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Who was Franklin ?D Roosevelt's secretary of state from 1933 to 1944?	[ "Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He is best-known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the Father of the United Nations.", "Cordell Hull was appointed Secretary of State by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 4, 1933, and served until November 20, 1944. Hull holds the distinction of being the longest-serving U.S. Secretary of State.", "Cordell Hull was Secretary of State from 1933 till 1944. Hull was responsible for foreign relations before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack, which was part of the United States attempt to open Chinese markets to U.S. goods against Japanese interests there. After the war he was the key architect for establishing the United Nations and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize .", "Early in the afternoon of December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his chief foreign policy aide, Harry Hopkins, were interrupted by a telephone call from Secretary of War Henry Stimson and told that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor. At about 5:00 p.m., following meetings with his military advisers, the President calmly and decisively dictated to his secretary, Grace Tully, a request to Congress for a declaration of war. He had composed the speech in his head after deciding on a brief, uncomplicated appeal to the people of the United States rather than a thorough recitation of Japanese perfidies, as Secretary of State Cordell Hull had urged.", "Normally, a US Secretary of State would have handled such diplomatic chores. But Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, John Hay , died in July 1905, and the forceful TR took charge of the duties himself.", "Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, having held the post from March 1933 to April 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office, and served as United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952.[http://www.biography.com/people/eleanor-roosevelt-9463366 \"Eleanor Roosevelt Biography: Diplomat, U.S. First Lady (1884–1962)\",] bio., Biography.com., A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 2015-12-13 President Harry S. Truman later called her the \"First Lady of the World\" in tribute to her human rights achievements.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt to the director of the budget, August 13, 1942, secretary of state copy, DOS 110.12/322; Franklin D. Roosevelt to Cordell Hull, August 28, 1942, photocopy of original DOS 110.12/326, both in BH-LH file 1; Order for Forthwith Surrender . . . , Docket 2627; Petition for Condemnation, Docket 2827, both signed by Charles E. Stewart, Clerk; Reynolds to Summerlin, February 19, 1943, all in BH-LH file 2.", "Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was the longest-serving First Lady throughout her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office (1933-1945). She was an American politician, diplomat, and activist who later served as a United Nations spokeswoman.", "Before the war was over, the administration was planning the outlines of the new international economic order, based on partnership between government and big business. Lloyd Gardner says of Roosevelt's chief adviser, Harry Hopkins, who had organized the relief programs of the New Deal: \"No conservative outdid Hopkins in championing foreign investment, and its protection.\"", "[146] Elena Roerich to FDR, 10 October 1934, Roosevelt Papers Official File (OF) 723, folder “Roerich Peace Pact, 1933-1945”, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY.", "6,506 pages of correspdence to and from Lord Halifax, various ministers' and officials' papers, dating from January 1938 to December 1940, while he was Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minster), from 21 February 1938 to 22 December 1940. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, (1881 � 1959), known as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was one of the most senior British Conservative politicians of the 1930s. He held several senior ministerial posts during this time, most notably that of Foreign Secretary between 1938 and 1940. As such, he is often regarded as one of the architects of the policy of appeasement prior to World War II. During the war, he served as British Ambassador in Washington. The files include a subject index and a letter index.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. With the bouncy popular song \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" as his campaign theme, FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit, reflecting his victory over paralytic illness to become the longest serving president in U.S. history. He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.", "ATTRIBUTION: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), U.S. president. FDR Speaks authorized edition of speeches, 1933-1945 (recordings of Franklin Roosevelt’s public addresses), side 8, Cleveland campaign speech (Nov. 2, 1940), ed. Henry Steele Commager, Introduction by Eleanor Roosevelt, Washington Records, Inc. (1960).", "Eleanor Roosevelt began courting her father's fifth cousin, 20-year-old Harvard student Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1903. The couple got engaged in November, married on St. Patrick's Day 1905, and produced six children, five of whom survived infancy. In 1921, while vacationing in Campobello Island, New Brunswick, FDR contracted an illness that resulted in permanent paralysis of his legs. Another blow followed: FDR's affair with Eleanor's social secretary, Lucy Mercer. The marriage endured, however, and as President and First Lady, they used their influence to promote New Deal policies and advocate for civil rights.", "ATTRIBUTION: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), U.S. president. Edward M. Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet Relations, 1939-1945, pp. 173-174, Scholarly Resources, Inc. (1990). Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, p. 468, William Morrow & Co., Inc. (1974).", "When World War II began in 1939, Roosevelt rejected the Wilsonian neutrality stance and sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. [155] At first the President gave only covert support to repeal of the arms embargo provisions of the Neutrality Act. [156] He began a regular secret correspondence with the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill in September 1939—the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them [8] :15—discussing ways of supporting Britain. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became Prime Minister of England in May 1940.", "At this juncture, Faye was probably better known as Mrs. Elliott Roosevelt , the fourth child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, whom she married in 1944. Her husband was a war hero and author and the couple lived in the White House for a spell (FDR died in 1945). Faye abruptly abandoned the Hollywood scene after her marriage and the couple instead became major figures in the New York social scene. Sometime after the war Elliott and Faye entered the Soviet Union as journalists where they interviewed Joseph Stalin for a national publication.", "Roosevelt was persuaded to create the office several months before the United States entered the war by prominent New York lawyer William J. Donovan and by American playwright Robert Sherwood, who served as Roosevelt's primary speechwriter on foreign affairs. British officials, including John Godfrey of the British Naval Intelligence Division and William Stephenson, head of British Security Coordination in New York, also encouraged Roosevelt to create the agency", "Roosevelt's third term was dominated by World War II. Roosevelt slowly began re-armament in 1938, although he was facing strong isolationist sentiment from leaders like Senators William Borah and Robert A. Taft. By 1940, re-armament was in high gear, with bipartisan support, partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" supporting Britain, France, China and (after June 1941), the Soviet Union. As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against the Axis Powers, American isolationists (including Charles Lindbergh and America First) vehemently attacked the President as an irresponsible warmonger. Roosevelt initiated FBI and Internal Revenue Service investigations of his loudest critics, though no legal actions resulted. Unfazed by these criticisms and confident in the wisdom of his foreign policy initiatives, FDR continued his twin policies of preparedness and aid to the Allied coalition. On December 29, 1940, he delivered his Arsenal of Democracy fireside chat, in which he made the case for involvement in the war directly to the American people. A week later he delivered his famous Four Freedoms speech laying out the case for an American defense of basic rights throughout the world.", "Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front and World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).", "1944 SeptPresident Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sign the Hyde Park aide-memoire, pledging to continue researching atomic technology.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ɛ l t / ROH-zə-velt or / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ə l t / ROH-zə-vəlt ; January 30, 1882 — April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "Once the war began in December 1941, she continued to aid individual refugees, work with organized groups and did not hesitate to criticize the State Department’s interpretation of the immigration laws, especially the obstructionist position of visa operations chief Breckinridge Long. She did have allies within the department, however, most notably Assistant Secretary of State Sumner Welles with whom she worked closely to secure additional entrance visas. Still, ER would have been the first to admit that she never achieved all she hoped for in the cause of refugee relief and resettlement.", "Seated at the Casablanca Conference; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill, January 1943", "FDR became the assistant secretary of the Navy in 1913. After the United States entered World War I , Roosevelt found an outlet for her tremendous energy, organizing Red Cross efforts and working in military canteens.", "On November 28, President Franklin Roosevelt attended the first day of a conference in Tehran, Iran, with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. It was the first meeting of the three leaders together.", "Biography - Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1945: One of the Greatest Presidents in American History (VOA Special English 2008-09-14 )", "World War II brought American isolationism to an end. The first steps moving the United States away from neutrality took the form of executive agreements (such as the destroyers-for-bases accord of 3 September 1940) permitting increased aid to England. But it was the crucially important Lend-Lease Act (11 March 1941) that, even prior to Pearl Harbor, introduced the United States into the front stage of world diplomacy and at the same time gave the latter an entirely new form. Franklin Roosevelt's bold initiatives, combined with the enormous growth of American economic power, yielded a new and unprecedented diplomatic form, that of foreign aid. While traditional diplomacy had been conducted between great and small powers, and Wilsonian diplomacy had established the principle of equality, diplomacy after lend-lease assumed a dual nature. On the one hand, relations between nations deemed to be equals continued to be conducted by ambassadors. On the other hand, there emerged a new form of relationship between two countries, whereby one became the aid donor and the other the aid recipient. Assistance, which could be economic, military, or technical, was administered by government officials who were not ambassadors and generally were dependent on them only nominally. Aid accords tended to evolve in the following manner: first, voting of a general law by Congress; second, voting of appropriations; third, aid accords concluded with the beneficiaries.", "In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who had held secret meetings off Newfoundland, issued the Atlantic Charter, a statement that renounced aggression.", "the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a humanitarian, social reformer, political activist, and writer.", "Nearly 20 years earlier, during World War II, Winston Churchill had dispatched Macmillan to North Africa as the Minister-Resident at American President Dwight (Ike) Eisenhower's Allied headquarters.", "The United States' involvement in World War II meant increased travel for Roosevelt. As a fact finder and a morale booster, she visited U.S. armed forces throughout the world. After the war Roosevelt supported the resettlement of European Jews in newly established Israel." ]	[ 6.85546875, 6.2578125, 4.90625, 2.30859375, 1.318359375, 0.2279052734375, 0.18798828125, 0.1363525390625, -0.7744140625, -0.94091796875, -1.3125, -1.9443359375, -2.091796875, -2.123046875, -2.232421875, -2.39453125, -2.478515625, -2.541015625, -2.806640625, -2.8203125, -2.953125, -3.158203125, -3.87109375, -4.203125, -4.63671875, -5.234375, -5.9140625, -5.96875, -6.1171875, -6.12109375, -6.32421875, -6.91796875 ]
The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led ot a 1989 ban on which substance?	[ "11. The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led to a 1989 ban on which substance?", "This isn’t the first time wide scale poaching threatened ivory-carrying species like the African elephant and the even-rarer rhino—the 1980s were marked by the bloody “Ivory Wars” that only came to an end in 1989 when the members of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) voted to ban the sale of ivory altogether. Ivory jewelry became taboo in much of the world, which reduced the demand and the killing. Elephant and rhino numbers were able to recover.", "At the time Tom Milliken, leader of the Elephant and Rhino Programme at wildlife monitoring organisation Traffic, said: \"Evidence is steadily mounting that shows that African elephants are facing their most serious crisis since international commercial trade in ivory was generally prohibited under Cites in 1989.\"", "Several measures have been put in place to try and halt the blood-bath. In 1989 CITES banned international trade in ivory to try and combat the massive scale of illegal trade, and immediately thereafter, there was a sharp drop in illegal killings (1990), especially in regions where the animals were protected. This gave Elephant populations some breathing-space to recover. However, in the countries where the management authorities are under-funded and thus ineffective, the massacre of the innocents continues.", "WWF's campaign to save the African elephant in 1989 plays an important part in the decision by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) to enact a ban on the ivory trade.", "The illegal demand for ivory is the biggest driver of elephant poaching. Despite a global CITES ban on international sales of ivory since 1990, tens of thousands of elephants are killed to meet a growing demand for ivory products in the Far East. Asia stands behind a steadily increasing trend in illegal ivory and there are still thriving domestic ivory markets in Africa. Limited resources combined with remote and inaccessible elephant habitats make it difficult for governments to monitor and protect elephant herds. The impacts of war and over-exploitation of natural resources often lead to increased poaching as elephants are also regarded as source of wild meat. 2011 saw the highest volume of illegal ivory seized since global records began in 1989.", "Statements about the bans placed on marketing, ownership, shipping, etc. of ivory are confusing. For example, the BBC ... (1999) notes that \"Between 1988 and 1997 there was a worldwide ban on the ivory trade to try to protect an elephant population which had suffered drastically at the hands of poachers.\", whereas I have been told by a person who keeps close track of this subject \"There was and still is no law forbidding the purchase, ownership, shipping, sale, carving, and repair of ivory made before 1989 and done within a country. Plus CITES allows for international shipping of processed ivory made before 1989 with an exemption certificate.\" (Robert Weisblut, personal communication, 2006). In any case, existing restrictions are different for different animals. And, some harvesting of ivory is considered illegal, yet poachers continue to kill elephants illegally for their ivory. As recently as mid-May, 2006, \"Hong Kong customs officials ... seized an illegal trove of 600 ivory tusks from endangered African elephants, the largest such seizure there since the 1989 ban on the international trade in ivory.\"(U.S.News..., 2006) How these tusks were shipped, however, was not noted; in the past, \"Customs officials have found ... [them] in crates marked BEESWAX, BONE MATERIAL, MARBLE or even JEWELRY.\"(Prothero & Schoch, 2002, p.193). One wonders if DNA tests were made on any of these illegally harvested and shipped tusks to determine the region/country from which they probably came (see Scigliano, 2005). See also Barta (2007). .", "Humans are the elephant's major predator. Elephants have been hunted for meat, skin, bones, and tusks. Elephant trophy hunting increased in the 19th and 20th centuries, when tourism and plantations increasingly attracted sport hunters. In 1989, hunting of the African Bush Elephant for ivory trading was forbidden, after the elephant population fell from several million at the beginning of the 20th century to fewer than 700,000. Trophy hunting continues today. The population of African Bush Elephants was halved during the 1980s. Scientists then estimated that, if no protective measures were taken, the wild elephant would be extinct by 1995. The protection that the elephant now receives has been partially successful, but despite increasingly severe penalties imposed by governments against illegal hunting, poaching is still common. CITES still considers this species as threatened with extinction.", "Ultimately, it is impossible to predict how things will play out should the rhino owners win their suit, but what little evidence does exist is not reassuring. In 2008, CITES allowed several African countries to conduct a one-time sale of over 100 tons of ivory – another wildlife product banned from international trade – to China and Japan. Anecdotal evidence, recently supported by a working paper published by economists in the US, indicated that the sale exacerbated the killing of elephants, likely because it stimulated demand and provided an easy means for laundering. Immediately after the sale was announced, poaching increased by 66 per cent and smuggling by 71 per cent, according to the analysis. While the ivory findings are not directly applicable to rhino horn, the paper’s lead author, Solomon Hsiang, chancellor’s associate professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkeley, thinks there are some potential takeaways, including that meeting demand for rhino horn without stimulating poaching could be even more challenging than ivory. Unlike ivory, rhino horn is often consumed, so more is needed on a rolling basis. “Once these large stashes of rhino horn are gone, you’d have to be ready to do mass production – which I don’t think we are ready for – or else other suppliers are going to come in and poach,” Hsiang says. Such uncertainties do not sit well with many conservationists. As Allan says, “We can’t experiment with rhinos, because there are too few of them left.”", "It is the belief of some that by CITES issuing these sales of horn or ivory, it fans the flames and results in a poaching spike, sending elephant and rhino populations into a tailspin. Afterall how can we allow LEGAL one-off sales of a product AND simultaneously strive at reducing demand for the same product? Confusing to say the least.", "Dr. Stiles’s premise that Hong Kong and Japan were stockpiling ivory in the 1980s because a “ban was on the way” is a rewriting of history. CITES started the ivory quota system in 1985 because illegal killing of elephants was unsustainable, true. But even in 1987 none of the relevant institutional bodies was considering a closure of the trade. In late 1988, when Cynthia Moss and I began a public awareness campaign with the African Wildlife Foundation, we had to argue against a leading conservation organization whose opinion was still that the ivory trade was “good” for elephants.", "The ivory trade is blamed for a dramatic drop in the elephant population from 1979 to 1989, says Animal-Rights-Action. Thousands of elephants are still killed each year in Africa for their tusks, according to The Atlantic.", "People in Asia have been using rhino horn for centuries and unfortunately the only way to supply the demand for horn was by killing rhinos. Such unregulated trade was banned by CITES in 1977. 36 years later, despite international ban on trade in horn some rhino subspecies gone extinct. Tragic!", " Until they acquired firearms, humans made relatively little impact on animal numbers or—with some exceptions—their range. From the last half of the 19th century, however, and particularly since 1940, direct or indirect human wastage of Africa's animal life ( endangered species ) has been intense and has reduced stocks considerably. The antelope known as the Zambian black lechwe, for example, believed to have numbered 1,000,000 in 1900, had been reduced to less than 8,000 by the late 20th century, and the population of African elephants declined from 2,000,000 in the early 1970s to some 600,000 by 1990, largely because of poaching for the ivory trade. The African white rhinoceros reached the verge of extinction in 1980.", "Tom Milliken, who manages ETIS, was recently quoted as saying , “Just looking at large-scale ivory seizures, 2013 represents the highest quantity of ivory seized in 25 years of data going back to 1989.” More than 51 metric tons (57 U.S. tons) of ivory were seized in 2013! This is empirical evidence that the CITES ivory ban and stockpile destruction are bad policy.", "In 1989 the Thai government banned all logging in protected areas, effectively closing all remaining natural forests. While undoubtedly a very wise choice, one unfortunate side effect was that it threw many logging elephants out of work. Luckily, that loss coincided with a rapid rise in tourism, which was able to employ many elephants. Today, probably more than half of Thai elephants work in tourism.", "o More restrictions followed in February 2009 when suddenly national legal trade in rhino horn was banned without any explanations.", "The period 1990-92 was critical for planning for future predictable occurrences. One: As the stockpiles dwindled, East Asian ivory factories would eventually begin looking for new raw ivory. Two: By 1990, the economic reforms made by China’s “paramount leader” Deng Xiaoping were well apparent. China would become an important part of the ivory demand equation. Three: With the trade ban in place, the ivory could only be obtained from poaching.", "The black market for these animals is a \"big business,\" according to Leape. Slaughtering protected animals such as elephants or rhinos in order to sell their tusks and horns on the international black market \"is now one of the largest organized crime businesses in the world,\" he said.", "Although international trade in rhino horn has been banned under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1977, demand remains high and fuels rhino poaching in both Africa and Asia. Criminal syndicates link the killing fields in countries like South Africa through a whole series of transit points and smuggling channels on to the final destination in Asia. The main market is now in Vietnam where there is a newly emerged belief that rhino horn cures cancer. Rhino horn is also used in other traditional Asian medicine to treat a variety of ailments including fever and various blood disorders. It is also used in some Asian cultures as a cure for hangovers.", "The rhino is still poached (illegal) for its horn, which is fashioned into a dagger hilt, or ground into powder and consumed for various pseudo-medical properties. There are, as of 2010, about 2,500 of them, across the subspecies, left in the wild, in Kenya, Tanzania, and around the southeastern coast nations of Africa, north to Angola. Poaching aside, South Africa has elected to sell some of the animals to professional hunts at very high prices. In 1996, a man named John Hume bought three of them for $200,000, then sold the hunting rights to two of them to two other men. They requested anonymity because of death threats, but they paid $150,000 each to hunt the animals. Hume hunted the third himself. He was one of the very first to pay money to a conservation society for the privilege of hunting a black rhino.", "Rising illicit demand for rhino horn has pushed poaching of African rhinos to crisis levels. A new solution must be urgently found, please help Africa Cries to spread the word by watching and sharing our short films.", "The cartel, which has the efficiency of an army, is also said to be responsible, in the last couple of years, for the demise of thousands of rhinos – the species hunted for its precious horns used for medicinal and other purposes, especially in China.", "Recently a research organization in Switzerland called the Small Arms Survey reported on weapon trends in relation to elephant and rhino poaching. Here are the highlights from that report (via Rachael Bale @ National Geographic ):", "She continued, “Powerful commercial interests in South Africa are seeking to cash in on their stockpiled horn at the expense of the conservation and survival of South Africa’s rhinos. Legalising rhino horn trade will reward the criminal kingpins behind the poaching, pushing rhinos inside and outside of South Africa ever closer to extinction.”", "In the 1970s and 1980s, poaching had pushed rhinos to the brink of extinction in Africa. Great conservation work is credited with the survival of the rhino into this century, with White and Black rhino population restricted to South Africa and Kenya.", "*Four species are considered critically endangered: the Javan rhino, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the black rhino and African wild ass.", "South Africa has a stash of more than 30 tons of horn, some of it intercepted from the black market, according to the Private Rhino Owners Association (PROA), a non-governmental group in South Africa (a 2014 study by South Africa’s Department of Environmental Affairs put the country’s total figure at 3.6 tons, however). Trade proponents argue that legalising rhino horn would satiate demand and collapse black markets while simultaneously providing much-needed funds for anti-poaching efforts and rhino conservation. Private breeders say they could collectively produce around 10 tons per year. But conservationists point to a hole in this logic: there’s no proof that poachers will stop killing rhinos. Many owners agree that legalisation won’t provide all of the answers. Strict law enforcement is also important, they say. “None of us bought rhino because we wanted to get into the rhino horn trade; we bought rhino because we’re rhino conservationists,” says Pelham Jones, chairman of PROA. “But if we can take pressure away from wild populations by selling off stockpiles, that will give us key years to secure populations and start to achieve some degree of market control.”", "When logging was made illegal in Thailand many elephants and their mahouts were left without their profession and primary source of income. As a result of this two things happened:", "\"The program came to an abrupt end in November 1988, perhaps mercifully in that it removed a constant source of embarrassment. Insurgent Somali poachers shot all the remaining white rhino in an act of defiance, an unfortunate end for the rhino but no doubt a welcome relief for concerned conservationists. Project 0195 is not a project that WWF should look back on with any pride.\"", "\"The program came to an abrupt end in November 1988, perhaps mercifully in that it removed a constant source of embarrassment. Insurgent Somali poachers shot all the remaining white rhino in an act of defiance, an unfortunate end for the rhino but no doubt a welcome relief for concerned conservationists. Project 0195 is not a project that WWF should look back on with any pride.\"", "Nine people were arrested for rhino poaching in Limpopo and the North West during the weekend. Three of them were arrested on the Klaserie game reserve in Hoedshpruit, Limpopo. They had in their possession a high calibre hunting rifle, a silencer, a 9mm pistol, live ammunition, an axe and four cell phones. In other words, these people were well armed for poaching." ]	[ 10.46875, 3.283203125, 2.548828125, 1.0078125, 0.5458984375, 0.4140625, 0.2264404296875, -0.1341552734375, -0.80126953125, -0.8193359375, -1.0732421875, -1.138671875, -1.9697265625, -2.689453125, -2.865234375, -3.224609375, -3.244140625, -4.484375, -4.59765625, -4.62109375, -5.04296875, -5.4375, -5.53125, -5.62109375, -5.7578125, -5.82421875, -6.80859375, -6.953125, -7.2421875, -7.72265625, -7.72265625, -8.4765625 ]
Sarah Ferguson became Duchess of where?	[ "Britain’s Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson in Westminster Abbey, London, and they became the Duke and Duchess of York", "LONDON – LONDON (AP) — Sarah Ferguson was once considered a lively spark, just the thing to brighten up Britain's staid royal family when she married Prince Andrew and became Duchess of York.", "After a distinguished, naval career, where he saw active duty during the Falklands War, the Duke married Sarah Ferguson (Born 15th of October 1959) the second born child of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Wright, at Westminster Abbey on the 23rd of July 1986, where she was bestowed with the title of Duchess of York.", "tew1965 Sarah Ferguson watches polo at Windsor with Princess Diana, in 1985, the year before she married into the British Royal Family and became the Duchess of York", "Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British writer, charity patron, public speaker, film producer and television personality. Sarah is often referred to by the nickname \"Fergie\". She is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is the younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright). Sarah has two daughters, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York. They are respectively seventh and eighth in line to succeed their grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of 16 independent Commonwealth realms.", "Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson, the Duke and Duchess of York, are pictured in 1987, five years before the couple separated", "KING: Sarah Ferguson, the Duchess of York, is author of \"Win the Weight Game: Successful Strategies for Living Well,\" published by Simon & Schuster.", "Sarah, Duchess of York is the daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Mary Wright. She was born on the 15th October 1959 in London.", "On 17 March 1986, Prince Andrew, (the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and fourth in line to the throne) and Sarah Ferguson announced their engagement, having met at a party at Windsor Castle the previous year.", "It said: \"It is with the greatest pleasure that the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh announce the betrothal of their beloved son, Prince Andrew, to Miss Sarah Ferguson, daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Mrs. Hector Barrantes.\"", "# 23 July 1986: Prince Andrew, Duke of York, second son of Queen Elizabeth II, was married to Miss Sarah Ferguson", "Born on October 15, 1959 in London, England, Sarah Ferguson married Britain’s Prince Andrew in 1986. The couple divorced ten years later amidst much media tumult. Ferguson has since written children’s books, served as a Weight Watchers representative and done film production work. She has continued to be the object of media scrutiny, having been taped allegedly selling access to her ex-husband.", "Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b 19 Feb 1960, m (1, 1986, diss 1996) Sarah Ferguson, b 15 October 1959)", "On 17 March 1986, Prince Andrew (fourth in line to the throne at the time) and Sarah Ferguson announced their engagement. Prince Andrew had known Ferguson since childhood, and they had met occasionally at polo matches, and became re-acquainted with each other at Royal Ascot in 1985. Prince Andrew designed the engagement ring himself. It consists of ten diamonds surrounding a Burmese ruby. He chose the Burmese ruby to complement Sarah's fiery red hair. ", "\| The Prince AndrewHouse of Windsor1986–present also: Earl of Inverness, Baron Killyleagh (1986) \|\| \|\| 19 February 1960Buckingham Palaceson of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\|\| Sarah Ferguson23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996 (divorce)2 children \|\| Incumbent", "Photo: The newlyweds, Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson, wave to crowds on July 23, 1986, from the balcony of Buckingham Palace in London, while Queen Elizabeth II and the Queen Mother look on.", "Prince Andrew, Duke of York, was born on 19 February 1960 and is the second son and third child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is fifth in line to the throne and holds the rank of commander and rear admiral in the Royal Navy. He served as a helicopter pilot and saw active service during the Falklands War, flying on multiple missions. In 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson but the couple divorced in 1996.", "Buckingham Palace's announcement said that Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II and fourth in line to the British throne, is engaged to Sarah Ferguson, daughter of Prince Charles' polo manager, retired army Maj. Ronald Ferguson. Both the prince and his fiancee are 26.", "In 2009, Sarah participated in a much-criticized ITV \"experiment\" in which she joined families in a council estate to advise them on proper living. She stayed for ten days in Northern Moor, a suburb area in Wythenshawe, Manchester, England, and the result was The Duchess on the Estate, transmitted on ITV1 on 18 August 2009. A previous, similar television venture, The Duchess in Hull, in which Sarah advised lower-income families on diet and behaviour received similar criticism. ", "Prince Andrew is the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. Andrew and \"Fergie's\" wedding provided a great follow-up to Charles and Diana's wedding five years before. Andrew and Fergie were a fun-loving couple. Andrew had acquitted himself admirably during the Falklands War of 1982 as an officer of The Royal Navy. After his stint in the Falklands War, \"Randy-Andy\" caused Palace jaws to drop at a dalliance with soft-core porn star, Koo Stark. It was after this affair that the Palace announced that he was engaged to Lady Sarah Ferguson, and they subsequently married. Fergie was a breath of fresh air for the Royal Family (which was NOT welcomed by The Queen). She even influenced her comparatively shy sister-in-law, Diana, to come out of her shell, as evidenced by a day at Royal Ascot where they walked behind certain gentlemen prodding them in their bottoms with their parasols. The Duke and Duchess of York had two daughters, but by 1992 they announced that they were divorcing (the same year The Prince and Princess of Wales did the same). Whereas, Charles and Diana had a very acrimonious divorce, Andrew and Fergie have stayed very close and enjoy raising their two daughters together.", "19 March – Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson; they will be married later this year.", "Prince Andrew's ex-wife, Sarah \"Fergie\" Ferguson, is mother to his two daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. After their divorce in 1996, Sarah wrote an autobipgraphy about her time in the royal family and became a spokeswoman for Weight Watchers. She also struggled with alcohol addiction and came under fire in 2010 for offering access to Prince Andrew to an undercover reporter for $500,000.", "The Duchess of Cornwall's first solo engagement was a visit to Southampton General Hospital ; [9] she attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 2005, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. She conducted the naming ceremony for HMS Astute on 8 June 2007, and, on 10 December, she did the same for the new Cunard cruise ship , MS Queen Victoria ; [9] it was stated that the Queen was surprised by Cunard's invitation. [9] In June 2011, the Duchess alone represented the British royal family at the 125th Wimbledon Tennis Championships in Wimbledon . [9] The Duchess attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time in May 2013 [9] and the same month she travelled to Paris on her first solo trip outside the UK. [11]", " The 2006 title of R&B/Hip Hop singer Stacy \"Fergie\" Ferguson's debut album, The Dutchess (dutchess is a variant spelling of duchess dating to the 17th century ) was a reference to the fact that the two are associated with the same surname. According to various media outlets, the Duchess of York called Fergie after the release of her album and remarked: \"Fergie, it's Fergie... Now that you've done this, you have to sing at a concert for my foundation, 'Children in Crisis'.\" Fergie agreed and committed to charity concerts in London and New York City.", "Sarah Ferguson is not on good graces with most of the royal family, so she was not invited to the royal wedding. But, her daughters and ex were there to see William and Kate tie the knot.", "Queen Elizabeth's second-born, Prince Andrew, married Sarah Ferguson on July 23, 1986. They divorced officially on May 23, 1996.", "Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or ‘Lilbet’ to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the Second World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Day to celebrate the end of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television license numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 between the Queen’s grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high profile of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an important year for the royal family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th year as Queen.", "Sarah Churchill , daughter of Winston and Clementine, was a British actress and dancer. She was named after Winston’s ancestor, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. During World War II, she joined the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force. Churchill is known for her role in the film Royal Wedding (1951) as Anne Ashmond, starring opposite Fred Astaire.", "Fergie Soundtrack, The Great Gatsby Stacy Ann Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California, to Theresa Ann (Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson, both schoolteachers. Her ancestry includes Scottish, English, Irish, German, Swedish, and Luxembourgian. When she was a teenager, her parents divorced, which was a big challenge for a girl who wanted to be a star...", "Media captionAuthor Philippa Gregory told BBC Breakfast actress Rebecca Ferguson had a \"quite uncanny physical resemblance\" to Edward IV's queen", "Susan Holloway Scott, Duchess: A Novel of Sarah Churchill (2006), about an ancestress of Winston Churchill at the Restoration court of Charles II.", "During the current Queen's reign, two members of the Royal Family - Prince Michael of Kent and the Earl of St Andrews - renounced heir rights of succession after marrying Roman Catholics. Last year, it was announced that Autumn Kelly had renounced her Catholic faith before she was able to marry Mr Phillips." ]	[ 6.71484375, 6.16796875, 6.09375, 4.28515625, 3.3984375, 2.982421875, 2.76171875, 2.041015625, 1.9765625, 1.798828125, 0.6572265625, 0.437744140625, 0.38720703125, 0.37451171875, 0.329345703125, 0.120361328125, -0.2327880859375, -0.437744140625, -0.55859375, -0.77880859375, -1.0166015625, -1.232421875, -1.5126953125, -2.27734375, -2.58984375, -2.595703125, -3.294921875, -5.44921875, -5.82421875, -6.05859375, -6.4453125, -7.0703125 ]
Tiananmen Square was a scene of conflict in which country?	[ "Tiananmen Square is a large city square in the center of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen Gate located to its North, separating it from the Forbidden City. Tiananmen Square is the third largest city square in the world. It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history. Outside China, the square is best known in recent memory as the focal point of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, a pro-democracy movement which ended on 4 June 1989 with the declaration of martial law in Beijing by the government and the death of several hundred or possibly thousands of civilians.", "Tiananmen Square is a large city square in the centre of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen (\"Gate of Heavenly Peace\") located to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the Monument to the People's Heroes, the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum of China, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in the square on October 1, 1949; the anniversary of this event is still observed there. Tiananmen Square is within the top ten largest city squares in the world (440,500 m2 – 880×500 m or 109 acres – 960×550 yd). It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history.", "The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, June 4th Incident, or the Political Turmoil between Spring and Summer of 1989 by the government of the People's Republic of China , were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15 , 1989 and June 4 , 1989 . The demonstrations centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing , but large scale protests also occurred in cities throughout China , such as in Shanghai .", "The Tiananmen () is a famous monument in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is widely used as a national symbol. First built during the Ming dynasty in 1420, Tiananmen is often referred to as the front entrance to the Forbidden City. However, the Meridian Gate () is the first entrance to the Forbidden City proper, while Tiananmen was the entrance to the Imperial City, within which the Forbidden City was located. Tiananmen is located to the north of Tiananmen Square, separated from the plaza by Chang'an Avenue.", "* The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 occurred in the People's Republic of China in 1989, in which pro-democracy protesters demanded political reform. The protests were crushed by the People's Liberation Army.", "you through the grand and enveloping south gate of the palace (WuMen), the ‘front door’. The two red signs on Tian’AnMen Gate say: ‘Long live the People’s Republic of China’ and ‘Long live the great union of the peoples of the world’. TianAnMen Square is 880 metres from north to south and 500 metres from east to west, with a total area of 440,000 square meters (44 Hectares). It is the largest open square in the world - considerably larger than Red Square in Moscow. TianAnMen Square has great cultural significance", "1989 - The government of China sends troops to force protesters out of Tiananmen Square after seven weeks of occupation.", "People attend a vigil in memory of the victims of the Tiananmen Square massacre, in Macau, China, June 4, 2015, marking the 26th anniversary of the government crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrations. (Photo: Carmo Correia/EPA/Newscom)", "The National Museum of China flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The museum's mission is to educate about the arts and history of China. It is directed by the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China.", "In the wake of the Tiananmen Square massacre, China sought to avoid sharp political conflict with the West, as by supporting the United Nations coalition in the Persian Gulf War, but tensions continued over such issues as Taiwan. In 1995, in reaction to a U.S. visit by Taiwan's president, Lee Teng-hui, Beijing conducted missile tests in the Taiwan Strait, and in early 1996 China conducted military exercises and missile tests close to the shores of Taiwan, in an attempt to inhibit those voting in the Taiwanese presidential election. Although it released some dissidents, the regime continued to clamp down on dissent; examples of its hard line were the long sentences given out to human-rights activist Wei Jingsheng in 1995 and political activists Xu Wenli and Qin Yongmin in 1998. In July, 1999, the Chinese government outlawed the Falun Gong (Buddhist Law) spiritual movement after a group of several thousand rallied to urge the sect's official recognition. Official corruption, economic, social, and ethnic inequality, and oppressive rural taxes sparked an increasing number of public protests beginning in the late 1990s.", "On June 4, 1989, Chinese troops opened fire on demonstrators gathered in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Seven years later, when City Squares contributor Evan Osnos went to China for the first time as a student, he headed straight to Tiananmen Square. \"In some ways, for me, it was almost inescapable — that was the only place I could go first,\" Osnos says. \"I had to go to Tiananmen Square if I wanted to understand what China was and where it was trying to go.\"", "Twenty-three years ago today, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) violently cleared Beijing's Tiananmen Square of protesters, ending a six-week demonstration that had called for democracy and widespread political reform. The protests began in April of 1989, gaining support as initial government reactions included concessions. Martial law was declared on May 20, troops were mobilized, and from the night of June 3 through the early morning of June 4, the PLA pushed into Tiananmen Square, crushing some protesters and firing on many others. The exact number killed may never be known, but estimates range from several hundred to several thousand. Today, China's censors are blocking Internet access to the terms \"six four,\" \"23,\" \"candle,\" and \"never forget,\" broadening extensive efforts to silence talk about the 23rd anniversary of China's bloody June 4 crackdown. Here is that story, in images and words, Please share it widely.", "However there is no historical or factual substance to the claims that the Tiananmen Square massacre was the result of a confrontation between a communist government and a pro-capitalist movement. They can only be made by ignoring both the true nature of the Stalinist regime that ruled China and the complex character and demands of the movement that developed in China through the month of May 1989.", "Perhaps the most notable events are protests during the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the proclamation of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949, the Tiananmen Square protests in 1976 after the death of Zhou Enlai, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, which resulted in military suppression and the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian protestors. One of the most famous images that appears during these protests was when a man stood in front of a line of moving tanks and refused to move, which was captured on Chang'an Avenue near the square.", "large public square in Beijing, China, on the southern edge of the Inner or Tatar City. The square, named for its Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tiananmen), contains the monument to the heroes of the revolution, the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum of", "Gorbachev's visit to the People's Republic of China on May 15 during the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 brought many foreign news agencies to Beijing , and their sympathetic portrayals of the protesters helped galvanize a spirit of liberation among the Eastern Europeans who were watching. The Chinese leadership, particularly Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang , having begun earlier than the Soviets to radically reform the economy, was open to political reform, but not at the cost of a potential return to the disorder of the Cultural Revolution .", "Outside China, the square is best known for the Tiananmen Square Massacre, an armed suppression of a pro-democracy movement in June 1989. ", "Like many other media organizations, Xinhua struggled to find the \"right line\" to use in covering the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Although more cautious than People's Daily in its treatment of sensitive topics during that period – such as how to commemorate reformist Communist Party leader Hu Yaobang's April 1989 death, the then ongoing demonstrations in Beijing and elsewhere, and basic questions of press freedom and individual rights – Xinhua gave some favorable coverage to demonstrators and intellectuals who were questioning top party leaders. Even so, many Xinhua reporters were angry with top editors for not going far enough and for suppressing stories about the Tiananmen Square crackdown. For several days after the violence on June 4, almost no one at Xinhua did any work, and journalists demonstrated inside the Agency's Beijing compound. Government control of the media increased after the protests – top editors at the agency's bureaus in Hong Kong and Macau were replaced with appointees who were \"loyal to China\" rather than those with ties to either Hong Kong or Macau. ", "The vast public square at the center of Beijing, capital of China. In 1989, as many as a million protesters, led by students, demonstrated in favor of democracy, prompting a lethal crackdown by the Communist government on June 4. Number of deaths still unknown, but totaling at least in the hundreds. The crackdown is a central event in modern Chinese history. See CHINA; TAIPENG REBELLION; TIBET; UIGHUR.", "As the People's Republic of China formed in 1949, the Beijing government affirmed that the treaty declaring Portugal rule of Macau was an \"unequal treaty.\" Not ready to settle the matter at hand, the issue laid dormant until riots broke out in Macau in 1966.", "Chinese people gather around a replica of the Statue of Liberty on Tiananmen Square to demand democracy despite martial law in Beijing on June 2, 1989. ", "Since Tiananmen, the iconic \"tank man\" image has become a worldwide symbol for civil disobedience. What happened to the \"Tank Man\" following the demonstration is not known. Some say he was pulled away and went into hiding, others say he was executed by the authorities. Time Magazine dubbed him The Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. In an interview with U.S. media, then Chinese President Jiang Zemin said he did not think the man was killed. ", "With a total area of 440,000 square meters, Tiananmen Square is the largest square in the center of Beijing. For over a hundred years, many ceremony and demonstrations have been held here. The grandeur of Tiananmen Gate (Heavenly Peace Gate) is a national symbol, with the Great Hall of the People on the western side and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History to its east and west. The Monument to the People’s Heroes – the 36 meters obelisk, made of Qingdao granite, dominates the center of the square. The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and the Qianmen gate, sit in the south.", "Main articles: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989", "In 1989 the death of former general secretary Hu Yaobang helped to spark the Tiananmen Square protests of that year, during which students and others campaigned for several months, speaking out against corruption and in favour of greater political reform, including democratic rights and freedom of speech. However, they were eventually put down on 4 June when PLA troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square, with many fatalities. This event was widely reported, and brought worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the government. A filmed incident involving the \"tank man\" was seen worldwide.", "The rebellion is featured on the Tiananmen Square 's Monument to the People's Heroes and many other public places in Beijing and Nanjing .", "Later that same month, on January 17, 1987, another Pacific Command intelligence summary reported the resignation of Hu Yaobang, from his post as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. An advocate of both economic and political reforms, the summary notes that Huï¿½s resignation \"is probably the result of the recent student demonstrations.\" After his death in April 1989 students gathered in Tiananmen Square to mourn the loss of a respected leader. What began as a profound expression of sorrow, however, would soon develop into the massive pro-democracy demonstration that occupied Tiananmen Square in the period preceding the crackdown of June 3-4, 1989.", "1989 - Tiananmen Square protests sparked by mass mourning over the death of former CPC General Secretary Hu Yaobang begin", "A man stopping a column of tanks in Tiananmen Square, 5 June 1989. Photograph: Stuart Franklin/Magnum Photos", "This extraordinary document provides the detailed account of a source who witnessed firsthand the violence at Tiananmen Square on the night of June 3-4. The source indicated that the students had believed that the soldiers would be firing rubber bullets and that \"he had a sickening feeling when he noticed the bullets striking sparks off the pavement near his feet.\" His and other eyewitness descriptions represent an effort by diplomatic reporters to gather evidence about the crackdown and get the story straight. Most impressive in the account is the sourceï¿½s graphic description of a PLA tank crushing 11 students under its wheels on the morning of June 4. Comments at the end of the document indicate that the sourceï¿½s version dovetails with the comments of other sources, concluding that, \"We find his account of that episode credible. His accounts of other incidents are worth recording as other evidence becomes available.\"", "Pro-democracy demonstration in Tiananmen Square; seven week occupation ended in violence with the army clearing the square (June 4)", "As the crowds continued to gather in Tiananmen Square in the days following the death of Hu Yaobang, hard-liners in the party leadership prepared to move against both the students and the more conciliatory leaders within the party itself. 4 Document 8 , a State Department intelligence summary submitted to the Secretary on the morning of June 2, notes that hard-liners \"remain unable to resolve the leadership crisis or to remove students from Tiananmen Square.\" The next dayï¿½s morning intelligence summary ( Document 9 ) reports on the first use of force on both sides--with the police firing tear gas on crowds gathered near Tiananmen and the crowds retaliating by stoning the police." ]	[ 5.01171875, 4.62890625, 4.5546875, 3.2890625, 3.16015625, 2.96484375, 2.8828125, 2.83984375, 2.814453125, 2.619140625, 2.17578125, 2.0625, 2, 1.7275390625, 1.6611328125, 1.421875, 0.7353515625, -0.26123046875, -0.82666015625, -3.578125, -4.375, -4.41796875, -4.453125, -5.109375, -5.8125, -5.94140625, -6.015625, -6.2734375, -6.45703125, -6.55078125, -6.63671875, -7.078125 ]
Which hospital was Princess Diana taken to after her tragic car accident?	[ "The tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales occurred on Sunday, 31 August 1997 following a car accident in Paris, France. The vehicle in which the Princess was travelling was involved in a high-speed accident in the Place de l'Alma underpass in central Paris shortly before midnight on Saturday, 30 August. The Princess was taken to the La Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, where she underwent two hours of emergency surgery before being declared dead at 0300 BST. The Princess's companion, Mr Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the vehicle died in the accident, whilst a bodyguard was seriously injured.", "Diana, Princess of Wales, died at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris on 31 August 1997, after a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel.", "PARIS (CNN) -- Britain's Princess Diana died early Sunday at a Paris hospital after suffering massive internal injuries in a high-speed car crash. She was 36. Her companion, Harrod's heir Dodi Fayed , and their chauffeur died at the crash scene.", "Diana's coffin, draped with the royal standard with an ermine border, was brought to London from the Salpêtrière Hospital, via Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base, Paris, by Diana's ex-husband Charles, Prince of Wales and her two sisters on 31 August 1997. After being taken to a private mortuary it was put at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace.", "Just after midnight on August 31, 1997, in Paris, a car carrying Diana, Princess of Wales, went out of control in a Paris tunnel and crashed. She died in a hospital soon after. The world reacted. In his emotionally charged eulogy, Diana’s brother, the 9th Earl Spencer referred to the irony of the situation: she who was named after the goddess of the chase ended up being killed in a chase.", "August 31, 1997 - Britain's Princess Diana died at age 36 from massive internal injuries suffered in a high-speed car crash, reportedly after being pursued by photographers. The crash occurred shortly after midnight in Paris inside a tunnel along the Seine River at the Pont de l'Alma bridge, less than a half mile north of the Eiffel Tower. Also killed in the crash were Diana's companion, Dodi Fayed, 42, and chauffeur Henri Paul. A fourth person in the car, bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, was seriously injured.", "Their first meeting was by chance, and for the most famous woman in the world, his reaction was unusually abrupt. On September 1, 1995, Hasnat Khan, the attending surgeon, had come to a waiting room at the Royal Brompton Hospital to tell Oonagh Toffolo, an acupuncturist and self-described healer, that he had to rush her husband, Joseph, back to the operating room. Hasnat had assisted at her husband’s triple-bypass surgery the day before, but there had been a complication and the patient was hemorrhaging. As Hasnat relayed the news, Toffolo introduced him to the visitor who had arrived that morning: Princess Diana. Hasnat nodded perfunctorily and then left the waiting room to go about his business. “It is doubtful if in her entire adult life Diana, the Princess of Wales, had ever made less of an impression on someone!,” Toffolo wrote in the Mirror after Diana’s death. Diana waited two beats, to make sure Khan was gone, and then turned to her friend: “Oonagh, isn’t he drop-dead gorgeous?” Diana wasn’t missing a detail: “And his name is Hasnat Khan,” she went on. “It’s written on his shoes.”", "The world was stunned when Britain's Princess Diana tragically died after suffering massive internal injuries in a high-speed car crash in Paris on Aug. 31, 1997. The Princess of Wales, 36, was fleeing the paparazzi when her chauffeur crashed into a concrete pillar head-on in the Place D'Alma underpass — the driver and her boyfriend, Harrods heir Dodi Fayed, also died at the crash scene.", "1996 Diana, Princess of Wales personally attended a five-hour heart transplant operation on a young boy at Harefield Hospital in Middlesex. raveydavey", "Over the years, Diana immersed herself in numerous charitable causes. She became involved in such social issues such as homelessness and drug abuse, visited leprosariums in Nigeria and Indonesia, shook hands with patients at an AIDS ward in a Middlesex Hospital, and once visited victims of an IRA (Irish Republican Army) bombing in Northern Ireland. In 1990, People noted, Diana was the patron of 44 charities, making more than 180 visits on their behalf the previous year. \"I don't just want to be a name on a letterhead,\" the princess was quoted as saying in the Saturday Evening Post.", "No facts have been revealed as to who was on ambulance, or what treatment was rendered to Diana, and who made the decisions to take one hour to bring her to a hospital 6 kilometers from the accident site. It moreover is unlikely that the ambulance even carried sufficient amounts of blood she needed.", "Death of a princess In August 1997 Princess Diana, married to Prince Charles of Wales, died in a car accident in France. This was particularly devastating as she was survived by her two young sons Prince Harry and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Although Princess Diana died 16 years ago, there is still speculation as to what was the actual cause of her death. The official story states that the princessâ€™s car accident was caused by her driver Henri Paul losing control of the car due to a mixture of substances found in his system, including alcohol and anti-depressants.", "Paris, France (Emergencynet) -- According to at least two international news services and a spokesman from Newsweek magazine, Princess Diana, Princess of Wales, age 36, has succumbed to injuries she received in a automobile accident that occurred at approximately midnight (Paris time).", "On 31 August 1997, Diana was fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, which also caused the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul , acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris . Millions of people watched her funeral. [58]", "Princess Diana's tragic death in a car crash in Paris (Dodi was also killed, as was the driver, an employee of Mr Fayed) and the presence of paparazzis at the crash scene raised concerns about privacy laws and press freedom in Britain. During her funeral service in Westminster Abbey, Earl Spencer, her brother stated that Princess Diana talked to him endlessly of getting away from England, mainly because of the treatment that she received at the hands of the newspapers.", "Princess Diana dies in a car crash in Paris. Caught off guard by the eruption of grief, the queen draws criticism for making no public expression of mourning until eventually, under pressure from Prime Minister Tony Blair’s office, she goes on live television to “pay tribute to Diana myself.”", "Princess Diana initially survived the Aug. 31, 1997, limousine crash, but later died from her injuries. Egyptian film producer Dodi Al-Fayed and the driver were also killed. A bodyguard was seriously injured.", "One year later, Diana died in a car crash in Paris. Prince Charles flew to Paris and brought home her body.", "On Sept. 5, 1997, Queen Elizabeth paid tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales, as an \"exceptional and gifted human being,\" during a TV appearance. Princess Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on Aug. 31, 1997.", "Princess Diana Funeral The British Broadcasting Corporation provided live coverage of the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in an automobile accident in Paris one… read more", "Who: Lady Diana Spencer , 31 August 1997 (after being mortally wounded in a car accident)", " East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, where Diana, Princess of Wales had a fatal car-crash", "Diana, Princess of Wales was killed in a car accident while being chased by paparazzi in Paris in 1997. The Prince of Wales was praised by some for his handling of the events and their aftermath, in particular his over-ruling of palace protocol experts (and indeed the Queen) who argued that as Diana, Princess of Wales was no longer a member of the Royal Family, the responsibility for her funeral arrangements belonged to her blood relatives, the Spencers. The Prince of Wales, against advice, flew to Paris to accompany his ex-wife's body home and insisted that she be given a formal royal funeral; a new category of formal funeral was specially created for her.", "Princess Diana died in an accident in 1997. Amid the mourning, the Queen faced a critical dilemma.", "Peter Jennings covers the events surrounding the automobile accident, death and burial services for the Princess Diana of Wales with the commentary from royal biographers Sarah Bradford and Andrew Morton. Includes eulogies at the service by Prime Minister Tony Blair and Diana's brother the Earl of Spencer. From a broadcast of the program ABC News special report, August 31, 1997. DVD 9429", "Mr Bourdon said Diana had been so badly injured in the accident that it was \"impossible to save her\".", "Exceptional: The Queen pays tribute to Princess Diana, who died in a car crash in 1997, calling her an 'exceptional and gifted human being' who she said 'never lost her capacity to smile and laugh'", "Tragedy: The jury blamed her death on the grossly negligent driving of her chauffeur Henri Paul (right) and chasing paparazzi photographers. (Diana's bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones also pictured)", "Musgrave Park Hospital in south Belfast specialises in orthopaedics, rheumatology, sports medicine and rehabilitation. It is home to Northern Ireland's first Acquired Brain Injury Unit, costing £9 million and opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in May 2006. Other hospitals in Belfast include the Mater Hospital in north Belfast and the Children's Hospital.", "In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto, Canada, announced that its new 25,000 square foot arts centre would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts Centre. Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey. Diana's granddaughter, Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, born in 2015, is named after her. ", "Trend setter: The late Diana, Princess of Wales, may have been much criticised by some, but her contribution to reclaiming birth for women actually kick-started radical changes in hospitals", "Patient story – Life threatening injuries Trapped in the car following an horrific road traffic collision, Natasha wasn’t expected to live" ]	[ 6.71484375, 5.36328125, 5.33203125, 1.5537109375, 0.4814453125, 0.4775390625, 0.313232421875, 0.1279296875, -0.1256103515625, -0.79541015625, -0.9013671875, -0.93359375, -0.955078125, -0.97119140625, -0.97314453125, -1.005859375, -1.2431640625, -1.796875, -2.017578125, -2.431640625, -2.5859375, -2.759765625, -2.814453125, -3.205078125, -3.73046875, -3.796875, -3.8359375, -4.6640625, -4.921875, -5.13671875, -5.93359375, -7.55078125 ]
