boss album. In 1980, Ross released her most successful album to date, diana. Composed by Chic's Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards, the album included the hits \"I'm Coming Out\" and \"Upside Down\", the latter becoming her fifth chart-topping single. Prior to leaving Motown, Ross recorded the duet ballad \"Endless Love\", with Lionel Richie. The song would become her sixth and final single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Ross still had success with her latter-day Motown albums and singles in the United Kingdom and Europe, however, scoring Top UK hits with \" When You Tell Me That You Love Me \" ( 1991 ), \"One Shining Moment (1992), \"Your Love\" (1993), \"Take me higher\" (1995), \"I Will Survive\" (1996), \"In the Ones You Love\" (1996) and \" Not Over You Yet \" ( 1999 ), among others. Ross was a halftime performer at Super Bowl XXX in 1996. In 1999, Diana Ross was named the most successful female singer in the history of the United Kingdom charts, based upon a tally of her career hits. Fellow Michigan singer Madonna would eventually beat Ross out as the most successful female artist in the UK. In 2002, Diana Ross and Motown parted ways.", "in 1968 - Diana Ross and The Supremes were at No.1 on the US singles chart with 'Love Child', a No.15 hit in the UK.", "Diana Ross' RCA Records debut, the platinum-selling Why Do Fools Fall in Love , was issued in the summer of 1981. The blockbuster album yielded 3 Top 10 hits including the title track \" Why Do Fools Fall in Love \", a remake of the 1956 Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers classic of the same name, and the smash single \" Mirror Mirror \".", "Singer and actress Diana Ross was part of the 1960s pop/soul trio the Supremes before embarking on a successful solo career, also starring in such films as 'Lady Sings the Blues' and 'The Wiz.'", "Ross hit number-one on the pop charts twice in 1976 with “Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You’re Going To)”, and the disco single “Love Hangover”. The successes of these singles made her 1976 album, Diana Ross, her fourth LP to reach the Top 10. In 1977, her Broadway one-woman show earned the singer a special Tony Award. That same show was televised as a special on NBC and later released as An Evening with Diana Ross.", "Billboard Magazine is celebrating its 50th anniversary and have recently compiled the definitive list of the Hot 100's top 100 artists, based on all charting titles from August 1958 through July 2008. Diana Ross is represented both as a solo artist (at number 25) and as a part of The Supremes (at number 14)! Not only is both entries impressive on their own, but combined that makes her truly one of the most successful pop stars in the USA ever. And forever!", "In 1989, Diana Ross released her first Motown album in eight years, the Nile Rodgers-produced Workin’ Overtime. Despite a Top 10 R&B hit with the title track, the album failed to find a pop audience in America, as Ross’ 1987 RCA release had. Subsequent follow-up albums such as 1991’s The Force Behind the Power, 1995’s Take Me Higher and 1999’s Every Day is a New Day produced the same disappointing results in the US. Her last major R&B hit was “No Matter What You Do”, a duet with Al B. Sure!, which peaked at #4 in early 1991.", " Diana Ross /BORN: March 26, 1944, Detroit, MI  As a solo artist, Diana Ross is one of the most successful female singers of the rock era.", "Diana Ross said her goodbyes to the Supremes with the song 'Someday We'll Be Together', a U.S. chart hit on which, ironically, she was the only member of the Supremes to appear.", "Silk Electric (October 1982) was a gold-seller, featuring the Top Ten hit \"Muscles,\" written and produced by Michael Jackson, and Swept Away (September 1984) was another successful album, containing the hit \"Missing You,\" but Ross had trouble selling records in the second half of the 1980s. By 1989, she had returned to Motown, and by 1993 was turning more to pop standards, notably on the concert album Diana Ross Live: The Lady Sings...Jazz & Blues, Stolen Moments (April 1993).", "A duet with Lionel Richie, this was also Diana Ross' last #1 hit in the US. It not only reached #1 on the Pop charts but went to #1 on the R&B and Adult Contemporary charts.", "They were the most successful American pop group of the 1960s—a group whose 12 #1 hits in the first full decade of the rock and roll era places them behind only Elvis and the Beatles in terms of chart dominance. They helped define the very sound of the 60s, but like fellow icons the Beatles and Simon and Garfunkel, they came apart in the first year of the 70s. The curtain closed for good on Diana Ross and the Supremes on January 14, 1970, at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "First solo artist ever to have a #1 album and single on the Billboard charts at the same time with a debut." ]

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[ "Lalo Schifrin (born June 21, 1932)[1] is an Argentine composer, pianist and conductor. He is best known for his film and TV scores, such as the \"Theme from Mission: Impossible\". He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations. Schifrin, associated with the jazz music genre, is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films.", "In November of 1968, Bernstein announced his resignation from the New York Philharmonic effective the following year. His departure left a huge hole in the cultural fabric of the city and the country. The CBS network tried to keep the Young Peoples' Concerts going with Michael Tilson-Thomas but by the early '70s they were history, and Bernstein's vibrant, outgoing personality at the podium was succeeded by the far more cerebral composer-conductor Pierre Boulez, who, in turn, during the late '70s, was succeeded by the flashy but less musically respected Zubin Mehta.", "Lalo Schifrin (born Boris Claudio Schifrin, June 21, 1932) is an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor. He is best known for his film and TV scores, such as the \"Theme from Mission: Impossible\". He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations. Schifrin, associated with the jazz music genre, is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films.", "Arthur Fielder and Henry Mancini conducted the PSO in Pops concerts in 1965.  The PSO offered its weekly summer Promenade concert series at the arena from 1966 to 1971. Patrons could purchase seats at tables on the arena floor for a picnic atmosphere.  The June 10-27 1969 series featured concerts with Doc Severinsen, Marilyn Maye, Jose Feliciano, The Four Freshman, Ballet Night, and Rodgers and Hammerstein Night.  The 1970 Promenade concerts ran from May 26 through June 12th with performances by Henry Mancini, Ferrante and Teicher, Roberta Flack, Chet Atkins, an evening of ballet, a night of New York Metropolitan Opera stars, and Ella Firzgerald.  The 1971 series starred Roberta Peters, Victor Borge, Phylis Diller, Jose Feliciano, and Ella Fitzgerald.  The PSO moved its Promenade Pops Series to Heinz Hall in 1972.", "Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as Alberto Ginastera, composer; Alberto Lysy, violinist; Martha Argerich and Eduardo Delgado, pianists; Daniel Barenboim, pianist and symphonic orchestra director; José Cura and Marcelo Álvarez, tenors; and to ballet dancers Jorge Donn, José Neglia, Norma Fontenla, Maximiliano Guerra, Paloma Herrera, Marianela Núñez, Iñaki Urlezaga and Julio Bocca.", "Argentinean jazz tenor saxophonist and composer Gato Barbieri was born Leandro Barbieri; rose to fame during the free jazz movement in the 1960s and is known for his Latin jazz recordings in the 1970s. He first played the clarinet and later the alto saxophone while performing with the Argentinean pianist Lalo Schifrin in the late 1950s. In the early 1960s, while in Rome, he worked with the trumpeter Don Cherry and by the late 60s, he had developed the warm and gritty tone with which he is associated. In the late 1960s, he was also fusing music from South America into his playing and contributed to multi-artist projects like Charlie Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra and Carla Bley's Escalator Over The Hill. His score for Bernardo Bertolucci's film Last Tango in Paris earned him a Grammy Award. By the mid-70s, Gato moved his music towards soul-jazz and jazz-pop with albums like Caliente! in 1976, including his best known song, Carlos Santana's Europa, and the 1977 follow-up, Ruby Ruby, both produced by Herb Alpert. He continued recording and touring and received the UNICEF Award at the Argentinian Consulate in November 2009", "Upon his return to Argentina, Piazzolla formed a string orchestra, and his compositions became increasingly controversial because of their departure from tradition.  Feeling that he didn’t receive the credit due to him, he moved with his family to New York City where things did not improve either.  His father’s death in 1959 inspired his most well-known tango Adiós Nonino, and things began to slowly take off.  He released an album called El Tango, introduced a new style called the tango song, and in 1966 left his wife and began a relationship with Amelita Baltar. ", "The best-known Argentine jazz musician internationally is probably Leandro Gato Barbieri. The tenor saxophonist worked with renowned big band orchestra conductor Lalo Schifrin in the early 1960s, shortly before Schifrin became internationally known for his composition of the theme to Mission: Impossible. Hired by jazz trumpeter Don Cherry, the two recorded Complete Communion in 1965, an album that secured their reputation in the jazz world. Barbieri went on to record his influential Caliente! (1976), an album combining Latin jazz and experimental work such as his own and jazz fusion great Carlos Santana's, as well as Qué pasa (1997), which draws more deeply from Argentine folklore roots.", "Born in Mar de Plata, Argentina, in 1921, Piazzolla spent much of his childhood in New York, his family finally returning to Argentina in 1936. He began to learn the bandoneon at the age of 8, whilst also studying briefly with the Hungarian pianist Bela Wilda, disciple of Rachmaninov , from whom Piazzolla later said that he learned a love of Bach . Here lies perhaps the source of an internal struggle that affected him for a number of years: whether to concentrate as a performer of the traditional tango, or whether to advance musically as a serious composer. In 1938 he moved to Buenos Aires and started to play with a number of tango orchestras, finally, in 1939, joining one of the greatest tango orchestras of that time, the Anibal Troilo Orchestra. Then in 1941 he began studying composition with the great Argentinian composer Alberto Ginastera , later commencing piano studies with Raúl Spivak.", "The '70s started out well for Piazzolla , as an acclaimed European tour brought the opportunity to form a nine-piece group to play his music in especially lush fashion. However, all was not well. Argentina's government was taken over by a conservative military faction, and everything that Piazzolla symbolized -- modern refinement, an ostensible lack of respect for tradition -- suddenly became politically unwelcome. In 1973, Piazzolla suffered a heart attack, and after recovering, he decided that, with sentiments running high against him, it would be wiser for him to live in Italy. There he formed a group called the Conjunto Electronico, which placed bandoneon at the forefront of what was essentially, instrumentation-wise, an electric jazz ensemble; this period also produced one of his most celebrated compositions, \"Libertango.\" In 1974, Piazzolla cut an album with jazz baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan called Summit , with backing by Italian musicians; the following year, he found a new favorite vocal interpreter in Jose Angel Trelles . 1976 brought a major concert back in Buenos Aires, with the Conjunto Electronico premiering the piece \"500 Motivaciones.\"", "José Plácido Domingo Embil (; born 21 January 1941), known as Plácido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, conductor and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, German, Spanish, English and Russian in the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Although primarily a lirico-spinto tenor for most of his career, especially popular for his Cavaradossi, Hoffmann, Don José, and Canio, he quickly moved into more dramatic roles, becoming the most acclaimed Otello of his generation. In the early 2010s, he transitioned from the tenor repertory into almost exclusively baritone parts, most notably Simon Boccanegra. He has performed 147 different roles.", "Arturo Toscanini (Italian pronunciation: [arˈtuːro toskaˈniːni]; March 25, 1867 – January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. One of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and 20th century, he was renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his photographic memory. He conducted at La Scala from 1899, the Metropolitan Opera (New York) from 1908 to 1915, La Scala again after the war, then the New York Philharmonic (1928-36). As music director of the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1937 to 1954, he became a household name (especially in the U.S.) through his radio and television broadcasts and many recordings of the operatic and symphonic repertoire.", "He also appeared as a guest conductor with many other orchestras. In November 1966, he recorded Anton�n Dvoř�k's New World Symphony with the London Symphony Orchestra. This and a recording in July 1952, which he conducted anonymously with the Prades Festival Orchestra with Pablo Casals in the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto, represented his only commercial recordings made outside the U.S. In December 1950 he directed New York's Metropolitan Opera in a production of Johann Strauss' Die Fledermaus in English, which also was recorded. In 1978, he conducted the New York Philharmonic in a performance of Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3, with Vladimir Horowitz as soloist for a live recording.", "Alberto Ginastera is widely considered the most influential and important of the Latin American composers.  He was born in Buenos Aires to a Catalan father and Italian mother.  He graduated from the conservatory in Buenos Aires and taught at the Liceo Militar General San Martín.  He visited America for two years and studied with Aaron Copland at Tanglewood.  When he returned to Argentina, he co-founded the League of Composers and held several teaching positions.  He spent another two years in the US in 1968 before moving to Europe in 1970.  He died in Geneva, Switzerland.", "The Chicago Symphony Orchestra family joins the music world in mourning the loss of Claudio Abbado , who served as our principal guest conductor from 1982 until 1985. Abbado died peacefully on Monday, January 20 in Bologna, Italy, following a long illness. He was 80.", "Aaron Copland, said the composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, was the one to \"lead American music out of the wilderness.\" Copland's musical opus, for which he received the 1964 Medal of Freedom, also included such masterworks as \"Piano Variations\" (1930), \"El Salon Mexico\" (1936), \"Billy the Kid\" (1938), \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" (1942), \"Rodeo\" (1942), \"Appalachian Spring\" (1944), and \"Inscape\" (1967).", "Pablo Casals was also a composer; perhaps his most effective work is La sardana, for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El pessebre (The Manger) was performed for the first time in Acapulco, Mexico, on December 17, 1960. One of his last compositions was the Himno a las Naciones Unidas (Hymn of the United Nations); he conducted its first performance in a special concert at the United Nations on October 24, 1971, two months before his 95th birthday. On August 3, 1957, at the age of 80, Casals married his young pupil Marta Montañez; following his death, she married the pianist Eugene Istomin, on February 15, 1975. Casals did not live to see the liberation of Spain from the Franco dictatorship, but he was posthumously honored by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I, which issued in 1976 a commemorative postage stamp in honor of his 100th birthday.", "His conducting career progressed rapidly, and he was closely associated with the New York Philharmonic (where he served as music director from 1958 to 1969), the Israel Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He was in demand throughout the world and was the first American to conduct at Milan's La Scala opera house. Through most of his career he was a passionate supporter of contemporary music, though in his later years he also turned back to older styles, especially the late romantics such as Mahler. Bernstein also used the podium as a way to popularize the music he loved. In 1958, he began a series of televised Young People's Concerts that brought symphonic music into the homes of Americans.", "Riccardo Muti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (Italian: [rikˈkardo ˈmuːti]; born 28 July 1941) is an Italian conductor. He holds two music directorships: the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Orchestra Giovanile Luigi Cherubini. Previously he held posts at the Maggio Musicale in Florence, the Philharmonia Orchestra in London, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Teatro alla Scala in Milan and the Salzburg Whitsun Festival. Muti has been a prolific recording artist and has received dozens of honors, titles, awards and prizes. He is particularly associated with the music of Giuseppe Verdi.", "During the 1970s Carreras's career progressed rapidly. In late 1971, he won first prize in Parma 's prestigious Voci Verdiane competition which led to his Italian debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Regio di Parma on 12 January 1972. Later that year he made his American debut as Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly with the New York City Opera . Other major house debuts followed - the San Francisco Opera in 1973, as Rodolfo; the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company in 1973, as Alfredo in La traviata ; the Vienna Staatsoper in 1974, as the Duke of Mantua in Rigoletto ; London's Royal Opera House in 1974, as Alfredo; the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1974, as Cavaradossi in Tosca ; and La Scala , Milan in 1975, as Riccardo in Un ballo in maschera . By the age of 28, he had already sung the tenor lead in 24 different operas in both Europe and North America, and had an exclusive recording contract with Philips , which resulted in valuable recordings of several less often performed Verdi operas, notably Il Corsaro , I due Foscari , La battaglia di Legnano , Un giorno di regno , and Stiffelio .", "1980 - Alondra de la Parra, Mexican founder and artistic director of the New York-based Philharmonic Orchestra of the Americas", "he studied at the Conservatori Superior Municipal de Musica de Barcelona. He later worked with Josep Soler on counterpoint, fugue and orchestration, and graduated in 1985 from the University of Barcelona in Philosophy and Letters He has dedicated himself to composition since 1977, the year in which his first piece was published by Zimmermann Verlag. Roger won commissions from the Asociacion Musica XXI (1979), the Festival Internacional de Musica de Barcelona (1981), the Ajuntament de Badalona (1989) and Associaci� Catalana de Compositors (1991). His Opera Nascita e Apoteosi di Horo has recived a prize in the I Concurso Internacional de Composici�n de �peras de Camara composed for the Joven Orquesta Nacional de Espa�a (JONDE). He teaches counterpoint, music history, aesthetics and composition", "Douglas Clare Fischer (October 22, 1928 – January 26, 2012) was an American keyboardist, composer, arranger, and bandleader, best known for his innovations in the fields of Latin jazz and vocal arranging (as well as his integration of the two), and for his preeminent position among late 20th-century orchestral arrangers of popular music.", "Following the 1924 death of composer Ferruccio Busoni, who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health problems was unable to take up his post until 1926. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Roberto Gerhard, Nikos Skalkottas, and Josef Rufer. Schoenberg continued in his post until the election of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in 1933. While vacationing in France, he was warned that returning to Germany would be dangerous. Schoenberg formally reclaimed membership in the Jewish religion at a Paris synagogue, then traveled with his family to the United States (Friedrich 1986, 31). His first teaching position in the United States was at the Malkin Conservatory in Boston. He moved to Los Angeles, where he taught at the University of Southern California and the University of California, Los Angeles, both of which later named a music building on their respective campuses Schoenberg Hall (UCLA Department of Music [2008]; University of Southern California Thornton School of Music [2008]). He settled in Brentwood Park, where he befriended fellow composer (and tennis partner) George Gershwin and began teaching at UCLA. He lived there the rest of his life. Composers Leonard Rosenman and George Tremblay studied with Schoenberg at this time.", "The pinnacle of Solti’s career has been his association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO). He began his post with the CSO in 1969, and, though he resigned formally in 1991, he holds the title of music director laureate and continues to work with the orchestra, though more sporadically than before. Solti brought the CSO to international prominence, increasing its repertory and its reputation. By the mid-1970s it had become one of the top five orchestras in North America . In an article in the New Yorker in 1974 Solti stated, “I have never found a group of musicians who take music so seriously. I think my Chicago Symphony is the finest in the world.”", "In 1969 Solti became music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a post he held for 22 years. He relinquished the position in 1991 and became the orchestra's music director laureate, a position he held until his death. During his time as the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's eighth music director, he also served as music director of the Orchestre de Paris from 1972 until 1975 and principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1979 until 1983.", "Toured the United States in 1920-1921 with the La Scala Opera orchestra (with which he made his first recordings) and in 1950 with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Took the NBC Symphony on a concert tour of South America in 1940. Took the New York Philharmonic on a concert tour of Europe in 1930.", "A los 15 años comenzó un curso acelerado en la Universidad de Chicago donde estudió matemáticas y filosofía. A los 19 años obtuvo su diploma y entró a la Juilliard School de Nueva York donde tuvo como profesor a Darius Milhaud y empezó a tocar casi exclusivamente el piano. Dada su insatisfacción, desde 1963 hasta 1965 partió a estudiar a París, con Nadia Boulanger, en el Conservatorio americano de Fontainebleau el análisis de composiciones de Johann Sebastian Bach (El clave bien temperado), Mozart (los conciertos para piano), a Wagner y Beethoven. Glass descubre asimismo el serialismo de Pierre Boulez, pero afirmó que no le produjo «ninguna emoción». Este periodo en París le sirvió para descubrir el teatro de Jean-Louis Barrault en el Odéon así como la Nouvelle Vague francesa.", "His American career developed concurrently after his making his debut there with the San Francisco Opera in 1953 (in Elektra). A contract for Los Angeles was about to be signed when he accepted the Covent Garden invitation instead. He first went to Chicago as Artistic Director in 1969, overlapping his first two seasons at Covent Garden, and quickly established a rapport with an orchestra of whom he later said: \"It's a marvellous thing to be musically happily married. I am, and I know.\"", "Conductor of symphony orchestras and the San Francisco Opera and New York City Opera was opera advisor on \"The Godfather, Part III\" (1990)", "La música de esta primera época es extremadamente repetitiva, austera y complicada para el oyente, lo que le supuso una gran incomprensión por parte de la crítica y el público. El propio Glass comentaba que cuando alguien del público se quedaba hasta el final, le invitaban a cenar. Sólo empezó a ser reconocido a partir de su colaboración con el director escénico y renovador teatral, también minimalista, Robert Wilson (director), con quien realizó la ópera experimental Einstein on the Beach, un alegato antinuclear con libreto escrito por un psicótico donde cada elemento clásico del género operístico se ve renovado y alterado de modo consciente. Aun así, a pesar del relativo éxito de la obra, tiene que seguir trabajando como reparador durante un tiempo antes de poder dedicarse totalmente a la música.", "Symphony no. 7 : Sinfonia Antartica ; Symphony no. 8 in D minor (Musical CD, 1985) [WorldCat.org]" ]

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[ "Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress who played Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger . Previously she played Cathy Gale on The Avengers", "Goldfinger (1964) is a British Technicolor spy film, the third in the James Bond series and the third to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman as Bond girl Pussy Galore and Gert Fröbe as the title character Auric Goldfinger, along with Shirley Eaton as the iconic Bond girl Jill Masterson. Goldfinger was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman and was the first of four Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton.", "Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress, widely known for the roles of Cathy Gale in The AvengersAaker, Everett (2006). Encyclopedia of Early Television Crime Fighters. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-6409-8. P. 58. (1962–64), Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger (1964), Julia Daggett in Shalako (1968) and Hera in Jason and the Argonauts (1963).", "A British Technicolor spy film, the third in the James Bond series and the third to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman as Bond girl Pussy Galore and Gert Fröbe as the title character Auric Goldfinger, along with Shirley Eaton as the iconic Bond girl Jill Masterson.", "Honor Blackman and Diana Rigg share the same thing in common. They both starred in this show, they both each starred as a Bond girl in the James Bond films (Blackman as Pussy Galore in Goldfinger (1964) and Rigg as Tracy in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) and they both each starred in a serial of Doctor Who (Blackman in Doctor Who (1963)'s \"Trial of Time Lord: Mindwarp and Rigg in Doctor Who: The Crimson Horror (2013). See more »", "Bond Girls: Dink (Margaret Nolan), Jill Masterson (Shirley Eaton), Tilly Masterson (Tania Mallet), Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman), Mei-Lei (Mai Ling)", "Perhaps that's why Honor Blackman, who starred as Pussy Galore in Goldfinger alongside Sean Connery in 1964, doesn't want to simply be referred to as a \"Bond Girl\", because she is so much more.", "What can we possibly say to the news that Bond Girl Honor Blackman, who played \"Pussy Galore\" opposite Sean Connery's 007 in \"Goldfinger\" in 1964, just turned 89? Well \"happy birthday\" for sure, and a hearty \"well-done!\"", "First time a former member of the cast of The Avengers appears in a Bond film. Honor Blackman (Pussy Galore) had appeared as Kathy Cale on the Avengers.", "Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the 1959 Ian Fleming James Bond novel Goldfinger and the 1964 film of the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. The character returns in the 2015 Bond continuation novel Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger.", "4. Played by English actress Honor Blackman, aviatrix-dominatrix Pussy Galore is heralded as one of the coolest 007 women", "Honor Blackman, likewise, had already established herself as the judo-chopping, leather-clad Dr. Cathy Gale on the British TV series The Avengers, but found the Bond universe to have an altogether different dynamic. “Cathy Gale was a very proper lady, with collars up to the chin,” she says, “whereas Pussy was supposed to match Bond's sexuality. She was a tough broad who also showed a fair amount of bosom.” Johnny Carson, just a few years into hosting The?Tonight Show, was so taken with the scene in which Pussy finally surrenders to Bond's charms (they trade martial-arts body flips in a hay-filled barn before falling into a love clutch) that “he badgered and badgered me--would I show him how it was done?”", "Honor Blackman’s Pussy Galore ”was one of the first of the liberated screen heroines.”[122] Blackman had become famous in the UK as well as in the US with the television series The Avengers. She gave up her role to Diana Rigg only shortly before shooting Goldfinger.[123] Shirley Eaton, like Blackman also English, was solely known in the UK from several comedies (Carry on films), but popularity in Great Britain was very valuable to the 007 team in 1964. The picture of her in her gold paint went around the whole world and Eaton became one of the most often photographed girls of the year.[124]", "SHE may be 89-years-old, but Bond girl Honor Blackman was looking amazing as ever as she stepped out in London earlier today.", "\"In 1964 I didn't just become the Bond girl with the most sensational name. At the age of 38 I also became the oldest Bond girl — and, boy, did people bang on about it\", Blackman wrote before noting that in the new film, Spectre, at 51 years old, Monica Bellucci is now taking that title from her, \"even if it did take more than half a century\".", "During the 1960s, Blackman practised judo at the famous Budokwai dojo. This helped her prepare for her roles as Cathy Gale in The Avengers and Pussy Galore in Goldfinger. At 38, she was one of the oldest actresses to play a Bond girl. ", "Honor Blackman, who played Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger, has claimed Daniel Craig is better at playing the suave spy than her handsome co-star Sean Connery", "Honor Blackman (actress) -- Alive. Born December 12, 1927. Preceded Mrs. Peel in The Avengers, had a memorably risque name in Goldfinger.   IMDb", "Honor Blackman makes powerful point about sexism and ageism in film, but is she right about the Bond Girls?", "But former Bond girl Honor Blackman has proved there's absolutely no sentimentality in business - especially", "Blackman, who was the first of two actresses to be older than the actors playing James Bond, was 39 when she landed the role of Pussy Galore, Bond's sexy love interest. (Can't you just see every 30-something actress in Hollywood sending that sentence to her agent?)", "This was the first Bond film with an African-American female (and Oscar-winner) as the lead Bond girl, Giacinta \"Jinx\" Johnson. Halle Berry, a major superstar in her own right, was given equal billing with Pierce Brosnan, a first for a Bond film. She made a stunning entrance in an orange bikini, echoing Ursula Andress' first screen appearance in Dr. No (1962).", "Ursula Andress is a Swiss actress and sex symbol of the 1960s who is best known for her role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No (1962), for which she won a Golden Globe. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the 1967 Bond-parody Casino Royale . For her role in Dr. No, Andress won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year in 1964.", "Not out of work long, Blackman took on the role of Greek goddess \"Hera\" in popular movie adventure Jason and the Argonauts (1963) (1963) with marvelous Ray Harryhausen and melodrama Life at the Top (1965) (1965) with Laurence Harvey . She then filmed the most popular role of her career: \"Pussy Galore\". In the classic \"James Bond\" movie Goldfinger (1964) (1964), Blackman went toe to toe with Sean Connery 's womanizing \"007\" and created major sparks on screen, managing to outclass the (wink-wink) double meaning of her character's name.", "Blackman's birthday of course got us wondering what happened to all those other famous Bond Girls. Here's a list to get you started:", "As the first Bond girl to star with Pierce Brosnan, model-turned-actress Famke Janssen took on the murderous role of the winky-wink-named Xenia Onatopp in the 1995 Bond reboot Goldeneye. For the largely unknown Dutch actress, the film gave her plenty of professional golden opportunities. She's since moved on from the 007 franchise to star in the X-Men series, recently had a recurring role on the highly acclaimed Nip/Tuck, and mocked the secret agent genre in 2002's I-Spy, based on the 1960s television series. \"I get to spoof the Bond movie. Finally, after years I get a chance!\" she told BBC of the role. (Photo: United Artists)", "Sophie Marceau, left, and Pierce Brosnan in a scene from the 1999 James Bond film, \"The World Is Not Enough.\" Modern Bond girls also present a more formidable challenge to the suave secret agent.", "Blackman's films include: Quartet and So Long at the Fair with Dirk Bogarde, Life at the Top with Laurence Harvey, The Virgin and the Gypsy, Shalako with Sean Connery and Brigitte Bardot and Something Big with Dean Martin. She played the role of Hera in Jason and the Argonauts (1963). She also did an overdub for an actress in the same film providing the voice for the character of Medea. More recently, she had small roles in the films Bridget Jones Diary and Hot Gold.", "This was the first Bond film with an African-American female (and Oscar-winner) as the lead Bond girl.", "Which one of these was NOT the screen name of a \"Bond Girl\" in a 007 film?", "Beyond The Avengers and Goldfinger, Blackman has had a long career on stage and screen, but many of her film roles have been supporting parts. Her best films include the Titanic tale A Night to Remember, Jason and the Argonauts with effects by Ray Harryhausen , and Bridget Jones's Diary.", "The World Is Not Enough - The MI6 chief sends her agent, 009, to assassinate the terrorist Renard , whilst he held the daughter of M's close friend from Oxford, Sir Robert King. His daughter, Elektra, escaped the clutches of the villain but by a fluke accident, the bullet fired by 009 was lodged in Renard's skull and instead of a swift assassination, Renard won a slow and painless death. After the assassination of Sir Robert, M assigns 007 to protect Elektra. When Bond follows a lead to Kazakhstan , Elektra plays on M's relationship with her late father and M flies to Baku to investigate for herself. Here Bond informs her that things are not what they seem and before Bond can prevent it, M is kidnapped by Elektra and taken to Maiden's Tower in the Bosphorus strait. Bond is eventually captured as well, but with the help of Zukovsky frees M and peruses Renard into the depths." ]

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[ "Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (; born January 27, 1948), nicknamed \"Misha\" (Russian diminutive of the name \"Mikhail\"), is a Latvian-born Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor born in the Soviet Union, often cited alongside Vaslav Nijinsky and Rudolf Nureyev as one of the greatest ballet dancers in history. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance. After freelancing with many companies, he joined the New York City Ballet as a principal dancer to learn George Balanchine's style of movement. He then danced with the American Ballet Theatre, where he later became artistic director.", "When you talk about famous male ballet dancers, there is always one household name that comes up: Baryshnikov.  From dancing to sold out audiences in New York and around the world, to several movies and a season of Sex and the City, Mikhail Baryshnikov’s career has been nothing short of stardom.  Born in Latvia to Russian parents, “Misha” (his nickname, common in Russia for people named Mikhail) began ballet training at the age of 12 and won the Gold Medal at the International Ballet Competition in Varna in 1966.  He soon joined the Kirov Ballet where he danced as a principal until his defection in 1974 in Toronto, Canada while on tour with the company.  He soon left for the US where he joined American Ballet Theatre as a principal from 74-78, where he would often partner Gelsey Kirkland.  From 78-80, he joined New York City Ballet as a principal to dance the works of George Balanchine.  Only two years later, he rejoined ABT as both a principal director and its director.  During this time, he danced to sold out audiences around the world while directing one of the greatest companies in the world. After his departure from ABT, he formed the White Oak Dance Project with Mark Morris, a small modern company.  In 2005, he opened the Baryshnikov Arts Center in New York City which provides space not just for dance, but also theater, film, music and visual arts.", "Synopsis Mikhail Baryshnikov (Михаи́л Никола́евич Бары́шников) was born in Latvia in 1948. An experienced and respected ballet dancer in the Soviet Union during the 1960s, Baryshnikov was a beloved part of his nation. Unfortunately, the feelings weren’t mutual at the time. He defected from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1974 in hopes of having a better opportunity to express himself creatively. His technique transcended any cultural barriers he experienced through immigrating, as Americans loved his precision and grace as a ballet dancer just as the Soviets did. Baryshnikov worked with the American Ballet Theatre until 1978 before becoming its artistic director in the ‘80s.", "Yet another young dancer at the Kirov Ballet, by the name of Mikhail Baryshnikov, was gaining notoriety. In 1974, while touring with the Bolshoi Ballet in Canada, Baryshnikov requesting political asylum. Soon after, he came to the United Stated and became principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre where he mesmerized audiences for five years. He went on to join New York City Ballet, where he worked with choreographer George Balanchine before returning to ABT in 1980 as dancer and artistic director. Baryshnikov never danced in ballets that required the male character to carry height, he was not tall and was rather known for his textbook form and technical excellence.", "Known for being an American ballet dancer and choreographer, his training as a dancer originated in Russia in the Kirov Ballet. In 1974, he sought political asylum, working as a freelance artist internationally and in the United States as a principal dancer. He began his work as a dancer in the New York City Ballet, learning under George Balanchine�s direction, but in 1980 accepted a permanent position in the American Ballet Theatre both as a dancer and artistic director. Baryshnikov is known for having highly skilled technique and grace (Gruen, 1975; Mikhail Baryshnikov, 2009).", "In 1972 he debuted in the Kirov production of \"Giselle\" but two years later while in Toronto Baryshnikov defected after a performance of \"Don Quixote�. Baryshnikov joined the American Ballet Theatre a few weeks later and made his American debut in \"Giselle\". He later became Artistic Director for ABT and also worked with Balanchine at NYCB for a time. In the 1970�s Baryshnikov collaborated with Roland Petit, Twyla Tharp, and Liza Minelli, and in 1975 made his choreographic debut with his production of \"The Nutcracker\".", "From 1974 to 1978, he was a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre (ABT), where he partnered with Gelsey Kirkland. He also worked with the New York City Ballet, with George Balanchine and as a regular guest artist with the Royal Ballet. He also toured with ballet and modern dance companies around the world for fifteen months. Several roles were created for him, including roles Opus 19: The Dreamer (1979), by Jerome Robbins, Rhapsody (1980), by Frederick Ashton, and Other Dances with Natalia Makarova by Jerome Robbins.", "American Ballet Theatre (ABT) is a classical ballet company based in New York City. It has an annual eight-week season at the Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center) in the spring and a shorter season at the David H. Koch Theater in the fall; the company tours around the world the rest of the year. ABT was founded in 1937 by Lucia Chase and Mikhail Mordkin and is recognized as one of the world's leading classical ballet companies. ABT is also the parent company of the American Ballet Theatre Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School, and was recognized as \"America's National Ballet Company\" in 2006 by the United States Congress. ", "Baryshnikov also performed in two Emmy-winning television specials, one on ABC and one on CBS, in which he danced to music from Broadway and Hollywood, respectively. During the 1970s and 1980s, he appeared many times with American Ballet Theatre on Live from Lincoln Center and Great Performances. Over the years, he has also appeared on several telecasts of the Kennedy Center Honors.", "During his successful thirty-year career in the West, Nureyev danced with England’s Royal Ballet company, famously partnering with Dame Margot Fonteyn, and with the American Ballet Theatre. In 1983, he became the ballet director of the Paris Opera.", "The development of ballet in the United States has been no less dramatic. Although the country has no national ballet, its leading companies stand comparison with the principal national companies of Europe. The most important of these are the New York City Ballet and American Ballet Theatre , founded respectively in 1934 (as the American Ballet Company; the name was changed in 1948) and 1939 (as Ballet Theatre; the name was changed in 1957). The significance of the former lies in its being the repository of the vast repertoire that George Balanchine —in his younger days one of Diaghilev’s choreographers—created over a lifetime of incredible creativity; he died in 1983.", "Carlos has performed as Guest Principal Artist with all the leading ballet companies around the world. In the 2002 he joined the American Ballet Theatre during the company's Metropolitan Opera House summer season, when he performed Prince Désiré in Sleeping Beauty Act III, Oberon in The Dream, Colas in La Fille mal gardée and Conrad in Le Corsaire. He rejoined ABT (under artistic director Kevin McKenzie) as Principal Dancer, for the company's 2003 autumn season at New York City Centre, to perform in the Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux and a new staging of Raymonda (Grand Pas Classique).", "Peter Martins, who first danced with City Ballet in 1967 joined the company as a principal dancer in 1970, in 1981 was named balletmaster, a title shared with Balanchine, Robbins and John Taras. Martins served as co-balletmaster in chief with Robbins from 1983 to 1989 and assumed sole directorship of the company in 1990.", "His father was an engineer and his mother a dressmaker. While starring with the Kirov Ballet, he defected to the United States in 1974, joining the American Ballet Theatre. In 1978-9 he danced with George Ballanchine's New York City Ballet. He received an Oscar nomination for his film debut as Yuril in Turning Point, The (1977). He played a defecting Soviet ballet star in White Nights (1985). In 1989 he made his Broadway debut acting in \"Metamorphosis\". Jessica Lange bore him a daughter, Shura.", "CAROLYN CLARK, Director PAUL HILLIARD McRAE, Assistant Director ELEANOR D’ANTUONO, Artistic Advisor LEONID KOZLOV, Artistic Advisor EDWARD VILLELLA, Artistic Advisor MARINA BOGDANOVA, Ballet Mistress LUBA GULYAEVA, Ballet Mistress CAROLYN TENER BROWN, Repertory Coach NATASHA GIRSHOV, Repertory Coach ROSEMARY SABOVICK-BLEICH, Repertory Coach DAVID TAMAKI, Repertory Coach", "After seeing ballets by George Balanchine, including Prodigal Son (the first Balanchine work he was to experience) in 1929 and Les Ballets 1933 in Paris, Kirstein met the choreographer for the first time in London in 1933 and immediately invited him to work in the United States where together they would build an American ballet tradition. Balanchine's response, \"But, first a school.\" is now part of ballet history. In 1934, the School of American Ballet opened its doors on Madison Avenue with Kirstein as president, a post he held until his retirement in 1989.", "In the course of the cold war, the company went through hardship as a lot of its dancers such as Baryshnikov and Nureyev deserted to the West. Since the Soviet Union’s fall, the company has presented, together with its cultural repertoire, Balanchine ballets as well as other contemporary choreographers. From 1977 to 1997, the artistic director was Oleg Vinogradov. Currently Valery Gergiev holds this post.", "In 1946, Eglevsky rejoined Col. de Basil, now director of the Original Ballet Russe , and a year later became premier danseur of Marquis George de Cuevas' Grand Ballet de Monte Carlo . From 1951 to 1958 he was a principal with the New York City Ballet. Upon his retirement in 1958, Eglevsky and his wife established a school and small performing group in Massapequa, N.Y., in 1961, which grew into the Eglevsky Ballet Company that survived him. The Eglevsky Ballet is currently engaged in an exciting transformation under its' current acting director, Marina Eglevsky.", "Throughout her career at NYCB and ABT, she had many ballets created on her by Balanchine and Jerome Robbins as well as danced practically every major classical ballet role.  She’s released a two autobiographies about her life titled “Dancing on my Grave,” and “The Shape of Love,” that detail her struggles with eating disorders and drug abuse.  She is likely most recognized by the general public as dancing Clara in the 1977 production and taping of Baryshnikov’s “The Nutcracker” which has been watched by the thousands.", "The Russian-born dancer and choreographer Rudolph Nureyev (born 1938) captured international acclaim as the greatest male ballet dancer of the 1960s and 1970s. His virtuosity, versatility, and charismatic energy were expressed in countless classical and contemporary roles, on both stage and screen.", "In 1967, Mr. Thomas joined the Harkness Ballet of New York. With the Harkness Ballet, Robert toured the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. When the first Harkness company disbanded in 1969, Mr. Thomas was offered a position with the Stuttgart Ballet, the National Ballet Contemporair, the Joffrey Ballet, the Geneva Ballet, and the second Harkness company. Accepting a position with the Joffrey Ballet, Robert performed in New York, throughout the United States, Europe and Russia. Mr. Thomas has been guest artist with the Andre Eglevesky Ballet Co., Lar Lubovitch Dance Co., Jack Cole, and Stuart Hodes Ballet Close-Ups. Robert has performed in more than 70 major works which include ballets by choreographers such as Ailey, Arpino, Balanchine, Boris, Cole, Cranko, Folkine, Harkarvey, Hodes, Joffrey, Lubovitch, Massing, Neumeier, Petipa, Rivera, Saddles, Sappington, Severs, Van Dancing, Walker, and Willed. Mr. Thomas has appeared in a variety of media from opera and stage to television. From 1984-1986 Mr. Thomas was Assistant Ballet Master to the Joffrey Ballet. In 1981, Robert and Miyoko choreographed and assisted in the creation of the Iowa State Center’s Nutcracker Ballet. They have served as artistic directors each year. 13", "When she first arrived in the West, Makarova was eager to expand her choreography by dancing ballets by modern choreographers. At the same time, she remained most identified with classical roles such as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake and Giselle. She was featured in the 1976 live American Ballet Theatre production of Swan Lake, simulcast from Lincoln Center on both PBS and NPR.", "As opposed to Ausdruckstanz which was favored among the settler community, classic ballet was rejected as representing bourgeois art. Despite this, Valentina Archipova-Grossman from Latvia founded in 1936 a classic ballet studio in Haifa, giving a start to many teachers. In 1938 Mia *Arbatova , a former ballerina at the Riga Opera, founded her ballet studio in Tel Aviv, in which many choreographers and artists studied.", "(b. Feb. 20 [March 5, New Style], 1910, St. Petersburg, Russia--d. April 1, 1992, St. Petersburg), Russian ballet dancer and director long associated with the Kirov (now Mariinsky) Ballet as a premier danseur (1930-61) and as both artistic director and chief choreographer (1951-55; 1960-70).", "She settled in California and opened a Ballet School. She was a guest teacher at the American Ballet Theatre School. She is considered to be one of the most gifted and original choreographers of the twentieth century.  ", "Studied at the School of American Ballet. The school is the official training academy of the New York City Ballet. Its founders (in 1934) were Lincoln Kirstein and George Balanchine.", "American choreographer. Rejected classical ballet, favored expressive power of natural movement, influenced by traditional dances of Asia, Africa and Native America. Danced for visual narrative for a story in ballet, definite gestures to express ineffable states of mind.", "The ballet school in Leningrad attained unprecedented prestige under one of the most inspirational teachers of all time, Agrippina Vaganova . She formed a new generation of dancers, headed by a ballerina of inimitable artistry, Galina Ulanova . At the same time, an awareness of the historical traditions of Russian ballet was returning, and some of the classic ballets of the previous century were reintroduced into the repertoire.", "PURCHASE, N.Y., March 16— John Clifford's Ballet of Los Angeles would have been attraction enough when it appeared Friday night at the Performing Arts Center of the State University College at Purchase. Mr. Clifford was a popular dancer with the New York City Ballet, which he left in 1973. And his company visits New York infrequently. But this visit included Allegra Kent, a former ballerina of the City Ballet, who seldom performs these days, but whose magic is legendary.", "fered the opportunity to produce his own choreographies. In 1976 he became Resident Choreographer, working with the", "Ballet Mistress – Act I Janice Baker has served on the dance faculty at Iowa State University for the past 32 years. Her teaching responsibilities include all levels of ballet, Janice Baker jazz, tap, and social dance. She also specializes in methods of teaching dance for public education, dance in the private sector, and adaptation of dance for special populations.", "Born in 1961 in Kazakhstan, Asylmuratova studied at the Vaganova Academy in Leningrad. After graduation in 1978 she joined the Kirov Ballet, becoming a principal in 1982." ]