Elected in 1913, how long was Pedro Mascurain president of Mexico?	[ "Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) was a Mexican politician who served as the 34th President of Mexico for less than one hour on February 19, 1913, the shortest presidency in the history of the world. He had earlier served as Mexico's foreign minister for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for sixteen years.", "We are talking about Pedro Lascuráin Paredes today, born in 1856. He was appointed the 34th president of Mexico in 1913, in a time of very fragile politics in Mexico; just consider the revolution that had taken place, just 3 years ago. Lascuráin was foreign secretary in the cabinet of Francisco Ignacio Madero, a name well known to anyone who is interested in the history of Mexico.", "Under the 1857 Constitution of Mexico, the vice-president, the attorney general, the foreign minister and then the interior minister stood next in line to the presidency. As well as Madero, Huerta had ousted Vice-President José María Pino Suárez and Attorney General Adolfo Valles Baca, so, to give the coup d'état some appearance of legality, he had Lascuráin, as foreign minister, assume the presidency, appoint him as his interior minister - making Huerta next in line to the presidency - and then resign. The presidency thus passed to Huerta. As a consequence, Lascuráin was president for less than an hour; sources quote figures ranging from 15 to 56 minutes. To date, Lascuráin's presidency is the shortest in history, even briefer than that of Venezuelan politician Diosdado Cabello in 2002.", "Mexican statesman. Spending his early years serving in the army resisting the French occupation, he was defeated in Presidential elections in 1875 before seizing power a year later. Ruling Mexico for thirty years, the revolution of Francisco Madero eventually forced him to resign in 1911.", "Mexico remains neutral throughout World War I , despite efforts by Germany to enlist the country as an ally. Despite the warring factions in Mexico, Carranza is able to oversee the creation of a new liberal Mexican constitution in 1917. In his efforts to maintain power, however, Carranza grows increasingly reactionary, ordering the ambush and murder of Zapata in 1919. Some of Zapata’s followers refuse to believe their hero is dead, and his legend lives on to inspire many generations of social reformers. The following year, Obregón is overthrown and killed by a group of his more radical generals. They are led by Obregón, who is elected president and faces the task of reforming Mexico after ten years of devastating revolution. By this time, nearly 900,000 Mexicans have emigrated to the United States since 1910, both to escape the violence and to find greater opportunities for work.", "Lascuráin’s reward for cooperation was that he was allowed to stay alive, which is more than Madero and his VP had gotten–both of them were killed on Huerta’s orders. Huerta even offered him a role in the new government, but Lascuráin wisely declined. He lived a nice long life as a civilian, dying in 1952 at the age of 96.", "After six years in power, President Ramón Cáceres (who had himself assassinated Heureaux) was assassinated in 1911. The result was several years of great political instability and civil war. U.S. mediation by the William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only a short respite each time. A political deadlock in 1914 was broken after an ultimatum by Wilson telling the Dominicans to choose a president or see the U.S. impose one. A provisional president was chosen, and later the same year relatively free elections put former president (1899–1902) Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra back in power. To achieve a more broadly supported government, Jimenes named opposition individuals to his cabinet. But this brought no peace and, with his former Secretary of War Desiderio Arias maneuvering to depose him and despite a U.S. offer of military aid against Arias, Jimenes resigned on May 7, 1916. ", "The succession provisions have come into play only twice since the current constitution was enacted. In 1928, after the assassination of president-elect Álvaro Obregón, Congress appointed Emilio Portes Gil as Interim President; Portes Gil served in the position for 14 months while new elections were called. Pascual Ortiz Rubio was elected President in the special elections that followed in 1930, but he resigned in 1932. Abelardo L. Rodríguez was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio's term (under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President, but at the time there was no distinction between Interim, Substitute, and Provisional Presidents).", "The President tried to reestablish normal life. He rebuilt railroads and telegraphs, supported Mexican businesses, using funds from accounts in foreign banks. He called for national unity and pleaded for an end to the violence of the Revolution as Congress passed initiatives to get rebels to return to private life, join the federal army, and extend public programs to help the poor and disenfranchised. Not everyone appreciated these efforts. Socialist, anarchist and communist intellectuals really wanted a revolution to change the political and economic structure of the country, while others wanted revenge for atrocities committed by rebel troops. Thus, despite his efforts, de la Barra left a Mexico still divided by class and torn apart by competing interests. He returned to politics in 1913 as Mexico’s Secretary of Foreign Relations and was elected governor of Mexico State the following year, which he soon resigned. He opened a private practice in international business in Europe, spent the rest of his life abroad, and died in France in 1939.", "Benito Juarez was the first president of indigenous descent in all of Latin America and is one very few figures that is still almost exclusively seen as a positive figure in Mexican history. He was president from 1858 to 1864 and again from 1867 to his death in 1872. His saying \"el respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz\" (respect for the rights of others is peace) is still frequently quoted.", "A political strategy of some leaders has been to promise distribution and supply of arable lands to impoverished peasants in order these ones vote for the interested candidates, but rarely those leaders have fulfilled their promises. This measure was implemented by a Sonoran bloodthirsty general and president of Mexico 1920-1924, Alvaro Obregon, shot to death in Mexico City by Jose de Leon-Toral (1920-1929) a Roman Catholic fanatic cartoonist, on Tuesday, July 17, 1928, two weeks after Obregon had been re-elected president. Obregon was to take oath in office on December 1, 1928.", "Irigoyen became a lawyer, teacher, rancher, and politician and in 1896 took control of the centre-left Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical; UCR) from its founder, his uncle Leandro N. Alem. His relentless effort to obtain free elections succeeded in winning from the conservative oligarchy the Sáenz Peña Law (1912). Under this provision for the secret ballot, he was elected president. During his term (1916–22) he and his Radical Party followers in Congress maintained Argentina’s neutrality in World War I. Measures regulating labour conditions were also passed, but these were not strongly enforced, and in 1919 a serious strike, in part politically inspired, was violently broken by the government.", "On the other hand, war and cholera were new to Mexico in the nineteenth-century. The demographic costs of the former were substantial (and relatively unstudied), but the impact of cholera was relatively minor (and widely researched). Following conquest and during three centuries of colonial rule, there were few deaths from war, insurrection, or riot. The demographic catastrophe of the sixteenth-century was mainly due to disease and exploitation, not war. On the northern frontier, in the \"provincias internas\" north from Durango, fighting continued into the nineteenth-century and the destruction of native settlements was widespread, yet the demographic costs for the colony as a whole were minor. In the nineteenth-century, struggles for independence, civil wars and invasionsï¿½first by the United States in 1846 and then France in 1863ï¿½cost perhaps a half million livesï¿½and another half million displacements as people permanently fled the war zones. The deadliest war of all was the decade of revolution and civil struggle that began in 1910. The assassination of President Francisco Madero in February 1913 and the ensuing confrontations of a score of regional bands inflicted massive destruction on the country.", "Explored and claimed by Christopher COLUMBUS on his first voyage in 1492, the island of Hispaniola became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930-61. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the United States led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in an election to become president. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President (1996-2000) Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna won election to a second term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term.", ", 1907–2001, president of Bolivia (1952–56, 1960–64, 1985–89). An attorney and economist born into a land-owning family, he was a founder (1941) of the moderate leftist National Revolutionary Movement (MNR).", "Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa GCB (; born August 18, 1962) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from December 1, 2006, to November 30, 2012. He is a member of the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), one of the three major Mexican political parties.", "Fast modern development eventually led to the Mexican Revolution .[40] The most significant episode of this period for the city was the La decena trágica (\"The Ten Tragic Days\"), a 1913 coup against President Francisco I. Madero and his vice president, José María Pino Suárez . Victoriano Huerta , chief general of the Federal Army saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to prison.[46]", "In 1858, Benito Juárez assumed the presidency in Guanajuato and declared it the provisional capital of Mexico. More than two years later, on July 17, 1861, Juárez suspended all interest payments to Spain, France and Britain, who launched a combined assault on Veracruz in January 1862. When Britain and Spain withdrew their forces, the French took control of the country. Supported by Mexican conservatives and by French Emperor Napoleon III, Maximiliano de Hamburgo arrived in 1864 to rule Mexico. Although his policies were more liberal than expected, he soon lost Mexican support and was assassinated on June 19, 1867, when the liberal government of Benito Juárez regained the leadership of the country.", "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco , Tlalpan , Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza . After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta , Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral , a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution .", "The French army of General François Achille Bazaine defeated the Mexican army led by General Comonfort in their attempt to relieve the siege of Puebla, at San Lorenzo , to the south of Puebla. Puebla surrendered to the French shortly afterward, on 17 May. On 31 May, President Juárez fled the city with his cabinet, retreating northwards to Paso del Norte and later to Chihuahua, where the government-in-exile remained until 1867, taking the treasure of the state with them.", "Díaz resigned in May 1911 for the \"sake of the peace of the nation\". The terms of his resignation were spelled out in the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, but it also called for an interim presidency and new elections were to be held. Francisco León de la Barra served as interim president. The Federal Army, although defeated by the northern revolutionaries, was kept intact. Francisco I. Madero, whose 1910 Plan of San Luis Potosí had helped mobilize forces opposed to Díaz, accepted the political settlement. He campaigned in the presidential elections of October 1911, won decisively, and was inaugurated in November 1911.", "In 1967 Luis Somoza Debayle was still occupying the presidency (although he did not govern for 11 years, he alternated power with another politician of that time), but suddenly died. After the government of a marionette president, “Tachito “, his younger brother won the national elections and restored the dictatorial repressive and devouring regime.", "Fast modern development eventually led to the Mexican Revolution. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the La decena trágica (\"The Ten Tragic Days\"), a 1913 coup against President Francisco I. Madero and his vice president, José María Pino Suárez. Victoriano Huerta, chief general of the Federal Army, saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to prison. ", "The Mexican War of Independence () was an armed conflict, and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain. The war had its antecedent in the French invasion of Spain in 1808; it extended from the Grito de Dolores by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees led by Augustín de Iturbide to Mexico City on September 27, 1821. September 16 is celebrated as Mexican Independence Day.", "Feliciano Viera (1915-19), a Colorado who was more conservative than Batlle y Ord��ez, became president at the time of the debate between \"collegialists\" and \"anticollegialists.\" During his mandate, elections were held for a constituent assembly (July 30, 1916). The rules for this election enabled the National Party to ensure incorporation of many of the principles it advocated, such as the secret ballot, partial proportional representation, and universal male suffrage.", "Maximilian (Spanish: Maximiliano; born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. He was a younger brother of the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph I. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he accepted an offer by Napoleon III of France to rule Mexico. France (along with the United Kingdom and Spain, who both withdrew the following year after negotiating agreements with Mexico's democratic government) had invaded Mexico in the winter of 1861, as part of the War of the French Intervention. Seeking to legitimize French rule in the Americas, Napoleon III invited Maximilian to establish a new Mexican monarchy for him. With the support of the French army, and a group of conservative Mexican monarchists hostile to the liberal administration of new Mexican President Benito Juárez, Maximilian traveled to Mexico. Once there, he declared himself Emperor of Mexico on 10 April 1864. ", "One hundred and forty-nine years ago, on June 19, 1867, Maximilian von Hapsburg—Emperor of Mexico, brother to Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, and descendant of Holy Roman Emperors—was shot by a firing squad of rebels in Querétaro, Mexico. Maximilian stood six-foot-two, had blond hair and blue eyes, and was 34 years of age. He had been Emperor of Mexico for barely two-and-a-half years.", "Colonel Ignacio Comonfort became president in 1855 after a revolt based in Ayutla overthrew Santa Anna. Comonfort was a moderate liberal who tried to maintain an uncertain coalition, but the moderate liberals and the radical liberals were unable to resolve their sharp differences. During his presidency, the Constitution of 1857 was drafted creating the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. The new constitution restricted some of the Catholic Church's traditional privileges, land holdings, revenues and control over education. ", "▸Without any political experience he won the presidential election of 1966 as candidate of a \"Unificación Nacional\" coalition", "The dominant political event during the first administration of Batlle y Ord��ez was another National Party insurrection in 1904, led by Saravia. After nine months of fierce fighting and Saravia's death, it ended with the Treaty of Acegu� (1904). The civil war triumph of Batlle y Ord��ez and the Colorados meant the end of the coparticipation politics that began in 1872, the political and administrative unification of the country, the consolidation of the state, and, most profoundly, the end of the cycle of civil wars that had persisted throughout the nineteenth century.", "Augustín Iturbide was made Emperor of Mexico in 1822 but deposed in 1823 and executed in 1824 when he tried to regain control of the government.", "On June 15, 1881 Domingo Santa María was elected President of Chile, assuming office on September 18, 1881. A new Congress was elected on schedule in 1882. " ]	[ 3.62890625, 0.35595703125, -0.373779296875, -2.240234375, -2.498046875, -2.580078125, -2.78125, -3.033203125, -3.67578125, -4.2421875, -4.2578125, -4.28125, -4.40625, -4.46875, -4.80078125, -4.85546875, -5.14453125, -5.2109375, -5.4453125, -5.5859375, -5.6015625, -5.86328125, -6.15234375, -7.00390625, -7.5703125, -7.640625, -7.8046875, -8.609375, -8.84375, -8.9453125, -9.0546875, -9.4453125 ]
Who was NATO commander between 1974 and 1979?	[ "June 1979: Gen. Alexander Haig, then NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, survives an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium when his car narrowly misses being blown up by a mine placed on a bridge. Three members of his security detail following in a separate car are injured.", "An integrated military structure for NATO was first established after the Korean War raised questions over the strength of Europe's defences against a Soviet attack. The first choice for commander in Europe was the popular and respected U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower , as he had successfully directed the Allied landings and subsequent march into Germany during World War II, [2] amid many inter-Allied controversies over the proper conduct of the campaign in the western theatre. On December 19, 1950 the North Atlantic Council announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first SACEUR. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery moved over from the predecessor Western European Defence Organisation to become the first Deputy SACEUR, who would serve until 1958. Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's Life of Montgomery of Alamein gives a good account of Montgomery's exacting, tireless approach to improving the command's readiness, which however caused a good deal of bruised feelings in doing so. In establishing the command, the first NATO planners drew extensively on WEDO plans and personnel.", "The headquarters' new home in Mons, Belgium, was the center of international attention from time to time as new Supreme Allied Commanders came and went, with one of the more notable being General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Haig, who had retired from military service in order to serve as White House Chief of Staff for President Richard Nixon during the depths of the Watergate crisis, was abruptly installed as SACEUR after Watergate's denouement. A creature of habit, Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day – a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the apparent target of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car, but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car. Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). Haig's successor, General Bernard Rogers, became somewhat of an institution in Europe as the former U.S. Army chief of staff occupied the office for nearly eight years; a brief outcry arose from the other NATO capitals when Rogers was slated for retirement by the U.S. administration in 1987.", "The headquarters' new home in Mons, Belgium, was the center of international attention from time to time as new Supreme Allied Commanders came and went, with one of the more notable being General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Haig, who had retired from military service in order to serve as White House Chief of Staff for President Richard M. Nixon during the depths of the Watergate crisis, was abruptly installed as SACEUR after Watergate's denouement. Haig's successor, General Bernard Rogers, became somewhat of an institution in Europe as the former U.S. Army chief of staff occupied the office for nearly eight years; a brief outcry arose from the other NATO capitals when Rogers was slated for retirement by the U.S. administration in 1987.", "The expansion of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the threats against Greece and Turkey aroused growing alarm throughout Western Europe. As a consequence, in April 1949, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, 12 nations established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to coordinate the military defenses of member nations against possible Soviet aggression. Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States (with Greece, Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany joining afterward in 1952) agreed to consider an armed attack against any one of them as an attack against all. The territory covered included French Algeria, and there were also provisions in the treaty to protect the \"occupation forces in any party of Europe.\" In December 1950, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed the Supreme Commander of NATO military forces with a unified command of 50 combat divisions.", "The need to back up the commitments of the Washington Treaty with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). In December 1950, with the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), the Brussels Treaty powers decided to merge their military organisation into NATO, which had become the central element in the West European and North Atlantic security system.", "The term came into use again with the formation of NATO in 1949. In 1952, Allied Command Europe was established, led by Dwight D. Eisenhower. He became the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). Soon afterwards, Allied Command Atlantic was established, at Norfolk, Virginia, under a U.S. Navy admiral. His title was Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), and the entire command was usually known as SACLANT. Both Supreme Commander have, until 2009, been American, with a deputy commander from another NATO member, though only British and Germans have held the post. ", "The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat level greatly (all Communist countries were suspected of working together) and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans. The 1952 Lisbon conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to 96 divisions. However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly 35 divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO could call on about 15 ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia. Also at Lisbon, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization's chief civilian was also created, and Baron Hastings Ismay eventually appointed to the post.", "He was appointed Secretary General of NATO in October 1971 and was succeeded by Lord Carrington in May 1984.", "For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The first NATO Secretary General , Lord Ismay , famously stated the organization's goal was \"to keep the Russians", "The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat level greatly (all Communist countries were suspected of working together) and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans. [4] The 1952 Lisbon conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defense Plan, called for an expansion to 96 divisions. However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly 35 divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO could call on about 15 ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia. [5] Also at Lisbon, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization's chief civilian was also created, and Baron Hastings Ismay eventually appointed to the post. [6] Later, in September 1952, the first major NATO maritime exercises began; Operation Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defense of Denmark and Norway. Meanwhile, while this overt military preparation was going on, covert stay-behind arrangements to continue resistance after a successful Soviet invasion ('Operation Gladio'), initially made by the Western European Union , were being transferred to NATO control. Ultimately unofficial bonds began to grow between NATO's armed forces, such as the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery.", "In September 1994, Mr. Claes was nominated by NATO Foreign Ministers to succeed Manfred Worner as Secretary General of NATO. He took up his appointment as Secretary General on 17 October 1994. He was succeeded by Mr. Javier Solana in December 1995.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, in which the always-American Supreme Allied Commander also resides. Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 percent of the global total.[4] Members' defense spending is supposed to amount to 2 percent of GDP.[5]", "NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) observed its 60th Anniversary at its 21st Summit during April of 2009. The summit was co-hosted by France and Germany and was held in the cities of Strasbourg, Baden-Baden, and Kehl on the 3rd and 4th of April. During the summit Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of Denmark, was appointed as the Secretary-General of the organization. The group discussed several topics including the conflict in Afghanistan, NATO’s relationship with Russia, and a re-evaluation of future strategies.", "For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association; the first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was \"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.\" However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. ", "The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defence Organization in September 1948.[10] However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately resulting in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.[11] The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was \"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.\"[12] Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot in March 1949. The creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation.[13]", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.", "SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to Europe for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATO's command in Lisbon, historically part of the Atlantic command, was reassigned to ACO. The commanding officer of Allied Command Operations has also retained the title \"Supreme Allied Commander Europe\" (SACEUR), and continues to be a U.S. four-star general officer or flag officer who also serves as Commander, U.S. European Command.", "NATO's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee , and split into two Strategic Commands both commanded by a senior US officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command.", "NATO's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, and split into two Strategic Commands both commanded by a senior US officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. But an attack by the United States against European civilians has been documented. Therefore it is necessary to decouple NATO Europe from the United States in order to form a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by an external party such as the United States. Other countries which have been attacked by the United States may also wish to join a decoupled NATO. The United States deliberately targets civilians and is therefore outside the norms of conduct. Civilians like to go into the forest and pick berries and breathe clean air and go swimming in the nature. But Americans stole all the berries and tried to sell it back to them.", "In August 2003, NATO became involved as an alliance, taking the helm of the International Security Assistance Force. One portion of U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command; the rest remained under direct U.S. command. Taliban leader Mullah Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2003, launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established on April 4, 1949, by representatives from 12 nations (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, the Federal Republic of Germany in 1955, and Spain in 1982) who gathered in Washington, D.C., to sign the North Atlantic Treaty, which had as its purpose the deterring of potential Soviet aggression in Europe. The signing of the treaty paved the way for the first peacetime alliance participated in by the United States.", "In October 1999 he was appointed 10th Secretary General of NATO and elevated to the House of Lords. His time at NATO coincided with the 11 September attacks on the US, the first invoking of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, the crisis in Macedonia, the creation of the NATO/Russian Council and NATO’s assumption of the stablisation role in Afghanistan. He chaired the NATO Summit in Prague in 2002, which invited seven new countries into the Alliance.", "April 1949: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO – is born. Charter members include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States.", "The commander of Allied Command Operations retained the title \"Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)\", and is based in the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe", "The beginning of the Korean War in 1950 was decisive for NATO as it showed the apparent threat level greatly and obliged the organization to develop concrete military plans: at the 1952 Lisbon conference, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization’s chief civilian was also created. In the same year, the first major NATO maritime exercises began.", "During most of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. On 1 July 1968, the signature’s procedure of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty started: NATO declared that its nuclear sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as U.S. forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling.", "During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. On July 1, 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature: NATO argued that its nuclear weapons sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as United States forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they were not challenged.", "During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature: NATO argued that its nuclear weapons sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they were not challenged.", "In late 1995, following a US-inspired ceasefire plan known as the Dayton Accord, a 60,000 strong Nato force deployed throughout the country to supervise the separation of forces and implement the peace. It was called Ifor – the implementation force. At the time I was a lieutenant colonel in command of an 850-strong heavy engineer regiment", "On March 24, 1999, NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War , where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign, which NATO called Operation Allied Force , against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" ]	[ 3.84375, 1.80859375, 1.3076171875, 0.46435546875, 0.3203125, -0.49951171875, -0.90087890625, -1.064453125, -1.7275390625, -1.8251953125, -2.115234375, -2.19921875, -2.796875, -2.966796875, -3.205078125, -3.6484375, -3.814453125, -5.1484375, -5.56640625, -5.578125, -5.6640625, -5.93359375, -6.1875, -7.0703125, -7.3984375, -7.40234375, -7.55078125, -8.2265625, -8.375, -8.5234375, -8.6953125, -8.8515625 ]
Which disks replaced cassettes and ordinary records?	[ "The LP lives on, sort of, as the medium for disc jockeys, and a few rock groups insisted on releasing their music on LP records well into the 1990s. But both the LP and the cassette were pushed aside by the Compact Disc. The Phillips company, which had earlier introduced the cassette, had developed a laser disc for video recording in the late 1970s. Phillips teamed up with Sony, which had developed a digital tape recorder for making \"master\" recordings at about the same time. The new discs were created by re-recording ordinary studio tapes onto the digital tape, then using the digital tape to burn laser discs. A copy of the master laser disc was then used to press plastic duplicates, which were coated with shiny aluminum, encased in protective layers, and packaged for sale. Unlike the LP or the original Phillips video laser discs, which were quite large, the audio-only laser discs were \"compact,\" and hence the name Compact Disc.", "Because vinyl records can become scratched, warped and dirty, other formats slowly took over. Eight-track and cassette tapes were introduced in the 1960s; by the mid-1980s, more cassettes than vinyl records were sold. In 1982, the digital compact disc came to market and superseded both cassettes and LPs by 1991. Though the pops, ticks and warping of vinyl were not an issue with CDs, the shiny metal discs have their own problems, which led audiophiles, disc jockeys and collectors back to the old-fashioned vinyl record.", "The microcassette has in many cases supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and answering machines. Even these, in turn, are starting to give way to digital recorders of various descriptions. Since the rise of cheap CD-R discs, and flash memory-based digital audio players, the phenomenon of \"home taping\" has effectively switched to recording to Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music sharing Web sites. ", "Meanwhile, in the music world, it was the domain of the CD, and to a lesser extent the cassette; vinyl had been pushed into obscurity and at most was only really used by DJs, collectors and the hopelessly backward. Cassettes were the main means of recording audio and listening to it on the move, although portable CD players existed and by the end of the decade, recordable CD formats (CD-R and CD-RW) had become affordable for consumers. A whole host of technologies had previously tried to replace the analogue audio cassette; besides a whole host of not-very-successful digital tape formats, by far the most well-known was probably Minidisc, though even that never really caught on and the players/recorders remained quite expensive compared to cheaper cassette machines. The CD had already been introduced in The '80s , but was considered an expensive luxury for audiophiles. It was only around the turn of the decade that the format finally began to take off, thanks to dropping prices of players and discs.", "Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for an impressive amount of time, just about a century, withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge and the compact cassette. However, by 1988, the compact disc had surpassed the gramophone record in popularity.", "In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, whereas contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4½ minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).", "Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media, such as DAT and MiniDisc, were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format, major companies, such as Sony, shifted their focus to new media. In 1992, Philips introduced the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), a DAT-like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette. It was aimed primarily at the consumer market. A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes. Unlike DAT, which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without lossy compression effects, DCC failed in both home and mobile environments, and was discontinued in 1996. ", "The cassette remained viable through the '90s but inevitably was overshadowed by the CD. The cassette had been the best medium to date for making \"mix tapes\" that were ideal for road trips. People making their own CD compilations paralleled the rise in popularity of personal computers. DVD players first appeared in 1996.", "1979 - Sony introduced the TPS-L2 Walkman portable audio cassette player, inaugurating a new era of personal music listening; the Sony family of portable personal music players would grow to include over 500 models, from the original pocket-sized 14-oz Walkman to the D-88 Pocket DiscMan of 1988 to the DAT Walkman TCD-D3 of 1991 to the MiniDisc of 1992 to the digital Discman of 1999. According to Sony's press release, in the 20-year history of the Walkman devices, 100 million units were sold in the U.S. creating a $1 billion industry. By 1983, more pre-recorded audio cassettes (236 million) were sold than LPs, a decline in the big vinyl discs that was accelerated in the 1980s by the compact disc digital revolution.", "The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in dictation machines. In this capacity, some later-model cassette-based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed (15⁄16 in/s) as playback quality was not critical. The cassette soon became a popular medium for distributing prerecorded music—initially through The Philips Record Company (and subsidiary labels Mercury and Philips in the U.S.). As of 2009, one still finds cassettes used for a variety of purposes, such as journalism, oral history, meeting and interview transcripts, audio-books, and so on. Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes, as some lawyers \"don't trust digital technology for interviews\". However, they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more \"compact\" digital storage media. Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing. ", "Initially, optical discs were used to store music and computer software. The Laserdisc format stored analog video signals for the distribution of home video, but commercially lost to the VHS videocassette format, due mainly to its high cost and non-re-recordability; other first-generation disc formats were designed only to store digital data and were not initially capable of use as a digital video medium.", "Until CDs were invented, music was typically stored on plastic LP (long-playing) records and cassette tapes. LPs scratched easily, while tapes could stretch and distort and sometimes snapped or seized up entirely. Both of these ways of storing music were primitive compared to CDs. LPs were played on turntables with a moving arm that bounced along a groove in the plastic, reading back the music as it went. Record players (or gramophones, as they were sometimes known) used mechanical technology for recording and playing back sound : the moving arm turned the bumps in the plastic into sounds you could hear. Cassette tapes (used in such things as the original Sony Walkmans) worked a different way. They stored sounds using magnetic technology. When you put a cassette into your Walkman, a small electric motor dragged the tape past a little electromagnet. The electromagnet detected the pattern of magnetism on the tape and an electronic circuit changed this back into the sounds that fizzed and popped in your headphones .", "Sony continued to roll out variations on its theme, adding such innovations as AM/FM receivers, bass boost and auto-reverse on later models. Sony even made a solar-powered Walkman, water-resistant Sport Walkmans and even devices with two cassette drives. But cassettes, like any technology, weren't going to last forever. With the introduction of compact discs in 1982 the format began to go the way of the 8-track itself.", "The CD was originally thought to be the successor of the audio gramophone record, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. In June 1985, the CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, both developed by both Sony and Philips.", "Floppy disk storage had become the standard data storage medium in the United States by the mid-1980s; for example, by 1983 the majority of software sold by Atari Program Exchange was on floppy. Cassette remained more popular for 8-bit computers such as the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, MSX, and Amstrad CPC 464 in many countries such as the United Kingdom (where 8-bit software was mostly sold on cassette until that market disappeared altogether in the early 1990s.) Reliability of cassettes for data storage is inconsistent, with gamers recalling repeated attempts to load video games. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, and the Netherlands, cassette data storage was so popular that some radio stations would broadcast computer programs that listeners could record onto cassette and then load into their computer. See BASICODE.", "Many forms of generic magnetic storage media can be reused after degaussing, including audio reel-to-reel tape, VHS videocassettes, and floppy disks . These older media types are simply a raw medium which are overwritten with fresh new patterns, created by fixed-alignment read/write heads.", "In 1983, Sony followed their counterpart Philips to the Compact Disc (CD). In addition to developing consumer-based recording media, after the launch of the CD Sony began development of commercially based recording media. In 1986 they launched Write-Once optical discs (WO) and in 1988 launched Magneto-optical discs which were around 125MB size for the specific use of archival data storage. In 1984, Sony launched the Discman series which extended their Walkman brand to portable CD products.", "Many forms of generic magnetic storage media can be reused after degaussing, including reel-to-reel audio tape , VHS videocassettes, and floppy disks . These older media types are simply a raw medium which are overwritten with fresh new patterns, created by fixed-alignment read/write heads.", "By that time, however, the whole idea of storing sound on physical \"records\" was being called into question. Home computer users began sharing digitized music in a number of different formats in the late 1990s. The MP3 standard began to catch on, and Napster software appeared to make it possible for users to access each other's songs via the World Wide Web. The recording industry freaked and shut down Napster, but the appeal of Internet-distributed music remained. It is not clear at this time whether the physical record--tape, disc, or what have you--will survive at all.", "In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular (and re-recordable) alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s.", "Magnetic tape was developed in the mid-1950s to replace the earlier method of storing data on punched cards. To better understand the difference between sequential access and direct access (or random access), compare an audio cassette tape to a CD-ROM. An audio cassette tape is sequential; to listen to the fourth song it is necessary to listen to (or fast-forward through) the first three songs. A CD is direct; it is possible to go straight to the fourth song. For what applications would sequential storage be appropriate? For what applications would it be unsuitable? Tape cartridges can be purchased formatted or unformatted. One-quarter-inch wide cartridge tapes typically are 600 feet long. Unattended tape backup is a great time saver. Consider how many 1.44 MB floppy disks are needed and how much time is required (removing disks as they become full and inserting new disks) to back up 150 MB of data. With tape backup, you can press a key, go about other business, and return to remove the finished backup tape.", "Although the birth and growth of the cassette began in the 1960s, its cultural moment took place during the 1970s and '80s. The cassette's popularity grew during these years as a result of being a more effective, convenient and portable way of listening to music. Stereo tape decks and boom boxes became some of the most highly sought-after consumer products of both decades. Portable pocket recorders and high-fidelity (\"hi-fi\") players, such as Sony's Walkman (1979), also enabled users to take their music with them anywhere with ease. The increasing user-friendliness of the cassette led to its popularity around the globe. The body of the Walkman was not much larger than the cassette tape itself, with mechanical keys on one side, or electronic buttons or a display on the face. Sony's WM-10 was even smaller than the cassette itself, and expanded to hold and play a cassette. ", "After World War II, two new competing formats came on to the market and gradually replaced the standard \"78\": the 33 1/3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm . The 33 1/3 rpm LP (for \"long play\") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in 1948. RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in 1949, in response to Columbia. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with a smaller stylus, typically 0.001 inches (25 mm) wide, compared to 0.003 inches (76 mm) for a 78 so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred standard, requiring discriminating listeners to use preamplifiers with multiple selectable equalization curves.", "MD (and DCC) surely intended to replace cassette? Or was that just the revisionist line in the late-'90s after MD/DCC had flopped first time round?", "In the early 1990s, two high-density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density disc (SD), supported by Toshiba and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshiba's SD format with only one modification. The unified disc format was called DVD and was introduced in 1997.", "*The first disk recordings were invented by Emile Berliner and were pressed as 7 inch approx. 78 rpm recordings between 1887 and 1899. They are rarely found today.", "Stereo 8, commonly known as the eight-track cartridge or eight-track, is a magnetic tape sound recording technology. In 1964, William Lear invented the eight-track, which went on to become the most popular musical medium from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s.", "Optical Disk ----- 1965 USA by James Russell - now Compact Disk CD / DVD History of Hifi and Music Players and Media", "A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the Sony Walkman \"personal\" cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact \"wearable\" music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name \"Walkman\" has become synonymous with this type of device.", "Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it.", "GS: The biggest challenge—and this isn’t just us, it’s worldwide—is the entire question of equipment obsolescence. We’re lucky in that records, that the groove is a fairly simply technology that can easily be rebuilt. For instance we have a cylinder player—again technology that was originally invented in the 1870s, but we have a modern player you know built out of aluminum, beautifully machined, that’ll play back these discs. The real challenge would be dealing with more modern material like reel to reel tapes or some of the early digital media where you can’t rebuild it. You’d have to rebuild IC chips, all kinds of machinery to rebuild it and what I’m seeing is so many archives across the country and around the world just don’t have the money to do it. They aren’t making these machines anymore, they haven’t made them in 20 or 30 years, so what do you do in 50 years from now—you have a room full of tape you can’t play.", "Do anyone think it dawned on the record companies that digital storage without a physical product was on the way" ]	[ 2.103515625, 1.705078125, 0.81298828125, -0.049591064453125, -0.8876953125, -1.08203125, -1.166015625, -1.36328125, -1.583984375, -1.59375, -1.74609375, -1.7685546875, -1.9560546875, -1.9775390625, -2.146484375, -2.486328125, -2.51171875, -2.595703125, -2.892578125, -3.056640625, -3.142578125, -3.583984375, -4.2578125, -4.3515625, -4.4375, -4.77734375, -5.48046875, -5.81640625, -6.0546875, -6.4609375, -6.703125, -8.453125 ]
Groucho Marx resigned from where as he didn't care to belong to any club that would have him as a member?	[ "Groucho Marx recently, I’m told, resigned from the Friars Club with the simple, chilly explanation: “I don’t want to belong to any club that would accept me as one of its members.”", "Groucho Marx, irrepressible wit. In resigning from the Friars club Mr. Marx, incapable of passing up an opportunity for a gag-line, wrote: “I don’t want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member.”", "Groucho Marx’s letter of resignation to the Friars’ Club: “I don’t want to belong to any club that would accept me as one of its members.”", "\"I wouldn't want to be a part of any club that would have me as a member.\" (Groucho Marx)", "Born in Leeds, Paxman attended Malvern College before reading English at Cambridge. He stood as a communist candidate in school elections and later, as a self-identified \"socialist\", unsuccessfully applied to edit the New Statesman. His Marxism was destined to shift from Karl to Groucho, as he first abandoned ideological affiliations and then, when blackballed from the Garrick Club, announced that he wouldn't join any club that would have him as a member. He was later admitted.", "“Please accept my resignation. I don’t want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member.” (Groucho Marx)", "Once, however, when he was in a gregarious mood, he let some friends persuade him to join the Friars Club. After months of refusing to take part in any of the club’s activities, he finally decided it was foolish to pay dues any longer and sent in his resignation. In the next mail, he received a letter from the club’s president, wanting to know why he had resigned. My father promptly wrote back, “Because I don’t want to belong to any club that would have me as a member!”", "Set up in 1985 as an \"antidote\" to traditional gentlemen's clubs, and named after Groucho Marx (who once remarked that he’d never join a club that would accept the likes of him), the Groucho itself has now become part of the establishment, having been out-trendied by such new yuppie temples as Soho House. Whenever I’ve been there, the average age has seemed rather high; it is always, however, very busy.", "I chose to ignore this remark and tried talking to him about Chaucer, Ruskin and Shakespeare, but he had switched to denouncing electric razors as a death blow to the tonsorial arts, so I dried up and resumed drinking. The following morning I sent the club a wire stating, PLEASE ACCEPT MY RESIGNATION. I DON'T WANT TO BELONG TO ANY CLUB THAT WILL ACCEPT ME AS A MEMBER. (G. Marx, 1959: 320-321)", "Groucho Marx (Julius Henry Marx) - Died 8-19-1977 in Los Angeles, CA - Pneumonia ( Pop ) Born 10-2-1890 - (He did, \"Lydia, The Tatooed Lady\" and \"Go West Young Man\" and also did, \"Love Happy\" with Marilyn Monroe) - He was one of The Marx Brothers and a member of The Three Nightingales.", "To give the FBI devil its limited due, it was following up the groundless complaints of citizen cranks and repeatedly concluded that Groucho (which they often misspelled Graucho) Marx was not a subversive. In fact, he was a political coward, who quit some left-leaning Hollywood organizations when he heard that he was being described as a Cadillac Communist. Groucho Marx was not a Marxist.", "4) Groucho notifies the club that he is quitting, inoffensively giving as his excuse that he just doesn't have time to participate in the club's activities.", "Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx), popularly known as Harpo Marx, (November 23, 1888 ï¿½ September 28, 1964) was one of the Marx Brothers, a group of Vaudeville and Broadway theatre entertainers who later achieved fame as comedians in the Motion Picture industry. He was well known by his trademarks: he played the harp; he never talked during performances, although he often blew a horn or whistled to communicate with people; and he frequently used props. Height: 5' 5ï¿½\" (1.66 m) Early life and career In January of 1910, Harpo joined two of his brothers, Julius (later \"Groucho\") and Milton, to form \"The Three Nightingales\". Harpo was inspired to develop his \"silent\" routine after reading a review of one of their performances which had been largely ad-libbed. The theater critic wrote, ...", "Julius Henry \"Groucho\" Marx was an American comedian and film and television star. He was known as a master of quick wit and widely considered one of the best comedians of the modern era. Wikipedia Born: October 2, 1890, New York City, New York, United States Died: August 19, 1977, Los Angeles, California, United States Music group: Marx Brothers Siblings: Harpo Marx, Leonard Marx, Zeppo Marx, Gummo Marx Books: Memoirs of a mangy lover, Groucho and Me, more", "The popular assumption that Zeppo's character was superfluous was fueled in part by Groucho. According to Groucho's own story, when the group became the Three Marx Brothers, the studio wanted to trim their collective salary, and Groucho replied \"We're twice as funny without Zeppo!\" ", "The bushy-browed, cigar-smoking wise-cracker with the painted-on moustache and stooped walk was the leader of The Marx Brothers . With one-liners that were often double entendres, Groucho never cursed in any of his performances and said he never wanted to be known as a dirty comic. With a great love of music and singing ( The Marx Brothers started ... See full bio »", "Julius' temperament: Maxine, Chico's daughter and Groucho's niece, said in the documentary The Unknown Marx Brothers that Julius was named \"Groucho\" simply because he was grouchy most or all of the time. Robert B. Weide , a director known for his knowledge of Marx Brothers history, said in Remarks On Marx, a documentary short included with the DVD of A Night at the Opera , that among the competing explanations he found this one the most believable. Steve Allen , in Funny People, said that the name made no sense; Groucho might have been impudent and impertinent, but not grouchy — at least not around Allen. However, at the very end of his life, Groucho finally admitted that Fisher had named him Groucho because he was the \"moody one\". [23]", "During World War I, the brothers changed their stage name to “The Four Marx Brothers” (including Chico, Harpo, Groucho, and Zeppo). By 1919, they were playing the most famous venue in vaudeville, the Palace Theatre in New York City. They also began to develop their famous on-stage personas. Groucho began to wear his trademark greasepaint moustache and to use a stooped walk, Harpo began to wear a red fright wig, carried a taxi-cab horn and never spoke, Chico started to talk in a fake Italian accent, and Zeppo adopted the schleppy, juvenile role of the straight man.", "When he sat down to debate with Buckley, the greasepaint moustache and bushy eyebrows were long gone, but he was smoking his trademark cigar. He began to answer questions quite seriously, and it turned out that Groucho didn’t think the world was funny after all. Was he serious or funny? Where did the persona stop and the real Groucho begin? Lee Siegel wrestles with these questions in his provocative and perverse short critical biography of the man he calls the Marx Brothers’ “central intelligence”.", "Virtually nothing has been written about the \"Resignation Joke\" in the literature on Groucho Marx. This is surprising, considering the notoriety enjoyed by the joke, especially since interest in it was revived by Woody Allen in 1977. Furthermore, none of the commentators who discuss the joke at all – Sheekman (3), McCaffrey (4), Wilson (5) and Arce (6) – raise the question as to why Groucho sent the famous telegram and what purpose it was intended to fulfill. The situation in which the telegram was sent will now be reconstructed, after which the original function of the \"Resignation Joke\" will be described, and an attempt will be made to account for its effectiveness in fulfilling that intended function.", "Arthur Duer Marx (born Adolph Marx; November 23, 1888 – September 28, 1964), known professionally as Harpo Marx, was an American comedian, film star, mime artist and musician, and the second-oldest of the Marx Brothers. In contrast to the mainly verbal comedy of his brothers Groucho and Chico, Harpo's comic style was visual, being an example of both clown and pantomime traditions. He wore a curly reddish blonde wig, and never spoke during performances (he blew a horn or whistled to communicate). He frequently used props such as a horn cane, made up of a lead pipe, tape, and a bulbhorn, and he played the harp in most of his films.", "World famous cigar smokers: Portrait of Groucho Marx at the gallery of famous smokers in the Habano house in Santa Clara, Cuba.", "He was a famous rich man losing his interest in life when he was taken over by a young actress, Erin Fleming, opportunistic, deranged and affectionate in unstable proportions, who became his secretary, chaperone and interpreter to the world until his death. Kanfer hangs a mystery on this relationship but what was happening was plain to anyone who saw them on talk shows in the 1970s. Groucho always brought her along, and was suspiciously docile beside her, but he must have been glad to have the choice taken out of his hands. It was either a graceful descent to a death alone or the life he ended up having with this companion: chock-full of amusements and massive partying, not at all in his style, and wrangles that sometimes came to blows. The stories got around, in glimpses, from unscheduled visits to the house by old friends, and there were efforts to separate them. Although he never disowned his family, Groucho steadily asserted that he loved his caretaker. The result after he died was a legal battle that deprived Fleming of everything and squandered most of his estate.", "Their last Paramount film, Duck Soup (1933) — directed by the most highly regarded director they ever worked with, Leo McCarey — is the higher rated of two Marx Brothers films to make the American Film Institute's \"100 years ... 100 Movies\" list (the other film being A Night at the Opera). It did not do as well as Horse Feathers, but was the sixth-highest grosser of 1933. The film also led to a feud between the Marxes and the village of Fredonia, New York. Freedonia, of course, was the name of the fictional country in Duck Soup, and the city fathers wrote to Paramount and asked the studio to remove all references in the film to Freedonia because \"it is hurting our town's image\". Groucho fired back a sarcastic reply asking them to change the name of their town because \"it's hurting our picture\".", "9.25am The Big Store THE MARX BROTHERS TONY MARTIN VIRGINIA GREY The Marxes create havoc again. Groucho is Wolf J Flywheel, a private detective without a client - until department store heiress Martha Phelps comes to him for help. Made in black and white", "[LMGR] 1950 March 28, Look magazine, Groucho…The Man From Marx by Leo Rosten, Page 83, Column 1-2, Cowles Communications, Inc., New York. (Verified on microfilm)", "From the late 1940s through 1961, he was the highly successful host of You Bet Your Life (1950) a quiz show on radio and television. His son, Arthur Marx , is a successful writer of biographies and TV scripts. Arthur complained about his father always being \"on\". If he asked Groucho about something serious or personal, Groucho would reply with one-liners.", "Adamson, Joe. Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Sometimes Zeppo: A History of the Marx Brothers and A Satire on the Rest of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, [1973].", "[LGGR] 1954, Life with Groucho by Arthur Marx, Page 54, New York, Simon and Schuster. (Google Books snippet view; Visually verified on paper thanks to a librarian at the University of South Florida) link", "In 1945 Groucho and his second wife, Kay Gorcey Marx, the ex-wife of Leo Gorcey, moved into this Mediterranean-style, two-story house. When they divorced in 1950 he kept the house. In 1954 he married his third and last wife, Eden Hartford, and they lived here until 1957, before moving to a new home.", "That grease paint moustache. That cigar. Those glasses. They can only belong to Groucho Marx. The effronery and scathing wit? Still Groucho. Even without his siblings he was entertaining.", "In 1933 he paid $44,000 for the construction of this fourteen room house, with seven baths, a billard room and servant quarters for three. It was depression and the construction company building the house went bankrupted. The morage company repossessed the house until Groucho could pay up what was owed. He and Ruth and their two children moved in. In 1943 he and Ruth divorced. In 1945 he sold the house for $200,000. Ralph Edwards once lived here. In recent years film composer Lalo Schifrin has called it home." ]	[ 7.8125, 7.3984375, 7.171875, 5.10546875, 5.05078125, 3.779296875, 3.1640625, 1.67578125, 1.1220703125, 1.080078125, -0.95166015625, -1.5673828125, -1.7939453125, -1.8828125, -1.9228515625, -2.67578125, -2.748046875, -2.94140625, -3.435546875, -3.576171875, -3.64453125, -4.4140625, -4.42578125, -4.94140625, -4.99609375, -5.29296875, -5.4765625, -5.51953125, -5.75390625, -5.9140625, -6.0546875, -6.7890625 ]
In which natural valley is San Jose?	[ "San José (literally meaning \"Saint Joseph\",) is the capital of Costa Rica, western province of San José, and the nation's largest city. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation. The population of San José Canton is 288,054, though the metropolitan area stretches beyond the canton limits and comprises a third of the country's population. It is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth.", "There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the south-west fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the south-east, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural Coyote Valley, to the city's extreme southern fringe.", "San José exerts a strong influence because of its proximity to other cities (Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago) and the country's demographic assemblage in the Central Valley. ", "The communities at the southern region of the Bay Area are primarily located in what is known as Silicon Valley, or the Santa Clara Valley. These include the city of San Jose, and surrounding municipalities, including the high-tech hubs of Santa Clara, Milpitas, Cupertino, Mountain View, Sunnyvale as well as many other cities like Saratoga, Campbell, Los Gatos and the exurbs of Morgan Hill and Gilroy. Some Peninsula and East Bay towns are sometimes recognized as being in the Silicon Valley. Generally, the term South Bay refers to Santa Clara County, but the northwest portion of the county (Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos and Los Altos Hills) may be considered part of the peninsula as well.", "San Jose is situated in a valley surrounded by coffee plantations. It is a modem city with all the facilities that one would expect from a cosmopolitan capital. We spend a couple of days here, and for those wanting to try a day's white water rafting, this can be arranged from here. There are a number of things to see in the city including a chance to visit the excellent gold museum which shows off a fine collection of pre-Columbian artefacts.", "Mission San Jose was founded June 11, 1797 by Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuen, Presidente of the California Missions Chain. The site was part of a natural highway by way of the Livermore Valley to the San Juaquin Valley. It is the fourteenth of the 21 Spanish Missions in Alta California. They were founded to secure Spain's claim to this land and to teach the native people Christianity and the Spanish way of life. When this mission was founded it was named \"LA MISION DEL GLORIOSISIMO PATRIARCH SAN JOSE\" in honor of our patron of St. Joseph, the foster father of Jesus Christ and Patron of the Universal Church.", "The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as Silicon Valley. As the largest city in the valley, San Jose has billed itself \"the capital of Silicon Valley.\" Area schools such as the University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Santa Cruz, San Jose State University, San Francisco State University, California State University, East Bay, Santa Clara University, and Stanford University pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year.", "San José City lies in the Tropics and is in a tropical rainforest. However its elevation gives it a mild climate. Under the Köppen climate classification it features a Tropical wet and dry climate. The temperature ranges between 17 and. Relative humidity averages 68.2% (with extremes of 55% in March and 78% in October) and the daily range tends to be between 60% and 90%, with the humidity typically dropping to the lower end of this range near mid-day and rising again during the night. It rains on an average of 107 days per year[http://www.climatetemp.info/costa-rica San Jose climate from climatetemp.info] but half the rainfall pours down on only 15 of these days. The rainy season is from May to mid-November, but cloudiness and rainfall can occur during the dry season. There are approximately 2440 hours of sunshine per year. Regularly, there is a very strong wind at some locations in San José during the dry season.", "Oakland and Berkeley, California lie just across the bay from San Francisco and are easily accessible via the Bay Bridge. The more famous Golden Gate Bridge spans the narrow inlet that extends from the Pacific Ocean into the bay. The Golden Gate Bridge connects San Francisco with a mountainous peninsula called the Marin headlands that is primarily known for beautiful scenery and expensive homes with spectacular views. Sausalito, a small village on the bay shore of the Marin headlands is famous as a local artist's community. Alcatraz Island with its abandoned prison is situated in the middle of San Francisco Bay. The city of San Jose lies about 30 miles south of San Francisco at the southern tip of this extensive bay. The area near San Jose and Santa Clara is known as \"Silicon Valley\", home of the largest concentration of electronics and computer firms in the USA.", "The city is situated in the Sonoma Valley, with the Mayacamas Mountains to the east and the Sonoma Mountains to the west, with the prominent landform Sears Point to the southwest.", "San José is home to many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where one can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists and many different bird, tree and plant species.", "Mountain ranges surround the Central Valley of California, which is about 640 km (about 400 mi) in length and about 80 km (about 50 mi) wide. To the west are the Coast Ranges, consisting of small mountains of 600 to 1,200 m (2,000 to 4,000 ft). To the east, the massive peaks of the Sierra Nevada Mountains reach a height of 4,418 m (14,494 ft) at Mount Whitney. Two large river systems drain the valley: the Sacramento River flowing southward from the northern end of the valley, and the San Joaquin River flowing northward from the southern portion. These rivers converge and flow into the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay at a break in the coastal mountain barrier.", "Costa Rica is known for its incredible flora and fauna, and visitors to San José can experience many of its natural wonders without ever leaving the city thanks to the Parque Nacional. The benches in the shady green space are often taken over by romantic young couples, retirees catching up on the daily news and mothers taking a rest while watching their children play nearby. At the center of the park is the Monumento Nacional, erected in 1953 in a dramatic depiction of the region's nations driving out William Walker, the American filibuster. The rest of the park features monuments to other key figures in the history of Latin America, including Mexico's Miguel Hidalgo, Venezuelan poet Andrés Bello and Cuban revolutionary José Martí. The statues stand among lush manicured gardens rich with color and sweet fragrances.", "Besides those mentioned above, some well-known communities within San Jose include Japantown, Rose Garden, Sunol-Midtown, Willow Glen, Naglee Park, Burbank, Winchester, Alviso, East Foothills, Alum Rock, Little Portugal, Blossom Valley, Cambrian, Almaden Valley, Silver Creek Valley, Evergreen Valley, Edenvale, Santa Teresa, Seven Trees, Coyote Valley, and Berryessa.", "The San Francisco Bay Area (referred to locally as the Bay Area) is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the major cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland, along with smaller urban and rural areas. The Bay Area's nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. Home to approximately 7.65 million people, the nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a network of roads, highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels and commuter rail. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth-largest in the United States, and the 43rd-largest urban area in the world.", "The bordering parks, which lie east of the San Joaquin Valley, provide visitors with a unique two-for-one experience. The dynamic alpine country shaped by geologic processes that resulted in canyons, caverns, lakes, and rivers are sure to delight park goers of any age. ", "San Francisco Bay is in the U.S. state of California, surrounded by a contiguous region known as the San Francisco Bay Area (often simply \"the Bay Area\"), dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose. The waterway entrance to San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean is called the Golden Gate. Across the strait spans the Golden Gate Bridge. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2, 2013.", "San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). San Jose has an average of 301 days of sunshine and an annual mean temperature of . It lies inland, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and does not front the Pacific Ocean like San Francisco. As a result, the city is somewhat more sheltered from rain, giving it a semiarid feel with a mean annual rainfall of , compared to some other parts of the Bay Area, which can receive about three times that amount.", "The Urubamba Valley, also known as the Sacred Valley of the Incas, is one of the most fertile valleys on this planet. Everything that is planted here grows with such abnormal vigor - especially corn and potatoes. The corn here grows approximately three times the size of the corn grown in the U.S. and other parts of the world.", "San Jose is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which (1.91%) is water.", "The following Santa Clara County cities are actually located in the Santa Clara Valley and based on that status are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):", "The valley floor is flanked by the Mayacamas Mountain Range on the western and northern sides the Vaca Mountains on the eastern side. Several smaller valleys exist within these two ranges. The floor of the main valley gradually rises from sea level at the southern end to 362 ft above sea level at the northern end in Calistoga at the foot of Mount Saint Helena. The Oakville and Rutherford American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) lie within a geographical area known as the Rutherford Bench in the center of the valley floor. The soil in the southern end of the valley consists mainly of sediments deposited by earlier advances and retreats of San Pablo Bay while the soil at the northern end of the valley contains a large volume of volcanic lava and ash. Several of the small hills that emerge from the middle of the valley floor near Yountville are indicators of the region's volcanic past.", "San Jose is home to several colleges and universities. The largest is San Jose State University, which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 30,000 students in over 130 different bachelor's and master's degree programs. The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States. San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Division I college football team; Stanford University and U.C. Berkeley are the other two.", "Valley (Verse 5, 10). The city will be located on the plains of a valley between these mountains.", "*Field Sports Park, Santa Clara County's only publicly owned firing range, located in south San Jose", "Price: $4,800,000 Imagine your own private valley nestled in the hills of sunny, scenic San Gregorio. With over 127 ﬂat to rolling acres and copious adjudicated water rights, this rare parcel is a blank palette for your vision. An equestrian enthusiast would create their own private, CETA-like park. A farmer or vintner would ﬁnd the balmy micro-climate and abundant supplies of water ideal for the most ambitious growing endeavors. A burgeoning family would strike the perfect balance between back-to-the-land, rustic country life and a mere 45 minute commute to both San Francisco and Silicon Valley. Currently situated on the property is a vintage farmhouse, a spacious 2,500 sq ft barn, charming guest quarters and several additional outbuildings. Available for the ﬁrst time in 17 years, this rare slice of your personal heaven is offered at $4,800,000.", "San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as Hanchett Park, Naglee Park, Rose Garden, and Willow Glen (including Palm Haven).", "Its architecture is a mixture of colonial and mainly modern styles. In the older western part of the city, some of the old world Spanish colonial charm has been retained. To the east are the newer areas, characterized by skyscrapers and freeways with modern, comfortable residential areas dotting the valley floor and spreading up the mountain sides.", "The Valley is a sprawling collection of communities, each with its own attractions and charms. Immortalized in movies as diverse as Chinatown and Valley Girl, the area derives its name from Mission San Fernando Rey de España, the historic landmark on the Valley’s northernmost edge.", "San Jose Museum of Art - San Jose's premier art museum, with a focus on contemporary art in all media. The Museum also offers a unique museum store and cafe.", "In reference to its business activities, by what nickname is Santa Clara Valley, California, better known?", "Santa Clara is a city in Santa Clara County, California, named after the Spanish mission that was established there in 1777. The city's population was 116,468 at the 2010 United States Census, making it the ninth-most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area." ]	[ 4.60546875, 3.064453125, 2.263671875, 1.2783203125, 1.19921875, 0.1251220703125, 0.0439453125, -0.84326171875, -0.8974609375, -2.046875, -2.65234375, -2.943359375, -3.369140625, -3.517578125, -3.81640625, -3.826171875, -4.140625, -4.625, -5.01171875, -5.109375, -5.5625, -5.734375, -6.04296875, -6.06640625, -6.86328125, -6.95703125, -7.8515625, -8.75, -9.3125, -9.3515625, -9.78125, -10.328125 ]
In which Chicago theater did over 500 people die in a fire in 1903?	[ "On December 30, 1903, the new Iroquois Theater in Chicago burned taking the lives of more than 600 theatergoers. The construction of this building, called “absolutely fireproof”[1] by W. A. Merriam, the construction manager, lacked numerous fire safety devices and blatantly disregarded the safety of its occupants. While the fire may have been unpredictable, proper fire safety could have prevented the ensuing disaster once called “the greatest disaster in her (Chicago’s) history for a generation.”[2]", "Between 1901 and 1912, Foy Sr. played the leading comic roles in a series of musical comedies in New York City and on tour, including The Strollers (1901), The Wild Rose (1902), Mr. Bluebeard (1903), Piff! Paff! Pouf! (1904), The Earl and the Girl (1905), The Orchid (1907), Mr Hamlet of Broadway (1908/9), Up and Down Broadway (1910), and Over the River (1912). It was while on tour with Mr. Bluebeard that he became a hero of Chicago’s infamous Iroquois Theatre Fire, December 30, 1903. A malfunctioning spotlight set fire to the scenery backstage, and Foy stayed onstage until the last minute, trying to keep the audience from panicking. Unfortunately the theater’s safety features were woefully inadequate, the theater personnel untrained, and some of the exits locked from the outside, and at least 600 people perished. Foy escaped by crawling through a sewer.", "In the end, 602 people perished due to the fire at the Iroquois Theater on December 30, 1903. The courts punished no one and only the construction company ever had to pay a cent to the victims’ families. On the other hand, the residents of the city came together in the face of the disaster and helped their fellow Chicagoans. The city revolutionized their fire-prevention ordinances and gained a healthy respect for the hazard. The Iroquois Theater fire had a profound and lasting effect upon Chicago as well as the rest of the nation. The Architect Marshall stated, “I’ll never allow another theatre to be built with a stick of wood in it.”[26] Many of the ordinances still exist or set the precedence for many of today’s fire-prevention regulations. As time goes on, the people of Chicago have not and will not forget “the worst theater fire disaster in U.S. history.”[27]", "The Iroquois Theatre fire happened on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It was the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. At least 602 people died as a result of the fire, but not all the deaths were reported, as some of the bodies were removed from the scene.", "1903 – In the deadliest single-building fire in United States history, the Iroquois Theatre Fire claimed 602 lives in Chicago.", "The Iroquois Theatre (Theater) Fire occurred on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It is the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. A total of 602 people died as a result of the fire.", "When the fire company arrived, everything appeared normal, as there was no smoke coming out of the Iroquois Theater at first. But when they went into the building, they could not open the doors because of the bodies that were stacked against them. The death toll in the upper balconies was tremendous, as the fire escape supposedly leading down to the street a hundred feet below was found to be non-existent, leaving some to jump or fall to their death from the great height. As many as 150 people met their fate in this manner.", "The theatre originated as the Gallo Opera House by Fortune Gallo in 1927 for his San Carlo Opera Company . It opened on February 7, 1927 with the opera La bohème . It was not successful as an opera house; over the course of the next decade, it changed its name several times. It became known as the New Yorker Theatre in 1930, booking Ibsen 's play The Vikings, but remained unsuccessful. From 1933 to 1936 it became a dinner theatre called the Casino de Paree, managed by Billy Rose . It was then the Palladium Theatre in 1936. The Federal Theatre Project leased it for its productions and changed its name to the Federal Music Theatre in 1937. The Chicago Federal Theatre achieved success here with its production of Swing Mikado , a jazzy version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta starring Bill Robinson . Later in 1937, the name was changed back to the New Yorker Theatre.", "One theater to see, regardless of the production, is The Auditorium in the Loop . It's a masterpiece of architecture and of performance space. Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, who were on a commission from syndicate of local business magnates to bring some culture to the heathen city, it was the tallest building in Chicago and one of the tallest in the world at the time of its opening in 1889, and it's still an impressive sight, inside and out.", "The Iroquois had no fire alarm box or telephone. The Chicago Fire Department's Engine 13 was alerted to the fire by a stagehand who had been ordered to run from the burning theater to the nearest firehouse. On the way to the scene, at approximately 3:33 pm, a member of Engine 13 activated an alarm box to call additional units. Initial efforts focused on the people trapped on the fire escapes. The alley to the north of the theater, known as Couch Place, was icy, narrow, and full of smoke. Aerial ladders could not be used in the alley and black nets, concealed by the smoke, proved useless.", "Some 575 people died that day, and hundreds were hurt. Another 30 would die from their injuries in the following weeks. The theater's managers and several public officials were indicted in connection with the fire, but none was ever punished.", "Despite the fire’s devastation, much of Chicago’s physical infrastructure, including its water, sewage and transportation systems, remained intact. Reconstruction efforts began quickly and spurred great economic development and population growth, as architects laid the foundation for a modern city featuring the world’s first skyscrapers. At the time of the fire, Chicago’s population was approximately 324,000; within nine years, there were 500,000 Chicagoans. By 1893, the city was a major economic and transportation hub with an estimated population of 1.5 million. That same year, Chicago was chosen to host the World’s Columbian Exposition, a major tourist attraction visited by 27.5 million people, or approximately half the U.S. population at the time.", "Once the fire had ended, the smoldering remains were still too hot for a survey of the damage to be completed for days. Eventually it was determined that the fire destroyed an area about four miles (6 km) long and averaging 3/4 mile (1 km) wide, encompassing more than 2,000 acres (810 ha). Destroyed were more than 73 miles (120 km) of roads, 120 miles (190 km) of sidewalk, 2,000 lampposts, 17,500 buildings, and $222 million in property—about a third of the city’s valuation. Of the 300,000 inhabitants, 90,000 were left homeless. Between two and three million books were destroyed from private library collections. The fire was said by The Chicago Daily Tribune to have been so fierce that it surpassed the damage done by Napoleon’s siege of Moscow in 1812. Remarkably, some buildings did survive the fire, such as the then-new Chicago Water Tower, which remains today as an unofficial memorial to the fire’s destructive power. It was one of just five public buildings and one ordinary bungalow spared by the flames within the disaster zone. The O’Leary home and Holy Family Church, the Roman Catholic congregation of the O’Leary family, were both saved by shifts in the wind direction that kept them outside the burnt district.", "At 8:30 Sunday evening, October 8th in Chicago Illinois, a fire started in the barn of Patrick and Catherine O’Leary at 137 De Koven Street and spread out of control to turn the largest city west of Pittsburgh to ashes. During and following the Great Chicago Fire 300 lives were lost, 17,500 buildings destroyed, 100,000 left homeless and an estimated cost of damages at $400,000,000 in 1871 currency. As the retail gateway to the west and mail-order capitol of the world, musical instrument manufacturers and distributors were seriously affected. Many never recovered. Those that survived grew stronger.", "On May 7th the Astor Place Opera House was full of Forrest supporters who ruined Macready's performance by throwing fruits and pennies onto the stage. Things escalated. On May 10, 1849, a crowd of about 10,000 to 15,000 gathered outside the Astor Place Opera House and a few members of the crowd threw paving stones and brickbats through the windows, injuring members of the audience. The police arrived, but when they proved to be ineffective, the state militia was called in. When the crowd attacked the front doors of the theatre, the militia formed a barricade in front of the doors. The mob continued to attack.", "The actors and stagehands then panicked and headed for the rear exits as the audience finally figured out, too late, that the fire was unstoppable. As the flames spread, those backstage opened the rear doors to escape, and the air that rushed in turned the fire into an inferno. The delirious mass of people headed for any door that they could find, trampling one another and shoving and pushing in frightened hysteria. But the exit doors opened inward, and the crush of bodies against the people trying to open them did not allow them to do so. Also, many of the side doors were locked. The Iroquois was plunged into darkness as the lights went out, and the fire, fueled by the air coming in from the rear doors, exploded throughout the main auditorium.", "Perhaps the most tragic theatre fire in Britain’s history occurred in 1887 when Exeter’s Theatre Royal burnt down during an evening performance. The blaze was caused by a piece of scenery, which was ignited by a gas burner and fell onto the stage, setting the auditorium alight. In the stampede that followed, the theatre’s badly arranged exits left many trapped and despite efforts from audience members and passers-by (one visiting army officer named Scattergood returned to the fire repeatedly to drag people free until he was burned to death) around 200 people were killed. Many of the victims were from the city’s poorer areas and had bought reduced price tickets for the second half of the play only. Around 100 children were orphaned that night. The theatre, which had been built to replace the New Theatre, which had burned down two years earlier, was rebuilt in 1889 and the tragedy prompted many advances in theatre fire safety, most notably the introduction of safety curtains.", "Rain put out the fire more than a day later, but by then it had burned an area 4 miles long and 1 mile wide. The fire destroyed 17,500 buildings and 73 miles of street. Ninety thousand people—one in three Chicago residents—were left homeless by the fire. While only 120 bodies were recovered, it is believed that 300 people died in the blaze.", "The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying about 4 square miles (10 km2) in Chicago, Illinois. Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of the 19th century, the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago’s development into one of the most populous and economically important American cities.", "The Bowery Theatre was a 19th-century playhouse at 46 Bowery. It was founded in the 1820s by rich families to compete with the upscale Park Theatre. By the 1850s, the theatre came to cater to immigrant groups such as the Irish, Germans, and Chinese. It burned down four times in 17 years, and a fire in 1929 destroyed it for good.", "Besides the fact that the Great Chicago Fire started around 9 o’clock on Sunday evening, October 8, 1871, somewhere in or very near the O’Leary barn, the exact particulars of its origins are unknown. But, given the dry summer and the careless way the city had been built and managed, a kick from a cow would have been sufficient but by no means necessary to burn Chicago down. As A.T. Andreas, the city’s leading nineteenth-century historian, put it, \"Nature had withheld her accustomed measure of prevention, and man had added to the peril by recklessness.\"", "The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying about 4 square miles (10 km2) inChicago, Illinois. Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of the 19th century, the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago’s development into one of the most populous and economically important American cities. On the municipal flag of Chicago, the second star commemorates the fire. Even to this day the exact cause and origin of the fire remain uncertain.", "2005 At least 31 persons, by fire and trampling, in the Cairo theater run by Egypt's Culture Ministry where about 1000 persons were watching a play. At least 60 persons are injured. —(050906).", "October 8, 1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago erupted. According to legend, it started when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern in her barn on DeKoven Street. Over 300 persons were killed and 90,000 were left homeless as the fire leveled 3.5 square miles, destroying 17,450 buildings. Financial losses totaled over $200 million.", "On October 8, 1871, a fire broke out in a barn on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois. For more than 24 hours, the fire burned through the heart of Chicago, killing 300 people and leaving one-third of the city's population homeless.", "The Chicago Fire of 1871, also called the Great Chicago Fire, burned from October 8 to October 10, 1871, and destroyed thousands of buildings, killed an estimated 300 people and caused an estimated $200 million in damages. Legend has it that a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fire, but other theories hold that humans or even a meteor might have been responsible for the event that left an area of about four miles long and almost a mile wide of the Windy City, including its business district, in ruins. Following the blaze, reconstruction efforts began quickly and spurred great economic development and population growth.", "In October 1871, dry weather and an abundance of wooden buildings, streets and sidewalks made Chicago vulnerable to fire. The Great Chicago Fire began on the night of October 8, in or around a barn located on the property of Patrick and Catherine O’Leary at 137 DeKoven Street on the city’s southwest side. Legend holds that the blaze started when the family’s cow knocked over a lighted lantern; however, Catherine O’Leary denied this charge, and the true cause of the fire has never been determined. What is known is that the fire quickly grew out of control and moved rapidly north and east toward the city center.", "The night before the Great Fire, a raging fire burned out a four-block area of the West Side of Chicago that required the services of almost half of the city's firefighters. That fire was to be a harbinger of the disaster that would strike on Sunday evening, October 8, 1871.", "The Home Insurance Building was built with a steel frame in 1885 after the Great Chicago Fire destroyed parts of the mostly wooden city in 1871. Photograph: Underwood & Underwood/Corbis", "The fire of October 1871 might have been a blessing in disguise for a city that wanted badly to be a player on the international cultural scene. And then Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked off one of the most talked-about scenarios of American lore. Or do Chicagoans continue to embrace this urban legend as their link to immortality?", "Crucible Theatre was opened in 1971 and was built on the site of a well known city landmark called the Adelphi. This theatre forms an integral part of the Sheffield Theatres Complex. It is the main producing venue within the group. It is a grade 2 listed building which is noted for its 980 seat auditorium.", "Chicago (1975) is an American musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb and a book by Ebb and Bob Fosse. Set in Prohibition-era Chicago, the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same name by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins about actual criminals and crimes she reported on. The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the \"celebrity criminal.\"" ]	[ 6.05859375, 5.75390625, 5.6171875, 3.8671875, 3.736328125, 3.60546875, -2.357421875, -2.873046875, -3.55078125, -4.30078125, -4.5546875, -4.9609375, -5.0390625, -5.08203125, -5.37109375, -5.42578125, -5.4375, -5.55078125, -6.00390625, -6.23828125, -6.546875, -6.55078125, -6.6640625, -6.67578125, -6.78515625, -7.34765625, -7.875, -8.5546875, -8.578125, -8.8125, -8.953125, -10.203125 ]
How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?	[ "As a result, Ford’s cars came off the line in three minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time by a factor of eight (requiring 12.5 hours before, 93 minutes afterwards), while using less manpower. By 1914, the assembly process for the Model T had been so streamlined it took only 93 minutes to assemble a car. That year Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and by the time Henry made his 10 millionth car, 10 percent of all cars in the entire world were Fords. In fact, it was so successful that Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923; in total, more than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured, reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925, or 2 million annually, more than any other model of its day, at a price of just $240 (equivalent to $2,696 today). Model T production was finally surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle on February 17, 1972.", "As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time by a factor of eight (requiring 12.5 hours before, 93 minutes afterwards), while using less manpower. By 1914, the assembly process for the Model T had been so streamlined it took only 93 minutes to assemble a car. That year Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and by the time Henry made his 10 millionth car, 50 percent of all cars in the world were Fords. It was so successful that Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923, instead it became so famous that people now considered it a norm; more than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured, reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925, or 2 million annually, more than any other model of its day, at a price of just $260 (or about $ in dollars). Model T production was finally surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle on February 17, 1972.", "Chassis construction was the final step in Fords transition from static to moving assembly. This 1914 photo shows in-progress chassis on the line. The moving lines cut the Model T's final assembly time in half, from 12 hours to six. Continual adjustments and refinements kept reducing final assembly time until nearly four more hours were saved.", "The moving assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operation on December 1, 1913. The assembly line, driven by conveyor belts, reduced production time for a Model T to just 93 minutes. Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world.", "The Ford Model T (Colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Flivver and Mrelm) was an Automobile produced by Henry Ford 's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile came into popular usage. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that \"put America on wheels\"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including Assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market. [1] The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.", "Actually it took four years and more to develop Model T. Previous models were the guinea pigs, one might say, for experimentation and development of a car which would realize Henry Ford's dream of a car which anyone could afford to buy, which anyone could drive anywhere, and which almost anyone could keep in repair. Many of the world's greatest mechanical discoveries were accidents in the course of other experimentation. Not so Model T, which ushered in the motor transport age and set off a chain reaction of machine production now known as automation. All our experimentation at Ford in the early days was toward a fixed and, then wildly fantastic goal.", "Work began at one end of the assembly line, starting with an empty chassis. From there, the chassis moved slowly down the assembly line. Workers on the assembly line added parts to the chassis. Before long, a new Model T rolled off the other end of the line. Different body styles were available, even a truck, or Model TT. At first, the only color available was black. Black paint was used because it was cheaper than other paints and Ford was obsessed with increasing profit. As car paint got better over the years, Ford began offering other colors. The time it took a chassis to become a finished car was over twelve hours when the first Model T's were built. By the time the last Model T came off of the line, Ford had so many auto plants it was making one car every 40 seconds!", "In February 1914, he added a mechanized belt that chugged along at a speed of six feet per minute. As the pace accelerated, Ford produced more and more cars, and on June 4, 1924, the 10-millionth Model T rolled off the Highland Park assembly line. Though the Model T did not last much longer--by the middle of the 1920s, customers wanted a car that was inexpensive and had all the bells and whistles that the Model T scorned--it had ushered in the era of the automobile for everyone.", "1914 - Henry Ford announced the newest advance in assembly line production of cars. The new continuous motion method reduced assembly time of a car from 12ï¿½ hours to 93 minutes.", "Ford's first venture into automobile assembly with the Model A involved setting up assembly stands on which the whole vehicle was built, usually by a single assembler who fit an entire section of the car together in one place. This person performed the same activity over and over at his stationary assembly stand. To provide for more efficiency, Ford had parts delivered as needed to each work station. In this way each assembly fitter took about 8.5 hours to complete his assembly task. By the time the Model T was being developed Ford had decided to use multiple assembly stands with assemblers moving from stand to stand, each performing a specific function. This process reduced the assembly time for each fitter from 8.5 hours to a mere 2.5 minutes by rendering each worker completely familiar with a specific task.", "The Model T Ford was built from 1908 until 1927 with only minor changes over those years. Over 15 million were built. It put America on wheels. The touring car cost $950 in 1910, but by 1926/1927, the price was only $290, made possible by Ford's introduction of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production.", "“I will build a motor car for the great multitude,” Ford proclaimed in announcing the birth of the Model T in October 1908. In the 19 years of the Model T’s existence, he sold 15,500,000 of the cars in the United States, almost 1,000,000 more in Canada, and 250,000 in Great Britain, a production total amounting to half the auto output of the world. The motor age arrived owing mostly to Ford’s vision of the car as the ordinary man’s utility rather than as the rich man’s luxury. Once only the rich had travelled freely around the country; now millions could go wherever they pleased. The Model T was the chief instrument of one of the greatest and most rapid changes in the lives of the common people in history, and it effected this change in less than two decades. Farmers were no longer isolated on remote farms. The horse disappeared so rapidly that the transfer of acreage from hay to other crops caused an agricultural revolution . The automobile became the main prop of the American economy and a stimulant to urbanization—cities spread outward, creating suburbs and housing developments—and to the building of the finest highway system in the world.", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black\". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years.", "But Henry didn’t stop there. He wanted a cheaper, higher-quality automobile built for the masses: Problem solved in the low-cost Model T, aka “Tin Lizzie.” In total, over 15 million Model T Fords were produced globally; production officially concluded in 1927.", "The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by various countries simultaneously since they were being produced in Walkerville, Canada and in Trafford Park, Greater Manchester, England starting in 1911 and were later assembled in Germany, Argentina, France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan. Ford made use of the knock-down kit concept almost from the beginning of the company.", "automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance. More than 15 million Model Ts were built in Detroit and Highland Park, Mich. (The automobile was also assembled...", "The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by various countries simultaneously since they were being produced in Walkerville, Canada and in Trafford Park, Greater Manchester, England starting in 1911 and were later assembled in Germany, Argentina, France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan, as well as several locations throughout the US. Ford made use of the knock-down kit concept almost from the beginning of the company as freight and production costs from Detroit had Ford assembling vehicles in major metropolitan centers of the US.", "Automobile produced by Ford Motor Company using assembly line techniques. The first Model Ts were produced in 1907; using the assembly line, Ford produced half of the automobiles made in the world between 1907 and 1926.", "Ford established a manufacturing facility in the port city of Yokohama in February 1925, where Model T vehicles were assembled using imported knock-down kits. The factory subsequently produced 10,000 Model A's up to 1936. Production ceased in 1940 as a result of political tensions between Japan and the United States.", "For example in 1913, due to assembly line production alone, one of Ford's cars moved through the factory, start to finish, from twelve hours and eight minutes to one hour, thirty-three minutes. All other manufacturers were still painstakingly assembling their cars by hand for wealthy owners.", "3. Ford creates the first large-scale assembly line for manufacturing his Model T cars in 1913.", "In the first several years of their marriage, Ford supported himself and his new wife by running a sawmill. In 1891, he returned with Clara to Detroit, where he was hired as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company. Rising quickly through the ranks, he was promoted to chief engineer two years later. Around the same time, Clara gave birth to the couple’s only son, Edsel Bryant Ford. On call 24 hours a day for his job at Edison, Ford spent his irregular hours on his efforts to build a gasoline-powered horseless carriage, or automobile. In 1896, he completed what he called the “Quadricycle,” which consisted of a light metal frame fitted with four bicycle wheels and powered by a two-cylinder, four-horsepower gasoline engine.", "The first moving automobile assembly line began operations in Henry Ford’s Hyland Park plant in 1913, reducing chassis assembly from 12 and one half hours to 93 minutes within a year.", "October the 2nd, 1908- The era of personal transportation began with Henry Ford’s introduction of the Model-T automobile. The Model-T revolutionized transportation as well as manufacturing, inducing the use of the assembly line to build cars faster and cheaper. Prior to the Model-T, the cost of an automobile was well outside of the salaries of most Americans. Ford said he built his car for the average working family so that anyone could afford it. The little 4 cylinder engine produced 20 horse power and could propel the car to a top speed of about 45 mph. This is a perfect example of private industry improving the lives of average people, not the government. Henry Ford and his company built the Model-T and nobody else did it for him.", "1908 - The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.", "There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the Model T came along. Although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models (A through T); some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the company’s largest success to that point, the Model N. The follow-up was the Ford Model A and not the Model U. Company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. As it happens, the first Plymouth car (1928), built by competitor Chrysler Corporation, was named Model U.", "Engineer who founded the Ford Motor Company and promoted the assembly line mass-production technique. Ford began his career as a machinist, but then moved to the Edison Illuminating Company where he became Chief Engineer in 1893. Ford carried out his own research into petrol engines and went on to design a number of cars. He is best known for the Model T Ford, which as the first affordable car in the US transformed the automobile industry and the history of transport.", "In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the \"assembly line\" for motor vehicle construction. The first car model to be produced on the production line was the Model T. The assembly or production line replaced the \"coachbuilding\" method of building cars (where cars were built individually, one by one).", "The early 20th century was responsible for some significant developments in the automotive industry, such as the production of Ford’s Model T.", "an Inventor and a business leader in Detroit - produced a car that people could afford - he called it the Model T (Tin Lizzie). He also worked out an assembly line to make cars more quickly from on worker to antoher.", "*Ford Motor Company – named after its founder, Henry Ford, who introduced automobile mass production in 1914.", "Ford Motor Company – named after its founder, Henry Ford, who introduced automobile mass production in 1914. 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Which couple were implicated in the Whitewater affair?	[ "The \"Whitewater\" scandal was a real estate scheme by the White Water Development Corp. Both President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton were involved in the scandal to make a land deal. Many people were involved in the scheme, which was held in the 1980s in Arkansas. Bill Clinton and his wife maintained their funds by the support of the Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan, which represented the Clintons in the overthrow of their Whitewater shares. The Clintons were being investigated when there were improper campaign contributions, political and financial favors, and tax benefits.", " The “Whitewater” scandal was a real estate scheme by the White Water Development Corp. Both President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton were involved in the scandal to make a land deal. Many people were involved in the scheme, which was held in the 1980s in Arkansas. Bill Clinton and his wife maintained their funds by the support of the Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan, which represented the Clintons in the overthrow of their Whitewater shares. The Clintons were being investigated when there were improper campaign contributions, political and financial favors, and tax benefits.", "Whitewater (also known as the Whitewater controversy or the Whitewater scandal) is an American legal and political episode of the 1990s that began with an investigation into the real estate investments of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton and their associates, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture in the 1970s and 1980s.", "David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against President Clinton in the Whitewater affair, claimed in November 1993 that Clinton, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal.[3] Clinton supporters regarded Hale's allegations as questionable, as Hale had not mentioned Clinton in reference to this loan during the original FBI investigation of Madison Guaranty in 1989. Only after coming under indictment for this in 1993 did Hale make allegations against the Clintons.[4]", "2. The Whitewater scandal was an American politics controversy that began with the real estate investments of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, Jim and Susan McDougal in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture in the 1970s and 1980s. Read a book with a white cover, a book with a political theme (view spoiler) [Political Nonfiction: http://www.goodreads.com/list/show/79... & Political Thrillers: http://www.goodreads.com/list/show/60... (hide spoiler) ] OR a book with water on the cover.", "Much of Bill Clinton's effectiveness as President was, however, overshadowed by scandal. His political opponents raised questions about a land deal he and his wife had been involved in some twenty years earlier, that involved the possibility of kickbacks and fraud. This became known as the Whitewater Affair. In addition, in 1994, a former employee, Paula Jones, accused him of sexual harassment. Personal friends of the Clintons have been convicted of fraud and involvement in Whitewater. Congress hired Special Prosecutor Kenneth Starr to investigate President Clinton.", "The term “Whitewater” originated from the Whitewater Development Corporation, a company formed in 1978 by the Clintons and James B . and Susan McDougal to develop a 230-acre tract of remote mountain land at the confluence of the White River and Crooked Creek in Marion County . The two couples borrowed $203,000 from a bank to buy the land and make improvements. They hoped to sell lots for vacation homes and make a profit, but interest rates skyrocketed, the real-estate market plunged, and the couples lost most of their investment. McDougal, a political operative and friend of Clinton, acquired a bank in the tiny town of Kingston (Madison County) in 1980 and then, in 1982, a small savings and loan company in Woodruff County , which he renamed Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Corporation and moved to Little Rock (Pulaski County) . That enterprise also collapsed in the sweeping national savings and loan debacle of the 1980s. McDougal was tried and acquitted in federal District Court in 1990 on charges of bank fraud in connection with the savings and loan.", "In March 1992, questions arose concerning a failed Arkansas business deal that the Clintons had been involved in during the 1980s. The deal centered on the Whitewater Development Corporation, a proposed real estate development near Little Rock. Among the charges later directed at Clinton was that he had benefited from criminal actions of James McDougal, an Arkansas savings-and-loan owner. In particular, it was alleged that McDougal had illegally diverted money to Clinton's gubernatorial campaign fund—money that McDougal had been able to raise partly through the help of then-Governor Clinton. James and Susan McDougal, along with former Arkansas governor Jim Guy Tucker, were convicted of fraud in 1996 for their roles in several transactions, including the Whitewater affair.", "July 18 : A U.S. Senate committee begins hearings into the Whitewater affair–the real-estate and financial dealings of President and Mrs. Clinton while they were living in Arkansas.", "McDougal was born as Susan Carol Henley in Heidelberg, Germany, the daughter of James B. Henley and Laurette (Mathieu) Henley. Susan McDougal was married from 1976 until 1990 to the late James B. McDougal, also of Little Rock, Arkansas. The McDougals were partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the failed Whitewater real estate venture in the 1980s.", "Attorney General Janet Reno names New York lawyer and former U.S. attorney Robert B. Fiske Jr. as special counsel to investigate the Clintons' involvement in Whitewater. Fiske announces he will also explore a potential link between Foster's suicide and his intimate knowledge of the developing Whitewater scandal.", "David Hale: -- The government's star witness in the first Whitewater trial, Arkansas banker David Hale made the salacious claim that Clinton, in the 1980s, conspired with him and Whitewater partner Jim McDougal on an illegal $300,000 loan. Then-Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker and James and Susan McDougal were convicted in that trial. Hale himself pleaded guilty to two felony counts of defrauding the Small Business Administration and served 21 months of a 28-month sentence. He once predicted that Starr would indict Hillary Clinton, and once told an interviewer he had only told investigators \"a small, small part\" of the whole Whitewater saga, and that \"a lot more information will come out by the time this investigation is all over.\" In 1999, Hale was sentenced to 21 days in prison after pleading guilty of lying to state regulators about the solvency of his insurance company.", "questioned about her role in the related events known as Whitewater, her public posture has changed very little. She has asserted that she has done nothing wrong and that \"at the end of the day, the American people will know that we have nothing to cover up.\" There is no connection, she has said, between anything she did and the criminal cases being pursued by the Whitewater independent counsel, including the trial that ended last week with the fraud convictions of the couple who brought the Clintons into the original Whitewater land deal and the man who succeeded Bill Clinton as governor of Arkansas.", "As most are aware, Whitewater refers to a scandal involving the Clintons’ real estate investment during the late 1970s through a company they formed called the Whitewater Development Corporation. After Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, the Justice Department and the U.S. Congress investigated various aspects of the Whitewater deal, including allegations that Clinton, as governor of Arkansas in the mid-1980s, used his influence to arrange a $300,000 loan to the Clintons’ partner in the deal.", "Whitewater began back in 1978 when Bill and Hillary Clinton along with two Arkansas acquaintances, James B. and Susan McDougal, borrowed $203,000 to purchase 220 acres of riverfront land in Arkansas' Ozark Mountains, then formed the Whitewater Development Corporation with the intention of building vacation homes.", "David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against the Clintons, claimed in November 1993, that Bill Clinton had pressured him into providing an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal. Clinton supporters regarded Hale's allegations as questionable, as Hale had not mentioned Clinton in reference to this loan during the original FBI investigation of Madison Guaranty in 1989; only after coming under indictment in 1993, did Hale make allegations against the Clintons. A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project. Jim Guy Tucker, Bill Clinton's successor as governor, was convicted of fraud and sentenced to four years of probation for his role in the matter. Susan McDougal served 18 months in prison for contempt of court for refusing to answer questions relating to Whitewater. The Clintons themselves were never prosecuted, after three separate inquiries found insufficient evidence linking them with the criminal conduct of others related to the land deal, and Susan McDougal was granted a pardon by President Clinton before he left office.", "This article is an attempt to analyze her responses to Whitewater inquiries. It is not a complete study of her involvement in the events that have come to be known as Whitewater, but focuses on one aspect: her legal representation of James B. McDougal and Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan. Based on an examination of the relevant public documents, it lays out at length the details necessary to try to evaluate the different statements she has made. It also addresses questions about her possible motivations. The first lady declined to be interviewed for this report. White House lawyers Jane Sherburne and Mark Fabiani were interviewed and provided documents that they felt supported Hillary Clinton's statements.", "On August 5, 1994, Kenneth Starr became Independent Counsel to prosecute Whitewater participants, including Susan McDougal. Federal trial began in 1996. During that trial, the government's star witness, Arkansas banker and former municipal judge David Hale, claimed that then-Governor Bill Clinton had discussed an illegal $300,000 loan with himself and McDougal. Hale was himself under investigation for having defrauded the Small Business Administration out of $3.2 million. He also unsuccessfully sought to have his brother, Milas Hale corroborate his testimony against Clinton. ", "Jim McDougal: Bill and Hillary Clinton friend, banker, and political ally, sent to prison for eighteen felony convictions. A key whitewater witness, dies of a heart attack on March, 8 1998. As of this writing allegations that he was given an injection of the diuretic lasix has not been denied or confirmed.", "During her tenure as first lady, Hillary contended with a series of investigations into the Clintons' personal affairs, including extensive inquiries related to the Clintons' 1979 investment in the failed Whitewater land deal in Arkansas. The Clintons repeatedly refused to turn over private records to media investigators, a strategy Hillary championed. \"Hillary's attitude toward the press,\" Gail Sheehy recounted, \"was to pull back, to reveal nothing... to keep the media or anybody else who's asked questions about their inside life at bay.\" But this course of action only escalated scrutiny from the Clintons' political opponents and from the media, and led to the appointment of a special prosecutor. During the official investigation, Hillary became the first", "Vince Foster was deputy White House counsel and Hillary’s friend and law partner who had connections to the Travelgate and Whitewater scandals. In 1993, Foster was found dead in a park with a fatal gunshot wound to his mouth. As WND reported , his suicide was the subject of much speculation and three official investigations.", "Susan Thomases: A close friend and former Children's Defense Fund colleague of Hillary Clinton, Thomases, a New York corporate attorney, was brought on to help the Clintons respond to Whitewater inquiries in 1992. Senate Whitewater investigators grilled her on the handling of the contents of Vincent Foster's office immediately following his death, and, citing 184 instances where she claimed memory lapse, referred Thomases to Ken Starr for possible criminal prosecution.", "The term Whitewater is also sometimes used to include other controversies from the Bill Clinton administration, especially those such as Travelgate, Filegate, and the circumstances surrounding Vince Foster’s death, that were investigated by the Whitewater Independent Counsel. (Special thanks: Wikipedia)", "Clinton defends his wife over Whitewater: Scandal and suspicion are eroding the First Lady's authority, writes Patrick Cockburn in Washington \| The Independent", "Within hours of the death of Vince Foster in July 1993, chief White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum removed documents, some of them concerning the Whitewater Development Corporation, from Foster's office and gave them to Maggie Williams, Chief of Staff to the First Lady. According to the New York Times, Williams placed the documents in a safe in the White House for five days before turning them over to their personal lawyer. ", "Bill Hanna 9/9/98 FORT WORTH STAR-TELEGRAM The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette; NEWS; Pg. A12 \"ï¿½ï¿½ From behind the closed gate of the Lawhon Exotic Ranch, officials say, the tentacles of a theft ring reached out to five states, to Costa Rica and even to a deceased witness in the Whitewater investigation. \"He has accepted full responsibility,\" Carter said. \"He certainly wasn't the mastermind. I think that fact will bear itself out later, after he pleads in federal court.\" Three others, including Lawhon's nephew, Johnny Lawhon Jr., 29, of Mabelvale, Ark., are believed to be major players, investigators said. Johnny Lawhon, who gained notoriety after finding Whitewater documents and a cashier's check made out to President Clinton in the trunk of a car, died March 29 in an auto accident. Internet reports of his death were circulated on anti-Clinton Web sites under such headings as \"Clinton Witness Life Expectancy Hits All Time Low.\" But investigators now say they believe Johnny Lawhon was also part of the theft ring. ï¿½..\"There were four main characters -- one now deceased,\" said Department of Public Safety Sgt. Mike Ditto. ï¿½ï¿½\"", "Just as the never-quite-dead Whitewater scandal is being forced into national political discourse again by Donald Trump, the former special prosecutor who spent three years chasing the right-wing ghost before become infamous for his dogged investigation into former president Bill Clinton’s sexual improprieties in the White House is now caught up in a sex scandal of his own — accused of all things, failing to vigorously investigate allegations of sexual impropriety.", "Tonight 6 PM PST St John Hunt Dorothy, \"An Amoral and Dangerous Woman\": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife – Watergate's Darkest Secret Contains new facts concerning Nixon, Watergate, and the death of Dorothy Hunt, wife of E. Howard Hunt Dorothy Hunt, “An Amoral and Dangerous Woman” tells the life story of ex-CIA agent Dorothy Hunt, who married Watergate mastermind and confessed contributor to the assassination of JFK. The book chronicles her rise in the intelligence field after World War II, as well as her experiences in Shanghai, Calcutta, Mexico, and Washington, DC. It reveals her war with President Nixon and asserts that she was killed by the CIA in the crash of Flight 553. Written by the only person who was privy to the behind-the-scenes details of the Hunt family during Watergate, this book sheds light on a dark secret of the scandal. Dorothy, \"An Amoral and Dangerous Woman\": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife – Watergate's Darkest Secret", " REFERENCE: Barbara Hartwell was interviewed by Sherri Kane and Leonard Horowitz on Tues. May 24, 2011, on The Insight Hour regarding the named COINTELPRO agent provocateurs. Listen To The Interview Here.", " REFERENCE: Barbara Hartwell was interviewed by Sherri Kane and Leonard Horowitz on Tues. May 24, 2011, on The Insight Hour regarding the named COINTELPRO agent provocateurs .", "Los Angeles– Shocking proof has surfaced to indict a former FBI Division 5 director for lying about his marriage to Church of Satan heiress, Diana Rively, Anton LaVey’s ex-wife, to keep a secret child-trafficking sex-slavery network hidden.", "Los Angeles–Shocking proof has surfaced to indict a former FBI Division 5 director for lying about his marriage to Church of Satan heiress, Diana Rively, Anton LaVey’s ex-wife, to keep a secret child-trafficking sex-slavery network hidden." ]	[ 4.68359375, 4.65625, 4.4765625, 2.603515625, 2.529296875, 2.416015625, 2.232421875, 2.171875, 1.8232421875, 1.3583984375, 1.3544921875, 1.275390625, 1.09375, 1.05859375, 0.97216796875, 0.9248046875, 0.685546875, -0.03692626953125, -0.2318115234375, -0.3505859375, -1.0947265625, -1.2861328125, -2.271484375, -2.6171875, -2.818359375, -3.005859375, -3.3203125, -5.8359375, -6.375, -6.50390625, -6.890625, -7.17578125 ]
Who did James Earl Ray shoot in Memphis in April 1968?	[ "James Earl Ray is the man who shot and killed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on 4 April 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King was killed while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel, and police determined that Ray had shot him with a rifle from the window of a rented room across the street. Ray, who had a record as a petty criminal and was an escapee from a Missouri prison, disappeared but was captured in England two months later and charged with killing King. Ray pled guilty to the charge in 1969 and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. However, he soon tried to take back his guilty plea, claiming to be innocent. By the 1990s his continued requests for a new trial had gained fresh life; a Memphis bar owner named Loyd Jowers even claimed that he participated in a plot to kill King. King’s son Dexter met with Ray in 1997 and publicly supported him, and the next year Attorney General Janet Reno ordered a full review of the case. That review ended in 2000 with a finding that “no credible evidence” existed to support the claims of Jowers or the various other conspiracy theories. Ray died in prison in 1998.", "In the accepted version of the assassination—one which no credible historian, or federal or state investigation has disputed—James Earl Ray, a career criminal and open racist, murdered Martin Luther King on April 4, 1968. An escaped convict, Ray rented a room in Memphis across from the Lorraine Motel where King was staying while mediating a sanitation workers' strike. Using a rifle with a sniper scope, he shot King from his bathroom window as King stood on the balcony of the motel. The single bullet severed King's spinal cord and killed him.", "Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl Ray at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn., 45 years ago, on April 4, 1968. His death shocked a country rocked by riots, civil discord, and a controversial war. It sparked nationwide protests, a two-month manhunt and an outpouring of grief for the slain civil rights leader who continues to stand for equal rights, peaceful protests and justice for all.", "Ray has been known as the man who shot and killed Dr. Martin Luther King on his hotel veranda in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968. Belonging to a white supremacy group, he exposed a philosophy of hate crime. Although not established, it is conjectured he was part of a conspiracy group. While serving time for King's assassination, he escaped from prison in Tennessee. Authorities were able to locate and arrest him. Ray has made several attempts at the appeal process. He died of liver cancer.", "Roads to Memphis : the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. / produced by Amanda Pollak ; written by Michelle Ferrari ; directed by Stephen Ives. [Boston] : WGBH Educational Foundation : Distributed by PBS Distribution, c2010. 1 DVD videodisc (83 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 4 3/4 in. E185.97.K5 R63 2010 VideoDVD ; Documents the story of assassin, James Earl Ray, his target, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the turbulent forces in American society that led these two men to their violent and tragic collision in Memphis in April of 1968. Explores the disparate, yet entwined stories of Ray and King to create a complex portrait of America in 1968. Bonus video: Writing American history, interview with Hampton Sides. For the moment you can watch Road to Memphis online.", "James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was an American convicted of the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. Ray was convicted on his 41st birthday after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and tried unsuccessfully to gain access to a retrial. In 1998, Ray died in prison of complications due to chronic hepatitis C infection.", "At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-ﬂoor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. During King’s funeral a tape recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered after his death: ‘‘I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving", "James Earl Ray fired one shot at Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The shot killed Dr. King.", "On April 4, in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated. James Earl Ray, a white supremacist, was subsequently arrested for the crime and convicted to 99 years in jail.", " * March 10 - In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. (he later retracts his guilty plea).", "James Earl Ray, the convicted killer of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, shown here in a 1968 photo released by the FBI. ((U.S. National Archives))", "On April 4, 1968, LIFE photographer Henry Groskinsky and writer Mike Silva, on assignment in Alabama, learned that Martin Luther King, Jr. , had been shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. The two men jumped into their car, raced the 200 miles to the scene of the assassination, and there — to their astonishment — found that they had unfettered access to the motel’s grounds; to nearby abandoned buildings from which the fatal rifle shot likely came; to Dr. King’s motel room; and to the bleak, blood-stained balcony where the civil rights leader fell, mortally wounded, hours earlier.", "Previously unseen footage of James Earl Ray arriving in Memphis to face trial for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr has come to light.", "April 4, 1968. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis. He is 39; Ray is 40", "Dr. Martin Luther King was shot and killed as he stood on the balcony outside his hotel room, #306, at 6:01 P.M. on April 4, 1968. King, 39, was in Memphis to support the black sanitary public works employees. He supposedly chose the Lorraine, which had welcomed such prominent guests as Cab Calloway and Count Basie, because of its significance to the black community of Memphis. King's last words were reportedly made to musician Ben Branch. King said, \"Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty.\" Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London’s Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the U.K. on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia. He was later convicted of King's murder. The Lorraine Hotel was converted into the National Civil Rights Museum in 1991.", "A. James Earl Ray Fired One Shot at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Shot Killed Dr. King", "Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., at age 39, was shot as he was standing on the balcony outside his hotel room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. Escaped convict and committed racist James Earl Ray was convicted of the crime. The networks then broadcast President Johnson's statement in which he called for Americans to \"reject the blind violence,\" yet cities were ignited from coast to coast.", "Pepper successfully won a 1999 civil case against the city of Memphis, in which he argued Memphis police were involved in the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., for which James Earl Ray, the only suspect was convicted in 1969.", "James Earl Ray pleads guilty to the sniper slaying of Dr. Martin Luther King and is sentenced to a 99-year term in prison. The sentencing came on Ray’s 41st birthday.", "On May 7, 1968, the Shelby County Criminal Court named James Earl Ray in an indictment for the first-degree murder of Dr. King. An international manhunt culminated with Ray's capture at Heathrow Airport in London, England, on June 8, 1968. Following extradition proceedings in England, Ray was returned to the United States on July 19, 1968. Ray pleaded guilty to the murder of Dr. King on March 10, 1969. Judge W. Preston Battle sentenced him to 99 years in the penitentiary.", "On March 10, 1969, James Earl Ray appeared before Judge W. Preston Battle of the Criminal Court of Shelby County, Tenn., and pleaded guilty to the first degree murder of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.(181)22 This plea resulted from negotiations between Ray's principal attorney, Percy Foreman, and Shelby County Attorney General Phil N. Canale. (182) Foreman was assisted in his representation of Ray by Hugh Stanton, Sr. and Hugh Stanton, Jr., (183) both of the Shelby County Public Defender's Office. The maximum penalty under Tennessee law in 1969 for first degree murder was death. (184) Nevertheless, under the terms of the prosecution's recommendation to the court, Ray was spared the death penalty and was sentenced to 99 years confinement in the State penitentiary. (185)", "James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old convicted armed robber who had escaped from the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., on April 23, 1967, pleaded guilty on March 10, 1969, in Shelby County (Tenn.) Criminal Court to the first degree murder of Dr. King. He was sentenced to 99 years at the State penitentiary.", "In the late 1960s, King openly criticized U.S. involvement in Vietnam and turned his efforts to winning economic rights for poor Americans. By that time, the civil rights movement had begun to fracture, with activists such as Stokely Carmichael rejecting King’s vision of nonviolent integration in favor of African American self-reliance and self-defense. In 1968, King intended to revive his movement through an interracial “Poor People’s March” on Washington, but on April 4 he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, by escaped white convict James Earl Ray, just a few weeks before the demonstration was scheduled to begin.", "In the late 1960s, King openly criticized U.S. involvement in Vietnam and turned his efforts to winning economic rights for poor Americans. By that time, the civil rights movement had begun to fracture, with activists such as Stokely Carmichael rejecting King's vision of nonviolent integration in favor of African American self-reliance and self-defense. In 1968, King intended to revive his movement through an interracial \"Poor People's March\" on Washington, but on April 4 he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, by escaped white convict James Earl Ray, just a few weeks before the demonstration was scheduled to begin.", "In the 1960s, the Port of Memphis was a center for civil rights struggles. In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated at the Port of Memphis' Lorraine Motel.", "James Earl Ray, King’s assassin, purchased a .30-06 caliber Remington Game-master slide action rifle and Redfield variable telescopic sight on March 30, 1968. This rifle, with his fingerprints on it, was found on the sidewalk at 424 S. Main St., near Bessie Brewer's roominghouse, where Ray had rented room 5-B using the alias John Willard. Immediately after King’s assassination, Ray was seen fleeing with a bundle that may have contained a rifle. Ray was captured two months later at London’s Heathrow Airport and extradited to Tennessee.", "The civil rights movement in photos – King lies bleeding at the feet of other civil rights leaders after he was shot on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968.", "Thus the committee established that Ray bought a .30-06 Remington Gamemaster in Birmingham and took it to Memphis. This same rifle-- with Ray's fingerprints on it--was found on the sidewalk in front of 424 South Main Street moments after the assassination.", "April 23, 1967. James Earl Ray escapes from prison in Missouri where he is serving 20 years for armed robbery and makes his way to Montreal.", "I first met James Earl Ray in early 1960. I had arrived at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City on February 8, 1960, and Ray arrived shortly afterward. We didn't have much in common: I was 19 years old, and serving four life sentences for murder and armed robbery, and Ray was 32 and serving 20 years for armed robbery. We knew some of the same people. I was born and raised in South St. Louis, an ethnic neighborhood that Ray had moved to from a small town. In September, 1961, I tried to escape from Jefferson City, and Ray tried to escape several months later. We spent approximately four months in E-Hall (solitary) together without ever speaking to each other.", "James Earl Ray died in 1998 at the age of 70 from complications related to kidney disease caused by hepatitis C probably contracted as a result of a blood transfusion given after a stabbing while at Brushy Mountain.", "In 1973, photographer William Eggleston picked up a Sony PortaPak and took to documenting the soul of Memphis and New Orleans." ]	[ 8.4921875, 7.9140625, 7.66015625, 5.9375, 4.18359375, 3.822265625, 3.630859375, 3.39453125, 3.369140625, 2.560546875, 2.529296875, 2.3359375, 2.3203125, 2.30078125, 2.234375, 2.15234375, 2.119140625, 1.908203125, 1.904296875, 1.6337890625, 1.330078125, 1.1240234375, 0.043731689453125, -0.0701904296875, -0.235595703125, -0.525390625, -1.015625, -3.19140625, -3.4375, -4.28515625, -4.421875, -7.97265625 ]