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[ "Mötley Crüe is an American rock band, from Los Angeles. They've been around since 1981, co-founded by the famous drummer Tommy Lee. Tommy Lee is also known for his two celebrated marriages, the first with Heather Locklear and the second with Pamela Anderson. The name “Mötley Crüe” was chosen as the band members were called a “motley looking crew”. The spelling was made to look a little more exotic, with the umlauts added over the “o” and “u” one day as the band was drinking bottles of Löwenbräu beer.", "Formed in Los Angeles in 1981, Motley Crue is one of the seminal hard rock bands of the 1980’s. Founded by Nikki Sixx and Tommy Lee then later joined by Nick Mars and Vince Neil, Motley Crue is one of the best-selling and most recognizable bands of all time. Although their debut album didn’t garner them a lot of attention, the real breakout for the band happened with the release of Shout to the Devil in 1983 which included hits like “Looks That Kill” and “Too Young to Fall in Love”. These were the songs that really put the band on the map creating a huge increase in demand for Motley Crue tickets.", "Mötley Crüe was an American metal band formed in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1981. The group was founded by bassist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee, lead vocalist Vince Neil and lead guitarist Mick Mars. Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide including 25 million in the US. ", "After a long week of online teasers and a series of clues posted on almost every major music website on the Internet, Motley Crue have announced their 2 week residency at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas! Following the tradition of any Motley Crue event, a psycho circus of hard rock pandemonium, and probably some form of nudity, will be included in the show, along with Motley’s ever-present and mind blowing production of pyro, explosions, and Tommy Lee’s unforgettable 360 degree drum-coaster. For 30 years Motley Crue have been the front-runners in rock stardom, with unparalleled debauchery guaranteed to ensue in whichever town they invade on the road. The band’s Las Vegas residency is certain to include their traditional antics, but on a stage and at a level in which no one has witnessed before. The Los Angeles-based, multiplatinum band will be the first hard rock band to establish a residency in Sin City, and are in the planning stages of a production that singer Vince Neil compared to Cirque du Soleil.", "Mötley Crüe Saints of Los Angeles Mötley Crüe are an enormously commercially successful heavy metal band formed in L.A. in 1981. They are revered for their saintly asceticism, abstinence, and rejection of all hedonism.   Not!", "On January 28, 2014 at the conference inside Beacher's Madhouse Theater in Hollywood, Mötley Crüe announced the full details of their retirement, including a tour initially spanning 70 North American dates with Alice Cooper playing as a special guest. The tour commenced in Grand Rapids, Michigan on July 2, 2014. The band members had signed a \"cessation of touring agreement\" which prevented them from touring under the Mötley Crüe name beyond the end of 2015. The tour also served to promote the country-music album Nashville Outlaws: A Tribute to Mötley Crüe, which was released in mid-2014, and their movie The Dirt, based on the book The Dirt, due for release in 2015 by Focus Features and directed by Jeff Tremaine. ", "Mötley Crüe headlined Crüe Fest 2 festival, which ran from July to September 2009. Supporting them were Godsmack, Theory of a Deadman, Drowning Pool, and Charm City Devils. Mötley Crüe performing a set featuring material from Saints of Los Angeles, the band also celebrated the 20th anniversary of Dr. Feelgood by performing the album in its entirety on each night of the tour and re-releasing the album as a special 20th anniversary deluxe edition. ", "Mötley Crüe's ninth studio album, titled Saints of Los Angeles, was released in Japan on June 17, 2008 and in America on June 24, 2008. The album was originally titled The Dirt, as it was loosely based on the band's autobiography of the same name, but the title was later changed. In the US, the album was released by Eleven Seven Music. Eleven Seven also took over US distribution of their back catalog.", "Back at home, Elektra Records had become impressed by the band's popularity in local venues, prompting the label to sign Mötley Crüe before releasing a new, remastered version of Too Fast for Love. Following the band's return to California, Elektra also released the sophomore effort Shout at the Devil in 1983. The video for \"Looks That Kill\" became an MTV hit, broadcasting the group's glammed-up theatrics to an audience unfamiliar with Mötley Crüe's popularity on the club circuit, and the record went platinum as a result. Shout at the Devil sold an additional million copies in 1984, but the party was brought to a temporary standstill when Vince Neil crashed his car on December 8, killing passenger Nicholas \"Razzle\" Dingley of Hanoi Rocks. The other victims emerged with broken bones and brain damage, while a relatively unscathed Neil was found guilty of vehicular manslaughter and driving under the influence. He was ultimately incarcerated for 15 days in 1986, in addition to performing community service and paying a large cash settlement. By the time Neil was sentenced, however, the band's newest record, Theatre of Pain, had already enjoyed a lengthy stay on the charts, cementing the band's mainstream status and producing Mötley Crüe's first Top 40 hit with a cover of Brownsville Station's \"Smokin' in the Boys' Room.\" Neil's stint in jail was brief, and the band was free to continue its decadent reign.", "Formed in January 1981, Mötley Crüe were originally the pet project of bassist Nikki Sixx (born Frank Ferrana), vocalist/guitarist Greg Leon, and drummer Tommy Lee (born Thomas Lee Bass). Leon was a veteran of the Hollywood scene, having replaced Randy Rhoads in Quiet Riot two years prior. He butted heads with the strong-willed Sixx, however, resulting in his departure from the lineup several months later. Local guitarist Bob \"Mick Mars\" Deal joined in his place, bringing the moniker \"Mottley Krue\" with him. After altering the name and adding a pair of umlauts (allegedly in tribute to German beer), the trio began efforts to recruit Vincent Neil Wharton , vocalist for the L.A.-based band Rock Candy. Neil initially refused the advances, only joining the band after his Rock Candy cohorts announced their decision to transform their group into a new wave act. With Neil now on board, Mötley Crüe became a cult favorite on the L.A. circuit, infamously known for such theatrics as setting Sixx's pants on fire midsong.", "2015: Motley Crue play what they claim is their last show together at the Staples Center in L.A. Tommy Lee’s drum roller coaster gets stuck, and while roadies attempt to fix the problem, Lee, following much swearing, asks women to expose themselves. “This is the last time you’re going to be seeing the four of us together on stage,” frontman Vince Neil tells the audience.", "2013: Motley Crue are inducted into the Mohegan Sun Walk of Fame in Uncasville, CT. prior to the band's concert. The award recognizes those individuals who have made significant contributions to the success of Mohegan Sun casino.", "On the evening of December 8, 1984, Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil was driving in Redondo Beach, California with Nicholas Dingley (AKA Razzle), drummer for the Finnish band Hanoi Rocks, when Neil lost control of his vehicle and crashed into an oncoming car. Dingley was killed, and the two occupants of the other car suffered serious injuries. Neil had a blood-alcohol level more than twice the legal limit and was arrested for drunk driving and vehicular manslaughter. In 1986, he was sentenced to 30 days in jail, five years of probation and 200 hours of community service and was ordered to pay the victims of the crash $2.6 million. He served only 15 of the 30 days in jail.", "1984 - Motley Crue gave its performance debut at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington, England.", "2001: Mötley Crüe release 'The Dirt: Confessions of the World’s Most Notorious Rock Band.' The book becomes a New York Times Bestseller and is being made into a movie.", "Aerosmith - is an American hard rock band, sometimes referred to as \"The Bad Boys from Boston\" and \"America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band\". Their style, rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, glam, and rhythm and blues, which has inspired many subsequent rock artists. The band was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. By 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston. Aerosmith is the bestselling American hard rock band of all time, having sold 150 million albums worldwide, including 66.5 million albums in the United States alone. They also hold the record for the most gold and multi-platinum albums by an American group. The band has scored 21 Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, nine #1 Mainstream Rock hits, four Grammy Awards, and ten MTV Video Music Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, and in 2005 they were ranked #57 in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. ' Artist Discography '", "MÖTLEY CRÜE’s career-spanning numbers are impressive. The band has sold 100 million albums globally; has reached seven platinum or multi-platinum certifications; 22 Top 40 mainstream rock hits; six Top 20 pop singles; a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; three Grammy nominations for Best Hard Rock Performance; and countless sold-out tours across the globe, playing to millions and generations of fans.", "Extreme is an American hard rock / heavy metal band consisting of singer/guitar virtuoso Nuno Bettencourt, singer/lyricist Gary Cherone, bassist/singer Pat Badger and drummer Kevin Figueiredo. The band first formed in 1985 in Boston with then drummer Paul Geary (who later got replaced by drummer Mike Mangini) until the band decided to go on an indefinite hiatus that ended up lasting more than 10 years (1996 - 2006).", "musician: guitar: group: Motley Crue: LPs: Too Fast for Love, Shout at the Devil, Theatre of Pain", "With combined album sales of almost 200 million, KISS and Mötley Crüe are more than just iconic; they remain at the height of their popularity, the dominant powerhouses of rock music tallying 30+ chart-topping hits, countless sold out tours and awards and accolades from around the world. Known for their elaborate and spectacular stage shows, each band plans to give fans the ultimate concert experience with the most impressive lighting and sound production ever and their signature over-the-top pyrotechnics.", "2002: Mötley Crüe singer Vince Neil assaults a record producer outside of the Rainbow Bar and Grill on the Sunset Strip. He later pleads guilty to a misdemeanor charge of battery.", "Mötley Crüe has been featured on a number of VH1 countdown shows, \"Dr. Feelgood\" was ranked the No. 7 Greatest Air Guitar Song, \"Live Wire\" was ranked the No. 17 Greatest Metal Song of All Time, and \"Home Sweet Home\" was ranked the No. 12 Greatest Power Ballad of All Time. Mötley Crüe was featured several times on VH1's 100 Most Metal Moments, the highest spot being No. 3. VH1 included the Tommy Lee sex tapes, The Dirt, and Ozzy Osbourne's and Nikki Sixx's pee incident. Mötley Crüe has been one of the bands featured on VH1's Behind the Music. The band was ranked No. 29 on VH1's list of the greatest hard rock bands.", "Mötley Crüe was ranked tenth on MTV's list \"Top 10 Heavy Metal Bands of All-Time\" and ninth on \"VH1's All Time Top Ten Metal Bands\". Mötley Crüe has influenced many bands and artists such as Poison, Skid Row and Cinderella among others. ", "Under the management of Doug Thaler and Doc McGhee , the latter of whom also managed Bon Jovi , Mötley Crüe 's popularity expanded throughout the latter half of the '80s. \"Home Sweet Home,\" a power ballad from Theatre of Pain , yielded another popular music video, while a 44-minute home video cassette entitled Uncensored was issued in 1986 to multi-platinum sales. Meanwhile, Lee married actress Heather Locklear, and the band returned to the studio to record a fourth album, Girls, Girls, Girls . Released during the band's substance-addled heyday in 1987, the album debuted at number two, with the raunchy title track becoming Mötley Crüe 's second Top 40 hit. The group quickly embarked on a headlining tour, but the European dates were canceled when Sixx suffered a near-fatal heroin overdose. He was pronounced legally dead en route to the hospital, only to be revived by two shots of adrenaline to the heart. Upon returning home, Sixx immediately shot up once again. Shocked, Thaler and McGhee urged their clients to enter a drug rehabilitation program, and Mötley Crüe remained out of the spotlight while the bandmates cleaned up their act.", "1000+ images about Tommy lee motley crue on Pinterest | Tommy lee, Nikki sixx and Mick mars", "Beginning July 16, music fans can experience the final performance from iconic rock band Mötley Crüe [...]", "This capacity for reinvention and innovation is why Motley Crue continues to attract fans young and old – many who weren’t even born during the band’s early reign. That fact proves that they are the rock band for all ages and eras.", "The video game Crüe Ball features some of Mötley Crüe's songs including their biggest hit \"Dr. Feelgood\".", "1987: Mötley Crüe release their fourth album ‘Girls, Girls, Girls.’ It becomes the band’s third straight album to go quadruple platinum.", "1987: Mötley Crüe release their fourth album 'Girls, Girls, Girls.' It becomes the band’s third straight album to go quadruple platinum.", "Mötley Crüe often played this song in concert, and they recorded it for their 1991 compilation Decade of Decadence. While their version is still titled \"Anarchy in the U.K.,\" Vince Neil sang it as \"Anarchy For the USA,\" with the lyrics changed to make references to American entities, including the PMRC, an organization that led a crusade to keep albums with explicit lyrics from being sold to minors.", "How do you feel about Mötley Crüe as a whole when you look back on it?" ]

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[ "Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who was formerly a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, but is most famous for replacing Florence Ballard as a member of The Supremes.", "Cynthia Ann “Cindy” Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer, most famous for singing with the legendary soul groups The Supremes and Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.", "Cindy Birdsong net worth: Cindy Birdsong is an American singer who has a net worth of $10 million. Cindy Birdsong was born in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey in December 1939. She is best known for being a part of the Supremes and Patty LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was an original member of the female singing group LaBelle, which became known as The Bluebelles and Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles. She was featured on the popular singles \"I Sold My Heart to the Junkman\", \"Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)\", and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Birdsong left to replace Florence Ballard in The Supremes. The group had #1 albums with Where Did Our Love Go in 1964, I Hear a Symphony and The Supremes A' Go-Go in 1966, The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland in 1967, and Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations in 1968. The group had #1 singles with the songs \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", Come See About Me\", Stop! In the Name of Love\", \"Back in My Arms Again\", \"I Hear a Symphony\", \"You Can't Hurry Love\", \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\", \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\", \"The Happening\", \"Love Child\", \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\", \"Someday We'll Be Together\". Birdsong later worked as a nurse at the UCLA Medical Center.", "1939, Born on this day, Cindy Birdsong, The Supremes, (joined in 1967, 1969 UK No.3 single 'I'm Gonna make You Love Me'). Labelle, (1975 US No.1 & UK No.17, single 'Lady Marmalade').", "For her first two and a half years as a Supreme, listeners did not hear Birdsong’s voice on most of The Supremes’ newest singles. Except for featured backgrounds on several collaborations with The Temptations, live album tracks, and some studio LP tracks, Birdsong and fellow member Mary Wilson did not sing backing vocals on the group’s later singles. Session singers The Andantes substituted for Mary and Cindy on many, although not on all, cuts in subsequent Diana Ross & the Supremes albums. Both the Let the Sunshine In album and the Cream of the Crop album include tracks on which Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong sing back-up, often in tandem with the Andantes. However, Cindy can be heard doing a brief solo during “Let the Sunshine In” on their Farewell performance.", "In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy’s voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the Floy Joy album’s recording sessions.", "Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to Philadelphia she was contacted by a longtime friend, Patsy Holt, in 1960 to replace Sundray Tucker in Holt's singing group The Ordettes. At twenty years of age, Birdsong was the oldest member of the group with the remainder of the group still in their mid-teens.", "In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy's voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the Floy Joy album's recording sessions. Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the Floy Joy album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in late 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence. Birdsong remained with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson and Wilson's then-husband, Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: The Supremes (1975) and High Energy (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of \"High Energy,\" however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire High Energy album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song, appears on the album cover.", "Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the Floy Joy album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in late 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence. Birdsong remained with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband, Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: The Supremes (1975) and High Energy (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of \"High Energy,\" however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire High Energy album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song as well as \"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking,\" appears on the album cover.", "Starting in late 1966, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard’s bout with alcoholism had caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard’s official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused to talk to her for years. Later, as the group changed their name to Labelle and embraced funk and rock music, they would record member Nona Hendryx’s composition, “(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood”, which was allegedly based on Birdsong. Birdsong and lead singer Patti LaBelle repaired their friendship in the early 1980s after Birdsong appeared at one of LaBelle’s sold-out, standing-room concerts. In 1999, Birdsong and the other Blue Belles received a Pioneer Award from the R&B Foundation and were honored by Lauryn Hill.", "Birdsong set on sights being a nurse attending college in Pennsylvania, returning to Philadelphia, where she was contacted by a longtime friend, Patsy Holt, to replace another member of her group, Sundray Tucker in the group, The Ordettes, in 1960. At twenty years of age, Birdsong was the oldest member of the group with the remainder of the group still in their mid-teens.", "Simon & Garfunkel is an American singer-songwriter duo consisting of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. They formed the group \"Tom and Jerry\" in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit \"Hey, Schoolgirl.\" As Simon and Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, backed by the hit single \"The Sound of Silence.\" Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate, propelling them further into the public consciousness.", "The Andrews Sisters were an American close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters: contralto LaVerne Sophia (July 6, 1911 – May 8, 1967), soprano Maxene Angelyn \"Maxene\" (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995), and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie \"Patty\" (February 16, 1918 – January 30, 2013). Throughout their long career, the sisters sold well over 75 million records (the last official count released by MCA Records in the mid-1970s). Their 1941 hit \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" can be considered an early example of rhythm and blues or jump blues.", "Diana Ross (born Diane Ernestine Earle Ross on March 26 , 1944 ) is an American twelve-time Grammy and Oscar -nominated singer , record producer and actress , whose musical repertoire spans R&B , soul , pop , disco and jazz . During the 1960s, she shaped the sound of popular music and Motown Records as the lead singer of The Supremes before leaving for a solo career in the beginning of 1970.", "Cindy married Charles Hewlett in August, 1970 in San Francisco. In attendance were then singing partners Jean Terrell and Mary Wilson. This was Birdsong’s first marriage and Hewlett’s second. Birdsong filed for divorce in March, 1975 citing “irreconcilable differences”. The couple have one son, David, born in 1972.", "falsetto singer: group: The Four Seasons: Sherry, Big Girls Don�t Cry, Rag Doll, Let�s Hang On; solo: Can�t Take My Eyes Off You, My Eyes Adored You, Swearin� to God, December �63 [Oh What a Night], Grease", "Boney M. is a vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian. Originally based in West Germany, the four original members of the group's official line-up were Jamaican-born singers Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett, Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell from Aruba. The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel.", "The band had their first UK Top 30 hit in 1985 with the piano-based No. 30 single \"You Are My World\". The following year, they had their biggest hit with an energetic Hi-NRG cover version of Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes' soul classic \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" (in a version inspired by Thelma Houston's cover) which spent four weeks at number one and became the UK's biggest selling single of 1986. It also made the US Top 40. It featured Sarah Jane Morris as co-vocalist, taking advantage of the contrast between Morris' deep and rounded contralto and Somerville's soaring falsetto. Morris performed both backing and co-lead vocals on many of the Communards' other recordings, and appeared in group photos as an unofficial third member.", "Boney M. is a Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian. Originally based in West Germany, the four original members of the group's official line-up were Jamaican-born singers Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett, Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell from Aruba. The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel.", "Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN) were an American-British-Canadian folk rock supergroup made up of David Crosby, Stephen Stills, and Graham Nash. They were known as Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (CSNY) when joined by occasional fourth member Neil Young. They were noted for their intricate vocal harmonies, often tumultuous interpersonal relationships, political activism, and lasting influence on US music and culture. Crosby, Stills & Nash were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and all three members were also inducted for their work in other groups (Crosby for the Byrds, Stills for Buffalo Springfield and Nash for the Hollies). Neil Young has also been inducted, but as a solo artist and as a member of Buffalo Springfield, not for his work with the group.", "singer: group: Gladys Knight & The Pips: Every Beat of My Heart, Letter Full of Tears, Everybody Needs Love, I Heard It Through the Grapevine, If I Were Your Woman, Neither One of Us [Wants to be the First to Say Goodbye], Where Peaceful Waters Flow, Midnight train to Georgia, Best Thing that Ever Happened to Me, I�ve Got to Use My Imagination, On and On, The Way We Were, Try to Remember", "An all-star roster of artists paid tribute to King on the 1995 album, Tapestry Revisited: a Tribute to Carole King. From the album, Rod Stewart's version of \"So Far Away\" and C&eacute;line Dion's cover of \"A Natural Woman\" were both Adult Contemporary chart hits. Other artists who appeared on the album included Amy Grant (\"It's Too Late\"), Richard Marx (\"Beautiful\"), Aretha Franklin (\"You've Got a Friend\"), Faith Hill (\"Where You Lead\"), and the Bee Gees (\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\").", "An all-star roster of artists paid tribute to King on the 1995 album Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King. From the album, Rod Stewart's version of \"So Far Away\" and Celine Dion's cover of \"A Natural Woman\" were both Adult Contemporary chart hits. Other artists who appeared on the album included Amy Grant (\"It's Too Late\"), Richard Marx (\"Beautiful\"), Aretha Franklin (\"You've Got a Friend\"), Faith Hill (\"Where You Lead\"), and the Bee Gees (\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?\").", "The group hit the top of the charts in 1964 with \"Chapel of Love,\" a song that Phil Spector, Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich had originally written for The Ronettes. The trio consisted of sisters Barbara Ann and Rosa Lee Hawkins; plus their cousin Joan Marie Johnson, from the Calliope housing project in New Orleans. They first sang together in grade school. Originally they were to be called Little Miss and the Muffets, but were named the Dixie Cups just prior to their first release.", "Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, choreographer, actress and television personality. She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 before rising to prominence in the 1980s as a highly sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era. Abdul later scored a string of pop music hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart. She won a Grammy for \"Best Music Video – Short Form\" for \"Opposites Attract\" and twice won the \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography\".", "Becker and Fagen favor a distinctly soul-influenced style of backing vocals, which after the first few albums were almost always performed by a female chorus (although Michael McDonald features prominently on several tracks, including the 1975 song \"Black Friday\" and the 1977 song \"Peg\"). Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews and Clydie King were the preferred trio for backing vocals on the group's late 1970s albums. Other backing vocalists include Tawatha Agee, Brenda White-King, Carolyn Leonhart, Janice Pendarvis, Catherine Russell, [http://www.cynthiacalhoun.com Cynthia Calhoun], Victoria Cave, Cindy Mizelle, and Jeff Young. The band also featured singers like Patti Austin and Valerie Simpson on later projects such as Gaucho.", "Amy Lee Grant (born November 25, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, media personality and actress, best known for her Christian music. She has been referred to as \"The Queen of Christian Pop\". As of 2009, Grant remains the best-selling contemporary Christian music singer ever, having sold over 30 million units worldwide.", "*Kyf Brewer, Jocelyn Brown, Joe Cerisano, Desmond Child, Robin Clark, Patricia Darcy, John Fiore, Milt Grayson, Jeanette Hawes, Richard Marx, Kate McGunnigle, Lou Merlino, Jeff Pescetto, Sharon Robinson, Vicki Sue Robinson, Leslie Smith, Fonzi Thornton, Joe Turano, Myriam Naomi Valle, Wanda Vaughn, Syreeta Wright: backing vocals", "In 1976, Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams released an album, performed in character, titled Laverne & Shirley Sing, which contained some original songs along with some 1950s and 1960s standards. The album was originally released on Atlantic Records. On November 11, 2003, Collector's Choice released it on CD.", "Madeline Bell, Debbie Bishop, Lance Ellington, Miriam Stockley, Peter Straker, Mark Williamson and Carol Woods (backing vocals)", "Cheryl Lescom has been part of the Canadian music scene for over 35 years, starting off in 1975 with several of her own bands before becoming a back up singer for Ronnie Hawkins and touring with Long John Baldry. Cheryl also sang on many national jingles in the 1980’s.", "\"She (Doris) is one of the greatest vocalists that has ever lived. I adore her. I think she has been underrated for years.\" - Cybill Shepherd (Actress/Singer)" ]

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[ "'The Godfather' (1972) – With his career in decline for nearly a decade, Marlon Brando scored a comeback as Don Vito Corleone, the aging patriarch of a crime family, in Francis Ford Coppola's \"The Godfather.\" Brando won his second Oscar for best actor (which he refused), and the movie made a superstar of Al Pacino as the son who takes over the \"family business.\" The movie ranked No. 2 on the American Film Institute's list of the top 100 U.S. films.", "The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks, a critical and commercial flop, after which he delivered a series of box-office failures, beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty. After 10 years, during which he did not appear in a successful film, he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather, a role critics consider among his greatest. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time. With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris, Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars, placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973, respectively. Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks (1976). After this, he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman (1978) and The Formula (1980), before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million ($ million in inflation-adjusted dollars) and 11.75% of the gross profits for 13 days' work on Superman. He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film, Apocalypse Now, a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s.", "Marlon Brando (with his sixth of eight career nominations) won his second Best Actor Oscar for his definitive screen role as the aged 'Mafia' chief Don Vito Corleone in", "Brando earned a total of eight Oscar nominations, the first in 1952 and the last in 1990. He took home two Best Actor awards, once in 1955 for On the Waterfront and then again in 1973 for The Godfather.", "Two years before Brando declined his Oscar for Best Actor in The Godfather (1972), he had applied to the Academy to replace the one he had won for On the Waterfront (1954), which had been stolen. Prior to its theft, Brando had been using the Oscar as a doorstop.", "A young Marlon Brando (1924-2004) was trained by Lee Strasberg's Actors' Studio in New York in raw and realistic 'method acting,' and influenced by Stella Adler. He starred in A Streetcar Named Desire on Broadway (opposite Jessica Tandy as Blanche) in 1947, and would later repeat his work on film in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and receive an Oscar nomination. He also contributed a memorable role as a self-absorbed teen character. He played Johnny - an arrogant, rebellious, tough yet sensitive leader of a roving motorcycle-biking gang (wearing a T-shirt and leather jacket) that invaded and terrorized a small-town in Laslo Benedek's controversial The Wild One (1954) (banned in Britain until a decade and a half later). The film was noted for one line of dialogue, typifying his attitude: \"What are you rebelling against?\" Brando's reply: \"Whadda ya got?\" A nasty Lee Marvin led a rival gang of bikers named The Beetles.", "Brando won the award for Best Actor twice during his career. He won once in 1954 for “On the Waterfront” and again in 1972 for his iconic role in “The Godfather.” He was five more times for Best Actor and once for Best Supporting Actor.", "In The Godfather, Don Vito Corleone was portrayed by Marlon Brando. He was portrayed as a younger man in The Godfather Part II by Robert De Niro. Both performances won Academy Awards — Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actor for De Niro. Vito Corleone is the only motion picture character played by two different actors, to be awarded an Oscar for the portrayals. Brando declined his Oscar, having Sacheen Littlefeather state his reasons during the awards show.", "The actor's role as the brother of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata (played by Marlon Brando) in 1952's Viva Zapata! earned Quinn his first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Quinn's second supporting actor Oscar came from the 1956 film Lust for Life, for his role as performance artist Paul Gauguin.", "* Marlon Brando is nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in A Streetcar Named Desire.", "In 1954, The Wild One was another curve ball, casting Brando as the rebellious leader of a motorcycle gang and forever establishing him as a poster boy for attitude, angst, and anomie. That same year, he delivered perhaps his definitive screen performance as a washed-up boxer in Kazan's visceral On the Waterfront . On his fourth attempt, Brando finally won an Academy Award, and the film itself also garnered Best Picture honors. However, his next picture, Desiree , was his first disappointment. Despite gaining much publicity for his portrayal of Napoleon, the project made a subpar showing both artistically and financially. Brando continued to prove his versatility by co-starring with Frank Sinatra in a film adaptation of the hit Broadway musical Guys and Dolls. Another Broadway-to-screen adaptation, The Teahouse of the August Moon , followed in 1956 before he began work on the following year's Sayonara , for which he garnered yet another Oscar nomination.", "Marlon Brando again lost the Academy Award for Best Actor (a second consecutive nomination in a career total of eight nominations) in his title role performance as the Mexican peasant revolutionary Emiliano Zapata in director Elia Kazan's Viva Zapata! (with five nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actor). [Brando had a third consecutive nomination in 1953 for Julius Caesar, and finally a winning nomination in 1954 for", "In 1972, a film adaptation of the novel was released, starring Marlon Brando as Don Vito Corleone, Al Pacino as Michael Corleone, and directed by Francis Ford Coppola . Mario Puzo assisted with writing the screenplay and with other production tasks. The film grossed approximately $269 million worldwide and won various awards, including three Academy Awards , five Golden Globes and one Grammy and is considered to be one of the greatest films of all time. The sequel, The Godfather Part II won six Oscars, and became the first sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture.", "In 1954 he again used Brando as a star in On the Waterfront. As a continuation of the socially relevant themes that he developed in New York, the film exposed corruption within New York's longshoremen's union. It too was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, and won 8, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor, for Marlon Brando.", "The downward spiral continued: Brando himself remained compulsively watchable, but suddenly the material itself, like 1963's The Ugly American , 1966's The Chase, and 1967's A Countess From Hong Kong , was self-indulgent and far beneath his abilities. His mysterious career choices, as well as his often inscrutable personal and professional behavior -- he was quoted as declaring acting a \"neurotic, unimportant job\" -- became the topic of much discussion throughout the industry. He continued to push himself in risky projects like 1967's Reflections in a Golden Eye, an adaptation of a Carson McCullers novel in which he portrayed a closeted homosexual, but the end result lacked the old magic. While Brando still commanded respect from the media and his fellow performers, much of Hollywood began to perceive him as a bad and unnecessary risk, a perception which features like 1968's Candy , 1969's Queimada! , and 1971's The Nightcomers did little to alter.", "Even with an alternate ending, the movie achieved great success and provided a stepping-stone for Marlon Brando. Brando is easily recognized today for his roles in movies such as the Godfather and the 1978 Superman movie. The scene during which Brando yells out Stella’s name, while simultaneously ripping his shirt off, resonates in our hearts till this day. Even those, to whom Tennessee William’s work is foreign, can easily identify this emotional moment in the movie.", "Distracted by his personal life and becoming disillusioned with his career, Brando began to view acting as a means to an end financially. Critics protested when he started accepting roles in films many perceived as being beneath his talent, or criticized him for failing to live up to the better roles. Previously only signing short term deals with movie studios, in 1961 Brando uncharacteristically signed a five picture deal with Universal Studios that would haunt him for the rest of the decade. The Ugly American (1963) was the first of these films. Based on the 1958 novel of the same name that Pennebaker had optioned, the movie, which featured Brando's sister Jocelyn, was rated fairly positively but died at the box office. Brando was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance. All of Brando's other Universal films during this period, including Bedtime Story (1964), The Appaloosa (1966), A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) and The Night of the Following Day (1969), were also critical and commercial flops. Countess in particular was a disappointment for Brando, who had looked forward to working with one of his heroes, director Charlie Chaplin. The experience turned out to be an unhappy one; Brando had no chemistry with his leading lady Sophia Loren and was horrified at Chaplin's didactic style of direction and his authoritarian approach. Brando had also appeared in the spy thriller Morituri in 1965; that, too, failed to attract an audience.", "Marlon Brando played Emiliano Zapata in the award-winning movie based on his life, Viva Zapata! in 1952. The film co-starred Anthony Quinn, who won best supporting actor. The director was Elia Kazan and the writer was John Steinbeck.", "Brando's acting genius was also portrayed in the gritty organized crime drama On the Waterfront (1954) that won eight Oscars (and 30 year-old Brando's first Best Actor award), in which he portrayed informant, waterfront dockworker and pigeon-tender Terry Malloy (with his famous taxi cab speech: \"I could've been a contender\" and the scene of his retrieval of Eva Marie Saint's dropped glove). The political theme of Malloy's honorable ratting against the crime boss Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb) helped to explain Kazan's own, self-justifying testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1952. [Brando even made an impact in his first film, Fred Zinnemann's The Men (1950), as a bitter, hospitalized paraplegic soldier showing hostility toward his pre-war fiancee Teresa Wright.]", "Marlon Brando on the set of One-Eyed Jacks. — Left image by © Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS", "In the 1960s, Brando's career had slid into decline. His previous two movies  — the famously over-budget \"One-Eyed Jacks\" and \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" — tanked at the box office . Critics said  \"Mutiny\" marked the end of Hollywood's golden age, and worse still, rumors of Brando's unruly behavior on set turned him into one of the least desirable actors to work with.", "Marlon Brando's Best Actor victory (he was \"a contender\" with his fourth consecutive nomination since 1951, and first win!) was for his role as the confused, ex-prizefighter and roughneck longshoreman Terry Malloy, a racketeer's stooge in Elia Kazan's", "Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Cast: Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra, Vivian Blaine, Robert Keith, Stubby Kaye. Music and lyrics by Frank Loesser: choreography, Michael Kidd. Musical comedy about the romancing of a beautiful Salvation Army missionary on a bet by a New York gentleman gambler and a floating crap-game operator who avoids marriage to his long-time fiancee. Based on the play: Guys and dolls / book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows, from a Damon Runyon story. Includes original theatrical trailer. 150 min. DVD 569", "Brando's performance was glowingly reviewed by critics. \"I thought it would be interesting to play a gangster, maybe for the first time in the movies, who wasn't like those bad guys Edward G. Robinson played, but who is kind of a hero, a man to be respected,\" Brando recalled in his autobiography. \"Also, because he had so much power and unquestioned authority, I thought it would be an interesting contrast to play him as a gentle man, unlike Al Capone, who beat up people with baseball bats.\" Co-star Robert Duvall later marveled to A&E's Biography, \"He minimized the sense of beginning. In other words he, like, deemphasized the word action. He would go in front of that camera just like he was before. Cut! It was all the same. There was really no beginning. I learned a lot from watching that.\" Brando won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, but turned down the Oscar, becoming the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award (the first being George C. Scott for Patton in 1970). He boycotted the award ceremony, instead sending American Indian rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather, who appeared in full Apache attire, to state Brando's reasons, which were based on his objection to the depiction of American Indians by Hollywood and television. ", "Coppola flew back to the U.S. in June 1976. He read a book about Genghis Khan to get a better handle on the character of Kurtz. [20] After filming commenced, Marlon Brando arrived in Manila very overweight and began working with Coppola to rewrite the ending. [21] The director downplayed Brando's weight by dressing him in black, photographing only his face, and having another, taller actor double for him in an attempt to portray Kurtz as an almost mythical character. [21]", "Director, Fred Zinnemann. Cast: Marlon Brando, Teresa Wright, Everett Sloane, Jack Webb, Richard Erdman, Virginia Farmer, Dorothy Tree, Howard St. John, Arthur Jurado. In Marlon Brando's first feature film he plays a war veteran paralyzed in combat who returns home to find he will never walk again, bitterly refusing to see his fiance. She must force him to confront reality and break his physical and emotional confinement. When feeling starts to return to his legs, it could be his last hope, or final downfall. 85 min. DVD X597", "Review: Very influential. Always on the lists of the best films of the 20th century. Excellent. The movie transitions from having Vito (Brando) as the center to having Michael (Pacino) as the center. May be too violent for some. Added to the National Film Registry of The Library of Congress in 1990.", "'The Godfather: Part II' - Robert DeNiro, Al Pacino, Diane Keaton, Robert Duvall; directed by Francis Ford Coppolla; Best Picture Oscar.", "John Travolta got his second Oscar nomination for this movie. His first was for Saturday Night Fever.", "The Godfather . [Robert DeNiro won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar two years later for playing the same character in a different film -", "First performer to win an Oscar (for The Godfather: Part II (1974)) for a performance in a sequel.", "Directed by Vincente Minnelli from a script by Alan Jay Lerner, the movie starred Gene Kelly, Leslie Caron and Oscar Levant. It won six Oscars, including best picture." ]

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[ "The train stations in Monopoly are named after four railroad lines: the Pennsylvania, the B&O, the Reading and the Short Line. The first three are named after real railroads, while the Short Line is fictitious.", "Monopoly Railroad facts; Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City and Philadelphia. A booklet included in the 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid 1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.", "The Pennsylvania Railroad served the Northeast and parts of the Midwest. The B&O was a nickname for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which ran in much of the same area as the Pennsylvania. The Reading Co. primarily transported coal from mines to Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Parker Brothers patented Monopoly in 1935 after purchasing the rights from Charles Darrow, who sold 5,000 homemade editions of the game before working with the manufacturer.", "Monopoly is the best-selling commercial board game in the world. Players compete to acquire wealth through stylized economic activity involving the buying, rental and trading of properties using play money , as players take turns moving around the board according to the roll of the dice . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single seller.", "Monopoly Monopoly is the most commercially-successful board game in United States history, with 485 million players worldwide. According to the BBC, Monopoly is a redesign of an earlier game \"The Landlord's Game\" first published by the Quaker and political activist Elizabeth Magie. The purpose of that game was to teach people how monopolies end up bankrupting the many whilst giving extraordinary wealth to one or few individuals.", "And while Monopoly remains a fixture in American homes, it has undergone periodic changes in an effort to stay relevant. Last year, following a vote on the Monopoly Facebook page , game lovers chose a new token — a cat, which triumphed over proposed tokens including a toy robot, a guitar, a helicopter, and a diamond ring — to replace the least popular of the existing tokens: the iron. It wasn’t the first upheaval among the tokens, which have at times included a purse, a lantern, an elephant, a horse and rider, and a rocking horse. The game board has gone through a number of updates, too, and met with mixed reviews.", "MONOPOLY, Waddington's, Parker Bros., Tonka and Hasbro and are Registered Trade Marks with Hasbro, 1935 2016, HASBRO, PARKER BROTHERS, Tonka, Waddington's, the MONOPOLY name and logo, the distinctive design of the game board, the four corner squares, the MR. MONOPOLY name and character, as well as each of the distinctive elements of the board and playing pieces are trademarks of Hasbro for its property trading game and game equipment. © 1935, 2016 Hasbro. The Winning Moves logo is the registered trademark of Winning Moves and the USAopoly logo is the registered trademark of USAopoly. All Rights Reserved. Used with Permission.", "The board for Lizzie Magie's game bears a striking resemblance to the one now labeled \"Monopoly\", except that names, drawings, colors and the like are different. It is painted with blocks for rental properties such as \"Poverty Place\" (land rent $50), \"Easy Street\" (land rent $100) and \"Lord Blueblood's Estate \" (\"no trespassing - go to jail\"). There are banks, a poorhouse, and railroads and utilities such as the \"Soakum Lighting System\" ($50 for landing on that) and the \"PDQ Railroad\" (\"fare $100\"). And of course there is the well known \"Jail\" block.", "Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.). [25 ] Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports ( Chicago O'Hare ,  Los Angeles International , New York City's  JFK , and Atlanta's  Hartsfield-Jackson ), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider). [26 ] The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly. The board uses the traditional US layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and \"Interest on Credit Card Debt\" replaces \"Luxury Tax\". Despite the updated Luxury Tax space and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paperMonopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens. Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition. [26 ]", "This list details the 22 real estate properties in the original American version of Monopoly as presented by Darrow to Parker Brothers. The Original Atlantic City Monopoly board was done by Hoskin/Raiford's Atlantic City Quaker Friends School teachers with the changes noted by starred [*] items. The bracketed items are the differences in the names on the Hoskin/Raiford Quaker Monopoly board. It is believed that a version copied from this school's edition by Charles Todd was in turn copied by Charles Darrow, duplicating the changes in names, and the infamous misspelling of Marven Gardens.", "According to Hasbro , since Charles Darrow patented the game in 1935, approximately 750 million people have played the game, making it \"the most played [commercial] board game in the world.\"<ref>In the instruction booklet that comes with the 70th Anniversary (US) Edition of Monopoly, Hasbro cites a statistic that over 750 million people have played Monopoly. Presumably even higher numbers have played traditional games, such as chess and go .</ref> The 1999 Guinness Book of Records cited Hasbro's previous statistic of 500 million people having played Monopoly<ref> Guinness World Records page for Monopoly's (disputed) world record of Most Played Game</ref>. Games Magazine has inducted Monopoly into its Hall of Fame .<ref>GAMES Magazine Hall of Fame web page </ref>", "Template:Refimprove section Unlike the three add-ons above, which have always been sold separately, the Speed Die was introduced in-game in 2006. In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version of Monopoly with the same die (originally in blue, later in red). First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third, six-sided die is rolled with the other two, and accelerates gameplay when in use. Its faces are: 1, 2, 3, two \" Mr. Monopoly \" sides, and a bus. The numbers behave as normal, adding to the other two dice, unless a \"triple\" is rolled, in which case the player can move to any space on the board. The bus (properly \"get off the bus\") allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both, thus a roll of 1, 5, and bus would let the player choose between moving 1, 5, or 6 spaces. If \"Mr. Monopoly\" is rolled while there are unowned properties, the player advances forward to the nearest one. Otherwise, the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed.", "Darrow started making the game for sale privately, and by 1934 had persuaded Philadelphia's leading department store to stock it for the Christmas season. Other stores followed, and Monopoly became a popular gift in eastern Pennsylvania that winter. Its success was so noticeable, in fact, that word reached Parker Brothers, who invited Darrow to sell the rights to the game to them for full publication. The rest is board game history.", "The original version was sold by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties (twenty-two colored Streets, four Railroads and two Utilities), three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail , Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey .", "By 1933, a variation on \"The Landlord's Game\" called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers, beginning on February 6, 1935. Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution, and this is when the game's design took on the 4×10 space-to-a-side layout and familiar cards were produced. The original version of the game in this format was based on streets in Atlantic City, New Jersey. By the 1970s, the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore: it was printed in the game's instructions.", "This is the original and classic version produced originally by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of 40 squares containing 28 properties, 3 \" Chance \" squares, 3 \" Community Chest \" squares, a \" Luxury Tax \" square, an \" Income Tax \" square, \"GO\", \" Jail \", \" Free Parking \", and \"Go To Jail.\" In the U.S. version shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City , New Jersey .", "From 1936, the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter, either by setting a time limit, or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt. As well, an additional rules booklet or sheet was included giving the rules for a short variant with several changes, such as starting each player out with two properties selected at random. [36 ] A later version of the rules included this variant, along with the time limit game, in the main rules booklet, omitting the second bankruptcy method as a third short game. [37 ]", "[2] The board cover of the standard British version, with the 2009–13 artworkFor other localized versions, see  List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe#United Kingdom .", "Monopoly emerged during the Depression, with numerous parties claiming to have contributed key elements to the game that was finally patented by Charles Darrow and sold to Parker Brothers. More than 275 million copies have been produced since the first edition in 1935. (Current owner Hasbro does not provide yearly sales figures.)", "It was often localized; the original fanciful property names being replaced by street names from the cities where the players lived. By the late 1920s it was known as just plain \"Monopoly\" and was played very much as it is now. One version of the game, commonly played in the Philadelphia area, had Atlantic City street name. In 1929 Ruth Hoskins began playing Monopoly in Indianapolis with her brother James and his friend Robert Frost \"Pete\" Daggett Jr., who was a friend of Dan Layman.", "To this day, no other board game captures the public's imagination quite like Monopoly. The history of the Monopoly board game stretches all the way back to 1935 when Charles Darrow sold the rights to Parker Brothers. Although the games are collectible, people love collecting Monopoly game pieces , too.", "Apart from commercial distribution, it spread by word of mouth and was played in slightly variant home-made versions over the years by Quakers , Georgists, university students and others who became aware of it. As it spread, its rules were changed, most notably in dropping the second phase of the game during which a Land tax was introduced to replace the other taxes, and the shortened game became known as \"Auction Monopoly\". It was often localized; the original fanciful property names being replaced by street names from the cities where the players lived. By the late 1920s it was known as just plain \"Monopoly\" and was played very much as it is now. One version of the game, commonly played in the Philadelphia area, had Atlantic City street names; this game was taught to Charles Darrow, who then sold it as his personal invention to Parker Brothers. Parker Brothers subsequently decided to pay off Magie, and others who had copyrighted commercial variants of the game, in order to have legitimate, undisputed rights to the game, and promoted Darrow as its sole inventor. Decades later, when they attempted to suppress publication of a game called Anti-Monopoly , designed by Ralph Ansbach, the trademark suit went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1983 , and the court found in favor of Ansbach because Darrow had merely copied an existing game that was known as \"Monopoly\" by those who played it.", "Your mention of Baden-Baden leads me away from railway topics; to a thing concerning Germany and \"Monopoly\", which I can't help finding rather comic. I gather that the game was marketed in Germany for a while in the late 1930s, with a Berlin-themed board. One of the most-up-market (dark blue) properties, was the then select quarter in Berlin, of Insel Schwanenwerder.", "Deluxe Monopoly by Waddingtons. Complete, no instructions. Really nice version with wooden pieces and a rotating carousel that holds the title deeds cards. Used but decent condition. Some storage wear...", "The company Parker Brothers, now Hasbro within the multinational, has maintained that the author of the game is only Charles Darrow (in 1935) for marketing reasons. But the original authorship Maggie Elizabeth (in 1903) and the origin and evolution of Monopoly previous games (all derived from The Landlord’s Game), has even been recognized by U.S. courts in the case of Parker v.. Ralph Anspach, during the long judicial process occurred between 1975 and 1986 following the publication of a board game called Anti-Monopoly.", "When a Philadelphia department store placed orders for thousands of Monopoly sets Darrow approached Parker Brothers, a well-established games company, to ask if they were interested in producing and marketing the game nationally. Parker Brothers were in the doldrums of the Great Depression and looking out for new products, but Darrow's game had too many 'design errors' to comply with the company's selection criteria for family games, so they rejected it. In short, they found Monopoly pointless, too long, and too complex. But they changed their minds when they could see the obvious success of Darrow's product in prestigious city shops.", "The Monopoly game, Trivial Pursuit, Clue, Boggle, and Risk are more than games-they're part of Americana. All of these games were published by one company, Parker Brothers, which began as a dream inside the mind of a sixteen-year-old boy, over one hundred years ago.", "1937 - 1939 editions: by 1937, the bit about being reg in great britain and canada had been removed and 'a parker trading game' took a prominent position in the legals line and was printed in bold text. This is about the most common variety of 1930s monopoly 1940 release: in 1940, parker brothers closed their office in london and removed the city from the box. This was replaced by chicago.", "The fact is that Darrow had nothing to do with Monopoly, as it is based on an earlier game called the \"Landlord's Game\" by a Quaker named Elizabeth Magie; she even holds the 1904 United States Patent on the game. (How could Darrow invent a game that had been patented 31 years earlier?) Magie's goal was not entertainment; it was education:", "Monopoly Junior was first published in 1990. Kenner Parker Tonka was acquired by Hasbro in 1991. An all-Europe edition was published by Parker Brothers in 1991 for the nations of the then European Communities, using the Ecu (European Currency Unit). After acquisition by Hasbro, publication of Monopoly in the U.S. ceased at the Parker Brothers plant in Salem, Massachusetts in November 1991.", "But Hasbro, the company of which Parker Brothers is now a subsidiary, still downplays Magie’s status, responding to a request for comment with a terse statement: “Hasbro credits the official Monopoly game produced and played today to Charles Darrow.” And even in 2015, on Hasbro’s website, a timeline of the game’s history begins in 1935. Over the years, the carefully worded corporate retellings have been most illuminating in what they don’t mention: Lizzie Magie, the Quakers, the dozens, if not hundreds or thousands, of early players, Ralph Anspach and the Anti-Monopoly litigation. Perhaps the care and keeping of secrets, as well as truths, can define us.", "10 years later, in 1934, Charles Darrow presented his own version of Landlord's Game, now called Monopoly, to Parker Brothers executives as well as to Milton Bradley . However, both game manufacturers rejected the game. Attempting to produce the game on his own, Darrow hired a friend who was a printer in order to get 5,000 sets to the Wanamakers Department Store in Philadelphia for the 1934 holiday season. Once all 5,000 games had sold out, Parker Brothers reapproached Charles Darrow and struck a deal, and began selling the game under the Parker Brothers label in 1935." ]

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[ "The Harry Lime Theme (Engl. The Third Man Theme ) is an instrumental composition by Anton Karas for the film The Third Man and was named after the character in the movie, Harry Lime. We're showing some post war photos of Vienna.", "\"The Harry Lime Theme\" is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the film The Third Man (1949).", "\"The Third Man Theme\" (also known as \"The Harry Lime Theme\") is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the film The Third Man (1949).", "The Nightmare Before Christmas, often promoted as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, is a 1993 American stop motion musical fantasy film directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a being from \"Halloween Town\" who opens a portal to \"Christmas Town\". Danny Elfman wrote the film score and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other minor characters. The remaining principal voice cast includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glenn Shadix.", "John Williams, who composed the previous film's score, returned to score Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Scoring the film proved to be a difficult task. Williams had just completed scoring Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Minority Report when work was to begin on Catch Me If You Can. Because of this, William Ross was brought in to arrange themes from the Philosopher's Stone into the new material that Williams was composing whenever he had the chance. The soundtrack was released on 12 November 2002.", "Following the decision of the producers not to use Monty Norman, though keeping his \"James Bond Theme\", Harry Saltzman decided on using the then popular Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame. Bart was unable to read or write music, but he offered to compose the music and lyrics for a title song to the film.", "Much of this tone is captured in the film’s unforgetable theme song, the Colonel Bogey March (you know it even if you think you don’t). First written in 1914 by WWI British Lt. F.J. Ricketts (under the pseudonym Kenneth Alford), the piece was adapted into an Oscar-winning orchestrated score by Malcom Arnold for The Bridge on the River Kwai. Since then, it has been engrained into popular culture, thanks partially to the Tom Hanks-John Candy Kwai spoof Volunteers (1985), in which the Washington State University Fight Song is sang in replace of the Colonel Bogey March. Similarly, in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Carlton sings his own fight song to the tune.", "The craze was referenced in the film Back to the Future, which is set predominantly in 1955. In the film, the Fess Parker version of the song is heard on a jukebox inside Lou's Diner and, in a later scene, one of Lorraine Baines' brothers appears wearing a coonskin cap. The song is sung by the characters Henry and Sammy in the Country Bear Jamboree. The 2009 film Fantastic Mr. Fox opens with the eponymous fox playing the song on his belt radio.", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical film based on Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film's script is by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes and its songs by the Sherman Brothers. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The film stars Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts, Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious, Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Potts, James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious and Robert Helpmann as the Childcatcher. The film was directed by Ken Hughes and produced by Albert R. Broccoli (co-producer of the James Bond series of films, also based on Fleming's novels).", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a film adaptation of the novel of the same name and was released on 18 November , 2005 . It is directed by Mike Newell , Patrick Doyle composed the film's music. The film focuses on a hidden plot to revive Lord Voldemort and the dangers that Harry Potter faces during a prestigious tournament hosted at Hogwarts .", "The Academy Award-nominated score was the third and final score in the series to be composed and conducted by John Williams. It was released on CD on 25 May 2004. In general, this film's music is not as bright as that of the previous films, with distinct medieval influences in the instrumentation. One of the new themes, \"Double Trouble,\" was written during production so that a children's choir could perform it in Hogwarts's Great Hall in one of the film's earlier scenes. The lyrics of \"Double Trouble\" are from a ritual performed by the Weïrd Sisters in Act 4, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The film's trailer prominently features the cues \"Anticipation\" and \"Progeny\" by Brand X Music, a trailer music band.", "Hudson originally wanted Vangeliss 1977 tune \"LEnfant\", from his Opera Sauvage album, to be the title theme of the film, and the beach running sequence was actually filmed with \"LEnfant\" playing on loudspeakers for the runners to pace to. Vangelis finally convinced Hudson he could create a new and better piece for the films main theme – and when he played the now-iconic \"Chariots of Fire\" theme for Hudson, it was agreed the new tune was unquestionably better. The \"LEnfant\" melody still made it into the film: When the athletes reach Paris and enter the stadium, a brass band marches through the field, and first plays a modified, acoustic performance of the piece. Vangeliss electronic \"LEnfant\" track eventually was used prominently in the 1982 film The Year of Living Dangerously.", "The movie I Cover The Waterfront used the contemporaneous hit song of the same title as an Instrumental Theme Tune .", "The film's theme song \"Ben\" is performed by Lee Montgomery in the film and by Michael Jackson over the end credits. Michael's recording of the song became a #1 pop hit single. Later included on Michael's album of the same name, \"Ben\" won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (it lost to \"The Morning After\" from The Poseidon Adventure).", "The theme music is an instrumental version of a Jamaican song from the 1960s, \"You're Wondering Now\", written by Coxsone Dodd, originally recorded by Andy & Joey in Jamaica. It was later made famous by The Skatalites and in Europe by ska band The Specials and later still by Amy Winehouse as featured on some editions of the deluxe version of her album Back to Black. In the first episode of the third series, the cover version recorded by The Skatalites in 1994 is played at the bar. It appeared on the official Death in Paradise soundtrack, released in January 2015, alongside other music from all 4 series.", "Danny Elfman , the film's composer, provides Jack's singing voice. He also voices Barrel and the \" Clown with the Tear-Away Face \".", "The soundtrack was composed by Harry Nilsson, who took a break from producing his album Flash Harry to write the score for the film. He wrote all the original songs and co-produced the music with producer Bruce Robb at Cherokee Studios. The soundtrack was unusual in that the actors sang some of the songs \"live\". For that reason, the studio album did not quite match the tracks heard in the film. Van Dyke Parks is credited as music arranger.", "Later John Altman provided the music for the tank chase in St. Petersburg. Serra's original track for that sequence can still be found on the soundtrack as \"A Pleasant Drive in St. Petersburg\". Serra composed and performed a number of synthesiser tracks, including the version of the James Bond Theme that plays during the gun barrel sequence, while Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music. ", "The soundtrack was composed by Harry Nilsson, who took a break from producing his album Flash Harry to write the score for the film. He wrote all the original songs and co-produced the music with producer Bruce Robb at Cherokee Studios. The soundtrack in the film was unusual in that the actors sang some of the songs \"live\". For that reason, the studio album did not quite match the tracks heard in the film. Van Dyke Parks is credited as music arranger.", "The instrumental music featured prominently in the hotel scene where the girls and their parents cross paths serendipitously is \"In the Mood\", which was previously made famous by the Glenn Miller band. Later in the hotel, Hallie sings a few bars of \"Let's Get Together\", a tune from the first version of the film that was a hit for its star, Hayley Mills.", "The soundtrack was released in 1983 and is mainly performed by the Bee Gees. Five new Bee Gees songs took up the first side, with side two featuring various artists performing songs mostly written by Frank Stallone, brother of the film's director Sylvester. The soundtrack reached number 14 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in the United States, number 1 in Switzerland, and number 2 in Italy and Japan, and sold 4.5 million copies worldwide. The LP was the final soundtrack, and the final songs, by the Bee Gees released under RSO.", "The story is told through pictures, action and music, scored by Howard Blake. It is wordless like the book, except for the song \"Walking in the Air\". In addition to the orchestral score, performed in the film by the Sinfonia of London, Blake composed the music and lyrics of the song, performed by a St Paul's Cathedral choirboy Peter Auty.", "Principal photography took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes. A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film, using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen. Its commercial release made it a top-selling soundtrack, selling over twelve million copies worldwide.", "The original story was written by Lee Minoff, based on the song by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and the screenplay penned by four collaborators including Erich Segal. The George Harrison character's recurring line \"It's all in the mind\" is taken from The Goon Show.", "The film features numerous songs by Dylan, performed by Dylan and also recordings by other artists. The songs feature as both foreground—performed by artists on camera (e.g. \"Goin' to Acapulco\", \"Pressing On\")—and background accompaniment to the action. A notable non-Dylan song in the movie is \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" by The Monkees, which plays in the background of a party scene set in London.", "Listen to the song Elizabeth sings (as a child) at the beginning of the first movie, and Jack singing at the end of the third. Seem familiar?", "John Debney was commissioned to write the score for this film, and intended to replace Ron Grainer's original theme with a new composition. Ultimately Debney did in fact use an arrangement of Grainer's music for the theme, although Grainer goes uncredited.", "I forgot if the movie had the same title as the theme song. I am looking for the lyrics.Mancini played song goes \"From moment to moment, every moment that I live, I live for every moment with you.\"\"", "For the soundtrack for the movie Sandie Shaw re-recorded the song \"Always Something There to Remind Me\". Also on the soundtrack was the Bronski Beat song \"Hit That Perfect Beat\" which was a hit in Australia and the UK.", "The theme-tune was sung by Tushingham and Redgrave. In the 1993 BBC series Hollywood UK, about the British film industry in the 1960s, the actresses appeared in the back of a London taxi singing the theme again.", "The times and scenes these songs were played in the movie can be found at 'what-song'", "Incidental music by DUDLEY SIMPSON Script editor TERRANCE DICKS Designer JOHN HURST Producer BARRY LETTS Director DAVID MALONEY" ]

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[ "* The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival is a free two-day music festival that takes place every summer on the last weekend of August in Manhattan, New York City, at Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem and Tompkins Square Park in the Lower East Side, sponsored by the non-profit organization City Parks Foundation. The festival marked its 17th anniversary in 2009.", "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival is New York City's annual salute to the legendary saxophonist. City Parks Foundation is proud to celebrate this histories festival, featuring contemporaries of Charlie Parker as well as young jazz musicians that continue to shape and drive the art form.", "New York, NY: City Parks Foundation is proud to announce the 22nd edition of the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. Founded in memoriam of beloved jazz musician Charlie Parker, this festival annually attracts thousands of fans to two historic parks in Manhattan. The festival will kick off in Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem, blocks from the famous jazz clubs where Parker graced the stage, and move to Tompkins Square Park in the East Village on Sunday, just across the street from the late Parker’s apartment.", "Come join us to celebrate Charlie Parker’s legacy – both to New York City and to the world of jazz.", "* Jazz historian Phil Schaap hosts Bird Flight, a radio show on WKCR New York that is dedicated solely to Parker's music.", "* A memorial to Parker was dedicated in 1999 in Kansas City at 17th Terrace and The Paseo, near the American Jazz Museum located at 18th and Vine, featuring a 10 ft tall bronze head sculpted by Robert Graham.", "The 2016 Charlie Parker Jazz Festival featured performances from Jason Lindner: Breeding Ground, Antoinette Montague, DJ Greg Caz, Randy Weston African Rhythms Sextet, Cory Henry & The Funk Apostles, The Artistry of Jazzmeia Horn, Charles Turner III, DeJohnette - Holland - Moran, Allan Harris, Donny McCaslin Group and Grace Kelly.", "In 1936, he spent the summer playing with George E. Lee's band and married his first of four wives. Between 1937 and 1939, Parker played in Kansas City; he spent most of 1939 in New York, where he frequently heard the virtuoso pianist Art Tatum, and began working out the rhythmic and harmonic ideas that would form the basis of modern jazz. In 1945, Parker led his own group in New York, made numerous combo recordings in the new and controversial bebop style, and played extensively with Dizzy Gillespie . In 1946, Parker suffered a nervous breakdown related to his heroin addiction and alcoholism, and was confined for six months at Camarillo State Hospital. The following year, he made a triumphant return to New York and formed his celebrated quintet featuring Miles Davis and Max Roach .", "one of those cities, possibly the only one that could rival New York and Chicago in the early 1930s. It was also the city where the Count Basie Orchestra (listen [spotify♫]) first came to prominence. Count Basie, along with Duke Ellington, is regarded by jazz historians as one of the two most important and innovative bandleaders of the swing era. We devote a large portion of this lesson to an examination of Count Basie as a bandleader, his talents on the piano, and his orchestra members.", "* In the United States, the largest traditional jazz festival, the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee, is held in Sacramento, California annually on Memorial Day weekend, with about 100,000 visitors and about 150 bands from all over the world. Other smaller festivals and jazz parties arose in the late 1960s as the rock revolution displaced many of the jazz nightclubs.", "In 1953, Parker performed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada, joined by Gillespie, Mingus, Powell and Roach. Unfortunately, the concert happened at the same time as a televised heavyweight boxing match between Rocky Marciano and Jersey Joe Walcott, so the musical event was poorly attended. Mingus recorded the concert, resulting in the album Jazz at Massey Hall. At this concert, Parker played a plastic Grafton saxophone. At this point in his career he was experimenting with new sounds and materials. Parker himself explained the purpose of the plastic saxophone in a May 9, 1953 broadcast from Birdland and did so again in a subsequent May 1953 broadcast. Parker is known to have played several saxophones, including the Conn 6M, the Martin Handicraft and Selmer Model 22. He is also known to have performed with a King \"Super 20\" saxophone. Parker's King Super 20 saxophone was made specially for him in 1947. ", "In the words of Miles Davis, “You can tell the history of jazz in four words: Louis Armstrong. Charlie Parker.” Almost sixty years after his passing, Parker is celebrated and credited for his contribution to modern music through rhythmically and melodically complex solos and his creation of the bebop sound. The acts in this year’s festival will offer a wide range of performances reflective of Parker’s music and of the ever-changing genre of jazz. From Wallace Roney to Brianna Thomas, this year’s lineup will feature both jazz veterans and up-and-coming stars alike.", "In 2011, Springfield's music scene was eclectic. It featured a notable heavy rock scene, from which the bands Gaiah, Staind, All That Remains, Shadows Fall, and The Acacia Strain rose to national prominence. Jazz and blues rival rock in popularity. Each summer, the Springfield-headquartered Hampden Bank sponsors the annual Hoops City Jazz & Art Festival, a three-day event that draws approximately 30,000 people to Metro Center to hear varieties of different jazz music – from smooth jazz, to hard bop, to New Orleans-style jazz. Headliners have included Springfield great Taj Mahal, the Average White Band, and Poncho Sanchez.", "American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, flautist and in his day one of the most in-demand studio musicians; he played with Charlie Barnet from 194244, and would return to play with him repeatedly over the next few decades. He also played with Benny Goodman, Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey, Artie Shaw, and Paul Whiteman in the 1940s. Following this he recorded with Charlie Parker, Rex Stewart, the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra, Johnny Hodges, Urbie Green, Clifford Brown and Helen Merrill, Art Farmer, Wes Montgomery, Quincy Jones, Jimmy Smith, Chico OFarrill, Betty Carter, Ray Charles, and Tony Fruscella. Maybe Danny is best known for his association with Miles Davis in Gil Evans's orchestra; he appears on the albums Sketches of Spain, Miles Ahead, and Porgy and Bess. He also played with Miles on his 1961 Carnegie Hall concert. Later in the 1960s he recorded with the big bands of Charles Mingus, Sonny Rollins, and Stanley Turrentine", "Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.", "Jazz events are popular on many islands, but some of the best-respected jazz festivals take place in Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, and Barbados. In fact, St. Lucia Jazz runs with the slogan \"The Best Party in the Caribbean\" for its star-studded springtime festival. For more than 10 years, fall travelers have been enjoying the Barbados Jazz Festival, also known as Paint it Jazz. And the Puerto Rico Heineken JazzFest is older yet and takes place each May.", "* Isle of Wight International Jazz Festival: The 3-day festival was held from 2005-08. Headline acts included Maceo Parker, Humphrey Lyttelton and Cleo Laine.", "The Montreux Jazz Festival is held on the eastern shore of Lake Geneva. World famous, the extensive Montreux Jazz programme extends from jazz to blues, rock and pop. Since its inception in 1967, some of the greatest jazz and blues artists have performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival, including Nina Simone, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, Charlie Mingus and Dexter Gordon. The Swiss festival is on 30 June until 15 July, 2017.", "Basie soon got involved in the local music scene playing gigs with pickup groups. One of the many groups that he played for was Harry Richardson’s “Kings of Syncopation.” At age 20, he moved to Harlem which was the place for a jazz musician to be at that time and was staying just a small distance from the Alhambra Theatre. He was fortunate to meet many of the musicians who were making a name for themselves – Willie “The Lion” Smith, James P Johnson and his drumming nemesis Sony Greer.", "Charles Parker, Jr., also known as \"Yardbird\" and \"Bird\", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer", "Composer, musician, teacher and broadcaster Dr. Billy Taylor began Jazzmobile in 1965 as a portable venue designed to bring live jazz concerts to streets in Upper Manhattan. The Harlem Cultural Council featured shows by jazz greats such as Dizzy Gillespie and Lionel Hampton. The Jazzmobile stopped at Grant's Tomb in Riverside Park in 1976 for a concert with the Louis Haynes-Junior Cook Quintet and has been going strong at the spot ever since. In more recent summers, concerts have been scheduled all across the city at sites such as Claremont Park in the Bronx, City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan, and Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem, as well as Grant's Tomb.", "Monterey Jazz Festival — The famed jazz festival caps off the city’s “festival season” every September by bringing the country’s best jazz musicians to town for three days of swing, bebop, and everything in between.", "Jazz Festival . One of the largest jazz festivals in Europe that consistently attracts top acts from around the world. Last weekend in October. ", "The Monty Alexander Jazz Festival is back and it’s better than ever! This Labor Day weekend come see the sensational Monty Alexander, along with past festival favorites and some newcomers. Presented by Jazz on the Chesapeake, this three-day festival offers high-caliber performances that will delight concert lovers and jazz aficionados alike. The festival, now in its seventh year, boasts an extraordinary lineup, sure to appeal to a wide range of music enthusiasts ~ meaning you should get your tickets now before they sell out! The festival kicks off Friday evening with “The Magic of Gershwin,” featuring Ted Rosenthal, renowned as one of the leading jazz pianists of his generation, and accomplished vibraphonist Chuck Redd. Rosenthal’s 2014 release, “Rhapsody in Gershwin,” presented his arrangement of the American composer’s 1924 Rhapsody in Blue. The album reached the number one position in jazz sales at iTunes and Amazon. Redd’s vibraphone work ~ referred to by the Jazz Times as “exquisite” ~ in addition to his skillful drumming, has been featured on more than 70", "Jazz At the Bistro, [44] . No visit to the Gateway City is complete without experiencing its rich jazz and blues heritage.", "George Benson, Diana Krall and Wayne Shorter are headlining the 2013 festival, along with many up-and-coming names. As well as a fantastic collection of jazz, blues and folk music, the three-day event (September 20th-22nd) also hosts workshops, exhibitions and talks for non-stop entertainment. It’s a not-for-profit festival with an aim to educate and nurture young jazz talent.", "Originally a pure jazz festival, it opened up in the 1970s and today presents artists of nearly every imaginable music style. Jazz remains an important part of the festival. Nowadays the festival lasts about two weeks and attracts an audience of more than 200,000 people.", "Originally a pure jazz festival, it opened up in the 1970's and today presents artists of nearly every music style. However, jazz remains an important part of the festival. Today's festival lasts about two weeks and attracts an audience of more than 200,000 people.", "Charlie Parker o Bebop o King of Alto Sax o Genius of - AFRCNA - 0639", "The annual Louis Armstrong Wonderful World festival is also held there, where jazz musicians perform outdoor. ", "The International Baku Jazz Festival is one of the biggest events in town. Performances are given by various artists and groups.(This is not an annual event please verify)", "Nile Gold Jazz Safari, hosted in October, is a one day jazz festival. Musicians from all over the world gather in the city to celebrate this musical event." ]

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[ "Born on February 11, 1936, in Waycross, Georgia, Burton Leon Reynolds Jr., who would later be famous as Burt Reynolds, was raised in Florida. His father, Burton Leon Reynolds Sr., was a former police chief of Riviera Beach, Florida, and is a half-Cherokee Indian, and her mother, Fern Reynolds, is of Anglo-Saxon heritage.", "Burt Reynolds was born in Lansing, Michigan, to Burton Milo Reynolds, Sr. and Fern H. Reynolds. His father was a police chief of Riviera Beach and had also served in the US Army.", "Fern H Reynolds and Burton Milo Reynolds are the parents of Burt Reynolds. Waycross, Georgia is the birth place of Burt Reynolds. His father was a part of Unites States Army. After some time his father became the chief police of Riviera Beach. This beach is adjacent to West Palm Beach which is located in north. He has completed his schooling from Palm Beach high School. In his school he used to participate in all the competitions which were related to acting and theatre. In his childhood he was a very intelligent student. He received a large number of scholarships. He completed his graduation from Florida State University. He was a great football player in his college days. He even won a scholarship for playing football. When he was in college he met with an accident. The accident gave him an injury and his football career ended with that accident. He never played football after that accident. He never thought of acting to be his career. After he ended up with his football career he aimed to become a police officer. When he got a scholarship to Hype Park Playhouse, he dropped his plan for becoming a police officer and went to New York for Summer Stock Theater. He found this job more interesting than the job of police officer.", "Burt Reynolds, now 78, is the son of a former Riviera Beach police chief. He started acting soon after leaving school, eventually playing small roles on TV. His movie career began in 1961 and slowly grew until he became one of the most popular stars of the 1970’s and 80’s.", "Reynolds, who was born in Albert Lea Minnesota, in 1892, where his father was a threshing-machine salesman, was always seeking the main chance. After failing out of high school, he became an automobile salesman, and at the age of 20 was an independent tire dealer. Reynolds experienced great success in this business. By 1918 he was a millionaire, only to lose all of his money within four years. This was a preview of what was to come. During the next eight years Reynolds rode a roller-coaster, which resulted in three bankruptcies.", "Tarantino was born on March 27, 1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry. Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds' character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentin's mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles, when Tony was a law student and would-be entertainer. She married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived. In 1966, Tarantino's mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the southern part of the city. Tarantino grew up there. ", "Burt Reynolds (1936 - ) An American actor, director and producer. He starred in films like Hustle and Smokey and the Bandit, The Longest Yard and Boogie Nights. Born in Lansing, MI (97)", "After his second release, Reynolds went on to work briefly as a consultant on a film about the robbery, Buster, and published the Autobiography of a Thief in 1995. His son Nick said his father had died in his sleep in the early hours of February 28 2013.", "After his second release, Reynolds went on to work briefly as a consultant on a film about the robbery, Buster, and published the Autobiography of a Thief in 1995. His son Nick said his father died in his sleep in the early hours of February 28 2013.", "And what a family: Mother : Debbie Reynolds . Father: Eddie Fisher . Former stepmothers: Elizabeth Taylor and Connie Stevens . Half-sister: Joely Fisher . Ex-husband #1: Paul Simon .", "Burt Reynolds, who carried the nickname Buddy, was educated in Palm Beach High School before continuing his studies at Florida State University on a football scholarship. He was so good that the Baltimore Colts National Football League team drafted him. Unfortunately, a knee injury in 1955 and then a devastating car accident forced Burt to dump his sports� career. Burt switched from athletics to collage drama and later won a scholarship to the Hyde Park Playhouse.", "Reynolds became a college football star at Florida State but “was desperately looking for someone who’d say, ‘You’re grown up, and I approve and love you,’ ” he once recalled. An early first marriage to actress Judy Carne ended bitterly in 1966 after three years; in a 1985 autobiography she alleged that he beat her. “She broke my heart, she really did,” Reynolds responded. “I’ve never said a bad word about Judy, but she’s made a great deal of money talking about me.” He sought solace from a siring of female celebrities—Inger Stevens, Sally Field, Chris Evert, Dinah Shore, Tammy Wynette—but it was not until 1988, 10 years after meeting the WKRP star on The Merv Griffin Show, that Burt risked another plunge into matrimony.", "Georgia-born, Florida-raised Burt Reynolds turned to acting after a knee injury and a debilitating car accident abruptly cut short his dreams of becoming a professional football player. Trained at the Hyde Park Playhouse, 21-year-old Reynolds made his first professional stage performance in John Forsythe�s revival of �Mr. Roberts,� which starred Charlton Heston. Shortly after, he inked a TV acting contract.", "He and Burt Reynolds had major influences on each other's careers. It was he who sent a copy of \"Sharky's Machine\" to Reynolds, which gave Reynolds the idea to turn the novel into a movie, Sharky's Machine (1981), which went on to garner excellent reviews. On the other hand, it was Reynolds who sent Clint a copy of \"The Outlaw Josey Wales\", later made into a film by Eastwood ( The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)). Years later, Reynolds told him about \"this great novel\" called \"The Bridges of Madison County\", and some time later it was shot by Eastwood ( The Bridges of Madison County (1995)).", "Has an adopted son, Quinton A. Reynolds (aka Quinton Anderson Reynolds) (born on August 31, 1988), with former husband, Burt Reynolds .", "Burt Reynolds is a very rich personality. He leads a very luxurious and lavish lifestyle. His profession makes a lot of money for him. He is said to be the highest paid actor in the world. His estimated net worth is said to be $185 million. His annual salary is said to be around $58 million. His movies earn a lot of money. He has a beautiful house located in Florida. The house covers around 4 acres of land. The estimated market price of this house is $1.2 million. The house is located on a very beautiful sight. The presence of garden further enhances the beauty of the house. The interior of the house is quite mesmerizing. It house encompasses many facilities like it has a separate area for pool and a well equipped kitchen.", "Burton Stephen &quot;Burt&quot; Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American film actor noted for his athletic physique and distinctive smile (which he called &quot;The Grin&quot;). In fact, he was initially dismissed as &quot;Mr Muscles and Teeth&quot;. Later he took roles that went against his initial &quot;tough guy&quot; image. In the late 1950's Lancaster abandoned his &quot;all-American&quot; image and came to be regarded as one of the best actors of his generation.<br/><br/>Lancaster was nominated four times for Academy Awards and won once — for his work in Elmer Gantry in 1960. He also won a Golden Globe for that performance and BAFTA Awards for The Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) and Atlantic City (1980). His production company, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster, was the most successful and innovative star-driven independent production company in 1950's Hollywood, making movies such as Marty (1955), Trapeze (1956), and Sweet Smell of Success (1957).<br/><br/>Lancaster also directed two films: The Kentuckian (1955) and The Midnight Man (1974).<br/><br/>In 1999, the American Film Institute named Lancaster nineteenth among the greatest male stars of all time.", "At the Academy Lifetime Tribute to Loy in 1985 Burt Reynolds , who cast her as his mother in The End (1978), reportedly said that he wished he'd been born earlier but didn't think he was a good enough actor to appear opposite her if he had.", "Once one of Hollywood�s most sought-after superstars, Reynolds constantly peaked at No. 1 at the box-office polls throughout the mid 1970s till the early 1980s with such hits as The Longest Yard (1974), Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and Hooper (1978). The success was further flamed by taking home eight People�s Choice Awards for �Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer� and �Favorite Motion Picture Actor,� as well as two NATO Awards in 1978 and 1980 for �Male Star of the Year.�", "circa 1957: Family studio portrait of married American singer/actors Eddie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds with their daughter Carrie Fisher. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Carrie Frances Fisher was born in Beverly Hills, California, the daughter of singer Eddie Fisher and actress Debbie Reynolds. Her father was Jewish, the son of immigrants from Russia, and her mother was raised a Nazarene, and is of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. Her younger brother is producer and actor Todd Fisher, and her half-sisters are actresses Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher, whose mother is singer and actress Connie Stevens.", "James Brolin (born July 18, 1940) is an American actor, producer and director, best known for his roles in film and television, including sitcoms and soap operas. He is the father of actor Josh Brolin and husband of singer/actress Barbra Streisand.", "Warren Beatty was born into a family of school teachers in Richmond, Virginia, in 1937. His mother taught drama and his father taught psychology. When he was still a child, the family relocated to Arlington, Virginia, where he starred on his high school football team. During his senior year, his older sister Shirley MacLaine, won a Golden Globe for her work in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Trouble With Harry, inspiring him to follow her into show business.", "*Sharky's Machine, directed by and starring Burt Reynolds, with Rachel Ward, Henry Silva, Vittorio Gassman, Charles Durning, Earl Holliman", "Marriage didn't last: Burt Reynolds and Judy Carne are pictured in the year they married in 1963", "He tied the knot with Singin' in the Rain star Debbie Reynolds in 1955. They had two children, Todd and Carrie Fisher , and were tauted as \"America's Favorite Couple.\"", "In this April, 5,1965 file photo actress Debbie Reynolds poses with Academy awards winners for best music Richard M. Sherman, right and Robert Sherman, left, who received the award for Mary Poppins in Santa Monica Calif.  (AP)", "Tim Holt was born Charles John Holt III on born February 5, 1919, in Beverly Hills, California, the son of actor Jack Holt and Margaret Woods. During his early years, he accompanied his father on location, even appearing in an early silent film. He was the inspiration for his father's book, Lance and His First Horse.", "Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda , son Peter Fonda , granddaughter Bridget Fonda , and grandson Troy Garity . His family and close friends called him \"Hank\". In 1999, he was named the sixth- Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute .", "He eloped with Dyan Cannon on July 22, 1965 in Las Vegas . Their daughter, Jennifer Grant , was born prematurely on February 26, 1966. He frequently called her his \"best production\", and regretted that he had not had children sooner. The marriage was troubled from the beginning and Cannon left him in December 1966, claiming that Grant flew into frequent rages and spanked her when she \"disobeyed\" him. The divorce, finalized in 1968, was bitter and public, and custody fights over their daughter went on for nearly ten years.", "He eloped with Dyan Cannon on July 22, 1965 in Las Vegas. Their daughter, Jennifer Grant, was born prematurely on February 26, 1966. He frequently called her his \"best production\", and regretted that he had not had children sooner. The marriage was troubled from the beginning and Cannon left him in December 1966, claiming that Grant flew into frequent rages and spanked her when she \"disobeyed\" him. The divorce, finalized in 1968, was bitter and public, and custody fights over their daughter went on for nearly ten years.", "12.  Burt Lancaster [ Vengeance Valley , The Kentuckian, Vera Cruz , Gunfight at the OK Corral , The Unforgiven , The Hallelujah Trail , The Professionals , The Scalphunters , Valdez Is Coming , Lawman , Ulzana’s Raid ]" ]

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[ "Pan Am 103 climbed into the dark English sky at 6:25 in the evening on December 21, 1988. It headed northwest from London's Heathrow Airport toward Scotland and the North Sea and, ultimately, scheduled destinations in New York and Detroit. The Jumbo Jet carried 259 passengers and crew. The majority were Americans, many of them returning for holiday gatherings with family and friends. But just 38 minutes into the flight, as the 747 cruised at 31,000 feet over the border from England into Scotland, something in the cargo hold exploded. It blew a hole the size of a large dinner plate in the airliner's skin. The loss of air pressure caused a powerful rush that broke the plane to pieces. Six miles below, in the Scottish border town of Lockerbie, a woman looked up at the sky.", "1988 - The Lockerbie disaster. Nearly 300 people were killed when a terrorist group destroyed a jumbo jet over the Scottish town of Lockerbie", "The scene of devastation caused by the crash of a 747 Pan Am Jumbo jet into Lockerbie, Scottland on Dec. 22, 1988 .", "A Pan Am 747 Jumbo Jet bound for John F. Kennedy airport in New York crashed just north of the Scottish border.", "Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London's Heathrow International Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft flying this route, a Boeing 747-121 registered N739PA and named \"Clipper Maid of the Seas\", was destroyed as it flew over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland . In the subsequent investigation into the crash, forensic experts determined that 12 to 16 oz (340 to 450 g) of plastic explosive had been detonated in the forward cargo hold, triggering a sequence of events that led to the rapid destruction of the aircraft. Winds of 100 knots (190 km/h) scattered victims and debris along a 130 km (81 mile) corridor over an area of 845 square miles (2189 sq km). The death toll was 270 people from 21 countries, including 11 people in the town of Lockerbie.", "A view taken December 22, 1988, of pieces of the wreckage of the 747 Pan Am airliner that exploded and crashed over Lockerbie, Scotland. All 243 passengers and 16 crew members were killed as well as 11 Lockerbie residents.", "Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan Am's third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York's JFK. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft flying this route, a Boeing 747-121 registered N739PA and named Clipper Maid of the Seas, was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK, when approximately 1 lb (450 g) of plastic explosive was detonated in its forward cargo hold, triggering a sequence of events that led to the rapid destruction of the aircraft. The aircraft that crashed was the 15th 747 ever built and was delivered to Pan Am in February 1970.", "- December 21 – Pan Am Flight 103, a Boeing 747, disintegrates in the air over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland after a terrorist bomb explodes on board. All 259 people on board and 11 on the ground are killed. The incident is also known as the Lockerbie air disaster.", "1988 ♦ December 21 – Pan Am Flight 103, a Boeing 747, disintegrates in the air over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, after a terrorist bomb explodes on board. All 259 people on board and 11 on the ground are killed. The incident is also known as the Lockerbie air disaster.", "About 7:00 pm on December 21, Pan Am flight 103, a Boeing 747 en route to New York City from London, exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland . The plane had reached a height of approximately 31,000 feet (9,500 metres) and was preparing for the oceanic portion of the flight when a timer-activated bomb detonated. The bomb, constructed with the odourless plastic explosive Semtex, was hidden in a cassette player that was stored in a suitcase. The blast broke the plane into thousands of pieces that landed in an area covering roughly 850 square miles (2,200 square km). All 259 passengers and crew members were killed. Falling wreckage destroyed 21 houses and killed an additional 11 people on the ground.", "In 1988, a Pan Am passenger jet exploded over the town of Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 270 people. Following an investigation the US said it had evidence Libyan agents planted a bomb on the plane.", "-1988: A US airliner explodes over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 people on board and 11 on the ground. Suspicion initially falls on Syria, but a Libyan agent is eventually convicted by a court operating in The Hague. He is imprisoned in Scotland", "1988 – A total of 270 people were killed when a bomb on board Pan Am Flight 103 exploded while the plane was in flight over Lockerbie, Scotland, launching an eventual three-year joint investigation by Britain's Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation.", "Lockerbie high street on the morning of the 25th anniversary of the air disaster on December 21, 2013 in Lockerbie, Scotland. ", "Atrocity: 270 people died when Pam Am flight 103 exploded over Lockerbie, in Scotland on December 21, 1988, in the worst terror attack ever seen on British soil", "Despite being advised by their governments not to travel to Lockerbie, many of the passengers' relatives, most of them from the US, arrived there within days to identify the dead. Volunteers from Lockerbie set up and staffed canteens, which stayed open 24 hours a day and offered relatives, soldiers, police officers, and social workers free sandwiches, hot meals, coffee, and someone to talk to. The people of the town washed, dried, and ironed every piece of clothing that was found once the police had determined they were of no forensic value, so that as many items as possible could be returned to the relatives. The BBC's Scotland correspondent, Andrew Cassell, reported on the 10th anniversary of the bombing that the townspeople had \"opened their homes and hearts\" to the relatives, bearing their own losses \"stoically and with enormous dignity\", and that the bonds forged then continue to this day. ", "The disaster is remembered in a number of way. Stained glass windows in the Town Hall display the flags of the countries whose nationals were killed. There is also a Book of Remembrance held in the Memorial Room at Tundergarth; and at Dryfesdale Cemetery, a little to the west of Lockerbie, there is the Garden of Remembrance and Lockerbie Air Disaster Memorial.", "- January 8 – British Midland Flight 92, a Boeing 737, crashes near Kegworth, Leicestershire, United Kingdom after one of its engines loses a fan blade and fails. Of the 118 passengers and 8 crew, 79 survive. The incident became known as the Kegworth air disaster.", "At 1908-hrs there were reports by the Civil Air Traffic Control Authorities of an explosion on the ground 15 miles north of the Scottish border. Details of the accident are still unclear but there are unconfirmed reports the plane has ploughed into cars and houses. An eyewitness said the aircraft has hit a central part of the town in a residential area. \"There was just a terrible explosion, you just couldn't describe it,\" he told the BBC. \"It is just impossible to approach the town but at the time it went up there was a terrible explosion and the whole sky lit up. \"It was virtually raining fire - it was just liquid fire.\"", "Lockerbie is known internationally as the place where, on 21 December 1988, the wreckage of Pan Am Flight 103 crashed after a terrorist bomb on board detonated. In the United Kingdom, the event is often referred to as the Lockerbie disaster, the Lockerbie bombing, or just Lockerbie. Eleven residents of the town were killed in Sherwood Crescent, where the aircraft's wings and fuel tanks plummeted in a fiery explosion, destroying several houses and leaving a large crater, with debris causing damage to a number of other buildings nearby. All 259 people on the flight also died. The 270 total victims were citizens of 20 different nations. The event was and remains the deadliest terrorist attack and aviation disaster to have happened in Britain.", "One of the plane's wings hit the ground in the southern area of Lockerbie. It hit the ground with such impact that it created a crater 155 feet long, displacing approximately 1500 tons of dirt. The nose of the airplane landed mostly intact in a field about four miles from the town of Lockerbie. Many said the nose reminded them of a fish's head cut off from its body.", "Lockerbie Academy, the town's public high school, became the headquarters for the response and recovery effort after the Pan Am Flight 103 disaster. Subsequently, the academy, in cooperation with Syracuse University of Syracuse, New York, USA, which lost 35 students in the bombing, established a scholarship at the university for two of its most outstanding graduating students. Each year, two graduating students spend one academic year at Syracuse University as Lockerbie Scholars before they begin their university study. The scholarships have led to a lasting relationship between the university and the town. The rector of Lockerbie Academy, Graham Herbert, was recognised in November 2003 at Syracuse University with the Chancellor's Medal for outstanding service.", "Wreckage was strewn over 50 square miles. Twenty-one of Lockerbie's houses were completely destroyed and eleven of its residents were dead. Thus, the total death toll was 270 (the 259 aboard the plane plus the 11 on the ground).", "* On 17 October 1950, Douglas Dakota C.3 G-AGIW crashed in Mill Hill shortly after takeoff on a flight from RAF Northolt to Renfrew Airport. The accident killed 28 passengers and crew, leaving only 1 survivor, flight attendant James McKissick. The crew had shut down the No.2 engine after it developed problems, leaving the aircraft without sufficient power to clear high ground. ", "The Kegworth air disaster 1987. More than 30 people died when a jet approaching the East Midlands airport crashed onto the M1.", "On the ground, 11 Lockerbie residents were killed when the wings, still attached by a piece of fuselage, hit 13 Sherwood Crescent at more than 500 mph and exploded, creating a crater 47 metres (155 ft) long and with a volume of 560 m³ (730 yd³), vaporising several houses and their foundations, and damaging 21 others so badly they had to be demolished. Four members of one family, Jack and Rosalind Somerville and their children, Paul and Lynsey, died when their house at 15 Sherwood Crescent exploded. A fireball rose above the houses and moved toward the nearby Glasgow – Carlisle motorway ( A74(M)), scorching cars in the southbound lanes, leading motorists and local residents to believe that there had been a meltdown at the nearby Chapelcross nuclear power plant. The only house left standing intact in the area belonged to Father Patrick Keegans, Lockerbie's Roman Catholic priest.", "1999: Seven people were injured, three critically, when their private jet crashed while attempting to land in high winds at the Raleigh County Airport in Beckley, West Virginia. The jet skidded off the runway and crashed down a 150-foot cliff. Amazingly, one person walked away from the crash unhurt.", "Following last Thursday’s lightning strike, our Embraer 195 jet aircraft is to be flown to Exeter this evening for repairs. Minor damage was sustained to the aircraft and its rudder during last week’s Air Traffic Control approved approach into London Gatwick. Embraer signed off a temporary repair last week which was valid for 50 flights. Now, we are working with Flybe at their Exeter headquarters to fit a loaned rudder from one of their E195s, until the rudder from our aircraft is repaired. We will run our London Gatwick services as usual tomorrow, but using our ATR 72 aircraft. Our passenger bookings for tomorrow mean that we will not need to charter an aircraft. We expect our Embraer to be back in service with us on Thursday morning, 20th August.", "This is an excellent place to capture aircraft landing and taking off in either direction especially from late afternoon and during sunsets. Preferably summertime evenings April through to September although not in the morning or early afternoon as you are facing the sun. Head to the village of Kirkliston and when you get to the \"Village Cross\" traffic lights where the War Memorial can be seen on the corner, head east for a just over a mile. You will see the distinctive Radar towers (the first photograph) as you go down this road. There is almost always someone there plane-spotting, fishing in the river when it's in season or just folk fascinated by watching planes taking off and landing. Parking there is generally ok but always be aware to ** keep clear of the crash gates at the perimeter fence **.", "Tobermory (Scottish Gaelic: Tobar Mhoire) is the capital of, and the only burgh on the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. It is located in the northeastern part of the island, near the northern entrance of the Sound of Mull. With a current population of approximately 700, the town was founded as a fishing port in 1788, its layout based on the designs of Dumfriesshire engineer Thomas Telford.", "The town was also the location of one of the worst rail disasters in British history, the Tay Bridge disaster. The first Tay Rail Bridge was opened in 1878. It collapsed some 18 months later during a storm, as a passenger train passed over it, resulting in the loss of 75 lives. The most destructive fire in the city's history came in 1906, reportedly sending \"rivers of burning whisky\" through the street.", "Tobermory (meaning “Mary’s Well”) is the capital of the Isle of Mull. It is located in the northeastern part Mull, near the northern entrance of the Sound of Mull. Its population is approximately 700 people. The town was founded as a fishing port in 1788 on a layout designed by Dumfriesshire engineer Thomas Telford." ]

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[ "Established in September of 1980 at the Gdansk shipyards , Solidarity was an independent labour union instrumental in the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, and the primary catalyst that would transform Poland from a repressive communist satellite to the EU member democracy it is today. The Solidarity movement received international attention, spreading anti-communist ideas and inspiring political action throughout the rest of the Communist Bloc, and its influence in the eventual fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe cannot be understated or dismissed.", "* The Solidarity movement began in Poland in 1980, involving workers demanding political liberalization and democracy in Poland. Attempts by the Communist government to prevent the rise the Solidarity movement failed and negotiations between the movement and the government took place. Solidarity would be instrumental in encouraging people in other communist states to demand political reform.", "The AFL-CIO’s Solidarity Day march in Washington, D.C., in September 1981, a few weeks after the PATCO strike began, drew half a million union members. The AFL-CIO gave the rally its name after the mass union movement Solidarnosc (Solidarity) that was shaking Poland’s bosses.", "Solidarity His support for the Solidarity Movement in Poland -- priests concealed messages from John Paul to imprisoned union leaders in their robes -- was a key to the downfall of Communism in Poland.", "The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime, but the whole of the Eastern bloc. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party, which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions.", "Solidarity is a Polish trade union federation that emerged on August 31, 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first non-communist party-controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. Solidarity reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 congress that constituted 1/3 of the total working age population of Poland. In the 1980s, Solidarity was a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement, using the methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and several years of political repression, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with the union. The Round Table Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland. Since then it has become a more traditional, liberal trade union. 30 years after emerging its membership dropped to over 400,000.  (wikipedia.org.  Accessed on September 1, 2011.)", "Momentum towards full blown revolution began in Poland in 1989 and continued in Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance, demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country whose people overthrew its Communist regime violently, whereas the regimes in Romania and in some other countries inflicted some violence on the population. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 failed to stimulate major political changes in China, but powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe. On the same day, 4 June, Solidarity won an overwhelming victory in a partially free election in Poland, leading to the peaceful fall of Communism in that country in the summer of 1989. Hungary dismantled its section of the physical Iron Curtain, leading to a mass exodus of East Germans through Hungary, which destabilized East Germany. This led to mass demonstrations in cities such as Leipzig and subsequently to the fall of the Berlin Wall, which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.", "Poland’s Solidarity Movement is founded on 22 September, with Gdansk shipyard worker, Lech Walesa, its Chairman. Solidarity seeks to coordinate the various workers' protests, against such things as rising food prices, around the country. Within a year, it has 10 million members and is banned by the Polish communist government. The movement, however, cannot be stopped and in June 1989, candidates endorsed by Solidarity sweep the parliamentary elections. In December, Walesa becomes President of Poland.", "Poland has a long-standing history of working to oppose the Communist domination of its country. The Solidarity Movement in Poland, led by Lech Wałęsa, to organize workers during the Cold War. movement in Poland started out as an independent trade union in the 1980s but became a lightning rod for political change in Poland. The Communist Party dominated politics and suppressed any movement to organize labor or the people against the government. The strength of Solidarity became evident by the 1990 election, when Solidarity candidate Lech Wałęsa won the Poland’s presidential election. Solidarity’s victory signified the collapse of the power of the Soviet Union and Communism in Eastern Europe. The country has emerged with democratic government and a thriving capitalist economy.", "Lech Walesa is best known as the leader of the Solidarity movement which led Poland out of Communism following years of peaceful protest which began in 1980. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and 10 years after the struggle began, Walesa, a former electrician, was elected President of the Republic of Poland, signifying the end of Communist rule in his country. He went on to serve as President until 1995.", "In April 1989, the Solidarity organization was legalized in the People's Republic of Poland and captured 99% of available parliamentary seats. [68] These elections, in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe [69] [70] [71] that eventually culminated in the fall of communism . [72] [73]", "In August 1980 Solidarity was founded in Gdansk after the allowance by the government. In September 20 Inter-factory Founding Committees joined in and become united as the NSZZ Solidarity. Founder Lech Walesa formed a broad anti - Soviet movement across the nation, from the Catholic Church to the Left. It was supported by the Catholic Church. However The movement was encouraged and supported by the then - Pope John Paul II, who was born in Poland.", "[ɲezaˈlɛʐnɨ samɔːˈʐɔndnɨ ˈzvjɔ̃zɛk zavɔːˈdɔvɨ sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ] ) is a Polish trade union federation that emerged on August 31, 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard under the leadership of by Lech Wałęsa . It was the first non- communist party -controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. Solidarity reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 congress that constituted 1/3 of the total working age population of Poland. [3]", "A pro-Solidarity march in Poland, September 1988. Solidarity ('Solidarnosc' in Polish) is a non-communist trade union federation that was formed in the shipyards of Gdansk in 1980. After first suppressing the movement, the Polish government eventually allowed Solidarity to stand in elections. In 1989 the group won a resounding victory in legislative elections, precipitating the fall of communism in Poland and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, Solidarity represents 722,000 workers in Poland.", "      Poland marks the 20th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity, originally a trade union and later a political party.", "“Solidarity unites many social trends and associated people, adhering to various ideologies, with various political and religious convictions, irrespective of their nationality. We have united in protest against injustice, the abuse of power and against the monopolised right to determine and to express the aspirations of the entire nation. The formation of Solidarity, a mass social movement, has radically changed the situation in the country”.", "* In Poland, tens of thousands demonstrate on the third anniversary of the accords that created Solidarity, the now-banned independent trade union.", "A charismatic leader, Walesa co-founded Solidarity (Solidarnoœæ) in 1980, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, a 10 million-member labor movement that inspired hope in the hearts of those starved for freedom. Soon after beginning work at the Gdansk (then \"Lenin\") Shipyards, he became a trade-union activist. For this he was persecuted by the Polish communist government, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdansk Agreement between striking workers and the government.", "Political strife and labor turmoil in the 1980s led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity. Solidarity soon gained a strong political following and with the advent of glasnost in the Soviet Union, was able to rapidly become a robust political entity. After the collapse of the Soviet empire, Solidarity swept parliamentary elections and the presidency in the 1990 elections.", "a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed; the revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries. Five factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants. [4]; the uprisings were led by shaky ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe (Spain, Serbia,[5] Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).[6]", "After the initial Finaghy Road March, the Peace People, both Protestants and Catholics, rallied in Ormeau Park on 21 August. The official Declaration of the Peace People was first read at this rally, the largest rally of the entire campaign. The group numbered over 50,000. The rally even included some activists from Southern Ireland, most notably Judy Hayes from the Glencree Centre of Reconciliation near Dublin. After the rally, she and her colleagues returned to the south to organize solidarity demonstrations.", "Aug 14 – 17,000 polish ship workers strike at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, strike leads to creation of Solidarity movement.", "Lech Wałęsa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, philanthropist and human-rights activist. He was the leader of Solidarity.", "In the late spring and early summer of 1989, Dresden faced its first unsanctioned gatherings: handfuls of people collecting in public squares, first protesting the rigging of local elections in May and then, like the rest of Germany, demanding the right to emigrate to the West. In August, tens of thousands of East Germans actually traveled east—taking advantage of the lifting of travel restrictions within the Soviet bloc—only to descend on West German embassies in Prague, Budapest, and Warsaw. A series of Monday-night protests began across the cities of East Germany, growing bigger every week. East Germany shut its borders, but it was too late to stem the tide of both emigrants and protesters, and an agreement was ultimately brokered to transport the Germans from east to west. They would travel by train, and the trains would pass through Dresden, the East German city closest to Prague. Indeed, first the empty trains would travel through Dresden on their way to pick up the nearly eight thousand East Germans who were occupying the West German embassy in Prague. In the early days of October, thousands of people began to gather at the train station in Dresden—some of them carrying heavy luggage, hoping somehow to hitch a ride to the West, others simply there to witness the most astonishing event in the city’s postwar history.", "Among the mass protests that occurred at that time were the winter 1981 general strike in Bielsko-Biała, the nationwide warning strike in the spring of that year and hunger demonstrations in summer. The warning strike took place in the aftermath of the Bydgoszcz events (March 1981), during which the authorities resorted to violence to suppress Solidarity activists. The planned general strike was called off after Solidarity's questionable deal with the government, but the negotiators worked under a threat of Soviet intervention. Wałęsa's compromise prevented a confrontation with the regime or its foreign allies, at the price of the protest movement's loss of some of its dynamics. During the months that followed Solidarity kept getting weaker and its popular support was no longer capable of mass determined action.", "The existence of Solidarity and the political liberties that the movement brought paralyzed the authoritarian state and the state-controlled economy. Everyday life was becoming increasingly unbearable and the public displayed sentiments of extreme volatility. The hostility of the nomenklatura toward Solidarity was rapidly increasing.", "Robert Biezenski (1996), “The Struggle for Solidarity 1980-1981: Two Waves in Conflict”, Europe Asia Studies, 48/2", "SPIEGEL: So in the beginning it was more of a reform movement. What made Solidarity especially strong then?", "Walesa continued to involve himself in organising free non-communist trade unions and in 1980, along with some of his friends, founded Solidarnosc (Solidarity). It was not long before the organization had 10 million members and Walesa was its undisputed leader.", "The revolutions of 1968 represent the culmination of 1960s protest movements across the globe. This casebook explores the common sources of protest and the mechanisms by which unrest became a global phenomenon. It also includes in-depth discussion of how different countries reacted to the protests. The documents reveal common experiences across national boundaries for protesters and government officials alike. In particular, the voices of protesters included here illustrate how events emerged from a constellation of ideas circulating among young people in different cultures.", "In the 1940s, squatter movements in peri-urban areas brought mass politics back to the urban centres. The 1946 Mineworkers' Strike was a turning point in the emergence of a politics of mass mobilisation.", "However, by the late 1980s, popular resistance was taking the form of mass defiance campaigns, while struggles over more localised issues saw broad sections of communities mobilised in united action. Popular support for released political prisoners and for the armed struggle was being openly expressed." ]