Who was the first black American to win the Nobel peace prize?	[ "Dr. Ralph Bunche was named as the winner of the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African-American to win the award. Bunche was honored for his work in brokering ceasefire agreements between Israel and her Arab neighbors. [63]", "December 10, 1950 - Dr. Ralph Bunche became the first African American man awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for his efforts in mediation between Israel and nearby Arab states the previous year.", "Dr. Ralph J. Bunche (pictured) achieved a few firsts as an African American, but none may be more more notable than the political scientist and academic winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. Becoming the first Black person to win the coveted award, Dr. Bunche maintained a dignified stance despite the rampant segregation he and others like him faced.", "In the year after the March on Washington, the civil rights movement achieved two of its greatest successes: the ratification of the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished the poll tax and thus a barrier to poor African American voters in the South; and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public facilities. In October 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr., was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On April 4, 1968, he was shot to death while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee–he was 39 years old. The gunman was escaped convict James Earl Ray.", "African American civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in America. At 35 years of age, the Georgia-born minister was the youngest person ever to receive the award.", "October 14 – American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize , which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.", "In total, there have been 16 Black Nobel Prize winners; 12 of them being Peace prize recipients. Martin Luther King Jr., Barack Obama , and Nelson Mandela are all among the list of prestigious recipients.", "On October 14th, 1964 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The prize was awarded to him for his efforts in leading the non-violent resistance against racial prejudice and segregation in the United States. King was only 35 years old when he received the prestigious prize, making him the youngest recipient at the time. King was awarded $54,123 of prize money, of which he donated to his cause in furthering the Civil Rights Movement.", "Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent campaign against racism. \"He is the first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence\", said the Chairman of the Nobel Committee in his presentation speech.", "Martin Luther King Jr. Born to a prominent Southern minister in Atlanta, Georgia , on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. led many of the most significant civil rights protests of the Fifties and Sixties until his death on April 3, 1968. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , the youngest person ever to win that honor. King will be most remembered for the massive demonstration he helped organize in Washington, D.C. , where a crowd of 200,000 stood on the Capitol Mall in front of the Lincoln Memorial at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963.", "Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. Inspired by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi, King sought equality for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and is remembered each year on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.", "At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.", "October 14, 1964 - Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He donated the $54,000 in prize money to the Civil Rights movement.", "Head of the Howard University Political Science Department for over twenty years, he was one of the first African Americans to hold a key position at the U.S. State Department. He went on to the United Nations and served as its mediator on Palestine. He was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the 1948 armistice agreements between Israel and the Arab states. He worked with Martin Luther King in the civil rights struggles of the ‘50s and ’60s.", "1964-Martin Luther King Jr. won the Nobel Peace Prize as the \"first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence.\"", "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African political activist, co-winner of Nobel Peace Prize with F.W. de Klerk in 1993, and in 1994 he became the first President of South Africa to be elected in fully-representative democratic elections. Mandela's inauguration brought together the largest number of Heads of State since the funeral of US President John F. Kennedy in 1963. After he retired the presidency in 1999, he went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organizations and greater international cooperation. He was one of the world's most visible figures regarding race relations and was a symbol to many people of the struggle for racial equality.", "Nelson Mandela, in full Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba (born July 18, 1918, Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, 2013, Johannesburg), black nationalist and the first black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts.", "Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–68) American cleric and civil rights leader in the 1950s and 1960s; winner of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, four years before he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.", "The American civil rights activist was the youngest person to be recognised by the Nobel foundation when he won the Peace Prize in 1964, at the age of 35, for his work to end racial discrimination through non-violent means.", "Both Theiler and Camus had emigrated out of Africa at the time of their awards, however, making Albert Lutuli the first person to be awarded a Nobel Prize for work completed in Africa. At the time, Lutuli (who was born in Southern Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe) was the President of the African National Congress in South Africa and was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role leading the non-violent campaign against apartheid.", "Mandela, a Nobel peace laureate, spent 27 years in prison for fighting against racial segregation in South Africa. He became the nation's first black president in 1994, four years after he was freed from prison.", "The first African-American billionaire, combat pilot, Nobel Prize winner, poet laureate, Oscar winner, and Miss America", "In July 2013, Cheryl Boone Isaacs, an American film marketing executive was named president of the Academy of Motion Pictures of Arts and Sciences. (AMPAS). She was the first black American (and only third woman after actresses Bette Davis and Fay Kanin) to be selected to head such a prestigious organization. Several decades earlier in 1939, Hattie McDaniel became the first black person to win an Oscar for her performance in the classic movie Gone With the Wind. Her victory was a bittersweet one in the fact that her speech was prepared for her and she and her guests were forced to set in a segregated section of the building where the event took place. These two similar yet, distinctive examples are representative of the complex relationship between black Americans and the Oscars.", "Leading the African-American struggle for equality through nonviolent demonstrations was what earned King the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.", "Parks received most of her national accolades very late in life, with relatively few awards and honors being given to her until many decades after the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1979, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal , [40] its highest honor, [41] and she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award the next year. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1983 for her achievements in civil rights . [42] In 1990, she was called at the last moment to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela , who had just been released from his imprisonment in South Africa . Upon spotting her in the reception line, Mandela called out her name and, hugging her, said, \"You sustained me while I was in prison all those years.\" [43] In 1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.", "On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include poverty and speak against the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled \"Beyond Vietnam\".", "A powerful orator, he appealed to Christian and American ideals and won growing support from the federal government and northern whites. In 1963, he led his massive March on Washington, in which he delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” address. In 1964, the civil rights movement achieved two of its greatest successes: the ratification of the 24th Amendment, which abolished the poll tax, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public facilities. In October of that year, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He donated the prize money, valued at $54,600, to the civil rights movement.", "The 35-year-old civil rights leader is the youngest winner of the prize that Dr. Alfred Nobel instituted since the first was awarded in 1901.", "Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.", "Following the announcement of King's Nobel win, the immediate question became how do you honor the black man who was now the city’s most important figure?", "South Africa's most prominent civil rights leader and former president won the 1993 prize for his work to end the apartheid regime Photo: REUTERS", "The former statesman is revered across the world for his role in ending apartheid in South Africa. He became the first black president in the country’s first all-race elections in 1994." ]	[ 7.8671875, 7.7890625, 7.03515625, 4.125, 4.0625, 3.029296875, 2.90234375, 2.75390625, 2.529296875, 2.244140625, 2.09375, 1.7314453125, 1.6474609375, 1.4013671875, 1.29296875, 1.0634765625, 0.54248046875, -0.303955078125, -0.3544921875, -0.44091796875, -0.58349609375, -1.51953125, -1.8740234375, -1.9013671875, -2.033203125, -3.013671875, -3.69921875, -3.9765625, -4.01171875, -6.46875, -7.40625, -8.1640625 ]
Where was the first nuclear reactor built, by Enrico Fermi?	[ "Chicago Pile 1 was the world's first nuclear reactor, built in 1942 by Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi. The reactor was built underneath the University of Chicago's Stagg Field football stadium. On Dec. 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi and 48 of his colleagues succeed in achieving in this reactor the world’s first man-made controlled nuclear chain reaction, thereby establishing the ability of mankind to control the release of nuclear energy. He and other scientists from that group later founded Argonne National Laboratory.", "Argonne Director Walter Zinn at CP-1. Chicago Pile 1 was the world's first nuclear reactor, built in 1942 by Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi. The reactor was built underneath the University of Chicago's Stagg Field football stadium. On Dec. 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi and 48 of his colleagues succeed in achieving in this reactor the world’s first man-made controlled nuclear chain reaction, thereby establishing the ability of mankind to control the release of nuclear energy. He and other scientists from that group later founded Argonne National Laboratory. CP-1 consisted of 45000 graphite bricks stacked in 587 layers. For more information, go to www.ne.anl.gov and click on the “Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy” graphic. Image courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory.", "Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian physicist, who created the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the \"architect of the nuclear age\" and the \"architect of the atomic bomb\". He was one of the few physicists to excel both theoretically and experimentally. Fermi held several patents related to the use of nuclear power, and was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity by neutron bombardment and the discovery of transuranic elements. He made significant contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.", "File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg\|Enrico Fermi (1901–1954): developed first nuclear reactor (Chicago Pile-1), contributed to quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics, awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.", "[enˈri.ko ˈfeɾ.mi]; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian physicist, best known for his work on Chicago Pile-1 (the firstnuclear reactor), and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. He is one of the men referred to as the “father of the atomic bomb”.[4] Fermi held several patents related to the use of nuclear power, and was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity by neutron bombardment and the discovery of transuranic elements. He was widely regarded as one of the very few physicists to excel both theoretically and experimentally.", "On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.", "An integral and necessary step in the development of the nuclear bomb was the establishment of a stable nuclear reaction. This dream was realized for the first time on December 2, 1942 when Enrico Fermi established the first self-sustaining nuclear reactor on a squash court underneath the stadium at Chicago University. Fermi and his partner, Leo Szilard were working under the assumption that if enough uranium and graphite were placed together in a cube, then a fission reaction would happen automatically and be self sustaining. This is what prompted them to build Chicago Pile-1 with an addition of Cadmium control rods to slow down the reaction and make sure it would not get out of hand. At 3:25 PM, the reactor reached critical mass and began to produce energy.", "zilárd also helped the great Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi construct the first nuclear reactor. Fermi’s group, which included the Canadian physicist Walter Zinn, achieved the world’s first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in December 1942 in Chicago in the USA.", "In 1942 Enrico Fermi and a team of physicists at the University of Chicago built a nuclear reactor in a squash court under the South Side university’s football field. Their successful experiment was a key step toward the creation of the first atomic bomb and, eventually, nuclear power. Impressive, but numerous accounts say the primitive test reactor was constructed with little shielding to protect the outside world from radiation. The story led Mark Eifert, a Chicago native now living in Germany, to wonder:", "In 1942, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) supervised the first controlled sustained chain reaction at the University of Chicago . Underneath the university football stadium, in modified squash courts, Fermi and his team assembled a lattice of 57 layers of uranium metal and uranium oxide embedded in graphite blocks to create the first reactor pile.", "In 1942, after President Roosevelt had ordered that an atomic weapon be made, Fermi and his team at the University of Chicago were responsible for building the first nuclear reactor. A nuclear reactor is the machine which makes plutonium, the most important ingredient of an atomic weapon. When Fermi proved that his small nuclear reactor would work, President Roosevelt ordered that much larger reactors would be built at what is now the Hanford Site. ", "The X-10 Graphite Reactor was the first reactor built after the successful experimental “Chicago Pile I” at the University of Chicago. On December 2, 1942, using a lattice of graphite blocks and uranium rods, Enrico Fermi proved that a nuclear chain reaction could be controlled. Scientists knew that it would only be a matter of time before the energy of the atom could be harnessed for a bomb.", "Fermi and his family immigrated to the United States, where he became professor of physics at Columbia University. He created the first controlled nuclear fission chain reaction in December 1942 at the University of Chicago and worked for the rest of World War II at Los Alamos, New Mexico, on the atomic bomb. Later, he opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb on ethical grounds.", "Fermi then went to the University of Chicago and began studies that led to the construction of the first nuclear pile Chicago Pile-1.", "In 1942, Enrico Fermi and other scientists made history at the University of Chicago. They completed the first controlled chain reaction that created atomic energy. This was a major advance in the development of the atomic bomb. World-renowned scientists now meet to work at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the home of one of the largest atom smashers in the world.", "Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics . Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity and is today regarded as one of the top scientists of the 20th century.", "Many things have been named in Fermi's honour. These include the Fermilab particle accelerator and physics lab in Batavia, Illinois, which was renamed in his honour in 1974, and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which was named after him in 2008, in recognition of his work on cosmic rays. Three nuclear reactor installations have been named after him: the Fermi 1 and Fermi 2 nuclear power plants in Newport, Michigan, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant at Trino Vercellese in Italy, and the RA-1 Enrico Fermi research reactor in Argentina. A synthetic element isolated from the debris of the 1952 Ivy Mike nuclear test was named fermium, in honour of Fermi's contributions to the scientific community. It follows the element einsteinium, which was discovered with it. Since 1956, the United States Atomic Energy Commission has named its highest honour, the Fermi Award, after him. Recipients of the award include well-known scientists like Otto Hahn, Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller and Hans Bethe. ", "At the Hanford site in 1944, Fermi inserted the first uranium slug into the “B” pile reactor, just as he had for the first pile in the CP-1 reactor two years earlier. During the \"B\" reactor test, Fermi was in charge of directing operations. His meticulous calculations, completed on a slide rule, determined how much uranium needed to be added to the reactor; measurements confirmed that his calculations were astoundingly accurate.", "Soon after the Chicago Pile, the U.S. military developed a number of nuclear reactors for the Manhattan Project starting in 1943. The primary purpose for the largest reactors (located at the Hanford Site in Washington state), was the mass production of plutonium for nuclear weapons. Fermi and Szilard applied for a patent on reactors on 19 December 1944. Its issuance was delayed for 10 years because of wartime secrecy. ", "Fermi and many collaborators attempted a series of experiments to produce elements beyond uranium by bombarding uranium with neutrons. They succeeded, and now at least a dozen such transuranium elements have been made. As their work continued, an even more important discovery was made. Irène Joliot-Curie, the German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, and the British physicist Otto Robert Frisch found that some uranium nuclei broke into two parts, a phenomenon called nuclear fission. At the same time, a huge amount of energy was released by mass conversion, as well as some neutrons. These results suggested the possibility of a self-sustained chain reaction, and this was achieved by Fermi and his group in 1942, when the first nuclear reactor went into operation. Technological developments followed rapidly; the first atomic bomb was produced in 1945 as a result of a massive program under the direction of the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the first nuclear power reactor for the production of electricity went into operation in England in 1956, yielding 78 million watts. See Nuclear Weapons.", "The Inventors Hall of Fame states that, \"Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard discovered the first nuclear reactor in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady observable rate.\" Today, Enrico Fermi’s nuclear reactor is in common use in nuclear power plants. Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard received U.S. patent #2,708,656 for the nuclear reactor.", "The Chicago Pile-1 was assembled under the supervision of famous Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermi had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics four years previously for his work in induced radioactivity and began lecturing at Columbia University, NY.", "Enrico Fermi was born in Rome, Italy, on 29 September 1901. He was the third child of Alberto Fermi, a division head (') in the Ministry of Railways, and Ida de Gattis, an elementary school teacher. His only sister, Maria, was two years older than he was, and his brother Giulio was a year older. After the two boys were sent to a rural community to be wet nursed, Enrico rejoined his family in Rome when he was two and a half. Although he was baptised a Roman Catholic in accordance with his grandparents' wishes, his family was not particularly religious; Enrico was an agnostic throughout his adult life. As a young boy he shared the same interests as his brother Giulio, building electric motors and playing with electrical and mechanical toys. Giulio died during the administration of an anesthetic for an operation on a throat abscess in 1915.", "On January 25, 1939, Fermi, John R. Dunning (1907-1975), and associates repeated the Hahn experiment with the help of the Columbia University 75-ton cyclotron located in the rock-hewn vault underneath the Physics building. They obtained the violent splitting of uranium, and their photographs showed high peaks of discharge of 200,000,000 electron volts. Merle Antony Tuve (1901-1982), Lawrence Randolph Hafstad (1904-1993), and Richard Brooke Roberts (1910-1980), working in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, repeated the historic reaction on the 28th, and on the same Saturday morning, workers at the Johns Hopkins Laboratory obtained the same results.", "The first usable electricity from nuclear fission is produced at the National Reactor Station, Idaho. Four years later, the neighbouring town of Arco is the first to be powered by nuclear energy.", "Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 \"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\" (Nobel Foundation). In his Nobel lecture, Fermi described the years of experimentation with slow neutrons and the bombarding of uranium; he named the new elements \"ausonium\" and \"hesperium\" (Segre 1970, p. 217). The atomic number of uranium is 92; ausonium and hesperium were thought to be numbers 93 and 94, respectively. Within weeks of the Nobel ceremony, the discovery of nuclear fission was announced. Uranium (92) had been split virtually in half; Fermi's supposed new elements were actually familiar ones--barium (56) and a mix of krypton (36) and other elements of similar weight (Hahn 1950, pp. 25-27). In contrast to Fermi's misinterpretation of the uranium experiments, the discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons proved fruitful in future basic research, as well as for practical applications in the nuclear power industry.", "Fermi was educated at the University of Pisa and in some of the leading centres for theoretical physics in Europe. In 1926 he became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Rome. There he developed a new kind of statistics for explaining the behavior of electrons. He also developed a theory of beta decay and, from 1934 on, investigated the production of artificial radioactivity by bombarding elements with neutrons. For the latter work he was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in physics.", "The early work on developing a plutonium-based bomb was not done at Hanford, but at various sites around the country, including the University of Chicago and the University of California at Berkeley. The Hanford plant , located along the Columbia River, was established in 1943, at the height of World War II. The B Reactor became the world’s first full-scale plutonium-production reactor in the world. The plutonium produced there was used in the first-ever atomic bomb test , at Trinity, in July 1945.", "October 22, 1934Enrico Fermi discovers the principle of neutron moderation, and the enhanced capture of slow neutrons.", "By 1934, Fermi had bombarded heavier elements with neutrons to induce radioactivity in elements of high atomic number. In 1938, Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\". In 1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission, or the fractionation of uranium nuclei into light elements, induced by neutron bombardment. In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei.\" The discovery of nuclear fission would lead to the development of nuclear power and the atomic bomb by the end of World War II.", "Like element 99 (einsteinium), fermium was first made in the hydrogen bomb test on Elugelab Island on the Eniwetok Atoll in the South Pacific. The test bomb exploded on the first of November 1952, blasting vast quantities of material into the atmosphere that drifted down as fallout. The team from the University of Berkeley at California that tested tonnes of ash and coral debris found around 200 atoms of element 100.", "Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first marine nuclear reactors for surface ships" ]	[ 7.15234375, 6.8359375, 6.6484375, 5.44921875, 5.4453125, 4.87890625, 4.5625, 3.953125, 3.794921875, 3.662109375, 3.541015625, 3.244140625, 2.798828125, 2.1484375, 1.5380859375, 0.8486328125, 0.81689453125, 0.79248046875, 0.68994140625, 0.266357421875, -0.39697265625, -1.1044921875, -1.9716796875, -2.046875, -2.4375, -3.13671875, -3.373046875, -3.5, -3.82421875, -4.8203125, -5.1640625, -5.76953125 ]
Which state on the Gulf of Mexico has the longest name?	[ "The Gulf of Mexico is in the southeastern region of the United States and is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. This body of water is 615,000 square miles, making it the ninth-largest body of water in the world. The Gulf of Mexico borders the states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Major cities on the Gulf of Mexico include New Orleans, Tampa and Galveston. Amerigo Vespucci, a Spanish explorer, discovered the Gulf of Mexico in the late 15th century.", "The Gulf of Mexico () is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the \"south coast\", in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the \"north coast.\" One of the gulf's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin.", "The Gulf of Mexico is a unique, semi-enclosed sea located between the Yucatan and Florida peninsulas, at the southeast shores of the United States . The Gulf of Mexico borders five of the 50 United States ( Alabama , Florida, Louisiana , Mississippi , and Texas ), and also Cuba and the eastern part of Mexico. Sometimes it is also called America's Sea. The Straits of Florida divides the Gulf from the Atlantic Ocean , while the Yucatan Channel separates it from the Caribbean Sea . The Gulf of Mexico covers more than 600,000 mi2 (almost 1.5 million km2), and in some areas its depth reaches 12,000 ft (3660m), where it is called Sigsbee Deep, or the \"Grand Canyon under the sea.\" About two-thirds of the contiguous United States (31 states between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains) belongs to the watershed area of the Gulf of Mexico, while it receives freshwater from 33 major river systems, and many small rivers , creeks, and streams. This watershed area covers a little less than two million mi2(almost 5 million km2).", "The five U.S. Gulf of Mexico States — Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas — formed the Gulf of Mexico Alliance in 2004 to increase regional collaboration and enhance the ecological and economic health of the Gulf of Mexico region. The Alliance is focused on the following priority areas:", "The Gulf of Mexico's eastern, northern, and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1680 mi, receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states. The Gulf's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo. The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles (2,805 km). On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba. It supports major American, Mexican and Cuban fishing industries. The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler, nutrient-enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling, which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone. This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid. River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone.", "The Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast of Texas , to the south of Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama and Florida 's Panhandle, and constitutes the West Coast of Florida.", "Texas is one of the 50 US states, located in the south-central part of the United States, with a 560 km (350 mi) long coastline on the Gulf of Mexico in south east, and a 3,169 km (1,969 mi) long border with Mexico along the Rio Grande. The states' longest river forms a natural border to the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in south west.", "Gulf Coast, geographic area in the extreme southern United States along the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico . Stretching in a large, flattened U shape for more than 1,200 miles (1,900 km), it extends about 100 miles (160 km) inland and runs north-northwest along western Florida; west along southern Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana; and southwest and south along southeastern Texas . Land elevations are nowhere above 500 feet (150 metres) in the region . Precipitation is more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the southeastern and south-central parts and diminishes to about 20 inches (500 mm) in the lower Rio Grande valley in Texas. Cyclonic tropical storms move across the area during late summer and autumn (when they sometimes reach hurricane force) and winter; notably destructive hurricanes occurred in 1900, 1969, and 2005.", "constituent state of the United States of America. It is delineated from its neighbours— Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and Texas to the west—by both natural and man-made boundaries. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the south. The total area of Louisiana includes about...", "Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in The Gulf of Mexico. The longest river, a Mississippi tributary, is the Missouri River measuring 2,341 mi (3,767 km).", "The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means \"Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds\" and is sometimes facetiously translated as \"you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle\". The lake is also known as Webster Lake. The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history.", "About 1 billion years ago, shallow seas covered much of Texas. After the seas receded, the land dropped gradually over millions of years, leaving a thick sediment that was then compressed into a long mountain range called the Ouachita Fold Belt. The sea was eventually restricted to a zone in West Texas called the Permian Basin, a giant evaporation pan holding gypsum and salt deposits hundreds of feet deep. As the mountain chain across central Texas eroded and the land continued to subside, the Rocky Mountains were uplifted, leaving deep cuts in Big Bend country and creating the Llano Estacado. The Gulf of Mexico subsided rapidly, depositing sediment accumulations several thousand feet deep, while salt domes formed over vast petroleum and sulfur deposits. All this geologic activity also deposited quicksilver in the Terlingua section of the Big Bend, built up the Horseshoe Atoll (a buried reef in west-central Texas that is the largest limestone reservoir in the nation), created uranium deposits in southern Texas, and preserved the oil-bearing Jurassic rocks of the northeast.", "The smallest state (but the one with the longest full name of \"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\") is often just called Little Rhody, dating back perhaps as early as 1851 (and more recently, the Smallest State). In 1847, it was being referred to as the Plantation State (a reference to the state's full name). Because of its position, its other common nickname (mainly for the benefit of tourists) is the Ocean State, and this is what appears on its licence plates.", "The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 mi downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat, but the United States Geological Survey's number is 2320 mi. The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days. ", "-Texas or “teysha” is the language of the Caddo, meaning “hello friend.” The Spanish used this term to refer to the friendly tribes throughout Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The tribes of the Caddo Confederacy, who lived in Louisiana and eastern Texas, came to be called “the kingdom of the Texas.” The name of Texas was firmly established in 1690 when the Spanish named their first mission St. Frances of the Texas.", "Sigsbee Deep , the deepest part of the Gulf of Mexico was discovered by ships under his command and it was named in his honor. [1]", "Current State of Louisiana; Alabama, Florida and States created from the land East of the Mississippi River ceded to England in 1763 at the end of the French and Indian War; and, all States created along the Mississippi River as a result of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.", "The legislature's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to economic gains for the state. Gambling towns in Mississippi include the Gulf Coast resort towns of Bay St. Louis , Gulfport and Biloxi , and the Mississippi River towns of Tunica (the third largest gaming area in the United States), Greenville , Vicksburg and Natchez . Before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second largest gambling state in the Union, after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey .[ citation needed ] An estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina 's severe damage to several coastal casinos in August 2005.[ citation needed ] In 2007, Mississippi had the third largest gambling revenue of any state, behind New Jersey and Nevada. [53] Federally recognized Native American tribes have established gaming casinos on their reservations, which are yielding revenue to support education and economic development.[ citation needed ]", "Mississippi takes its name from the Mississippi River, which runs along the state's western border. The Indians called the river the \"Father of Waters.\" The word \"Mississippi\" probably comes from \"mici zibi,\" a Chippewa Indian word meaning \"great river\" or \"gathering-in of all the waters.\" Mississippi is nicknamed the \"Magnolia State\" because of its beautiful magnolia trees. Jackson, the state's capital and largest city, is known as the \"Crossroads of the South.\" Mississippi residents are sometimes called \"Mudcats,\" after the catfish found in the state's streams. The abbreviation for Mississippi is MS.", "Nickname(s): Bayou State, Child of the Mississippi, Creole State, Pelican State (official), Sportsman's Paradise, Sugar State, The Boot", "In 1872, Mississippi was known as the Mudcat State, after a large catfish that lived in the river mud (a similar allusion may also have given it the less common nickname the Mud-Waddler State) . Bayou State dates from around 1867, and Eagle State is possibly a shortening of Border-Eagle State, which first appeared around 1846, and both may be from the eagle that appears on the state's seal. The state is also sometimes known as the Groundhog State or the Hospitality State (which appears on the licence plates) . However, the abundance of the magnolia, and its adoption as the official state flower and tree, has led to the modern nickname of the Magnolia State.", "The alluvial region includes low swamp lands, coastal marshlands and beaches, and barrier islands that cover about . This area lies principally along the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River, which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 miles (1,000 km) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico; the Red River; the Ouachita River and its branches; and other minor streams (some of which are called bayous).", "Alabama's Southern Gulf \"foot\"—the area south of the 31st parallel and west of the Perdido River—originated from the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, but its history dates back to 1719. At that time, France controlled Mobile Bay and Spain controlled Pensacola Bay just to the east. To resolve disputes over shipping rights and trade, the French commander at New Orleans and the Spanish commander at Pensacola agreed to recognize the Perdido River, a small stream halfway between Mobile and Pensacola, as the border between their respective jurisdictions.", "The state is named for the Mississippi River. You may have heard that mississippi means \"the Father of Waters\" and you may have heard that from no less a source than novelist James Fenimore Cooper or President Abraham Lincoln (who wrote in a letter after the Civil War after Union victories during the Civil War, \"the Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea\"). I hate to pee on Honest Abe's parade, but the word, a French derivation of the Ojibwa messipi (alternately misi-sipi or misi-ziibi) actually means \"big river.\" It may not sound as dramatic as Lincoln's preferred translation, but whatever the meaning, the name caught on. As French explorers took the name down the river with them to the delta, it was adopted by local Indian tribes and replaced their own names, and the earlier Spanish explorers' names, for the river.", "The official nickname for Mississippi is The Magnolia State. The magnolia is also the state flower and the state tree of Mississippi. Both the state nickname and flower are featured on the Mississippi quarter.", "Mississippi : Named for the river, from French variation of Algonquian Ojibwa meshi-ziibi, meaning \"big river.\"", "48 facts you should know about the Gulf of Mexico, from sunken ships to ancient corals", "Early gateway from the Mississippi to Teche. Site of Tiger Island Plantation of Dr. Walter Brashear, 1860; renamed 1876, for Charles Morgan who made the port a leading steamboat, railroad hub.", "The name of the state is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi (\"Great River\").", "Take a look at a Google Map of Eagle Lake on the Mississippi - Louisiana border. It was once part of the Mississippi River and was known as Eagle Bend. Eventually, Eagle Bend became Eagle Lake when the oxbow lake was formed.", "Hernando de Soto and his fellow Spaniards initially referred to the Mississippi River as the Rio Grande for its immense size. That habit was gradually replaced with the use of the river's Indian name, Meaot Massipi (or \"Father of the Waters\").", "Pre ï¿½1682 Many Native American tribes live in the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, including such tribes as the Bayougoula, Mougoulacha, Chitimacha, Oumas, Tangipahoa, Colapissa, and Quinipissa Accalopissa." ]	[ 3.103515625, 2.80078125, 2.775390625, 2.55078125, 2.53515625, 1.8369140625, 1.6767578125, 1.0302734375, 0.0282745361328125, -0.7978515625, -1.7236328125, -2.1171875, -2.427734375, -2.626953125, -2.701171875, -2.748046875, -2.828125, -3.158203125, -3.2109375, -3.310546875, -3.794921875, -3.9375, -4.26953125, -4.71484375, -4.84375, -4.87109375, -7.12890625, -7.265625, -7.34765625, -7.41015625, -8.6171875, -10.703125 ]
The Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in which American City?	[ "Rotary was formed on the 23rd February, 1905 in Chicago by Paul Harris, a Chicago attorney who, with five others, founded the Rotary Club of Chicago. These pioneers decided to hold meetings in each other’s homes on a rota basis, hence the name ‘Rotary’ was adopted. In 1906 the very first act of Rotary service was the provision by the Chicago Club of a public toilet outside the Chicago City Hall; from this small beginning Rotary Clubs undertake every year practical acts of service in local communities across the world.", "Rotary is a global humanitarian organization with more than 1.2 million members in 34,000 clubs around the world. Rotary members are men and women who are business, professional and community leaders with a shared commitment to make the world a better place through humanitarian service. The first Rotary club was founded in Chicago in 1905. Among many areas of local and international service including clean water and literacy, the eradication of polio has been Rotary’s top priority for more than two decades. The international humanitarian service organization of Rotary is a spearheading partner in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, along with the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and UNICEF.", "The first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. Harris called together a meeting of three business acquaintances in downtown Chicago, United States, at Harris's friend Gustave Loehr's office in the Unity Building on Dearborn Street on February 23, 1905. In addition to Harris and Loehr (a mining engineer and freemason ), Silvester Schiele (a coal merchant), and Hiram E. Shorey (a tailor) were the other two who attended this first meeting. The members chose the name Rotary because initially they rotated subsequent weekly club meetings to each other's offices, although within a year, the Chicago club became so large it became necessary to adopt the now-common practice of a regular meeting place.", "So began Rotary in the early 1900’s in the pioneer town of Chicago.Certainly, no Rotarian of 1905 ever dreamed that the idea set in motion in that Chicago office would some day be accepted by men and women around the world. Five years after Rotary’s birth, there were 16 Rotary Clubs and approximately 1,500 Rotarians. Within that same period, the organization became international with the formation of a Club in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1910. The first Rotary Convention was held in the Congress Hotel of Chicago in August, 1910. The National Association of Rotary Clubs was organized at that time with all 16 Clubs in membership. The following year, Clubs were organized in Ireland and England, and Rotary was on its global way. In 1912, the name was changed to International Association of Rotary Clubs. In 1916, the first Rotary Club in Ibero-America was functioning in Havana, Cuba; in 1919, the first in Asia in Manila, Philippines; in 1920, the first in continental Europe in Madrid, Spain; in 1921 the first in Africa in Johannesburg, Republic of South Af- rica; and in 1921, the first in Australia in Melbourne. The name Rotary International was adopted in 1922. Today, Rotary spans six continents with Clubs in more than eightscore countries. (as taken from the Rotary Club of Hanalei Bay )", "Rotary International was founded in 1905. In 1906 the club became the first service club in the US with its installation of a public toilet outside City Hall in Chicago. Since then Rotary has grown to over 32,000 clubs in 168 countries around the world. Its participation with efforts to eradicate polio, clear mine fields in war torn countries and bring clean water to underprivileged people in remote locations is well documented. ", "The founder of Rotary International, Paul Harris, grew up in the small town of Wallingford, Vermont , attended law school, traveled extensively after he graduated, and then journeyed in 1899 to the city of Chicago to establish a law practice of his own. Unfortunately, Harris found it difficult to find either clients or friends in the large metropolis, and he slowly began to realize that success in business went hand-in-hand with the ability to cultivate a network of the city’s social elite. As his law practice struggled to establish itself, Harris came upon the idea of forming a club whose members would be businessmen in much the same circumstance as his own. By meeting once a week to have lunch and develop a fellowship among themselves, Harris also intended for the men to trade or do business with each other, thereby forming both a social and a business network at the same time. The first meeting, held in 1905, was an immediate success and the Rotary Club, named because of the rotating meetings held from office to office of the members, was off to a grand beginning.", "Paul Harris named the new club \"Rotary\" because members met in rotation at their various places of business. Club membership grew rapidly, and grew from informal get-togethers to weekly lunch and dinner meetings. Soon Paul became convinced that the Rotary club could be developed into an important service movement and strove to extend Rotary to other cities. In 1907, the first Rotary community project was undertaken - the establishment of public comfort stations in Chicago's City Hall. From those humble beginnings, Rotary has now grown to be the number one service organization in the entire world, with more than 1.2 million members representing over 32,000 clubs in 162 countries.", "The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3, 1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, the beginning of the organisation's internationality. On 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America. In April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, the name was changed to the International Association of Rotary Clubs in 1912.", "Under the leadership of Homer Wood, the Rotary Club of San Francisco has its founding dinner, after its first meeting in June. Homer Wood went on to found the Oakland, Seattle, and Los Angeles rotaries by 1909.", "Rotary came to southern Ohio and experienced the same growth as in other parts of the country. In early 1922 a Greenfield man, Walter Gray, attended one of the weekly luncheons of the Chicago Rotary Club while he was in that city on business. He was so favorably impressed with the activities and fellowship of the club that, upon his return home, he proposed that a similar organization be established in Greenfield. A club had already been established in Chillicothe, and Washington C.H. had followed in 1921 with the Chillicothe club acting as sponsor.", "By 1910, Rotary was growing by leaps and bounds, with clubs organized in San Francisco , New York City, Boston, and the first international club established in Winnipeg, Canada . Soon, new clubs were operating in London, Dublin , Belfast , and Glasgow . The name was formally changed to “International Association of Rotary Clubs” in 1912, and one year later the organization embarked on its first full-scale relief effort, the collection of donations from all the clubs, both those based in the United States and those in other nations, to assist flood victims within the states of Indiana and Ohio , where flooding had left thousands of people hungry and without homes. With the advent of World War I in 1914 in Europe , Rotary Clubs throughout Ireland and England provided services to soldiers at home and at the front, including raising combat battalions, organizing special constabulary companies, and entertaining wounded soldiers. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Rotary Clubs across the country jumped into action by mobilizing school boys for farm work, organizing Liberty Loan drives, and implementing highly effective campaigns for food, books, and tobacco for use by those men who recently had entered army training camps.", "Ches joined the Rotary Club of Chicago in 1908 at 36 years of age and continued to be an active member of our club throughout his lifetime. In 1909 Paul Harris asked Ches to develop a nationwide plan for an association of Rotary Clubs. When the National Association of Rotary Clubs (the forerunner of Rotary International) was founded a year later, Ches began a 31-year career as its General Secretary. When he retired from Rotary International in 1941 Ches Perry had overseen the incredible expansion of Rotary into a truly effective worldwide organization.", "In 1911, He Profits Most Who Serves Best was approved as the Rotary motto at the second convention of the National Association of Rotary Clubs of America, in Portland, Oregon. It was adapted from a speech made by Rotarian Arthur Frederick Sheldon to the first convention, held in Chicago the previous year. Sheldon declared that \"only the science of right conduct toward others pays. Business is the science of human services. He profits most who serves his fellows best.\" ", "By the end of World War I in November 1918, Rotary had granted charter number 500 to the Rotary Club of Fremont, Nebraska , and by 1921 the organization counted more than 1,000 clubs worldwide. The following year, the organization changed its name from “International Association of Rotary Clubs” to “Rotary International.” Throughout the 1920s, Rotary continued raising money from clubs around the globe for disaster relief, including thousands of dollars donated to the Rotary Club of Tokyo for the destruction caused by a devastating earthquake. During the decade, expansion continued uninterrupted with new clubs starting in such diverse countries as Guatemala , Portugal , Sweden , Pakistan , Korea , Greece , and a host of others. By 1929, there were more than 3,000 chartered Rotary Clubs, with membership amounting to more than 100,000.", "Rotary's first Community Service project took place in 1907 when Chicago Rotarians led a campaign to install a public \"comfort station\" in the city hall.", "In order to carry out its service programs, Rotary is structured in club, district and international levels. Rotarians are members of their clubs. The clubs are chartered by the global organization Rotary International (RI) headquartered in Evanston, Illinois. For administrative purposes, the more than 32,000 clubs worldwide are grouped into 529 districts, and the districts into 34 zones.", "In August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered.", "Interact, the Rotary youth program, was launched by the R.I. Board of Directors in 1962. The first Interact club was established by the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Florida. Interact clubs provide opportunities for boys and girls of secondary school age to work together in a world fellowship of service and international understanding. The term, Interact, is derived from \"inter\" for international, and \"act\" for action. Every Interact club must be sponsored and supervised by a Rotary club and must plan annual projects of service to its school, community and in the world. Today there are over 7,000 Interact clubs with more than 154,000 members in 93 countries. \"Interactors\" develop skills in leadership and attain practical experience in conducting service projects, thereby learning the satisfaction that comes from serving others. A major goal of Interact is to provide opportunities for young people to create greater understanding and goodwill with youth throughout the world.", "Rotary International is one of the largest not-for-profit service organizations in the world, with more than one million members actively participating in thousands of local clubs spread across 161 countries around the world. From its headquarters in Evans-ton, Illinois, Rotary International provides its members with the opportunity to address such issues as AIDS , homelessness, polio, lack of education, hunger, and other national and international problems. Rotary International Foundation contributes nearly $100 million every year toward humanitarian programs in which Rotary members participate and voluntarily raise funds. More than any other membership organization throughout the United States , the members of Rotary International have been able to claim that they put “Service Above Self.”", "Were you aware that the Rotary Club of Reno, Nevada, is farther west than the Rotary Club of Los Angeles, California?", "The postwar years was a time of unprecedented growth for Rotary International. The organization held its first international conference in 1948 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , with members from all over the world in attendance. Rotary Clubs were established once again in Germany and Japan , as well as in other countries such as Tanganyika, Macao, and North Borneo. Thousands and thousands of food packages were sent to Rotar-ian families living in war-devastated areas, while Rotary International continued its tradition of raising money from clubs around the world to meet the needs of disadvantaged people. The first Rotary Foundation Fellowships, created in memory of founder Paul Harris, who died in 1947, were granted to 18 students for the 1947–48 school year. By the mid-1950s, total contributions to the Rotary Foundation exceeded $5 million, and Rotary’s membership in North America alone amounted to nearly 270,000 individuals. Rotary’s North American membership continued to increase slowly during the late 1950s and early 1960s, but Rotary International, like all service clubs in the United States, was about to experience a new era.", "The Rotary Club of Clemmons was chartered in 1993, and grown steadily to well over 100 members. We are part of Rotary District 7690, and Rotary International, with over 1,200,000 members worldwide in almost every country on our planet.", "The first Rotary club in Australia was chartered in Melbourne in 1921. (original idea from \"Scandal Sheet\")", "Until 1989 the Constitution and By-laws of Rotary International stated that Rotary club membership was for males only. Women were invited to join Rotary that year. No surprise, there were some members of RCNB who were enthusiastic and others who were not. In any event, the Club elected its first female president, Nan Raney of Balboa Island, less than 10 years later for Rotary year 1997-98.", "Through the years, Rotarians have continued their involvement in community projects. The club owns and operates the former Ohio National Guard Armory, now known as the Ralph W. Phillips Community Recreation and Civic Center. The facility originally was purchased by the Greenfield Jaycees and later transferred to Rotary. A member of both organizations, David Moon, was instrumental in getting the state to sell the armory to the Jaycees, and Moon managed the facility without fanfare for many years.", "If the first century of Rotary is any indication, the club has established a history to be proud of, and the future looks bright indeed for Rotary clubs everywhere.", "Rotary International is an international service organization whose stated human rights purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian services, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and to advance goodwill and peace around the world. It is a secular organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide. 1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. ", "Civic clubs are important components of a healthy community, offering educational programs for members, social outlets, business contacts, and opportunities for charitable service. The work of the Dickson High Noon Rotary Club is a shining example of how meaningful such contributions can be. Its members have long been concerned about helping worthy students pursue a college education, and the club has awarded scholarships for a number of years. To maximize the ability of the club to invest in the present and future of Dickson County, the members decided to establish this Fund. ", "How do you describe the organization called \"Rotary\"? There are so many characteristics of a Rotary club as well as the activities of a million Rotarians. There are the features of service, internationality, fellowship, classifications of each vocation, development of goodwill and world understanding, the emphasis of high ethical standards, concern for other people and many more descriptive qualities.", "\"The first four Rotarians: (from left) Gustavus Loehr, Silvester Schiele, Hiram Shorey, and Paul P. Harris Courtesy of Rotary Images\"", "Rotary members have not only been present for major events in history — we’ve also been a part of them. Three key traits have remained strong throughout our history:", "One hundred eleven years later, Rotary’s Board spent three days addressing dozens of issues that boiled down to one: How will the organization Harris founded thrive in its second century?" ]	[ 6.0703125, 5.3359375, 4.84765625, 3.20703125, 3.04296875, 2.177734375, 1.7099609375, 1.326171875, 0.853515625, 0.54443359375, 0.458740234375, 0.02252197265625, -0.673828125, -0.83251953125, -1.04296875, -1.6259765625, -1.9755859375, -2.3046875, -2.673828125, -2.814453125, -3.1171875, -3.36328125, -4.6328125, -6.30078125, -6.8203125, -7.359375, -7.66015625, -7.6640625, -7.74609375, -8.140625, -8.8046875, -9.1640625 ]
Where is the HQ of Chrysler and General Motors?	[ "Finally, Detroit remains the U.S. headquarters for General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Daimler-Chrysler, Mazda, and Volkswagen. With recent efforts by automotive companies to take a more global approach toward business, Detroit's economy should remain on the cutting edge.", "General Motors Company, commonly known as GM, is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services", "General Motors Company (NYSE: GM, TSX: GMM.U), commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated (until 2009) as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and the world's largest automaker, by vehicle unit sales, in 2011. GM employs 202,000 people and does business in some 157 countries.…", "The Chrysler Building is a classic example of Art Deco architecture and considered by many contemporary architects to be one of the finest buildings in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked ninth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.[10] It was the headquarters of the Chrysler Corporation from 1930 until the mid-1950s. Although the building was built and designed specifically for the car manufacturer, the corporation did not pay for the construction of it and never owned it, as Walter P. Chrysler decided to pay for it himself, so that his children could inherit it.[11]", "The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires. Today, greater Detroit remains home to General Motors, Chrysler, and the Ford Motor Company.", "The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires. Today, greater Detroit remains home to General Motors , Chrysler , and the Ford Motor Company.", "The Big 3 auto makers, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler were all formed and headquartered in Detroit by 1924. (Wright, Richard A.) After fledgling beginnings and the national struggle of the Great Depression, the American automotive industry entered its Golden Age with the end of World War II. America was experiencing nuclear, scientific, economic, and automotive hegemony. American Automobiles were luxurious, reliable, powerful, low priced, and beautiful. (Wright, Richard A.) The World and Nation took notice. The Detroit area economy boomed, attracting masses of labor to fill the assembly line positions in the factories which had been converted after the war to produce spark plugs, transmissions and trucks as opposed to tanks and B-24 bombers. In 1952, Charles Wilson, Secretary of Defense to Eisenhower and former president of GM, told a House Committee, quite honestly, that what was good for General Motors, was good for the Country. What was good for GM was then certainly good for Detroit. The economy of the communities surrounding Detroit were revolving around the boom of the assembly and parts plants of the Big 3, and GM in particular, which soon grew to become the world's largest corporation.", "GM's headquarters are located in Detroit, and based on sales it was then the largest U.S. company. It manufactured Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Geo, GMC, Oldsmobile, Pontiac and Saturn, and owned the German Opel and the UK Vauxhall. It was also a majority shareholder of the Swedish Saab and the Japanese Isuzu. Other company branches were the Hughes Electronics Corporation (telecommunications systems), and General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC), one of the largest financial services companies in the world, with insurances and loans. Finally, GM also built locomotives.", "Chrysler's Jefferson North Assembly, which makes the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durango, is the only car manufacturing plant of any company remaining entirely in Detroit (General Motors operates a plant which is partly in Detroit and partly in Hamtramck). ", "Before the industrial revolution, Toledo was important as a port city on the Great Lakes. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk, which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.", "General Motors Corporation is a Detroit, Michigan-based company. In 2005, GM increased its share of GM Daewoo to own controlling interest.", "General Motors Acceptance Corp., GM's financing arm and financial powerhouse, was established in 1919, as was the General Motors Institute in Flint. That same year, construction began on the General Motors Building in Detroit.", "As a result, the greatest concentration of automobile manufacturing in America has consistently been in Detroit. The headquarters of the largest manufacturers have also been in the city. When more favorable federal labor legislation was passed as part of the New Deal , Walter Reuther led the United Auto Workers to success with all of the large automakers. As a result, Detroit became one of the country's most unionized cities and consistently voted Democratic in national elections.", "In 1916, General Motors opened a major automobile factory in East Oakland called Oakland Assembly. It produced Chevrolet cars and then GMC trucks until 1963, when it was moved to Fremont in southern Alameda County. Also in 1916, the Fageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923. By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding. By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the \"Detroit of the West,\" referring to the major auto manufacturing center in Michigan. ", "General Motors Corporation also known as GM, is a United States -based automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick , Cadillac , Chevrolet , Daewoo , GMC , Holden , Hummer , Opel , Pontiac , Saturn , Saab , and Vauxhall .", "Born in 1875 in Kansas, Chrysler was the son of a locomotive engineer; he began working himself when he was 17, earning seven cents an hour as an apprentice in a railroad machine shop. He worked his way up quickly, becoming a plant manager for the American Locomotive Company by the time he was 33 years old. In the early years of the automobile, Chrysler became fascinated: At a 1905 automobile show in Chicago, he borrowed $5,000 to purchase his own car, taking it apart and putting it back together again before taking a single ride. In 1911, Chrysler accepted a job as a manager at the Buick Motor Company at half his former salary. Within five years, he rose to become the company's president, and to make Buick into the strongest unit of William C. Durant's General Motors (GM).", "The Storrow syndicate put in its own nominees at the head of General Motors: Charles W. Nash became president in 1912, while Walter P. Chrysler became works manager. Both men were to make a major impact on the industry in later years as the heads of their own companies. Under their guidance, General Motors made a steady recovery, but they had not heard the last of the indefatigable Billy Durant, the 'Man with the midas touch'. Durant had returned to Flint, and established the Little Motor Car Company on a capital outlay of $26,000, selling 3500 cars in the first year.", "American Center – AMC's corporate headquarters in Southfield, Michigan is still standing, still open, and still called \"American Center\". The original \"American Center\" signage at the top of the building remained until 2005, although the AMC logo has been removed. The signage has since been changed to Charter One. The 25-story building is rented to several different organizations and companies as office space. After the Chrysler acquisition, Chrysler Financial occupied as much as 175,000 square feet (16,300 m2) of the building.", "The Chrysler Building is considered a masterpiece of Art Deco architecture. The distinctive ornamentation of the building based on features that were then being used on Chrysler automobiles. The corners of the 61st floor are graced with eagles, replicas of the 1929 Chrysler hood ornaments; [31] on the 31st floor, the corner ornamentation are replicas of the 1929 Chrysler radiator caps. [32] The building is constructed of masonry, with a steel frame, and metal cladding. In total, the building currently contains 3,862 windows on its facade and 4 banks of 8 elevators designed by the Otis Elevator Corporation . [9] The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. [2] [33]", "In 1985, Chrysler entered an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC) to produce Chrysler M platform rear-drive, as well as Dodge Omnis front wheel drive cars, in AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin plant. In 1987, Chrysler acquired the 47% ownership of AMC that was held by Renault. The remaining outstanding shares of AMC were purchased on the NYSE by August 5, 1987, making the deal valued somewhere between US$1.7 billion and US$2 billion, depending on how costs were counted. Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca wanted the Jeep brand, particularly the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) that was under development, the world-class, brand-new manufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario, as well as AMC's engineering and management talent that became critical for Chrysler's future success. Chrysler established the Jeep/Eagle division as a \"specialty\" arm to market products distinctly different from the K-car-based products with the Eagle cars targeting import buyers. Former AMC dealers sold Jeep vehicles and various new Eagle models, as well as Chrysler products, strengthening the automaker's retail distribution system.", "In the late 1990s, when General Motors wanted to become one of the first Western automakers to set up a plant in China, government officials told then-CEO Jack Smith they wanted GM's \"best brand,\" he once recalled — not Cadillac, not Chevrolet, but Buick. Today, GM is the second-largest automaker in China and Buick is its top brand.", "Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. The division is headquartered in Toledo, Ohio. Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.", "Traces of AMC remained within. AMC's Toledo, Ohio plants continued to manufacture Jeep Wranglers and Libertys, as well as parts and components for Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep vehicles (although Toledo Machining and Forge was closed in 2005). AMC's main plant in Wisconsin is still active, albeit heavily downsized, as the Kenosha Engine Plant, producing engines for several Chrysler Group products, including the Wrangler. The 4.0 litres (242 cu in) engine was used until the 2006 model year by DaimlerChrysler in the Jeep Wrangler. AMC's technologically advanced Bramalea Assembly and Stamping Plants in Brampton, Ontario later produced the LX-cars – the Dodge Charger and the Chrysler 300, and the now discontinued Dodge Magnum.", "Despite the ongoing tensions between Chrysler and Mitsubishi, they agreed to unite in a vehicle manufacturing operation in Normal, Illinois . The 50/50 venture provided a way to circumvent the voluntary import restrictions, while providing a new line of compact and subcompact cars for Chrysler. Diamond-Star Motors (DSM)—from the parent companies’ logos: three diamonds (Mitsubishi) and a pentastar (Chrysler)—was incorporated in October 1985, and in April 1986 ground was broken on a 1.9 million square-foot (177,000 m²) production facility. In 1987, the company was selling 67,000 cars a year in the U.S., but when the plant was completed in March 1988 it offered an annual capacity of 240,000 vehicles. Initially, three platform-sharing compact 2+2 coupés were released, the Mitsubishi Eclipse , Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser , with other models being introduced in subsequent years.", "The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.", "The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company. Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. Chrysler, who at one time worked for Buick, acquired the Fargo truck company and the Dodge Brothers Company and began selling vehicles under those brands; that same year it also established the Plymouth and DeSoto automobile brands. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chrysler's time working for General Motors, with an emphasis on brand hierarchy.", "Chrysler introduced its new compact, front-wheel drive K-cars in 1981. Under the leadership of Lee Iacocca, the company turned a profit again the following year, and by 1983 paid off its government loans. A succession of models using this automobile platform followed. The most significant were the minivans in 1984. These proved a to be popular and they would dominate the van market for more than a decade. In 1987, Chrysler purchased the Italian makes of Lamborghini and Maserati. In the same year, Chrysler bought AMC from Renault laying to rest the last significant independent U.S. automaker, but acquiring the hugely profitable Jeep line and continuing the Eagle brand until the late 1990s. ", "Chrysler introduced its new compact, front-wheel drive K-cars in 1981. Under the leadership of Lee Iacocca, the company turned a profit again the following year, and by 1983 paid off its government loans. A seemingly endless succession of K-cars followed. But the biggest success was the arrival of the minivans in 1984. These proved a huge hit, and despite competition, they would dominate the van market for more than a decade. And in 1987, Chrysler purchased the Italian makes of Lamborghini and Maserati. In the same year, Chrysler bought AMC from Renault laying to rest the last significant independent U.S. automaker, but acquiring the hugely profitable Jeep line and continuing the Eagle brand until the late 1990s.", "Other notable operations, and men, followed Mr. Durant's return to GM. There were the famed Fisher brothers and their Fisher Body Co.; Charles F. (Boss) Kettering and his Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. (Delco), forerunner to GM's Research Labs; and the United Motors Corp.'s Alfred P. Sloan Jr. along with his Hyatt Roller Bearing Co., to name only a few.", "Mitsubishi Group is a Tokyo, Japan-based company. It separated from its Diamond-Star Alliance with Chrysler in 1991. It has strong ties to Peugeot.", "In 1932, GM formed a new subsidiary — United Cities Motor Transport (UCMT) — to finance the conversion of streetcar systems to buses in small cities. From 1936 the company was involved in an unpublicized project, with others, in what became known as the General Motors streetcar conspiracy to buy out streetcar and intercity train transport operators using subsidiary companies, and convert their operations to use buses. ", "* New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI) (1984-2009) joint venture with Toyota, factory sold to Tesla Motors" ]	[ 4.5078125, 4.4765625, 4.43359375, 3.1875, 3.115234375, 3.09765625, 2.708984375, 2.033203125, 1.5556640625, 0.89208984375, 0.434326171875, -0.70703125, -0.7958984375, -0.88916015625, -1.130859375, -1.763671875, -2.380859375, -2.953125, -3.068359375, -3.068359375, -3.193359375, -3.26953125, -3.380859375, -3.443359375, -3.697265625, -3.876953125, -5.98046875, -6.06640625, -6.45703125, -6.4609375, -7.12890625, -8.8125 ]