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[ "1988, April 10 – Sandy Lyle become the first Scottish golfer to win the US Masters tournament.", "AUGUSTA - APRIL 1992: (from left to right) Past European winners of the Masters Nick Faldo (1989, 90, 96) of England, Sandy Lyle (1988) of Scotland, Ian Woosnam (1991) of Wales, Bernhard Langer (1985, 93) of Germany and Seve Ballesteros (1980, 83) of Spain pose for the cameras during the 1992 US Masters held in April, 1992 at the Augusta National Golf Club, in Augusta, Georgia, USA. (Photo by David Cannon/Getty Images)", "Alexander Walter Barr \"Sandy\" Lyle, MBE (born 9 February 1958) is a Scottish professional golfer. Lyle has won two major championships during his career. Along with Nick Faldo and Ian Woosnam, he became one of Britain's top golfers during the 1980s. He spent 167 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from its introduction, in 1986, until 1989. Lyle was inducted to the World Golf Hall of Fame in May 2012. ", "13 - Golfer Tiger Woods (21) becomes the youngest ever winner of the US Masters. He also becomes the first black golfer to win a major tournament, with a winning margin of 12 strokes.", "Here is the winners list of all US Masters golf tournaments since the first in 1934, won by Horton Smith (and again in 1936). Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion.", "During this period, no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman. In 1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff to Larry Mize. Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters. In 1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63, and had a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round. Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots (for his third Masters championship). Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes, and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead, he badly pushed his 4-iron approach to 18 and missed his par putt for bogey.", "Gerry Lester “Bubba” Watson, Jr. (born November 5, 1978) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. One of the few left-handed golfers on tour, he is a multiple major champion, having won the Masters Tournament in 2012 and 2014. In February 2015, Watson reached a career-high 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking.Watson is among the longest drivers on the PGA Tour; in 2007 he had an average drive of 315.2 yards (288.2 m) and can hit a ball over 350 yards (320 m), capable of generating a ball speed up to 194 mph (312 km/h).", "Louis Oosthuizen: If you say his name three times and pronounce it correctly, a big gap between your teeth magically appears. Google his name and the joke makes more sense. He had the greatest shot in the history of golf last year at The Masters with a double eagle at the par 5 second hole. Unfortunately for Louis, Bubba Watson trumped his greatest shot ever with a hooked wedge from the pine straw to within 15 feet of the hole, leading to victory in a playoff. Louis has the sweetest swing on tour and will finish in the top five, but will not win. Nice guy, too. He is a farmer back in South Africa. An honest-to-God farmer. Who wouldn’t root for a farmer? Besides a rancher.", "Phil Mickelson is the winner of the 2010 Masters Golf Tournament. Mickelson took home his 3rd green jacket on Sunday at Augusta National. He went into Sunday 1 back of Lee Westwood after a tremendous surge of consecutive eagles and a birdie on the back 9 on Saturday.", "*His win made him the first winner of The Masters, or any other (under-50) men's major, of African or Asian descent. He, the Indian Fijian Vijay Singh, and the South Korean Yang Yong-eun are the only winners of any major of such descent. The only other major winner whose primary ethnic heritage is undeniably non-European is 2005 U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell, a Māori from New Zealand.", "Thus Johnson, who won the Masters in 2007 in frigid cold on a rock-hard Augusta National, joins Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods, Sam Snead, Seve Ballesteros and Nick Faldo as the only players to win the Masters and a British Open on the Old Course. That's some pretty good company indeed.", "The Masters Tournament, also known as The Masters (sometimes referred to as The U.S. Masters outside of the United States) is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, it is the first of the majors to be played each year. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held each year at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private golf club in the city of Augusta, Georgia, USA.", "A 26-year-old South African finished strong at the Augusta National Golf Club Sunday and captured the 75th Masters with a 14-under 274. Charl Schwartzel ended the tournament two strokes ahead of Australians Adam Scott and Jason Day. Christine Brennan of USA Today talks to Steve Inskeep about the tournament.", "Two-time Masters champion Bernhard Langer is the first German to have won a major championship and is a former World No. 1. Since turning 50 in 2007, he has played mainly on the U.S. senior circuit, PGA Tour Champions; he has led that tour in prize money in seven of his eight full seasons, and won seven majors in all (the Senior Open Championship in 2010 and 2014; the U.S. Senior Open in 2010; the Senior Players Championship in 2014, 2015, and 2016; and The Tradition in 2016). Martin Kaymer became the second German to win a major championship by winning the 2010 PGA Championship in Wisconsin, and in 2011 rose to World No. 1.", "The Masters Tournament, also known as The Masters, or The U.S. Masters outside of the United States, is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April, it is the first of the majors to be played each year. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held each year at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club , a private golf club in the city of Augusta, Georgia , USA. The Masters was started by Clifford Roberts and Bobby Jones , [1] who designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . The tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the PGA European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, entry being controlled by the Augusta National Golf Club.", "Gregory John Norman AO (born 10 February 1955) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s. He has won 91 international tournaments, including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors: The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993. Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes (80%) of any golfer to date. In a reference to his blond hair, size, aggressive golf style and his birthplace's native coastal animal, Norman's nickname is \"The Great White Shark\" (often shortened to just \"The Shark\"), which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters. ", "Jordan Spieth- the 21 year old American golfer who won the 79th Masters Golf Tournament recently.", "Schwartzel becomes the third South African to win the Masters on the 50th anniversary of Gary Player's breakthrough win for a non-American at Augusta. Player also won in 1974 and 1978, while Trevor Immelman triumphed in 2008.", "Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961, beating Palmer, the defending champion. In 1974, he won again by two strokes. After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years, and at the age of 42, Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players. Player currently shares (with Fred Couples) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts, and has played in a record 52 Masters. ", "The Masters Tournament, also known as The Masters or The US Masters, is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, it is the first of the majors to be played each year. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held each year at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private golf club in the city of Augusta, Georgia, USA. The Masters was started by Clifford Roberts and Bobby Jones. Jones designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie. The tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club.", "It is only three weeks until the Masters Golf Tournament starts! The 2011 edition of the Official Program of the Masters Tournament contained an article titled... “HOW THE HAWK MASTERED AUGUSTA”, with the following byline: “Ben Hogan was more than a player at the Masters. He was a presence. No entertainer, his passion for perfection helped win two Masters Titles – and millions of admirers.”", "The Masters, also known as The Masters Tournament, is one of the four major golf tournaments of the PGA (Professional Golfer's Association) Tour. Since 1934, it has been held annually during the first full week of April at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Since 1949, the winner of the Masters has been awarded a symbolic green jacket.", "Stewart Ernest Cink (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer who won the 2009 Open Championship. He spent over 40 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from 2004 to 2009. ", "In 1999 Payne Stewart secured victory at Pinehurst, beating Phil Mickelson into second place. Stewart birdied the 17th hole before holing a 15-foot putt on the final green to win by a stroke. Stewart’s celebration, with his right arm and leg outstretched, has become one of the most iconic images in golfing history. Stewart was unable to defend his U.S. Open title the following year as he was tragically killed in a plane crash later that year.", "American golfer who was the first player to win three consecutive US Amateur titles (1994-1996), the youngest ever to win the Masters (1997), and the youngest to win all four major championships (1997-2000).", "Gary Player won the US Open golf tournament and became the fourth winner to earn all four top-pro golf titles. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American to achieve this feat.", "The only men's major that is held on the same golf course each year is the Masters, which is played in early April at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Established in 1934, the Masters is known for its picturesque setting and for the green jacket that is presented to the winner. The Masters also includes the fewest golfers of any major; invitations usually are sent to less than 100 golfers based on certain qualifications, such as recent winners of certain tournaments and golfers who were ranked among the top 50 in the world for the previous year. All previous Masters winners receive lifetime invitations, although most eventually stop participating after they are no longer able to compete at a certain level.", "1998 - Hale Irwin birdied the 18th hole for a 69 to win the U.S. Senior Open by one stroke over Argentina's Vicente Fernandez at Riviera Country Club, Pacific Palisades CA.", "The 2010 Masters Tournament was the 74th Masters Tournament, played April 8–11 at Augusta National Golf Club. ", "Results from the 2013 Masters golf tournament played at the par-72 Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia (p-won playoff; a-amateur):", "Results from the 2003 Masters golf tournament played at the par-72 Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Ga. (x-won playoff; a-amateur):", "The Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are amongst the most respected golf courses and Major tournaments in world. I have such admiration and reverence for this event that every year the first thing I do when I arrive in Augusta is have my wife drop me off at the front gate entrance to Magnolia Lane, reliving my first walk into the clubhouse in 1957. I embark on this walk alone through the blooming dogwoods and azaleas reflecting on my past victories, and am very grateful to have won not only once but three times in 1961, 1974 and 1978. I admire how the Masters Tournament Committee honors their past champions by granting them a lifetime exemption to play each year." ]

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[ "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson, also known as Malik Abdul Aziz,[2][3] (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American boxer. He was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest man ever to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title at just 19 years old. Throughout his career, Tyson became well-known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring.", "1986: Mike Tyson, at age 20, became the youngest ever world heavyweight boxing champion when he beat Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas in just two rounds.", "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. “I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,” Tyson told his manager after the fight, “and I’m going to be the oldest.”", "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. \"I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,\" Tyson told his manager after the fight, \"and I’m going to be the oldest.\"", "Mike Tyson, in full Michael Gerald Tyson, byname Iron Mike (born June 30, 1966, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.) American boxer who, at age 20, became the youngest heavyweight champion in history (see also boxing).", "Young Mike Tyson In 1986 Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight champion of all time, winning the World Boxing Council (WBC) title at 20 years of age. By 1987 Tyson had unified the heavyweight crown, capturing the World Boxing Association (WBA) and International Boxing Federation (IBF) titles. He dominated the heavyweight division during the late 1980s, earning 37 victories without suffering a defeat. Here, the referee steps in after Tyson delivers a fifth-round punch to opponent Tyrell Biggs.", "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American professional boxer who held the undisputed world heavyweight championship. At the age of 21, he became the youngest boxer to win the world heavyweight title, and was also the first heavyweight to regain the title after losing it. As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1952 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the middleweight division.", "Mike Tyson: 50 wins, 44 KO’s, 5 losses  Mike Tyson became the youngest undisputed Heavyweight champion of the world, claiming the World Boxing Council strap at the tender age of twenty. Relatively small for a heavyweight boxer, Tyson battled with punching power, knocking out more than 90% of the men he faced.", "During the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, 17-year-old Floyd Patterson, fighting from Brooklyn, New York, won four bouts en route to the finals. In the gold medal match, Patterson knocked his opponent Romanian Vasile Tita out in just 74 seconds with an uppercut to the chin. Patterson turned pro and became the youngest heavyweight champion in the world at age 21 until Mike Tyson broke the record at age 20.", "Floyd Patterson, who has died aged 71, following Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer, not only became the youngest world heavyweight champion at 21; he also became the first fighter to regain the title by knocking out Sweden's Ingemar Johansson in the second of their three fights in 1960. He was also the first Olympic champion to go on and win boxing's richest prize.", "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: \"The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali.\" ", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American boxer . He was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest man ever to win the WBC , WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title at just 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old, after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. Throughout his career, Tyson became well-known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring.", "When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until Mike Tyson won the title (age 20) from Trevor Berbick on November 22, 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano’s retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.", "When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until  Mike Tyson  won the title from  Trevor Berbick  on 22 November 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano's retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.", "Tyson became the youngest heavyweight champion in history aged just 20 when he beat Trevor Berbick in 1986 to claim the WBC title before going on to earn his status as undisputed champion.", "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (also known as Malik Abdul Aziz) (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer . Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC , WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker . He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold and only Heavyweight to individually unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles.", "D’Amato taught Tyson a peekaboo boxing style, with hands held close to his cheeks and a continuous bobbing motion in the boxing ring that made his defense almost impenetrable. At 5 feet 11 inches (1.8 metres) tall and weighing about 218 pounds (99 kg), Tyson was short and squat and lacked the classic heavyweight boxer’s appearance, but his surprising quickness and aggressiveness in the ring overwhelmed most of his opponents. On November 22, 1986, he became the youngest heavyweight champion in history, with a second-round knockout of Trevor Berbick, to claim the crown of the World Boxing Council (WBC). On March 7, 1987, he acquired the World Boxing Association (WBA) belt when he defeated James Smith. After he defeated Tony Tucker on August 1, 1987, Tyson was unanimously recognized as champion by all three sanctioning organizations (WBC, WBA, and International Boxing Federation [IBF]).", "The stagnant heavyweight division received a needed jolt with the emergence of Mike Tyson in 1985. A New York City street hood as a youth, Tyson was rescued from the juvenile criminal system by Cus D’Amato, a legendary boxing trainer who once guided Floyd Patterson to the heavyweight title. A short, bull-like fighter with devastating speed and power, Tyson became the youngest man ever to win the heavyweight championship in 1987 at the age of 20.", "The youngest fighter to win an undisputed world heavyweight title was Floyd Patterson. He was 21 years and 10 months when he knocked out Archie Moore to win the vacant title on November 30, 1956.", "Nov. 22, 1986 - Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20.", "Nov. 22, 1986 -- Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20.", "Nov. 22, 1986 - Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20. Video Obtained From: vpo", "Mike Tyson holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles.", "Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: \"The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali.\"", "• How old was Mike Tyson when he became the youngest man ever to win a heavyweight boxing title? 22", "When he was 21, he became the undisputed heavyweight champion, the youngest to ever earn the title.", "He holds the record of being the Youngest Heavyweight Boxing Champion till date. He was only 20 years and 4 months old then.", "At twenty years old, Mike Tyson became the undisputed heavyweight champion, unifying the WBA (World Boxing Association), WBC (World Boxing Council), and the IBF (International Boxing Federation) heavyweight titles. “The Baddest Man on the Planet”, as Tyson was known, won 44 of his fifty fights by knockout. He is also known as Iron Mike and Kid Dynamite for his hard hitting punches.", "Awards: WBC title, making him the youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history, 1986; WBA title, 1987; IBF championship, August 1, 1987; regained WBC championship, 1996; regained WBA championship, 1996.", "The ‘Baddest Man on the Planet’ is also the youngest man on the planet to ever win the heavyweight title at the age of just 20.", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian-British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion.", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian - British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion." ]

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[ "The Space Shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft, and the first spacecraft in history that can carry large satellites both to and from orbit. The Shuttle launches like a rocket, maneuvers in Earth orbit like a spacecraft and lands like an airplane. Each of the three Space Shuttle orbiters now in operation -- Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour -- is designed to fly at least 100 missions. So far, altogether they have flown a combined total of less than one-fourth of that.", "The Space Shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft and the first spacecraft in history that can carry large satellites both to and from orbit. The Shuttle launches like a rocket, maneuvers in Earth orbit like a spacecraft, and lands like an airplane.", "When the space shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), rocketed off the launch pad for the first time in 1981, it became the world’s first reusable spacecraft to carry humans into orbit. Over the thirty-year course of the space shuttle program, the shuttles and their crews assembled parts of the International Space Station, deployed and serviced the Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory, repaired and re-launched satellites, sent probes to Venus and Jupiter, and more.", "NASA's space shuttle was the world's first reusable spacecraft and was designed to carry astronauts and equipment into orbit. The first two shuttles constructed, Columbia and Challenger, were both lost during missions. NASA's remaining shuttles were officially retired in 2011, with the remaining three shuttles placed on permanent public display. As of 2014, they remain at California Science Center, the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center and the Kennedy Space Center.", "The US launched the first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, on 12 April 1981, exactly 20 years after Gagarin's flight. It was able to carry different payloads to low Earth orbit, provide crew rotation, perform satellite repairs and allowed for supplies to be taken to the International Space Station.", "space shuttle, reusable U.S. space vehicle (1981–2011). Developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and officially known as the Space Transportation System (STS), it was the world's first reusable spacecraft that carried human beings into earth orbit. It consisted of a winged orbiter (122 ft/37 m long, with a 78-ft/24-m wingspan), two solid-rocket boosters, and a large external fuel tank. As with previous spacecraft, the shuttle was launched from a vertical position. Liftoff thrust was derived from the orbiter's three main liquid-propellant engines and the boosters. After 2 min the boosters used up their fuel and separated from the spacecraft, and—after deployment of parachutes—they were recovered following splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean and reused. After about 8 min of flight, the orbiter's main engines shut down; the external tank was then jettisoned and burned up as it reentered the atmosphere. The orbiter entered orbit after a short burn of its two small Orbiting Maneuvering System (OMS) engines. To return to earth, the orbiter turned around, fired its OMS engines to reduce speed, and, after descending through the atmosphere, landed like a glider. Five different orbiters—Columbia,Challenger,Atlantis,Discovery, and Endeavour—saw service; two were lost in accidents.", "Since 1981, NASA space shuttles have been rocketing from the Florida coast into Earth orbit. The five orbiters — Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour — have flown more than 130 times, carrying over 350 people into space and travelling more than half a billion miles, more than enough to reach Jupiter. Designed to return to Earth and land like a giant glider, the shuttle was the world's first reusable space vehicle. More than all of that, though, the shuttle program expanded the limits of human achievement and broadened our understanding of our world.", "The United States launches STS-1, the first orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle and maiden flight of Columbia. The space shuttle is the first reusable spacecraft.", "The space shuttle Columbia is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, becoming the first reusable manned spacecraft to travel into space. Piloted by astronauts Robert L. Crippen and John W. Young, the Columbia undertook a 54-hour space flight of 36 orbits before successfully touching down at California’s Edwards Air Force Base on April 14.", "Before the invention of the space shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft, rockets were used to put a tiny capsule carrying human space travelers into orbit. Stage by stage, booster segments would fall away during the launch as their fuel ran out. The spacecraft would go into orbit around Earth , and then the multi-stage rocket would plunge into the ocean. At that point the rocket would become space rubbish.", "In June, 2004, SpaceShipOne, a privately financed spacecraft utilizing a reusable vehicle somewhat similar in concept to the shuttle, was launched into suborbital flight from the Mojave Desert in California. Unlike the shuttle, SpaceShipOne was carried aloft by a reusable jet mothership (White Knight) to 46,000 ft (13.8 km), where it was released and fires its rocket engine. The spacecraft was designed by Bert Rutan and built by his company, SCALED Composites. The vehicle's 90-minute flight was the first successful nongovernmental spaceflight. SpaceShipTwo, based on SpaceShipOne, is being developed for commercial tourist flights; it made its first powered flight in 2013. Another spacecraft was privately developed by Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, in coordination with NASA. The company's Falcon 9 rocket had its first successful launch, from Cape Canaveral, in June, 2010. In Dec., 2010, SpaceX launched the Dragon space capsule, using a Falcon 9 rocket, and successfully returned the capsule to earth after almost two orbits. In May, 2012, the Dragon made its first resupply trip to the space station, returning with experiments and other items. Orbital Sciences Corp. (OSC) also developed a cargo capsule, Cygnus, in cooperation with NASA. OSC's Antares rocket, which is used to launch Cygnus, had its first test in Apr., 2013, and Cygnus had its first resupply flight later that year.", "Even before human space travel became a reality on this same date in 1961 with the launch of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin , space visionaries had conceptualized reusable winged vehicles that literally flew into space. Expanding upon the earlier work of people such as Max Valier and Eugen S�nger, in the 1950s and 1960s the Air Force developed the DynaSoar (for Dynamic Soaring) and several other programs involving a reusable piloted glider perched atop a large expendable launch vehicle. Also at this time, NASA researchers had done pioneering work in blunt body and lifting body aerodynamics that made the Shuttle possible.", "The term reappeared occasionally in studies through the early 1960s. A 1963 NASA contract to Douglas Aircraft Company was to produce a conceptual design for Philip Bono's \"Reusable Orbital Module Booster and Utility Shuttle (ROMBUS),\" to orbit and return to touch down with legs [ 114] like the lunar landing module's. Jettison of eight strap-on hydrogen tanks for recovery and reuse was part of the concept. 6 The press-in accounts of European discussions of Space Transporter proposals and in articles on the Aerospaceplane, NASA contract studies, USAF START reentry studies, and the joint lifting-body flights-referred to \"shuttle\" service, \"reusable orbital shuttle transport,\" and \"space shuttle\" forerunners. **", "Throughout the twentieth century, engineers envisioned creating a reusable spacecraft. Military and industrial representatives suggested spacecraft resembling gliders such as the late-1950s Dyna Soar design. By the 1970s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) focused on developing the STS. Engineers and scientists at NASA centers, universities, industries, and research institutions cooperated to build this unique spacecraft, contributing expertise in specific fields to design components and propulsion, guidance, control, and communication systems. Shuttle orbiters were constructed and tested in California with additional testing at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.", "NASA and Lockheed Martin, meanwhile, had their own plans for a fully reusable spacecraft, the VentureStar, intended as an affordable replacement for the partially reusable space shuttle. The VentureStar demonstrator, called X-33 (which graced the cover of this magazine in 1996), was a squat, triangular rocket that would take off vertically and glide back to Earth just as the shuttle did. Eliminating the expendable rockets needed to boost the shuttle into space could theoretically reduce the cost of launches from $10,000 per pound to $1,000 per pound. But by 2001, after sinking more than $1 billion into the project, the agency pulled the plug, citing repeated technical setbacks and ballooning costs. \"We backed off because we felt it was better to focus our efforts on other, less costly ways to get payloads to orbit,\" says Dan Dumbacher, NASA's deputy associate administrator for exploration systems development, who spent two years working on the X-33.", "After Project Apollo, NASA’s efforts turned towards the creation of an orbiting space station and the creation of reusable spacecraft. In the case of the former, this took the form of Skylab , America’s first and only independently-built space station. Conceived of in 1965, the station was constructed on Earth and launched on May 14th, 1973 atop the first two stages of a Saturn V rocket .", "NASA used the term \"shuttle\" for its reusable transportation concept officially in 1968. Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight George E. Mueller briefed the British Interplanetary Society in London in August with charts and drawings of \"space shuttle\" operations and concepts. In November, addressing the National Space Club in Washington, D.C., Dr. Mueller declared the next major thrust in space should be the space shuttle. 8 By 1969 \"Space Shuttle\" was the standard NASA designation, although some efforts were made to find another name as studies were pursued. 9 The \"Space Shuttle\" was given an agency-wide code number; the Space Shuttle Steering Group and Space Shuttle Task Group were established. In September the Space Task Group appointed by President Nixon to help define post-Apollo space objectives recommended the U.S. develop a reusable, economic space transportation system including a shuttle. And in October feasibility study results were presented at a Space Shuttle Conference in Washington. Intensive design, technology, and cost studies followed in 1970 and 1971. 10", "By the early 70s, a changing budget environment forced NASA to begin researching reusable spacecraft, which resulted in the Space Shuttle Program . Unlike previous programs, which involved small space capsules being launched on top of multistage rockets, this program centered on the use of vehicles that were launchable and (mostly) reusable.", "Thus, in March 1966, a special NASA planning team developed a statement of work for a reusable ground launch vehicle, and in October Marshall Space Flight Center and the Manned Spacecraft Center agreed to pursue independent study and research on such a spacecraft. NASA budgets, however, were becoming increasingly constrained, and at a January conference at NASA Headquarters administrators reluctantly agreed that there should be no new launch vehicle development in order to reduce the budget problems. The year, 1967, passed without any real progress in the development of a reusable spacecraft, but financial pressures became greater rather than less. In January 1968, George Mueller rekindled sentiments for work on a reusable spacecraft as potentially a cost-saving measure:", "Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a giant metallic balloon 100 feet (30 meters) across. The world's first inflatable satellite or \"satelloon,\" as they were informally known helped lay the foundation of today's satellite communications.", "In the mid-1960s, the US Air Force conducted a series of classified studies on next-generation space transportation systems and concluded that semi-reusable designs were the cheapest choice. It proposed a development program with an immediate start on a \"Class I\" vehicle with expendable boosters, followed by slower development of a \"Class II\" semi-reusable design and perhaps a \"Class III\" fully reusable design later. In 1967, George Mueller held a one-day symposium at NASA headquarters to study the options. Eighty people attended and presented a wide variety of designs, including earlier Air Force designs as the Dyna-Soar (X-20).", "From the commercial side, large satellite constellations such as Iridium satellite constellation were proposed which also had low cost space access demands. This fueled a private launch industry, including partially reusable vehicle players, such as Rocketplane Kistler, and reusable vehicle players such as Rotary Rocket.", "Sputnik 1 (; \"Satellite-1\", or ПС-1 [\"PS-1\", i.e., \"Elementary Satellite 1\"]) was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. ", "The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in global communications was a balloon named Echo 1. Echo 1 was the world's first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth. It soared above the planet after its Aug. 12, 1960 launch, yet relied on humanity's oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 100 ft aluminised PET film balloon that served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The world's first inflatable satellite — or \"satelloon\", as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of today's satellite communications. The idea behind a communications satellite is simple: Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by essentially serving as an enormous mirror, 10 stories tall, that could be used to reflect communications signals.", "NASA had studied concepts for space stations, including an inflatable donut-shaped station, since the earliest days of the space program. But it wasn't until the Saturn rocket came into existence in the mid-1960s that the Skylab program was born. Initially called the Apollo Applications Program, Skylab was designed to use leftover Apollo lunar hardware to achieve extended stays by astronauts in Earth orbit.", "Reusable launch vehicle (RLV) – A spacecraft that may be reused on successive missions. A single stage to orbit spacecraft.", "Immediately after the Sputnik I launch in October, the U.S. Defense Department responded to the political furor by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on the Explorer project. ", "Courier 1B - this was launched on 4 October 1960. It was also the first satellite powered by solar cells that were used to re-charge batteries used to power the system when behind the earth.", "Some glimpses of the Global Village had already been provided during experiments with TELSTAR, RELAY, and SYNCOM. These had included televising parts of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Although COMSAT and the initial launch vehicles and satellites were American, other countries had been involved from the beginning. AT&T had initially negotiated with its European telephone cable \"partners\" to build earth stations for TELSTAR experimentation. NASA had expanded these negotiations to include RELAY and SYNCOM experimentation. By the time EARLY BIRD was launched, communications earth stations already existed in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Brazil, and Japan. Further negotiations in 1963 and 1964 resulted in a new international organization, which would ultimately assume ownership of the satellites and responsibility for management of the global system. On August 20, 1964, agreements were signed which created the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT).", "Salyut, any of a series of Soviet space station s (of two designs), launched between 1971 and 1982, that served as living quarters and scientific laboratories or military reconnaissance platforms. The program name Salyut (Russian: “Salute”) was chosen to honour cosmonaut Yury Gagarin ’s historic first orbit of Earth in 1961.", "Where we stand now is the feasibility generally has been established for reusability. And we have much data on many concepts. We have an uncertain market demand and operational requirements. The R&D costs for fully reusable systems, including incremental development approaches, appear high. Personnel and cargo spacecraft seem to dominate Earth-to-orbit logistics costs. R&D costs for new logistics systems are in competition with dollars to develop payloads and markets (dollars are scarce). 14", "As of March 2015, there were also 1,265 artificial orbiting Earth, consisting of telecommunication, research, military, and global positioning satellites (GPS). There are also inoperative satellites, including Vanguard 1 – the oldest satellite currently in orbit – and over 300,000 pieces of space debris. Earth’s largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station ." ]

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[ "Patricia Highsmith (January 19, 1921 – February 4, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer, most widely known for her psychological thrillers, which led to more than two dozen film adaptations. Her first novel, Strangers on a Train, has been adapted for stage and screen numerous times, notably by Alfred Hitchcock in 1951. In addition to her acclaimed series about murderer Tom Ripley, she wrote many short stories, often macabre, satirical or tinged with black humor. Although she wrote specifically in the genre of crime fiction, her books have been lauded by various writers and critics as being artistic and thoughtful enough to rival mainstream literature. Michael Dirda observed, \"Europeans honored her as a psychological novelist, part of an existentialist tradition represented by her own favorite writers, in particular Dostoevsky, Conrad, Kafka, Gide, and Camus.\" Wikipedia", "Patricia Highsmith (January 19, 1921 – February 4, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer, known for her psychological thrillers, which led to more than two dozen film adaptations. Her first novel, Strangers on a Train, has been adapted for stage and screen numerous times, notably by Alfred Hitchcock in 1951. Highsmith wrote 22 novels, including her series of five novels with Tom Ripley as protagonist, and many short stories. Michael Dirda observed, \"Europeans honored her as a psychological novelist, part of an existentialist tradition represented by her own favorite writers, in particular Dostoyevsky, Conrad, Kafka, Gide, and Camus.\"", "Born in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1921, Patricia Highsmith spent much of her adult life in Switzerland and France. She was educated at Barnard College, where she studied English, Latin, and Greek. Her first novel, Strangers on a Train , published initially in 1950, proved to be a major commercial success and was filmed by Alfred Hitchcock. Despite this early recognition, Highsmith was unappreciated in the United States for the entire length of her career.", "in 1942 and shortly thereafter became a writer for the comic book series Black Terror. Highsmith's first novel Strangers on a Train was first published in 1950, and in 1951 Alfred Hitchcock adapted the work for the screen, which helped Highsmith gain literary renown. Highsmith is most known for the Ripley novels, about a young sexually ambiguous man, named Tom Ripley, who has murderous delusions of grandeur. The first and most famous of these is The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955), which was awarded both the Grand Prix de Littérature Policière and the Edgar Allan Poe Scroll by the Mystery Writers of America. In 1963 Highsmith relocated to", "Highsmith’s career was kick-started by Alfred Hitchcock’s classic film version of her 1950 novel, Strangers on a Train, but Tom Ripley (who also appeared on screen, in The Talented Mr Ripley) is her most infamous creation, and he appeared in five of her novels, chilly and scheming and repellent.", "* Patricia Highsmith (1921–1995), novelist, author of Strangers on a Train and The Talented Mr. Ripley", "Other friends, publishers, and acquaintances held different views of Highsmith. Editor Gary Fisketjon, who published her later novels through Knopf, said that \"She was very rough, very difficult...But she was also plainspoken, dryly funny, and great fun to be around.\" Composer David Diamond met Highsmith in 1943 and described her as being \"quite a depressed person—and I think people explain her by pulling out traits like cold and reserved, when in fact it all came from depression.\" Phyllis Nagy, who adapted Highsmith's second novel The Price of Salt into the film Carol, said that Highsmith was \"very sweet\" and \"encouraging\" to her as a young writer, as well as \"wonderfully funny\". ", "Highsmith's second novel, The Price of Salt, was published in 1952 under the nom de plume Claire Morgan. Highsmith mined her personal life for the novel's content. Its groundbreaking happy ending and departure from stereotypical conceptions about lesbians made it stand out in lesbian fiction. In what BBC 2's \"The Late Show\" presenter Sarah Dunant described as a \"literary coming out\" after 38 years of disaffirmation, Highsmith finally acknowledged authorship of the novel publicly when she agreed to the 1990 publication by Bloomsbury retitled Carol. Highsmith wrote in the \"Afterword\" to the new edition: ", "The cult success of The Price of Salt came a year later when the paperback edition was published as a Bantam 25‑cent edition. A mass-market version with the catchline “The novel of a love society forbids” swiftly followed. It soon chalked up a million copies. “Claire Morgan” received a stream of letters at her publisher from women writing: “Yours is the first book like this with a happy ending!” and: “Thank you for writing such a story. It is a little like my own story.” By the time the writer Marijane Meaker met her in 1960, Highsmith, “a handsome, dark-haired woman in a trenchcoat” was fully identified as Morgan and the novel “stood on every lesbian bookshelf, along with classics like The Well of Loneliness ; We, Too, Are Drifting; Diana and Olivia”.", "4. The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955) - My candidate for the Great American Novel--and Highsmith Country's best known ambassador. Tom Ripley, a socially sinuous, fragilely-gendered serial killer/forger/fraudster/identity impersonator, shares his confusion of love and murder and his passion for “the best” in life with his author. When Pat turned the plot of Henry James The Ambassadors upside down to give Ripley a handsome, poised, trust-funder to reclaim from Europe (Tom kills Dickie Greenleaf instead of kissing him, then assumes his identity), she infused her favorite sociopath with her own, special interpretation of the American Dream.", "To help pay for the twice-a-week therapy sessions, Highsmith had taken a sales job during Christmas rush season in the toy section of Bloomingdale's department store. Ironically, it was during this attempt to 'cure' her homosexuality that Highsmith was inspired to write her semi-autobiographical novel The Price of Salt, in which two women meet in a department store and begin a passionate affair. ", "She left her estate, worth an estimated $3 million, and the promise of any future royalties to the Yaddo colony, where she spent two months in 1948 writing the draft of Strangers on a Train. Patricia Highsmith bequeathed her literary estate to the Swiss Literary Archives at the Swiss National Library in Bern, Switzerland. ", "In her 1955 novel, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Patricia Highsmith describes the Riviera as including all of the coast between Toulon and the Italian border.", "There was another inspiration for the character of Carol: Highsmith’s former lover Virginia Kent Catherwood, the elegant and well-heeled socialite from Philadelphia, whose divorce in the 1940s had kept gossip columnists in New York in a state of scandalised delirium with its lesbian intrigue. “Ginnie” and Highsmith were lovers in the mid 1940s and full vent is given in Highsmith’s diary to her powerful desire for her lover and also, at times, the feelings of murderous vengefulness that are expressed in all of Highsmith’s writings. Catherwood had lost custody of her child after a recording made of her in a hotel bedroom with another woman was used in court against her, a detail mined for the plot of The Price of Salt in a way that gave Highsmith pause. In the end the detail stayed, an essential driver to the narrative, making the love affair between Carol and the younger, mute-with-longing Therese (based on Highsmith herself) all the more perilous and poignant.", "            It would be incorrect to say that America forgot Patricia Highsmith. America never knew her well enough to forget her. She lived quietly in England and Switzerland and continued to write. A dozen or so of her novels and tales were made into movies or television shows. Occasionally, the great auteurs came calling: French New Wave director Rene Clement made Purple Noon from The Talented Mr. Ripley and the German Wim Wenders made The American Friend from Ripley=s Game. But American directors and publishers showed scant interest in her works, and Alfred A. Knopf, Highsmith=s American publisher, did not even publish her last novel.", "During her stay at the Yaddo artist's colony in 1948, Highsmith met writer Marc Brandel (the son of J.D. Beresford) and entered into a short-lived relationship with him. While she was working on Strangers on a Train, he convinced her to visit him in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where he introduced her to painter Ann Smith, and the two became involved. After Smith left Provincetown, Highsmith felt she was \"in prison\" with Brandel and told him she was leaving. \"[B]ecause of that I have to sleep with him, and only the fact that it is the last night strengthens me to bear it.\" Highsmith, who had never been sexually exclusive with Brandel, resented having sex with him. Highsmith temporarily broke off the relationship with Brandel and continued to be involved with several women; reuniting after the well-received publication of his new novel. Beginning November 30, 1948, and continuing for the next six months, Highsmith underwent psychoanalysis in an effort \"to regularize herself sexually\" so she could marry Brandel. The analysis was brought to a stop by Highsmith, after which she ended her relationship with Brandel.", "Her first and only novel was published in 1962 under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas, presumably to protect her mother, who was portrayed pretty badly in the loosely autobiographical story of a woman's descent into madness. Although her first book of poetry, The Colossus, was greeted with mixed reviews, her posthumously published work, including Winter Trees, Crossing the Water, and Ariel, solidified her fame. For 10 points, name this American poet and author of The Bell Jar.", "Highsmith was a \"consummate\" atheist. She was never comfortable with black people and she was outspokenly anti-semitic. When she was living in Switzerland in the 1980s, she used nearly 40 aliases when writing to various government bodies and newspapers deploring the state of Israel and the \"influence\" of the Jews. Nevertheless, some of her best friends were Jewish, such as authors Arthur Koestler and Saul Bellow. Her work was assessed as having a \"misogynist streak,\" particularly after the publication of her short-stories collection Little Tales of Misogyny. ", "Highsmith believed in American democratic ideals and in \"the promise\" of U.S. history, but she was also highly critical of the reality of the country's 20th-century culture and foreign policy. Tales of Natural and Unnatural Catastrophes, her 1987 anthology of short stories, was notoriously anti-American, and she often cast her homeland in a deeply unflattering light. Beginning in 1963, she resided exclusively in Europe. She retained her United States citizenship, despite the tax penalties, of which she complained bitterly while living for many years in France and Switzerland.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just a year old.", "She loved woodworking tools and made several pieces of furniture. Highsmith worked without stopping. In later life, her stance became stooped, with an osteoporotic hump. Though her writing — 22 novels and 8 books of short stories — was highly acclaimed, especially outside of the United States, Highsmith preferred her personal life to remain private. ", "Whodunit? Conan Doyle, Christie and Macdonald are very different, but each wrote conventional stories about trying to find out the answer to that question. Patricia Highsmith, by contrast, belongs with Dostoevsky and Sartre to a distinct and arguably older tradition: the whydunit, which is more concerned with the reasons someone would commit a crime than how they'd do it.", "Giant's Bread (1930). First romance novel by Christie, who used the alias Mary Westmacott for its publication. Follows the story of Vernon Deyre from his sheltered childhood to the harsh realities of his adulthood. His father is killed in the Second Boer War , while Vernon himself goes on to fight in World War I . He spends a few years as a prisoner of war. When released, Vernon learns that everyone considers him dead and his wife has remarried. He then has to forge a new identity for himself and starts a career as an artist, but one increasingly isolated by the outside world. The novel is well-regarded due to a well developed supporting cast and their changes through the years depicted.", "In 1955 Manning published The Doves of Venus, which drew on her experiences in London in the 1930s; the two friends, Ellie Parsons and Nancy Claypole, bore similarities to Manning and Stevie Smith. [18] [126] [127] In the book, an isolated Ellie seeks to escape a stultifying mother. [128] The reviews were generally favourable, but Manning was not satisfied. Perhaps annoyed at her depiction in the novel, Stevie Smith wrote what Manning described as a \"bitchy review\"; the two great friends barely spoke thereafter, despite Smith's efforts at a rapprochement. Eventually, however, Manning grudgingly forgave her: learning of Smith's final illness, she remarked that \"Well, if she's really ill, we'll have to let bygones be bygones.\" [119] [127] [129]", "Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, (née Stevenson, 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist and short story writer during the Victorian era. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of society, including the very poor, and are of interest to social historians as well as lovers of literature. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography about Brontë. Some of Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854-55), and Wives and Daughters (1865).", "The upshot is his masterpiece, a brilliant marriage of the sensational and the realistic. The first edition was an immediate hit and a second, revised edition was issued in 1871. Hoping to exploit his breakthrough, in 1877, Collins adapted the novel for the stage, a production that ran for about two months. Subsequently, there have been many film, radio and television adaptations. 1934, The Moonstone was made into a critically acclaimed American film. In 1959, the BBC made the novel into a TV serial; in 1972, it was remade for Britain and the United States. In 1996 it was remade again, also in the United Kingdom, for television by the BBC, starring Greg Wise as Franklin Blake and Keeley Hawes as Rachel Verinder. It continues to earn its reputation as the founding text of the classic English detective story.", "Ms. Highsmith often said that she disliked being classified as a crime writer and many reviewers tended to agree. Graham Greene, with whom Ms. Highsmith frequently corresponded, called her a \"writer who has created a world of her own — a world claustrophobic and irrational which we enter each time with a sense of personal danger.\"", "Highsmith loved cats, and she bred about three hundred snails in her garden at home in Suffolk, England. Highsmith once attended a London cocktail party with a \"gigantic handbag\" that \"contained a head of lettuce and a hundred snails\" which she said were her \"companions for the evening\".", "Highsmith was an animal lover who kept pets of both cats and hundreds of pet snails. Urich Weber, the curator of Highsmith’s archive, once explained that “she was very happy among cats. They gave her a closeness that she could not bear in the long-term from people. She needed cats for her psychological balance.”", "The story follows Titus as he travels far from Gormenghast and finds a futuristic world of industrialists and advanced technology (in some ways anticipating the steampunk genre). This novel is more randomly plotted than its two predecessors, without a strong lead character or a fixed setting. A heavily edited first edition was published in 1959; a fuller version compiled by Langdon Jones from Peake's early drafts was issued in 1970 and forms the basis for all subsequent editions.", "In her introduction, Patricia Ingham places the novel in its literary and historical context, and discusses the theme of female friendship and Gaskell's narrative technique. This edition also contains an account of Gaskell's childhood in Knutsford, on which Cranford is based, appendices on fashion and domestic duties supplemented by illustrations, a chronology of Gaskell's life and works, suggestions for further reading, and explanatory notes.", "These books are among the high points of the puzzle plot mystery story. Chesterton's fiction seems to be the main model for the great works of the Big Three puzzle plot detective novelists, Christie, Queen and Carr." ]