In All In The Family, what was Archie's son-in-law's full name?	[ "Michael Casimir \"Mike\" Stivic is a fictional character on the long-running American television sitcom of the 1970s, All in the Family. He was the live-in son-in-law of the series' lead character, Archie Bunker, who frequently called him \"Meathead\". Michael was the husband of Archie's daughter Gloria (played by Sally Struthers). Rob Reiner played the role of Michael Stivic throughout the series.", "All in the Family's storylines centered on the domestic concerns of the Bunker household in Queens, New York. Family patriarch and breadwinner Archie Bunker ( Carroll O'Connor ) was a bigoted loading dock worker disturbed by the changes occurring in the American society he once knew. To Archie, gains by the \"Spades,\" \"Spics,\" or \"Hebes\" of America (as he referred to Blacks, Hispanics, and Jews, respectively), came at his expense and that of other lower middle class whites. Countering Archie's harsh demeanor was his sweet but flighty \"dingbat\" wife, Edith. Played by Jean Stapleton , Edith usually endured Archie's tirades in a manner meant to avoid confrontation. But that was hardly the case with Archie's live-in son-in-law Mike Stivic ( Rob Reiner ), a liberal college student who was married to the Bunkers' daughter, Gloria (Sally Struthers). The confrontations between Archie and Mike (\"Meathead\") served as the basis for much of All in the Family's comedy. As surely as Archie could be counted upon to be politically conservative and socially misguided, Mike was equally liberal and sensitive to the concerns of minorities and the oppressed, and, because both characters were extremely vocal in their viewpoints, heated conflict between the two was assured.", "All in the Family's storylines centered on the domestic concerns of the Bunker household in Queens, New York. Family patriarch and breadwinner Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) was a bigoted loading dock worker disturbed by the changes occurring in the American society he once knew. To Archie, gains by the \"Spades,\" \"Spics,\" or \"Hebes\" of America (as he referred to Blacks, Hispanics, and Jews, respectively), came at his expense and that of other lower middle class whites. Countering Archie's harsh demeanor was his sweet but flighty \"dingbat\" wife, Edith. Played by Jean Stapleton, Edith usually endured Archie's tirades in a manner meant to avoid confrontation. But that was hardly the case with Archie's live-in son-in-law Mike Stivic (Rob Reiner), a liberal college student who was married to the Bunkers' daughter, Gloria (Sally Struthers). The confrontations between Archie and Mike (\"Meathead\") served as the basis for much of All in the Family's comedy. As surely as Archie could be counted upon to be politically conservative and socially misguided, Mike was equally liberal and sensitive to the concerns of minorities and the oppressed, and, because both characters were extremely vocal in their viewpoints, heated conflict between the two was assured.", "They have one child, Gloria (Sally Struthers), who is married to perennial college student Michael Stivic (Rob Reiner). Michael is an archetypal 1960s-style liberal. He and Archie constantly clash over political, social, and personal issues. He is also an Atheist, which makes Archie extremely angry. For much of the series, the Stivics live in the Bunker home to save money, providing even more opportunity for the two men to irritate each other. When they finally move out, it is to the house next door, offered to them by George Jefferson, the owner, who knew it would get to Archie. Archie frequently calls his son-in-law \"meathead\" and \"Polack\" (pronounced Polock) to insult Michael's intelligence and Polish ancestry respectively.", "They have one child, Gloria ( Sally Struthers ), who is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Rob Reiner ). Michael is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . He and Archie represent the real-life clash between the two generations: those who were born around World War I and those who were born around World War II . They constantly clash over religious, political, social, and personal issues. For much of the series, the Stivics live in the Bunker home to save money, providing even more opportunity for the two men to irritate each other. When they finally move out, it is to the house next door, offered to them by George Jefferson , the owner, who knows it would get to Archie. Archie frequently calls his son-in-law \" meathead \" and \" Polack \" (pronounced Polock ) to insult Michael's intelligence and his Polish ancestry.", "•At the house Billy, Phoebe and Jean drink and talk. Jean explains she had a disagreement with Graham, her fiancé, breaking their engagement. They also discuss Archie’s sons, Mick and Frank. Mick is in the army, fighting overseas, but Frank refused to be conscripted and served a six-month jail sentence in consequence. [7]", "Sherman Hemsley , Isabel Sanford and Mike Evans as George Jefferson , his wife Louise and their son Lionel , Archie's African American neighbors. George is Archie's combative black counterpart, while Louise is a smarter, more assertive version of Edith. Lionel first appeared in the series' premiere episode \" Meet the Bunkers \", with Louise appearing later in the first season. Although previously mentioned many times, George was not seen until 1973. Hemsley, who was Norman Lear's first choice to play George, was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show. However, Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical.", "The Americans made their own hugely successful version of the show called All In The Family with the Alf Garnett character being renamed to Archie Bunker. The Germans also made a version and The Garnetts' became The Tetzlaff's.", "The Jeffersons was a spin off of All in the Family. George and Louise Jefferson and their son, Lionel, were originally Archie Bunker's African-American neighbours in Queens, New York. After George achieved financial success with a small chain of dry cleaning stores, the Jeffersons moved to a luxury high-rise apartment on Manahattan's East Side. The address of the Jeffersons' apartment building was 185 East 85th Street, New York, New York.", "All in the Family is an American sitcom that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971, to April 8, 1979. In September 1979, a new show, Archie Bunker's Place, picked up where All in the Family had ended. That sitcom lasted another four years, ending its run in 1983.", "Garnett's long-suffering wife Else, portrayed by Dandy Nichols, is, of course, the model for All in the Family's Edith Bunker. Like Jean Stapleton's Edith, Else is patient and gentle with her oafish husband and their live-in daughter and son-in-law. Daughter Rita, played by Una Stubs and Antony Booth played leftist Mike Rawlins, her idler of a husband (Sally Struthers as Gloria and Rob Reiner as Mike \"Meathead\" Stivic on All in the Family).", "All in the Family is an acclaimed American situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. In September 1979, the show was revamped, and given a new title, Archie Bunker's Place. This version of the sitcom lasted another four years, ending its run in 1983.", "When All in the Family begins, Michael is married to Gloria and shares a bedroom with her in the home of her parents, whom he addresses as \"Ma\" and \"Archie\" (or \"Arch\"), while focusing his efforts on earning a college degree in sociology. His first meeting with Archie (seen in a flashback) shows him as a bearded hippie with a tie-dyed shirt. His wardrobe throughout most of the series is much more subdued: most often he wears a denim shirt, jeans, and boots. He shaves his beard for his wedding with Gloria, but keeps his mustache afterwards (on rare occasions later in the series, however, he would go for a clean shaven look) and wears his hair well below the collar. (As Reiner was losing his hair very rapidly early on in the series, he began wearing a toupee when playing his character.) The exact year of the Stivics' marriage is somewhat ambiguous. In season 2, episode 5, \"Flashback: Mike Meets Archie\" (mentioned above), which first aired October 16, 1971, Mike and Gloria celebrate their first wedding anniversary. A 1972 episode centers on Mike and Gloria's second wedding anniversary: meaning they would have been married in 1970 while the 1978 episode The Stivics Go West it is revealed that Mike and Gloria are coming upon the ninth anniversary meaning they would have been married in 1969.", "Archibald \"Archie\" Bunker is a fictional character in the long-running and top-rated American television sitcom All in the Family and its spin-off Archie Bunker's Place . He is a reactionary, bigoted, conservative blue-collar worker and family man, played to acclaim by Carroll O'Connor . The Bunker character was first seen by the American public when All in the Family premiered in January 1971. In 1979, the show was retooled and re-named Archie Bunker’s Place, finally going off the air in 1983. Bunker lived in the borough of Queens]] in New York City. TV Guide named Archie the greatest television character of all time.", "All in the Family revolves around Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor), a working-class World War II veteran living in Queens, New York. He is a short-tempered, outspoken bigot, seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not a U.S.-born, heterosexual White Anglo-Saxon Protestant male, and dismissive of anyone not in agreement with his view of the world. His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism-filled arguments to self-destruct. He often responds to uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry. He longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge, as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song \"Those Were the Days,\" the show's original title. Despite his bigotry, he is portrayed as loveable and decent, as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world, rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice.", "The American version of Till Death Do Us Part, All in the Family , featured Archie Bunker as Garnett’s analog. Like Garnett, Bunker became an icon in American popular culture for his very conservative views, although the Bunker character was portrayed as somewhat more likable than Garnett ever was. Bunker, in turn, served as an inspiration for Eric Cartman of South Park . [3]", "While locked in the storeroom of Archie's Place with Mike, in the season 8 All in the Family episode \"Two's a Crowd\", a drunk Archie confides that as a child, his family was desperately poor, and he was teased in school because he wore one shoe on one foot and a boot on the other, so kids nicknamed him \"Shoe-Booty\". In the same episode, Mike learns that Archie was mentally and physically abused by his father, who was the source of his bigoted views. Yet, Archie then goes on to vehemently defend his father, who he claims loved him and taught him \"right from wrong\". The only clue to his father's occupation is a railroad watch that Archie receives from his formerly long-estranged brother, Alfred (\"Fred\"), who later appeared in two All in the Family episodes, \"Archie's Brother\" and \"The Return of Archie's Brother\", and the Archie Bunker's Place episode \"Father Christmas\".", "All in the Family was the launching pad of several television series, beginning with Maude on September 12, 1972. Maude Findlay, played by Beatrice Arthur , was Edith's cousin; she had first appeared on All in the Family in the episode \"Cousin Maude's Visit,\" which aired in December 1971 in order to help take care of the Bunkers when they all were sick with a nasty flu virus. Maude disliked Archie intensely, mainly because she thought Edith could have married better, but also because Archie was a conservative while Maude was very liberal in her politics. Maude was featured in another All in the Family episode in which Archie and Edith visited Maude's home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of Maude's daughter Carol — it aired as the finale of the second season in the spring of 1972, fittingly titled \"Maude.\" The episode was essentially designed to set up the premise for the spin-off series that would air later in the year. In the episode, Bill Macy played Maude's husband, Walter; it was a role he would reprise for the weekly series that fall. Marcia Rodd , the actress who played Carol in the episode, would be replaced by Adrienne Barbeau in Maude. The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes, airing its final episode on April 22, 1978.", "Surely the laughter was appropriate. All in the Family was a ground-breaking show, breaking all the stereotypes, an presenting what was sensitive material in a way never seen before. This episode was from January 1977. \"A Jewish name ain't supposed to have no 'ham' in it,\" Archie says. Throughout the series, his friend, \"Stretch\" Cunningham, bore the brunt of many of Archie's jokes, including anti-Semitic ones. The laughter was because we were uncomfortable at being presented with these realities. Archie said if he had known that Stretch were Jewish, it wouldn't have made a difference. The uncomfortable humor was that it WOULD have made a difference. \"I wouldn't have believed that Stretch was a Jew. [Afterall] he wasn't a doctor or a lawyer, in the dress business, nothing like that.... He was just like myself...,\" Archie eulogizes. Fact is, there was much overt anti-Semitism accepted in public. We forget from the comfort of 2012, 35 years having passed, how raw and startling this presentation was. Yes, the writing IS funny and DESERVES laughter. We can see this clearly now. At the time however, it was \"pushing the envelope,\" a description that had been reserved for the Air Force flyers who broke the sound barrier.", "* Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic, Gloria's college-student husband, a liberal Polish-American who constantly spars with Archie (in the original pilot, the character was Irish-American). As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives, Richard Dreyfuss sought the part, but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner.", "At the house Archie returns from the theatre to find his daughter Jean visiting. He tells them his show did not go well, and makes some casually bigoted remarks about race and sexuality. He proposes a toast to the twentieth anniversary of his not paying income tax. Billy is unimpressed. Archie learns of Jean's broken engagement but appears unconcerned. Phoebe drinks too much and becomes emotional and retires to bed. Billy also turns in, leaving Archie and Jean alone. He reveals that Mick has been taken prisoner. ", " Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker, née Baines. It was Stapleton who developed Edith's recognizable voice. Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run but decided to leave before the first season of Archie Bunker's Place had wrapped up. At that point Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off-camera, leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved \"dingbat\". Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family and had a recurring role during the first season of Archie Bunker's Place. In the series' first episode, Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as \"Mr. Religion, here...\" after they come home from church, something her character wouldn't be expected to say later.", "Archie's racism had strongly subsided by the time Archie Bunker's Place began in 1979. During that program's second season, he hired a black nanny, Ellen Canby, for Stephanie and became fond of her. In one episode, Archie punched a man for making a remark about her and was thrown out for good from the lodge he had attended since the early days of All in the Family.", "James Cromwell as Jerome [4] \"Stretch\" Cunningham (1973–1976), Archie's friend and coworker from the loading dock. What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish, evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral. Archie's eulogy for his friend is often referred to a rare occasion where he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide.", "and a man named Arthur Fonzarelli, (Henry Winkler) though he is known to most as “The Fonz or Fonzie”. The Cunningham family consists of father, Howard, (Tom Bosley) his wife, Marion, (Marion Ross) their sons, Richie (Ron Howard) and Chuck (Gavan O’Herlihy) and their daughter, Joanie (Erin Moran). There are also Richie’s two best friends, Potsie Weber (Anson Williams) and Ralph Malph (Don Most) with whom he attends Jefferson High School.", "The All in the Family episode \" Archie Is Branded \", where a man from the Hebrew Defense League is blown up in his car ends this way.", "Famous for his gruff, ignorant, bigoted persona—African Americans, Hispanics, \"Communists,\" hippies, gays, Jews, Catholics, \"women's libbers\", and Polish-Americans were frequent targets of his barbs—Archie was in fact a complex character. Archie's own ethnicity is never explicitly stated, other than the fact that he is a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). (Note: Archie's character voice was created by a mix of accents Carroll O'Connor heard while studying acting in New York City.", "On the highest rated episode of the classic sitcom \"All in the Family\", what back entertainer kissed Archie Bunker?", "Frederick \"Fred\" Flintstone, also known as Fred W. Flintstone or Frederick J. Flintstone, is the protagonist of the animated sitcom The Flintstones, which aired during prime-time on ABC during the original series' run from 1960 to 1966. Fred is the husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone. His best friends are his next door neighbors, Barney and Betty Rubble, who have an adopted son named Bamm-Bamm.", "The Harper brothers Charlie and Alan are almost opposites but form a great team. They have little in common except their dislike for their mundane, maternally cold and domineering mother, Evelyn. Alan, a compulsively neat chiropractor and control-freak, is thrown out by his manipulative wife Judith who nevertheless gets him to pay for everything and do most jobs in the house. Charlie is a freelance jingle composer and irresistible Cassanova who lives in a luxurious beach-house and rarely gets up before noon. Charlie \"temporarily\" allows Alan and his son Jake, a food-obsessed, lazy school kid who shuttles between his parents, to move in with them after Alan's separation/divorce. The sitcom revolves around their conflicting lifestyles, raising Jake (who has the efficient, caring dad while having a ball with his fun-loving sugar uncle who teaches him boyish things), and bantering with Evelyn and various other friends and family. Other fairly regular characters include Charlie's cleaning ... Written by KGF Vissers", "Though he seemed like someone who nobody could get along with, Archie was really a nice guy at heart, who loved his family very much. While he rarely opened up to his loved ones on the show, he was still a human being with human qualities. When he did open up to them, however, you could really feel his pain.", "He was an only child, born Nov. 26, 1922, to Carl and Dena Schulz. He grew up in St. Paul in an apartment above his father's barbershop (Charlie Brown's father was a barber too). All of his life, people called him \"Sparky,\" a nickname based on a character in the \"Barney Google\" comic strip." ]	[ 8.1171875, 7.2265625, 7.20703125, 3.44921875, 2.80078125, 2.1171875, 1.2392578125, 0.76611328125, 0.71484375, 0.65234375, 0.5205078125, 0.51611328125, 0.5048828125, 0.178466796875, 0.11932373046875, -0.291259765625, -0.355712890625, -0.94775390625, -0.974609375, -1.048828125, -1.62109375, -1.6474609375, -2.541015625, -2.671875, -4, -4.875, -5.25390625, -5.3125, -5.65234375, -6.23828125, -6.36328125, -6.78515625 ]
What is the architectural style of the Radio City Music Hall in New York?	[ "90. Radio City Music Hall, New York, is an example of which style of architecture? Art Deco", "The 12 acre complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center was developed between 1929 and 1940 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., on land leased from Columbia University. The Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone and interior designer Donald Deskey in the Art Deco style.", "In addition to all of the elements of the Stage Door Tour, this 80 minute specialized tour offers guests a more detailed examination of the interior design throughout Radio City Music Hall. Highlights of the Art Deco Tour include the magnificent Grand Foyer, the massive 1.8 million cubic feet auditorium, original aluminum statues, all 8 elegant lounges and the impeccable Roxy Suite. Come experience Radio City Music Hall the way you’ve never experienced it before: through the eyes of one of the most progressive designers of the day – Donald Deskey.", "228 West 47th Street, New York Built in 1931 in the same grand Art Deco-style as Radio City Music Hall, the Hotel Edison in Midtown Manhattan is situated in one of the most dynamic sections of New York City. Just steps from Times Square, walking distance to Broadway theatres, Rockefeller Center, Radio City Music Hall, shopping and dining. Property Facilities • Restaurant • bar • gym • tour desk • business centre • parking • shop • coffee shop • laundry service. Accommodation • 900 rooms • air-conditioning • flat-screen television • iPod dock • hairdryer • WiFi access • iron/ironing board. Max. in room: Classic Room - Queen - 2A or 2A/1C; Classic Room - Double/Double - 4A or 2A/2C; Signature One Queen - 2A. OUR VIEW: An exciting place to stay in the heart of New York City. Value: Receive an invitation to Wine and Cheese Reception Hour every Tuesday and Friday 5.00pm-6.00pm. Times are subject to change.", "Tour two of New York City’s most iconic performing arts venues - Radio City Music Hall and Lincoln Center - for the ultimate insider experience. The Radio City Stage Door Tour is a 75 minute walking tour through the stunning private and public spaces of this art deco landmark. Every Lincoln Center Tour is unique and you never know what can happen. You might sit in on a rehearsal, walk out onto the stage, or meet a star.", "Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue located in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its nickname is the Showplace of the Nation, and it was for a time the leading tourist destination in the city. Its interior was declared a city landmark in 1978.", "In the spring of 1984 Liberace's premier engagement at New York's famed Radio City Music Hall broke all sales and attendance records of the 51-year history of the Art Deco palace. More than 80,000 people were on hand for what Liberace described as \"the fulfillment of a dream and the culmination of my 40 years in show business.\" Commenting on the engagement, The Wall Street Journal said: \"Liberace occupies his own special rhinestone-studded niche in the American dream.\"", "The most famous of all the skyscrapers built in the 1930s are in New York City. Begun in 1931, Rockefeller Center is a complex of offices, shops, restaurants, and theaters that included the RKO Roxy movie theater and Radio City Music Hall. The Empire State Building of 1931 rises 102 stories above the city and included, at its summit, a mooring for airships. Unfortunately, the updrafts and currents created by neighboring tall buildings made the use of airships in cities impossible. The best example of the Art Deco skyscraper is the 1930 Chrysler Building. Its overall shape is a ziggurat, or stepped pyramid, topped by a tower and spire with sculpted decorations inspired by automobile parts like radiator", "By the 1930s the style had become much more flamboyant, and added much more decoration on the facade. It was particularly popular for movie theaters, such as the Grand Rex in Paris (1932), and Radio City Music Hall in New York City; and in the decoration of skyscrapers.", "By the 1930s the style had become much more flamboyant, and added much more decoration on the facade. It was particularly popular for movie theaters, such as the Grand Rex in Paris (1932), and Radio City Music Hall in New York City; and in the decoration of skyscrapers.", "Radio City Music Hall seats 6000, and its Great Stage, designed by Peter Clark, measures 66.5 by 144 ft. Its system of elevators was so advanced that the U.S. Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers. During the war, government agents guarded the basement to assure the Navy's technological advantage. This elevator system was also designed by Peter Clark, and was built by Otis Elevators. The Music Hall's \"Mighty Wurlitzer\" pipe organ is the largest theater pipe organ built for a movie theater. Identical consoles with four manuals (keyboards) are installed on both sides of the Great Stage. Installed in 1932, the instrument was the largest produced by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company of North Tonawanda, New York; it was built as a serious concert instrument rather than to accompany silent movies, capable of playing many styles of music including classical organ literature. A total rebuild of the historic organ was completed in time for the theater's restoration in 1999.", "The complex has various buildings inside it which include the Radio City Music Hall and also the GE Building. The Radio City hall is one of the most attractive tourist destinations and it annually features a music stage show called the Radio City Christmas Spectacular. The GE Building is the headquarters of a lot of New York's famous studios and also has a famous restaurant called the Rainbow Room Club located at the top.", "As Times Square and Broadway declined, only a few blocks away two other legendary tourist attractions continued to be successful. The Radio City Music Hall, home of the Radio City Rockettes, was founded in 1932 and has been visited by over 300 million people.", "To learn more about the fascinating history of Radio City Music Hall-The Showplace of the Nation, please visit our History page.", "Built in 1902 and designed by Daniel H. Burnham, the Flatiron Building is considered the oldest and possibly, one of the most famous skyscrapers in New York City. Instantly recognizable, the building includes a mix of Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles and has a peculiar wedge shape (like that of an old-fashioned flat iron) that has made it a New York favorite. The area's Flatiron District is named after this enduring New York symbol.", "In 1892 the New York Building Law made its first provisions for skeleton constructions. There followed a period of experimentation to devise efficient floor plans and aesthetically satisfying forms. In New York City the Flatiron Building by D. H. Burnham was constructed in 1902, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Tower in 1909, and the Woolworth Building, 60 stories high, by Cass Gilbert , in 1913. The last, with Gothic ornamentation, exemplifies the general tendency at that time to adapt earlier architectural styles to modern construction. The radical innovator Louis Henry Sullivan gave impetus to a new, bold aesthetic for skyscrapers. An excellent example is his design for the Wainwright building in St. Louis (1890–91). Frank Lloyd Wright also contributed his unorthodox vision to such structures as the Price Tower (1953) in Bartlesville, Okla.", "The eclectic and modernist styles of architecture were in vogue from the second half of the 19th century through the early 20th. Typical of the eclectic style are the Opéra and the Sacré Coeur basilica (begun in 1875, architect P. Abadie; illumination installed in 1919). Examples of the modernist style include subway entrances built around 1900 (H. Guimard) and the Théâtre des Champs Elysées (1911–13, architects A. Perret and G. Perret).", "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts travertine-clad cultural complex on the western side of Manhattan (1962–68), built by a board of architects headed by Wallace K. Harrison. The buildings, situated around a plaza with a fountain, are the home of the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City...", "Designed by Edward Durell Stone, the interior of the theater with its austere Art Deco lines represented a break with the traditional ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time. The radiating arches of the proscenium united the large auditorium, allowing a sense of intimacy as well as grandeur. The interior decor was created by designer Donald Deskey. Deskey's geometric Art Deco designs incorporate glass, aluminum, chrome, and leather in the ornament for the theater's wall coverings, carpet, light fixtures, and furniture. His work borrowed heavily from the European Modern aesthetic style, of which he was the foremost exponent in the United States.", "Only a handful of International Style skyscrapers were constructed in the United States before World War II. Far more popular was the “modernistic” style, which was later termed “Art Deco” based on its debt to the 1925 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes. Flamboyant, dynamic, and dazzling to the eye, Art Deco’s primary characteristic was its “sumptuous ornament, and the lush textures and colors achieved by combining several materials, such as stone, brick, terra cotta, and metal.” Gilding and shiny materials were frequently used, and favorite decorative motifs, drawn from the natural world and geometric forms, included “spirals, sunflowers, steps, zigzags, triangles, double triangles, hexagons, fragmented circles, and seashells.” Frequently, facades were given a woven fabric treatment, in buildings including One Wall Street and the 21 West Street Building . Wall surfaces read as thin decorative veneers, as “stage sets” to a public infatuated with movies and the theater.", "•A style largely built by musicians living in New York that came from cities such as Philadelphia and Detroit", "Art Deco was an opulent style, and its lavishness is attributed to reaction to the forced austerity imposed by World War I. Its rich, festive character fitted it for \"modern\" contexts, including the Golden Gate Bridge, interiors of cinema theaters (a prime example being the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California) and ocean liners such as the Île de France, Queen Mary, and Normandie. Art Deco was employed extensively throughout the United States' train stations in the 1930s, designed to reflect the modernity and efficiency of the train. Art Deco made use of many distinctive styles, but one of the most significant of its features was its dependence upon a range of ornaments and motifs.The style is said to have reflected the tensions in the cultural politics of its day, with eclecticism having been one of its defining features.", "radio studio – 1967 renamed Ed Sullivan Theatre – now home to David Letterman – Broadway just off 53rd Street, was built 88 years ago by Arthur Hammerstein to honor his father, the theater impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. Arthur literally built it as a sort of church — he originally wanted to call it Hammerstein’s Temple of Music but settled on Hammerstein’s. In addition to the dome, it included stained glass throughout the theater, much of it paying homage to Oscar Hammerstein’s operas – see Hammerstein’s", "It was hard to believe. The Piano and Rogers’ design looked like no other museum or cultural centre. With exposed and brightly coloured ductwork and escalators climbing, zigzag style in transparent tubes across its challenging façade, the building was planned as “a cross between the British Museum and Times Square.” It was as hip a design for a public building as could be imagined, a cultural centre for the iconoclastic new worlds of Pierre Boulez in music, Andy Warhol in art and Jean-Luc Godard on screen.", "Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named for Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply \"Recital Hall,\" this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April, 1891. Following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was leased to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1898, converted to a cinema around 1959, and was reclaimed to be used as an auditorium in 1997. The newly reconstructed hall opened in September 2003.[6][7] Because of its location below street level, passing subways can be heard through the walls.", "Louis Sullivan's polychrome proto-Modern Transportation Building was an outstanding exception to the prevailing style, as he tried to develop an organic American form. Years later, in 1922, he wrote that the classical style of the White City had set back modern American architecture by forty years. ", "The Capitol Records Building is a 13-story tower located just north of the famed intersection of Hollywood and Vine. The landmark was designed by Welton Becket, the architect who also designed the Music Center, Cinerama Dome, Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, and the department store that now houses the Petersen Automotive Museum. The tower, which resembles a stack of records, was the world’s first circular office building and is the site of the historic Capitol Studios, where Frank Sinatra and many other music legends recorded classic tracks. The 90-foot rooftop spire is topped by a red light that blinks the word “Hollywood” in Morse code. To capture the entire tower, take your Instagrams from Vine Street, south of Hollywood Boulevard.", "Lamb's style was initially based on the more traditional, \"hardtop\" form patterned on opera houses, but was no less ornate. His theaters evolved from relatively restrained neo-classic designs in the 1910s to those with elaborate baroque and Asian motifs in the late 1920s.", "You will also find The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park , which is associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art , featuring medieval art and culture. The Morris-Jumel Mansion – the oldest house in Manhattan – which is located in Jumel Terrace Historic District, along with 555 Edgecombe Avenue, once home to recording artist, actor, athlete, and scholar Paul Robeson , musician Count Basie , and boxer Joe Louis .", "Which architect took a leading role in creating master plans for a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and Washington, D.C, and also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in NYC and Union Station in Washington?", "Bruno Walter Auditorium – see Lincoln Center and New York Pubic Library for the Performing Arts", "He exhibited at the 1929 Metropolitan Museum show ‘the Architect and the Industrial Arts’. Urban was celebrated for his theatre designs, most famously his building for Ziegfeld’s troupe for which he also designed most of its Broadway shows." ]	[ 6.81640625, 5.74609375, 3.712890625, 3.337890625, 2.4609375, 2.447265625, 1.373046875, 0.99658203125, -0.85009765625, -0.85009765625, -1.3818359375, -1.59765625, -1.767578125, -2.88671875, -3.07421875, -4.4765625, -5.00390625, -5.3984375, -6.12109375, -6.25, -6.28515625, -6.48828125, -6.5234375, -6.5703125, -7.015625, -7.19140625, -8.5078125, -9.1796875, -9.2421875, -10.234375, -10.2421875, -10.5625 ]
What was the debut movie of the actress born Shirley Beaty?	[ "Shirley MacLean Beaty (born April 24, 1934), known professionally as Shirley MacLaine, is an American film, television and theater actress, singer, dancer, activist and author. MacLaine has won an Academy Award, five Golden Globe Awards, including the Cecil B. DeMille Award, an Emmy Award and two BAFTA Awards.", "Shirley MacLaine was born Shirley MacLean Beaty in 1934 in Richmond, USA. She was the daughter of drama coach and former actress Kathlyn MacLean Beaty and Ira O. Beaty, a professor of psychology and philosophy. Her younger brother, Warren Beatty, also grew up to be an important Hollywood figure as an actor/director/producer and screenwriter. MacLaine took dance lessons from age two, first performed publicly at age four, and at 16 went to New York, making her Broadway debut as a chorus girl in Me and Juliet (1953). When not scrambling for theatrical work, MacLaine worked as a model. Her big break came in 1954, when she was understudying Broadway actress Carol Haney in The Pajama Game. Haney fractured her ankle, MacLaine replaced her and was spotted and offered a movie contract by producer Hal Wallis. Her film debut was Alfred Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble With Harry (1955). Later that year, she co-starred opposite Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis in the comedy Artists and Models (Frank Tashlin, 1955). In her next feature, Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Anderson, 1956), she appeared as an Indian princess. The film was completed not too long before her daughter, Sachi Parker (born Stephanie), was born. Father was her husband Steve Parker, whom she had married in 1954 and would divorce in 1982.", "A dancer, singer, highly regarded actress and metaphysical time traveler, Shirley MacLaine is certainly among Hollywood's most unique stars. Born Shirley MacLane Beaty on April 24, 1934 in Richmond, Virginia, MacLaine was the daughter of drama coach and former actress Kathlyn MacLean Beaty and Ira O. Beaty, a professor of psychology and philosophy. Her younger brother, Warren Beatty, also grew up to be an important Hollywood figure as an actor/director/ producer and screenwriter. MacLaine's mother, who gave up her own dreams of stardom for her young family, greatly motivated her daughter to become an actress and dancer. MacLaine took dance lessons from age two, first performed publicly at age four, and at 16 went to New York, making her Broadway debut as a chorus girl in Me and Juliet (1953). When not scrambling for theatrical work, MacLaine worked as a model.", "Born on April 24, 1934, in Richmond, Virginia, actress Shirley MacLaine has enjoyed an impressive career in film, television and the theater for more than six decades. She was originally named Shirley MacLean Beaty. Her first name was reportedly inspired by the famed child actress Shirley Temple. She later adapted her mother's maiden name, \"MacLean,\" into her stage name of \"MacLaine.\"", "Daughter of Ira Owens Beaty, a professor of psychology, public school administrator, and real estate agent who died in 1987, and Kathlyn Corinne, a Nova Scotia-born drama teacher who died in 1994, Shirley MacLean Beaty (named after Shirley Temple) was born on April 24, 1934, in Richmond, Virginia. She is the older sister of actor/director Henry Warren Beaty (aka Warren Beatty; born on March 30, 1937) who garnered an Academy Award for directing the film “Reds” (1981) and starred in “Dick Tracy” (1990) and “Bugsy” (1991).", "Shirley MacLaine was born Shirley MacLean Beaty in Richmond, Virginia. Her mother, Kathlyn Corinne (MacLean), was a drama teacher from Nova Scotia, Canada, and her father, Ira Owens Beaty, a professor of psychology and real estate agent, was from Virginia. Her brother, Warren Beatty , was born on March 30, 1937. Her ancestry includes English and Scottish.", "Beatty was born Henry Warren Beaty in Richmond, Virginia's, Bellevue neighborhood. His mother, Kathlyn Corinne (née MacLean), was a Nova Scotia–born drama teacher, and his father, Ira Owens Beaty, was a professor of psychology, a public school administrator, and a real estate agent. Beatty's grandparents were also teachers. The family was Baptist. His father moved the family from Richmond to Norfolk, Virginia, and then to Arlington, Virginia, where he became a middle school principal. The family also lived in Waverly, Virginia, in the 1930s. Beatty's sister, three years his senior, is the multi-award winning actress and writer Shirley MacLaine.", "Academy Award-winning actress Shirley MacLaine, the older sister of Warren Beatty, got her start on Broadway before eventually moving to Hollywood and garnering rave reviews for her role as quirky matriarch Aurora Greenway in the film adapted by James L. Brooks from the novel by Larry McMurtry, “Terms of Endearment” (1983). She had previously been nominated for an Academy Award for her starring roles in \"Some Came Running\" (1958), \"The Apartment\" (1960), \"Irma la Douce\" (1963), and \"The Turning Point\" (1977).", "Henry Warren Beaty was born in Richmond, Virginia. His mother, Kathlyn Corinne (née MacLean), who was Canadian, was a teacher from Nova Scotia, and his father, Ira Owens Beaty, had a PhD in educational psychology, was a public school administrator, and dealt in real estate. Beatty's grandparents were also educators. The family was Baptist. In 1945, the family moved from Richmond to Arlington, Virginia. During the 1950s, the family resided in the Dominion Hills section of Arlington. Beatty's elder sister is the actress, dancer and writer Shirley MacLaine. His uncle, by marriage, was Canadian politician A. A. MacLeod. Beatty is not related to actor Ned Beatty (who was also born in 1937).", "After a remake of a Mary Pickford picture, Miss Annie Rooney (1942) at United Artists, Shirley gravitated to David O Selznick, who signed her to a seven-year contract, but as a teenager she could no longer command lead roles. Selznick cast her only in supporting parts in Since You Went Away (1944) and I’ll Be Seeing You (1945). In that year, aged 17, she also completed her interrupted education by graduating from Westlake High School for Girls in Los Angeles. She then published her first autobiography, My Young Life, and was married to army sergeant-turned actor John Agar.", "Married to producer Steve Parker in 1954, Shirley gave birth to her only child, daughter Stephanie (aka Sachi) in 1956. Her film career was going strong, with four movies released in 1958, two in 1959 and three in 1960. She received Leading Actress Oscar nominations in quick succession for Some Came Running (1958) and The Apartment (1960), as well as two BAFTA Film Awards for Ask Any Girl (1959) and The Apartment (1960).", "Shirley Bassey was born in Tiger Bay, Cardiff, Wales, and raised in the nearby working class neighborhood of Splott. Her mother was originally from Yorkshire, and her father was a Nigerian seaman who left the family when she was less than two. She later helped to support her family by working in an Enamelware factory. She made her professional debut at 16 appearing in a touring revue \"Memories of Al Jolson \". Her first major hit was \"The Banana Boat Song,\" and she later sang \"Goldfinger\" in the James Bond movie Goldfinger (1964). Her younger daughter died of drowning in 1985. She currently lives in Monte Carlo.", "Beginning her career as a child actress under the name Dawn O'Day, Shirley adopted the name of the character she played in Anne of Green Gables in 1934, and achieved a successful career in supporting roles. Among her films is Stella Dallas (1937), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928), later known as Shirley Temple Black, is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia. She began her film career in 1932 at the age of three, and in 1934, skyrocketed to superstardom in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. She received a special Academy Award in February 1935, and film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi followed year after year during the mid to late 1930s. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box office popularity waned as she reached adolescence, and she left the film industry at the age of 12 to attend high school. She appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid to late teens, and retired completely from films in 1950 at the age of 22. She was the top box-office draw four years in a row (1935--38) in a Motion Picture Herald poll.", "In New York, Geraldine studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Art and the Neighborhood Playhouse before apprenticing in summer stock productions. In a pre-Broadway tryout of \"Follow the Girls\" in 1944, Geraldine subsequently went with the show to Broadway in May of that same year and enjoyed a nine-month run. Following her role as \"Perdita\" in \"A Winter's Tale\" at the Theatre Guild, she was signed by Warner Bros. and made her film debut promisingly as a second femme lead in the mystery thriller Cry Wolf starring Barbara Stanwyck and Errol Flynn . At this time, she shunned her odd-sounding last name of \"Stroock\" in favor of the more complementary marquee name of \"Brooks\", which was the name of her father's costume company. Playing Flynn's cool, conniving niece who gives trouble to Stanwyck, she gave added suspense to the film. In her second movie, Possessed , she is again at odds with another powerhouse star, this time Joan Crawford , but shows more sensitivity against the manic Crawford character in this film-noir chiller.", "She was born in Santa Monica, California, to George Temple, a bank employee, and his wife, Gertrude (nee Krieger), who saw nascent talent in her three-year-old daughter. In 1931, Shirley was enrolled in a dance school in Los Angeles, where she was spotted by a studio agent. With her blonde hair styled in ringlets in imitation of the silent film star Mary Pickford, she was signed by Educational Pictures to appear in a series of one-reelers called Baby Burlesks, imitating films by Marlene Dietrich and other stars. Thanks to her ambitious mother, after bits in a few features Temple was offered a contract with 20th Century-Fox before she was six years old.", "She decided to marry a neighborhood friend named James Dougherty; he went into the military, she modeled, they divorced in 1946. She owned 200 books (including Tolstoy, Whitman, Milton), listened to Beethoven records, studied acting at the Actors' lab in Hollywood, and took literature courses at UCLA downtown. 20th Century Fox gave her a contract but let it lapse a year later. In 1948, Columbia gave her a six-month contract, turned her over to coach Natasha Lytess and featured her in the B movie Ladies of the Chorus in which she sang three numbers : \"Every Baby Needs a Da Da Daddy\", \"Anyone Can Tell I Love You\" and \"The Ladies of the Chorus\" with Adele Jergens (dubbed by Virginia Rees) and others. Joseph L. Mankiewicz saw her in a small part in The Asphalt Jungle and put her in All About Eve , resulting in 20th Century re-signing her to a seven-year contract. Niagara and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes launched her as a sex symbol superstar.", "She also appeared in a number of dramatic films, including Altman's Nashville (1975) as troubled gospel singer Linnea Reese (a Best Supporting Actress nominated role) who was womanized by Keith Carradine, The Late Show (1977), and in writer/director Jane Wagner's romantic flop Moment by Moment (1978) opposite John Travolta, as well as comedies, including 9 to 5 (1980) alongside Dolly Parton and Jane Fonda, The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981), All of Me (1984) with co-star Steve Martin, and opposite Bette Midler in Big Business (1988). On the Broadway stage, she also had two successful one-person shows: Appearing Nitely (1976) and the Tony-winning The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe (1986, 1991-film).", "María de Lourdes \"Mia\" Villiers Farrow (born February 9, 1945) is an American actress, activist and former fashion model. She first gained notice for her role as Allison MacKenzie in the television soap opera Peyton Place and gained further recognition for her subsequent short-lived marriage to Frank Sinatra. An early film role, as Rosemary in Roman Polanski's Rosemary's Baby (1968), saw her nominated for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe for Best Actress. She went on to appear in films such as John and Mary (1969), Follow Me! (1972), The Great Gatsby (1974) and Death on the Nile (1978).", "Uncle Ned's one consolation is Shirley and after her mother is killed in a road accident he is determined to adopt her. Before all the drama Shirley gets to sing her most famous song, \"On the Good Ship Lollipop\" to the crew of Loop's plane. Did she ever get sick of singing that song I wonder??? Loop's one time fiancé, Adele (Judith Allen) comes to stay with the Smythes and falls under Shirley's spell. She and Uncle Ned join forces to try to adopt her but Loop also wants Shirley. James Dunn had such a rapport with Shirley - he was by far the best of her male co-stars. He was a bright and breezy leading man who should have had a bigger career.", "Henry Warren Beaty (born March 30, 1937 (birth time source: Dana Holliday, Astrodatabank)), better known as Warren Beatty, is an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-winning American actor, producer, screenwriter, and director. The Academy Awards honored him with the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 2000, presented by his close friend Jack Nicholson, while in 2004 he received a Kennedy Center Honor. In 2007, he was honored with the Cecil B. Demille Award at the Golden Globe Awards Ceremony. Early life Beatty was born in Richmond, Virginia's Bellevue neighborhood. His father, Ira Owens Beaty, was a professor of psychology, public school administrator and real estate agent, and his mother, Kathlyn Corinne MacLean, was a Nova Scotia-born drama teacher; his grandparents were also teachers. ...", "GREER GARSON in \"Mrs. Miniver\", Bette Davis in \"Now, Voyager\" , Katharine Hepburn in \"Woman of the Year\", Rosalind Russell in \"My Sister Eileen\", Teresa Wright in \"The Pride of the Yankees\"", "She was born Bonnie Gail Franklin in Santa Monica, California on January 6, 1944, the daughter of Samuel Benjamin, an investment banker, and Claire (née Hersch) Franklin, both of Jewish descent. She was thrust onto the stage at a very young age as a child tap dancer and became the protégé of consummate tapper Donald O'Connor . At age 9, she performed with O'Connor on NBC's The Colgate Comedy Hour . A year later, she performed as one of the Cratchit daughters in the Shower of Stars TV version of \"A Christmas Carol\", starring Fredric March and Basil Rathbone as \"Scrooge\" and \"Marley\", respectively. The young girl then appeared, unbilled on film, playing sweet young things in the rural comedy, The Kettles in the Ozarks , Alfred Hitchcock 's The Wrong Man and the Sandra Dee / Troy Donahue 's box office tearjerker, A Summer Place .", "Grace Stewart (Nicole Kidman) is a devout Roman Catholic mother who lives with her two young children in a remote country house in the British Crown Dependency of Jersey in the immediate aftermath of World War II. The children, Anne (Alakina Mann) and Nicholas (James Bentley), have an uncommon disease, characterized by photosensitivity, so their lives are structured around a series of complex rules to protect them from inadvertent exposure to sunlight. The arrival of three servants at the house — aging Mrs. Bertha Mills (Fionnula Flanagan), elderly gardener Edmund Tuttle (Eric Sykes), and a mute girl named Lydia (Elaine Cassidy) — coincides with a number of odd events, and Grace begins to fear there are unknown others in the house.", "Adelheid, called Heidi (Shirley Temple), is an eight-year-old Swiss orphan who is given by her aunt to her mountain-dwelling grandfather (Jean Hersholt). She is then stolen back by her aunt from her grandfather to live in the wealthy Sesemann household in Frankfurt, Germany as a companion to Klara (Marcia Mae Jones), a sheltered, disabled girl in a wheelchair.", "Famous for: British actress whose career spanned 43 years. Notable roles are Mrs. Kinross/Alix from In Which We Serve, Laura Jesson from Brief Encounter, Matty Matheson from I Believe in You, Maud St. James from The Captain’s Paradise, Miss Mackay from The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, and Mrs. Wheeler from The Hostage Tower.", "Pauline's best known for playing the title character in Shirley Valentine. It tells the story of a middle-aged woman, frustrated with her life and marriage, who finds romance while on holiday to Greece. She first took the role in the stage version in London's West End, then New York's Broadway. She then starred in the 1989 movie version, alongside Tom Conti.", "Young Elizabeth Blair (Shirley Temple) lives at the Lakeside Orphanage, a dreary, regimented place supervised by two decent but dour women. Her older sister Mary (Rochelle Hudson) works in the kitchen, laundry, and dormitory. Elizabeth is a sweet child but her high spirits often lead her into trouble with the superintendent.", "Directed by Ray Enright. Cast: Joan Blondell, Chester Morris, Allen Jenkins, Earle Foxe, Claire Dodd, Mae Busch, Joe Cawthorne, Olin Howland, Sterling Holloway, Toshia Mori, Arthur Vinton, Donald Kirke, In this profeminist crime melodrama a Depression-downtrodden waif rises from tyro con artist to crime boss. 67 min. DVD X6038", "Veronica Lake (born Constance Frances Marie Ockelman in Brooklyn, New York) (November 14, 1922 – July 7, 1973) was an American film actress and pin-up model. She received both popular and critical acclaim, most notably for her role in Sullivan’s Travels and her femme fatale roles in film noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s, and was well-known for her peek-a-boo hairstyle.", "Julie Christie was born on April 14, 1941 and is a British actress famed for her roles as 'Lara Antipova' in David Lean's adaptation of the Boris Pasternak novel Doctor Zhivago (1965), 'Diana Scott' the amoral model in Darling (1965) and 'Daisy Battles' in Young Cassidy.", "Cast: Carl Boehm, Moira Shearer, Anna Massey, Maxine Audley, Esmond Knight, Michael Goodliffe, Shirley Anne Field, Jack Watson" ]	[ 5.6015625, 5.4140625, 5.25390625, 2.875, 1.41015625, 1.349609375, 0.1285400390625, -2.048828125, -2.29296875, -2.43359375, -2.85546875, -2.93359375, -3.4296875, -3.65625, -3.732421875, -4.734375, -4.91796875, -5.671875, -5.8125, -6.12890625, -6.203125, -6.9375, -7.0390625, -7.13671875, -7.78125, -8.1875, -8.2734375, -8.421875, -8.53125, -8.6875, -8.8984375, -8.9453125 ]