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[ "Between the tall tales Tom told and what the studio system perpetuated about him, it was difficult to know truth from fiction. Depending on whose version you believe, he served as a scout in the Spanish-American War where he was severely wounded (shot in the mouth, in fact, which explained his crooked smile), and was also a non-combatant horse wrangler who witnessed the final battles of the Boer Wars in South Africa. The truth is, much as he wanted to see the perceived glory of battle, he never left the states.", "In 1933, Ralston-Purina obtained his permission to produce a Tom Mix radio series called Tom Mix Ralston Straight Shooters which, but for one year during World War II, was popular throughout most of the 1930s through the early 1950s, well after Mix's death. Mix never appeared on these broadcasts (his voice, damaged by a bullet to the throat and repeated broken noses, was not fit for radio) and was instead played by radio actors: Artells Dickson (early 1930s), Jack Holden (from 1937), Russell Thorsen (early 1940s) and Joe \"Curley\" Bradley (from 1944). Others in the supporting cast included George Gobel, Harold Peary and Willard Waterman.", "Mix had been one of the biggest silent movies stars in Hollywood during the 1920s, appearing in more than 300 westerns and making as much as $10,000 a week. Unlike most of the actors appearing in westerns, Mix (whose full name was Thomas Hezikah Mix) had actually worked as a cowboy, served as a soldier during the Spanish-American War, and been a Texas Ranger, so he brought a wealth of real experience to his fictional cowboy characters.", "According to Mix’s press agent, the star was a genuine cowboy and swaggering hero of the Wild West: He was born in Texas; fought in the Spanish-American War, the Boxer Rebellion and the Boer War; and served as a sheriff in Kansas, a U.S. marshal in Oklahoma and a Texas Ranger. In fact, Mix was born in Driftwood, Pennsylvania; deserted the Army in 1902; and was a drum major in the Oklahoma Territorial Cavalry band when he went off to Hollywood in 1909.", "In 1909 Tom Mix was with W. S. Dickey’s Circle C Ranch Wild West show. Dickey had a connection with the Selig Polyscope Company, an early producer of western films. Mix made his first film for Selig in 1909. When the Selig Studios closed, Mix went to William Fox Productions. He made a reported 336 films between 1910 and 1935, all but nine were silent features. He was Hollywood’s first Western mega-star and is noted as having helped define the genre for all cowboy stars who followed. Over half of the movies were made by Selig and Fox, but he also worked for Universal, Film Box Office and Mascot. In his early career he worked during the summers with the Kit Carson Buffalo Ranch Wild West and the Young Buffalo Wild West. He survived the change to talking pictures and made his last film in 1935 for the poverty row Mascot Pictures. In the 1920s he was one of the leading box office stars in Hollywood. In 1929 he went to work for the Sells-Floto Circus and remained there for three years. In 1934 he joined the Sam B. Dill motorized circus. In 1935 Mix bought the show and continued the Tom Mix Circus through 1938. At its height the show was the largest and most successful circus on the road. He made a number of successful tours of Europe before being killed in a car crash in 1940.", "Thomas Edwin Mix (born Thomas Hezikiah Mix; January 6, 1880 – October 12, 1940) was an American film actor and the star of many early Western movies between 1909 and 1935. Mix appeared in 291 films, all but nine of which were silent movies. He was Hollywood's first Western megastar and is noted as having helped define the genre for all cowboy actors who followed.", "Tom Mix got him a summer job as a prop man in exchange for football tickets. On the set he became close friends with director John Ford for whom, among others, he began doing bit parts, some billed as John Wayne. His first featured film was Men Without Women (1930). After more than 70 low-budget adventures, mostly routine, Ford cast him in Stagecoach (1939), the movie through which he emerged as a major star. He appeared in nearly 250 movies, many of epic proportions. From 1942-3 he was in a radio series, \"The Three Sheets to the Wind\", and in 1944 he helped found the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, later becoming its President. His conservative political stance was also reflected in The Alamo (1960) which he produced, directed and starred in. His patriotic stand was enshrined in The Green Berets (1968) which he co-directed and starred in. In September 1964 he had a cancerous left lung removed; in March 1978 there was heart valve replacement surgery; and in January 1979 his stomach was removed. He received the Best Actor nomination for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) and the Oscar for his role as one-eyed Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969). A Congressional Gold Medal was struck in his honor in 1979. He is perhaps best remembered for his parts in John Ford’s cavalry trilogy – Fort Apache (1948), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) and Rio Grande (1950).", "This morning, we're headed out west to visit the place where a legendary movie cowboy rode into the sunset for the last time. Tom Mix was a superstar who made over 300 westerns between 1910 and 1935. Today, the man and the legend are remembered on a lonely stretch of Arizona highway. NPR's Ted Robbins reports.", "He did well at school both academically and in football. When he narrowly failed admission to Annapolis he went to USC on a football scholarship 1925-7. Tom Mix got him a summer job as a prop man in exchange for football tickets. On the set he became close friends with director John Ford for whom, among others, he began doing bit parts, some billed as John Wayne. His first featured film was Men Without Women (1930). After more than 70 low-budget adventures, mostly routine, Ford cast him in Stagecoach (1939), the movie through which he emerged as a major star. He appeared in nearly 250 movies, many of epic proportions. From 1942-3 he was in a radio series, \"The Three Sheets to the Wind\", and in 1944 he helped found the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, later becoming its President. His conservative political stance was also reflected in The Alamo (1960) which he produced, directed and starred in. His patriotic stand was enshrined in The Green Berets (1968) which he co-directed and starred in. In September 1964 he had a cancerous left lung removed; in March 1978 there was heart valve replacement surgery; and in January 1979 his stomach was removed. He received the Best Actor nomination for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) and the Oscar for his role as one-eyed Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969). A Congressional Gold Medal was struck in his honor in", "Western film star Tom Mix is gone, but not forgotten. On a stretch of desert highway between Phoenix and Tucson, a rock monument topped by a riderless horse marks the spot where Mix died in a 1940 car crash.", "On October 12, 1940, while driving his 1937 Cord Sportsman through the Arizona desert he took a turn too fast, a suitcase broke loose and struck him in the head and his car plunged into a ravine. The ravine was later named \"The Tom Mix Wash\" in his honor. A plaque at the location reads: \"TOM MIX January 6, 1880 - October 12, 1940 Whose spirit left his body on this spot and whose characterization and portrayals in life served to better fix memories of the old west in the minds of living men.\".", "He reteamed with Andrews in the Blake Edwards musical “Victor/Victoria” in 1982, and he landed a plum role opposite Sally Field in the comedy/romance “Murphy’s Romance” in 1985. He essayed an older Wyatt Earp in Edwards’ “Sunset” opposite Bruce Willis as Tom Mix and did the underwhelming “Fire in the Sky” in 1983. In 1994 he took a small role in the bigscreen version of “Maverick,” with Mel Gibson in the lead, giving the star a run for his money in the likability department.", "Film actor, born in Mix Run, Pennsylvania, USA. He had been a champion rodeo rider, a soldier, and a cowboy in Oklahoma before he began to make short Westerns in 1909. (Studio publicists would later invent an even more glamorous past, fighting in the Spanish-American War, service with the Texas Rangers, and other such mythical feats.) He went on to star in more than 400 low-budget Westerns with hi…", "Thomas E. Mix (January 6, 1880 – October 12, 1940) was an American film actor, the star of many early Western movies. He made a reported 336 films between 1910 and 1935, all but 9 of them silent features. In the process he became Hollywood’s first larger-than-life Western megastar, and defined the genre for all actors that followed.", "Tom Mix went on to make more than 160 cowboy films throughout the 1920s. These featured action-oriented scripts which contrasted with the documentary style of his work with Selig. Heroes and villains were sharply defined and a clean-cut cowboy always \"saved the day.\" Millions of American children grew up watching his films on Saturday afternoons. His intelligent and handsome horse Tony also became a celebrity. Mix did his own stunts and was frequently injured.", "Other highlights (fact or fiction) of his life include serving as sheriff of Montgomery County, Kansas, and Washington County, Oklahoma. Another is that he was a US Marshal in Montana, New Mexico, and Arizona, and as a Texas Ranger was twice wounded in gunfights with bandits and rustlers. Whether or not he was a peace officer, sheriff, or US Marshal is doubtful. As for the Texas Ranger claim, although the Texas Rangers (sticklers for accurate record-keeping) have no record of his being one of their Rangers, Governor Allred of Texas made Tom Mix an “Honorary Texas Ranger” in 1935.", "For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Tom Mix has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1708 Vine Street. He has his cowboy boot prints, palm prints and his famous horse Tony's hoof prints in Grauman's Chinese Theatre at 6925 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1958, he was inducted posthumously into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. There is a Tom Mix museum in Dewey, Oklahoma and another in Mix Run, Pennsylvania. A Tom Mix Festival is held in DuBois, Pennsylvania every September. Tom Mix's face is one of many pictured on the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover.", "Mix was picked out to be a supporting cast member with the Selig Polyscope Company, one of the first silent film makers. His first shoot (1910) was \"Ranch Life in the Great Southwest\" and he showed off his signature style as a cattle wrangler. The film was a success and Tom Mix became a star. While with Selig, he co-starred with Victoria Forde and they fell in love. He divorced Olive Stokes-Mix in 1917 to marry Forde in 1918. They had a daughter, Thomasina Mix, but divorced in 1931. He performed in more than 100 films with Selig, many of which were filmed in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Throughout the silent film era, Mix helped redefine what the western film genre could be through an emphasis on action in pursuit of the bad guys. Mix's career in the movies lasted 26 years and made him $6,000,000.", "On the day he died, Mix was driving north from Tucson in his beloved bright-yellow Cord Phaeton sports car. He was driving so fast that he didn’t notice–or failed to heed–signs warning that one of the bridges was out on the road ahead. The Phaeton swung into a gully and Mix was smacked in the back of the head by one of the heavy aluminum suitcases he was carrying in the convertible’s backseat. The impact broke the actor’s neck and he died almost instantly. Today, the dented “Suitcase of Death” is the featured attraction at the Tom Mix Museum in Dewey, Oklahoma.", "After working a variety of odd jobs in the Oklahoma Territory, Mix went on to work at the 101 Ranch, the largest ranching outfit in the US, with 101,000 acres (409 km²), hence the name 101. He distinguished himself as a horseman and expert shot, winning the 1909 national Riding and Rodeo Championship. Mix is rumored to have served a brief and undistinguished term with the Texas Rangers. In the realm of the real wild west, Tom was a pallbearer at the 1929 funeral of Wyatt Earp. Reportedly, he wept.", "Slim Pickens spent the early part of his career as a real cowboy and the latter part playing cowboys, and he is best remembered for a single \"cowboy\" image: that of bomber pilot Maj. \"King\" Kong waving his cowboy hat rodeo-style as he rides a nuclear bomb onto its target in the great black comedy Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb . Born in Kingsburg, near Fresno in California's Central Valley, he spent much of his boyhood in nearby Hanford, where he began rodeoing at the age of 12. Over the next two decades he toured the country on the rodeo circuit, becoming a highly-paid and well-respected rodeo clown, a job that entailed enormous danger. In 1950, at the age of 31, Slim married Margaret Elizabeth Harmon and that same year he was given a role in a western, Rocky Mountain . He quickly found a niche in both comic and villainous roles in that genre. With his hoarse voice and pronounced western twang, he was not always easy to cast outside the genre, but when he was, as in \"Dr. Strangelove\", the results were often memorable. He died in 1983 after a long and courageous battle against a brain tumor. He was survived by his wife Margaret and children, Thomas Michael Lindley, Margaret Louise, and step-daughter. Daryle Ann Lindley. His brother, Sam Lindley (1921-2001) has acted under the name'Easy Pickens'.", "A small stone memorial marks the site of his death on State Route 79, and the nearby gully is known as \"Tom Mix Wash\". The marker bears the inscription: \"In memory of Tom Mix, whose spirit left his body on this spot and whose characterization and portrayals in life served to better fix memories of the old West in the minds of living men.\"", "Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an American television and motion picture actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Staff Sergeant Bob Barnes in Platoon (1986). He is also known for playing Jake Taylor in the Major League films and Thomas Beckett in the Sniper films. Other films he appeared in include Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Dogs of War (1980), The Big Chill (1983), Betrayed (1988), The Field (1990), Gettysburg (1993), The Substitute (1996), One Man's Hero (1999), Training Day (2001), and Inception (2010).", "He made it big in musicals, but also appeared in westerns: “Waco,” “Red Tomahawk,” “The War Wagon” (with John Wayne and Kirk Douglas) and “Arizona Bushwhackers.”", "He made it big in movie musicals, but also appeared in Westerns: \"Waco,\" \"Red Tomahawk,\" \"The War Wagon\" (with John Wayne and Kirk Douglas) and \"Arizona Bushwhackers.\"", "* James Arness (Matt), Milburn Stone (Doc), Ken Curtis (Festus), Dennis Weaver (Chester), and Amanda Blake (Kitty) are all inductees of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. ", "Famous for: Irish American actor known for playing dangerous tough guys from the 1930s to the 1960s. Usually played supporting roles. Said in his Times obituary that, “any consideration of the American ‘film noir’ of the 1940s would be incomplete without him.” Notable roles are Knuckles Jacoby from Barbary Coast, Sergeant Markoff from Beau Geste, Daniel McGinty from The Great McGinty and The Miracle of Morgan’s Creek, Kent from Destry Rides Again, Trampas from The Virginian, Paul Madvig from The Glass Key, and Assistant District Attorney Louis D’Angelo from Kiss of Death.", "actor: Gunsmoke, How the West was Won, Hondo, The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory; Minneapolis, MN radio newscaster; brother of Peter Graves", "In the pilot episode, \"The Vindicator,\" McCord is confronted by a newspaper reporter (Claude Akins) who wants a follow-up story on the Bitter Creek massacre. McCord refuses to cooperate. He knows that General James Reed, McCord's mentor, was on a peace mission to meet representatives of the Apache nation at Bitter Creek. His unit of 31 men was attacked by a group of renegade Indians known as \"Dog Soldiers.\" During the attack, McCord realized that the old general had taken leave of his senses. McCord assumed command, but it was too late. McCord was wounded in the battle and left for dead, the only survivor. He remained in a coma for 10 days after the attack. McCord was later charged with desertion, convicted, and cashiered out of the Army.", "Little was heard from Tim over the years save a co-starring role in a low-budget hillbilly moonshine extravaganza for exploitation king Herschell Gordon Lewis called This Stuff'll Kill Ya! . He was diagnosed with bone cancer in August of 1972 and passed away rather quickly on February 15, 1973, shortly after his 54th birthday. Buried in Oklahoma, he was posthumously inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame in 1991 and was a recipient of the \"Golden Boot\" award in 1992.", "Although he had a number of supporting roles before (mostly in Westerns), James Arness remains remembered largely as Marshall Matt Dillon in Gunsmoke , with his filmography after being cast as Dillon being quite limited. He also had a lead role in the TV series of How the West Was Won , which garnered a cult following in Europe but failed to make much of an impact in the US.", "In 1971, Basehart played \"Captain Sligo\", a comical Irishman with a pet buffalo who negotiates a flawed but legal cattle purchase and unconventionally courts a widow with two children, played by Salome Jens, in CBS's western series, Gunsmoke, with James Arness. Basehart appeared in an episode of The Twilight Zone, Hawaii Five-O, and as Hannibal Applewood, an abusive schoolteacher in Little House on the Prairie in 1976." ]

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[ "Holocaust refers to the state-sponsored murder of millions of Jews by Nazi Germany. The Holocaust lasted for 12 years; people were imprisoned in camps as early as 1933 and it lasted until the end o... Read More »", "By September 1945, the Third Reich (which lasted only 12 years) and its Axis partners (Italy and Japan) had been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain. Much of Europe lay in ruins, over 60 million people had been killed (most of them civilians), including approximately 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Jews in what became known as the Holocaust. World War II resulted in the destruction of Germany's political and economic infrastructure and led directly to its partition, considerable loss of territory (especially in the east), and historical legacy of guilt and shame. ", "Along with worldwide domination, Hitler also aimed to rid the world of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups. The Holocaust began in 1941 and continued until 1945. The goal of the Nazis was to attempt, on an industrial scale, to assemble and exterminate as many people as possible. Concentration camps were established and mass executions carried out.", "The Holocaust began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and ended in 1945 when the Nazis were defeated by the Allied powers.", "“Holocaust” or the final solution is the word originated from two Greek words “holos” meaning whole and “kaustos” meaning burned. Historically, Holocaust signifies sacrifices offered on the altar. After 1945, the word modified to take horrible meaning of mass destruction and loss of life. Owing to the brutal murder of 6 million European Jews and few people of oppressed groups of homosexuals and Gypsies the word acquired an awful form. This phase was during the Second World War. The anti-semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler considered Jews to be an inferior race. After years of struggle of Jews under the rule of Nazis, Hitler comes up with a “final solution” the Holocaust behind the world war. The camps turned into mass killing centers. So, how long did the Holocaust last? And how Jews and other minor groups suffered and the aftermath? Read the article to know more about this.", "The Holocaust was the organized murder of an estimated twelve million people [5] , including communists, trade unionists, homosexuals and at least six million Jews. Originally, the Nazis used killing squads known as Einsatzgruppen to conduct massive open-air killings, shooting as many as 33,000 people in a single massacre, as in the case of Babi Yar. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution, or Endlösung, the genocide of all Jews in Europe, and to increase the pace of the Holocaust. The Nazis built six extermination camps specifically to kill Jews. Millions of Jews who had been confined to massively overcrowded ghettos were transported to these \"Death-camps\", in which they were either killed on arrival or put to work until the Nazis could find no more use for them, at which point they were disposed of through shootings or mass poisoning in gas chambers.", "Note: Traces the history of anti-Semitism from biblical times through the twelve years of the Nazi era, 1933-1945, and describes Hitler's plans to annihilate European Jews by focusing on the Warsaw Ghetto and the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps. Also discusses the continuing effort to remember the horrors of the Holocaust.", "The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims. [47] Other estimates for Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 to 6.0 million Jews. [48]", "*Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945. Bantam, 1986, p.xxxvii: \"'The Holocaust' is the term that Jews themselves have chosen to describe their fate during World War II.\"", "Names of the Holocaust vary based on context. \"The Holocaust\" is the name commonly applied since the mid-1970s to the systematic extermination of six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. The term is also used more broadly to include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, the Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents,Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. [http://books.google.ca/books?id", "The Holocaust (from the Greek ': hólos, \"whole\" and kaustós, \"burnt\"), also known as the Shoah (Hebrew: , HaShoah, \"the catastrophe\"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews..Further examples of this usage can be found in: , , , , , , , , . The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.", "* 1942: Nazi Germany commences the Holocaust — a Final Solution, with the murder of 6 million Jews.", "The Suffering of the Jews in the Holocaust - After World War II ended on September 2, 1945 many Jews who were persecuted, were left with no family, possessions, or most importantly their homes. This lead to a great conflict of where they would live and with a push from German officials they were encouraged to emigrate. The Israelis needed a safe place to rehabilitate from the holocaust and deserved to reclaim their once homeland, Israel. Since the Jews were left homeless after World War II they have a right to reestablish Israel. “The suffering of the Jews in the Holocaust… The United Nations decision to carve out a Jewish State was motivated in large part by sympathy for the devastation inflicted on European Jews” (Guardia 155)....   [tags: jewish state, palestinian, united nations]", "During the war in Europe, some 6 million Jews , along with another 5 to 6 million people — Roma (Gypsies) , Slavs , Communists , homosexuals , the disabled and several other groups — were murdered by Germany in a state-sponsored genocide that came to be known as the Holocaust .", "The biblical word Shoah (which has been used to mean “destruction” since the Middle Ages) became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry as early as the early 1940s. The word Holocaust, which came into use in the 1950s as the corresponding term, originally meant a sacrifice burnt entirely on the altar. The selection of these two words with religious origins reflects recognition of the unprecedented nature and magnitude of the events. Many understand Holocaust as a general term for the crimes and horrors perpetrated by the Nazis; others go even farther and use it to encompass other acts of mass murder as well. Consequently, we consider it important to use the Hebrew word Shoah with regard to the murder of and persecution of European Jewry in other languages as well. Various interpretations of these historical events have given rise to several other terms with different shades of meaning: destruction (used in Raul Hilberg’s book), catastrophe (in use mainly in the research literature in Soviet Russia), and khurbn (destruction) and gezerot tash–tashah (the decrees of 1939–1945( (Used in ultra-orthodox communities).", "It is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews.", "During the war, six million Jews , as well as Roma and other groups, were murdered by Germany in a state-sponsored genocide known as The Holocaust .", "No genocide is as well-known, or as carefully documented, as the efforts of  the Nazis to exterminate not only the Jews from continental Europe, but millions of others it deemed “undesirable.” By the time Hitler shot himself in his Berlin bunker in April of 1945, some eleven million people—over half of them Jews—had died, either through mass extermination, deportation, or starvation and overwork in his prison camps. This was all part of a brutal policy that much of the world either refused to believe was happening, or chose to ignore until the first camps were liberated by the Allies in the spring of 1945.", "Poland was the site of the majority of the Nazi extermination camps, with some of the largest camps such as Auschwitz consisting of a network of many smaller camps. Historians estimate that 6 million Jews were killed by German soldiers in the Holocaust. Although the Warsaw ghetto uprising was quickly crushed, its participants and the thousands of Jews and their allies who resisted the Nazis demonstrated their humanity and contributed to hundreds of thousands of survival stories against a seemingly unstoppable force that desired nothing less than total genocide of an entire race.", "The Holocaust had a profound impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1960, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple with it when looking to the future. Abraham Joshua Heschel summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand Auschwitz: \"To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray [of] God's radiance in the jungles of history.\" ", "Around 1941, the “Final Solution” was implemented in order to exterminate all the Jews, Gypsies, and other “impure” groups in Europe. Today, it stands as one of the darkest periods in human history. The Nazis evacuated Jews violently from the ghettos, sending them to Auschwitz, Treblinka, and other death camps to face the gas chambers. Bodies of the murdered were cremated in large ovens, often making the sky above the death camps and surrounding towns black with smoke, with human ashes raining down like snow.", "* June (late) – The Holocaust: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in Occupied Poland (for gassing at Sobibór) and for the remainder of the year the Nazis make efforts to obliterate the site. ", "Plans for the total eradication of the Jewish population of Europe—eleven million people—were formalized at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942. Some would be worked to death and the rest would be killed. Initially the victims were killed with gas vans or by Einsatzgruppen firing squads, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale. By 1942, killing centers at Auschwitz, Sobibór, Treblinka, and other Nazi extermination camps replaced Einsatzgruppen as the primary method of mass killing.", "Killed 6-7 million Jews, a horrible decision by the Nazis to kill every single Jew in Europe. The world still mourns this genocide today and will for a long time in the future", "First published in 1976, this slightly revised and enhanced edition of The Hoax of the Twentieth Century is the seminal work of “Holocaust” revisionism and still the most widely read on the subject. In 502 pages of penetrating study and lucid commentary, Dr. Butz gives the reader a graduate course on the subject of the Jews of World War Two Europe – concluding not only that they were not virtually wiped out, but what’s more, that no evidence exists to date to confirm that there was ever any attempt to do so.", "Kristallnacht means, in German, \"the night of crystal.\" On November 9 - 10, 1938 the Nazis coordinated attacks against Jewish synagogues and business throughout Germany, Austria, and German occupied areas of Czechoslovakia. The name comes from the shards of glass from the broken windows of buildings owned by Jews. That night Nazi rioters destroyed 267 synagogues and 7500 businesses. Ninety-one people were killed, and there were numerous rapes. The authorities looked on and, in fact, cooperated. 30,000 young Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated for no reason. Fire fighters would not douse the flames on Jewish-owned buildings but only sought to prevent the flames from spreading to structures owned by non-Jews.", "Kristallnacht—the “Night of Broken Glass”—was a moment of truth in the history of the Third Reich. Whatever facade had been erected to give a semblance of legality to the regime’s racial policy was torn away by a nationwide orgy of violence and vandalism. The pretext for the worst pogrom in German history since the Middle Ages was the murder in the German embassy in Paris of the diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a seventeen-year-old Jewish exile from Hanover named Herschel Grynszpan, who had been incensed by the deportation from Germany of his parents, who were Polish nationals. He shot vom Rath at point-blank range on November 7, 1938. Two days later the diplomat was dead. This was Hitler’s cue. With Goebbels’s excited encouragement, he unleashed an ostensibly “spontaneous” assault on the Jewish population.", "After Kristallnacht in 1938, the persecution of Jews became more organized. This led to the exponential increase in the number of Jews sent to concentration camps.", "By then, Jewish survivors, who in 1945 had preferred not to call attention to themselves, decided to tell their stories. And new archival research proved that Vichy France was the only Western European country under Nazi occupation that enacted its own measures against Jews.", "the history of the Jewish people during the Holocaust in order that it would never be forgotten.", "My aim was to show that the Jewish people survived even after all the horrible events which it suffered in the course of history, especially during the Holocaust, and that all the nations in the world should build and not destroy, to make peace instead of war, and to insure that such a holocaust will never happen again.", "There have been periods of independence as well as periods of domination by other countries. Several million people, half of them Jews, died in World War II." ]

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[ "1980 – On the season finale of the soap opera Dallas, the infamous character J.R. Ewing is shot by an unseen assailant, leading to the catchphrase “Who Shot JR?”", "A then-record number of viewers (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. soap opera Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The \"Who shot J. R.?\" event is an international obsession.", "** A then-record number of viewers (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. soap opera Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The \"Who shot J.R.?\" event is an international obsession.", "T-shirts printed with such references as \"Who Shot J.R.?\" and \"I Shot J.R.\" became common over the summer, the latter eventually being seen in the first episode of Irish sitcom Father Ted. Several media outlets held \"Who shot J.R.?\" contests. ", "On 21 November 1980, 83 million people in the US and 24 million in the UK watched the TV show Dallas to see who had shot the villainous JR Ewing. While working late at the office, the boss of Ewing Oil was suddenly fired on by an unseen assailant. Who shot JR, and would he survive?", "Particularly noteworthy was the way in which Dallas made use of the cliffhanger ending. In its \"Who shot J.R.?\" season-end cliffhanger (the first ever in prime time), fans were left to speculate all summer over the fate of the man they loved to hate and ponder the question of which one of his many enemies might have pulled the trigger. The speculation grew to become an international cause celebre, with the first show of the 1981 season generating Nielsen ratings comparable to M*A*S*H's season finale, and pointing to the overlooked profitability of high-stakes serial narratives in prime time. Hagman's J.R. was influential in making greed and self-interest seem seductive, and the characterization inspired countless other portrayals (both male and female) on spin-off shows such as Knots Landing, and recent nighttime soap operas such as Melrose Place.", "The \"Who Done It?\" episode of Dallas that revealed \" Who shot J.R.? \", the famous 1980 cliffhanger , received the highest domestic ratings at that point with over 90 million American viewers tuning in for the answer. The last episode of M*A*S*H in 1983 finally had more viewers than Dallas. The final episode of The Fugitive , broadcast in August 1967, was watched by a higher percentage of television-owning Americans (72%), although it had lesser absolute numbers. Internationally Dallas still holds the record for the most watched episode with nearly 360 million viewers tuning in to see who shot J.R.", "Hagman starred for 13 seasons as millionaire \"J.R. Ewing,\" the man you love to hate, on the hit series Dallas. In 1980, over 350 million fans in 57 countries were glued to their television sets to find out \"who shot J.R.\" The episode remains the second highest rated hour in the history of television.", "The new reimagining of Dallas (WIN, TBC) was left with a bit of a conundrum when Larry Hagman died last year. With half the season shot and the need to kill off the character, they decided to go retro, revisiting the popular ‘Who Shot JR?’ cliffhanger of 1980.", "Dallas was the top-rated series on the air for three seasons! When it aired, the \"Who Shot J.R.\" episode became the most watched episode in television history! The final episode of \" M*A*S*H (1972)\" beat that record in February of 1983. Larry Hagman was threatening to leave the series due to a contract dispute. The producers got prepared, just in case. If he would have left, the ambulance carrying J.R. to the hospital after his shooting would have crashed and caught fire in an accident. J.R. would have required extensive plastic surgery and Robert Culp (Star of the 1965 series, \" I Spy \") would have taken over the role.", "It was not until 1977, when \"Dallas\" came along, however, that Larry's career took off again. He credits 'Superchick' (his affectionate name for Maj) for persuading him to do the series. This saga of an excessively rich Texas family, was one of the boldest, brassiest, most talked-about shows ever and, Larry Hagman, as the despicable, corrupt, merciless, millionaire J.R. Ewing, the man everyone loved to hate, was its centerpiece. The series ran for an unprecedented 13 seasons (from 1978 - 1991) and the Who shot J.R.? episode remains the second highest rated TV show in the history of the medium.", "Most of the seasons ended with ratings-grabbing cliffhangers, the most notable being the season three finale \"A House Divided\", which launched the landmark \"Who shot J.R.?\" storyline and was ranked #69 on TV Guide's list of \"TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time\". Other season finale cliffhangers include the finding of an unidentified floating female corpse in the Southfork swimming pool (season four); a blazing house fire (season six); and Bobby's death (season eight) and subsequent return (season nine).", "J.R. has made so many people in Texas hate him with a passion, from men he's screwed over in business, to women he's screwed over in relationships, to family members he's angered, to a businesswoman whose husband committed suicide. After all this, somebody waits outside J.R.'s Ewing Oil office late at night, and when J.R. hears a noise, asks who it is and walks to the door, somebody shoots him twice in the abdomen. The cliffhanger to this episode leads to the now infamous \"Who shot J. R.?\" debates and speculation, and also speculation as to whether J.R. would actually survive the shooting or be killed off.", "Hagman was at the center of the famous “Who Shot J.R.?” storyline in which his Ewing character is fired upon in the 1979-80 season finale in March and the assailant is not revealed until the following November -- when the series attracted a then-record 53.3 rating and 76 share.", "Reminiscent of the season three cliffhanger, a mysterious figure enters the Ewing Oil building late one night. Proceeding to J.R.'s office, the figure produces a gun and fires three shots into the back of J.R.'s chair in which somebody is sitting. As the victim falls out of the chair and to the ground, we see it is Bobby Ewing that has been shot.", "In the final scene of the 1979–80 season, J.R. Ewing (Larry Hagman) hears a noise outside his office, walks out to the corridor to look, and is shot twice by an unseen assailant. The episode, titled \"A House Divided\", was broadcast on March 21, 1980 and was written by Loraine Despres and directed by Leonard Katzman. Viewers had to wait all summer to learn whether J.R. would survive, and which of his many enemies was responsible. ", "During its fourteen-year run, Dallas saw several actors appearing in supporting roles. Among the most notable are Mary Crosby (seasons 3–4 and 14) as Sue Ellen's scheming sister Kristin Shepard (also portrayed by Colleen Camp for two season 2 episodes), who has an affair with J.R. and is revealed to be the one who shot J.R. in the \"Who shot J. R.?\" storyline; Jared Martin (seasons 3–6, 8–9, and 14) as Sue Ellen's cowboy lover, and Clayton's foster son, Steven \"Dusty\" Farlow; Leigh McCloskey (seasons 4–5, 8 and 12) as medical student Mitch Cooper, Lucy's husband; Audrey Landers (seasons 4–8 and 12–13) as Mitch's sister Afton Cooper, an aspiring singer and Cliff's longtime fiancée; stage actress Priscilla Pointer (seasons 4–6) as Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, Pam's and Cliff's estranged mother; Morgan Brittany (seasons 5–8 and 11) as Rebecca's daughter, Katherine Wentworth, Cliff's and Pam's crazy half-sister who falls madly in love with Bobby; John Beck (seasons 6–7 and 9) as Mark Graison, Pam's beau after her first divorce from Bobby; William Smithers (seasons 3–13) as Rival Oil Baron and CEO of WestStar Oil, Jeremy Wendell; Miss USA winner Deborah Shelton (seasons 8–10) as model Mandy Winger, longtime mistress of J.R.; Jenilee Harrison (seasons 8–10) as Jack Ewing's sister and Cliff's wife Jamie Ewing Barnes; and Andrew Stevens (seasons 11–12) as Casey Denault, a young hustler who works for J.R., romancing Lucy in order to get to her money.", "On 21 November 1980, 83 million people in the Us and 24 million in the UK watched the TV show Dallas to see who had shot the villainous Jr Ewing. While working late at the office, the boss of Ewing Oil was suddenly fired on by an unseen assailant. Who shot Jr, and would he survive?", "Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on CBS from April 2, 1978, to May 3, 1991. The series revolves around a wealthy and feuding Texan family, the Ewings, who own the independent oil company Ewing Oil and the cattle-ranching land of Southfork. The series originally focused on the marriage of Bobby Ewing and Pamela Barnes, whose families were sworn enemies with each other. As the series progressed, oil tycoon J. R. Ewing grew to be the show's main character, whose schemes and dirty business became the show's trademark. When the show ended in May 1991, J.R. was the only character to have appeared in every episode.", "The New York Times described HL, who died in 1974, as an “unconventional renegade who possessed the money to pursue his whims”, and the in-fighting of the Hunt family as “entertaining as any soap opera”. Hunt has frequently been called “the real-life JR Ewing”, and with good reason.", "On the finale episode of DALLAS (5/3/91), Southfork was no more...well almost. It seemed that J.R. Ewing was contemplating suicide since his life was falling apart. A representative of Satan in the guise of an angel, offered J.R. the opportunity to see what the world would have been like had he not been born. He discovered that a new brother named Jason sold off the homestead and had Southfork leveled to make way for a huge housing development. So much for family loyalty.", "Although the soap's audience had consistently declined since the \"Who Done It\" episode of 1980, the series finale of Dallas, \"Conundrum\" garnered 33 million viewers and a 22 household rating from 9-11pm on May 3, 1991, making its way into the country's 14th most watched television series finale. Its competition, Manhunter (on NBC), only drew a 9.8 rating.", "Perry wasn't in the courtroom a great deal as he was usually knocking down doors with Lt. Tragg and arrresting bad guys. But since this was a soap opera, there was little time wasted on male action. In a typical episode, Mason and Tragg are trying to capture Killer Bill Barker and, as they knock on his door, the announcer breaks in with: \"But let's join Lt. Tragg's wife, Harriet, as she says to her neighbor, Martha....\" The next twelve minutes have Harriet and Martha discussing whether Martha should remarry after the WW II death of her husband. And we get back to Mason and Tragg only for the lead-in to the closing Tide commercial.", "The new series premiered on June 13, 2012, centering primarily around John Ross and Christopher Ewing, the now-grown sons of J.R. and Bobby. Larry Hagman, Patrick Duffy and Linda Gray returned in full-time capacity, reprising their original roles. The series is produced by Warner Horizon Television, a subsidiary of Warner Bros., which holds the rights to the Dallas franchise through its acquisition of Lorimar Television and is a sister company to TNT, both under the ownership of Time Warner.", "As the soap became a hit some of the stars developed typecast-phobia. Jo Kendall, who played Annie's daughter Peggy, wife of Matt, mother of twins, decided to leave. Her death was arranged, and not long afterwards the two toddlers also met with fatal accidents.", "Other actors have played several characters on different shows. Millette Alexander , Bernard Barrow , Doris Belack , David Canary , Judith Chapman , Jordan Charney , Joan Copeland , Nicolas Coster , Jacqueline Courtney , Louis Edmonds , Dan Hamilton , Don Hastings , Vincent Irizarry , Lenore Kasdorf , Teri Keane , Lois Kibbee , John Loprieno , Maeve McGuire , James Mitchell , Christopher Pennock , Gary Pillar , Antony Ponzini , William Prince , Louise Shaffer , and Diana van der Vlis , among many others, have all played multiple soap roles.", "Other actors have played several characters on different shows. Millette Alexander, Bernard Barrow, Doris Belack, David Canary, Judith Chapman, Jordan Charney, Joan Copeland, Nicolas Coster, Jacqueline Courtney, Louis Edmonds, Dan Hamilton, Don Hastings, Vincent Irizarry, Lenore Kasdorf, Teri Keane, Lois Kibbee, John Loprieno, Maeve McGuire, James Mitchell, Christopher Pennock, Gary Pillar, Antony Ponzini, William Prince, Louise Shaffer, and Diana van der Vlis, among many others, have all played multiple soap roles.", "What specific question made an episode of \"Dallas\" the most watched TV program of that time?", "A familiar face on television, Brooks also appeared on such series as Knots Landing, Hunter, McMillan & Wife and Cagney & Lacey, and he played Edgar Randolph, a suspect in the shooting of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy), at the climax of the 1983-84 season of Dallas.", "We've seen weddings, affairs, romance, heartbreak, tears, deceit, bust-ups and deaths. Yes, we know it's all for TV, but we've lost count of the amount of soap deaths that have brought us to tears and left us feeling pretty inconsolable.", "The popular crime drama. Brian Lane knows his days at UCOS are numbered. Meanwhile, the team investigate the 16-year-old murder of a young mum.", "I watched the series as a teen and was crazy about McGarrett then. I don't recall any mention of McGarrett's father being a victim ever being said. Does anyone else recall this? Please help." ]

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[ "World number one in tennis Roger Federer has defeated Spaniard Rafael Nadal to win his fifth consecutive Wimbledon mens single title.", "July 8 - Factbox on Roger Federer of Switzerland who won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon men's singles title on Sunday with a 7-6 4-6 7-6 2-6 6-2 victory over Spain's Rafael Nadal.", "In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first player to win 5 consecutive Wimbledon singles titles since Willie Renshaw in 1885. It took 27 years before Roger Federer tied the record. In 2007, Roger Federer won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title,but lost in his 6th attempt at wimbledon final to Rafeal Nadal in an epic five setter final considered the greatest ever tennis match by media and former champions and tennis legends [details of the epic match here", "Bjorn Borg won five consecutive Wimbledon titles, and ironically, Federer himself stopped Pete Sampras from winning his fifth consecutive title at the All-England Club in 2001.", "Nadal had come the closest to ending Federer’s streak at Wimbledon in last year’s final, pushing his friendly rival to five sets before ending up in tears in the locker room as Federer equaled Bjorn Borg’s modern men’s record with his fifth straight title.", "Borg won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title in 1980 by defeating McEnroe in a five-set match often listed among the best Wimbledon finals ever played. In the fourth-set tiebreak, McEnroe saved five match points and Borg six set points before McEnroe won the set. Borg then won 19 straight points on serve in the deciding set and prevailed after 3 hours, 53 minutes.", "Although he forced Roger Federer to his first five-set match at Wimbledon since 2001, Rafael Nadal couldn't keep the Swiss player from capturing his fifth straight championship at the All England Club. The final score was 7-6 (7), 4-6, 7-6 (3), 2-6, 6-2. Nadal suffered a knee injury in the final which subsequently plagued him during the second half of the 2007 tennis season.", "In 2016. Andy Murray won the singles title for a record fifth time. Seven men have won four singles titles; Major Ritchie, Anthony Wilding, Roy Emerson, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Roddick.", "TOP FOUR SEEDS TITLE HOLDERS – The last time a player seeded outside of the Top 4 won the Wimbledon title was in 2001 when No. 125th-ranked Goran Ivanisevic took advantage of a wild card opportunity to defeat Patrick Rafter in a five-set Monday final. This is the longest current stretch of Top 4 titles of any Grand Slam tournament. Since 2002, when No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt won the title, four other players have won the Wimbledon crown – Federer (seven times), Djokovic (three times), Nadal (twice) and Andy Murray (once).  In fact, only seven players in the Open Era (since 1968) not seeded among the Top 4 have won the title.", "The nineteen courts used for Wimbledon are all composed purely of rye grass. The speed and the low bounce of grass courts favours serve and volley players. Serve and volleyers such as Rod Laver, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Stefan Edberg, and Pete Sampras have all won the Championships. However, baseliners such as Bj�rn Borg have also performed very well, as have all-court players like Roger Federer. Among women, the serve and volley strategy is less common; one of the few female serve and volleyers, Martina Navr�tilov�, won Wimbledon on a record nine occasions.", "World No.1 & Five time Wimbledon Champion Roger Federer eased in to his sixth consecutive Wimbledon Final when he beat Former World No.1 Marat Safin 6-3, 7-6, 6-4 in straight sets in the semifinal.He now faces World No.2 Rafael Nadal in the Wimbledon final consecutively for the third time.With already 12 grandslam titles to his name, he is chasing for his 13th Grandslam title and sixth at Wimbledon, which would break Tennis legend Bjorn Borg's record of five consecutive titles.", "Borg won Wimbledon for the fifth straight year with a 1-6, 7-5, 6-3, 6-7(16), 8-6 finish over McEnroe. (AP)", "BIG FOUR DOMINATION –The Big 4 of Djokovic, Murray, Federer, and Nadal have combined to win 41 of the past 45 Grand Slam titles, with the only exceptions being the 2009 US Open  (del Potro), 2014 Australian Open and 2015 Roland Garros (Wawrinka) and 2014 US Open (Cilic). During the current stretch, Nadal has won 14 titles, Federer 13, Djokovic 12 and Murray two. The last Wimbledon champion other than one of the Big Four was then-No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt in 2002. The foursome also have accounted for 52 of the past 56 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles (since ’10 Monte-Carlo).", "He ended Bjorn Borg's five year reign at Wimbledon with a commanding victory in 1981 that promoted him to the men's top-ranked player (and the youngest to achieve it), a position he held for four years. He took another Wimbledon title in 1983, but John McEnroe’s most memorable year was 1984 when he won both Wimbledon and US Open titles, winning 13 of 15 singles tournaments for an 82-3 record for the year, which still stands as the best single year winning percentage on the ATP professional tour.", "American great Pete Sampras dominated the title in the 90s winning the mens singles crown a total of seven times between 1993 and 2000, only Richard Krajicek stopped him from winning a Wimbledon record eight straight titles. In recent years, the mens singles game has been all about Roger Federer who has won the last four Wimbledon mens singles championships and the Swiss star shows no signs of slowing down his dominance of the mens game.", "Nadal and Federer also met in the finals of Wimbledon for the third straight year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry. Amidst rain delays, they played the longest final in Wimbledon history (4 hours and 48 minutes), and Nadal captured the title by winning the fifth set in near darkness. This match broke Federer's Open Era-record 65 match winning streak on grass, which spanned more than five years. ", "Pete Sampras captured his seventh Wimbledon crown in eight years. It was his toughest triumph at All-England Club (he was struggling with foot injury in the first week, and at some stages of his 2R & 3R matches, his loss seemed possible), and the most emotional one – for the first time his final match on the tour witnessed by his parents because the occasion was special – Sampras broke an unbeaten since 1967 record of Roy Emerson of the most Grand Slam titles. Mark Philippoussis and Sjeng Schalken established a new record for the most games played in the fifth set (38) – it will remain record just three years. Vince Spadea snapped an Open era longest streak of defeats, stunning one of the tournament favorites! 22-year-old Vladimir Voltchkov, actually without any experience at the main-level, became the first qualifier to reach the Wimbly semifinals since John McEnroe in 1977!", "Laver returned to his native country to present Roger Federer in 2006, Rafael Nadal in 2009 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, which is awarded to the Men's Singles winner of the Australian Open. He was present to witness Federer make tennis history at Wimbledon when he beat Pete Sampras' record by winning his 15th Grand Slam Title.", "Nadal then entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid to win the tournament for the third time and to win his 15th Grand Slam title overall. In the first three rounds he faced Martin Kližan , Lukáš Rosol (to whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage of the tournament two years earlier) and Mikhail Kukushkin . In each of these matches he lost the first set before taking command and winning them in four sets. In the fourth round he faced Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios (ranked 143 places lower than Nadal) and again lost the first set, but despite winning the second set, he was unable to turn the tide and eventually lost in four sets. [174]", "Setting an Open era record by becoming the first male player to win the same ATP Masters series event for five consecutive years, Rafael Nadal beat Novak Djokovic 6-3, 2-6, 6-1 in the final on April 19, 2009.His one-set slip-up in the final marked the first time he had lost a set at the tournament since the 2006 final against Roger Federer.", "Defended his title at Wimbledon, defeating Goran Ivanisevic in the final 7-6, 7-6, 6-0. Became the first player to repeat as men's singles champion at Wimbledon since Boris Becker in 1985 and 1986. Served 17 aces in the final and 115 during the tournament.", "Nadal won the 2010 Wimbledon men's title by defeating Tomáš Berdych in straight sets. After the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon was \"more than a dream\" for him, and thanked the crowd for being both kind and supportive to him and his adversary during the match and in the semifinal against Andy Murray. [110] The win gave him a second Wimbledon title and an eighth career major title [111] just past the age of 24. [112] The win also gave Nadal his first \"Old World Triple\"; the last person to achieve this was Björn Borg in 1978 (\"Old World Triple\" is a term given to winning the Italian Open, French Open, and Wimbledon in the same year).", "*It was Nadal's fifth title of the year and 41st of his career. It was his 8th Grand Slam title and second at Wimbledon, also winning in 2008.", "He holds several men's Open Era records: becoming the youngest player to have reached the semifinals of all four Grand Slam tournaments both separately and consecutively;[17] the first player to win three consecutive men's Australian Open titles, as well as the only player to win 5 Australian Open titles overall;[18] and playing the longest Grand Slam men's singles final in history (5 hours 53 minutes).[19] Djokovic's ATP World Tour records include winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches, playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments (shared with Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal), and being the only player to win eight of the nine events at least once.[20][21] Djokovic holds the best match winning rate at (83.33%) on hard courts [22] and he is the only player in the Open Era to win the first three masters in a year (2015: Indian Wells, Miami Open and Monte Carlo).", "6.     With his seventh Wimbledon victory, Federer became only the third male player to win the same Grand Slam seven times in the Open Era. Sampras first achieved this with 7 Wimbledons; and just one month ahead of Federer, Nadal achieved this feat with his seventh French Open victory.", "They faced off again a month later in the final of the Wimbledon Championships, which was their first meeting on grass. Federer won in four sets to capture his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title. ", "Djokovic wins his 5th Melbourne title at the 2015 Australian Open. Novak makes history by becoming the first ATP player in the open era to win the Australian Open five times.", "What He’s Won: Australian Open (5), French Open (1), Wimbledon (3), US Open (3), Davis Cup (1), ATP World Tour Finals (5)", "Who was the first male tennis player to win all four grand slams on three different surfaces?", "He was the player who would never give up – he fought for every shot and every ball. He was also very consistent at Wimbledon, was always there at the business-end of tournaments.", "'You wouldn't figure that a baseliner would do what he did on the grass, let alone five times. Winning Wimbledon with his style was one of the great athletic feats.", "His serve-and-volley style of play suited Centre Court at Wimbledon, where his aggressive play reaped rewards in the form of three Championships." ]

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[ "Just 11 days after marking 40 years of the GDR, Honecker was forced to step down as Communist party leader and head of state, replaced by Egon Krenz. The East German state was living on borrowed time.", "1989: Erich Honecker, the East German leader, was replaced by Egon Krenz in response to the failing economy and mass flight of young East Germans to the West.", "Although German reunification was seen as a principal goal in West Germany's relations with East Germany, it seemed a remote likelihood until the dramatic political upheavals that took place in East Germany in late 1989 and 1990. In the latter half of 1989, thousands of East German citizens emigrated illegally to West Germany via Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. Popular dissent in East Germany gave rise to an independent citizen's action group, New Forum. Following the suppression of demonstrations in East Berlin by the police, civil unrest spread across the country; the demonstrators attracted an increasing number of people, and intervention by the police eventually ceased. In Oct., 1989, Erich Honecker resigned his posts and was replaced by Egon Krenz, who legalized and initiated dialogue with the New Forum. Media constraints were partially lifted, and an amnesty was announced for all persons who had attempted to leave the country illegally, as well as for arrested demonstrators.", "September 11th 1974: Walter Ulbricht, leader of the GDR dies. Erich Honecker succeeds him promising reforms and more wealth for the East Germans.", "Erich Honecker (; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led the German Democratic Republic from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official head of state as chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post.", "In 1971, Ulbricht resigned as first secretary of the SED and was replaced by Erich Honecker. Under Honecker, most of the few remaining private enterprises were taken over by the state. Checks on intellectual and cultural activities were relaxed somewhat. After being granted permanent observer status in 1972, East Germany was made a full member of the United Nations in 1973. Later in 1973, Stoph was elected chairman of the council of state and was replaced as prime minister by Horst Sindermann; Stoph returned as prime minister from 1976 to 1989. In the 1970s, trade between the Germanys increased, spurred by large-scale West German credits. Travel restrictions were eased so that West Germans could visit the East, and later, in the 1980s, East Germans were allowed to travel to West Germany. In 1981, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt made an official visit to East Germany, and in 1987 Honecker was officially received in West Germany by Chancellor Helmut Kohl.", "German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic as General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1971 until 1989, serving as Head of State as well from Willi Stoph's relinquishment of that post in 1976; Following the definite end of the Cold War, Honecker was ousted by the party in late 1989 and removed from power.", "In 1961, Honecker, as the Central Committee secretary for security matters, was in charge of the building of the Berlin Wall. In 1971, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Soviet support, to his replacing Ulbricht as First Secretary of the SED Central Committee and as chairman of the National Defense Council. In 1976, he also became Chairman of the Council of State (Vorsitzender des Staatsrats der DDR), thus becoming de jure head of state (he was already de facto head of state by virtue of his party post).", "In 1971, Ulbricht resigned as first secretary of the SED and was replaced by Erich Honecker Honecker, Erich", "The changes were perhaps even more dramatic in East Germany, where on October 18 the nearly 20-year rule of communist strongman Erich Honecker came to an end. Honecker had been the Communist Party General Secretary in East Germany since 1971, and had ruled as head of state since 1976. With vanishing support from the Soviet Union, the effective end of the Berlin Wall (through Hungary's action), and widespread criticism of his government from the East German population, Honecker fled to the USSR and was replaced by a more reform-minded regime. He later returned to East Germany, where he was tried and convicted of manslaughter in the deaths of East German refugees killed trying to go over the Berlin Wall since its erection in 1961. His sentence was commuted because of his poor health.", "a former politician from East Germany and that country's last communist leader; succeeded Erich Honecker as leader of the ruling SED and head of state in 1989 but was ousted 3 months later amid the collapse of the communist regime; unsuccessful in his attempt to retain the regime's grip on power and was forced to resign some weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall; more flexible than Honecker", "In the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika, reforms to liberalise communism. Honecker and the East German government refused to implement similar reforms in the GDR, with Honecker reportedly telling Gorbachev: \"We have done our perestroika, we have nothing to restructure\". Gorbachev grew to dislike Honecker, and by 1988 was lumping Honecker, along with Bulgaria's Todor Zhivkov,Czechoslovakia's Gustáv Husák and Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu as a \"Gang of Four\"—a group of inflexible hardliners unwilling to make necessary reforms.", "Photo: In October 1989, Mikhail S. Gorbachev and Erich Honecker, the East German leader, reviewed troops in East Berlin on the 40th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic. (Agence France-Presse)", "Adolf Hitler (German pronunciation: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ], 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), popularly known as the Nazi Party. He was the ruler of Germany from 1933 to 1945, serving as chancellor from 1933 to 1945 and as head of state (Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945.", "Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reich President and Dr. Joseph Goebbels as Reich Chancellor. No one was to replace Hitler as the Führer, which Hitler abolished in his will . However, Goebbels committed suicide in the Fuhrerbunker a day after assuming office. The caretaker government Dönitz established near the Danish border unsuccessfully sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On 4-8 May 1945 most of the remaining German armed forces throughout Europe surrendered unconditionally ( German Instrument of Surrender, 1945 ). This was the end of World War II in Europe .", "^ a b c Wilsford (1995) p. 195 ^ Paterson, Tony (6 June 2011). \"Honecker was forced to resign by secret police\". The Independent. ^ Honecker, Erich. 1984. The GDR: A State of Peace and Socialism http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/erich1.htm. ^ List of Berlin Wall victims http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Index/id/593792 ^ http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/23/interviews/gorbachev/. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link] ^ a b c Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42532-2. ^ Staatschef a.D.: die letzten Jahre des Erich Honecker. Thomas Kunze. Links-Verlag (2001), S. 159 ^ \"The Lost World of Communism\", Episode 2 – A Socialist Paradise: East Germany, BBC 1, broadcast 14 March 2009", "East Germany's communist leader Erich Honnecker did not realize that everything was over.  Within a few months he and other communist leaders were removed from office and on October 3, 1990 East and West Germany joined to become one nation.", "Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first post-war Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, Great Britain and the United States. During his years in power West Germany achieved democracy, stability, international respect and economic prosperity (\"Wirtschaftswunder\", German for \"economic miracle\"). He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became, and has since usually been, the most influential party in the country.", "After the German reunification Honecker stayed in a Soviet military hospital near Berlin. Then he fled to Moscow with his wife, to avoid prosecution over charges of Cold War crimes. The German government said he should be prosecuted because 192 East Germans died trying to leave East Germany. After the Soviet Union broke up in December 1991, Honecker went to the Chilean embassy in Moscow, but was sent back by Boris Yeltsin 's government in 1992. The trial started in early 1993, but Honecker was released due to ill health and on 13 January of that year moved to Chile to live with his daughter Sonja, her Chilean husband Leo Yáñez, and their son Roberto. He died of liver cancer in Santiago , Chile on 29 May 1994.", "After the GDR was dissolved in October 1990, the Honeckers stayed with the family of the Lutheran pastor Uwe Holmer. Honecker then stayed in a Soviet military hospital near Berlin before later fleeing Germany with Margot Honecker via the Soviet-controlled Sperenberg Airfield to Moscow, to avoid prosecution over charges of Cold War crimes. He was accused by the German government of involvement in the deaths of 192 East Germans who tried to leave the GDR in violation of anti-Republikflucht laws. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Unionin December 1991, Honecker took refuge in the Chilean embassy in Moscow, but was extradited by the Yeltsin administration to Germany in 1992. He was officially expelled from the reformed SED-PDS before the trial opened. He then joined the very small new Communist Party.[7] When the trial formally opened in early 1993, Honecker was released due to ill health, and on 13 January 1993 he moved to Chile to live with his daughter Sonja, her Chilean husband Leo Yáñez, and their son Roberto. He died of liver cancer in Santiago in May 1994.", "On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the \"Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich\", which stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government. He was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). Germany was now a totalitarian state with Hitler at its head. As head of state, Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The new law altered the traditional loyalty oath of servicemen so that they affirmed loyalty to Hitler personally rather than the office of supreme commander or the state. On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 90 percent of the electorate in a plebiscite.", "a German communist politician; 1st Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) from 1950-71; played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in the Soviet Union) in the early development and establishment of the GDR; was the East German head of state from 1960 until his own death in 1973", "In his will, Hitler dismissed the other Nazi leaders and appointed Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the new President of Germany and Goebbels as the new Chancellor of Germany. However, Goebbels and his entire family committed suicide on May 1, 1945. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally. Hitler's proclaimed \"Thousand Year Reich\" had lasted 12 years.", "In foreign relations, Honecker would never allow a unified Germany. He was very loyal to the USSR, but accepted détente (that is, becoming friendlier to western countries). Under his government East Germany even became friendlier to West Germany . In September 1987, he became the first East German head of state to visit West Germany.", "On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic was formed with the adoption of a new constitution, establishing a political system similar to that of the Soviet Union. Within the state’s socialistic single party government, Honecker determinedly resumed his political career and the following year was nominated as a candidate for the Politbüro of the SED’s Central Committee. As President of the Free German Youth movement, he organised the inaugural \"Deutschlandtreffen der Jugend\" in East Berlin in May 1950 and the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students in 1951, although the latter was beset with organisational problems.", "Winds of change. The totalitarian East German government at first ignored--and then opposed--the gradual political liberalization that was occurring in the Soviet Union. In 1988, when there were changes in the leadership of other Warsaw Pact states, Honecker pressed for even tighter ideological control.", "Following the SED victory in the October 1946 elections, Honecker took his place amongst the SED leadership in the first postwar East German parliament, the German People's Congress (Deutscher Volkskongress). The German Democratic Republic was proclaimed on 7 October 1949 with the adoption of a new constitution, establishing a political system similar to that of the Soviet Union. Honecker was a candidate member for the secretariat of the Central Committee in 1950; by 1958, he had become a full member of the Politbüro.", "*April 12 – Lothar de Maizière becomes prime minister of East Germany, heading a conservative coalition that favors German reunification.", "On Oct. 1, 1982, Schmidt was replaced as chancellor by the CDU leader Helmut Kohl Kohl, Helmut", "He was a member of the parliament in the Soviet Occupied Zone after the elections of October 1946. The German Democratic Republic was created on 7 October 1949. Its constitution set up a system of government like the Soviet Union 's. Honecker became a candidate member of the secretariat of the Central Committee in 1950 and full member in 1958.", "After World War II, Honecker rose in the East German party ranks and became a member of the ruling Politburo in 1958. Beginning in August 1961, he supervised the construction of the Berlin Wall to stem the westward exodus of East Germans.", "Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the Communist Party of Germany, a position for which he was imprisoned during the Nazi era. Following World War II, he was freed and soon relaunched his political activity, founding the youth organisation the Free German Youth in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee in the new East German state, he was the prime organiser of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, in this function, bore responsibility for the \"order to fire\" along the Inner German border." ]