On which river is the USA's highest concrete dam?	[ "Hoover Dam on the Colorado River, is a feature of the Boulder Canyon Project . Located on the Arizona-Nevada state line, at 726 feet it is the highest concrete dam in the United States, a National ...[more]", "Hoover Dam, formerly called Boulder Dam, dam in Black Canyon on the Colorado River , at the Arizona-Nevada border, U.S. Constructed between 1930 and 1936, it is the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. It impounds Lake Mead , which extends for 115 miles (185 km) upstream and is one of the largest manmade lakes in the world. The dam is used for flood and silt control, electric power, agricultural irrigation , and domestic water supply . It is also a major sightseeing destination, with almost one million visitors per year going on tours through the dam.", "A National Historic Landmark, Hoover Dam is the highest concrete dam in the Western Hemisphere, standing at more than 725 feet above the Colorado River. With 17 generators producing 4 billion kilowatts of electricity a year, it also is one of the country's largest hydroelectric power facilities. Operation and maintenance of the facility are solely supported by revenue from power sales.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in Washington. It is the largest electric power producing facility in the United States, and the largest concrete structure in the U.S. When completed in 1941, it was the largest manmade structure ever built. The reservoir it backs up is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake , named after the United States president who presided over the conception and completion of the dam.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. When completed in 1936, it was both the world's largest hydroelectric power generating station and the world's largest concrete structure. The dam weighs in at More than 6,600,000 tons and has more than 45,000 pounds of pressure per square foot at its base. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, Hoover Dam was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. Model was created to fit with GE.", "Hoover Dam, 726 ft (221 m) high and 1,244 ft (379 m) long, on the Colorado River between Nev. and Ariz.; one of the world's largest dams. Built between 1931 and 1936 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the dam is named for President Herbert Hoover ; from 1933 to 1947 it was known as Boulder Dam. A key unit on the Colorado , the dam is a major supplier of hydroelectric power and provides for flood control, river regulation, and improved navigation. Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the United States; water is used to irrigate more than 650,000 acres (263,000 hectares) in S California and Arizona, and c.400,000 acres (162,000 hectares) in Mexico. The nearby O'Callaghan-Tillman Memorial Bridge (2010), with the longest concrete arch, 1,079 ft (329 m), in the United States, crosses the river below the dam. Hoover Dam is part of Lake Mead National Recreation Area (see National Parks and Monuments , table). Boulder City , Nev., was built to house workers on the project.", "At 602 feet, Shasta at the time was the second highest concrete dam in the world (behind Hoover at 726.4 feet) and was rivaled in mass only by the gargantuan Grand Coulee Dam, then under construction on the Columbia River in Washington. Shasta Dam is 883 feet thick at its base, 30 feet thick at its crest, and contains 6.5 million cubic yards of concrete weighing 15 million tons. At 487 feet long, its spillway was the largest manmade waterfall in the world, though it is eclipsed today by those at other dams, including Three Gorges Dam in China and Itaipu in Brazil.", "Lake Mead stands in Boulder City, Nevada, U.S., on Monday, March 24, 2014. Hoover Dam, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River that impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the U.S. by volume. Photographer: Sam Hodgson/Bloomberg via Getty Images", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "The Highest Concrete Arch Bridge In The World / Hoover Dam / Colorado River / Arizona", "On September 30, 1935, the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River. Behind the dam rose Lake Mead, the largest artificial lake in the U.S., capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado's flow. The construction of Hoover was a major step towards stabilizing the lower channel of the Colorado River, storing water for irrigation in times of drought, and providing much-needed flood control as part of a program known as the Boulder Canyon Project. Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world's largest hydroelectric power plant. Flow regulation from Hoover Dam opened the doors for rapid development on the lower Colorado River; Imperial and Parker dams followed in 1938, and Davis Dam was completed in 1950. ", "Hoover Dam straddles the Colorado river – which forms the US State border separating Arizona and Nevada, and since its completion in 1935, the dam has become one of America’s most famous national historic landmarks. An engineering marvel at the time of construction – at 726 feet (or 221m) high, the dam is twice the height of the Statue of Liberty, and one of the tallest dams in the world. It supplies the surrounding southwest with water, and its huge generators have the capacity to provide yearlong electricity for the three surrounding US States.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression. Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, and is located near Boulder City, Nevada, In 1936 Los Angeles started receiving its electricity from generators at this facility", "Hoover Dam was without precedent; it was the greatest dam constructed in its day. An arch-gravity structure rising 726 feet above bedrock, Hoover is still the Western Hemisphere's highest concrete dam. It is 660 feet thick at its base, 45 feet thick at its crest, and stretches 1,244 feet across Black Canyon. There are 4.4 million cubic yards of concrete in the dam, power plant and related structures.", "Hoover Dam is located on the border between Arizona and Nevada . It is within Black Canyon on the Colorado River, near Las Vegas . The construction of Hoover Dam began in 1931. When completed in 1936, the dam was a major engineering achievement at a height of 221 meters (726 feet) and crest-width of 379 meters (1,244 feet).", "During the Great Depression, a series of hydroelectric dams were constructed along the Columbia river as part of a project to increase the production of electricity. This culminated in 1941 with the completion of the Grand Coulee Dam, the largest dam in the United States.", "More than 200 engineers worked to design the dam that would be constructed in Black Canyon. It would be the highest concrete arch dam in the United States, and the largest building project that the federal government had ever undertaken.#", "The Owyhee River is far less famous than the Colorado, which carved the Grand Canyon and backs up behind the most famous dam of all--Hoover. But the Owyhee River (pronounced oh-Y-hee) and its Owyhee Dam, 11 miles southwest of Adrian, Oregon, have much in common with Hoover and the Colorado. Owyhee Dam, the tallest in the world when completed in 1932, is significant as a proving ground for engineering techniques used later in construction of Hoover Dam. Not to be outdone, the Owyhee River, as it cuts through the arid uplands of southeastern Oregon, carves “Oregon’s Grand Canyon,” a deep and spectacular gorge where 14 million years of geologic history and numerous archeological and historical sites can be found.", "Major engineering of the river basin began around the start of the 20th century, with many guidelines established in a series of domestic and international treaties known as the \"Law of the River\". The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of hydraulic engineering projects in the river system, although many state and local water agencies were also involved. Most of the major dams in the river basin were built between 1910 and 1970, and the system keystone, Hoover Dam, was completed in 1935. The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world, with every drop of its water fully allocated.", "Grand Coulee Dam is the largest concrete structure ever built. Several other dams in the world are larger, but they include earthen berms (when completed 2009, the Three Gorges Dam in China will be roughly three times the size of Grand Coulee). Grand Coulee is 450-500 feet thick at its base and 30 feet thick at the top, and it contains 11,975,521 cubic yards (9,155,944 cubic meters) of concrete, three times as much as Hoover Dam.", "Three Gorges Dam, dam on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) just west of the city of Yichang in Hubei province , China . A straight-crested concrete gravity structure , the Three Gorges Dam is 2,335 metres (7,660 feet) long with a maximum height of 185 metres (607 feet). It incorporates 28 million cubic metres (37 million cubic yards) of concrete and 463,000 metric tons of steel into its design. When construction of the dam officially began in 1994, it was the largest engineering project in China. At the time of its completion in 2006, it was the largest dam structure in the world. Submerging large areas of the Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges for some 600 km (375 miles) upstream, the dam has created an immense deepwater reservoir allowing oceangoing freighters to navigate 2,250 km (1,400 miles) inland from Shanghai on the East China Sea to the inland city of Chongqing . Limited hydroelectric power production began in 2003. The dam’s 26 existing turbines, in operation since 2008, generate approximately 18,000 megawatts of electricity for Shanghai and other cities—as much as that produced by 15 coal-burning power stations. When six more generators become operational in 2011, the dam will generate 22,500 megawatts of electricity. The dam also is intended to protect millions of people from the periodic flooding that plagues the Yangtze basin.", "Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the United States by volume (when it is full). The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction; nearly a million people tour the dam each year. The heavily travelled U.S. 93 ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened.", "In the United States, dam building received little attention until the Great Flood of 1889, which killed 2,209 people when the South Fork Dam collapsed, 14 miles upstream from Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The disaster, memorialized at the National Park Service’s Johnston Flood National Memorial, occurred at a time when American cities were growing and the new electric light industry was taking root. North of New York City, engineers began building Croton Dam in 1892 to supply growing water needs. Unlike South Fork Dam, which was an earth embankment dam impounding a recreational lake, Croton Dam was a masonry gravity dam, which was standard for municipal storage dams at the time. (Masonry can mean brick, stone, or concrete, bound together by mortar.) When completed in 1906 at 297 feet high, Croton Dam was the tallest in the world. In the late 19th century, slender arch dams were so unusual that the 64-foot-high Bear Valley Dam, built in California in 1884, was considered a wonder--a wonder because it didn’t crack in two. A gravity dam like Croton seemed so much safer.", " Coastal rain and mountain snows make what river carry the third largest volume of water in the USA? What major dam is on it?", "The dam is a whooping 725ft high, 2nd highest in the country. The dam generators produce over 2000 megawatts of power from water turning might generator turbines. Besides the massive watershed and electrical power the dam generates, it also provides an incredible playground for boaters and fisherman. Lake Mead was named after the dam's project manager, Elwood Mead who was a legend in his own time with such an incredible engineering project, successfully done without computers!", "1911 - Theodore Roosevelt opened the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. It was the largest dam in the U.S. at the time.", "The Contra Dam is a concrete slender arch dam with a height of and crest length of", "In 1913, construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk, Iowa, the first dam below St. Anthony Falls. Built by a private power company (Union Electric Company of St. Louis) to generate electricity (originally for Streetcars in St. Louis), the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro-electric plants in the world at the time. The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids. Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917. Lock and Dam No. 2, near Hastings, Minnesota was completed in 1930.", "High Bridge located near Nicholasville is the highest railroad bridge over navigable water in the United States.", "The US Army Corps of Engineers coffer dammed the American Falls, as part of a study of the rock layers behind the falls, to determine possible actions to prevent further erosion. They also explored the idea of removing the large boulders at the base to improve the look of the falls. The water was diverted to flow both over the Horseshoe Falls and to the Robert Moses generating plant’s upriver intakes. The dewatering left the river bed above the falls nearly dry and only two small segments of the falls still carried water. Record numbers of tourists came to see the dry falls, with a new, temporary attraction opening for the summer: a walk across the dry river bed. In the end, no action was taken to “improve” the falls. ( photo1 , photo2 , photo3 , Article1 , Article2 , Article3 )", "vertical distance between the maximum water surface during a given hydrologic event and the top of the dam." ]	[ 5.7890625, 5.1015625, 4.82421875, 3.037109375, 2.87890625, 2.806640625, 2.48046875, 1.9873046875, 1.7275390625, 1.7109375, 1.6181640625, 1.291015625, 1.16796875, 0.9990234375, 0.6298828125, 0.54296875, 0.385986328125, -0.1629638671875, -0.67724609375, -0.78564453125, -2.05078125, -2.380859375, -2.73828125, -3.591796875, -4.57421875, -5.48046875, -5.796875, -7.15625, -7.8828125, -8.0546875, -8.4296875, -9.4140625 ]
In square miles, how big is lake Superior?	[ "The size of Lake Superior according to water surface area is 82,100 square kilometers or 31,700 square miles. The drainage basin area of the lake is 127,700 square kilometers or 49,300 square miles. The shoreline length of the lake including the islands is 4,385 kilometers or 2,726 miles.", "Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world . It's 31,820 square miles (82,414 square km), 350 miles (563 km) long and 160 miles (257 km) at its widest part. Lake Superior is bordered on the west by Minnesota, on the north and east by Ontario, Canada, and on the south by Michigan and Wisconsin. Lake Superior is also the deepest of the Great Lakes; it's 1,302 feet (397 m) at it's deepest! Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron through the St. Mary's River and receives the waters of many small streams. The water in Lake Superior is generally less polluted than the other Great Lakes - a US-Canadian pact was established to prevent pollution in 1972.", "Lake Superior covers about 31,700 square miles (82,100 square kilometers), about the same size as Maine or the combined provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is the greatest Great Lake--the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, and the third largest by volume. Only Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa contain a greater volume of fresh water. Superior is the deepest of the Great Lakes and along much of the North Shore is as much as 700 feet deep (213 meters) only 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) out from shore. The deepest spot, 1,332 feet (406 meters), is 40 miles (64 kilometers) off Munising, Michigan. One of the world's tallest buildings, Chicago's Sears Tower, could fit in that hole with only a few floors sticking above the water. See how it compares to the world's largest buildings and lakes.", "Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake with a surface area of 82,170 sq. km (31,700 sq. mi), which is greater than combining Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire. The lake is about 563 km (350 m i) long, 257 km (160 mi) wide, and reaches a maximum of 400 m(1,300 ft) in depth.", "2. The surface area of Lake Superior (31,700 square miles or 82,170 square kilometers) is greater than the combined areas of Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. ", "Lake Superior, most northwesterly and largest of the five Great Lakes of North America and one of the world’s largest bodies of fresh water. Bounded on the east and north by Ontario (Can.), on the west by Minnesota (U.S.), and on the south by Wisconsin and Michigan (U.S.), it discharges into Lake Huron at its eastern end via the St. Marys River. The lake is 350 mi (563 km) long (east to west), and its greatest width is 160 mi (258 km) from north to south. It has a mean surface elevation of 600 ft (180 m) above sea level and a maximum depth of 1,332 ft (406 m). The lake’s drainage basin is 49,300 sq mi (127,700 sq km), exclusive of its surface area of 31,700 sq mi (82,100 sq km). The lake is so massive and its volume so large that, were it to be emptied at its current rate (with no compensating additions of water), it would take 191 years. Because of its large size (relative to watershed area) and the porous \"dam\" at its outlet, long-term lake-level fluctuations are much lower than in any of the other Great Lakes—generally less than 1 yd (1 m). Annual lake-level fluctuations are less than 12 in (30 cm).", "2. Lake Superior – 82,414 km2 (31,820 sq mi). Bounded by Canada and the United States, Lake Superior is the largest lake of the five Great Lakes of North America", "Thirty-six percent of the Great Lakes, the largest freshwater lakes in the world, are situated in Canada. Of the five Great Lakes, only Lake Michigan is completely outside of Canadian borders. Lake Superior, Canada's largest lake in terms of volume (and shared with the United States), has a surface area of 82,367 square kilometers (31,802 square miles) and is the world's largest freshwater lake. Lake Nipigon, in eastern Canada near Lake Superior, is famous for its towering cliffs and its greenish-black sand beaches.", "Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water in the world, containing more water than all the other Great Lakes combined. With an area of 82,100 km2 (of which 28,750 km2 lies in Canada), when including the American portion, Lake Superior is Canada’s largest lake. It has a shoreline of 2,938 km, with the north shore bordering on Ontario and the south shore on the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lake is 563 km long, 257 km wide, with a mean depth of 147m and a maximum depth of 406 m. It has an elevation of 183 m.", "Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes , straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km).", "Superior stretches approximately 350 miles from west to east, and 160 miles north to south, with a shoreline almost 2,800 miles long. That is the same distance as driving from Duluth Minnesota to Miami Florida. The land area surrounding the lake also provides Lake Superior with water in the form of rain and snowmelt runoff from Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Ontario Canada.", "GREAT LAKES. The Great Lakes, also called the Inland Seas, consist of five connecting freshwater lakes in east central North America that straddle the international border between Canada and the United States . Collectively they constitute the world's largest body of freshwater, with a surface area of 94,000 square miles (244,000 sq. km) and 5,500 cubic miles (23,000 cu. km) of water. The lakes contain approximately 18 percent of the world's supply of freshwater, with only the polar ice caps having more. From west to east, the lakes are Superior (the largest and deepest of the lakes), Michigan , Huron , Erie (the shallowest), and Ontario (the smallest); they collectively extend about 850 miles (1370 km) west to east and 700 miles (1125 km) from north to south. The Great Lakes form the western portion of the greater St. Lawrence hydrographic system, extending from Minnesota to the Atlantic Ocean .", "Lake Superior, one of the Great Lakes, is the largest body of fresh water in the world . It is 1,333 feet deep (406 meters).", "Situated in the Upper Midwest region, the Great Lakes is a collection of five freshwater lakes between the United States and Canada. The five lakes are Lake Ontario, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Erie. The largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior, which borders Minnesota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Major U.S. cities on Lake Michigan include Chicago and Milwaukee, while Cleveland and Buffalo are located on the shores of Lake Erie. Other states on the Great Lakes include Indiana and Pennsylvania. The combined square mileage of the Great Lakes is approximately 80,500, making up 84 percent of the freshwater bodies of water in North America.", "Lake Superior is by far the largest of the Great Lakes. It is so big that it could hold all of the water in the other Great Lakes, plus three more the size of Lake Erie. It is also the highest and deepest of the great lakes, measuring in at 600 feet above sea level, and as deep as 1332 feet - that is why it is also the coldest!", "a group of five lakes in central North America with connecting waterways: the largest group of lakes in the world: consists of Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, which are divided by the border between the US and Canada and Lake Michigan, which is wholly in the US; constitutes the most important system of inland waterways in the world, discharging through the St Lawrence into the Atlantic. Total length: 3767 km (2340 miles). Area: 246 490 sq km (95 170 sq miles)", "Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes in surface area and volume. Lake Superior could contain all the other Great Lakes plus three more lakes the size of Lake Erie. Water flows into the lake from many small rivers and streams. The Long Lac and Ogoki diversions in Canada channel water into Lake Superior that would otherwise flow into Hudson Bay. By order of the International Joint Commission, the lake's level, controlled by gates on the St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie, may not exceed 602 ft (183 m) above sea level. Each year a small percentage of the lake's water flows out through the St. Marys River, and it takes almost two centuries for the water to be completely replaced (retention time). The Lake Superior drainage basin is rich in natural resources and scenic beauty. It is sparsely populated and economically dependent on its natural resources, which include metals, minerals, forests and recreation/tourism opportunities such as national lakeshores and national/state/provincial parks. It is particularly known for its clear, cold water and agate beaches. A circle tour guides highway travelers around the lakeshore. Many shipwrecks in Lake Superior are now protected in bottomland preserves and accessible to recreational divers. In 1985, scientists using a submersible vessel descended for the first time to the deepest part (-1,333 ft./-405 m) of Lake Superior near the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in Michigan waters.", "Glaciers gouged out the Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario). They touch eight states―Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York―plus vast Ontario, Canada. Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world. Even the little guys, Erie and Ontario, are so large (871 and 712 miles of shoreline, respectively) they feel more like seas than lakes.", "The numbers for the world’s largest freshwater lake (in terms of surface area), which straddles the U.S.-Canada border and touches Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, are staggering : 31,700 square miles of surface water; 350 miles wide and 160 miles long; 2,726 miles of shoreline; an average depth of nearly 500 feet, with a maximum depth of 1,332 feet; and a volume of 2,900 cubic miles, more than enough to fill all the other Great Lakes combined.", "Did you know that Lake Superior is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the St. Lawrence Seaway? The 2,343 mile (3,770 kilometer) trip takes about seven days by boat from Duluth/Superior, the busiest inland port in the country, with more than 1,000 vessels visiting each year.", "The third largest Great Lake has a water surface area of 22,300 square miles, and it contains numerous islands, notably the Beaver Island archipelago and the North and South Manitou Islands off the coast of the \"Little Finger\" region of Michigan's mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula. The Manitou Islands are a part of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . In addition to its namesake sand dunes and challenging dune climb, the Great Lakes park is noted for spectacular views along the 7.5-mile Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive, as well as a choice of hiking trails.", "17. The largest underwater formation in Lake Superior is the Superior Shoal, which rises from a depth of over 1,000 feet to within 20 feet of the water surface over a distance of just three miles.", "Lake Superior is located on the northern edge of Wisconsin and stretches between the Upper Peninsula of Michigan north to Ontario Canada. It also spans west to the eastern edge of Minnesota. Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes by surface area and volume. It is like a mini-freshwater ocean, you can't even see the other side from the Wisconsin shoreline.", "Lake Superior is the largest North American Great Lakes that restrict Ontario in Canada, and Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan in the United States. He is the largest freshwater lake in the world in surface area.", "Surface area -- 3,200 square miles (8,300 square km). For comparison, Lake Ontario has a surface area of 7,340 square miles.", "The Great Lakes cover a total surface area of 95,000 square miles and hold about 5,500 cubic miles of water (approximately 20 percent of all the world's fresh water and more than 80 percent of the fresh water of North America). There are more than 10,000 miles of shoreline that frame the Great Lakes and from west to east, the lakes span more than 750 miles.", "Lake Superior receives water from approximately 200 rivers, of which the largest are the Nipigon (from the north) and the St. Louis (from the west). Other principal rivers entering the north shore are the Pigeon, Kaministikwia, Pic, White, and Michipicoten. No large rivers enter the lake from the south; the middle-sized Sturgeon and Tahquamenon rivers are the main south-shore tributaries. Small amounts of water are also diverted into the lake from two places otherwise outside of the watershed—Long Lac and Ogoki—in order to accentuate hydroelectric-power generation at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., and Niagara Falls . The principal islands in the lake are Isle Royale , a U.S. national park; the Apostle Islands, near the Wisconsin shore; Michipicoten, on the east side; and St. Ignace, near the mouth of the Nipigon River (Can.).", "The Great Lakes encompass 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) of inland coastal waters, and collectively have been referred to as \"the inland seas\" and \"the fourth coast of the United States\". Lake Michigan is located entirely within the United States, while the other four lakes form a partial border between the United States and Canada. The lakes are bordered by the Canadian province of Ontario and by the eight U.S. states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . The westernmost point of the Great Lakes is near Duluth, Minnesota, and the easternmost point is just north of Syracuse, New York (and connects with the St. Lawrence Seaway).", "Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron through the St. Marys River and receives the waters of many short, swift-flowing streams including the Nipigon, Kaministikwia, St. Louis, and Pigeon rivers. The largest islands are Isle Royale, Isle St. Ignace, and Simpson and Michipicoten. The shoreline is irregular (with many large bays, inlets, and peninsulas) and in places is high and rocky. The waters of Lake Superior are generally purer than those of the lower lakes and are minimally polluted; a U.S.-Canadian pact (1972) was established to prevent pollution and to maintain and improve the water's quality.", "Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).", "Lake Superior – There's plenty of room for fish to thrive in Lake Superior, which has shores in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario, Canada.", "Manitoulin Island is the largest island in a fresh water lake. It is located in Canadian Lake Superior" ]	[ 8.5546875, 7.9375, 7.76171875, 6.80078125, 6.796875, 6.2578125, 6.0859375, 5.60546875, 4.3828125, 3.96484375, 3.212890625, 2.46875, 2.0859375, 1.4736328125, 1.3369140625, 0.6513671875, 0.56298828125, 0.5625, -0.488037109375, -0.578125, -1.123046875, -1.134765625, -1.2373046875, -1.35546875, -2.484375, -2.611328125, -4.57421875, -4.57421875, -4.7421875, -4.97265625, -5.5703125, -5.734375 ]
Near which town were there reports of a space ship landing on the 4th July 1947?	[ "The Roswell Incident - There are many movies about what happened that night on 4th July 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico. You may have seen the X-files, Unsolved Mysteries and some other films or series that talk about UFO’s, aliens and other mysteries connected with this event. However, to find truth is something not very easy to do such as there is a huge amount of conspiracy theories and we do not know which one is the real one, and what actually happened still remains a mystery. By doing this research, I want to find out the truth about what really happened and how has it changed society.... [tags: fiction, UFO, aliens, Independence day]", "Around July 4, 1947, a UFO (unidentified flying object) allegedly crashed near Roswell, a farming and ranching community in southeastern New Mexico. According to some reports, the bodies of four aliens were found at a site around 30 miles from Roswell. Mack Brazel worked on a ranch southeast of Corona, New Mexico, where he found strange debris on July 5. The next day he went to Roswell to show it to the Chaves County sheriff, who in turn passed the information along to officials at Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF). An investigation was begun and a press release about the crash was released by the RAAF. The headline in the July 8 Roswell Daily Record read, \"RAAF Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in Roswell Region.\" But the Army-Air Force changed its story the next day, claiming that the debris was from a weather balloon.", "A new date is suggested for a crash of a mysterious object - the evening of Thursday, July 3, 1947. (p.21, 127) And, unlike in previous books, Brazel took debris into the town of Corona, where he showed people fragments in the local bar, the hardware store and elsewhere, and in Capitan to the south, portions of the object ended up at the 4th of July rodeo.(p.48-9) Numerous people are described as visiting the debris field and taking souvenirs before Brazel finally went to Roswell to report the find on July 6. Once the military was made aware of the debris, extensive efforts were undertaken to retrieve those souvenirs: ''Ranch houses were and [sic] ransacked. The wooden floors of livestock sheds were pried loose plank by plank and underground cold storage fruit cellars were emptied of all their contents.'' (p.51)", "1947 - The US military capture the survivors from a crashed Nedenah spacecraft in Roswell, New Mexico. One of the creatures dies immediately and an autopsy is conducted on its remains. The Nedenah and their downed craft are hidden away at Ranch 51 and scientists begin the long task of finding out how the machine works (The Devil Goblins from Neptune, the year is given on p.237, in The Face of the Enemy, events mentioned on p.203). (MG)", "The National Space Centre is one of the United Kingdom's leading visitor attractions that is devoted to space science and astronomy. It is located in the city of Leicester, England, next to the River Soar on the A6.", "1947 On July 8, 1947 a UFO and aliens' bodies were allegedly found in the desert outside Roswell, New Mexico at the 33rd Parallel.", "On July 8, 1947, the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) public information officer Walter Haut in Roswell, New Mexico, issued a press release stating that personnel from the field's 509th Bomb Group had recovered a crashed \"flying disk\" from a ranch near Roswell, sparking intense media interest. The following day, the press reported that Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force stated that, in fact, a radar-tracking balloon had been recovered by the RAAF personnel, not a \"flying disc.\" A subsequent press conference was called, featuring debris said to be from the crashed object, which seemed to confirm the weather balloon description.", "On July 8, 1947, the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) public information officer Walter Haut, issued a press release stating that personnel from the field's 509th Operations Group had recovered a \"flying disk\", which had crashed on a ranch near Roswell. Later that day, the press reported that Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force Roger Ramey had stated that a weather balloon was recovered by the RAAF personnel. A press conference was held, featuring debris (foil, rubber and wood) said to be from the crashed object, which seemed to confirm its description as a weather balloon.", "A V2 landed on the very top of the hill at Ratly Hill Woods, about 6000 feet due north of the village of Wainscott,,near Rochester in Kent. Exact date unknown, but late in 1944. I was four years old and playing in my back yard when it landed and can clearly remember the surreal experience of seeing first the explosion, then hearing the bang, followed by the rushing noise of the rocket going \"back up\" into the sky.", "In the hours before re-entry, ground controllers adjusted Skylab's orientation to try to minimize the risk of re-entry on a populated area. They aimed the station at a spot 810 mi south southeast of Cape Town, South Africa, and re-entry began at approximately 16:37 UTC, July 11, 1979. The Air Force provided data from a secret tracking system able to monitor the reentry. The station did not burn up as fast as NASA expected. Due to a 4% calculation error, debris landed southeast of Perth, Western Australia, and was found between Esperance and Rawlinna, from 31° to 34°S and 122° to 126°E, about 130–150 km radius around Balladonia. Residents and an airline pilot saw dozens of colorful fireworks-like flares as large pieces broke up in the atmosphere. The Shire of Esperance facetiously fined NASA A$400 for littering, a fine which remained unpaid for 30 years. The fine was paid in April 2009, when radio show host Scott Barley of Highway Radio raised the funds from his morning show listeners and paid the fine on behalf of NASA. ", "April 26-Aug. 1: The first successful mission of the Soviet Zenit-2 reconnaissance satellite announced as Kosmos-4. Landed at the village of Avgustovka in the Kuibushev Region.", "Apollo 11 was a Human spacecraft operated by NASA in the 20th century. This mission was the first in the Apollo program to successfully land a man on Luna . The mission took place in July of 1969, with a crew of three including Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong. Apollo 11 was launched atop a Saturn V rocket from Cape Kennedy, Earth . The lunar landing took place on July 20, 1969, at Tranquility Base. (TOS: \"Tomorrow is Yesterday\") although according to the cannon of the Apollo 18 Universe this Apollo 11 space craft was a back story element and that there was apollo 18 , 19 and 20 that might have been manned military missions rather than nasa manned missions.", "so far I have not seen mentioned or marked a V2 Landing in Levett Gds Sevenkings Not sure of date but have a lasting memory of being lifted and caried down the hall way by the blast. Has any on else any recollections of this one ?", "The LM lifted off from the Moon at 17:54:01 UT on 21 July after 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface. After docking with the CSM at 21:34:00 UT, the LM was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 00:01:01 UT on 22 July. Transearth injection began at 04:54:42 UT on 22 July with a 2 1/2 minute firing of the CSM main engine. A mid-course correction was made later on 22 July. The CM separated from the SM at 16:21:13 UT on 24 July. Apollo 11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 24 July 1969 at 16:50:35 UT (12:50:35 p.m. EDT) after a mission elapsed time of 195 hrs, 18 mins, 35 secs. The splashdown point was 13 deg 19 min N, 169 deg 9 min W, 400 miles SSW of Wake Island and 24 km (15 mi) from the recovery ship USS Hornet.", "The second manned lunar landing took place on November 19, 1969. The lunar module of Apollo 12, crewed by Commander Charles Conrad and pilot Alan Bean, separated from the orbiting command module piloted by Richard Gordon. The two astronauts landed in the area called Oceanus Procellarum near Surveyor crater, and close to Surveyor 3, an unmanned spacecraft which had landed two and a half years earlier. The two men conducted experiments, took photographs and collected samples. Parts of Surveyor 3 were taken for later examination as well. After 31 hours and 31 minutes, they took off. After docking with the command module, the lunar module was jettisoned and crashed onto the Moon, causing the first recorded artificial moonquake. The astronauts splashed down safely near American Samoa and were recovered by the U.S.S. Hornet.", "Astronaut Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11) in a July 21, 1969 transmission described that several alien spacecraft were located around a nearby crater on the lunar surface. Neil Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the moon (Apollo 11), described an encounter with an alien Moon city or space station and the presence of many spaceships that were far superior in size and technology to ours in his 1969 lunar expedition. According to Armstrong the extraterrestrials have an established base on the Moon and wanted us to leave and stay off the Moon. Have you ever wondered why the Moon landings stopped and why we haven't tried building a Moon base? After all it seems a better and easier idea than constructing a floating (orbiting) Earth space station.", "No. 14 Squadron was given new FG-1Ds and, in March 1946 transferred to Iwakuni, Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. Only one airworthy example of the 424 aircraft procured survives: NZ5648/ZK-COR, owned by the Old Stick and Rudder Company at Masterton, NZ. One other mostly complete aircraft and the remains of two others were known to be held by a private collector at Ardmore, NZ, in 1996. Their current whereabouts are unknown.Tillman 1979, p. 192. ", "'My dear friends: I have just returned from Muroc [Edwards Air Force Base]. The report is true -- devastatingly true! I made the journey in company with Franklin Allen of the Hearst papers and Edwin Nourse of Brookings Institute (Truman's erstwhile financial advisor) and Bishop MacIntyre of L.A. (confidential names for the present, please). When we were allowed to enter the restricted section (after about six hours in which we were checked on every possible item, event, incident and aspect of our personal and public lives), I had the distinct feeling that the world had come to an end with fantastic realism. For I have never seen so many human beings in a state of complete collapse and confusion, as they realized that their own world had indeed ended with such finality as to beggar description. The reality of the ï¿½other planeï¿½ aeroforms is now and forever removed from the realms of speculation and made a rather painful part of the consciousness of every responsible scientific and political group. During my two days' visit I saw five separate and distinct types of aircraft being studied and handled by our Air Force officials -- with the assistance and permission of the Etherians!", "Most of the first part of the day after arriving in lunar orbit on July 30 was spent in preparing the Lunar Module for descent to the lunar surface later on that day. When preparations were complete, un-docking from the CSM was attempted; it did not occur, because of a faulty seal in the hatch mechanism. The Command Module Pilot, Alfred Worden, re-sealed the hatch; the LM then separated from the CSM. David Scott and James Irwin continued preparations for the descent while Worden remained in the CSM, returning to a higher orbit to perform lunar observations and await his crewmates' return a few days later.", "Sputnik 4 was launched on May 14, 1960, designed to investigate the means for manned space flight. Weighing approximately 3,256 pounds, it contained scientific instruments to study the operation of the life support system and the stresses of flight, including a television system, and a self-sustaining biological cabin with a \"dummy\" of a man. Sputnik 4 orbited the Earth for four days, then was scheduled to release a re-entry cabin. The cabin released, however retro rockets designed to de-orbit the cabin fired with incorrect attitude data, pushing the cabin further out into space. The capsule eventually re-entered the atmosphere on September 5, 1962, leaving at least one of it's pieces in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA. Due to SOS signals received from the vicinity of Sputnik 4 on November 28, 1960, some sources suggest that this flight was actually manned by a human.", "Among other notable V-2 flights were: a launch on 24 October 1946 in which motion picture cameras took films of Earth from a 65 mile altitude and covered 40,000 square miles; a series of flights, starting on 20 February 1947, known as Project Blossom, in which containers with fruit flies and various types of seeds were carried to test the effects of cosmic rays, the canisters with these life forms recovered by parachute; a U.S. Navy-sponsored flight up to 100 miles on 7 March 1947 in which the first photographs of Earth were taken at this height; a shipboard launch (under the name of Operation Sandy) from the U.S. aircraft carrier Midway, in the Atlantic, on 6 September 1947; and attempts to the carry live Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory monkeys, Albert I and II, on 18 June 1948 and 14 June 1949, to test the effects of acceleration and weightlessness. (Albert I who was anesthetized in preparation for the flight unfortunately died before the liftoff due to breathing problems. Albert II survived the flight to 83 miles and withstood peak forces of 5.5 g during acceleration as well as the brief period zero-gravity, but the parachute on the return capsule was defective and the high-speed descent of the capsule was fatal. Two other monkeys met the same fate.)", "16-24 Jul. 1969 The first lunar landing mission, Apollo 11 lifted off on 16 Jul. 1969, and after confirming that the hardware was working well began the three day trip to the Moon. At 4:18 p.m. EST on 20 Jul. 1969 the LM—with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin—landed on the lunar surface while Michael Collins orbited overhead in the Apollo command module. After checkout, Armstrong set foot on the surface, telling the millions of listeners that it was \"one small step for man—one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin soon followed him out and the two plodded around the landing site in the 1/6 lunar gravity, planted an American flag but omitted claiming the land for the U.S. as had routinely been done during European exploration of the Americas, collected soil and rock samples, and set up some experiments. After more than 21 hours on the lunar surface, they returned to Collins on board \"Columbia,\" bringing 20.87 kilograms of lunar samples with them. The two Moon walkers had left behind scientific instruments, an American flag and other mementos, including a plaque bearing the inscription: \"Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon. Jul. 1969 A.D. We came in Peace For All Mankind.\" The next day they began the return trip to Earth, \"splashing down\" in the Pacific on 24 Jul.", "On 3 May 1952, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict, along with scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified Douglas C-47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known.", "Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin carries scientific experiments to a deployment site south of the lunar module Eagle. One experiment involved the inner composition of the moon, and another tried to determine the exact distance from Earth. Photo was taken by Neil Armstrong of the Apollo 11 mission on July 20, 1969. (AP Photo/NASA/Neil Armstrong)", "The LM lifted off from the Moon at 17:54:01 UT on 21 July after 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface. After docking with the CSM, piloted by Michael Collins, at 21:34:00 UT, the LM was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 00:01:01 UT on 22 July. The fate of the LM is not known, but it is assumed that it crashed into the lunar surface sometime within the following 1 to 4 months.", "After launch on Saturn V SA-504 on 16 July 1969 at 13:32 UT (9:32 a.m. EDT) from pad 39A of Kennedy Space Center, Apollo 11 entered Earth orbit. After 1 1/2 Earth orbits, the S-IVB stage was re-ignited at 16:16:16 UT for a translunar injection burn of 5 minutes, 48 seconds putting the spacecraft on course for the Moon. The CSM separated from the S-IVB stage containing the LM 33 minutes later, turned around and docked with the LM at 16:56:03 UT. About an hour and 15 minutes later the S-IVB stage was injected into heliocentric orbit. During translunar coast a color TV transmission was made from Apollo 11 and on 17 July a 3-second mid-course correction burn of the main engine was performed. Lunar orbit insertion was achieved on 19 July at 17:21:50 UT by a retrograde firing of the main engine for 357.5 seconds while the spacecraft was behind the Moon and out of contact with Earth. A later 17 second burn circularized the orbit. On 20 July Armstrong and Aldrin entered the LM for final checkout. At 17:44:00 the LM and CSM undocked. After a visual inspection by Collins, at 18:11:53 a separation maneuver was performed, moving the two spacecraft apart. The LM descent engine fired for 30 seconds at 19:08 UT, putting the craft into a descent orbit with a closest approach 14.5 km above the Moon's surface. At 20:05 the LM descent engine fired for 756.3 seconds and descent to the lunar surface began.", "Landing occurred at 113:01:58 GET (1354:58 spacecraft time on 11 December, or 0654:58 AEDT on 12 December). ", "The Luna 4 through Luna 8 probes were launched between 1963 and 1965 to further investigate the moon and to soft-land a module with scientific equipment on the moon. The experimental development of the entire complex of systems that accomplish a soft landing, including the celestial navigation system, the on-board radio control system, the system providing radio control of the flight trajectory, and automatically controlled devices, was completed. The weight of the probe after separation from the booster stage of the launch vehicle ranged from 1,422 to 1,552 kg.", "Apollo 4 is the first unmanned test of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Also tested the CM heat shield for high speed reentry.", "Pioneer 4, launched on 3 March 1959, was the first spacecraft to escape Earth's gravitational pull. The probe successfully flew within 60,000km of the Lunar surface.", "May 14th, 1973: Skylab is launched, part of the Apollo Application Program. It serves as a \"Wet Workshop\" for scientific experiments.", "24 In June 1965 what occurred for the first time during the Gemini 4 space mission?" ]	[ 2.46484375, 2.3046875, 1.04296875, -1.2861328125, -3.0390625, -3.59765625, -3.89453125, -4.390625, -4.91796875, -5.02734375, -5.6875, -5.87109375, -5.91796875, -5.95703125, -6.58984375, -6.71484375, -6.9921875, -7.06640625, -7.1015625, -7.4296875, -7.99609375, -8.3984375, -8.578125, -8.9375, -9.125, -9.1328125, -9.28125, -9.453125, -9.578125, -9.921875, -10.40625, -10.671875 ]
Where was the World Fair held in 1903?	[ "ST. LOUIS, Mo., Jan. 10. -- The convention convened here by the Governor of Missouri by unanimous vote selected St. Louis as the place for holding the World's Fair in the Winter of 1903 to celebrate the Louisiana purchase. Fourteen States and Territories of the seventeen in the Louisiana purchase district were represented.", "In 1904, St. Louis hosted a World's Fair to celebrate the centennial of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. It was delayed from a planned opening in 1903 to 1904, to allow for full-scale participation by more states and foreign countries. The Fair opened April 30, 1904, and closed December 1, 1904. St. Louis had held an annual St. Louis Exposition since the 1880s as agricultural, trade, and scientific exhibitions, but this event was not held in 1904, due to the World's Fair. ", "In 1893, the world turned its attention to the American city of Chicago, where that year’s World Fair was being held. Besides being only the third city in the United States to host the exposition, after the 1876 fair in Philadelphia and the 1884 fain in New Orleans, it also marked an important anniversary for the New World. In honor of Christopher Columbus’s landing in the Americas four hundred years earlier, the 1893 Fair was officially known as the World’s Fair: Columbian Exposition.", "↑ Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair", " --> Well, in early 1902, time was tight to build these giant exhibit halls (called Palaces ). The 1904 World's Fair managers (the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company) decided to follow the lead of other World's Fairs. They designed and built most of the large buildings to be temporary structures . By agreement with the city of St. Louis, one large building would be built to be permanent: the Palace of Art (see picture below) is now the St. Louis Art Museum. The temporary buildings were built on a framework of wood, and covered with a material called staff , which was formed into columns, statuary, walls, stairs, etc. It could be easily repaired and patched (and often was). After the Fair, the Fair's buildings were demolished, and all items and materials that could be salvaged and sold were \"recycled\" by the salvage company, the Chicago Home Wrecking Company.", "This extensive bibliography includes materials on the Chicago world's fair of varying format and location as well as primary and secondary sources. It contains over 6,000 references and entries for 131 special collections worldwide. It includes a list of the journals that were indexed and is organized into general works and then into specific subject areas. An index is also provided.", "The first international World Fair was organized in London in 1851. The fair displayed both artworks and industry-related items in the Crystal Palace, a temporary building especially designed for the event and built in Hyde Park, in the heart of the British capital. When the French decided to emulate the British and to organize a World Fair in Paris, it was decided that unlike what had been done in London, the Fine Arts and Industry products would be exhibited in two different buildings.", "The Russian Government sent a large delegation to the 1893 international world's fair in Chicago. The Russians staged sixteen displays at the exposition. By exhibiting at the fair, the Russian Government aimed to express their official thanks to the American people for famine relief, promote the advances of Russian industry, and learn about technical advances in the West. The Russian press covered extensively the experiences of the Russian delegation in the United States.", "This issue of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin features selected, prizewinning European decorative artifacts that are owned by the museum and were exhibited at the world's fairs from the London Great Exhibition of 1851 to the Paris Centennial Exposition of 1900. According to Gere, the pieces selected for this publication were acknowledged masterpieces of their time and represent \"expressions of the highest possible skill and artistic taste.\" Gere's introduction provides a concise, yet thorough overview of the impact of nineteenth-century world's fairs on artistic design and consumption. The rest of the work contains beautiful color and black and white photographs and drawings as well as descriptions of the artifacts and the artists who created them. A short bibliography is also included.", "Hendershott, Robert L. The 1904 St. Louis World's Fair: The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mementos and Memorabilia. Iola, Wis.: Kurt F. Krueger Pub., 1994.", "The Fair hosted the 1904 Summer Olympic Games, the first Olympics held in the United States. These games had originally been awarded to Chicago, but when St. Louis threatened to hold a rival international competition, the games were relocated. Nonetheless, the sporting events, spread out over several months, were overshadowed by the Fair. With travel expenses high, many European athletes did not come, nor did modern Olympics founder Baron Pierre de Coubertin.", "1893 The last day of the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) in Chicago, Illinois. It celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492.", "It was even bigger than the Paris World’s Fair, spread over 1272 acres, with more than 1500 ornate buildings, and connected by 120 km of roads and walkways. Exhibits were staged by 62 nations, as well as the United States government and 43 US states. Industries and businesses were promoted and scientific, educational and cultural displays were offered, along with variety of entertainment. Nearly 20 million people attended the Exposition during the seven months it was open.", "1893 The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) opened in Chicago, Illinois on May 1. It was held to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492 (the Fair was dedicated on October 21, 1892 but did not open to the public until May 1, 1893).", "President Ulysses S. Grant received an enthusiastic reception as he officially opened the 1876 Centennial Exposition on May 10, 1876. The first world's fair held in the United States, the Expo celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. It also celebrated the emergence of the United States as a world power.", "As the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the Americas approached, the United States planned to hold a world's fair to celebrate. This was considered an important time, due to the French successes at the previous World's Fair with the construction of the Eiffel Tower.", "The fair was dedicated to peace and amity in the western hemisphere, and a festive spirit prevailed at the exposition when the McKinleys arrived to celebrate President's Day. Their host was John G. Mil-burn, a leading member of the Buffalo bar. More than 116,000 people had come to greet them, and nearly half that number gathered in the Esplanade to hear what McKinley had to say. His remarks were appropriate to the occasion. Urging an enlightened policy of commercial reciprocity, he argued that the United States could not forever sell the products of American industry abroad without also buying the products of other countries. \"The period of exclusiveness is past,\" cautioned the man who had once been the foremost spokesman of protective tariffs. Capable of adjusting to changing times, he now conceded that \"the expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem.\" Yet he also argued that such expansion must take place under conditions of world peace. \"Commercial wars,\" he warned, \"are unprofitable.\"", "1902 - New York City, United States - United States, Colonial and International Exposition (1902) (never held)", "The Grand Palace is as the opposite Little Palace built for the World Fair in 1900. The style is beaux-arts, which is reflected inside and out under the big glass domes. Today the site as an exhibition building.", "The Exposition universelle de Paris — a kind of world's fair — was held in Paris in 1889 . It was for this fair that the Eiffel Tower was built (1887-1889).", " 1892: The World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World.", "40. The Eiffel tower was the main exhibit at the 1889 Exposition Universelle (World’s Fair), held to commemorate what event?", "The 1904 Olympic Games were held in conjunction with the world's fair. The games were incorporated into the fair as an example of \"social technology,\" a theme that coincided with the touting of human progress at all world's fairs. Photographs are included.", "The world's fairs showcased what organizers believed was \"progress\" according to Western standards. These standards were used to judge non-Western cultures and deem them uncivilized and backward. Organizers juxtaposed these cultural exhibitions in order to educate attendees of the \"benefits\" of Western progress. Clevenger discusses the impact that the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino exhibits had on audiences based on the personal accounts of four fair attendees. She also delves into greater detail about each country's exhibit. This piece was adapted from an excerpt from Clevenger's \"Indescribably Grand\": Diaries and Letters from the 1904 World's Fair. Includes photographs and short bibliography.", "It was originally looked upon as a temporary structure, built for the 1889 Worlds Fair. The Worlds Fair coincided with the centenary of the French Revolution.", "The city hosted the 1884 World's Fair, called the World Cotton Centennial. A financial failure, the event is notable as the beginnings of the city's tourist economy.", "Luna Park, the second of the three major amusement parks, opened on May 16, 1903. It was lit by nearly 250,000 lights and included attractions such as a ride to the moon and \"Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea.\"", "Attendees included John Philip Sousa, whose band performed on opening day and several times during the fair. Thomas Edison is claimed to have attended. President Theodore Roosevelt opened the fair via telegraph, but did not attend personally until after the election in November 1904, as he claimed he did not want to use the fair for political purposes.", "This work is a historical piece, but is told through fictional characters and dialog. It is based on contemporary literature of the fair, modern works, and personal interview with visitors. Includes photographs as well as a bibliography.", "*1883 - Amsterdam, Netherlands - Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling (1883) (International Colonial and Export Exhibition)", "Tracks down the present history and location of the 1904 fair buildings, sculptures, and structures. Contains original photographs as well as photographs of how the structures look today. Also provides background on the items and how they came to be included in the fair.", "Information on the proliferation of world's fairs during the 19th and 20th centuries in which fairs served as vehicles that enabled the masses to consume the ideology of imperialism" ]	[ 4.41015625, 0.576171875, -0.255859375, -1.1005859375, -1.275390625, -1.513671875, -1.78515625, -1.8427734375, -2.3515625, -2.724609375, -2.939453125, -3.064453125, -3.537109375, -3.876953125, -3.904296875, -4.19140625, -4.828125, -4.9453125, -4.96875, -4.9765625, -5.33203125, -5.7265625, -5.9765625, -6.0625, -6.47265625, -6.71484375, -6.7578125, -7.15234375, -7.25390625, -7.5625, -7.6640625, -9.734375 ]
Which singer had the first names Harry Lillis?	[ "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American popular singer and actor whose career stretched over more than half a century from 1926 until his death. Crosby was the undisputed best-selling artist until well into the rock era, with over half a billion records in circulation.", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby was an American singer and actor. His career stretched more than half a century from 1926 until his death in 1977. Crosby's unique bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist until well into the rock era, with over half a billion records in circulation.", "Harry Lillis Crosby (1903-1977) was one of the best-loved show business personalities of his time. He set a crooning style which was imitated for years, recorded over 1,600 songs, had his own radio show for over 20 years, starred in over 60 films, and made many guest appearances and specials for television.", "In November 1993, Harry toured the UK with Stein, guitarist Peter Min, bassist Greta Brinkman and drummer James Murphy. The set list of the Debravation Tour featured an offbeat selection of Harry material including the previously unreleased track Close Your Eyes (from 1989) and Ordinary Bummer (from the Stein-produced Iggy Pop album Zombie Birdhouse, a track that, under the moniker Adolph's Dog, Blondie covered in 1997). Tentative plans to record these shows and release them as a double live CD never came to fruition. However, a cover of the Rolling Stones' \"Wild Horses\" is available as a bootleg. In early 1994, Harry took the Debravation tour to the US. In the UK, Harry's long tenure with Chrysalis Records also came to an end after lacklustre sales of Debravation, but the label released all of Blondie's albums and Harry's KooKoo album (for the first time on CD) as remastered editions with bonus tracks.", "Sir Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer and a co-founder of the Rolling Stones.", "Harry and his wife moved to London in 1966 and was engaged as a public relations (P.R.) for the Kinks and the Hollies. During the next 18 years he was the P.R. to many artists, including Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, Procol Harum, David Bowie, Led Zeppelin, the Beach Boys, Clouds, Ten Years After, Free, Mott the Hoople, the Pretty Things, Christine Perfect, Supertramp, Hot Chocolate, Suzi Quatro and Kim Wilde. During his time working as a press officer, Harry started a monthly magazine called Tracks, which reported the latest album releases, and another magazine, Idols: 20th Century Legends, which ran for 37 issues, from 1988 to 1991. Harry also compiled a 34-track compilation, Mersey Beat, for Parlophone records, which was released on 31 October 1983. ", "Sixty years after his death, Weill's music continues to be performed both in popular and classical contexts. In Weill's lifetime, his work was most associated with the voice of his wife, Lotte Lenya, but shortly after his death \"Mack the Knife\" was established by Louis Armstrong and Bobby Darin as a jazz standard. His music has since been recorded by many performers, ranging from Nina Simone, Frank Sinatra, The Doors, Ella Fitzgerald, David Bowie, Robbie Williams, Judy Collins, John Zorn, Dagmar Krause, Steeleye Span, The Young Gods and PJ Harvey to New York's Metropolitan Opera and the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra. Singers as varied as Teresa Stratas, Ute Lemper, Gisela May, Anne Sofie von Otter, Max Raabe, Heinz Karl Gruber, Dee Dee Bridgewater and Marianne Faithfull have recorded entire albums of his music.", "Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969) was an English musician, the founder and the original leader of the Rolling Stones. Jones was a multi-instrumentalist, with his main instruments being the guitar, harmonica and keyboards.", "Elvis Costello was born Declan Patrick MacManus in London, England and raised in Liverpool. The son of British band leader Ross MacManus , Costello took his pseudonym from Elvis Presley and his father's stage name (Day Costello). He began performing professionally in 1969 and was a musician and/or singer in many bands around London before forming a moderately successful pub-rock band called \"Flip City\" in the mid-1970s. Working full time as a computer operator, he landed his first record deal with Stiff Records in 1977 and recorded his first album \"My Aim Is True\" while on vacation. The album was a smash hit in England and landed Costello a worldwide distribution deal with Columbia records. Forming his backup group, \"The Attractions\", for his second album, Costello went on to record several popular and influential albums over the next decade. Today, he is regarded as one of the most influential and popular singer/songwriters in modern music. In 1998, he collaborated with legendary tune smith, Burt Bacharach , on a highly successful album of love songs \"Painted From Memory\".", "Elvis Costello was born Declan Patrick MacManus in London, England and raised in Liverpool. The son of British band leader Ross MacManus, Costello took his pseudonym from Elvis Presley and his mother's maiden name (Costello). He began performing professionally in 1969 and was a musician and/or singer in many bands around London before forming a moderately successful pub-rock band called \"Flip City\" in the mid-1970s. Working full time as a computer operator, he landed his first record deal with Stiff Records in 1977 and recorded his first album \"My Aim Is True\" while on vacation. The album was a smash hit in England and landed Costello a worldwide distribution deal with Columbia records. Forming his backup group, \"The Attractions\", for his second album, Costello went on to record several popular and influential albums over the next decade. Today, he is regarded as one of the most influential and popular singer/songwriters in modern music. In 1998, he collaborated with legendary tune smith, Burt Bacharach, on a highly successful album of love songs \"Painted From Memory\".", "George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou on June 25, 1963 in East Finchley, London, England died on December 25, 2016 in Goring Oxfordshire, England) was an English pop musician of English/Greek Cypriot ancestry. Michael began his career by forming a band called The Executive together with his best friend Andrew Ridgeley , a fellow pupil at Bushey Meads School, though it did not survive for long.", "A Golden Globe and Grammy Award winning English singer, songwriter and occasional actor, best known for his work as lead vocalist of The Rolling Stones. Date and photographer: Unknown.", "The Pretty Things’ debut single, ‘Rosalyn’, scraped into the UK Top 50, but its unfettered power, coupled with the band’s controversial, unkempt appearance, ensured maximum publicity. Their brash, almost destructive, approach to R&B flourished with two exciting UK Top 20 singles, ‘Don’t Bring Me Down’ and ‘Honey I Need’. The unit’s exuberant first album offered much of the same. Skip Alan (b. Alan Skipper, 11 June 1948, London, England) replaced the erratic Prince in November 1965. Although the Pretty Things’ commercial standing had declined, subsequent singles, ‘Midnight To Six Man’ and ‘Come See Me’, were arguably their finest works, combining power with purpose. However, first Pendleton, then Stax, left the band and sessions for a third album, Emotions, were completed with two former members of the Fenmen, Wally Allen (bass/vocals) and John Povey (b. 20 August 1944, London, England; keyboards/vocals). Initially hired on a temporary basis, the duo proved crucial to the Pretty Things’ subsequent development.", "Cy Coben (né Seymour Cohen; 4 April 1919 – 26 May 2006) was an American songwriter, whose hits were recorded by bandleaders, country singers, and other artists such as The Beatles, Tommy Cooper and Leonard Nimoy. ", "Harry James and his band were the first to record Sleepy Lagoon (as the song version was titled), to be followed quickly by Xavier Cugat, Dinah Shore, Fred Waring, Glenn Miller, David Rose, and many others. Virtually every pop singer and bandleader performed it, not only in the US but everywhere. In 1942 the Harry James recording was on the Billboard list of best-selling records for 18 weeks, and in first place for part of that time. In the same year, the original work, with the sound of seagulls added, became the theme music for the long-running (but then brand-new) BBC Radio program Desert Island Discs. A memorable recording by the Platters was issued in 1960, and as recently as last year a new arrangement of the original piece became the theme music for the “Aquanura,” the fountain spectacle of the Dutch theme park Efteling.", "Harry asked a local singer, Priscilla White, to contribute a fashion column after writing an article called \"Swinging Cilla\", in which he wrote, \"Cilla Black is a Liverpool girl who is starting out on the road to fame.\" Harry's mistake came about because he could not remember her surname (which he knew was a colour), but White decided to keep it as a stage name. Two years later Harry arranged for her to sing for Epstein at the Blue Angel club, leading to a management contract.", "Harry Webb became lead singer of a rock and roll group, The Drifters (not to be confused with the US group of the same name). 1950s entrepreneur Harry Greatorex wanted the up and coming Rock 'n' Roll singer to change from his real name of Harry Webb. HP Pavilion dm3-1032TX Keyboard", "Doris Troy signed with Atlantic in early 1963 and in June scored a major hit with \"Just One Look\", which she co-wrote and which reached #3 on the R&B chart and #10 on the pop chart. She scored another UK hit with \"What'cha Gonna Do About It\" and went on to a long and a successful career as a backing vocalist on many Dusty Springfield hits and with other famous acts including Pink Floyd, George Harrison and Nick Drake. \"Just One Look\" has been covered by many other artists including The Hollies, whose version became a major hit in the UK and gave the group its first US chart placing in 1964.", "British singer Harry Webb changed his stage name to Cliff Richard in the early 1950s. \"Cliff\" sounded like the face of a cliff, which suggested Rock. \"Richard\" was chosen to honor his musical hero, Little Richard.", "Debbie Harry enjoyed several successful years as the lead vocalist of Blondie. When the group went their separate ways, it was commonly assumed that Harry's solo career would be equally prolific. However, this never materialised. In the first instance, Harry had to take time out to nurse her lover Chris Stein back from a serious bout of ill health. Perhaps the omens were not good when the first solo release 'Backfired' did precisely that. Eventually, Deborah Harry was back in the limelight with the marvellous 'French Kissin'. In spite of the success of this fabulous pop song, Harry returned to relative obscurity. Nevertheless, instead of growing old gracefully, the 'blonde' singer once more fronted the Blondie group, and 'Maria' helped the ageing New Yorkers return to the once-familiar territory of a British Number One hit triumph. This icon of New York was born on this day in 1945. Success would come late in life for the lovely Deborah. Perhaps there is hope for us all.", "The track was first recorded by American entertainer Harry Belafonte back in 1956, having heard it being performed by a choir. Belafonte's mother is Jamaican; he was born in New York, but spent his early years on the island.", "Bobby Darin was born Robert Walden Cassotto in New York in 1936. He changed his name to Darin and became a professional singer in 1956. His first three singles flopped, but he scored a big hit with the rocker \"Splish Splash.\" Not wishing to be typecast as a rocker, Darin then adapted an old number into \"Mack The Knife,\" winning the Grammy for Record Of The Year and getting himself voted as Best New Artist. He starred in several lightweight films before becoming recognized as a serious actor in such films as \"Pressure Point\" and \"Captain Newman MD,\" before winning an Oscar nomination for his performance in \"Newman.\" Following open-heart surgery, Bobby Darin died in 1973 aged just 37.", "Chapin, Harry December 7, 1942–July 16, 1981 Huntington Rural Cemetery 555 New York Avenue Huntington, New York 631-427-1272 Singer, songwriter, and social activist Harry Chapin originally wanted to become a filmmaker, and his socially conscious folk-rock ballads showed a distinct flair for storytelling. His signature song, the six-minute opus “Taxi” (1972), reveals the bittersweet observations of a taxi cab driver, while “W. O. L. D.” (1973) describes the life of a disc jockey. “Cat’s in the Cradle” (1974), Chapin’s only number one hit, is about a businessman who realizes too late how he sacrificed his relationship with his son for his job, and it remains a classic today. Chapin died in a car accident en route to one of his own concerts on Long Island.", "Harry Lauder (1870-1950) was a famous Scottish entertainer, born in Edinburgh and later knighted Sir Henry Lauder. His first London appearance was in 1900 and his fame spread internationally, resulting in several tours to Australia and the United States. He is reported to have been the highest paid entertainer of the day and later became the first British artist to sell more than a million records. He did much to support the armed forces during World War I, entertaining the troops and raising funds for charities supporting ex-servicemen. He wrote most of his own songs, and when his own son was killed in action during WWI he wrote \"Keep Right on to the End of the Road\". Other songs he wrote and performed included \"Roamin' in the Gloamin'\", \"I Love a Lassie\" and \"A Wee Deoch-an-Doris\".", "Andy Williams. The MOR crooner ran the Barnaby label, which put out the debut album Goodnight Everybody by Mary McCaslin in the late 1960s, produced by Larry Murray of the underrated country-folk-rock group Hearts & Flowers. Williams also covered the song \"Holly\" by Craig Smith, one of the songwriters in one of the most overlooked L.A. folk-rock groups, the Mike Nesmith-produced Penny Arkade (who didn't release anything while they were active). Smith used the royalties from cover versions of his songs by Williams, the Monkees, and Glen Campbell to travel around the world, changing into the weirder character Satya Sai Maitreya Kali, who would record spooky solo folk-rock that was eventually issued (along with numerous Penny Arkade recordings) on privately pressed LPs in the early 1970s.", "Harry Chapin (singer) -- Dead. Heart attack/traffic accident. Died July 16, 1981. Born December 7, 1942. \"Cats in the Cradle.\" ", "1946, Born on this day, Harry Ray, Moments, (1970 US No.3 single 'Love On A Two-Way Street', 1975 UK No.3 single 'Girls').", "In the late 1930s James reportedly took a $40,000 loan from Goodman to start his own band. The fledgling outfit struggled, however, and lost money in its early years. That all changed in May of 1941, though, when James recorded a cover version of \"You Made Me Love You,\" a hit for Judy Garland that he had especially liked. The tender ballad was a smash, with the flames of listener approval fanned by extensive play on the popular Make-Believe Ballroom radio program on WNEW in New York City. From there James went on to seal his popularity with a repertoire of easy-listening tunes and swinging instrumentals, shifting with ease from blues and boogie-woogie to Viennese waltzes. Many of his songs, such as \"I Cried for You\" and \"I Don't Want to Walk Without You,\" addressed the sadness of separation caused by World War II. Churning out hits like \"I Had the Craziest Dream,\" \"Ciribiribin,\" \"I've Heard That Song Before,\" and \"Velvet Moon,\" the Harry James Band scored a series of million-selling discs. At one point the band was actually held responsible for a shortage of shellac, which was rationed during the war, as so much of it was required to press James's records.", "Sept. 17, 2016: Charmian Carr, who sang \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\" as eldest daughter Liesl in the classic film \"The Sound of Music,\" has died. Born Dec. 27, 1942, Carr was 22 when the 1965 musical was released. She never appeared in another big-screen feature; later, she authored two books connected to her experiences making the film: \"Forever Liesl\" (2000) and \"Letters to Liesl\" (2001). Carr died of complications from dementia, according to the Associated Press. She was 73. ", "After touring for a season with the Hoboken Four, Sinatra decided to go it alone. In 1939, he was singing at a roadhouse in New Jersey when trumpeter and bandleader Harry James hired him to sing with his orchestra. He made his first appearance with the James band in June 1939 and soon made his first commercial recording, “From the Bottom of My Heart.”", "Len Barry, who scored a 1963 hit with 1-2-3 was the lead singer of THE DOVELLS, who had a 1961 hit with \"Bristol Stomp\".", "Starting in the 1950s, Mr. Ellis helped lay the foundations of the Jamaican recording industry, singing songs that would profoundly influence global pop music." ]	[ 4.7578125, 3.703125, 0.9921875, -4.19921875, -4.42578125, -4.47265625, -5.0234375, -5.10546875, -5.23828125, -5.53125, -5.796875, -5.85546875, -6.23046875, -6.26171875, -6.50390625, -6.62109375, -6.68359375, -6.70703125, -6.76953125, -7.01171875, -7.4375, -7.8984375, -7.8984375, -7.93359375, -8, -8.5078125, -8.75, -9.203125, -9.265625, -9.2890625, -9.3203125, -10.203125 ]