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[ "In 1935, Babe Ruth was forty years old, in poor physical shape, and playing out the string with the Boston Braves. On May 25, 1935, with the team on a road trip and playing at Forbes File in Pittsburgh, Ruth hammered three home runs and a single, driving in six runs. The last, off pitcher Guy Bush, was the 714th of Ruth’s career and the first ball ever to be hit completely over Forbes Field’s right-field roof (added to the ballpark in 1925). Thanks to Hollywood, many people believe that was Ruth’s final Major League game—circling the bases in triumph one last time before going into the dugout, entering the clubhouse, and calling it a career. The scene, undoubtedly, provides a storybook conclusion to a fabled tale. Wouldst that it was true; but regrettably, it is not. Maybe Ruth should have called it a career at that point, but perhaps sensing that the old magic was back, he hung around for one more game.", "On May 25, 1935, Babe Ruth hit his 714th career home run. Five days later, he played his last game of major league baseball. (Babe's home run record stood until broken by Hank Aaron in 1974.)", "By the end of the 1973 season, Aaron had hit 713 home runs, one short of Ruth's record. Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats, but stood up well under the pressure. The next season, it was only a matter of time before he set a new record. On April 4, opening day, he hit No.714 in Cincinnati, and on April 8, in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth's mark with a home run to left-center field off left-hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers, while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave. In fact, until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006, the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves.", "After Ruth's final season, his statistics looked like outliers against the list of MLB's all-time leaders. He completed his career with 714 home runs. The closest vier for the home run crown? His teammate, Lou Gehrig ... with 378. Ruth's career slugging percentage: .690, a full 50 points above Jimmie Foxx in second place. And true to his free-swinging style, Ruth also had 1,330 strikeouts — 531 more than the next-in-line Jimmie Dykes, 574 more than everyone's favorite baseball thumper, Rabbit Maranville.", "Major League baseball player Babe Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture. Ruth was the first player to hit 60 home runs in one season (1927), setting the season record which stood until broken by Roger Maris in 1961. His lifetime total of 714 home runs at his retirement in 1935 was a record, until first surpassed by Hank Aaron in 1974. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Babe Ruth is a former Major League Baseball player, widely considered to be the greatest baseball player of all-time, starting his career as a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox. In a controversial deal with the New York Yankees, Ruth was sold for $100,00 in a trade that would later be known as \"The Curse of the Bambino.\" With the Yankees, Ruth moved to the outfield and transformed into one of the greatest hitters of all time. He was the first player to hit 60 home runs in a season. Ruth ended his career with a .342 batting average and 714 home runs, which was a record until Hank Aaron surpassed him in 1974. Ruth was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.", "Hank Aaron hits his career home run # 715, breaking Babe Ruth's career home run record.", "George Herman Ruth Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), better known as Babe Ruth, was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed \"The Bambino\" and \"The Sultan of Swat\", he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth established many MLB batting (and some pitching) records, including career home runs (714), runs batted in (RBIs) (2,213), bases on balls (2,062), slugging percentage (.690), and on-base plus slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand today. Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \"first five\" inaugural members.", "4-4 Fueled By Sports: On this Day in Sports History April 4 : On this Day in Sports History April 4 MLB On this day in 1974, Atlanta Braves outfielder Hank Aaron tied Babe Ruth‘s all-time ...", "Ruth was nicknamed “Babe” by teammates on his first pro team, the Baltimore Orioles… Other nicknames included “The Bambino” and “The Sultan of Swat”… The Red Sox did not win a World Series for 86 years after selling Ruth to the Yankees, a drought known as the Curse of the Bambino. However, the Sox broke the ‘curse’ by winning the World Series in 2004 and again in 2007… Four Americans now have surpassed Ruth’s single-season home run record: Maris , Mark McGwire , Sammy Sosa and Barry Bonds … Bonds became the all-time American home run leader in 2007, passing Aaron with his 756th home run… Slugger Sadaharu Oh hit 868 career home runs in Japan from 1959-80, making him the international home run champ.", "George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth, Jr., nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American professional baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball pitcher and outfielder who played for 22 seasons on three teams, from 1914 through 1935. Ruth was born in 1895 and died in 1948. Babe Ruth is most recognized for his many record breaking accomplishments and for being a role model for any sport fanatic in the 1920s. He was known as the greatest player of the century.", "Ruth originally entered the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder. He subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters and with his home run hitting prowess, he helped the Yankees win seven pennants and four World Series titles. Ruth retired in 1935 after a short stint with the Boston Braves, and the following year, he became one of the first five players to be elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "George Herman Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 - August 16, 1948), best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American baseball player who spent 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) playing for three teams", "George Herman Ruth Jr., better known as Babe Ruth, was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935.", "Baseball player Babe Ruth was born on February 6, 1895, in Baltimore, Maryland. Over the course of his career, Ruth went on to break baseball's most important slugging records, including most years leading a league in home runs, most total bases in a season, and highest slugging percentage for a season. In all, Ruth hit 714 home runs—a mark that stood until 1974.", "Babe Ruth extended his streak to 29 2/3 scoreless World Series innings, a record that stood until 1961, and also tied for the league lead with 11 home runs. In the World Series against the Chicago Cubs, Ruth and Carl Mays each won two games to lead the Sox to their fourth world championship in seven years.", "Babe Ruth, an American baseball player, was one of sport's most famous athletes and an enduring legend.", "1919 - Babe Ruth hits his 26th HR off Jack Quinn in NY, breaking Buck Freeman's 1899 HR mark of 25", "George Herman Ruth, better known as \"Babe,\" the \"Bambino\" and the \"Sultan of Swat,\" was a home run m... Learn More", "1-16 North Shore Nine: That Time Babe Ruth Hit His Last HR at Forbes Field : Most fans probably aren’t aware of the link between Babe Ruth, the city of Pittsburgh and the final moment of greatness ...", "With that score intact and Bush still pitching, Ruth came up for the fourth time in the top of the seventh with one out and the bases empty. By now the crowd 8 was solidly on the Bambino’s side and rooted enthusiastically for more of his old magic. The Babe obliged. Career home run No. 714 came on a 3-1 count and bettered the earlier efforts, majestically clearing Forbes Field’s right field roof—for the first time in the ballpark’s 26-year history. 9 “The way he smacked it, you knew it was gone. The crowd just roared,” Paul Warhola, brother of iconic Pittsburgh pop artist Andy Warhol, remembered. 10 “He was fat and old but he still had that great swing,” was sportswriter Robert W. Creamer’s retrospective take. 11", "Sanford Koufax (pronounced /ˈkoʊf�ks/) (born Sanford Braun, on December 30, 1935) is an American left-handed former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, from 1955 to 1966. Koufax's career peaked with a run of six outstanding seasons from 1961 to 1966, before arthritis ended his career at age 30. He was named the National League's Most Valuable Player in 1963, and won the 1963, 1965, and 1966 Cy Young Awards by unanimous votes; in all three seasons, he won the pitcher's triple crown by leading the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (he actually led both leagues in all three categories). A notoriously difficult pitcher for batters to face, he was the first major leaguer to pitch more than three no-hit...", "September 24th – Babe Ruth’s last appearance as a New York Yankee. He’d play baseball part time for one more year as part of the Boston Braves, and then, unable to secure a managerial job in baseball, he drifted into retirement", "American flags atop Yankee Stadium, nicknamed \"The House that Ruth Built,\" are poised at half staff in honor of Babe Ruth, who died, in New York, Aug. 17, 1948. From Ruth and Gehrig to DiMaggio and Mantle, to Jackson and Jeter, Yankee history is crowded with dynamic players flourishing in a ballpark whose roots date back to a bitter rivalry that was spiced with spite.", "It was a gloomy dismal day in New York. June 13, 1948. The day that Babe Ruth announced his retirement to the Yankees due to illness. George Herman ‘Babe’ Ruth would die two months after this photo was taken. The day was not only his last day in uniform but also the 25th anniversary of Yankee Stadium, the House that Ruth built. It was also the day that the number three, Babe Ruth’s number, was retired along with him. Thin and frail as a result of a long illness, Ruth emerged from the dugout into “the caldron of sound he must have known better than any other man” (W.C. Hines, U.S. Sun).", "The dynamic hitting of this orphan who was raised in Baltimore, Maryland, brought him 714 home runs, a record unequalled in his lifetime. He was a giant of American sport in the 1920s, helping to shape baseball into a hugely popular spectacle.", "Known as the Sultan of Swat, Babe Ruth broke numerous Home Run Records, most of which had been set by himself. However it was his 1927 season that he is most remembered for, where he hit sixty long balls in just one-hundred fifty-one games.", "Despite passing over 60 years ago, Babe still remains the greatest figure in major league baseball, and one of the true icons in American history. The Babe helped save baseball from the ugly Black Sox scandal, and gave hope to millions during The Great Depression. He impacted the game in a way never seen before, or since. He continues to be the benchmark by which all other players are measured. Despite last playing nearly 75 years ago, Babe is still widely considered the greatest player in Major League Baseball history.", "3-18 wayniacnation.com: Remember when Babe Ruth threw a no-hitter? : The Great Bambino. George Herman Ruth would retire a legend to the sport of baseball, so much so that one could argue that he ...", "95. With Ruth’s health failing, April 27, 1947 was declared Babe Ruth Day around the major leagues by commissioner Happy Chandler. Ruth famously addressed the crowd at Yankee Stadium that day, his voice reduced to a hoarse croak by cancer. You can listen to Ruth’s speech here .", "Ruth's legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger-than-life figure in the \"Roaring Twenties\". During his career, he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off-field penchants for drinking and womanizing. His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and orphanages. He was denied a job in baseball for most of his retirement, most likely due to poor behavior during parts of his playing career. In his final years, Ruth made many public appearances, especially in support of American efforts in World War II. In 1946, he became ill with cancer, and died two years later.", "Babe Ruth played his last game 80 years ago today — in a different world | MLB | Sporting News" ]

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[ "U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed a space-based missile defense system called the Strategic Defense Initiative or “Star Wars.”", "U.S. President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan \"Star Wars\".", "The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as Star Wars, was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union. With the tension of the Cold War looming overhead, the Strategic Defense Initiative was the United States’ response to possible nuclear attacks from afar. Although the program seemed to have no negative consequences, there were concerns brought up about the program “contravening” the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks years before. For this reason, in conjunction with budgetary constraints, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately set aside.", "The President of the United States since 1981 was Ronald Reagan. He had been calling the Soviet Union an evil empire. He was afraid of nuclear war and was committed to developing a perfect defense system called Star Wars. Reagan's critics complained it would seem to the Russians to give the US a first strike capability – eliminating the possibility of retaliation.", "* March 23 – Strategic Defense Initiative: U.S. President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan \"Star Wars\".", "Strategic Defense Initiative: U.S. President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan “Star Wars.”", "6. Strategic Defense Initiative: U.S. President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan \"Star Wars.\" Read a book in the Star Wars series, a science fiction book, a book which is first in a series OR a book with \"defense\" in the title.", "This claim was confirmed by articles in Time, Newsweek, the New Yorker and the New York Times which stated that the film was'part of the culture' and its 'lessons' about good and evil, humanity and technology, hubris and redemption were 'a very powerful force indeed'. These publications noted that contemporary mass media are full of references to the film and that many words and phrases from it have entered into everyday language, but they mentioned Ronald Reagan's appropriation of the Star Wars term 'evil empire' only in passing, and none of them pointed out that for several years in the mid-1980s the film's title had been identified with the former President's missile defence programme. When other publications did discuss this connection, they incorrectly assumed that it was Reagan himself who had attached the term 'Star Wars' to the programme. With popular memory so unreliable, it is timely to look back at the origins of Reagan's missile defence programme and its association with Star Wars.", "When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs , the plan was quickly labeled \"Star Wars,\" implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Ronald Reagan's acting career. According to Frances FitzGerald , Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he \"thought the name was not so bad.\"; \"'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'\" [123] This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an \" evil empire \".", "* A plan to use the latest in modern technology to build an invulnerable missile shield for the United States is proposed by President Ronald Reagan. In a televised address from the White House, Reagan presented \"a vision of the future which offers hope\" that the U.S. could stop relying on massive retaliation to counter the threat of a Soviet nuclear attack, but warned that the technological breakthroughs necessary to create a missile shield \"may not be accomplished before the end of this century.\" White House officials said the shield might involve lasers, microwave devices, particle beams, and projectile beams directed from satellites to shoot down Soviet missiles before they could strike American territory. The program becomes known as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or \"Star Wars.\"", "Taken from Zubok's \"A Failed Nation,\" Developed by Kevin R. Sacerdote March 8 th, 1983 (Orlando, FL) March 8th : President Reagan gives his infamous evil empire speech March 23rd: Reagan announces his plans for the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative- SDI (Star Wars). The Soviet Union realizes that they can NOT effectively compete against due to cost.", "While many Reagan partisans credit him with winning the Cold War, scholars attribute the collapse of communism in 1989 in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to the mounting Soviet economic crisis and the failure of the economic and political reforms initiated by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Reagan's policies included strong support of the U.S. military and the doctrine of \"peace through strength.\" One of his more controversial proposals was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a missile defense system which he hoped would make the U.S. invulnerable to nuclear missile attack by the Soviet Union. SDI was dubbed \"Star Wars\" by opponents, connoting the impractical or fantastic, and Reagan was given the nickname \"Ronnie Raygun\" by some wags. ", "The most notorious of the programs Reagan invested in was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), more commonly known as the Star Wars program in reference to the popular 1980s science fiction film trilogy. The SDI was designed to be a national defense network of missiles that could target and destroy any incoming enemy missiles before they reached the United States. Unfortunately, Star Wars was mostly a fantasy–prototypes of the seek-and- destroy technology often failed the trial runs miserably. Worse still, SDI's estimated price tag totaled nearly $1 trillion dollars, a figure that concerned many Democrats and American citizens during a decade of recession. Many Americans also feared that Reagan's conservative, Cold War ideology would only lead to war. In 1982, 800,000 Americans rallied in New York City to press the administration to stop creating more nuclear weapons. Reagan denounced these protestors as peace-loving \"doves\" and continued developing the US weapons arsenal.", "After his reelection, Reagan continued to talk a hard line against the Soviet Union, while simultaneously pursuing a new arms limitation agreement with that nation. Two summit meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev—in Geneva (1985) and Reykjavik, Iceland (1986)— accomplished little and Reagan pressed ahead with an aggressive (and costly) program of national defense, including the MX missile and the Strategic Defense Initiative (\"Star Wars\").", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.  ", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924 ) was the 41st President of the United States (1989 - 1993). Previously, he served as director of the CIA in 1976 - 1977, and the 43rd Vice President of the United States under President Ronald Reagan ( 1981 - 1989 ). ", "Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.", "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 -- April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution settled many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until 20th-century passage of the 25th Amendment. He was grandfather to Benjamin Harrison, who became the 23rd President of the United States.", "Republican Gerald R. Ford was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. He lost a campaign for re-election in 1976 to Democrat Jimmy Carter , who went on to serve one term.", "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last president born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution left unsettled many questions following the presidential line of succession in regard to Constitution until the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, who was the 23rd President from 1889 to 1893.", "But in interviews, George Lucas said that Bush was no influence in writing the movie. Rather, he wrote the basic story outline in the 1970s during the Vietnam War, thinking of President Richard Nixon. [3] He stated at Cannes, \"The parallels between what we did in Vietnam and what we're doing in Iraq now are unbelievable.\" [4] Lucas added that in more general terms, his story represents how any democracy can turn into a dictatorship with the consent of the people, like Caesar Augustus and Napoleon I of France. [5] [6] It could also be likened to how democratic freedom can be taken away using fear, much like Adolf Hitler or Hirohito. A line given by Senator Amidala upon Chancellor Palpatine's reorganization of the Republic as the First Galactic Empire reflects Lucas's observation: \"So this is how liberty dies—with thunderous applause.\"", "Spielberg generally supports U.S. Democratic Party candidates. He was close friends of former President Bill Clinton and worked with the President for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18 minute film for the project, scored by John Williams and entitled The American Journey. It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31 , 1999 in the National Mall at the Reflecting Pool at the base of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. . <ref>\" The Clinton's Showbiz Celebration \", BBC News, 2000-01-01. Retrieved on 2006-10-21 .</ref> However, although Spielberg generally supports democratic leaders such as Clinton, Al Gore and John Kerry he joined Jeffrey Katzenberg and Haim Saban in endorsing the re-election of Hollywood friend Arnold Schwarzenegger , the Republican Governor of California , on August 7 , 2006 .", "Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President.", "March 23, 1983 -- addressing the nation about his proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, later to be known as \"Star Wars\"", "Kathleen Kennedy, current Co-Chairman of Lucasfilm, will become President of Lucasfilm, reporting to Walt Disney Studios Chairman Alan Horn. Additionally she will serve as the brand manager for Star Wars, working directly with Disney’s global lines of business to build, further integrate, and maximize the value of this global franchise. Ms. Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films, with George Lucas serving as creative consultant. Star Wars Episode 7 is targeted for release in 2015, with more feature films expected to continue the Star Wars saga and grow the franchise well into the future.", "George Lucas came of age in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, and was profoundly affected by the culture and turmoil of those decades. Lucas, along with millions of other Americans, opposed US involvement in the Vietnam War. A capsule description that he wrote in 1973 described Star Wars as “a large technological empire going after a small group of freedom fighters,” — incorporating the asymmetrical quality of the Vietnam War into his space fantasy. This can be seen in the very opening scene of Star Wars, as Princess Leia’s rebel ship is completely overwhelmed in size and firepower by an Imperial Star Destroyer . Lucas’s description of Star Wars, of course, could also fit other conflicts in history, which he has also acknowledged as influences, including the American Revolutionary War with its challenge to the British Empire.", "Darth Vader (born Anakin Skywalker) is the central character of the Star Wars saga, appearing as one of the main antagonists of the original trilogy and as the main protagonist of the prequel trilogy.", "Darth Vader (born Anakin Skywalker) is a central character in the Star Wars saga, appearing as one of the main antagonists in the original trilogy and as the main protagonist in the prequel trilogy.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi (later known as Ben Kenobi) is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, played by Sir Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to the protagonist Luke Skywalker to whom he teaches the ways of the Jedi. In the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. In the sequel trilogy, he appears to Rey as a voice in a dream-like-flashback in Maz Kanata's castle. He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media.", "Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, played by Sir Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi. In the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. In the sequel trilogy, he appears to Rey as a voice in a dream-like-flashback in Maz Kanata's castle. He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media.", "Kenobi, Obi-Wan – Leading Jedi knight seen in the Star Wars films. Official costumes are available.", "In Episode I: The Phantom Menace, amid a trade dispute, blockade and invasion of Naboo by the Trade Federation, then-Senator Palpatine convinces Naboo's Queen Padmé Amidala to address the Galactic Senate, in order to call for a vote of no confidence in Chancellor of the Republic Finis Valorum's leadership, due to his alleged inability to act quickly to end the occupation of Naboo. The crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor." ]

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[ "On 26 April 1986 at 01:23:45 a.m. (UTC+3) reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, near Pripyat in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, exploded. Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area. Four hundred times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.[1]", "The Chernobyl disaster ( Ukrainian : Чорнобильська катастрофа, Chornobylska Katastrofa – Chornobyl Catastrophe; also referred to as Chernobyl or the Chornobyl accident) was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then officially the Ukrainian SSR ), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union . An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe .", "On 26 April 1986 01:23:45 a.m. ( UTC+3 ) reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, near Pripyat in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , exploded. Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area. Four hundred times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . [1]", "A subreddit dedicated to the Chernobyl disaster : \"The Chernobyl disaster (Ukrainian: Чорнобильська катастрофа, Chornobylska Katastrofa – Chornobyl Catastrophe) was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then officially Ukrainian SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe. It is widely considered to have been the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011). The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles.\"", "In the early morning hours of April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (formerly part of the Soviet Union) exploded, creating what has been described as the worst nuclear disaster the world has ever seen.", "At 1:23 a.m. on April 26th, 1986, reactor four at the nuclear power plant near Chernobyl, Ukraine exploded, releasing more than a hundred times the radiation of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thirty-one people died shortly after the explosion and thousands more are expected to die from the long-term effects of radiation. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster dramatically changed the world's opinion about using nuclear reaction for power.", "On this day in 1986, the world’s worst nuclear accident to date occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant near Kiev in Ukraine. The full toll from this disaster is still being tallied, but experts believe that thousands of people died and as many as 70,000 suffered severe poisoning. In addition, a large area of land may not be livable for as much as 150 years. The 18-mile radius around Chernobyl was home to almost 150,000 people who had to be permanently relocated.", "On this day in 1986, the world's worst nuclear accident to date occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant near Kiev in Ukraine. The full toll from this disaster is still being tallied, but experts believe that thousands of people died and as many as 70,000 suffered severe poisoning. In addition, a large area of land may not be livable for as much as 150 years. The 18-mile radius around Chernobyl was home to almost 150,000 people who had to be permanently relocated.", "The Chernobyl disaster was a major accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986, with an explosion at the plant and later radioactive contamination of the surrounding area. It is widely considered the worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power due to the casualty count and amount of land rendered uninhabitable by humans. A plume of radioactive fallout drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavia, the UK, Ireland and eastern North America. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly damaged, forcing the people in charge to have to evacuate and resettle more than 336,000 people. About 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus, according to official post-Soviet data. [3]", "On 26 April 1986 at 01:23:44 a.m. (UTC+3) reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, near Pripyat in the Ukrainian SSR, exploded. Nearly thirty to forty times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That resulted in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people... It is difficult to accurately tell the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl, as the Soviet-era cover-up made it difficult to track down victims. Lists were incomplete, and Soviet authorities later forbade doctors to cite \"radiation\" on death certificates.", "Ukraine's Chernobyl plant was the site of the largest nuclear accident in history in 1986, when an explosion blew the top off the site's number four reactor and sent a radioactive cloud across much of Europe.", "The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No.4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , in what was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union (USSR).", "\"On April 26, 1986, an accident occurred at Unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former USSR. The accident, caused by a sudden surge of power, destroyed the reactor and released massive amounts of radioactive material into the environment...", "In April 1986, Chernobyl' (Chornobyl' in Ukrainian) was an obscure city on the Pripiat' River in north-central Ukraine. Almost incidentally, its name was attached to the V.I. Lenin Nuclear Power Plant located about twenty-five kilometers upstream.", "The 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster is next month. On April 26, 1986, a series of explosions destroyed Chernobyl's reactor No. 4 station and several hundred staff and firefighters tackled a blaze that burned for 10 days and sent a plume of radiation around the world in the worst-ever civil nuclear disaster. More than 50 reactor and emergency workers were killed at the time. Assessing the larger impact on human health remains a difficult task, with estimates of related deaths from cancer ranging from 4,000 to over 200,000. The government of Ukraine indicated early this year that it will lift restrictions on tourism around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, formally opening the scene to visitors. It's expected, meanwhile, that a 20,000-ton steel case called the New Safe Confinement (NSC), designed as a permanent containment structure for the whole plant, will be completed in 2013.", "In 1986 Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine witnessed the worst nuclear accident in history. It is the only incident which is marked level 7 in the INES (International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale- the scale for measuring severity of a nuclear disaster).", "New for 2011, the Ukraine has recently announced that it intends to offer official tours of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident site. Costing between €150 and €300 the Chernobylinterinform Agency, an authorised state enterprise, will host chaperoned tours of the area which has been largely closed to the world since 1986 when Chernobyl’s Reactor No. 4 exploded. It is still very much a ghost town with the famous Pripyat Fairground and the large Ferris wheel out of action. Nature has very much taken hold of the Exclusion Zone, now a designated lush and verdant wildlife sanctuary, one of the largest in Europe. Tours of Chernobyl town will run from Kiev but officials say that travellers should be aware that illegal tours are also in operation. It is important for anyone with an interest in the tour should make arrangements through the Chernobylinterinform Agency . Book our top-rated Kiev hostels .", "In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was exposed to significant nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR. ", "On April 26th 1986, the Chernobyl Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had a major meltdown which resulted in the atmospheric release of radioactive material four hundred times more radioactive than Hiroshima. Since the accident there have been countless children with birth defects, a sickening increase of cancer sufferers and many other health issues as well. It is estimated that the disaster could result in nearly 100,000 fatal cancers, and the area won’t be safe for any activity, including farming for up to 200 years.", "Ukraine might just be the world’s creepiest ghost town. This otherwise unremarkable Eastern European city was once home to Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant workers, but when a nuclear reactor at the plant exploded in 1986, it was abandoned & has stood as a bizarre, deteriorating monument to the disaster ever since. it killed 56 people, but up to 4,000 may have developed cancer fr radiation exposure and it’s also implicated in the chromosomal aberrations & neural tube defects of countless…", "Chernobyl, Ukraine- In April 1986 there was an explosive leak, caused by overheating, from a nonpressurized boiling-water reactor, one of the largest in Europe. The resulting clouds of radioactive material spread as far as the UK. Thirty-one people were killed in the explosion, and thousands of square kilometers of land were contaminated by fallout. By June 1992, seven times as many children in the Ukraine and Belarus were contracting thyroid cancer as before the accident, and the incidence of leukemia was rising; it was estimated that more than 6,000 people had died as a result of the accident, and that the death toll in the Ukraine alone would eventually reach 40,000.", "The disaster at Chernobyl, on 26 April 1986, is recognised as the world's worst nuclear accident. One of the power station's reactors exploded and the subsequent fire spewed a radioactive cloud across Europe .", "Apr. 26, 1986 - Largest Nuclear Accident Ever Takes Place at Chernobyl in the Former Soviet Union", "earthquake and tsunami. On April 26th 1986, the power station at Chernobyl, then part of the Soviet Union, exploded in the world's worst nuclear accident, sending a plume of radiation over a large part of Europe. At least 30 people were killed in the immediate aftermath of the explosion", "A sign reading 'Stop, Forbidden Zone' hangs on a barbed wire fence at the 'border' of the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant, where the world's worst nuclear disaster took place in April 1986, and the 30-km zone around it remain inhabited until now. Japanese crews are now grappling with the world's worst nuclear incident since that incident.", "In 2011 Ukraine opened up the sealed zone around the Chernobyl reactor to tourists who wish to learn more about the tragedy that occurred in 1986. [181] [182]", "26 April: Ukraine pays homage to victims of the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe, 22 years after the disaster. \"The Cher-nobyl catastrophe became planetary and even now continues to take its toll on people's health and the environment,\" the Health Ministry said in a statement. ", "The nuclear power plant in the Ukraine that suffered two large explosions which released massive amounts of radioactive materials. It is the worst nuclear accident in history and thousands were and continue to be impacted by the disaster.", "• In April 1986 the place named CHERNOBYL gained world fame due to accident in Atomic Reactor.", "*1980 to 1989: The Kramatorsk radiological accident happened in Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR. In 1989, a small capsule containing highly radioactive caesium-137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building. 6 residents of the building died from leukemia and 17 more received varying radiation doses. The accident was detected only after the residents called in a health physicist.", "Ukraine has declassified a number of KGB documents from the period between 1971 and 1988 related to the Chernobyl plant, mentioning for example previous reports of structural damages caused by negligence during construction of the plant (such as splitting of concrete layers) that were never acted upon. They document over 29 emergency situations in the plant during this period, 8 of which were caused by negligence or poor competence on the part of personnel. ", "Ukraine has declassified a number of KGB documents from the period between 1971 and 1988 related to the Chernobyl plant, mentioning for example previous reports of structural damages caused by negligence during construction of the plant (such as splitting of concrete layers) that were never acted upon. They document over 29 emergency situations in the plant during this period, 8 of which were caused by negligence or poor competence on the part of personnel. [81]" ]

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[ "Anwar Sadat, in full Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, Sadat also spelled Sādāt, el-Sadat also spelled al-Sadat (born December 25, 1918, Mīt Abū al Kawm, Al-Minūfiyyah governorate, Egypt —died October 6, 1981, Cairo ), Egyptian army officer and politician who was president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He initiated serious peace negotiations with Israel , an achievement for which he shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Peace with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin . Under their leadership, Egypt and Israel made peace with each other in 1979.", "Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was Egypt's president from 1970 until his assassination. He launched a surprise attack on Israel in 1973, then became the first Arab leader to sign a peace treaty with Israel. He shifted from Soviet to American patronage and relaxed Egypt's internal economic and political system.", "Muhammad Anwar El Sadat, محمد أنور السادات ( 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat ( ' Egyptian; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "(Born: Anwar El Sadat, 25 December 1918, El Monufia, Egypt – Died: 6 October 1981(1981-10-06) (aged 62), Cairo, Egypt)", "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal.[42] Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, instantly killing the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA).[43][44] Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.", "Presidency[edit] Further information: History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat Some of the major events of the Sadat's presidency were his \"Corrective Revolution\" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with Israel, the \"opening up\" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981.", "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal . [40] Islambouli emptied his assault rifle onto Sadat's body while on the stands, instantly killing the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). [41] [42] Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak , Irish Defence Minister James Tully , and four US military liaison officers.", "was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. He was the first Arab head of state to recognize Israel as a nation.", "Anwar el-Sadat became president after Nasser died in 1970. After the fourth war against Israel in 1973, Sadat moved to make peace and to recover the Sinai. Under Sadat, too, many of the social reforms of the Nasser period were frozen or reversed. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 and was succeeded by his vice president, Hosni Mubarak, who was elected for a fourth six-year term in September 1999. To date, all four of Egypt's presidents have been military men.", "The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising.[14] Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power.[14] Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures.[14] Though Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt,[14] it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity.[35]", "October 6, 1981 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was assassinated in Cairo by Muslim fundamentalists while watching a military parade. He had shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Menachem Begin of Israel. He had signed an American-sponsored peace accord with Israel, but had been denounced by other Arab leaders.", "October 6, 1981 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was assassinated in Cairo by Muslim fundamentalists while watching a military parade. He had shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Menachem Begin of Israel. He had signed an American-sponsored peace accord with Israel, but had been denounced by other Arab leaders.", "Sadat and Begin shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for their historic agreements. However, the initiative was far from universally popular in other Arab countries or even Sadat's own country, Egypt. Other Arab nations, and especially the Palestinians, saw Egypt's agreement with Israel as a stab in the back, leaving them weaker and with less bargaining leverage against Israel. Without Egypt, the \"united Arab front\" had no credibility. Sadat became isolated in the Arab world and increasingly unpopular at home, conditions that finally led to his assassination in 1981.", "He led Egypt before now-ousted President Hosni Mubarak's reign. Sadat, who was gunned down by Islamists at a military parade in 1981, helped direct the country into the modern era with the help of the first Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize. (Photo: Kevin Fleming/CORBIS)", "***Ironically, Sadat was assassinated during a parade in Cairo in 1981 celebrating Egypt's “victory” in 1973.", "On the 6th October 1981 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, a terrorist group that was enraged by the peace treaty he had negotiated with Israel. His assassins.... . .", "Aftermath[edit] Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League — Oman, Somalia and Sudan — sent representatives at all.[46] Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral.[47] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.", "Aftermath[edit] Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League—Oman, Somalia and Sudan—sent representatives at all.[45] Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral. Begin even walked throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath.[46] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.", "Mubarak came to power in 1981, after then-President Anwar Sadat died in a hail of gunfire at a military parade -- killed by Islamic militants from within the army's own ranks after he took the dramatic step of making peace with Israel.", "On 6 October 1981, a victory parade was held in Cairo to commemorate the eighth anniversary of Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air Force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, Egyptian Army soldiers and troop trucks towing artillery paraded by. One truck contained the assassination squad, led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. As it passed the tribune, Islambouli forced the driver at gunpoint to stop. From there, the assassins dismounted and Islambouli approached Sadat with three hand grenades concealed under his helmet. Sadat stood to receive his salute (Anwar's nephew Talaat El Sadat later said, \"The president thought the killers were part of the show when they approached the stands firing, so he stood saluting them\"), whereupon Islambouli threw all his grenades at Sadat, only one of which exploded (but fell short), and additional assassins rose from the truck, indiscriminately firing AK-47 assault rifles into the stands until they had exhausted their ammunition and then attempted to flee. After Sadat was hit and fell to the ground, people threw chairs around him to shield him from the hail of bullets.", "Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu al-Kum , al-Minufiyah, Egypt to a poor family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. [6] One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the October War of 1973. [7] His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat was Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was a Sudanese Nubian from her grandmother. [8] [9] He spent his early childhood under the care of his grandmother, who told him stories revolving around resistance to the British occupation and drawing on contemporary history. [10] During Sadat's childhood, he admired and was influenced greatly by four individuals. The first of his childhood heroes was Zahran, the alleged hero of the Denshawai Incident , who resisted the British occupation in a farmer protest. According to the story, a British soldier was killed, and Zahran was the first Egyptian hanged in retribution. Stories like the Ballad of Zahran introduced Sadat to Egyptian nationalism, a value he held throughout his life. [10]", "When Nasser died on 28 September 1970, his vice president, Anwar al-Sadat, became president. After a political crisis that resulted in the dismissal from office in May 1971 of 'Ali Sabri and other left-wing leaders who had been close to Nasser (they were subsequently convicted of treason), President Sadat firmly established his hold on the government and began to implement pragmatic economic and social policies. Beginning in July 1971 with the announcement of a 10-year development program, he quickly followed with the introduction in September of a permanent constitution and a series of financial measures designed to give more freedom to the banking system and to encourage investment of foreign and domestic capital. In a surprise move on 18 July 1972, Sadat ordered the expulsion of the 15,000 Soviet military advisers and 25,000 dependents who had come to Egypt after the 1967 war. After the ouster of the Russians, Egypt was able to improve relations with the United States, Europe , and the more conservative Arab states, which provided substantial financial assistance under the Khartoum Agreement to replace Suez Canal revenues (which had ceased when the Canal was closed by the 1967 war with Israel).", "1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated while attending a parade in Cairo to mark the eighth anniversary of the Crossing of the Bar Lev Line at the start of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.", "Sadat's Egypt: following Nasser's death in 1970, Muhammad Anwar El Sadat became the Egyptian president. Soon after taking power, Sadat began trying to restore Egyptian control over the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula, including laying out military options to that effect. In 1971 Sadat reshuffled Egyptian politics, when he accused leading figures in the country's Left and many of Nasser's loyalists of conspiracy, trying them for treason and forcibly removing them from power.", "Egypt 1981 Egypt Anwar Sadat Assassinated Oct. 6th, 1981: President Anwar Sadat was assassinated while viewing a military parade in a Cairo suburb", "When Sadat signed the final Camp David Accords in March 1979 on the White House lawn, he also signed his own death warrant. During the October War memorial parade in 1981, he was gunned down by Islamic fundamentalists inspired by the Iranian revolution.", "1981: One day after the 11th anniversary of his election to office, Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists while watching a military parade.", "On Sept. 28, 1970, President Nasser died. In October 1970, Anwar al-Sadat was elected president of the UAR.", "Anwar Sadat (left) and Nasser in the National Assembly, 1964. Sadat succeeded Nasser as president in 1970 and significantly departed from Nasser's policies throughout his rule.", "1981 October - President Sadat assassinated by Islamist extremists month after clampdown on private press and opposition groups in wake of anti-government riots. Succeeded by Vice-President Hosni Mubarak.", "On 6 October 1981, President Sadat was shot by gunmen as he watched an aerial display at a military parade. Two grenades exploded nearby, also killing and wounding a number of other foreign diplomats. More gunmen then opened fire with automatic weapons in front of the presidential reviewing stand, killing ten others. Security guards returned fire, killing two of the gunmen and seizing the rest." ]

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[ "On November 30, 1982, 24-year-old singer Michael Jackson released his album Thriller, which, in addition to the title track of the same name, included such popular singles as “Beat It,” “Billie Jean,” and “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’.”  Thriller remains the best-selling album of all time and has sold over 104 million copies to date; 65 million of those copies were within the United States.", "Thriller is the sixth studio album by American singer Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 30, 1982, as the follow-up to Jackson's critically and commercially successful 1979 album Off the Wall. Thriller explores similar genres to those of Off the Wall, including pop, post-disco, rock and funk. Recording sessions took place on April to November 1982 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles with a production budget of $750,000, assisted by producer Quincy Jones.", "in 1982 - Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' album was released. It spent 190 weeks on the UK album chart became the biggest selling pop album of all time, with sales over 50 million copies.", "On the 30th November 1982, Michael Jackson released the album Thriller, which went on to become the best-selling album of all time. As well as being certified 29x platinum for its 29 million sales in.... . .", "1982 –  Michael Jackson ‘s  Thriller , the  best-selling album of all time , was released on the 30th November 1982.", "In 1982, three years after Off the Wall, Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson collaborated once again and created Thriller, the bestselling album of all time. It was preceded by the single \"The Girl Is Mine,\" a collaboration with Paul McCartney , which reached #2 on the pop singles chart. A month after the album hit stores, the second single \"Billie Jean\" was unleashed, and the masterpiece that is Thriller began to unfold. Ultimately, 28 million copies sold in the US and Thriller became the first album to launch seven singles into the pop top 10. \"Bille Jean\" and \"Beat It\" both hit #1 and the music video for \"Beat It\" tore down barriers for African-American artists at MTV. ", "1982: Michael Jackson's album \"Thriller\" featuring hits like \"Beat It\" and \"Billie Jean\" is released, and the film \"Gandhi\" premieres.", "While working on The Wiz, Jackson met producer Quincy Jones (1933–). They worked together on Jackson's 1979 album Off the Wall, which sold ten million copies and earned critical praise. In 1982 Jackson and Jones again joined forces on the Thriller album. Thriller fully established Jackson as a solo performer, and his hit songs from the album—\"Beat It,\" \"Billie Jean,\" and \"Thriller\"—made him the major pop star of the early 1980s. The success of Thriller (with forty million copies sold, it remains one of the best-selling albums of all time) and the videos of its songs also helped Jackson break the color barrier imposed by radio stations and the powerful music video channel MTV. By 1983 Jackson was the single most popular entertainer in America.", "As the Jacksons disbanded to pursue individual interests, Michael exploded onto the music scene as an independent artist, outstripping the success of his own multiaward-winning album of 1979, Off the Wall, as well as shattering almost every other record in recording history. His landmark album was Thriller, unleashed in 1982. It was a sensation that appealed to almost every imaginable musical taste and established Jackson as one of the world’s pre-eminent pop artists. The album went platinum in fifteen countries, gold in four, and garnered eight Grammys; its sales exceeded thirty-eight million copies worldwide, earning it a place in the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest-selling album in recording history; it spun-off an unprecedented seven hit singles; and it enabled Jackson to claim the spotlight as the first recording artist to simultaneously head both the singles and albums charts for both rhythm-and-blues and pop.", "Michael Joseph Jackson was born August 29, 1958, the seventh child of the Jackson family. He made his professional debut at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Hailed as the \"King of Pop\" in subsequent years, five of his solo studio albums have become among the world's best-selling records: \"Off the Wall\" (1979), \"Thriller\" (1982), \"Bad\" (1987), \"Dangerous\" (1991) and \"HIStory\"(1995). An early star of MTV and the art of making pop videos, Michael broke down racial barriers, transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. 2008 marked the 25th anniversary of the \"Thriller\" album with the release of the double-disc album \"Thriller 25\", containing the original nine tracks from \"Thriller\", re-mixes and a new song called \"For All Time\". The album reached number one in eight countries, number two in the US, number three in the UK and was top 10 on over 30 national charts. To celebrate Michael's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a compilation album, \"King of Pop\" which featured tracks voted for by his fans.", "Michael Jackson releases the album “Thriller” which quickly became the largest selling album in history, topping 25 million sold.", "Musician, Entertainer. He was called the \"King of Pop,\" and is best remembered for his revolutionary videos such as \"Thriller\" (1982), and \"Dangerous\" (1991), as well as two Guinness World Records: Most successful entertainer of all time (with 13 Grammy Awards, 13 Number One single hits in a solo career, and sales of over 750 million in albums worldwide), and for having the greatest selling album of all time (\"Thriller\"). He is also remembered for his trademark single sequined white glove, and... [Read More] (Bio by: Kit and Morgan Benson )", "On December 1, 1982, Thriller was released to critical and commercial success. A month later, on January 2, 1983, \"Billie Jean\" was released as the album's second single; it follows Jackson's successful duet with Paul McCartney on \"The Girl Is Mine\". The song reached number one on Billboards Hot 100 chart, where it remained for seven weeks. After seven weeks at number one, the song fell to number 5, and stayed in the top ten for 11 weeks. Billboard ranked it at the No. 2 song for 1983. \"Billie Jean\" topped the R&B chart within three weeks, and became Jackson's fastest-rising number one single since \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\" and \"I'll Be There\" in 1970. It remained at number one for nine weeks, before the single was eventually replaced by The Gap Band's \"Outstanding\". \"Billie Jean\" peaked at number 9 on the Adult Contemporary chart. It was also number one in the UK Singles Chart. \"Billie Jean\" and Thriller topped both the singles and album charts in the same week. This occurred on both sides of the Atlantic simultaneously, a feat very few acts have ever achieved. The song was the third best selling single of 1983 in the US and ninth in the UK. \"Billie Jean\" also reached number one in Switzerland, the top ten in Austria, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden.", "*Michael Jackson – Thriller (1982) – \"Beat It\", \"Human Nature\", \"The Girl is Mine\", \"The Lady in my Life\", Dangerous (1991) – \"Heal the World\"", "Michael Jackson's second album with legendary producer Quincy Jones attained stratospheric national and international success. Featuring outstanding guest performances by Paul McCartney on \"The Girl is Mine\" and Eddie Van Halen on \"Beat It,\" the album's influence on the record industry and subsequent popular music is immeasurable. The album also includes the strong disco-inflected \"Billie Jean\" and the compelling title track \"Thriller,\" featuring an eerie voice-over by Vincent Price. Jackson's keen pop sensibilities, the performances by a wide range of talented musicians and Quincy Jones' expert production all contributed to making \"Thriller\" the best-selling album of all time. Selected for the 2007 registry.", "Michael Jackson was the definitive icon of the 1980s and his leather jacket, glove, and Moonwalk dance were often imitated. Jackson's 1981 album Thriller became—and currently remains—the best-selling album of all time, with sales estimated by various sources as somewhere between 65 and 110 million copies worldwide.", "Jackson reunited with Off the Wall producer Quincy Jones to record his sixth studio album (his second under the Epic label). The pair worked together on 30 songs, nine of which were eventually included. Thriller was recorded at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, with a production budget of $750,000. The recording for Thriller commenced on April 14, 1982 at 12:00 noon with Jackson and Paul McCartney recording \"The Girl Is Mine\" and the album was completed with the final day of mixing on November 8, 1982. Several members of the band Toto were also involved in the album's recording and production. Jackson wrote four songs for the record: \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\", \"The Girl Is Mine\", \"Beat It\" and \"Billie Jean\". Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write these songs on paper. Instead, he would dictate into a sound recorder; when recording he would sing from memory.", "Jackson told Jones – and apparently others as well – that his next album wouldn't simply be bigger than Off the Wall, it would be the biggest album ever. When Thriller was released in November 1982, it didn't seem to have any overarching theme or even a cohesive style. Instead, it sounded like an assembly of singles – like a greatest-hits album, before the fact. But it became evident fast that this was exactly what Jackson intended Thriller to be: a brilliant collection of songs intended as hits, each one designed with mass crossover audiences in mind. Jackson put out \"Billie Jean\" for the dance crowd, \"Beat It\" for the white rockers, and then followed each crossover with crafty videos designed to enhance both his allure and his inaccessibility.", "Five of Jackson's solo albums - \"Off the Wall,\" \"Thriller,\" \"Bad,\" \"Dangerous\" and \"HIStory,\" all with Epic Records - are among the top-sellers of all time and \"Thriller\" holds the distinction as the largest selling album worldwide in the history of the recording industry with more than 70 million units sold. Additionally, singles released from the Thriller album sold more than 100 million copies worldwide, another all time record.", "Culture critic Nelson George wrote that Jackson \"has educated R. Kelly, Usher, Justin Timberlake and countless others with Thriller as a textbook\". As a sign of the album's longevity, in 2003 Thriller was ranked at number 20 on the Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list and was listed by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers at number three of the \"Definitive 200\" albums of all time. In 2008, 25 years after its release, the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and, a few weeks later, was among 25 recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as \"culturally significant\". In 2009, music critics for MTV Base and VH1 both listed Thriller as the best album released since 1981. Thriller, along with other critic favorites, were then polled by the public. 40,000 people found Thriller to be the Best Album of all time by MTV Generation, gaining a third of all votes. ", "Jones also produced Thriller, the long-awaited follow-up to Off the Wall. After the release of “The Girl Is Mine” (a duet with ex-Beatle Paul McCartney) as the first single, the album’s sales built slowly. But with subsequent singles, Jackson emerged spectacularly as a personality who could appeal to diverse audiences like no one else in American music had been able to for years. “Beat It,” featuring rock guitarist Eddie Van Halen, crossed over to attain popularity even among fans of heavy metal music; “Billie Jean” drew on Jackson’s own experience of unjust paternity accusations. Both songs reached number one, and “Billie Jean” made him the first artist to be number one on the pop single, pop album, R&B single, and R&B album charts simultaneously. Thriller went on to generate an unprecedented total of seven top ten singles. The album roosted atop Billboard magazine’s sales charts for 37 weeks, and at its peak was reported to be selling more than 500,000 copies every week.", "By the following Christmas, Thriller had become the phenomenon it remains to this day. Singles kept dropping off the album like golden fruit from a platinum bough: the precision snap of that snare on UK number one Billie Jean; the raucous Eddie Van Halen guitar on Beat It; the groove-driven frenzy of Wanna Be Startin' Something. It became apparent that this was a remarkable, ever-yielding pop jukebox.", "Jackson released several solo albums in the ’70s, but his great breakthrough came in 1979 with Off the Wall. He became the first solo artist to score four Top 10 hits from one album, including “She’s Out of My Life” and “Rock with You.” His next album, Thriller (1983), became the biggest selling album up to that time, selling some 45 million copies around the world. This time, he scored seven Top 10 singles, and the album won eight Grammies. Although his next album, Bad (1987), sold only about half as many copies as Thriller, it was still a tremendous best-seller. In 1991, Jackson signed an unprecedented $65 million record deal with Sony. That year, he released Dangerous.", "To say that 1983 was the year of Michael Jackson would be a gross understatement. Between January and December, he charted seven Hot 100 top 10 hits, six from \"Thriller.\" This single was the fourth released from the Epic set and peaked at No. 5 on the Hot 100. The song returned to the chart in 2008 after Jackson reissued \"Thriller\" in an expanded 25th anniversary form, with a remix of this song by Akon. The redux peaked at No. 81.", "The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards in 1984, including Album of the Year. Jackson won seven of the Grammys for the album while the eighth Grammy went to Bruce Swedien. That same year, Jackson won eight American Music Awards, the Special Award of Merit and three MTV Video Music Awards. Thriller was recognized as the world's best-selling album on February 7, 1984, when it was inducted into the Guinness Book of World Records. It is one of four albums to be the best-seller of two years (1983–1984) in the US. ", "This was the last of seven US Top 10 hits from the Thriller album. The first single from the album, \"The Girl Is Mine,\" reached its peak chart position of #2 on January 8, 1983. The song \"Thriller\" was released over a year later, on January 23, 1984, peaking at #4 on March 3. This lifespan of chart singles from one album was unprecedented, but so was the video for \"Thriller.\" The clip was so effective that after six singles and a year of release, it boosted yet another track from the album into the Top 10. It also brought the album back to #1 on December 24, 1983 - it lost the top spot on September 17 to Synchronicity by The Police. Thriller held the peak position until April 21, 1984, over a year after it first went to #1 on February 26, 1983.", "'Beat It' is the third single recorded by Michael for the album 'Thriller' on the Epic label, released February 26th, 1983 in the USA. The track written and co-produced, with Quincy Jones, by Michael. This maxi-single issued as part of the 'Mixed Masters' series and released in 1997 in the USA.", "In 2008 Thriller 25, a special 25th anniversary edition of Thriller, was released. The re-recorded album debuted at #2 on the Top Comprehensive Albums chart, where catalog titles mix with current best-sellers. This made it the highest-charting catalog album in the history of the Top Comprehensive Albums survey. Despite selling 166,000 copies in its debut week, it was not eligible for the main album chart as Billboard considered it to be a catalog or oldies album, and Billboard publishes a special chart just for catalog albums.", "The album became immensely popular. The title song “Thriller” was ranked number one for 37 weeks and remained in the Billboard Charts “Top Ten” for 80 consecutive weeks. The album also garnered numerous awards, including a record-breaking 12 Grammy nominations, winning eight of them.  ", "Within 1984 Michael received an archive busting 8 Grammy honours in a single evening. The actual honours had been with regard to their focus on the actual ‘Thriller’ recording as well as their focus on the actual story for that ‘ET Storybook’.", "In 1981, when Lionel decided to pursue a solo career, his fans rolled with him.  They watched Lionel become one of the most successful artists of the 1980’s, earning a string of 13 top ten hits between 1981 and 1987, including nine #1 singles.  The first was,  “Endless Love”, a ballad that he wrote and sang  as a duet with his dear friend, Miss Diana Ross.  Afterwards came the success of “Truly,” “All Night Long,” “Hello,” and “Say You (Say Me)” for which he won his Oscar and a Golden Globe.  His 1982 self-titled album established a run of platinum plus albums throughout the 80’s, with 1986’s “Dancing On The Ceiling” becoming a pop and R&B classic.  He also found time to co-write with Michael Jackson what eventually would become pop’s most famous anthem, the Live-Aid tune “We Are The World.”", "In May 1983, “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’” was released and became Thriller’s forth number one single." ]