What was the San Francisco Ballet formerly called?	[ "San Francisco Ballet is a ballet company, founded in 1933 as the San Francisco Opera Ballet under the leadership of ballet master Adolph Bolm. The company is currently based in the War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, under the direction of Helgi Tomasson. San Francisco Ballet was the first professional ballet company in the United States. It is among the world's leading dance companies, presenting over 100 performances annually, with a repertoire that spans both classical and contemporary ballet. Along with American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet has been described as part of the \"triumvirate of great classical companies defining the American style on the world stage today.\" ", "San Francisco Ballet Association, a professional ballet company, operates a dance training school. The company conducts dance performances in the United States and internationally. It also offers community programs for school children, teachers, seniors, families, fellow artists, volunteers, hospitals, and the general public. The company was formerly known as San Francisco Ballet and changed its name to San Francisco Ballet Association in January 1972. San Francisco Ballet Association was founded in 1933 and is based in San Francisco, California.", "\"San Francisco Ballet, the oldest professional ballet company in America, has emerged as a world-class arts organization since it was founded as the San Francisco Opera Ballet in 1933. Initially, its primary purpose was to train dancers to appear in lavish, full-length opera productions.\"", "Dance by the 19th century had been mainly established through private schools (Kraus & Chapman, 1981). But the 20th century brought new choreographers and the establishment of two of the most renowned ballet companies and the top ballet school in the country. The School of American Ballet, American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet were all established in the 20th century and with it brought a new standard to American ballet teaching and performances (Greskovic, 1998). Other notable ballet companies include San Francisco Ballet and the Joffrey Ballet (Kraus & Chapman, 1981; Lee, 1999).", "The first production of The Nutcracker was a failure. Neither the critics nor the audience liked it, however Czar Alexander III was delighted with the ballet, The Nutcracker was not an instant success, but the ballet gained popularity with future productions, especially in the United States. The first performance of The Nutcracker in the United States was by the San Francisco Opera Ballet, in 1944. The production was directed by William Christensen. However, by changing a few characters, choreographer George Balanchine brought new life to The Nutcracker. His 1954 production for the New York City Ballet popularized the ballet, establishing it as a holiday tradition. Many of the versions of The Nutcracker performed today are based on the version created by George Balanchine.", "Under Balanchine’s tutelage at American Ballet, Lew Christensen became the first American-born danseur noble. The United States Army drafted Christensen to fight in World War II. After the war ended, he joined Balanchine’s and Lincoln Kirstein’s Ballet Society (soon to become New York City Ballet), eventually becoming ballet master; he served in the role from 1946 until 1950. In 1951, he joined his brother Willam as co-director of San Francisco Ballet. When Willam moved to Salt Lake City later that year, Lew took over as full director of SF Ballet; he held the position until 1976, when Michael Smuin joined him as co-director. Lew Christensen remained SF Ballet co-director until 1984, the year of his death.", "On Christmas Eve, 1944, the audience at San Francisco's War Memorial Opera House watched the American premiere of Nutcracker. An instant sensation, the ballet launched a national holiday tradition. SF Ballet's sparkling production of Nutcracker, set here by the Bay has introduced audiences of all ages to the magnificent world of ballet, and this will be the third annual production since its new revamp in 2014.", "In 1972, San Francisco's War Memorial Opera House was named the official residence of San Francisco Ballet.", "In 1940, San Francisco Ballet became the first American company to stage a complete production of Swan Lake. The enormously successful production starred Lew Christensen as Prince Siegfried, Jacqueline Martin as Odette, and Janet Reed as Odile. Willam Christensen based his choreography on the Petipa-Ivanov production, turning to San Francisco’s large population of Russian émigrés, headed by Princess and Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia, to help him ensure that the production succeeded in its goal of preserving Russian culture in San Francisco.", "In 1940, San Francisco Ballet became the first American company to stage a complete production of Swan Lake. The enormously successful production starred Lew Christensen as Prince Siegfried, Jacqueline Martin as Odette, and Janet Reed as Odile. Willam Christensen based his choreography on the Petipa-Ivanov production, turning to San Francisco’s large population of Russian émigrés, headed by Princess and Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia, to help him ensure that the production succeeded in its goal of preserving Russian culture in San Francisco. ", "During his 12-year sojourn in the Bay Area, Mr. Samuel served as music director of both the Oakland Symphony (1959-71) and the San Francisco Ballet (1961-71) and was the first music director of the Cabrillo Music Festival. He also founded and led the Oakland Chamber Orchestra and made a few guest appearances with the San Francisco Opera.", "The SFBO toured with the SF Ballet’s touring company from 1978 until 1984. It has accompanied many prestigious international ballet companies that have toured to the San Francisco Bay Area, including The Royal Ballet, the Royal Danish Ballet, Stuttgart Ballet, the Bolshoi Ballet, Paul Taylor Dance Company, American Ballet Theatre, and the Paris Opéra Ballet. In 1995, the orchestra took on the remarkable task of accompanying 13 international dance companies over the space of a single week in the UNited We Dance Festival.", "*The Tempest—complete ballet by Paul Chihara: SF Ballet Orchestra recorded this under the name “Performing Arts Orchestra” in 1981 (Reference Recordings)", "In 1991, San Francisco Ballet performed in New York City for the first time in 26 years, returning in 1993, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2008, and 2013. Following the initial tour, the New York Times proclaimed, “Mr. Tomasson has accomplished the unprecedented: He has pulled a so-called regional company into the national ranks, and he has done so by honing the dancers into a classical style of astonishing verve and purity. San Francisco Ballet under Helgi Tomasson’s leadership is one of the spectacular success stories of the arts in America.” ", "In fall 2008, as part of the company’s 75th anniversary celebration, San Francisco Ballet embarked on a critically acclaimed four-city American tour with engagements at Chicago’s Harris Theater for Music and Dance, New York City Center, Southern California’s Segerstrom Center for the Arts, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. The year culminated in a New Works Festival of world premieres by 10 of the dance world’s most acclaimed choreographers—Julia Adam, Val Caniparoli, Jorma Elo, Margaret Jenkins, James Kudelka, Mark Morris, Yuri Possokhov, Paul Taylor, Stanton Welch, and Christopher Wheeldon. Other anniversary initiatives included a commemorative book, San Francisco Ballet at Seventy-Five, and the broadcast of Tomasson’s Nutcracker in December 2008 on the \"Great Performances: Dance in America\" series on PBS, produced in partnership with KQED Public Television in San Francisco.", "San Francisco Ballet: The Nutcracker - War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, CA - Tickets, information, reviews", "The American Ballet Theatre, established in 1939, was originally an outgrowth of the Mordkin Ballet established by Mikhail Mordkin in 1937 (Lee, 1999). It was originally named Ballet Theatre and was founded by Richard Pleasant, with financial support from Lucia Chase (Anderson, 1986; Lee, 1999). By 1957, the American Ballet Theatre was its official name, with the main focus of the company being on its star power and one-act performances (Greskovic, 1998). The company focuses on both the international and native choreographers and dancers rather than being fueled by one main choreographer and style. Famous choreographers include Sir Frederick Ashton and John Cranko with dancers including Mikhail Baryshnikov and Kevin McKenzie, both of whom eventually became choreographers and artistic directors (Minden, 2005).", "The Kansas City Ballet, founded in 1957 by Tatiana Dokoudovska, is a ballet troupe comprising 25 professional dancers and apprentices. Between 1986 and 2000, it combined with Dance St. Louis to form the State Ballet of Missouri, although it remained in Kansas City. From 1980 to 1995, the Ballet was run by dancer and choreographer Todd Bolender. Today, the Ballet offers an annual repertory split into three seasons, performing classical to contemporary ballets. The Ballet also performs at the Kauffman Center. Kansas City is home to The Kansas City Chorale, a professional 24-voice chorus conducted by Charles Bruffy. The chorus performs an annual concert series and a concert in Phoenix each year with their sister choir, the Phoenix Chorale. The Chorale has made nine recordings (three with the Phoenix Chorale). ", "88. orig. Abdullah Jaffa Bey Khan; born Dec. 24, 1930, Seattle, Wash., United States died March 25, 1988, New York, New York United States dancer and choreographer, founder-director of the Joffrey Ballet. He was the son of an Afghan father and an Italian-born mother. He studied dance in Seattle and later in New York, opened a ballet school in 1953 and in 1954 formed the first of several groups. In 1956 he founded the Robert Joffrey (later simply Joffrey) Ballet with Gerald Arpino (b. 1928). The company gained international fame and toured widely. In 1965 it became affiliated with the New York City Center. Joffrey's ballets include Persephone (1952), Astarte (1967), Remembrances (1973) and Postcards (1980). After Joffrey's death, Arpino became director; in 1995 he moved the company to Chicago, renaming it the Joffrey Ballet of Chicago.", "The company was named New York City Ballet in 1948 when it became resident at City Center of Music and Drama. Its success was marked by its move to the New York State Theater, now David H. Koch Theater, designed by Philip Johnson to Balanchine's specifications. City Ballet went on to become the first ballet company in the United States to have two permanent venue engagements: one at Lincoln Center's David H. Koch Theater on 63rd Street in Manhattan, and another at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center, in Saratoga Springs, New York. The School of American Ballet (S.A.B.), which Balanchine founded, is the training school of City Ballet.", "The Seattle Symphony, which performs at Benaroya Concert Hall, has distinguished itself under the direction of Gerard Schwartz, who has been its musical director since 1984. Seattle also supports the only chamber orchestra in the Pacific Northwest, the Seattle Orchestra, which performs works for small ensembles written between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The Seattle Opera stages full-scale productions of five operas every year, including a summertime performance of the Ring cycle by Richard Wagner. The Pacific Northwest Ballet, which performs at Seattle's Opera House, is the region's premier ballet troupe. Seattle is also home to the Allegro Dance Festival, a dance ensemble that focuses on ethnic dance and new works by area choreographers.", "Kirov Ballet, one of the two major ballet companies of Russia, the other being the Bolshoi Ballet . In 1991 it was officially renamed the St. Petersburg Maryinsky Ballet; however, on its frequent tours abroad it is still called the Kirov Ballet. Often regarded as the foremost European ballet company, with strict classical traditions of elegance and beauty, the company was originally the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1889 it moved into the Maryinsky Theater. Under the direction of Marius Petipa the company premiered the Tchaikovsky ballets Sleeping Beauty (1890) and Swan Lake (1895). The company went into decline after the Russian Revolution in 1917, but the great teacher and ballet mistress Agrippina Vaganova (1879–1951) helped preserve its traditions by training the company's principal dancers. Her work became the foundation of ballet instruction in the Soviet Union. In 1935 the company was renamed the Kirov Ballet. During the cold war, the company experienced difficulties as many of its dancers, including Nureyev , Makarova , and Baryshnikov , defected to the West. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the company has produced, along with its traditional repertoire, ballets by Balanchine and other modern choreographers. Oleg Vinogradov was the artistic director from 1977 to 1997; Valery Gergiev now holds the post.", "Following the assassination of the Bolshevik revolutionary Sergey Kirov in 1934, the then Soviet Ballet was renamed the Kirov Ballet, a name which is still sometimes incorrectly used. After the end of communist rule, both the ballet company and opera company at the Mariinsky Theatre were linked to the theatre by name, becoming the Mariinsky Ballet and Mariinsky Opera and both companies are run by the theatre itself.", "The Mariinsky Ballet is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in the 18th century and originally known as the Imperial Russian Ballet, the Mariinsky Ballet is one of the world's leading ballet companies. Internationally, the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet. The Mariinsky Ballet is the parent company of the Vaganova Ballet Academy, a leading international ballet school.", "Several cities have resident dance companies, including Abilene, Amarillo, Denton, Galveston, Garland, Longview, Lubbock, Midland-Odessa, and Pampa. The ballet groups in Fort Worth, Austin, and Corpus Christi are notable. As of 2005, the Houston Ballet, founded in 1955, was the fifth-largest ballet company in the United States.", "Over a span of more than 25 years, Tomasson has staged acclaimed full-length productions of classics including Swan Lake (1988, 2009); The Sleeping Beauty (1990); Romeo and Juliet (1994); Giselle (1999); Don Quixote, co-staged with former principal dancer and current choreographer in residence Yuri Possokhov (2003); and Nutcracker (2004). Tomasson’s Nutcracker, set in San Francisco during the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition, is notable for being the only uniquely San Francisco Nutcracker. It features sets (including “a backdrop of San Francisco’s Victorian houses known as “painted ladies”) and costumes created by, respectively, Michael Yeargan and Martin Pakledinaz, both repeat Tony Award-winning designers. Upon its premiere, the New York Times called Tomasson’s Nutcracker “striking, elegant and beautiful.” ", "The Royal Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, UK. The largest of the four major ballet companies in Great Britain, the Royal Ballet was founded in 1931 by Dame Ninette de Valois, it became the resident ballet company of the Royal Opera House in 1946 and was granted a royal charter in 1956, becoming recognised as Britain's flagship national ballet company.", "The Bolshoi Ballet and Bolshoi Opera are amongst the oldest and most renowned ballet and opera companies in the world. It is by far the world's biggest ballet company, having more than 200 dancers. The theatre is the parent company of The Bolshoi Ballet Academy, a world-famous leading school of ballet. It has a branch at the Bolshoi Theatre School in Joinville, Brazil.", "San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation. The Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe. ", "For many, the Mariinsky symbolises ballet's grand past. This was the company where The Sleeping Beauty was created, the home of Swan Lake. In the 20th century, dancers from St Petersburg helped to repopularise ballet across the world. Diaghilev's Ballets Russes brought the art form back into fashion, bringing music by Stravinsky, designs by Bakst and Benois – and choreographers and dancers from the Mariinsky. Pavlova's world tours created a lasting, global image of the ballerina: a dying swan, trained in St Petersburg . Most Western companies cherish links with the imperial Russian past, through repertory, teaching and inspiration.", "The company began as a dancing academy founded in St. Petersburg in 1738. Its early performances were before the royal court, and, after 1780, in the Petrovsky (now Bolshoi) Theatre. The Imperial Russian Ballet was established as a professional company and became the centre of Russian ballet. In the late 19th century the company moved to the Mariinsky Theatre, where it became the resident ballet company, acquiring the Mariinsky name. With the October Revolution of 1917, the company lost 40 percent of its personnel but was able to maintain its repertoire and its technical proficiency under the teacher Agrippina Vaganova and artistic director Konstantin Sergeyev . During the Soviet period the theatre was renamed the S.M. Kirov State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet, and the company became known as the Kirov Ballet. New works on heroic themes were produced, as well as such experimental works as Igor Belsky’s The Coast of Hope (1959). After 1961 the company toured western Europe, the United States , and Canada. With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the theatre and company reclaimed their Mariinsky name.", "The San Francisco Symphony won three Grammy Awards for its recording of the piece in 2009. The recording featured a roster of 386 performers, according to the orchestra." ]	[ 5.08984375, 4.24609375, 3.158203125, 0.421142578125, -0.234130859375, -0.49853515625, -1.09765625, -1.1103515625, -1.3447265625, -1.3447265625, -1.578125, -1.6240234375, -2.1796875, -2.291015625, -2.435546875, -2.66796875, -4.9375, -5.63671875, -5.8046875, -5.83203125, -5.96484375, -6.51953125, -6.73828125, -6.83984375, -7.01953125, -7.05859375, -7.68359375, -8.03125, -8.2109375, -8.296875, -8.609375, -9.5859375 ]
Parker and Barrow were more usually known as what?	[ "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow [1] (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression , robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche , Raymond Hamilton , W. D. Jones , Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults , and Henry Methvin . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the “ Public Enemy Era ,” between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn ‘s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde ,. [2]", "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were well-known outlaws, robbers, and criminals who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the \" public enemy era \" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. The couple themselves were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . [1] Testing Nearby from Ft Worth.", "Bonnie Parker (October 1, 1910 - May 23, 1934) and Clyde Barrow (March 24, 1909 - May 23, 1934) were notorious outlaws, robbers, and criminals who traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits were known nationwide. They captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the \"public enemy era\" between 1931 and 1935. Though the gang was notorious for their bank robberies, Barrow preferred to rob small stores or gas stations. The gang was believed to have killed at least nine police officers, among several other murders.", "Bonnie Parker (1910 – 1934) and Clyde Barrow (1909 – 1934) were well known outlaws, robbers and criminals who, with their gang, traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during what is sometimes referred to as the \"public enemy era\" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. They were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn’s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde.", "Parker and Clyde Barrow engaged in a spasm of murder and mayhem from 1932 to 34. The lovers, along with other members of what came to be known as the Barrow Gang, were responsible for many crimes, including the deaths of at least 13 people, nine of whom were police officers. Working in the southwestern United States, the gang stole cars; kidnapped; and held up banks, gas stations and mom-and-pop groceries, often netting just enough to keep themselves in guns, ammunition and Kodak film.", "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing and killing people. At times, the gang included Clyde's older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche, Raymond Hamilton, W. D. Jones, Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults, and Henry Methvin. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the \"Public Enemy Era,\" between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, in which they were played by Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "An FBI wanted poster showing American bank robbers and lovers Clyde Barrow (1909 - 1934) and Bonnie Parker (1911 -1934), popularly known as Bonnie and Clyde, May 21, 1934. (Photo by Interim Archives/Getty Images)", "Portrait of American bank robbers and lovers Clyde Barrow (1909 - 1934) and Bonnie Parker (1911 -1934), popularly known as Bonnie and Clyde, circa 1933. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were among the first celebrity criminals of the modern era. They had little choice in the matter: after they fled the Joplin hideout in April 1933 with nothing but the clothes they were wearing, the police discovered several rolls of undeveloped film and some scrawled doggerel poetry left behind. [170] It was instant legend: the photos showed the couple and W. D. Jones in playful, snapshot-type poses, except they were wielding pistols, rifles and BARs. In one gag shot, Parker had plucked a cigar from Barrow and popped it in her mouth — branding her forever as \"Clyde's cigar-smoking moll.\" The poem \"Suicide Sal,\" peppered with quotation marks and colorful underworld vernacular , mirrored the tone of the popular detective magazines of the time. Two days after the raid, the photos and poem went out on the wire and were running in newspapers all over the country. [171] Before Joplin, the Barrows' notoriety had been confined to the Dallas area; afterwards, they were famous — and to many, infamous — far and wide.", "Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were among the first celebrity criminals of the modern era. They had little choice in the matter: after they fled the Joplin hideout in April 1933 with nothing but the clothes they were wearing, the police discovered several rolls of undeveloped film and some scrawled doggerel poetry left behind. It was instant legend: the photos showed the couple and W. D. Jones in playful, snapshot-type poses, except they were wielding pistols, rifles and BARs. In one gag shot, Parker had plucked a cigar from Barrow and popped it in her mouth, branding her as \"Clyde's cigar-smoking moll.\" The poem \"Suicide Sal,\" peppered with quotation marks and colorful underworld vernacular, mirrored the tone of the popular detective magazines of the time. Two days after the raid, the photos and poem went out on the wire and were running in newspapers all over the country. Before Joplin, the Barrows' notoriety had been confined strictly to the Dallas area; afterwards, they became notorious across America.", "Thee women were among 11 brought to trial Feb. 22, 1935, on charges of harboring the late Clyde Barrow and his companion Bonnie Parker, before the couple, sought for numerous bloody crimes, were shot to death. Twelve men were brought to trial at the same time. The women are, left to right, Audrey Fay Barrow; Cumie Barrow, Clyde's mother; Blanche Barrow, widow of Clyde's brother Buck; and Mary O'Dare. less", "This began to change for Parker after Joplin: the Joplin P.D. issued a Wanted for Murder poster in April 1933 that featured her name and photo first, before Barrow's, though the text concentrated on him. [145] In June, another Wanted for Murder poster emerged, this one out of Crawford County, Arkansas, again with Parker's name and photo getting first billing. There was now a $250 cash bounty attached for either of the \"Barrow Brothers\" (Clyde and \"Melvin\")—and the admonition to \"inquire of your doctors if they have been called to treat a woman that has been burned in a car wreck.\" [146]", "This began to change for Parker after Joplin: the Joplin P.D. issued a Wanted for Murder poster in April 1933 that featured her name and photo first, before Barrow's, though the text concentrated on him. In June, another Wanted for Murder poster emerged, this one out of Crawford County, Arkansas, again with Parker's name and photo getting first billing. There was now a $250 cash bounty attached for either of the \"Barrow Brothers\" (Clyde and \"Melvin\")—and the admonition to \"inquire of your doctors if they have been called to treat a woman that has been burned in a car wreck.\"", "After Barrow was released from prison in February 1932, he and Ralph Fults assembled a rotating core group of associates and began a series of small robberies, primarily of stores and gas stations; their goal was to collect enough money and firepower to launch a raid of liberation against Eastham prison . [25] On April 19, Bonnie Parker and Fults were captured in a failed hardware store burglary in Kaufman, Texas , and subsequently jailed. [28] On April 30, Barrow was the wheelman in a robbery in Hillsboro, Texas , during which the store's owner, J.N. Bucher, was shot and killed. [29] When shown mugshots, the victim's wife identified Barrow as one of the shooters, even though he had stayed outside in the car; [30] it was his first murder accusation. Meanwhile, Parker remained in jail until June 17, writing poetry to wile away the time. [31] When the Kaufman County grand jury convened, it declined to indict her, and she was released. [32] Within a few weeks, she reunited with Barrow.", "Three quarters of a century ago Saturday, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow took their final bullets. But their fame was just beginning. They'd be immortalized in books and movies, most notably in the 1967 film. Biographer Jeff Guinn tells host Jacki Lyden they were nothing like the glamorous couple played on the big screen by Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "Legendary Outlaw. She was the middle child and oldest daughter of Henry and Emma Parker. After the death of her father in 1914, her mother moved the family to the West Dallas area called “Cement City.” In her youth, she was known for being kind, an Honor Student and a writer of poetry (and other creative writing endeavors). In 1926, She married high-school sweetheart Roy Thornton. Despite the rocky and sometimes abusive marriage and Roy’s imprisonment in 1929, she remained married to him until she died. To support herself, she worked as a waitress at Marco’s café and became friends with Ted Hinton (who would ironically take part in gunning her down). In 1930, she met Clyde Barrow when she was unemployed and helping out a mutual friend. When he was arrested shortly after, she smuggled a gun into the prison in order to help him escape. When he was rearrested, and released two years later, she decided to join him as an outlaw. After their notorious crime sprees, they were eventually stopped when Law Enforcement Officials ambushed their car and killed both of them in a hail of bullets not too far away from their Louisiana hideout. Before her death, she sent the reporters her infamous “Story (or Ballard) of Bonnie and Clyde.” (bio by: [fg.cgi?page=mr&MRid=46559925\" target=\"_blank Jip)] Cause of death: Shot to death with Clyde Barrow by officers in an ambush near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana Maintained by: Find A Grave Record added: Jan 01, 2001", "PARKER, BONNIE (1910–1934). Bonnie Parker, outlaw partner of Clyde Barrow, was born at Rowena, Texas, on October 1, 1910, to Henry and Emma Parker. ", "Bonnie Parker was born in Rowena, Texas in 1911, and died in 1934. She and Clyde Barrowsï¿½s gang were bank robbers and responsible for numerous murders. They continued to rob and murder until they were betrayed by a friend and shot dead at a police road-block in Louisiana.", "Barrow and Parker were ambushed and killed on May 23, 1934 on a rural road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . [77] [105] The couple appeared in daylight in an automobile and were shot by a posse of four Texas officers ( Frank Hamer , B.M. \"Manny\" Gault, Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton ) and two Louisiana officers ( Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morel Oakley). [106]", "Bonnie Parker met the charismatic Clyde Barrow in Texas when she was 19 years old and her husband (she married when she was 16) was serving time in jail for murder. Shortly after they met, Barrow was imprisoned for robbery. Parker visited him every day, and smuggled a gun into prison to help him escape, but he was soon caught in Ohio and sent back to jail. When Barrow was paroled in 1932, he immediately hooked up with Parker, and the couple began a life of crime together.", "On November 22, 1933, they narrowly evaded arrest while trying to hook up with family members near Sowers, Texas . Their hometown sheriff, Dallas’ Smoot Schmid, and his squad, Deputies Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton, lay in wait nearby. As Barrow drove up, he sensed a trap and drove past his family’s car, at which point Schmid and his deputies stood up and opened fire with machine guns and a BAR. The family members in the crossfire were not hit, but a BAR bullet passed through the car, striking the legs of both Barrow and Parker. [86] They escaped that night.", "The police soon caught up with Barrow and he spent much of 193032 in prison for burglary. Smitten with the dangerous young man and exploring her zest for adventure, Parker smuggled a gun into the jail, and Barrow escaped for a week. He was captured and returned to prison, where allegedly he committed his first murder. Whatever the case, prison hardened him and Barrow was forever changed by the experience.", "H.D. Darby, a young undertaker who worked for the McClure Funeral Parlor in nearby Ruston, and Sophia Stone, a home demonstration agent also from Ruston, came to Arcadia to identify the bodies. They had been kidnapped by the Barrow gang the previous year in Ruston, on April 27, 1933, and released near Waldo, Arkansas. Parker reportedly had laughed when she asked Darby his profession and discovered he was an undertaker. She remarked that maybe someday he would be working on her. Darby assisted Bailey in embalming the outlaws.", "H.D. Darby, a young undertaker who worked for the McClure Funeral Parlor in nearby Ruston, and Sophia Stone, a home demonstration agent also from Ruston, came to Arcadia to identify the bodies. They had been kidnapped by the Barrow gang the previous year in Ruston, on April 27, 1933, and released near Waldo, Arkansas. Parker reportedly had laughed when she asked Darby his profession and discovered he was an undertaker. She remarked that maybe someday he would be working on her. Darby assisted Bailey in embalming the outlaws.", "Parker is one of the few American historical fountain pens brand remained continuously active to this day. The Parker Pen Company was founded by George Safford Parker in 1888 in Janesville, Wisconsin. Today the company is owned by Sanford , a division of Newell Rubbermaid that also owns Waterman .", "Parker and Longabaugh then fled east to New York City, and on February 20, 1901, with Ethel \"Etta\" Place, Longabaugh's female companion, they departed to Buenos Aires, Argentina, aboard the British steamer Herminius, Parker posing as James Ryan, Place's fictional brother. There he settled with Longabaugh and Place in a four-room log cabin on a 15,000-acre (61 km²) ranch that they purchased on the east bank of the Rio Blanco near Cholila, Chubut province in west-central Argentina, near the Andes.", "After Parker's wife died in 1980, he remarried and moved to Las Vegas, working for Hilton Hotels as an entertainment advisor. On January 21, 1997 in Las Vegas, he died from complications of a stroke. He was a millionaire and remains a mystery, always declining to write a book and rejecting requests for interviews.", "During this period she began having lunch with two other colleagues on the magazine, Robert Benchley and Robert E. Sherwood , in the dining room at the Algonquin Hotel . Sherwood was six feet eight inches tall and Benchley was around six feet tall, Parker, who was five feet four inches, once commented that when she, Sherwood and Benchley walked down the street together, they looked like \"a walking pipe organ.\"", "Parker was also a strong supporter of the Popular Front government in Spain and during then Spanish Civil War was a member of the Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee and the Motion Picture Artists Committee to Aid Republican Spain. In October 1937 Parker visited Spain and made a broadcast from Madrid Radio. She also sent back reports on the war for the the New Masses magazine. Parker also wrote an impressive short-story on the situation, Soldiers of the Republic .", "Dorothy Parker - Early life, The Round Table years, Hollywood and later life, Spoken word recordings", "George Safford Parker did not start out making pens. He was a teacher of telegraphy. To increase his teaching income, Parker started selling pens for the John Holland Pen Company. Actually, his telegraphy students were his main customers.", "Andreas Cornelius van Kujik changed his name to Thomas Andrew Parker after he came to the United States from Holland in 1927. In the late 1940s he began a successful career as a music promoter and persuaded an aide to Louisiana Governor Jimmie Davis to have him made an honorary Louisiana Colonel." ]	[ 6.2890625, 4.91015625, 4.20703125, 3.87890625, 3.310546875, 3.296875, 3.08203125, 2.994140625, 1.396484375, 0.57177734375, 0.419921875, 0.4150390625, 0.19970703125, -0.14013671875, -0.224365234375, -0.2391357421875, -1.2021484375, -1.4482421875, -1.7548828125, -1.810546875, -2.220703125, -3.0703125, -3.16796875, -3.16796875, -4.55859375, -5.2890625, -7.02734375, -7.97265625, -8.4453125, -8.5, -8.796875, -9.0859375 ]
Al Capone was finally nailed for what crime?	[ "He died of a heart attack in his Coudersport home on May 16, 1957 at the age of 54. Having sought possible redemption through Oscar Fraley he would never live to see it. Following years of diligent research and eye-straining work George Johnson finally nailed Capone in court on charges of criminal tax evasion in October, 1931. The judge handed down a sentence of 11 years and a fine of $50,000. Capone’s days as America’s most notorious gangster were over.", "The notorious American gangster Al Capone committed a litany of crimes, but it was a tax evasion charge that finally brought him down, leading to a prison sentence of 11 years that he served starting in 1932. Capone was already sufferi Continue Reading", "Alphonse \"Al\" Capone was one of the most famous U.S. gangsters during the 1930s, a Chicago-based boss involved in illegal gambling, bootlegging (illegal alcohol) and prostitution. Al Capone got his start in New York, working as a thug and bouncer (where he got the three scars that spawned his nickname, \"Scarface\"). He moved to Chicago in 1919 and quickly moved up in the ranks of Johnny Torrio's gang. Capone was known for his smarts and brutality, and by 1925 he was in charge of one of Chicago's biggest criminal gangs. It was Capone's men who gunned down seven rivals in 1929 in what was called the \"St. Valentine's Day Massacre.\" Arrested many times over the years, Al Capone was famously pursued by federal agent Eliot Ness and ended up finally going to jail for income tax evasion in 1931. After serving eight years in federal prisons, Capone was released on good behavior (and because he'd been suffering from syphilis-related ailments). Capone retired to his estate in Florida and died in 1947 of heart failure.", "Al Capone ended up finally being arrested for good two years later. Capone had his fingers in many illegal activities when he was running the Chicago crime scene. Some of the activities that Capone was linked to include murder, drug running, bootlegging alcohol, prostitution, murder and many others. None of these activities led to Capone going to jail for good. What finally allowed the Federal Government to arrest Al Capone was the fact that Capone never paid his taxes. One of the most dangerous gangsters in history was arrested for tax evasion.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission’s “public enemies” list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone’s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax invasion.", "Alphonse “Al” Gabriel Capone – Al Capone was an American gangster who was sent to federal prison for tax evasion in 1931, and resided in Alcatraz from 1934– 1939. It is believed by many that Capone was responsible for ordering the 1929 Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighbourhood on the North side of Chicago. These claims have been widely disputed, and no one has ever been taken to trial for the seven murders.", "Although he controlled a criminal empire and ordered hits on a multitude of his enemies, Capone managed to avoid prosecution for years by paying off police and public officials and threatening witnesses. The mob boss finally was slapped with his first criminal conviction in May 1929, after he was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon in Philadelphia—at the time, he was on his way back to Chicago following a summit of organized-crime honchos in Atlantic City, New Jersey—and swiftly sentenced to a year in jail. He was freed in March 1930 and a month later the Chicago Crime Commission released its first-ever list of the city’s worst criminals; Capone was named Public Enemy No. 1.", "Due to gangland's traditional refusal to press charges, Capone was neither charged nor tried for many of his crimes. In 1926 he was arrested for murdering three people, spent the night in jail and then was released due to lack of evidence. Capone's first jail sentence was in May 1929, but he was charged only for carrying a gun. By 1930, Capone topped Chicago's list of the 28 worst criminals and designated as ï¿½Public Enemy Number One.\"", "1947 Died: Al Capone, American mobster who attained fame during the Prohibition era. He had been a crime boss for seven years before being convicted for tax evasion.", "On the 4th May 1932, Al Capone began life as a convict in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. Found guilty on October 17th 1931 of Federal Income Tax Evasion, he was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment. Capone.... . .", "In 1931 Capone was indicted for income tax evasion and various violations of the Volstead Act. Facing overwhelming evidence, his attorneys made a plea deal, but the presiding judge warned he might not follow the sentencing recommendation from the prosecution, so Capone withdrew his plea of guilty. Attempting to bribe and intimidate the potential jurors, his plan was discovered by Ness's men. The venire (jury pool) was then switched with one from another case, and Capone was stymied. Following a long trial, he was found guilty on some income tax evasion counts (the Volstead Act violations were dropped). The judge gave him an 11-year sentence along with heavy fines, and liens were filed against his various properties. His appeal was denied. In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary, a tough federal prison, but he was able to obtain special privileges. Later, for a short period of time, he was transferred to the Lincoln Heights Jail. He was then transferred to Alcatraz on August 11, 1934, where tight security and an uncompromising warden ensured that Capone had no contact with the outside world. His isolation from his associates and the repeal of Prohibition in December, 1933, precipitously diminished his power.[citation needed]", "After detailed investigations, U.S. Treasury agents were able to arrest Capone for failure to file an income tax return. Forced to defend himself while being tried on a different charge in Chicago, Capone's testimony regarding his taxes did not match previous statements he had made, and he was found guilty of tax fraud. In October 1931 he was sentenced to ten years of hard labor, which he served in a prison in Atlanta, Georgia, and in prison on Alcatraz Island in California's San Francisco Bay.", "Capone was tried in a federal court in 1931. The Alcinis tried to help Capone, but he pleaded guilty to the charges on advice of his legal counsel hoping for a plea bargain. But after the judge refused his lawyer’s offers, and the jury was replaced on the day of the trial to frustrate Capone’s associates’ efforts to bribe or intimidate the original panel, Al Capone was found guilty on five of 22 counts of tax evasion for the years 1925, 1926, and 1927, and willful failure to file tax returns for 1928 and 1929. Capone’s legal team offered to pay all outstanding tax and interest and told their client to expect a severe fine. The judge sentenced him to eleven years in a federal prison and one year in the county jail, as well as an earlier six-month contempt of court sentence; he ultimately served only six and a half years because of good behavior. He also had to pay fines and court costs totalling 80,000 dollars.", "Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary in May 1932, aged 33. Upon his arrival at Atlanta, the 250-pound (110 kg) Capone was officially diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhoea . He was also suffering from withdrawal symptoms from cocaine addiction, the use of which had perforated his septum. Capone was competent at his prison job of stitching soles on shoes for eight hours a day, but his letters were barely coherent. [68] He was seen as a weak personality, and so out of his depth dealing with bullying fellow inmates that his cellmate, seasoned convict Red Rudinsky, feared that Capone would have a breakdown. Rudinsky was formerly a small-time criminal associated with the Capone gang, and found himself becoming a protector for Capone. [68] The conspicuous protection of Rudinsky and other prisoners drew accusations from less friendly inmates, and fueled suspicion that Capone was receiving special treatment. No solid evidence ever emerged, but it formed part of the rationale for moving Capone to the recently opened Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary off the coast of San Francisco. [68] [69] On June 23, 1936, Capone was stabbed and superficially wounded by James C. Lucas . [70]", "Al Capone, only 26-years old, was now in charge of a very large crime organization that included brothels, nightclubs, dance halls, race tracks, gambling establishments, restaurants, speakeasies, breweries, and distilleries. As a major crime boss in Chicago, Capone put himself in the public's eye.", "Al Capone assumed the final smidgen of Chicago crime boss power on February 14, 1929. Four men dressed up as policemen and strode onto gangster Bugs Moran’s property. They lined up seven men who were part of the Moran gang and killed them — with submachine guns, shotguns, and a revolver — in a shower of 90 bullets. Moran was not present but only because he decided to linger in bed a little later than usual that morning. Likewise, Capone was not present but vacationing on Palm Island, Florida instead. This was just one of many of Capone’s rock-solid alibis during his tenure as a crime boss.", "January 25, 1947 - Gangster Al Capone, who once controlled organized crime in Chicago, died in Miami at age 48 from syphilis.", "In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlanta, a tough federal prison, but he was able to take control and obtain special privileges. He was then transferred to Alcatraz, where tight security and an uncompromising warden ensured that Capone had no contact with the outside world. Capone entered Alcatraz with his usual confidence, but his isolation from his associates, and the repeal of Prohibition, meant his empire was beginning to wither. He attempted to earn time off for good behavior by being a model prisoner and refusing to participate in prisoner rebellions. When Capone attempted to bribe guards he was sent to solitary confinement.", "Though he adjusted relatively well to his new environment, his health declined as his syphilis (an STD Capone caught as a youth) progressed, and he spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented. [25] Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was paroled on November 16, 1939, spent a short time in a hospital, then returned to his home in Palm Island, Florida.", "Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary in May 1932, aged 33. Upon his arrival at Atlanta, the 250-pound (110 kg) Capone was officially diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea. He was also suffering from withdrawal symptoms from cocaine addiction, use of which had perforated his septum. Capone was competent at his prison job of stitching soles on shoes for eight hours a day, but his letters were barely coherent. He was seen as a weak personality, and so out of his depth dealing with bullying fellow inmates that his cellmate, seasoned convict Red Rudinsky, feared that Capone would have a breakdown. Rudinsky was formerly a small time criminal associated with the Capone gang, and found himself becoming a protector for Capone. The conspicuous protection of Rudinsky and other prisoners drew accusations from less friendly inmates, and fueled suspicion that Capone was receiving special treatment. No solid evidence ever emerged, but it formed part of the rationale for moving Capone to the recently opened Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary off the coast of San Francisco.", "Capone also met a man named Anthony Accetturo, who he helped in many things. Accetturo repaid him by killing Capone’s slight enemies. Accetturo was at Capone’s court hearing for tax evasion.", "Capone spent the first two years of his incarceration in a federal prison in Atlanta. After he was caught bribing guards, however, Capone was sent to the notorious island prison Alcatraz in 1934. Isolated there from the outside world, he could no longer wield his still considerable influence. Moreover, he began suffering from poor health. Capone had contracted syphilis as a young man, and he now suffered from neurosyphilis, causing dementia. After serving six-and-a-half years, Capone was released in 1939 to a mental hospital in Baltimore, where he remained for three years. His health rapidly declining, Capone lived out his last days in Miami with his wife. He died of cardiac arrest on January 25, 1947.", "Though he adjusted relatively well to his new environment, his health declined as his syphilis (contracted as a youth) progressed, and he spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was released on November 16, 1939, spent a short time in a hospital, then returned to his home in Palm Island, Florida.", "Though he adjusted relatively well to his new environment, his health declined as his syphilis (contracted as a youth) progressed, and he spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was released on November 16 1939, spent a short time in a hospital, then returned to his home in Palm Island, Florida.", "In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlanta State Prison, where he quickly established himself as a kingpin within the prison and began taking control. In order to stop his influence, he was transferred to Alcatraz to finish out his sentence. Alcatraz was cut off from the rest of the world, and with no other gang members residing there, Capone soon found there was nothing over which to gain control. Capone tried to earn time off for good behavior by becoming the model prisoner.", "After his appeal was denied, Capone was taken to the Atlanta Penitentiary in Georgia on May 4, 1932. When rumors leaked out that Capone had been receiving special treatment there, he was chosen to be one of the first inmates at the new maximum security prison at Alcatraz in San Francisco.", "Clarence's criminal career began at the tender age of sixteen in Oklahoma when he killed a man during a hold up. He was sentenced to the Granite Reformatory, escaped, stole a car, and made the owner drive him and a friend to Texas. So in short order, Clarence had violated two federal statutes 1) the Dwyer Act and 2) the Lindberg Kidnapping Law. His court appointed lawyer recommended a guilty plea and Clarence, thinking he'd get off relatively lightly, agreed. He was immediately slapped with the maximum. Thinking it unjust that he got 99 years for \"driving three blocks\", Clarence was now a sullen, immature, dangerous, and self-justifying convict.", "American gangsters – New York Mafia chief John Gotti was known as \"Dapper Don\" for his expensive suits and \"Teflon Don\" due to government charges failing to stick in three trials. He was later convicted of murder and racketeering. He died of cancer at age 61 in 2002 while serving a life sentence.", "Mob boss John Gotti, known for his flamboyant style and large personality, was found guilty of murder and other crimes on April 2, 1992. Gotti had been known as the \"Teflon Don\" after being acquitted in 3 trials during the 1980s, but the FBI was able to make the charges stick after a high-ranking member of his crime family agreed to cooperate with the authorities. Gotti was later sentenced to life in prison on June 23 of that year. He died in prison at the age of 61 during June of 2002 after being diagnosed with throat cancer." ]	[ 5.20703125, 3.8203125, 3.3359375, 3.0078125, 2.048828125, 2.021484375, 2.021484375, 1.78125, 0.4462890625, 0.409912109375, 0.3779296875, 0.298095703125, 0.2081298828125, 0.07635498046875, 0.04083251953125, 0.0045013427734375, -1.2939453125, -1.6845703125, -1.80859375, -1.9580078125, -2.32421875, -2.73828125, -2.75390625, -2.888671875, -3.197265625, -3.44921875, -3.580078125, -5.20703125, -6.140625, -6.5703125, -6.5859375, -6.8125 ]
Alcatraz was in which Bay?	[ "Alcatraz, former maximum-security prison located on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay , off the coast of California.", "Alcatraz operated as a U.S. penitentiary for nearly 30 years before closing in 1963. Alcatraz Island is in San Francisco Bay.", "Alcatraz Island is an island located in the San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles offshore from San Francisco, California. Often referred to as The Rock, the small island early-on served as a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison, and a federal prison until 1963. Later, in 1972, Alcatraz became a national recreation area and received landmarking designations in 1976 and 1986. Today, the island is a historic site operated by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and is open to tours. Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33, near Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco. Alcatraz has been featured in many movies, TV shows, cartoons, books, comics, and games.", "The main prison building was built in 1910–12 during its time as a United States Army military prison; Alcatraz had been the site of a citadel since the 1860s. The United States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized to meet the requirements of a top-notch security prison. Given this high security and the location of Alcatraz in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco Bay, the prison operators believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America's strongest prison.", "ALCATRAZ ISLAND Alcatraz dominates San Francisco Bay beyond the former Coast Guard Station, which is now restored as part of Crissy Field in the Presidio, itself part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), the largest urban national recreation area in the USA. Alcatraz has been present in the popular culture since its time serving as a maximumsecurity federal prison from 1934 to 1963. Both Alcatraz Island and the Presidio of San Francisco are National Historic Landmarks.", "Rising from the middle of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz Island drips with the dark atmosphere of danger and notoriety. Perhaps the most famous ex-jail in the world, Alcatraz doesn't have a creepy reputation for nothing. From the start, Alcatraz was for the \"worst of the worst.\"", "1963 – The U.S. federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California was closed.", "Discover the notorious former federal prison of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay and enjoy the award winning audio tour. Then, spend the next day in the glorious surroundings of Yosemite Park.", "A group of federal prisoners classified as \"most dangerous\" arrives at Alcatraz Island, a 22-acre rocky outcrop situated 1.5 miles offshore in San Francisco Bay. The convicts–the first civilian prisoners to be housed in the new high-security penitentiary... read more ï¿½ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/federal-prisoners-land-on-alcatraz?et_cid=79139989&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2ffederal-prisoners-land-on-alcatraz", "In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala (1745-97) mapped and named rugged Alcatraz Island, christening it La Isla de los Alcatraces, or Island of the Pelicans, due to its large population of sea birds. Seventy-five years later, in 1850, President Millard Fillmore (1800-74) signed an order reserving the island for military use. During the 1850s, a fortress was constructed on Alcatraz and some 100 cannons were installed around the island to protect San Francisco Bay. Also during this time, Alcatraz became home to the West Coast’s first operational lighthouse.", "Alcatraz Prison in San Francisco Bay, a harsh maximum security jail which once housed gangster Al Capone, closed.", "1946 - A two-day riot at Alcatraz prison in San Francisco Bay ended. Five people were killed.", "Alcatraz prison in San Francisco Bay, a harsh maximum security jail which once housed which once house gangster Al- Capone, Close.", "Alcatraz gained notoriety from its inception as the toughest prison in America and considered by many to be the world's most fearsome prison of the time, and former prisoners would frequently report acts of brutality and inhumane conditions which severely tested their sanity. Ed Wutke was the first prisoner to commit suicide in Alcatraz. Rufe Persful chopped off his fingers after grabbing an axe from the firetruck, begging another inmate to do the same to his other hand. One writer described Alcatraz as \"the great garbage can of San Francisco Bay, into which every federal prison dumped its most rotten apples.\" In 1939 the new U.S. Attorney General Frank Murphy attacked the penitentiary, saying \"The whole institution is conductive to psychology that builds up a sinister ambitious attitude among prisoners.\" The reputation of the prison was not helped by the arrival of more of America's most dangerous crooks including Robert Stroud, the \"Birdman of Alcatraz\", in 1942, who spent 17 years at Alcatraz. Like a songbird’s call, Stroud was complex. He was also a pimp, a raging psychopath and impulsive murderer whose hazard reduced only with age. He entered the prison system at age 19, and never left. Stroud killed a guard, tangled with other inmates and spent 42 of his 54 years in prison in solitary confinement.", "In 1775, Spanish ‘explorer’ Juan Manuel de Ayala chartered what is now San Francisco Bay. He called the 22 acre rocky island “La Isla de los Alcatraces”, meaning “Island of the Pelicans”. With no vegetation or habitation, Alcatraz was little more than a desolate islet occupied by the occasional swarm of birds. Under English-speaking influence, the name “Alcatraces” became Alcatraz.", "In 1850, a presidential order set aside the island for possible use as a United States military reservation. The California Gold Rush, the resulting boom in the growth of San Francisco, and the need to protect San Francisco Bay led the U.S. Army to build a Citadel, or fortress, at the top of the island in the early 1850s. The Army also made plans to install more than 100 cannons on the island, making Alcatraz the most heavily fortified military site on the West Coast. Together with Fort Point and Lime Point, Alcatraz formed a \"triangle of defense\" designed to protect the entrance to the bay. The island was also the site of the first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States.", "* Escape from Alcatraz, San Francisco, California. This non-standard-length race begins with a swim in frigid San Francisco Bay waters from Alcatraz Island to shore, followed by an 18 mi bicycle and 8 mi run in the extremely hilly terrain of the San Francisco Bay Area. The run includes the notorious \"Sand Ladder\", a 400-step staircase climb up a beachside cliff.", "Although Alcatraz was able to house 450 convicts in cells that measured about 10 feet by 4.5 feet (3 metres by 1.5 metres), no more than 250 prisoners ever occupied the island at one time. Escape attempts were rare, and most escapees relied on secrecy and subterfuge to reach the perceived freedom of the waters of San Francisco Bay. From May 2 to May 4, 1946, however, a half-dozen inmates participated in an escape attempt that was unprecedented in its violence. Later dubbed the “ Battle of Alcatraz,” the 48-hour incident began when prisoners overpowered their guards and obtained firearms and keys to the cell block. Frustrated by a locked door, the prisoners exchanged gunfire with the remaining guards, and order was restored only when U.S. Marines stormed the cell block under a hail of grenades and rifle fire. Two guards and three escapees were killed, and more than a dozen guards were wounded in the firefight. A few inmates did manage to escape from the island; whether they survived the currents of the bay is unknown. One daring escape was popularized in the Clint Eastwood film Escape from Alcatraz (1979).", "Because the penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons (nearly $10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta), and half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings, then Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the penitentiary closed on March 21, 1963. In addition, citizens were increasingly protesting the environmental effects of sewage released into San Francisco Bay from the approximately 250 inmates and 60 Bureau of Prisons families on the island. That year, the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, on land, opened as the replacement facility for Alcatraz.", "Known for such famous inmates as Al ‘Scarface’ Capone, George ‘Machine Gun’ Kelly and Robert ‘Birdman’ Stroud, Alcatraz is certainly one of San Francisco’s most sobering sites. Standing on the wind-and-fog-whipped island, looking across to the dazzling City by the Bay, so close yet so far away (the waters here are notoriously cold and treacherous), it’s easy to imagine how agonising it must have been for inmates incarcerated at this federal prison between 1934 and 1963. Early bird, morning and afternoon visits to the island with cell house audio tours are offered daily. The audio tour that includes recorded comments from former Alcatraz inmates is both chilling and fascinating, and adds notable depth to your visit. For a bizarre twist, consider taking the eerie after-dark tour.", "Alcatraz Island — Part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Alcatraz Island is one of California’s best known landmarks. The famous prison that once housed the likes of Al Capone and George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly features one of the best views in the Bay Area. You'll also find rotating exhibits and stories about the island's challenging living conditions. Audio tours are excellent.", "Alcatraz Island is in the harbor of San Francisco, California. It is best known for being a federal prison, which was also called \"The Rock.\" It was once the most famous prison in America.", "Named Isla de Alcatraces (Island of Pelicans) by an early Spanish explorer, the small, rocky island in the middle of San Francisco Bay was the site of one of the United States’ most feared prisons (Matt Campbell/epa/Corbis)", "List of Famous Inmates at Alcatraz ranked by fame and notoriety. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary is a prison located on Alcatraz Island off the coast of San Francisco. Alcatraz operated from 1934 through 1963 and during that time they had several famous prisoners. Alcatraz had 36 inmates make escape attempts, none of which were successful.", "Eventually the cost associated with maintaining the prison, particularly the expense of transporting fresh water to and waste away from it, resulted in the closing of the facility on March 21, 1963. From November 20, 1969, to June 11, 1971, the island was occupied by Native American activists, including members of the American Indian Movement , who were protesting what they saw as the U.S. government’s ongoing economic, social, and political neglect of Native Americans. In 1972 the prison and its grounds became part of the newly created Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and Alcatraz remains one of San Francisco’s most popular tourist destinations.", "Construction of a fort began in 1853, with a great deal of difficulty. Men altered the rough terrain of the island at great expense. Supervised by 2nd Lt James McPherson, construction ended in 1859, ten years after the onset of the California Gold Rush. Alcatraz became an important symbol of military might in the west for the US, and was in its time a very powerful fort. The lighthouse helped to guide in friendly ships - the first lighthouse on the West Coast of the US.", "The Model Industries Building is a three/four-story building on the northwest corner of Alcatraz Island. This building was originally built by the U.S. military and was used as a laundry building until the New Industries Building was built as part of a redevelopment program on Alcatraz in 1939 when it was a federal penitentiary. As part of the Alcatraz jail, it held workshops for inmates to work in.", "In 1934, Alcatraz was fortified into a high-security federal penitentiary designed to hold the most dangerous prisoners in the U.S. penal system, especially those with a penchant for escape attempts. The first shipment of civilian prisoners arrived on August 11, 1934. Later that month, more shiploads arrived, featuring, among other convicts, infamous mobster Al Capone. In September, George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly, another luminary of organized crime, landed on Alcatraz.", "The island was declared as a national recreation area in 1972, and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The facility is now a museum, managed by the National Park Service and is open to the public. Visitors can take a short ferry ride to the island from Pier 39 at Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco,and are able to tour the old Cell-block. Many visitors have described a dark and ‘eerie’ sensation as they walk past the corridors, yet it remains one of the city’s major tourist attractions.", "For six years after the Federal Penitentiary closed at Alcatraz, the island was considered abandoned. During some of the time, Native Americans claimed the island. On 20 November, 1969, Native Americans arrived on the island with plans to build a cultural centre.", "The Battle of Alcatraz – The Battle of Alcatraz is known as the most violent escape attempt in Alcatraz. It began on the 2 May 1946 when six prisoners (Bernard Coy, Joseph Cretzer, Sam Shockley, Clarent Carnes,Marvin Hubbard and Miran Thompson) over powered the guards and took over control of the cell-block, and stole the keys to the recreation yard.", "August 11th – The first prisoners arrive at Alcatraz. Al Capone would soon join those interred there." ]	[ 5.4453125, 5.359375, 5.359375, 4.75, 4.3203125, 4.234375, 4.11328125, 3.98046875, 3.939453125, 3.77734375, 3.681640625, 3.580078125, 3.572265625, 3.552734375, 3.42578125, 2.9765625, 2.908203125, 2.818359375, 2.244140625, 1.6005859375, 0.480224609375, 0.1275634765625, -0.84228515625, -1.8544921875, -2.244140625, -4.04296875, -5.1484375, -6.0625, -6.2109375, -6.45703125, -6.6640625, -6.83203125 ]