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[ "Raisa Gorbachev, 67, whose stylish, forceful and glamorous performance as the wife of the last Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, made her a lightning rod for attacks on her husband's programs of economic and political reform, died yesterday of leukemia at University Hospital in Muenster, Germany.", "Perhaps the more apt comparison for Peng is to the late Raisa Gorbachev, wife of former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Chic, smart and self-possessed, she was one of Gorbachev's chief assets in helping to soften the impression of the Soviet Union in the West just before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.", "Beginning in 1985, Nancy strongly encouraged her husband to hold \"summit\" conferences with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev, and suggested they form a personal relationship beforehand.[8] Both Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev had developed a productive relationship through their summit negotiations. The relationship between Nancy Reagan and Raisa Gorbachev was anything but the friendly, diplomatic one between their husbands; Nancy found Raisa hard to converse with and their relationship was described as \"frosty\".[120] The two women usually had tea, and discussed differences between the USSR and the United States. Visiting the U.S. for the first time in 1987, Raisa irked Reagan with lectures on subjects ranging from architecture to socialism, reportedly prompting the American President's wife to quip, \"Who does that dame think she is?\"[121]", "Mikhail Gorbachev , Lech Walesa, Cynthia Crawford, Carol Thatcher, Charles Powell, Geoffrey Howe, Shirley Williams , Tony Benn , Kenneth Clarke, Nancy Reagan, Nigel Lawson, Paddy Ashdown , David Owen , Edwina Currie , Steve Kemp, Norman Tebbit t, Roy Hattersley , Bernard Ingham, Kenneth Baker and James Baker", "Beginning in 1983 and peaking in success in 1986-1991, the decade saw the resurgence of hard rock music and the emergence of its glam metal subgenre. Bands such as AC/DC, Queen, Def Leppard, Kiss, Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, Quiet Riot, Scorpions, Europe, Ratt, Twisted Sister, Poison, Dokken, Whitesnake, and Cinderella were among the most popular acts of the decade. The 1980s saw the emergence of wildly popular hard rock band Guns N' Roses and the successful comebacks of Aerosmith and Alice Cooper in the late 1980s. The success of hard rock act Van Halen spanned throughout the entire decade, first with singer David Lee Roth and later with Sammy Hagar. Queen, which had expanded its music to experimental and crossover genres in the early 1980s, returned to guitar-driven hard rock with The Miracle in 1989. Additionally, a few women managed to achieve stardom in the 1980s' hard rock scene: Pat Benatar, who had been around since the late 1970s, is a prime example of female success in hard rock, and so are both ex-Runaways Joan Jett and Lita Ford.", "1979, Eric Clapton held a party at his Surrey house celebrating his recent marriage to Patti Boyd. Clapton had set-up a small stage in the garden and as the evening progressed Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr ended up jamming together along with Clapton, Ginger Baker and Mick Jagger. The all-star band ran through old Little Richard and Eddie Cochran songs.", "Deborah Ann \"Debbie\" Harry (born July 1, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known as the lead singer of the new wave and punk rock band Blondie. She recorded several worldwide number one singles with Blondie during the 1970s and 1980s. She is sometimes considered the first rapper to chart at number one in the United States due to her work on \"Rapture\". She has also had success (mainly in Europe) as a solo artist before reforming Blondie in the late 1990s. Her acting career spans over 60 film roles and numerous television appearances.", "One of These Nights was their last album to feature founding member Bernie Leadon. Leadon wrote or co-wrote three songs for the album, including \"I Wish You Peace\", written with girlfriend Patti Davis (daughter of California governor Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan); and the instrumental \"Journey of the Sorcerer\", which would later be used as the theme music for the BBC's radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Leadon was disillusioned with the direction the band's music was taking and his loss of creative control as their sound was moving from his preferred country to rock and roll. His dissatisfaction, principally with Frey, boiled over one night when Frey was talking animatedly about the direction they should take next, and Leadon poured a beer over Frey's head, and said: \"You need to chill out, man!\". On December 20, 1975, after months of denials, it was announced that Leadon had left the band.", "The Queen and Margaret Thatcher, who was in power 1979-90. In their relations, “there was a rigidity that never softened”", "Steven Tyler born Steven Victor Tallarico is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the frontman and lead singer of  Aerosmith the Boston based rock band, in which he also plays the harmonica, and occasional piano and percussion.Tyler had a battle with drug and alcohol addiction, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the band’s popularity decrease. Tyler had a brief relationship with fashion German model Bebe Buell, during their relationship, Tyler fathered actress Liv Tyler,born in 1977. Buell at first claimed that the father was Todd Rundgren to protect her daughter, Liv, from Tyler’s drug addiction and alcoholism. Tyler became a grandfather through her daughter Liv‘s marriage to British musician Royston Langdon, grandson, Milo William Langdon (born December 14, 2004, in New York City). Steven Tyler married former Warhol model Cyrinda Foxe in 1978, and the former wife of David Johansen New York Doll’s lead singer, and fathered plus size model Mia Tyler. In 1987, Tyler and Foxe divorced because of Tyler’s drug addiction, extramarital affairs, and physical and emotional abuse. Cyrinda Foxe died from brain tumor which is not susceptible to treatment by surgery on September 7, 2002.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\". Allegations of spousal abuse following her split with Turner in 1977 arose with the publication of her autobiography I, Tina. Turner rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with \"Let's Stay Together\" and the 1984 release of her album Private Dancer.", "in 1978 - The Beatles parody 'All You Need Is Cash' featuring The Rutles was shown in the UK on BBC-TV. 1979, Eric Clapton married Patti Harrison (the ex wife of George) at Temple Bethel, Tucson, Arizona. Patti applied for a divorce in 1988.", "Starr has been married twice, first to Maureen Cox on 11th February, 1965. The pair had three children, Zak, Jason, and Lee, but divorced in 1975. Zak followed in his father's footsteps as a drummer for groups like Oasis and The Who. Starr later wed Barbara Bach in 1981, to whom he remains happily married.", "Pattie Boyd the muse of rock and roll ... George Harrison first married her than Eric Clapton in timeâ¦", "After divorcing Berardi, he married Wendy Gaxiola (born 1945) who also served as his manager. In the 1980s, she managed the Los Angeles rock bands Rough Cutt, Nuhaven (with drummer Doug Simpson), and Hellion. Dio remained married to Gaxiola until his death.", "' \\n Mick Fleetwood and wife Lynn have finalized their divorce after almost 20 years of marriage. \\n The legendary Fleetwood Mac drummer filed for legal separation from Lynn Frankel Fleetwood back in April 2013, citing irreconcilable differences. The pair married in 1995 and are parents to 13-year-old twin girls. \\n According to People, divorce docs state that child and spousal support arrangements have been made, though there are no details on the amount or who will get custody of the coup...", "On 13 October 2005 , Thatcher marked her 80th birthday with a party at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hyde Park where the guests included Her Majesty the Queen and HRH The Duke of Edinburgh . There, Geoffrey Howe, now Lord Howe of Aberavon, commented on her political career: \"Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible.\"", "In 1976 he married for the fourth time, to Barbara Blakely Marx, who had been married to Zeppo Marx. She survives him, along with his daughters, his son and two grandchildren.", "In 1979, she married rock star Rod Stewart. The couple had a daughter, Kimberly, and a son, Sean. Alana and Rod Stewart divorced in 1984,", "Together they became Eighties icons. She was the modishly insouciant, peroxide-blonde presenter of The Tube on the newly minted Channel 4; he, the dishevelled campaigning hero behind Band Aid in 1984, Live Aid a year later, creating a First World conscience regarding its Third World responsibilities. The Queen rendered him “Sir Bob” for it, the world judging him sainted despite his foul mouth.", "1984: Mick Fleetwood filed for bankruptcy. The founder of Fleetwood Mac had released a solo album called ‘The Visitor’ in 1981. Although the critics loved it, ‘The Visitor’ ended up losing a lot of money, as did Fleetwood’s real estate investments, leading to eventual financial ruin. It didn’t help that he was spending thousands of dollars of cocaine a month.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, Oldham worked primarily in the United States. He produced Donovan and other artists. In the mid-1980s, he made Colombia his primary residence after marrying Esther Farfan, a Colombian model. There he became a mentor for local bands.", "Lead vocalist Martin Lee had married band member Sandra Stevens in 1979. They are still together, living in Surrey.", "His second marriage was to a much younger woman, SanDee Pitnick, a Las Vegas dancer, in 1983. He was 56 and she was 32 at the time of the wedding.", "Born July 5, 1951, in England; married Lulu (a pop singer; born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), 1976 (divorced, 1994); children: Jordan (son).", "Although John continued performing during the 1980s, his drug and drinking problems had caused him to lose his magic touch. While recording Too Low for Zero in 1983, John met Renate Blauel, a German-born, recording-studio worker. They were married on Valentine's Day (February 14) 1984. The British press attacked both the marriage and John, focusing on his sexual history. After less than five years, the couple agreed to divorce.", "Her divorce was finalized in 1978 after sixteen years of marriage. She later accused Ike of years of severe spousal abuse and rampant drug addiction in her autobiography I, Tina. It was later adapted for the film What's Love Got to Do with It?. She parted ways with him, retaining only her stage name, and assuming responsibility for the debts incurred by the canceled tour as well as a significant IRS lien. [35]", "March 7th 1946, Born on this day, Peter Wolf, singer with The J Geils Band who had the 1982 US No.1 & UK No.3 single 'Centrefold'. Wolf was once married to US actress Faye Dunaway.", "Billy and Elizabeth married in 1973, and she took over as his manager soon after (they would divorce in 1982 and her brother, Frank, would later become Billy's manager). Billy's fortunes improved with the next two albums, \"Piano Man\" (1973) and \"Streetlife Serenade\" (1974).", "{C} She remained worried about his bouts of despondency, even as they embarked on separate journeys. In late 1987, the singer remarried. The new bride was LeAnne Gutierrez, a neighbor’s daughter who was half his age and who had a young daughter of her own. “He still loved Shirley,” Crook says. “He couldn’t let go.” The divorced couple regularly talked on the phone, but a rapprochement was out of the question, at least as far as Shirley was concerned. “Chuck told LeAnne that he’d leave her if I ever decided to come back,” she says. “I think she drove him to the bullet.”", "She married in 1974 but the marriage ended in 1988; she married again several years later, and her second husband now manages her music career.", "Born on: 2nd Oct 51 Born in: United Kingdom Marital status: Married Occupation: Ex-member of Police (band), Singer" ]

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[ "On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein had been making threats against Kuwait for some time, but his actual invasion caught most of the world by surprise. The magnitude of the invasion also was a surprise. Those who had expected an attack, such as the commander of U.S. Central Command, Norman Schwarzkopf, expected a limited attack to seize Kuwaiti oil fields. Instead, within a number of hours, Iraqi forces had seized downtown Kuwait City and were headed south toward the Saudi Arabia border.", "(2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991)[8][9] was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations[10] authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the United States in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait. The conflict developed in the context of the Iran-Iraq War and in 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq\\'s oil through slant drilling.[11]. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops was met with immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by some members of the UN Security Council. The expulsion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait began in January 1991 and was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, which took over Kuwait and entered Iraqi territory. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Iraq also launched missiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel in retaliation for their support of the invading forces in Kuwait.", "In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, a neighboring country. Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein, had long argued with Kuwait over the rights to certain oil-rich lands. He had been preparing to invade Kuwait for several weeks, but when the attack came-on August 2, 1990-it nevertheless surprised much of the world. Several countries in the Middle East had assured the United States that Hussein was massing his troops only to bluff Kuwait into meeting his demands. When the Iraqi leader sent 140,000 troops storming toward-and quickly taking-the Kuwaiti capital, President George H.W. Bush responded.", "In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait , triggering the Gulf War between Iraq and a large allied force, led by the United States . Iraq attacked Israel with 39 Scud missiles . Israel did not retaliate. Israel provided gas masks for both the Palestinian population and Israeli citizens.", "In August 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. This subsequently led to military intervention by United States-led forces in the First Gulf War. The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in Southern Iraq and those occupying Kuwait.", "Iraq occupied Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990. At that point, the U.S. government had armed and assisted the Iraqi tyrant for more than a decade, pitting him against the despised Shiite theocracy in Iran. The Iraqi invasion came as the climax of an enormously complicated history of secret deals and double-crosses, which bears reviewing because of its relevance to events today.  ", "Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait in August 1990 as Saddam claimed the emirate as part of his country and annexed it, naming it Iraq’s19 th province. A US-led multinational coalition evicted Iraqi troops from Kuwait seven months later.", "The Gulf War - Iraq was left in severe debt after the 1980s war with Iran. President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of flooding the market with oil and driving down prices. As a result, on August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and conquered Kuwait. The UN immediately condemned the action, and a coalition force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf.", "The  invasion of Kuwait  by  Iraqi troops  that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate  economic sanctions  against Iraq by members of the  UN Security Council . U.S. President  George H. W. Bush  deployed American forces to Saudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the Coalition. The great majority of the military forces in the coalition were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Around US$36 billion of the US$60 billion cost was paid by Saudi Arabia.", "Britain oversaw foreign relations and defense for the ruling Kuwaiti AL-SABAH dynasty from 1899 until independence in 1961. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led, UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91. The AL-SABAH family has ruled since returning to power in 1991, and reestablished an elected legislature that in recent years has become increasingly assertive.", "On Aug. 2, 1990, Iraqi forces occupied Kuwait. General Schwarzkopf moved his headquarters to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and amassed hundreds of ships, thousands of aircraft and 765,000 allied troops, including 540,000 Americans and large Arab contingents under Prince Khaled bin Sultan of Saudi Arabia, who was co-commander in the gulf war. A trade embargo and warnings failed to force an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, and after a deadline passed on Jan. 15, 1991, the world’s first heavily televised war began.", "1990, August 2. Iraq invades Kuwait. At this time, Iraqs bio weapons arsenal contains some 8500 liters of Anthrax spores, 19000 liters of Botulinum, 4000 liters of Aphlatoxin, and a quantity of Typhoid. They also possess up to 25 Scud warheads and 160 bombs equipped for BW.", "In early July, Iraq complained about Kuwait's behavior, such as not respecting their quota, and openly threatened to take military action. On the 23rd, the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the U.S. naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. On the 25th, Saddam Hussein met with April Glaspie, an American ambassador, in Baghdad. According to an Iraqi transcript of that meeting, Glaspie told the Iraqi delegation, \"We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts.\" On the 31st, negotiations between Iraq and Kuwait in Jeddah failed violently. On 2 August 1990 Iraq launched the invasion by bombing Kuwait City, the Kuwaiti capital. The main thrust was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city, while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases.", "August 2, 1990: Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait; Bush condemned the invasion and began rallying opposition to Iraq in the US and among European, Asian, and Middle Eastern allies. Secretary of Defense Richard Bruce “Dick” Cheney traveled to Saudi Arabia to meet with King Fahd; Fahd requested US military aid in the matter, fearing a possible invasion of his country as well. The request was met initially with Air Force fighter jets. Iraq made attempts to negotiate a deal that would allow the country to take control of half of Kuwait. Bush rejected this proposal and insisted on a complete withdrawal of Iraqi forces. The planning of a ground operation by US-led coalition forces began forming in September 1990, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf.", "Washington, D.C., January 17, 2001 – On the morning of August 2, 1990 the mechanized infantry, armor, and tank units of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control of that country.  The invasion triggered a United States response, Operation DESERT SHIELD, to deter any invasion of Kuwait's oil rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia.  On August 7, deployment of U.S. forces began.  United Nations Security Council Resolutions 660 and 662 condemned Iraq's invasion and annexation and called for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces.  On August 20 President Bush signed National Security Directive 45, \"U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait,\" outlining U.S. objectives - which included the \"immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait,\" and the \"restoration of Kuwait's legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq.\" 1", "or Gulf War (1990-91) International conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. Though justified by Iraqi leader Saddm Hussein on grounds that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq, the invasion was presumed to be motivated by Iraq's desire to acquire Kuwait's rich oil fields and expand its power in the region. The United States, fearing Iraq's broader strategic intentions and acting under UN auspices, eventually formed a broad coalition, which included a number of Arab countries, and began massing troops in northern Saudi Arabia. When Iraq ignored a UN Security Council deadline for it to withdraw from Kuwait, the coalition began a large-scale air offensive (Jan. 16-17, 1991). addm responded by launching ballistic missiles against neighbouring coalition states as well as Israel. A ground offensive by the coalition (February 24-28) quickly achieved victory. Estimates of Iraqi military deaths range up to 100,000; coalition forces lost about 300 troops. The war also caused extensive damage to the region's environment. The Iraqi regime subsequently faced widespread popular uprisings, which it brutally suppressed. A UN trade embargo remained in effect after the end of the conflict, pending Iraq's compliance with the terms of the armistice. The foremost term was that Iraq destroy its nuclear-, biological-, and chemical-weapons programs. The embargo continued into the 21st century and ceased only after the Second Persian Gulf War", "Kuwait had heavily funded Iraq's eight year-long war with Iran. By the time the war ended, Kuwait decided not to forgive Iraq's US$ 65 billion debt. An economic warfare between the two countries followed after Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent.Tensions between the two countries increased after Iraq alleged that Kuwait was slant drilling oil from its share of the Rumaila field.[17]. On 2 August, 1990 Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. Saddam Hussein, then President of Iraq, deposed the emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Sabah, and installed Ali Hassan al-Majid as the new governor of Kuwait.[18] After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States-led coalition of thirty-four nations fought the Persian Gulf War to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The coalition successfully liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation on February 26, 1991.[19] Kuwait paid the coalition forces US$17 billion for their war efforts.[20]", "On 2 August 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait, initially claiming assistance to \"Kuwaiti revolutionaries,\" thus sparking an international crisis. On 4 August an Iraqi-backed \"Provisional Government of Free Kuwait\" was proclaimed, but a total lack of legitimacy and support for it led to an 8 August announcement of a \"merger\" of the two countries. On 28 August Kuwait formally became the 19th Governorate of Iraq. Just two years after the 1988 Iraq and Iran truce, \"Saddam Hussein did what his Gulf patrons had earlier paid him to prevent.\" Having removed the threat of Iranian fundamentalism he \"overran Kuwait and confronted his Gulf neighbors in the name of Arab nationalism and Islam.\"", "Operation Desert Storm 1990: \"The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 led to the largest movemen", "When later asked why he invaded Kuwait, Saddam first claimed that it was because Kuwait was rightfully Iraq's 19th province and then said \"When I get something into my head I act. That's just the way I am.\" After Saddam's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, a UN coalition led by the United States drove Iraq's troops from Kuwait in February 1991. The ability for Saddam Hussein to pursue such military aggression was from a \"military machine paid for in large part by the tens of billions of dollars Kuwait and the Gulf states had poured into Iraq and the weapons and technology provided by the Soviet Union, Germany, and France.\"", "17 Jan – Operation Desert Storm began, in which US and Allied forces smashed Iraq armies in response to their invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 (1991).", "After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Schwarzkopf directed the buildup of 700,000 coalition troops. On January 17, 1991, they began a nearly six-week air assault of Iraqi forces that was followed by a swift ground campaign that pushed Saddam Hussein’s forces out of Kuwait.", "Within ten years, Saddam invaded into Kuwait (1990) in a move that precipitated a coalition of international countries of the world under the leadership of President George H.W. Bush to invade Iraq in the Second Gulf War. On January 17, 1991, �Operation Desert Storm� began with an Apache helicopter strike at 2:38 a.m.� The next day, the first scuds hit Israel while the first American air attack was launched from Turkey.� In seven days, the US 101st Airborne Division had cut Highway 8 in the Euphrates Valley.� Three days later, on February 28, 1991 a cease-fire took place at 8 a.m. and the war with Iraq was over.�", "1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to conflict with coalition forces in the Gulf War.", "1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. More than 100,000 Iraqi soldiers backed up by 700 tanks invade the Gulf state of Kuwait in the early hours of this morning.", "192 Answer:(C) \"Iraq Invades Kuwait\" Explanation: The 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was a cause of the first Gulf War, conducted during the administration of George H.W. Bush, the 41st president. All of the other headlines could have been seen from during George W. Bush's two terms in office.", "1990 - This was a watershed day in the Middle East. Iraq announced that it had annexed the kingdom of Kuwait -- moving over 200,000 troops into the tiny, oil-rich country. As Iraq declared Kuwait to be its 19th Providence, U.S. President George Bush (I) warned Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, �A line has been drawn in the sand,� and American forces began moving into Saudi Arabia.", "In 1990, Saddam ordered Iraqi troops to take the country of Kuwait. In response, the United States defended Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War .", "Name three reasons Iraq gave for invading Kuwait in 1990. Why did the United States get involved in this war?", "1990 Iraq invades & occupies Kuwait. Australia decided to deploy HMA Ships ADELAIDE and DARWIN, (guided missile frigates), as well as HMAS SUCCESS, (underway replenishment ship)", "Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait sparks the first Middle East crisis of the post-Cold War world. The United States leads a UN-sanctioned force, with troops from several Arab states, to eject Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Saudi Arabia, for the first time, sanctions the stationing of foreign forces on its territory. During the brief war, Iraq fires Scud missiles at Israeli population centers and at U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia. U.S. diplomatic pressure keeps Israel from retaliating. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is one of only three Arab League members to oppose a resolution condemning Iraq's aggression, and PLO leader Yasir Arafat remains a staunch backer of Iraq President Saddam Hussein even after Iraq's defeat. The war rearranges the region's diplomatic dynamic and sets the stage for the Madrid Conference.", "1990  - U.S. Military Buildup / Kuwait - \"540,000 American troops assembled to drive Iraqi forces from Kuwait.\"" ]

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[ "Most Wimbledon Women's Singles Titles - The most Wimbledon singles tennis titles won by a woman is nine, won by Martina Navratilova(USA) from 1978–79, 1982–87, and 1990.", "Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.", "Most Wimbledon Women's Titles - The USA's Billie Jean King won a record 20 championships between 1961 and 1979, taking six singles, 10 women’s doubles, and four mixed doubles titles. She shares the record with Martina Navratilova, who, at age 46, teaming up with Leander Paes, comfortably won a record-equaling 20th Wimbledon title by claiming the mixed doubles title in Wimbledon in 2003.", "Navratilova has won the Wimbledon singles title nine times, which is more than any other female player in history. She also shares the record for most total Wimbledon titles with Billie Jean King at 20.", "The women’s singles draw has been dominated by Americans in the open era. In the past 47 years of the tournament, US women have won on 27 times. Martina Navratilova is the most successful woman, having won nine Wimbledon titles. Between 1982 and 1987, Navratilova claimed six consecutive titles and featured in the final in the three years after. The Williams sisters, Venus and Serena, have five Wimbledon titles each. On four separate occasions the final has been contested by both sisters, with Serena edging her sister 3-1 in the tournament deciders.", "Martina Navratilova (1956–present). Born in Prague, she defected to the United States in 1975 because the Czech Tennis Federation had taken most of her earnings. A bit heavy early in her career, Navratilova won the first two of her nine Wimbledons in 1978–79 but subsequent losses led her to pursue a grueling fitness regimen. This paid off: She won 18 singles Grand Slams (58 overall), 167 total singles titles, and even more doubles crowns, many with partner Pam Shriver. A Wimbledon finalist at 37, Navratilova retired from singles in 1994, but returned to play doubles in 2000. In 2003 tied Billie Jean King with 20 overall Wimbledons, taking the mixed doubles at age 46!", "Navratilova won 18 major singles titles, but only three of them came before her 25th birthday. Thirty-one major titles were captured in doubles and another ten in mixed doubles. Her 59 major championships ranks second all-time, behind Court’s 62. The left-handed playing Navratilova, whom Sports Illustrated named one of the “Top Forty Athletes of All-Time,” won a record nine Wimbledon Ladies Singles Championships and six in a row (1982-87), surpassing Suzanne Lenglen’s record of five straight (1919-23). Facing Navratilova on grass was a dicey proposition – she was 120-14 at Wimbledon, won 305 total matches and 47 consecutive WTA encounters from 1985-87. Those who thought indoor conditions might be more favorable would be sadly mistaken. From 1986 to 1987 she won 48 consecutive times on carpet and tallied 516 wins in her career. Navratilova won a record eight WTA Tour Championships (1978-86) and appeared in a record 25 WTA Tour Championship finals (1975-92). She was 8-6 in singles and a perfect 11-0 in doubles at the year-end championships.", "* The Wimbledon tennis championships conclude in the London suburb of Wimbledon. The singles matches are won by Martina Navratilova and John McEnroe.", "Martina Navratilova won more Wimbledon singles crowns than any person in history, Open Era or pre-Open Era, men or women. To put Navratilova's accomplishment in perspective, she claimed as many Wimbledon singles titles as John McEnroe, Rafael Nadal, Jimmy Connors and Novak Djokovic combined.", "Martina Navratilova won a record number of nine Wimbledon Singles titles, spanning over the three successful decades of her career. She enjoyed the fiercest rivalries against the greatest players like Steffi Graf and Chris Evert. Her dominance in the circuit was later challenged by Steffi Graf carrying the top tennis player profile in history. Steffi won 7 Wimbledon Grand Slams, only two less than Navratilova and claimed 22 Grand Slam singes titles overall, only four more than Navratilova.", "When she turned pro in 1975, Czechoslovakia stripped Navratilova of her citizenship (she was too American), so she applied for asylum in the United States. She became an American citizen in 1981. In the process, she would become the most dominant women in Wimbledon history, with nine titles — 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1990. She would finish her career with more than 1,400 titles. King calls Navratilova is the greatest player of all time. (Steve Powell/Allsport)", "Although the defeat at Wimbledon meant the end of a chapter, it certainly didn't close the book on the career of Navratilova, one of the world's most successful, colorful, and controversial athletes of her generation. Top female players in the past have excelled well into their late thirties, and Navratilova intends to join that list. \"Retirement is still a ways off,\" Navratilova wrote in her autobiography, Martina, co-authored by George Vecsey, in 1985. \"People say I can play until I'm forty, and I don't see any reason why I can't…. Robert Haas used to claim that with all the work I was doing on myself, I could be winning Wimbledon at the age of forty. People scoffed, but that's really not unreasonable when you look at Billie Jean King, who reached the 1982 and 1983 semifinals at Wimbledon at age thirty-nine and forty. Barring an injury or lack of motivation, I can see myself doing it.\"", "In the next three years, she would reach the finals of all 11 Grand Slam tournaments she entered, winning six. In 1987, she broke Suzanne Lenglen's record of five consecutive Wimbledons (1919-23).", "1983 – Thirty-nine-year-old Billie Jean King suffers her worst defeat in 110 Wimbledon singles matches as she is defeated 6-1, 6-1 in 56 minutes by 18-year-old Andrea Jaeger in the women’s singles semifinals. “She just cleaned my clock,” says King. In the other women’s semifinal, Martina Navratilova needs only 36 minutes to defeat Yvonne Vermaak of South Africa by the same 6-1, 6-1 score.", "King won a record 20 career titles at Wimbledon – six singles, 10 women's doubles, and four mixed doubles. (Martina Navratilova also has 20 career titles at Wimbledon.)", "– Last British woman to win Wimbledon is Virginia Wade in 1977. All about Virginia Wade’s triumph .", "A left-hander, Navratilova completed a calendar grand slam in women's doubles in 1984, partnering right-handed Pam Shriver, a tall and talented player whose most noted stroke was a slice forehand, a shot virtually unheard of in the game today. This was part of a record 109-match winning streak that the pair achieved between 1983 and 1985. (Navratilova was ranked the World No. 1 doubles player for a period of over three years in the 1980s.) From 1985 through 1987, Navratilova reached the women's singles final at all 11 major tournaments held during those three years, winning six of them. From 1982 through 1990, she reached the Wimbledon final nine consecutive times. She reached the US Open final five consecutive times from 1983 through 1987 and appeared in the French Open final five out of six years from 1982 through 1987. ", "Navratilova’s favorite surface was grass, where her supremacy was unmatched. She reached the singles final at Wimbledon 12 times, winning the title nine times—a modern record.", "Wimbledon Highlights: Navratilova got to the Wimbledon finals nine years in a row. She won six consecutive Wimbledon championships from 1982 through 1987 and had a 47-match winning streak at the event from 1982 until 1988.", "In 1980 (at the age of 15 years, 19 days), she became the youngest player ever to be seeded at Wimbledon, a record that was broken by Jennifer Capriati in 1990. After defeating former champion Virginia Wade, she became the youngest quarter-finalist in the history of the tournament. Later in the year, she became the youngest semifinalist in US Open history.", "At 33, Navratilova was the fourth oldest player in history to win Wimbledon when she passed won a record ninth singles title. Having lost the previous two finals to Steffi Graf, Navratilova described her emphatic 6-4, 6-1 victory over friend Zina Garrison, thus: ‘This tops it all, absolutely, because I’ve worked so hard and so long for it’.", "1994 – Martina Navratilova sets a Wimbledon record, playing her 266th career match as she passes Billie Jean King’s record of 265 when she and Manon Bollegraf beat Ingelisa Driehuis and Maja Muric 6-4, 6-2 in the quarterfinals of women’s doubles.", "She won her first Wimbledon title at age 21 in 1978, beating Evert in the finals. She got to the finals for the last time in 1994 at age 37, losing in three sets to Conchita Martinez.  ", "Virginia Wade OBE is one of Britain’s greatest-ever female tennis players. She is the last British woman to be crowned Wimbledon Champion, winning the title in 1977.", "Virginia Wade OBE is one of Britain’s greatest-ever female tennis players. She is the last British woman to be crowned Wimbledon champion, winning the title in 1977.", "Navratilova won 18 major singles titles: nine at Wimbledon, four at the US Open, three at the Australian Open, and two at the French Open. Her overall record in 67 major singles events was 306â49 .862 (120â14 at Wimbledon, 89â17 at the US Open, 51â11 at the French Open, and 46â7 at the Australian Open). Some observers argue that the very few singles matches she played in her forties should be counted separately in her career statistics. She is the only player to have won at least one tour event for 21 consecutive years and won the singles and doubles at the same event a record 84 times. She was ranked in the world top 3 in singles for 15 years between 1977 and 1993. Her career singles match win total of 1,442 is the most during the open era. Read Less", "Margaret Court (née Smith; born 16 July 1942), also known as Margaret Smith Court, is a retired world No. 1 professional tennis player. She is currently a Christian minister in Perth, Australia, but is best known for her sporting career, in which she amassed more major titles than any other player in history.", "Few female athletes can match the enduring legacy of the women who left Czechoslovakia to become an American citizen and go on to claim a still-record 167 titles on the WTA Tour. The domination of the left-hander with the all-court game was unparalleled in the early to mid-1980s, at one point reaching 11 straight Grand Slam finals she entered. Her longevity was equally remarkable, as demonstrated by the fact she finished in the top 10 every year between 1974 and 1994. Indeed. Her last Grand Slam win came in 2006 at the age of 50, when winning the mixed doubles at the U.S. Open. That success meant that, in addition to her 18 Grand Slam singles titles, she also won 41 Grand Slam doubles titles.", "That summer she moved to Dallas to live with basketball star Nancy Lieberman, who became her personal trainer and hardened her physically and mentally. Navratilova also hired Renee Richards as a coach. Navratilova's game took off. She regained her status as No. 1 in 1982 and held it, for the most part, until the summer of '87.", "Wimbledon revisited: A history of No.1s foiled in the ladies' singles - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM", "Her 15 Grand Slam titles in the 80’s occurred from the 1981 Australian Open through the 1987 US Open. She held all four Grand Slam titles at the same time when she won the last three titles of 1984 and the Australian in 1985. ", "In '82 and '83, she put together impressive Wimbledon runs, reaching the semis both years -- the last coming in the year she turned 40. Over the course of those last years, she continued to etch her name into the record book." ]

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[ "Bob Marley, in full Robert Nesta Marley (born February 6, 1945, Nine Miles, St. Ann, Jamaica—died May 11, 1981, Miami , Florida , U.S.), Jamaican singer-songwriter whose thoughtful ongoing distillation of early ska, rock steady, and reggae musical forms blossomed in the 1970s into an electrifying rock -influenced hybrid that made him an international superstar.", "Robert Nesta “Bob” Marley , OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska , rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience. [1]", "Robert Nesta \"Bob\" Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, musician, and guitarist who achieved international fame and acclaim. Starting out in 1963 with the group The Wailers, he forged a distinctive songwriting and vocal style that would later resonate with audiences worldwide. The Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry. ", "Bob Marley died on May 11th in 1981 and received a Rastafarian funeral service at the Ethiopian Orthodox church in Jamaica on May 21st. He was laid to rest in a mausoleum in his birthplace of Nine Miles.", "1981: Jamaican singer-songwriter Bob Marley died of lung cancer and a brain tumour aged 36. Had the 1981 single ‘No Woman No Cry’, plus over ten other UK Top 40 singles. In 1990. February 6 was proclaimed a national holiday in Jamaica to commemorate his birth. The compilation album, ‘Legend,’ released in 1984, is the best-selling reggae album ever with sales of more than 20 million copies. Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers ‘Exodus’ as the greatest album of the 20th century. He is the best selling reggae artist of all time and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.", "Robert \"Bob\" Nesta Marley OM (February 6, 1945 � May 11, 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, guitarist, and political activist. He is the most widely known performer of reggae music, and is famous for popularising the genre outside Jamaica. A faithful Rastafari, Marley is regarded by many as a prophet of the religion. Marley is best known for his reggae songs, which include the hits \"I Shot the Sheriff\", \"No Woman, No Cry\", \"Three Little Birds\", \"Exodus\", \"Could You Be Loved\", \"Jammin\", \"Redemption Song\", and \"One Love\". His posthumous compilation album Legend (1984) is the best-selling reggae album ever, with sales of more than 12 million copies.Early life and career Marley was born in the small village of Nine Mile in the Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica. His father, Norval Sinclair Ma...", "February 6th 1945, Born on this day, Bob Marley singer / songwriter and guitarist who had the 1981 UK No.8 single with ‘No Woman No Cry’, plus over ten other UK Top 40 singles and the 1976 US No.8 & UK No. 15 album ‘Rastaman Vibration’. Marley died of cancer on May 11th 1981. The 1984 ‘Best Of’ album spent 330 weeks on the UK chart. In 1990, February 6th was proclaimed a national holiday in Jamaica to commemorate his birth. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.", "Jamaica’s most iconic and transcendent individual, Bob Marley was born in February 6th, 1945. Marley was a musician and singer-songwriter and lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the band Bob Marley and the Wailers. The band performed a repertoire that included reggae music, ska, and rocksteady beats. A true Rastafarian, Marley made Jamaica and reggae synonymous and took the Rastafari movement to the world stage. You can learn more about this iconic island hero at the Bob Marley Museum .", "Legendary reggae singer Bob Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. ", "In 1964, Marley formed his group, the Wailers. Their first hit was \"Simmer Down.\" Three years later, Marley converted to the Rastafarian religion. Rastafarian themes dominated his work. His first international hit was \"Stir It Up.\" In 1973 Bob Marley and the Wailers had their American debut album, Catch a Fire. Marley died of cancer in 1981 at the age of thirty-six. He was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit. His work influenced countless reggae and pop artists all over the world.", "Bob Marley (1945-1981) was a Jamaican who helped popularize Rastafarianism during the 1970s. He and his musical group (the Wailers) blended traditional Jamaican music with various other forms (e.g., American rhythm and blues) into a style known as Reggae (though some traditional Rastas consider this form of music as a “sellout” to white “Babylon”).", "Most reggae artists were born and raised in Kingston Jamaica. The most common man for reggae music is Bob Marley. Bob Marley is the main man who turned Jamaican reggae songs world wide with help from several others. Bob Marley was best known for reggae music. Bob Marley was best known for his work with his reggae group called \"The Wailers\", which included two other reggae musicians, Bunny Livingstone and Peter Tosh. They left the group and became successful solo artists. Bob Marley wanted to do his own work, and wished to bring reggae to the world. Bob Marley planted himself deeply into the heart or reggae fans throughout the world. Bob Marley started his musical experimentation in ska and gravitated towards reggae as the music evolved playing, teaching, and singing for a long period of time in 1970s and 1980s. Bob Marley was responsible for the first all reggae album, and was an activist for the Jamaican people. In 1975 his hit No Woman, No Cry gained him fame. Bob Marley focus on putting out good music so the reggae would spread all over the earth. Bob Marley died of cancer in 1981. Bob Marley music has gone from strength to strength in the years since his death and stills continue to produce. Bob Marley influenced musicians of many other genres.", "In May of 1981, Marley succumbed to his illness while flying between Germany and Jamaica. He was given a statesman’s burial, with Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivering his final eulogy. With 75 million records sold, Bob Marley & the Wailers are by far the most successful reggae group in history. Marley was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.", "Aging in Vain: The man who brought the Caribbean musical genre of reggae to the world, Bob Marley, would today be 68 had he not died tragically from cancer in 1981 at the age of 36. Marley sold an astounding 20 million albums over the course of his career, an unheard of feat for a musician who came from a nation as impoverished as Jamaica. Marley was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1994", "Bob Marley was a youthful talent of music. He spent his days composing songs of reggae accordance, and performing for the world’s most welcome ears. Young Marley was born in St. Anna, Jamiaca, on February 6th, 1945. His father, Norval Marley, was a Jamaican of English descent. Marley’s mother, Cadella Booker, was a youthful Jamaican woman. Bob Marley was not condoled by the themes of Rastafarian culture until he met and married Rita Marley. She enhanced Marley’s spirituality, sensibility, and ability to comprise music from recurring Rasta themes. Marley lived until age 36, travelling the world with music in his mind. What was not known by anyone then, was that Marley had an advanced case of Skin Cancer, called Malignant Melanoma. Marley eventually died of this lethal affliction at the age of 36, after collapsing in New York City’s Times Square while jogging. He was pronounced dead several hours later in a Miami Hospital. The cancer he had ignored and neglected, had spread to his brain, lungs, and stomach. Marley’s father also died of Malignant Melanoma, though it was far before Marley had seen its effect. Malignant Melanoma is common among Europeans, and is thought to be hereditary in many cases. Even though Marley left this world promptly, his music strikes a feeling in our minds we have marveled for our whole lives. Bob Marley is unequivocally one of the most inspirational men of our time.", "THEN: Bob Marley Jamaican singer-songwriter Bob Marley's life was cut short by cancer in 1981. Marley was 36 years old. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: Evening Standard/Getty Images)", "Marley was born on the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Booker. Norval Marley was a European-Jamaican of British heritage. Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines, though at the time of his marriage to Cedella Booker, an African-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Although Bob Marley was named Nesta Robert Marley, a Jamaican passport official would later reverse his first and middle names. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70.", "Almost eight years after his death, reggae master Bob Marley still stirs people's emotions. On Sunday, 6,000 fans are expected to gather at the Long Beach Arena for the seventh annual Bob Marley Day concert honoring the legacy of Marley, who died of cancer on May 11, 1981. The concert, which begins at 2 p.m., features a bill headlined by veteran reggae stars Burning Spear and Judy Mowatt.", "in 1982 - Sets of commemorative stamps in memory of Bob Marley were issued in Jamaica.", "Robert Nesta Marley was born on the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley (1885–1955) and Cedella Booker (1926–2008). Norval Marley was a white Jamaican originally from Sussex, England, whose family claimed Syrian Jewish origins. Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines; at the time of his marriage to Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Though Bob Marley was named Nesta Robert Marley, a Jamaican passport official would later reverse his first and middle names. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70. ", "* The story was referenced on the cover of the 1983 album Confrontation (Bob Marley & The Wailers album) which shows a recently deceased Bob Marley in the place of Saint George.", "Bob Marley was born Robert Nesta Marley on February 6, 1945. Bob was born to Cedella Marley when she was 18. Bob’s early life was spent in rural community of Nine Miles, nestled in the mountainous terrain of the parish of St. Ann. Residents of Nine Miles have preserved many customs derived from their African ancestry especially the art of storytelling as a means of sharing the past and time-tested traditions that are oftentimes overlooked in official historical sources. The proverbs, fables and various chores associated with rural life that were inherent to Bob’s childhood would provide a deeper cultural context and an aura of mysticism to his adult songwriting.", "Bob released “Survival”, his ninth album for Island, in the summer of 1979. From opening track’s clarion call to “Wake Up and Live” to the concluding “Ambush In The Night”, his definitive statement on the 1976 assassination attempt, “Survival” is a brilliant, politically progressive work championing pan-African solidarity. “Survival” also included “Africa Unite” and “Zimbabwe”, the latter an anthem for the soon-to-be liberated colony of Rhodesia. In April 1980 Bob and the Wailers performed at Zimbabwe’s official Independence Ceremony at the invitation of the country’s newly elected president Robert Mugabe. This profound honor reconfirmed the importance of Bob Marley and the Wailers’ throughout the African Diaspora and reggae’s significance as a unifying and liberating force.", "Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, comprising the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island, 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island containing the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Jamaica is the fifth-largest island country in the Caribbean. The indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan,meaning the \"Land of Wood and Water\" or the \"Land of Springs", "That same year Bob Marley and The Wailers’ tours of Europe and America were highlighted on their second critically acclaimed live album “Babylon By Bus”. In 1978 Bob and The Wailers also toured Japan, Australia and New Zealand, where the indigenous Maori people greeted them with a traditional welcoming ceremony typically reserved for visiting dignitaries.", "Jamaica is the gorgeous island in the Caribbean that brought the world Blue Mountain coffee, reggae music and the Rastafarian cult. It is also famed for its coastal resorts of Ocho Rios, Negril and Montego Bay.", "Jamaican reggae singer Bob Marley is shown performing in 1979. The location is not known. (AP Photo)", "Posthumous efforts including 1983's Confrontation , the best-selling 1984 retrospective Legend , and the 2012 documentary Marley kept the man's music alive, and his renown continued to grow in the years following his death -- even decades after the fact, he remains synonymous with reggae's world-wide popularity. In the wake of her husband's passing, Rita Marley scored a solo hit with \"One Draw,\" but despite the subsequent success of singles \"Many Are Called\" and \"Play Play,\" she had largely withdrawn from performing to focus on raising her children by the mid-'80s. Oldest son David , better known as Ziggy , went on to score considerable pop success as the leader of the Melody Makers , a Marley family group comprised of siblings Cedella , Stephen , and Sharon ; their 1988 single \"Tomorrow People\" was a Top 40 U.S. hit, a feat even Bob himself never accomplished. Other Marley children -- including Damian , Julian , and Ky-Mani -- pursued careers in music as well.", "Posthumous efforts including 1983's Confrontation, the best-selling 1984 retrospective Legend, and the 2012 documentary Marley kept the man's music alive, and his renown continued to grow in the years following his death -- even decades after the fact, he remains synonymous with reggae's world-wide popularity. In the wake of her husband's passing, Rita Marley scored a solo hit with \"One Draw,\" but despite the subsequent success of singles \"Many Are Called\" and \"Play Play,\" she had largely withdrawn from performing to focus on raising her children by the mid-'80s. Oldest son David, better known as Ziggy, went on to score considerable pop success as the leader of the Melody Makers, a Marley family group comprised of siblings Cedella, Stephen, and Sharon; their 1988 single \"Tomorrow People\" was a Top 40 U.S. hit, a feat even Bob himself never accomplished. Other Marley children -- including Damian, Julian, and Ky-Mani -- pursued careers in music as well. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi", "Robert Nesta Marley was born on his grandfather's farm in the Jamaican countryside in 1945. His father, Norval Marley, was white, of British descent. He was largely absent from his son's life and died when Marley was ten. Two years later, his mother, Cedella Booker, an African Jamaican, moved the family to Trench Town, a poor, artistically fertile neighborhood in Kingston.", "*April 17 – As the \"official guests of State\", Bob Marley and the Wailers perform at Zimbabwe's Independence festival. Marley calls the event the \"greatest honor of my life.\"", "What musician helped to popularize reggae outside of Jamaica with a cover of \"I Shot the Sheriff\"?" ]

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[ "David Lynch’s second full-length movie, The Elephant Man, is surely one of the greatest pieces of cinema ever created. Set in Victorian Britain and telling the tale of John (Joseph) Merrick, a man suffering from gross deformities, it is beautifully filmed and hosts one of the most terrific sets of cast ever assembled. John Hurt is incredible as Merrick, managing to portray great depth under a ton of (remarkable) make up. But then there’s also Anthony Hopkins, Sir John Gielgud, Michael Elphick, Freddie Jones and Anne Bancroft, all also giving remarkable performances.", "Avoriaz 19 January  1981 The young American director David Lynch , who made the cult movie Eraserhead, was eagerly awaited at the Festival of Fantasy and Horror at Avoriaz, where he was to present his new film The Elephant Man. Lynch and the picture got a warm reception , and it was not surprising that it won the Grand Prix.  Made in England and produced by Mel Brooks, the bizarre and moving story, is set in Victorian London, is based on fact.  The story of John Merrick( John Hurt), a horribly deformed young man, yet sensitive and intelligent, who lives as a circus freak until he is rescued by Dr. Frederick Treves (Anthony Hopkins), and brought to a hospital where he can be studied and helped.", "The Elephant Man is a 1980 American film about Joseph Merrick (whom the script calls John Merrick), a severely deformed man in 19th century London. The film was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. It was produced by Jonathan Sanger.", "The resulting film, The Elephant Man, starred John Hurt as John Merrick (his name was changed from Joseph), as well as Anthony Hopkins as Frederick Treves. Filming took place in London, and Lynch brought his own distinctively surrealist approach to the film, filming it in color stock black and white. Nonetheless it has been described as \"one of the most conventional\" of his films. The Elephant Man was a huge critical and commercial success, and earned eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lynch personally. ", "The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Oscars (it failed to win a single one) including best actor for John Hurt, who played the cruelly misformed John Merrick. Hurt lost out to Robert De Niro for Raging Bull.", "‘The Elephant Man’, released in 1980, is considered to be one of director, David Lynch’s most acclaimed works.  Starring legendary British actors John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins.", "The Elephant Man (1980), was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. Certificate PG, running time: 124 minutes.", "Based upon the life of John Merrick, David Lynch's The Elephant Man (1980) is a moving portrait of one misshapen man's struggle to find and maintain his dignity amidst the horrors and hardships of 19th-century London.", "John Hurt , the actor who portrays the Joseph Merrick, the Elephant Man, played the role without pay. Upon being interviewed for the part, informed of the story, he told the producers, \"Don't tell my agent, but I will do this role for nothing.\"", "&quot;I am NOT an animal! I am a human being!&quot; John Merrick in The Elephant Man (1980)", "The Elephant Man was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 90% rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads, \"David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins.\" ", "The film of The Elephant Man is not based on the successful stage play of the same name, but they both draw their sources from the life of John Merrick, the original \"elephant man,\" whose rare disease imprisoned him in a cruelly misformed body. Both the play and the movie adopt essentially the same point of view, that we are to honor Merrick because of the courage with which he faced his existence.", "Something that he and actor John Hurt had in common is that both men played the Elephant Man.", "The film concludes: ‘This has been based upon the true life story of John Merrick, known as The Elephant Man, and not upon the Broadway play of the same title or any other fictional account.’", "Image caption John Hurt has received two Oscar nominations for his roles in Midnight Express and The Elephant Man", "John Hurt is magnificent in the title role of John Merrick (real name Joseph) and he really suffered to do it. His Elephant Man makeup took seven to eight hours to apply each day and two hours to remove. He arrived on set at 5am and filmed from noon til 10pm, working alternate days. ‘I think they finally managed to make me hate acting,’ he joked.", "Anthony Hopkins - Welsh leading actor, now living in Hollywood, born 31st December 1937, Margum, nr. Port Talbot, West Glamorgan, Wales. Studued at RADA, and on the stage from 1960. From 1967 to 1972 was a member of the national Theatre, before going to America to make films. Films include 'When Eight bells Toll' (1971), 'The Elephant Man' (1980), and as Hannibal Lecter in 'Silence of the Lambs' (1991), for which he got an Oscar. He was knighted in 1993.", "On the day of the murder, David Bowie was appearing on Broadway in the play The Elephant Man. \"I was second on his list,\" Bowie later said. \"Chapman had a front-row ticket to The Elephant Man the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show, too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can’t tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn’t make it through the performance.” ", "In 2000, he and Tim Rice teamed again to create songs for DreamWorks' animated film The Road to El Dorado. he released his 27th album, Songs from the West Coast, in October 2001. At this point, John disliked appearing in his own music videos; \"This Train Don't Stop There Anymore\" featured Justin Timberlake portraying a young Elton John, and \"I Want Love\" featured Robert Downey, Jr. lip-syncing the song. At the 2001 Grammy Awards, Elton performed \"Stan\" with Eminem. One month after the 11 September attacks, Elton John appeared at the Concert for New York City, performing \"I Want Love\" as well as \"Your Song\" in a duet with Billy Joel. ", "Directed by Richard Lester. Cast: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Victor Spinetti, Roy Kinnear. Ringo's life is imperiled by an ancient sacrificial ring stuck on his famous finger. The ring makes him a target of a group of hilariously demented oriental mystics, who chase the boys from London to the Swiss Alps to the Bahamas. Songs by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison. 91 min. DVD 3390", "James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has been described as \"one of America's most distinguished and versatile\" actors and \"one of the greatest actors in American history.\" Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won many awards, including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in The Great White Hope. Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the same year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope. He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disney's The Lion King as well as many other film, stage, and television roles.", "He took no acting roles following his appearance in Otto Preminger 's The Human Factor (1979), until his appearance as the eccentric developer \"John Hammond\" in Steven Spielberg 's Jurassic Park (1993). The following year, he starred as \"Kris Kringle\" in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), a remake of the 1947 classic. Since then, he has made occasional appearances in supporting roles, including the historical drama, Elizabeth (1998), as \"Sir William Cecil\".", "The Lion in Winter is a 1968 historical drama film based on the Broadway play by James Goldman. It was directed by Anthony Harvey and produced by Joseph E. Levine and Martin Poll from Goldman's adaptation of his own play, The Lion in Winter. The film stars Peter O'Toole, Katharine Hepburn, John Castle, Anthony Hopkins as Richard the Lionheart (in his film debut), Jane Merrow and, in early appearances, Timothy Dalton (in his film debut) and Nigel Terry.", "Playing Tarzan is Elmo Lincoln, the first actor to popularize the role. Lincoln, a hefty athlete, went on to play the ape man in two subsequent films before the role was given to other actors.", "In 1978, while still working on Saturday Night Live , John appeared in the movie Goin' South which starred and was directed by Jack Nicholson . It was here that director John Landis noticed John and decided to cast him in his movie National Lampoon's Animal House . John's minor role as the notorious, beer-swilling \"Bluto\" made it a box-office smash and the year's top grossing comedy. Despite appearing in only a dozen scenes, John's performance stole the movie, which portrays college fraternity shenanigans at a small college set in the year 1962.", "In August 2003, he scored his fifth UK number one single when \"Are You Ready for Love\" topped the charts. Returning to musical theatre, John composed music for a West End theatre production of Billy Elliot the Musical in 2005 with playwright Lee Hall. Opening to strong reviews, the West End production is scheduled to close on 9 April 2016, due to the theatre's refurbishment programme, after 4,600 performances. The show has been seen by over 5.25 million people in London and nearly 11 million people worldwide (on Broadway, in Sydney, Melbourne, Chicago, Toronto, Seoul, the Netherlands and São Paulo, Brazil etc.), has grossed over $800 million worldwide and is the winner of over 80 theatre awards internationally. His only theatrical project with Bernie Taupin is Lestat: The Musical, based on the Anne Rice vampire novels. However it received harsh reviews from critics and closed in May 2006 after 39 performances. Elton featured on rapper Tupac Shakur's posthumous single \"Ghetto Gospel\", which topped the UK charts in July 2005.", "Following a stint (1943–46) in the Royal Air Force during World War II, part of which was spent with the RAF film unit, Attenborough established himself as a character actor, which included creating the role of Detective Sergeant Trotter in the original West End production of Agatha Christie’s The Mousetrap (1952). He also garnered accolades for his film portrayals of a sociopathic thug in Brighton Rock (1947); a soldier in the comedy Private’s Progress (1956) and its sequel, I’m All Right Jack (1959); and a squadron leader engineering a breakout from a German POW camp in The Great Escape (1963). Attenborough won Golden Globe Awards for best supporting actor for The Sand Pebbles (1966) and for his comedic turn as a circus owner in Doctor Dolittle (1967). After a lengthy acting hiatus, he returned to the screen in American director Steven Spielberg’s Jurassic Park (1993), playing the obliviously hubristic owner of a dinosaur theme park, a role he reprised in the 1997 sequel. He then played Kris Kringle in a 1994 remake of Miracle on 34th Street (1947) and appeared as Sir William Cecil in Elizabeth (1998).", "Amusingly, John had an uncredited cameo as Lady Capulet in a play seen in the movie Shakespeare in Love (1998), and soon after had cameos in French and Saunders (1999), Full Mountie (2000) and The Mumbo Jumbo (2000). His last screen appearances were as the antiques dealer in five episodes of the truly bizarre, now long forgotten sketch show Revolver (which also featured other sitcom luminaries such as Melvyn Hayes, Nicholas Smith, Gorden Kaye and Ruth Madoc) in 2004, and finally an episode of daytime soap Doctors called Intolerance on December 8th, 2004.", "Jackman played fictional ski coach Bronson Peary in Eddie the Eagle (2016), which portrayed how Eddie \"The Eagle\" Edwards became the first competitor to represent Great Britain in Olympic ski jumping in 1988. He has also been cast as P. T. Barnum in the film The Greatest Showman on Earth, due out in 2017. ", "Morning Trivia: He played heroic roles: Moses in The Ten Commandments, Taylor in Planet of the Apes, twice as Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady and The Buccaneer; the characters of El Cid and Judah Ben Hur in Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was also known for his political activism. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative Republican policies and was president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003. Who is he?", "Today John continues to appear regularly in guest-starring roles on British television, as well as on stage. During 2003, he toured in the well-received \"Art\" with co-stars Les Dennis and Christopher Cazenove . John also does voice-over work for commercials and documentaries, as well as radio plays for the BBC, putting his versatile voice to very effective use.", "Jackman can be seen starring as cowboy Curly in the musical revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, in which one of his co-stars was original Les Mis London cast member Peter Polycarpou. He is expected to follow Les Miserables with the role of the great entertainer P.T. Barnum in The Greatest Showman on Earth and will also making another appearance as Wolverine in The Wolverine." ]

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[ "Mexico City was the host for the Olympic Games in 1968 and FIFA World Cup in 1970. The city was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale on 19th September 1985 at 07.19 am. It resulted in the deaths of around 5,000 people leaving around 90,000 people homeless. Mexico city again experienced an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 after 36 hours. However, it hosted the FIFA World Cup again in 1986 showing a rapid recovery.", "Soccer is Mexico’s pagan religion for all social classes, both the powerful and the powerless, Yet, the politicization of soccer by Mexican politicians has not always succeeded. President Miguel de la Madrid inaugurated the 1986 World Cup, but as Duncan Tucker explains, “the audio engineers in the Estadio Azteca had to turn up his microphone in an attempt to drown out eight minutes of booing from the crowd.” Mexicans were extremely angry as a result of de la Madrid’s tepid response to the major earthquake that devastated Mexico City in 1985.", "So it was that Mexico held its second World Cup finals in sixteen years, and the hideous earthquake that struck Mexico City in September 1985 gave a moral angle to the tournament that it hadn’t previously held. Miraculously, the stadia all semmed to survive and Mexico 86 went ahead, with lunchtime kick-offs under a blazing sun for the benefit of European television audiences, from which Televisa profited massively. Two months after the Mexico City earthquake, a volcano caused a landslide that hit the Colombian region of Armero, killing 20,000 people – twice as many people as had been killed in the Mexico City earthquake. Six weeks later, the Supreme Palace of Justice in Bogota was seized by the M-19 guerilla group – eleven of the country’s Supreme Court Justices were amongst over one hundred people killed in the subsequent army raid.", "The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.", "The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich, Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid, the USSR, by 11 votes to 5. This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging. Italy had previously had the event in 1934, where they had won their first championship.", "Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup. On October 17, 1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin.", "Like Espana '82, the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other. Group A only played in Rome and Florence (Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome, except for their semi-final match), Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari (except for Argentina vs. Cameroon, which was the opening match of the tournament, played in Milan), Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa, Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna, Group E played only in Udine and Verona, and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo. The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the 2 biggest cities in Italy: Rome and Milan, each hosting 6 matches, and Bari, Naples, and Turin each hosted 5 matches. Cagliari, Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches.", "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City – The home of Mexican football, the 105,000-capactiy Estadio Azteca hosted the 1970 and 1986 World Cup finals.", "The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich, Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid, the USSR, by 11 votes to 5. This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship.", "For the 13th World Cup, Colombia was the only South American to place a bid. Host voting was from this World Cup on only handled by the FIFA Executive Committee (Exco) instead of the FIFA congress. They announced on June 9 1974 in Stockholm that Colombia would host the 1986 World Cup.", "After having staged the World Cup in 1970, Mexico became the first country to host two World Cups. Mexico was awarded to host the 1986 games after Colombia had pulled out as the host.", "The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.", "Twelve cities hosted matches: Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Cuiaba, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Manuas, Natal, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where the final was played at the rebuilt Estádio Mário Filho, better known as the Maracanã, and won by Germany. It was at that stadium where the only previous World Cup held in Brazil concluded in 1950. All four previous World Cups in South America – Uruguay in 1930, Brazil in 1950, Chile in 1962 and Argentina in 1978 – had been won by teams from that continent.", "Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, and the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. A UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital.", "Minutes before the scheduled start of the third game of the 1989 World Series in San Francisco, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake rocked the California coast from Monterey to San Francisco. Centered near Loma Prieta peak in the mountains south of San Jose, the quake killed 63 people and caused an estimated $6 billion to $10 billion in property loss. It was the first large temblor to jolt the burgeoning urban region since the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 (magnitude 7.8). Although the Loma Prieta earthquake struck on the periphery of the regionmore than 50 miles from San Francisco and Oaklandit exposed the vulnerability of the region to enormous losses in future quakes, some of which will be larger and closer to its urban core.", "A reported US$3.47 billion has been spent on stadium projects. Five of the chosen host cities have brand new venues built specifically for the World Cup, while the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in the capital Brasilia was demolished and rebuilt, and the remaining six are being extensively renovated The Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, which already holds the record attendance for a FIFA World Cup Finals match (199,854), is the largest of the stadiums and will stage the final.", "Mexico hosted the Summer Olympics in 1968 and the FIFA World Cup soccer championship in 1970 and 1986.", "In 1986, CONMEBOL decided to return to having one country host the tournament and to dispute it every other year. From 1987 until 2001 , the event was hosted every two years in rotation by the ten members of the confederation. The format would remain constant with a first round of groups, but the final round stage ranged from being a new, final round-robin group or a single-elimination system to decide the winner. This renewal helped the tournament, which began television coverage in Europe and North America. The 1987 Copa América was held in Argentina; this was the first time the nation had hosted an edition in 28 years. Despite entering as heavy favorites for being the reigning world champions (having won the 1986 FIFA World Cup ), playing at home and having a team largely composed of its World Cup winners led by the legendary Diego Maradona , Argentina would finish in a disappointing fourth place after being beaten by defending champions Uruguay 0-1 in the semifinals. Uruguay would defeat a surprisingly strong Chilean squad who made it to the final, disposing of the powerful Brazil 4-0 on the group stage.", "San Salvador, the capital and principal city of the Republic of El Salvador, is located in the \"Valley of the Hammocks\" at the foot of San Salvador volcano (6,398 feet high), about 19 miles from the Pacific Ocean . It is built on the volcanic belt which parallels the coast and, over the centuries, the city has suffered from such recurrent and severe earthquakes that it has had to be rebuilt frequently. Public buildings are constructed to resist shock, but an earthquake (measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale) rocked San Salvador October 10, 1986, killing 1400, injuring approximately 21,000, and heavily damaging the downtown area and the San Jacinto residential neighborhood. Two hundred aftershocks wrought additional destruction, and a state of emergency was declared. Among the buildings hit were all but one of the city's hospitals, and the U.S. Embassy on Avenida Norte.", "Owned by the Rio de Janeiro state government, it is, as is the Maracanã neighborhood where it is located, named after the Rio Maracanã, a now canalized river in Rio de Janeiro. It was opened in 1950 to host the FIFA World Cup, in which Brazil was beaten 2–1 by Uruguay in the deciding game. Since then, it has mainly been used for football matches between the major football clubs in Rio de Janeiro, including Flamengo, Fluminense, Botafogo and Vasco da Gama. It has also hosted a number of concerts and other sporting events.", "And you’ll always have to be ready for the unexpected: Engenhao, the very stadium where Doug and I watched the Flamengo-Fluminense game, was closed last month for structural repairs. And there have been other black eyes for the country as it ramps up to the Cup. At the end of last month, an American woman was abducted and gang-raped in the popular Rio district of Copacabana. Police had to use tear gas recently after fans clashed when tickets ran out for the inaugural match of the new World Cup stadium in Salvador. (Six people reportedly sustained minor injuries.) As is often the case with travel in developing countries, things can be less predictable and more chaotic than you may be used to at home.", "When it resumed, the FIFA World Cup rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas, the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May 1996 to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the 2002 edition.", "Maracana Stadium is one of the most well-known soccer venues in the entire world. Built in time to host the World Cup in 1950, this stadium in Rio de Janeiro has seen more than its fair share of big time matches. Unfortunately for Brazil soccer fans, the 1950 World Cup saw the nation's beloved national team lose to then rival Uruguay at the Maracana Stadium. This incident, if you will, is still looked upon with disdain by Brazilians, though the national team would rebound nicely, capturing a handful of World Cups in the following decades.", "Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world, it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals. In the 1970 World Cup Final, Brazil defeated Italy 4–1, and in the 1986 World Cup Final, Argentina defeated West Germany 3–2. It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the \"Hand of God goal\" and the \"Goal of the Century\". The stadium also hosted the \"Game of the Century\", when Italy defeated West Germany 4–3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches.", "*In the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, Brazil and Italy ended extra time scoreless. Brazil went on to win the shoot-out 3–2. ", "The city also received international attention as the host of the II South American Games in 1982, as one of the host cities of the 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 1982 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 1990 Basketball World Cup. Rosario also bid for the 2019 Pan American Games but the Argentine Olympic Committee (COA) voted to support La Punta instead. ", "The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th FIFA World Cup, held in nine cities across the United States from 17 June to 17 July 1994. The United States was chosen as the host by FIFA on 4 July 1988. Despite the host nation's lack of a national top-level soccer league, the tournament broke the World Cup average attendance record with nearly 69,000 spectators per game, a mark that still stands today. The total attendance of nearly 3.6 million for the final tournament remains the highest in World Cup history, despite the expansion of the competition from 24 to 32 teams (and from 52 to 64 games) in the 1998 World Cup.", "This region is home to the Maracanã stadium (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity football venue, able to hold nearly 199,000 people, as it did the World Cup final of 1950. In modern times its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing reconstruction, it has now the capacity for 90,000 fans; it will eventually hold around 80,000 people. Maracanã was site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan American Games, and hosted the final match of 2014 FIFA World Cup and will also host the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "The San Siro is a UEFA category five stadium. It hosted six games at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and four European Cup finals, in 1965, 1970, 2001 and 2016. ", "* July 2, 1994: The 1994 FIFA World Cup concludes its play in RFK as Spain defeats Switzerland 3–0 in the Round of Sixteen (RFK had earlier hosted four group-play games).", "19. Which was the first country to host a FIFA World Cup tournament for a second time?", "Nevertheless, Pele managed to draw interest to soccer in the United States, causing a dramatic rise in youth leagues and high school and college teams, and a steady rise in the sport�s popularity throughout the country. Many years after his US departure, Pele used his influence to almost single-handedly make the United States the host country for the 1994 World Cup tournament�the first ever World Cup held in the North American continent." ]

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[ "Predictably, a battle ensued over naming rights. The JINR team proposed the name nielsbohrium (Ns) in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr. The Berkeley team proposed the name hahnium (Ha), in honor of the late German chemist Otto Hahn. I am sure most of you can guess what happened next: hahnium was the name that most American and Western European scientists used whereas nielsbohrium was used in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.", "Two alternative, but rejected names are Hahnium (Ha) and Joliotium (Jl), honoring Otto Hahn , who shared the discovery of nuclear fission with Fritz Strassmann and Lise Meitner. He also discovered numerous radioactive elements, and Frédéric Joliot-Curie .", "Hahn's death did not stop his public acclamation. Proposals were made at different times, first in 1971 by American chemists, that the newly synthesized element no. 105 should be named hahnium in Hahn's honor; in 1997 the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) named it dubnium , after the Russian research center in Dubna (see element naming controversy ). Although element 108 was given the name hassium by its officially-recognized German discoverers in 1992, a 1994 IUPAC committee recommended that it be named hahnium (Hn), [54] in spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name. This recommendation was not adopted, following protests from the German discoverers, and the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997. [55]", "The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna proposed naming element 105 nielsbohrium (Ns) after Niels Bohr, while the University of California, Berkeley suggested the name hahnium (Ha) in honor of Otto Hahn. ", "**105. dubnium, Db, an element that is named after the city of Dubna, where the JINR is located. Originally named \"hahnium\" in honor of Otto Hahn (1970) but renamed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This discovery was also claimed by the JINR.", "It has also been called eka-platinum and temporarily by IUPAC ununnilium (Uun). [24] [25] 105 Dubnium Db Russian Дубна (Dubna) toponym Named for Dubna ( Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , U.S.S.R. ) where it was discovered. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley proposed hahnium (Ha), in honour of Otto Hahn , for his pioneering work in radioactivity and radiochemistry , but the proposal was rejected.", "Unnilpentium, was the temporary name for element 105. It was first synthesized and identified at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California. They proposed the name hahnium (symbol, Ha), honoring the German physicist Otto Hahn. A conflicting claim from Dubna urged the name nielsbohrium and in 1994 a panel of the IUPAC recommended it be called joliotium , for the French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie. Eventually in 1997, the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry resolved that element 105 be called dubnium (symbol, Db), in honor of Dubna.", "..... Click the link for more information. . In 1970, an American research team led by A. Ghiorso at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced that, while they had been unable to confirm the Dubna group's results, they had synthesized an isotope of element 105 by another route. They bombarded californium-249 atoms with nitrogen-15 ions to create an isotope with mass number 260 and a half-life of 1.6 sec. Disputing the Soviet claim of discovery, the Americans suggested the name hahnium to honor the German chemist and physicist Otto Hahn Hahn, Otto", "105 Named hahnium for Otto Hahn, discoverer of nuclear fission or joliotium, for Frederic Joliot-Curie, another pioneer of nuclear physics", "* Otto Hahn, German physicist – hahnium, chemical element. This element name is not accepted by IUPAC. (See element naming controversy)", "Otto Hahn - German chemist-physicist; shared the 1944 Nobel Prize with Fritz Strassmann in chemistry for their discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei (first to recognize nucleur fission). He began his research work in radiochemistry in Sir William Ramsay's laboratory at University College, London, 1904. There, in the process of extracting radium from a sample of barium salt, Hahn discovered radiothorium. He obtained a research position at McGill University with Sir Ernest Rutherford, and in 1905 he again exhibited his talent for discovery by finding radioactinium.", "Otto Hahn (1879-1968) – German chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry. Discovered radio-active elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1944)", "On 22 December 1938, Hahn sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting their radiochemical results, which were published on 6 January 1939. [20] On 27 December, Hahn telephoned the editor of Naturwissenschaften and requested to add a paragraph to the article, speculating that some platinum group elements previously observed in irradiated uranium, which were originally interpreted as transuranium elements, could in fact be technetium (then called \"masurium\") and lower platinum group metals (atomic numbers 43 through 46). By January 1939 he was sufficiently convinced that formation of light elements was occurring in his setup that he published a new revision of the article, essentially retracting former claims of observing transuranic elements and neighbors of uranium, and concluding instead that he was seeing light platinoids, barium, lanthanum , and cerium .", "Jointly with Lise Meitner and his pupil and assistant Fritz Strassmann (1902–1980), Otto Hahn furthered the research begun by Enrico Fermi and his team in 1934 when they bombarded uranium with neutrons. Until 1938, it was believed that the elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (known as transuranium elements ) arose when uranium atoms were bombarded with neutrons. The German chemist Ida Noddack proposed an exception. She anticipated the paradigm shift of 1938/39 in her article published in the journal Angewandte Chemie, Nr. 47, 1934, in which she speculated:", "1944: Otto Hahn (1879 – 1968) German nuclear chemist, \"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei\".", "Many are the people who, for their contributions to science, have been honoured with an element named after them. Among the most illustrious are Nicolaus Copernicus (copernicum, Cn), first to publish the outrageous suggestion that the Sun did not revolve around the Earth; Alfred Nobel (nobelium, No), best known for inventing dynamite and founding the Nobel prizes, and Albert Einstein (Einsteinium, Es), who developed the general theory of relativity. Some names took a detour through other languages: gallium, Ga, was named after its French discoverer Lecoq, whose name translates to ‘the cockerel’ in English, ‘gallus’ in Latin.", "Hahn's intention had been to work in industry. With this in mind, and also to improve his knowledge of English, he took up a post at University College London in 1904, working under Sir William Ramsay , known for having discovered the inert gases . Here Hahn worked on radiochemistry , at that time a very new field. In early 1905, in the course of his work with salts of radium , Hahn discovered a new substance he called radiothorium ( thorium -228), which at that time was believed to be a new radioactive element. (In fact, it was a still undiscovered isotope of the known element thorium. The term isotope was only coined in 1913, by the British chemist Frederick Soddy ).", "Nobelium was named after Alfred Nobel , inventor of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prize. It was originally named in 1957 by a group of scientists affiliated to the Argonne National Laboratory in the USA, Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment in England and the Swedish Nobel Institute of Physics, who thought to have synthesised element 102. The first synthesis nowadays is usually credited to the group of Georgi Flerov in Russia and to the group of Glenn T Seaborg and Albert Ghiorso in USA - both in 1958. The name Nobelium was retained by the IUPAC-CNIC as it was already being widely used in the scientific literature.", "But in recent years, another trend has come to dominate the nomenclature of new elements—naming them after great scientists. No one had ever honored a scientist this way before the 1950s, but since then 11 of the 14 elements discovered and named (from einsteinium, Element 99, on) do just that. Most of these names still shaded patriotic and honor a local son or daughter, but not always. An American team led by the aforementioned Glenn Seaborg named Element 101 mendelevium, after Dmitri Mendeleev, the scientist generally given credit for developing the periodic table. Mendeleev was Russian, so this was a daring gesture during the Cold War.", "Element 99 was discovered by a number of laboratories simultaneously in the early 1950s. Losalium was the name suggested by a team in Los Alamos, but it eventually ended up being named Einsteinium by Glenn Seaborg.", "The isolation of curium and americium gave the research group so many problems that the names “pandemonium” and “delirium” were proposed for the two elements. However, success was finally achieved when the elements were isolated and characterized. Element 95 was named americium after the Americas and by analogy to its homologue europium (63), named after the continent of Europe. Element 96 was named curium after pioneering radiochemists Pierre and Marie Curie.", "Masurium (after Masuria in eastern Prussia, now in Poland) was the name given to element 43 by the German chemists, Noddack, Berg and Tache, when they claimed its discovery in 1925; later experimenters, however, could not replicate their results. This element does not occur naturally but it had been postulated since the 1860s from its position in Mendeleev's periodic tables. There had been several previous claims for its discovery but none had been substantiated. It was not till 1936 that the discovery this element was finally confirmed and in 1947 it was officially named as technetium, after a Greek word meaning `artificial', since it was the first element to be artificially produced.", "Last Friday, IUPAP approved the names of Elements 110, 111, and 112. Element 110 is now Darmstadtium (Ds), which was named for the city Darmstadt, Germany, located near the lab where it was discovered. Element 111 is now Roentgenium (Rg), which is named for Wilhelm Rontgen, the German physicist who discovered X-Rays. Finally, Element 112 is now Copernicium (Cn), named for the astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the universe.", "Lutetium, symbol Lu and atomic number 71, is the heaviest of the rare-earth metals. Its name is derived from lutetia an ancient name for Paris. Lutetium was first identified in 1907 as an impurity in ytterbia. Several scientist claimed the discovery but eventually the honour went to Georges Urbain of France as his results were published first. The spelling of his proposed name of lutecium was changed to lutetium in 1949. An alternative name cassiopeium (or cassiopium ) which had been proposed by the Austrian mineralogist Baron von Welsbach was widely used in Germany until the 1950s.", "It took nearly thirty years to solve this puzzle. And the answer came from three laboratories at nearly the same time. The first to report his results was French chemist Georges Urbain (1872-1938). In 1907, he reported that ytterbium was not an element, but a mixture of two new elements. He called those elements neoytterbium and lutecium. The first name meant \"new ytterbium.\" The second name comes from Lutecia, the ancient name for the city of Paris.", "Critics pointed out that a precedent had been set in the naming of einsteinium (Es), element 99, during Albert Einstein's life, although it was not publicly announced until after his death. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name seaborgium for element 106 was recognized internationally.", "Americium was the fourth synthetic transuranic element to be discovered and was named after the continent of North America by analogy to its lighter lanthanide homologue, europium, which was named after Europe, its continent of discovery. Americium was made by Glenn Seaborg, Ralph James, Leon Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime metallurgical laboratory at the University of Chicago. It was made as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor. The product element was quite difficult to separate based on its anticipated properties, which were incorrect as it turned out. Unlike the lighter previously discovered transuranium elements placed in the main block of the periodic table, americium behaved chemically like the lanthanide series of elements. It exhibited, for example, the trivalent state as the most stable in aqueous solutions. This behavior and the similar behavior of the newly discovered element, curium, prompted Glenn Seaborg to boldly and radically revise the periodic table and create the actinide series of elements.", "Rutherfordium (Rf): named after British physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), who made many important discoveries about atoms and radioactivity", "Rutherfordium, with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, is named after the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic radioactive element whose most stable known isotope has a half life of 1.3 hours. Rutherfordium was first reported by Russian scientists in 1964 and then conclusively synthesised at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1969. The competing claims to its discovery led to a naming controversy and kurchatovium , dubnium and unnilquadium were all proposed or used temporally for element 104 before rutherfordium was finally approved in 1997.", "In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\".", "Unniltrium, was the temporary systematic name for element 103 which was discovered in 1961 by A Ghiorso and his team at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California. The name Lawrencium (after Ernest O Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron) was proposed for this element and ratified by IUPAC in 1967; it's symbol is Lr.", "The only other truly simultaneous discovery of two elements in recent times came in 1952, when einsteinium (99) and fermium (100) were discovered in the fallout from the hydrogen bomb explosion at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The most recent successful discovery of an element -- one that has received a name -- came in 1994. That element, No. 110, is called Darmstadtium for the city in Germany where it was discovered." ]

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[ "Analysis of the hostage-crisis in Lebanon yields that Hezbollah was undisputably responsible for the aforementioned abductions of Westerners despite attempts to shield its complicity through the employment of cover-names. Its organisational framework was not only sophisticated and assimilated according to Iranian clerical designs but also closely integrated with several key Iranian institutions which provided it with both necessary weaponry and training to successfully confront self-proclaimed Islamic enemies and invaluable financial support ...", "In May 1989 in Beirut, Lebanon, British citizen Jackie Mann was abducted \"in response to Iran's fatwa against Salman Rushdie for the publication of book the Satanic Verses and more specifically, for his refuge and protection in the United Kingdom\". He joined several Westerners held hostage there. Two months earlier a photograph of three teachers held hostage was released by Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine with the message that it \"would take revenge against\" all institutions and organisations that insulted in one way or another \"members of the Prophet Mohammed's family\". The Iranian supported Shia political party and militia Hezbollah is considered to be the actual perpetrator of the kidnappings. ", "Hezbollah: Radical Shia group formed in 1982 in Lebanon. Strongly anti-Western and anti-Israeli. Closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but may have conducted operations that were not approved by Tehran. Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-U.S. terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombing of the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut in September 1984. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of U.S. and other Western hostages in Lebanon. The group also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992 and is a suspect in the 1994 bombing of the Israeli cultural center in Buenos Aires. Operates in the Bekaa Valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon. Has established cells in Europe, Africa, South America, North America, and Asia. Receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria.", "* 1987 January – Abduction: Unprecedented number of abductions of foreigners by the Hezbollah organisation. (p. 99) Declared motivation: \"The hostages will perish in case of any military attempts against Muslims in the area and especially in Lebanon\". (U.S. Navy warships in Mediterranean reportedly moving towards Lebanon.) Alleged motivation: \"directly in response to the arrest of three leading Hezbollah member in Europe\". Another alleged motivation: \"clerical factionalism in Iran\" in the aftermath of the Iran-Contra deal. Still another alleged motivation: Demand for the return of 400 Shi'ite and Palestinians imprisoned in Israel.", "Activities: Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy annex in Beirut in September 1984. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. The group also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992.", "Hezbollah [1] ( Arabic : حزب الله ḥizbu- llāh , literally \"Party of God\") is a Shi'a Muslim militant group and political party based in Lebanon . [2] [3] [4] It receives financial and political support from Iran and Syria , and its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds. [2] The United States, the Netherlands, [5] the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Israel classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part. [6]", "* Islamist Shia wanted to use French hostages to free Annis Naccache, who was the leader of the Iranian backed assassination team attempting to kill former Iranian Premier Shapour Bakhtiar. Naccache was a Christian Lebanese who had converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to Khomeini following the success of the revolution. He was a \"close personal friend\" of \"Ahmad Khomeini, son of the Iranian revolutionary\" leader, \"Mohasen Rafiqust, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp commander in Lebanon\", and of the aforementioned Hezbollah operative Imad Mughniya. They appear to have been completely successful in their efforts.", "* Terry A. Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent for the Associated Press, was the longest held hostage believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah or Islamic Jihad Organization. Anderson was seized on March 16, 1985, finally being released December 4, 1991.", "Hezbollah (pronounced; ', literally \"Party of Allah\" or \"Party of God\")—also transliterated Hizbullah, Hizballah, etc. —is a Shi'a Islamist militant group and political party based in Lebanon. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese parliament. After the death of Abbas al-Musawi in 1992, the group has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.", "January 9 : Western Beirut, Lebanon/Eight pro-Iranian Shiite Muslims The ailing Rev. Lawrence Martin Jenco is abducted and held hostage for 18 months before being released.", "Abbas' group was responsible for the attack in 1985 on the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro and the murder of US citizen Leon Klinghoffer. Abu Abbas died of natural causes in April 2004 while in US custody in Iraq. Current leadership and membership of the relatively small PLF appears to be based in Lebanon and the Palestinian territories. The PLF has become more active since the start of the al-Aqsa intifadah and several PLF members have been arrested by Israeli authorities for planning attacks in Israel and the West Bank.", "Hezbollah is a Lebanese umbrella organization of radical Islamic Shiite groups and organizations. Listed as a terrorist organization by the U.S. government, Hezbollah opposes Western influence, seeks to create an Islamic state modeled on Iran, and is a bitter foe of any compromise with Israel. Hezbollah receives financial and material support from Iran and Syria, and is often seen to be acting in those countries' interests.", "In a city of 1.4 million people and a reputation for chaos, is it possible that a letter with only a name and \"Beirut\" for an address can be delivered? The answer is yes, if that name is Terry Anderson. Now 43, Anderson was kidnaped March 16, 1985 in Beirut. He was, at the time, chief Middle East correspondent for the Associated Press. Today, Anderson begins his seventh year as a captive and as the longest held of the 11 Western hostages in Lebanon, including five other Americans.", "1985 – The Shiite Muslim group Islamic Jihad announced that they had killed American hostage William Buckley. Later another American hostage said that he believed that Buckley had died four months earlier from torture.", "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), the Mali-based Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), al-Murabitoun, and Jund al-Khilafah in Algeria (JAK-A, Soldiers of the Caliphate in Algeria), were active terrorist threats within Algeria and along its borders. These groups aspired to establish their interpretations of Islamic law in the region and to attack Algerian security services, local government targets, and Western interests. AQIM continued attacks using IEDs, bombings, false roadblocks, and ambushes. Although criminal groups engaged in kidnapping, there were no reports of kidnappings executed by terrorist groups in 2015. The Algerian government maintained a strict “no concessions” policy with regard to individuals or groups holding its citizens hostage.", "There are many other echoes of the Crusades louder in the East than in the West. Two of the PLO's divisions are named after the sites of Muslim victories over the Christian crusaders (Hattin and Ayn Julat). Mehmet Ali Agca, who shot Pope John Paul II in 1981, described his victim in a letter as the \"supreme commander of the Crusades\" * . During the Gulf war of 1991, Saddam Hussein was guaranteed massive public support in many Muslim countries by likening the Western offensive to a Christian crusade, and implicitly likening himself to Saladin - that other famous native of Tikrit.", "AL-AMAL - (\"Hope\"). A Shi'ah political movement cum-militia. It developed originally as the military arm of the Movement of the Disinherited, the radical organization formed by Imam Musa al-Sadr, the religious leader who transformed Lebanon's Shi'ah politics in the 1970s. After his disappearance, he was replaced by Nabih al-Beri and the movement was taken over by al-Amal.", "It remains unclear exactly who Buckley’s captors are. This “Islamic Jihad” organization is not the same group as is later led by Sunni militant Ayman al-Zawahiri, nor is it the Palestinian organization of the same name. In the 2001 book Sacred Rage, author Robin B. Wright notes that a group spokesman claims, “We are neither Iranians, Syrians nor Palestinians, but Muslims who follow the precepts of the Koran.” Wright calls the organization “a mysterious group about which nothing was known” except for its “pro-Iranian” ideology, probably “more of an information network for a variety of cells or movements rather than a cohesive or structured independent group of extremists.”", "Individual caravans consisting of thousands of deported Armenians were escorted by Turkish gendarmes. These guards allowed roving government units of hardened criminals known as the \"Special Organization\" to attack the defenseless people, killing anyone they pleased. They also encouraged Kurdish bandits to raid the caravans and steal anything they wanted. In addition, an extraordinary amount of sexual abuse and rape of girls and young women occurred at the hands of the Special Organization and Kurdish bandits. Most of the attractive young females were kidnapped for a life of involuntary servitude.", "ur Bildu friend was referring to the Anti-terrorist Liberation Groups, or GAL, who belonged to but acted outside of the regular security forces between 1983 and 1987. Their objective was to eliminate as many etarras and their sympathisers as possible both here and in France. They eventually killed 23 people, some of whom had nothing to do with ETA, before three national newspapers exposed them. I leave it up to the readers to decide who has the bloodier hands.", "Academics specializing in a wide variety of the social sciences believe that Hezbollah is an example of an Islamic terrorist organization. Such scholars and research institutes include the following:", "from Muslim control. Jerusalem was part of the Muslim possessions won during a rapid military expansion in the 7th century through the Near East, Northern Africa, and Anatolia (in modern Turkey). The first Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos for aid against further advancement. Urban promised indulgence to any Christian who took the Crusader vow and set off for Jerusalem. The resulting fervour that swept through Europe mobilized tens of thousands of people from all levels of society, and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, as well as other regions. The movement found its primary support in the Franks; it is by no coincidence that the Arabs referred to Crusaders generically as \"Franj\". Although they were minorities within this region, the Crusaders tried to consolidate their conquests as a number of Crusader states – the Kingdom of Jerusalem , as well as the County of Edessa , the Principality of Antioch , and the County of Tripoli (collectively Outremer ). During the 12th century and 13th century, there were a series of conflicts between these states and surrounding Islamic ones. Crusades were essentially resupply missions for these embattled kingdoms. Military orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed to play an integral role in this support.", "In the mid-1960's, student agitation led to a wave of rioting and arrests. Opposition figures fled abroad or were imprisoned; some were executed. In 1965 Mehdi Ben Barka, a prominent nationalist and opposition leader, was kidnapped in Paris and never seen again.", "Citing selectively from Muslim law, the emir also stated: \"It is therefore licit to apply to these monks what applies to unbelievers who are prisoners of war, namely: death, slavery or exchange for Muslim prisoners.\" Despite the religious forms, it was the last point�political advantages� that seems to have really motivated the GIA. They demanded the release of GIA members held by Algeria and France with this threat: \"The choice is yours. If you liberate, we shall liberate. If you do not free your prisoners, we will cut the throats of ours. Glory to God.\"", "Then in 899 the Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect wanting to form a utopian society, seized AD Bahrain.  The Qarmatians prevailed as a powerful force in much of the Middle East and Persian Gulf through the 10th century, and provoked a series of attacks, launching raids along routes crossing Arabia and massacring thousands of pilgrims.", "After becoming a cause célèbre from the late 1960s to the 1980s, the mythical Priory of Sion was exposed as a ludibrium created by Plantard as a framework for his claim of being the Great Monarch prophesied by Nostradamus. Evidence presented in support of its historical existence and activities before 1956 was discovered to have been forged and then planted in various locations around France by Plantard and his accomplices. Nevertheless, many conspiracy theorists still persist in believing that the Priory of Sion is an age-old cabal that conceals a subversive secret.", "The First Crusade was a military expedition from 1096 to 1099 by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. It was launched in 1095 by Alexios I Komnenos , who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule.", "533 - Byzantine Empire drives out the Vandals and takes control - religious conflicts between Berber Christian \"heretics\" and Byzantine church", "One such sect, the Kharijites (seceders; literally, \"those who emerge from impropriety\") surfaced in North Africa in the mideighth century, proclaiming its belief that any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to his race, station, or descent from the Prophet. The attack on the Arab monopoly of the religious leadership of Islam was explicit in Kharijite doctrine, and Berbers across the Maghrib rose in revolt in the name of religion against Arab domination. The rise of the Kharijites coincided with a period of turmoil in the Arab world during which the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyads and relocated the caliphate in Baghdad. In the wake of the revolt, Kharijite sectarians established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. One such kingdom, however, founded by the Bani Khattab, succeeded in putting down roots in remote Fezzan, where the capital, Zawilah, developed into an important oasis trading center.", "One such sect, the Kharijites (seceders; literally, \"those who emerge from impropriety\") surfaced in North Africa in the mideighth century, proclaiming its belief that any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to his race, station, or descent from the Prophet. The attack on the Arab monopoly of the religious leadership of Islam was explicit in Kharijite doctrine, and Berbers across the Maghrib rose in revolt in the name of religion against Arab domination.", "In the 1960s, Plantard created a fictitious history for that organization, describing it as a secret society founded by Godfrey of Bouillon on Mount Zion in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099, conflating it with a genuine historical monastic order, the Abbey of Our Lady of Mount Zion. In Plantard's version, the priory was devoted to installing a secret bloodline of the Merovingian dynasty on the thrones of France and the rest of Europe. This myth was expanded upon and popularised by the 1982 pseudohistorical book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail and later claimed to be factual in the preface of the 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code.", "In 1144 Muslim armies captured Edessa, one of the principal Christian outposts in the East. The entire population was slaughtered, or sold into slavery. The fall of Edessa aroused Western Europe to the danger posed to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and led to another crusade." ]

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