Which 20s gangland boss was nicknamed Scarface?	[ "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), commonly nicknamed Scarface, was an American gangster who led a streaking [1] crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), commonly nicknamed \"Scarface\", was an Italian-American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Al Capone, unquestionably America’s best known gangster —also known as “Scarface”— became a symbol of the collapse of law and order in America during the 1920s and 30s. Capone was known for being very smart but also extremely brutal and quickly worked his way up through the ranks to become the leader of one of Chicago’s biggest criminal gangs. He was involved in illegal gambling, bootlegging and prostitution, and battled the North Side gang for control of the underground. As well as causing a huge amount of pain and death, he opened up soup kitchens and strutted around town in custom suits, cigar in mouth and sipping Templeton Rye. Over the years he was arrested multiple times and was eventually sent to jail in 1931 for tax evasion where he served eight years. He was released on parole and suffering from Syphillis related ailments, he spent the rest of his life at his estate in Florida and died of heart failure in 1947 at the age of 48. Every mobster cliche today is in some way a result of Al Capone and the icon that he became.", "Al Capone - Scarface is the biography of Al Capone, an Italian American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s. Capone began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal organization known as the Chicago Outfit. By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission''s \"public enemies\" list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone''s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax evasion. Al Capone - Scarface is highly recommended for those interested in reading more about the gangster called Scarface.", " Everybody knows Scarface, the nickname of notorious Chicago mob boss Al Capone. But have you heard of the Big Tuna? How about Mooney? Or Jimmy the Monk, The Saint, Needle Nose, Cherry Nose . . . No Nose? Any of those names pique your interest? If so, take your coat off and stay awhile.", "There was a good reason Al Capone wanted to be photographed from the right. His best-known nickname, \"Scarface,\" came because of severe scarring on the left side of his face.", "Al \"Scarface\" Capone was an American gangster who rose to power during the Prohibition era (1920–33), when the United States banned the production and sale of liquor. His vicious career illustrated the power and influence of organized crime in the United States.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899 to Italian immigrants. He was expelled from school at 14, joined a gang and earned his nickname \"Scarface\" after being sliced across the cheek during a fight. By 1920, Capone had moved to Chicago, where he was soon helping to run crime boss Johnny Torrio's illegal enterprises, which included alcohol-smuggling, gambling and prostitution. Torrio retired in 1925 after an attempt on his life and Capone, known for his cunning and brutality, was put in charge of the organization.", "Capone initially became involved with small-time gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves and the Bowery Boys. He then joined the Brooklyn Rippers, and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan. During this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale , a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn. Capone inadvertently insulted a woman while working the door at a Brooklyn night club and was slashed by her brother Frank Gallucio. The wounds led to the nickname that Capone loathed: “Scarface”. [9] Yale insisted that Capone apologize to Gallucio, and Capone later hired him as his bodyguard. [10] [11] When he was photographed, Capone hid the scarred left side of his face, saying that the injuries were war wounds. [10] [12] Capone was called “Snorky”, a term for a sharp dresser, by his closest friends. [13]", "In 1930 Howard Hughes hired Hawks to direct Scarface, a gangster film loosely based on the life of Chicago mobster Al Capone. The film starred Paul Muni in the title role, with memorable supporting performances from George Raft, Boris Karloff, and Osgood Perkins. The film was completed in September 1931, but the censorship of the Hays Code prevented it from being released as Hawks and Hughes had originally intended, and the two men fought the Hays Office (and made compromises) for over a year until the film was released in 1932, after such other pivotal early gangster films as The Public Enemy and Little Caesar. Scarface was the first film in which Hawks worked with screenwriter Ben Hecht, who became a close friend and collaborator for 20 years.", "Scarface centers on Antonio \"Tony\" Montana, played by the great Al Pacino . Tony is a Cuban refugee deported to Miami during the Mariel Boatlift of 1980, during which Castro sent off not only the relatives of Cuban-Americans abroad, but also the dregs of his jails. After arriving in America, Tony gets his green card by killing a former Castro official who tortured several people to death, including the brother of a Miami drug cartel boss named Frank Lopez.", "1000+ images about Gangsters & Mobsters~Al \"Scarface\" Capone on Pinterest \| January 27, Saint valentine and Frank nitti", "Al Capone is the inspiration for the central character of Tony Camonte in Armitage Trail ‘s novel Scarface (1929), [87] which was adapted into the 1932 film . The novel was later adapted again in 1983 with the central character of Tony Montana .", "Al Capone is the central character of Armitage Trail 's novel Scarface (1929), [41] which was the basis for the 1932 film of the same name.", "2. \"Scarface\" was a movie that came out in 1932 which was loosely made around Al Capone's persona.", "Alphonse Gabriel “Al” Capone (; [2] January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit . His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Capone (through his henchman Murray the Hump ) orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on Chicago's North Side . Although details of the killing of the seven victims [9] in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street (then the SMC Cartage Co.) are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Murray the Hump (Llewellyn Morris Humphreys (1899-1965)) and Jack \"Machine Gun\" McGurn . McGurn is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns and Thompson submachine guns .", "Al Capone was one of the most influential gangsters during the period. Born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1899 to immigrant parents, Capone was recruited by members of the Five Points Gang in the early 1920s. Capone’s childhood friend, Lucky Luciano, was also originally a member of the Five Points Gang. Capone would rise to control a major portion of illicit activity such as gambling, prostitution, and bootlegging in Chicago during the early twentieth century.", "Severely injured in a 1925 assassination attempt by the North Side Gang , the shaken Torrio turned over his business to Capone and returned to Italy. Capone was notorious during the Prohibition Era for his control of large portions of the Chicago underworld, which provided the Outfit with an estimated US $100 million per year [17] in revenue. This wealth was generated through all manner of illegal enterprises, such as gambling and prostitution , [8] although the largest moneymaker was the sale of liquor. In those days Capone had the habit of \"interviewing\" new prostitutes for his club himself. He contracted syphilis , a disease that was not treatable at the time (antibiotics had not been discovered) and would lead to his death many years later.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old.", "John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an infamous American gangster in the Depression-era United States, he operated a group of men known asthe Dillinger Gang or Terror Gang. They were accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice. In the Depression-era outlaw (1933–1934) Dillinger was the most notorious of all, standing out even among more violent criminals such as Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. TheChicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the \"Capones\", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such asprostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.", "Capone protected his business interests, which also included gambling houses, by waging war on rival gangs. During the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929, seven members of a rival gang led by George \"Bugsy\" Moran were shot to death in a Chicago garage. Protecting these businesses also often involved either bribing or beating up public officials. As Capone's profits continued to grow, he began to act as if he were a well-to-do businessman rather than a vicious criminal. Many people, including members of the police and city government, admired him. Between 1927 and 1931 he was viewed by many as the real ruler of Chicago.", "Capone protected his business interests, which also included gambling houses, by waging war on rival gangs. During the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929, seven members of a rival gang led by George \"Bugsy\" Moran were shot to death in a Chicago garage. Protecting these businesses also often involved either bribing or beating up public officials. As Capone's profits continued to grow, he began to act as if he were a well-to-do businessman rather than a vicious criminal. Many people, including members of the police and city government, admired him. Between 1927 and 1931 he was viewed by many as the real ruler of Chicago.", "Frank \"the Prime Minister\" Costello (born Francesco Castiglia; January 26, 1891 – February 18, 1973) was an Italian-American gangster and crime boss. Costello rose to the top of the United States underworld, controlled a vast gambling empire across the United States, and enjoyed political influence.", "By 1928, Costello and Luciano were considered to be two young, ambitious, powerful and fearsome gangsters on the rise. However, an internal conflict in the Italian underworld would sidetrack Costello and associates. Masseria was facing a challenge from Maranzano, a recent arrival from Palermo, Sicily who was born in Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. When Maranzano arrived in New York in 1925, his access to money and power let him quickly set up rumrunning, bootlegging, extortion and gambling operations that directly competed with Masseria, Costello's boss. On October 10, 1928, Joe Masseria eliminated his top rival for the coveted \"boss of bosses\" title, Brooklyn boss Salvatore \"Toto\" D'Aquila. However, Masseria still had to deal with the powerful and influential Maranzano and his Castellammarese Clan.", "The mob had its hooks into the Peppermint Lounge and Johnny Biello. A high-ranking Mafioso, Biello was a silent – deathly silent – part-owner of the hottest nightclub in New York City in the early 1960s, thanks to a dance craze called “The Twist.” ", "A well known gang leader in Chicago who died in the early 80's was named Prince Toddy \"Dillinger\" Brewer R of the Simon City Royals. Un conocido líder de pandillas en Chicago, en la que falleció a principios de los años 80 fue nombrado Príncipe Toddy \"Dillinger\" Brewer R, de la Simon City Royals. His nickname was a reference to the slain John Dillinger who also died in Chicago. Su apodo era una referencia a los asesinados John Dillinger, quien también murió en Chicago.", "The Complete Public Enemy Almanac: New Facts and Features on the People, Places, and Events of the Gangsters and Outlaw Era, 1920-1940", "He was a gang leader in his teenage years. The name of his group was known as \"The Tigers of Junction Street\".", "18. Name the leader of the Chicago gangsters responsible for the St Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929?" ]	[ 7.22265625, 5.921875, 4.73046875, 3.8984375, 3.642578125, 2.818359375, 2.689453125, 2.271484375, 1.8583984375, 1.7548828125, 0.62744140625, 0.267333984375, -0.08184814453125, -0.433837890625, -0.9404296875, -1.40625, -1.5458984375, -1.91015625, -2.61328125, -3.74609375, -4.09375, -4.3203125, -4.5390625, -5.0859375, -5.0859375, -5.16015625, -6.47265625, -6.9921875, -7.09375, -7.98046875, -8.21875, -8.421875 ]
Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997?	[ "Tourist killings in Egypt, November 17, 1997: Al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya (IG) gunmen shot and killed 58 tourists and four Egyptians and wounded 26 others at the Hatshepsut Temple in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor. Thirty-four Swiss, eight Japanese, five Germans, four Britons, one French, one Colombian, a dual Bulgarian/British citizen, and four unidentified persons were among the dead. Twelve Swiss, two Japanese, two Germans, one French, and nine Egyptians were among the wounded.", "The present regime in Egypt has long been concerned with the Muslim Brotherhood. Now it has to deal with the ISIS training camp, the Abu Hajr Al-Masri camp, in the remote desert of Sinai, in which terrorists, wearing black robes and masks, are becoming proficient with weapons and getting fitness training. Egypt has already been the scene of various attacks, in Luxor in 1997 (62 killed) and Sharm el Sheikh in 2005 (88 killed), and in October 2015, when 224 passengers were killed by a bomb on an Airbus A321 passenger jet. Few tourists now want to risk going to the familiar attractions: Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, or the Valley of the Kings.", "Al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya (IG) gunmen shot and killed 58 tourists and four Egyptians and wounded 26 others at the Hatshepsut Temple in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor. Thirty-four Swiss, eight Japanese, five Germans, four Britons, one French, one Colombian, a dual-national Bulgarian/Briton, and four unidentified persons were among the dead. Twelve Swiss, two Japanese, two Germans, one French, and nine Egyptians were among the wounded. The IG militants left a leaflet at the scene calling for the release of Umar Abd al-Rahman, the IG spiritual leader imprisoned in the United States.", "1997 – Sixty-two people were killed by terrorists outside the Deir el-Bahri, one of Egypt's top tourist attractions, in Luxor.", "In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal , the Hamas representative in Jordan. On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl). Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal. The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin , the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but was met instead by the King’s brother, Crown Prince Hassan.", "In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal, the Hamas representative in Jordan. On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl). Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal. The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but he was instead met by the King's brother, Crown Prince Hassan.", "1997 - 58 tourists were killed by gunmen in front of the Temple of Hatshepsut near Luxor. It was alleged that Egypt's Islamic Group (al-jama'ah al'islamiyah) was responsible.", "The first World Trade Center attack and the first terrorist attack on America. A bomb built in nearby Jersey City is driven into an underground garage at the trade center and detonated, killing six and wounding 1,500. Yousef, nephew of Khalid Sheik Mohammed, masterminds the attack, working with nearly a dozen local Muslims. While U.S. officials disagree on whether Osama bin Laden instituted the attack and Yousef denies he has met bin Laden, the CIA later learns that Yousef stayed in a bin Laden-owned guest house in Pakistan both before and after the attacks.", "Terrorism was a matter of growing international concern during the last three decades of the twentieth century, but following the 11 September 2001, attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., it became the paramount issue of U.S. foreign policy. On that day Middle Eastern terrorists hijacked four U.S. commercial airliners. They seized the controls and crashed two of the planes into the World Trade Center and one plane into the Pentagon. Passengers fought to regain control of the fourth plane, which then crashed in Pennsylvania , missing any symbolic targets but killing all those on board. These attacks, unprecedented in the annals of terrorism and unparalleled in American history in the magnitude and concentration of casualties, provoked an equally unprecedented declaration of war against terrorism.", "He was in New York at the time of 11 September 2001 attacks, only yards from Ground Zero delivering a lecture; he subsequently wrote a short book, Writing in the Dust, offering reflections on the event. In reference to Al Qaeda, he said that terrorists \"can have serious moral goals\" and that \"Bombast about evil individuals doesn't help in understanding anything.\" He subsequently worked with Muslim leaders in England and on the third anniversary of 9/11 spoke, by invitation, at the Al-Azhar University Institute in Cairo on the subject of the Trinity. He stated that the followers of the will of God should not be led into ways of violence. He contributed to the debate prior to the 2005 United Kingdom General Election criticising assertions that immigration was a cause of crime. Williams has argued that the partial adoption of Islamic sharia law in the United Kingdom is \"unavoidable\" as a method of arbitration in such affairs as marriage, and should not be resisted. ", "* April 12 – El Descanso bombing: A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid, Spain, mostly attended by U.S. personnel of the Torrejón Air Base, causes 18 dead (all Spaniards) and 82 injured.", "On September 11, 2001, in the deadliest case of domestic Terrorism in the history of the United States, a group of 19 terrorists hijacked four U.S. airliners for use as missiles against targets in New York City and Washington, D.C. The events shocked the country and the world and focused the U.S. government on a worldwide War on Terrorism . During the 18 months following the attacks, the United States engaged in military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, causing changes in the regimes of both countries.", "In December 1998, the Director of the CIA Counterterrorism Center reported to the president that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the USA, including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda attacked the United States, hijacking four airliners within the country and deliberately crashing two into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the third into the western side of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth, however, failed to reach its intended target – either the United States Capitol or the White House, both located in Washington, D.C. – due to the rebellion by the passengers to retake the airliner, and instead crashed into the field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. In total, the attackers killed 2,977 victims and injured more than 6,000 others. ", "The potted flower crowd conveniently forgets the greatest act of terror perpetrated on Amerikan soil prior to 9-11, however. On closer examination, the amnesia and subsequent muted response may be easy to explain. Timothy McVeigh's brutal car bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995 killed 168 people and wounded 600 others. Though there were frantic attempts by many white Anglo-Saxons to pin the blame on Iraqis seeking revenge for Desert Storm in 1991, eventually the FBI \"found their man\" in the conveniently solitary frame of the ex-Gulf War veteran McVeigh, whose rationale for the mass murderings was supposedly his seeking revenge for the FBI's mass killings in Waco in 1993.", "During the decade, a radical Muslim group bombed the World Trade Center in New York, killing six. An American terrorist, Timothy McVeigh, bombed the federal building in Oklahoma in 1995, taking 169 lives. And a fiery standoff at Waco, Texas, between the government and the Branch Davidian religious cult ended in a huge fire that killed men, women, and children.", "The ANO has carried out terrorist attacks in 20 countries, killing or injuring almost 900 persons. Targets include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, moderate Palestinians, the PLO, and various Arab countries. Major attacks included the Rome and Vienna airports in 1985, the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi in 1986, and the City of Poros day-excursion ship attack in Greece in 1988. The ANO is suspected of assassinating PLO deputy chief Abu Iyad and PLO security chief Abu Hul in Tunis in 1991. The ANO assassinated a Jordanian diplomat in Lebanon in 1994 and has been linked to the killing of the PLO representative there. The group has not staged a major attack against Western targets since the late 1980s.", "On the morning of Thursday, 7 July 2005, four Islamist extremists separately detonated three bombs in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. Fifty-two people were killed and over 700 more were injured in the attacks, making it Britain's worst terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, as well as the country's first ever Islamist suicide attack.", "Bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on June 24, 1998. The 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the major East African cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. The attacks were linked to local members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, brought Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri to the attention of the United States public for the first time, and resulted in the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation placing bin Laden on its Ten Most Wanted list.", "On September 11, 2001, 19 AQ members hijacked and crashed four U.S. commercial jets – two into the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon near Washington, DC, and a fourth into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania – leaving nearly 3,000 individuals dead or missing. In October 2000, AQ conducted a suicide attack on the USS Cole in the port of Aden, Yemen, with an explosive-laden boat, killing 17 U.S. Navy sailors and injuring 39. AQ also carried out the August 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam killing at least 301 individuals and injuring more than 5,000 others. AQ and its supporters claim to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. servicemen in Somalia in 1993, and to have conducted three bombings that targeted U.S. troops in Aden in December 1992.", "In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism —and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support. ", "The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m., when a Ryder truck filled with 1500 lb of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower. The blast resulted in a 100 ft hole through five sublevels. The greatest damage was on levels B1 and B2, with significant structural damage on level B3. Six people were killed, and more than a thousand were injured, as 50,000 workers and visitors were inside the tower at the time. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that had no emergency lighting, and some took two hours or more to reach safety. ", "Violence: Eleven days after the signing of “ Oslo I,” Palestinian terrorism resumed when a Palestinian terror squad stabbed to death a farmer in an Israeli farming settlement. Since Oslo , the scope of Palestinian terrorism has escalated to unprecedented levels, 39 including systematic targeting of civilians by such methods as suicide bombings on crowded public buses during peak hours. Such terrorism began anew in October 1994 when a suicide bomber on a Tel Aviv city bus killed 21 civilians. Since then, countless public buses throughout Israel have been targeted – from Kiryat Shmona in the north to Beersheba in the south, from urban centers such as Ramat-Gan to outlying towns such as Hadera and Afula. A roadside bus stop at the junction of Um El Fahm (a city on a main traffic artery inhabited by Israeli Arabs), is a boarding site used repeatedly by suicide bombers.", "Political violence has declined since the widespread terrorism of the 1990s. The government's effort to reduce terrorism through military pressure and social reconciliation and reintegration has been markedly effective. However, incidents of terrorism, including suicide bombings against government and international organization installations, occurred in 2006 and 2007, and armed attacks against army and police continue sporadically to this day. In March 2012 a suicide bomber attacked the regional headquarters of the national police in Tamanrasset, a southern city of 75,000. In 2006, a group of Algerian terrorists known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (French acronym GSPC), formally affiliated itself with al-Qa'ida and assumed the name Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).", "1995 A truck-bomb explodes outside of a US-operated Saudi Arabian National Guard training center in Riyadh , killing five Americans and two Indians. A group called the Islamic Movement for Change claims responsibility.", "The King David Hotel bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on Monday July 22, 1946 by the militant Zionist underground organization Irgun on the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. ", "On November 30th, 2011 Libyan ex-police and revolutionary Samir Salem Ali Elmadhavri (36), apparently in motivation of copying the act of Norwegian extremist terrorist Anders Behring Breivik , attempted to massacre hundreds of tourists visiting the Palace in the early hours. [95] Stopped at the Bab-i Humayun entrance by the Palace Guards, he opened fire on soldiers and security guards, injuring Private Şerafettin eray Topçu and security Mehmet Ballıcı. After that he entered the main courtyard of the palace but was forced to retreat and search shelter in the entrance by Palace Guard force. After a gunfight lasting over one hour he was killed by Turkish Police SWAT teams. The incident sparked the discussions about Palace security since a foreigner could enter the Palace in daylight at working hours while carrying two hunting rifles. More security measures have been taken at Palace entrance the day after.", "Six people are killed and more than a thousand suffer injuries after a bomb planted under the World Trade Center in New York City explodes. The bomb marks the beginning of a string of threats against the United States made during the Clinton administration by both foreign and domestic terrorists. February 26, 1993", "An Egyptian tourist guide walks through the ruins of the Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt, Thursday, June 11, 2015. Militants tried to attack the ancient temple of Karnak in southern Egypt on Wednesday, with a suicide bomber blowing himself up and two gunmen battling police. No sightseers were hurt in the thwarted assault. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar)", "* (designated as Foreign Terrorist Organizations by the Department of State since 8 October 1997. Named as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) since 2 November 2001) ", "* On 27 December 1985, the El Al ticket counter was attacked by Palestinian terrorists during the Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks.", "In the attack on Sept. 5, 1972, Palestinian terrorists killed 11 members of Israel's Olympic delegation, along with one German police officer. Five of the eight terrorists from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) terrorist group called \"Black September\" were also killed during the botched rescue attempt by German police at the Fürstenfeldbruck military airport, where the hostages were being held in two helicopters.", "Today, 750 years after the Mongols crushed them, the Assassins’ pioneering use of suicide terrorism, of murdering systematically though at times indiscriminately to achieve political ends, finds chilling echoes in the tactics of terrorist groups like Hamas, Hezbollah, and al Qaeda. But for Hasan-i Sabbah, acts of terror were a legitimate means of self-defense precisely because they focused on high-ranking enemy military, political, and religious leaders who had taken hostile actions against the Ismaili community. There is little doubt he would have viewed the tactics employed by modern Middle Eastern terrorist groups—particularly their targeting of unarmed civilians—with incomprehension and disdain." ]	[ 3.994140625, 3.19921875, 2.802734375, -1.818359375, -2.40234375, -2.40234375, -3.267578125, -3.572265625, -4.41015625, -4.66796875, -4.765625, -5.0234375, -5.63671875, -5.65234375, -5.6875, -5.7265625, -5.81640625, -5.9609375, -6.09375, -6.24609375, -6.2734375, -6.27734375, -6.98046875, -7.015625, -7.11328125, -7.3203125, -7.3828125, -7.8984375, -7.98046875, -8.2578125, -8.4609375, -8.6484375 ]
Who was Butch Cassidy's partner?	[ "Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – c. November 6, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch Gang in the American Old West. After several large robberies Cassidy and his partner the Sundance Kid were being pursued by both authorities and the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. In an attempt to enjoy their winnings the pair traveled to Bolivia but were purportedly killed by Bolivian police.", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film directed by George Roy Hill and written by William Goldman (who won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film). Based loosely on fact, the film tells the story of Wild West outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker, known as Butch Cassidy (Paul Newman), and his partner Harry Longabaugh, the \"Sundance Kid\" (Robert Redford), who are on the run from a crack US posse after a string of train robberies. The pair and Sundance's lover, Etta Place (Katharine Ross), flee to Bolivia in search of a more successful criminal career, where they meet their end.", "In 1894, Butch Cassidy was arrested for horse theft in Wyoming. After serving two years in the Wyoming Territorial Prison at Laramie, Cassidy was pardoned. He immediately returned to a life of crime, this time gathering around him a local band of carousing outlaws that became known as the Wild Bunch. Cassidy’s most famous partner was Harry Longbaugh, better known as the “Sundance Kid.” Other members included the quick-to-kill Harvey Logan (“Kid Curry”), Ben Kilpatrick (“Tall Texan”), Harry Tracy, Deaf Charley Hanks, and Tom Ketchum (“BlackJack”).", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film that tells the story of bank robbers Butch Cassidy (played by Paul Newman) and his partner Harry Longabaugh, the \"Sundance Kid\" (played by Robert Redford), based loosely on historical fact.The film was directed by George Roy Hill and produced at 20th Century Fox by John Foreman from a screenplay by William Goldman. The music score was by Burt Bacharach with song lyrics by Hal David. Along with Newman and Redford, the film stars Katharine Ross as Etta Place, and features Strother Martin, Henry Jones, Jeff Corey, Sam Elliott, Cloris Leachman, Ted Cassidy, Kenneth Mars and Donnelly Rhodes.", "Etta Place (born circa 1878, date of death unknown) was a companion of the American outlaws Butch Cassidy (real name Robert LeRoy Parker) and the Sundance Kid (Harry Alonzo Longabaugh), both members of the outlaw gang known as the Wild Bunch. Principally the companion of Longabaugh, little is known about her; both her origin and her fate [she simply disappeared] remain shrouded in mystery.", "Butch Cassidy (Robert Leroy Parker) and “ the Sundance Kid ” (Harry Longabaugh) were two American outlaws, operating primarily in the Western States of Utah and Wyoming during the late 19th century. They were part of a very loose, leaderless conglomeration of horse thieves, bank robbers and cattle rustlers known as “the Wild Bunch,” and became famous when a movie was produced, “Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,” starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford.", "By the early 1890s, Sundance was back to being an outlaw. Authorities fingered him for a train robbery in 1892, and five years later for a bank heist that he pulled off with a group that came to be known as the Wild Bunch. The gang largely consisted of Robert Parker (aka Butch Cassidy), Harry Tracy (“Elzy Lay”), Ben Kilpatrick (the “Tall Texan”) and Harvey Logan (“Kid Curry”). Together, the group embarked on the longest stretch of successful train and bank robberies in the history of the American West.", "Butch Cassidy (right) with his group of outlaws and bandits, the Wild Bunch. His sidekick, the Sundance Kid, sits to the left.", " One of the first major crimes attributed to Cassidy is the robbery of the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride, on June 24, 1889. Matt Warner, Tom McCarty and Butch Cassidy got away with $20,750 by thoroughly casing the joint first. The bandits then made their way to a Hideout in Brown's Hole, along the Green River at the Utah-Wyoming border.", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – November 7, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of \"The Wild Bunch\" gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "Butch Cassidy-Butch Cassidy was born Robert Leroy Parker in 1866. As a teenager Parker met the outlaw Mike Cassidy and took his last name. Later he worked for a short time as a butcher in Wyoming. The infamous Butch Cassidy was born. When you are a criminal as well known as Butch Cassidy it is necessary to use a false name to hide your identity. Butch had many including George Cassidy and Lowe Maxwell.", "* Badman's Country (1958) – Pat Garrett catches up to Butch Cassidy's gang and calls in Wyatt Earp. ", "When Phillips reunited with Mary (Boyd) Rhodes in 1935 in Wyoming she instantly recognized him (a man who she knew intimately) as George Cassidy a.k.a. Butch Cassidy.", "In 1879, at the age of 13, Robert LeRoy Parker (Butch Cassidy) lived and worked with his family on the ranch of Jim Marshall in Circleville, Utah. It was there that he met his friend and mentor, Mike Cassidy who gave Bob his first gun and taught him how to shoot. Years later, Bob would take his last name, Cassidy, as a tribute. His first run-in with the law occurred when he rode into town to buy a new pair of overalls. The general store was closed, so Bob let himself in, found a pair that fit, and left a note promising that he would be back to pay later. The merchant reported him to the Sherriff, but he was acquitted of any crime. On June 24, 1889, he and three others robbed the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride, netting $21,000. With this money, he bought a ranch near the infamous “Hole-in-the-Wall” outlaw hideout. Parker, by this time “Butch Cassidy”, was never a very good rancher, and it is believed to have simply been a cover for his illegal activities. In 1896, he became the leader of the infamous group of criminals known as the Wild Bunch that included some of the most well-known outlaws of the Wild West. As with the Sundance Kid, it is unknown if he really died in Bolivia, or if, as some relatives claim, he returned to America.", "These two things, in and of themselves, PROVE beyond a shadow of doubt that Butch Cassidy, a.k.a., George Cassidy, a.k.a. J.P. Maxwell, a.k.a., Robert LeRoy Parker, were one and the same as the man who died under the assumed name of William Thadeus Phillips in 1937.", "The films two main heroes present us with a curious mixture of classic and contemporary characters. Sundance (Robert Redford) is a conventional western character - a cardsharp, a wanderer, and although we are occasionally allowed to see him as human, he is never the less depicted as the silent type. Butch Cassidy (Paul Newman) is, in contrast, a modern character, spunky, talkative and romantic. Both men are engaging criminals; and Butch quixotic notions are balanced by Sundance's earthy realism. The characters and the dynamic chemistry evinced by their portrayers provides us with a classic example of what a buddy film looks like when it really works.", "Two of Butch Cassidy’s brothers reportedly impersonated him for sport. One of his doppelgangers, William T. Phillips, took periodic leave of an unhappy marriage in Spokane to visit the outlaw’s haunts in Wyoming and take up with a girlfriend. She confided after his death that the Cassidy burlesque was all a joke.", "The two outlaws worked for a mining company in Brazil for a time, but apparently couldn't stay away from the outlaw lifestyle. After a series of bank and train robberies in Brazil, they were both reportedly killed by army troops in the village of San Vincente, Bolivia in 1908. It was at this point that Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid became American legends. The real circumstances surrounding their deaths may never be known.", "29. orig. Robert Leroy Parker; born April 13, 1866, Beaver, Utah, United States died 1909?, Concordia Tin Mines, near San Vicente, Bol.?; United States outlaw. Taking his name from an older outlaw mentor, Cassidy was a cattle rustler and a robber from the mid-1880s. In 1900 he became the criminal partner of Harry Longabaugh, the \"Sundance Kid\" (1870–1909?), whose nickname derived from a town where he had once been imprisoned. They became the foremost members of the Wild Bunch, a group of bank and train robbers. The two eluded Pinkerton detectives by escaping to South America in 1901. They bought a ranch in Argentina but returned to a life of outlawry in 1906. In 1909, trapped by soldiers in Bolivia, Sundance was mortally wounded and Cassidy shot himself. The time, place and circumstances of their deaths vary widely in different accounts.", "A Masonic Lodge, in Spokane, Washington, claims to be Butch Cassidy's lodge. They claim he entered the lodge and was active until he died. He owned and operated The Phillips manufacturing company. In conversations with historians, this account is disputed, as he was never trained in machine work. Further, the claim cannot be backed up as the lodge had indicated the records were missing. This account was however, used by his sister claiming him to be William Phillips. http://www.utah.com/oldwest/butch_cassidy.htm", "Furthermore, according to W.H. Park, then the Union Pacific’s general superintendent, at that particular time he and Harriman did not consider Butch Cassidy the most dangerous member of the Wild Bunch. They felt Harvey Logan deserved that title. Therefore, if presented with a plan for Cassidy to become an express car guard, Harriman and Park might have wondered just how much help Butch would be if a Harvey Logan-led gang of outlaws attacked one of their trains.", " Of all Western outlaws, none are more fondly remembered in story and folklore than the \"Robin Hood of the West,\" Butch Cassidy - the alias of Robert LeRoy Parker. Parker was born 13 April 1866 in Beaver, Utah, and was raised by Mormon pioneer parents on a ranch near Circleville, Utah. While a teenager, Parker fell under the influence of an old rustler named Mike Cassidy. Parker soon left home to ride the outlaw trail.", "The facts surrounding Butch Cassidy's death are uncertain. On November 3, 1908, near San Vicente in southern Bolivia, a courier for the Aramayo Franke and Cia Silver Mine was conveying his company's payroll, worth about 15,000 Bolivian pesos, by mule when he was attacked and robbed by two masked American bandits who were believed to be Cassidy and Longabaugh. The bandits then proceeded to the small mining town of San Vicente where they lodged in a small boarding house owned by a local resident miner named Bonifacio Casasola. When Casasola became suspicious of his two foreign lodgers, as well as a mule they had in their possession which was from the Aramayo Mine, identifiable from the mine company brand on the mule's left flank, Casasola left his house and notified a nearby telegraph officer who notified a small Bolivian Army cavalry unit stationed nearby, which was the Abaroa Regiment. The unit dispatched three soldiers, under the command of Captain Justo Concha, to San Vicente where they notified the local authorities. On the evening of November 6, the lodging house was surrounded by the three soldiers, the police chief, the local mayor and some of his officials, who intended to arrest the Aramayo robbers.", "This article was written by Richard Patterson and originally appeared in the February 2006 issue of Wild West. Richard Patterson devotes his time to legal writing and frontier history. His books Butch Cassidy: A Biography and Train Robbery: The Birth, Flowering and Decline of a Notorious Western Enterprise are recommended for further reading, along with Frederick R. Bechdolt’s Tales of the Old Timers; Lula Parker Betenson’s Butch Cassidy, My Brother; and the introduction by Dan Buck and Anne Meadows to the 1996 reprint of Charles Kelly’s The Outlaw Trail: A History of Butch Cassidy and His Wild Bunch.", "*1969: The Wild Bunch is a film, directed by Sam Peckinpah, that is loosely based on Butch Cassidy's exploits. Butch Cassidy is played by William Holden.", "Frank Ross (John Pickard) is murdered by his hired hand, Tom Chaney (Jeff Corey). Ross's daughter, Mattie (Kim Darby), travels to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where she hires aging U.S. Marshal Reuben \"Rooster\" J. Cogburn (John Wayne) to bring Chaney in, raising his fee by shrewdly horse trading with Colonel Stonehill (Strother Martin). Mattie has heard that Cogburn has \"true grit.\" She gives him a payment to track and capture Chaney, who has taken up with outlaw \"Lucky\" Ned Pepper (Robert Duvall) in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).", "William Goldman first came across the story of Butch Cassidy in the late 1950s and researched it on and off for eight years before sitting down to write the screenplay. Goldman later stated:", "Outlaw historian Larry Pointer remarked during a 2012 presentation at the Wyoming Territorial Prison “surely all of these people were not delusional.” But perhaps these citizens wanted to see Cassidy again. During the outlaw’s heyday, he had appeared to the press and the public to be the invincible bandit, the invulnerable bank robber, the unvanquished. As the Aug. 13, 1898, Wyoming Press reported, “Butch seems to have as many lives as the historical cat.” As someone who dominated the headlines for years, his death would have been difficult to accept.", "High Sierra, a 1941 movie directed by Raoul Walsh, had a screenplay written by Bogart's friend and drinking partner, John Huston. The film was Bogart's last major film playing a gangster (his final gangster role was in The Big Shot in 1942). Bogart worked well with Ida Lupino, and her relationship with him was a close one, if you catch my drift [6] . Bogie played a gangster turned mountain climber who was contracted to rob a bank atop the Sierra Mountains. The plot was called ludicrous by most critics. What do those hacks know?", "Louis L'Amour wrote four Hopalong Cassidy novels, which are still in print. In 2005, author Susie Coffman published Follow Your Stars, new stories starring the character. In three of these stories, Coffman wrote the wife of actor William Boyd into the stories.", "Louis L'Amour wrote a handful of Hopalong Cassidy novels, which are still in print. In 2005, author Susie Coffman published Follow Your Stars, containing new stories starring the character. In three of these stories, Coffman has written the wife of actor William Boyd into the stories.", "Hopalong Cassidy or Hop-along Cassidy is a fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of popular short stories and many novels based on the character." ]	[ 7.08984375, 6.7734375, 6.52734375, 5.609375, 3.3203125, 1.8466796875, 1.8134765625, 0.50439453125, 0.274658203125, -0.09698486328125, -0.270751953125, -0.51123046875, -0.57421875, -0.60791015625, -1.0693359375, -1.306640625, -1.3525390625, -1.3720703125, -1.6435546875, -1.8076171875, -1.9638671875, -2.08984375, -2.13671875, -3.111328125, -3.138671875, -5.375, -5.41015625, -6.12890625, -6.3046875, -6.31640625, -6.765625, -8.78125 ]
Irish Olympic champion Michelle smith was suspended in 1999 over drug allegations in which sport?	[ "Water sports practised in Ireland include canoeing, swimming, surfing, diving, water polo, sailing, and kayaking. Whilst many people participate in these, few do so competitively. Ireland has had only one Olympic medalist in swimming, Michelle Smith, and her medals have since been tarnished by drug allegations. The National Aquatic Centre was opened in Ireland in 2003 and held the European SC Championships in December 2003 – the first time the country hosted such a competition. At the competition, Ireland won its first medal at the European SC Championships ever, a silver in the 200m breaststroke by Andrew Bree. Swim Ireland is the national governing body of swimming in Ireland. See also List of Olympic-size swimming pools in Ireland.", "The career of Michelle Smith de Bruin, the Irish swimmer who won three gold medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics, appeared to end in disgrace yesterday when swimming's world governing body banned her from competition for four years after finding that she had manipulated a drug test by spiking her urine sample with alcohol.", "She was 28 at the time, and the ban effectively ended her competitive swimming career. Although Smith lost some of her popularity and her career achievements were somewhat discredited, she was not stripped of her Olympic medals, because her doping offense was detected sometime after the games. Thus, she remains Ireland's most successful Olympian ever. [9]", "FINA, the international swimming federation, states that Smith's bulky sweater enabled her to hide her actions from the testers as she poured whiskey into the urine sample to mask the presence of performance enhancing drugs. She is suspended from the sport for four years but allowed to keep her Olympic medals.", "1999 - Olympic champion Michelle de Bruin is stripped of her Irish swimming records; the triple gold medal winner at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta was banned for four years by the FINA in August of 1998 for tampering with a urine sample", "Michelle Smith de Bruin (born 16 December 1969 in Rathcoole, County Dublin) is a retired Irish swimmer who achieved notable success in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, becoming Ireland's most successful Olympian to date, and whose career ended with a ban from the sporting authorities for tampering with a urine sample. She was a triple gold medallist at the Atlanta Games, for the 400 m individual medley, 400 m freestyle and 200 m individual medley, and also won the bronze medal for the 200 m butterfly event: these events were marked by allegations of doping which were, however, never proven. Michelle Smith, now more commonly referred to by her married name, Michelle Smith de Bruin, is currently a practising barrister.", "Michelle Smith's father taught his daughters how to swim, and Smith was first spotted by a lifeguard in Tallaght swimming pool at age 9. He suggested that Smith's father enrol his daughter in a swimming club. Smith joined Terenure Swimming Club and trained under the tutelage of Larry Williamson. Smith won the Dublin and All-Ireland Community Games at aged 9. She then won ten gold medals at a novice competition. She enrolled in the King's Hospital Swimming Club in 1980. At aged 14, Smith won ten medals at the Irish National Swimming Championships. At 14, she became National Junior and Senior Champion and dominated Irish women's swimming until her retirement in 1998.", "Michelle Smith's father taught his daughter's how to swim and Smith was first spotted by a lifeguard in Tallaght swimming pool at aged 9. He suggested that Smith's father enrol his daughter in a swimming club. Smith joined Terenure Swimming Club under the wing of Larry Williamson. Smith won the Dublin and All-Ireland Community Games at aged 9. She then won ten gold medals at a novice competition. She enrolled in the King's Hospital Swimming Club in 1980. At aged 14, Smith won ten medals at the Irish National Swimming Championships. At 14, she became National Junior and Senior Champion and dominated Irish women's swimming until her retirement in 1998.", "Coming into the Atlanta Olympics, Irish athletes had--in 72 years of trying at the Summer Games--managed to win just five gold medals. So, after swimmer Michelle Smith's phenomenal performance this week--she won three gold medals and a bronze--the Irish reaction is understandable. It is total delirium, a collective outburst of joy such as few can ever remember. The country has been on a weeklong binge, staying up nights to cheer Smith, then to toast her. Then they are barely able to crawl into work the next...", "Smith later received a four-year suspension in 1998 after being found guilty of tampering with a urine sample. The ban was imposed after a urine sample taken during a routine random drug test was found to be contaminated with alcohol. [1] The bodybuilding drug Androstenedione was also found in her samples, but this was not a banned drug.", "Ireland’s greatest Olympian can apply. However, the 26 Irish records that the shamed swimmer set since 1994 – including the three she set to win three Olympic titles in Atlanta in 1996 after she married suspended Dutch athlete Erik de Bruin – will not be eligible for inclusion, the constitution clearly stating that those swimmers who were or are suspended by FINA, the international governing body, will not be considered.", "Talking points: In a different era, Taylor might not have been a boxer, but she would surely have been a great athlete. She has played on Ireland’s national women’s soccer team and has also played Gaelic football at the club level. But with women’s boxing making its Olympic debut in London, she is well placed to become Ireland’s first Olympic gold medalist in any sport since 1996.", "In January 2013, the seven-times Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong confessed to having used performance-enhancing drugs during each of his Tour victories. The confession ended years of denials about allegations of cheating during most of the cyclist's professional career. The Sunday Times chief sports writer David Walsh had spent over a decade investigating Armstrong, his team, and the systematic doping rife in the sport. The newspaper was forced to pay Armstrong £300,000 in damages in 2006 after he sued it for libel. Following Armstrong's lifelong ban (and subsequent televised confession) The Sunday Times said it would sue him to recover the damages, plus interest and costs, for the original proceedings which it called \"baseless and fraudulent\". [37]", "The biggest media event of the 1988 Olympic Games was the disqualification of Canadian sprinter [Ben Johnson], after he had won the [100 metres] in the world record time of 9.79, and defeating [Carl Lewis] in the process. But a few days later, Johnson tested positive for stanazolol, an anabolic steroid, and was disqualified with Lewis receiving the gold medal. After the uproar of the scandal, the Canadian launched an inquiry into drug use in international sport, the Dubin Inqury. At the inquiry, Johnson admitted he had used steroids for several years.", "On 6 December 2012, the IOC stripped medals from four athletes caught doping at the 2004 Athens Olympics including one gold medalist and postponed a decision to revoke Lance Armstrong's bronze from the 2000 Sydney Games. The IOC also disqualified four athletes whose Athens doping samples were retested earlier in the year and came back positive, including shot put gold medalist Yuriy Bilonog of Ukraine. The others are hammer throw silver medalist Ivan Tskikhan of Belarus and two bronze medalists, women's shot putter Svetlana Krivelyova of Russia and discus thrower Irina Yatchenko of Belarus.", "Since the closing of the 2000 Games, the medal results changed following a doping scandal involving five-time Olympic medal winner Marion Jones. The American sprinter was stripped of her 1 gold and two bronze medals, by the International Olympic Committee, after confessing, on 5 October 2007, she had taken the anabolic steroid tetrahydrogestrinone before competing in Sydney. Along with the other four medals, the women's 100 metres gold medal has not yet been reallocated, because the presumed recipient, Ekaterini Thanou of Greece, was given a two-year ban for missing a drug test just before the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens. However, Jones' teammates on the relay teams had their medals reinstated. ", "In February 1999, Christie competed in an indoor meet in Dortmund, Germany. A routine unannounced drug test found the banned substance nandrolone. After a six-month delay, a disciplinary hearing was convened by the British Athletic Federation which found Christie to be not guilty. But the IAAF overruled and confirmed a two-year suspension. Christie is also banned for life from British Olympic Association teams.", "The first Olympic athlete to test positive for doping use was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. Seventy-three athletes followed him over the next 38 years, several medal winners among them. The most publicised doping-related disqualification was that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the 100m at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol.", "The first Olympic athlete to test positive for doping use was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. Seventy-three athletes followed him over the next 38 years, several medal winners among them. The most publicised doping-related disqualification was that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the 100m at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol.", "July 8: Swimmer Gary Hall Jr., winner of two gold and two silver medals in the 1996 Olympics, was suspended for six months after testing positive for marijuana. Hall won a ruling from a Phoenix judge in November letting him compete two weeks before the ban ended.", "Glynis Nunn (Nunn-Cearns) —is the only Australian to have won an Olympic multi-discipline athletics event. In the boycott-affected 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, at which the five-event pentathlon was replaced by the seven-event heptathlon, Nunn-Cearns defeated the great American Jacqueline Joyner (later Joyner-Kersee).", "The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. [174] One of the most publicised doping-related disqualifications occurred after the 1988 Summer Olympics where Canadian sprinter, Ben Johnson (who won the 100-metre dash ) tested positive for stanozolol . His gold medal was later stripped and awarded to the American runner-up Carl Lewis , who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics. [175]", "Received a one-year ban after missing three out-of-competition drug tests, two in June 2006 and one in October the previous year. The British Olympic Association in turn banned Ohuruogu from competing for Great Britain at future Olympic Games. An appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was upheld, although an appeal against her Olympic ban was overturned last November. She threatened to leave Britain and compete for another country if her appeal was unsuccessful. Ohuruogu was also part of the 4x400m relay team at the Commonwealth Games who were disqualified after receiving the baton in the wrong order.", "Romanian Andreea Răducan became the first gymnast to be stripped of a medal after testing positive for pseudoephedrine , at the time a prohibited substance. [23] Răducan, 16, took Nurofen, a common over-the-counter medicine, to help treat a fever. The Romanian team doctor who gave her the medication was expelled from the Games and suspended for four years. The gold medal was finally awarded to Răducan's team mate Simona Amânar , who had obtained silver. Răducan was allowed to keep her other medals, a gold from the team competition and a silver from the vault.", "Commonwealth Games champion runner, Diane Modahl, becomes the first British female athlete to test positive for performance enhancing drugs. She is banned from competition for four years in a ruling by the British Athletic Foundation (BAF) on Dec. 15, 1994. Modahl claims that the Lisbon laboratory stored her urine sample improperly.", "*Ilona Slupianek (Ilona Slupianek was tested positive along with three Finnish athletes at the 1977 European Cup, becoming the only East German athlete ever to be convicted of doping)", "TOPPING the bill is Ireland’s number one and three times World Champion, Katie Taylor (pictured), whose opponent is ranked number eight in the world, German Champion Maike Kloners. The event will be held in the Walter Raleigh Hotel, Youghal, on Friday, May 6th at 8pm. Also featuring European and four time Irish Champion Connie Sheehan,", "Ennis finished second overall in the 2007 World Combined Events Challenge, a competition based on points accumulated at any three of the year’s thirteen qualifying events, behind the Osaka silver-medallist, Lyudmyla Blonska. The following year Blonska was banned for life for her second career doping offence.", "Ennis finished second overall in the 2007 World Combined Events Challenge, a competition based on points accumulated at any three of the year’s thirteen qualifying events, behind the Osaka silver-medallist, Lyudmyla Blonska. The following year Blonska was banned for life for her second career doping offence.", "Jessica Ennis is currently the only British athlete to be ranked No1 in the world. Photograph: Paul Ellis/AFP/Getty Images", "Ennis, along with other British 2012 Olympic gold medal winners, was featured on a special Royal Mail commemorative postage stamp and had a post box on the corner of Division Street and Holly Street in Sheffield city centre painted gold in her honour. The post box was vandalised within hours but repaired immediately by Royal Mail.", "Ennis, along with other British 2012 Olympic gold medal winners, was featured on a special Royal Mail commemorative postage stamp and had a post box on the corner of Division Street and Holly Street in Sheffield city centre painted gold in her honour. The post box was vandalised within hours but repaired immediately by Royal Mail. " ]	[ 3.798828125, 3.59765625, 3.326171875, 1.708984375, 1.4345703125, 1.19921875, 1.1298828125, 1.009765625, -0.465576171875, -1.0283203125, -1.369140625, -2.591796875, -2.79296875, -2.880859375, -3.86328125, -4.25390625, -4.375, -4.484375, -4.484375, -4.62890625, -4.671875, -4.7734375, -4.98828125, -5, -5.375, -7.10546875, -8.34375, -9.015625, -9.015625, -9.1640625, -9.6171875, -9.6171875 ]
Colombian underworld boss Pablo Escobar dealt in what commodity?	[ "Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 - December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and trafficker. His cartel, at the height of his career, supplied an estimated 80% of the cocaine smuggled into the United States. Often called \"The King of Cocaine\", he was the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated known net worth of US $30 billion by the early 1990s. He was also one of the 10 richest men in the world at his prime and lived in his self-built Hacienda Nápoles. ", "Notoriously violent, powerful and ruthless, Pablo Escobar ruled the Colombian cocaine trade for two decades, until his death in a rooftop shootout in December 1993. His nefarious enterprise brought him a level of wealth that had him listed in the top ten richest men in the world in the mid-1980s. Possibly one of the most famous names in criminal history, Escobar remains to this day a cult figure to some Colombians, particularly in the slums of Medellin, his city of birth.", "There exist unfounded rumours that, whilst still at school, Escobar would steal tombstones from the local graveyards, sandblast off the names and sell them to Panamanian smugglers. He did not drink much besides beer and did not smoke cigarettes, although he developed a liking for the strong Colombian cannabis, a habit he indulged until his death. Doing whatever he could to make money, by the age of 20, Escobar was dealing cannabis, skilled at stealing cars and starting to build a name for himself in the Colombian criminal underworld.", "Doña Hermilda, Pablo's mother, then 88, told us of the charming gentleman son she had raised. Pablo's cousin, Jaime Gaviria, and his old schoolmate, \"El Chino\", told us of the early days of the cocaine trade. It was important to understand, they said, that people's attitudes had fundamentally changed towards cocaine. When Pablo was first getting his business organised, people in Colombia believed cocaine would soon be legalised. A \"white gold\" rush was on in preparation for a legal business. \"The first time I saw him... he was like a god,\" Popeye recalled. Escobar challenged the state, declared war on the elites that had ruled Colombia for decades and even dared aspire to be president.", "Pablo Escobar said that the essence of the cocaine business was \"Simple: you bribe someone here, you bribe someone there, and you pay a friendly banker to help you bring the money back.\" In 1989, Forbes magazine estimated Escobar to be one of 227 billionaires in the world with a personal net worth of close to US$3 billion while his Medellín Cartel controlled 80% of the global cocaine market. It is commonly believed that Escobar was the principal financier behind Medellín's Atlético Nacional who won South America's most prestigious football tournament, the Copa Libertadores, in 1989. ", "Escobar quickly became known internationally as his drug network gained notoriety; the Medellín Cartel controlled a large portion of the drugs that entered the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Spain. The cocaine was produced with coca from Bolivia and Peru through other drug dealers, such as Roberto Suárez Goméz, since Colombian coca was initially of substandard quality, and demand for more and better cocaine increased. Escobar's cocaine reached many other countries in the Americas, and Europe through Spain; it was even rumored his network reached as far as Asia.", "My buddy... El Patron - Pablo Escobar on a tee shirt - Known as \"The King of Cocaine\", he is regarded as the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated net-worth of US$30 billion by the early 1990s.", "Soon after Escobar's death and the subsequent fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the cocaine market became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s when its leaders, too, were either killed or captured by the Colombian government. The Robin Hood image that Escobar had cultivated maintained a lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor whom Escobar had aided while he was alive, mourned his death. About 25,000 were present for his burial. ", "Gaviria said, \"Pablo always said that it was the young gringos from the peace corps who started the cocaine bonanza. They began to invade this country, sent by the government up there, saying they had come in search of peace, but they ended up in search of cocaine.\" The popularity of cocaine in the clubs of Miami and New York in the late 70s and early 80s propelled Escobar from a backstreet crime boss to one of the richest and most powerful men in the world.", "At the time, Escobar was making billions of dollars as his cartel pumped a never-ending supply of cocaine into the United States and ordering the assassinations of hundreds of opponents. The Medellín drug cartel had cornered 80% of the world cocaine market. In 1989, Escobar was rated the seventh-richest man in the world by Forbes magazine. \"My father called the shots in Colombia,\" said Marroquín. \"He was running the country.\"", "In 1989, Pablo Escobar was listed by Forbes as the 7th richest man in the world, his fortune of an estimated $25 billion amassed through control of as much as 80% of the world's cocaine traffic. Forbes wrote:", "Cocaine use in the U.S. began to dip by the 1940s only to come back with a vengeance in the 1970s. But behind the good times at New York City's Studio 54 disco was the dirty and often deadly world of drug trafficking. Pablo Escobar (shown here in a 1989 Columbian television wanted ad) was a leading drug tycoon until his death in 1993.", "Introduction: Roberto Escobar Gaviria, an entrepreneur in Colombia, is the brother of the late Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, and former chief accountant, \"right-hand man and administrative brains\" of the Escobar operation (Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, p 23). Roberto spent more than 11 years in a maximum-security prison in Itagüi, south of Medellin, Colombia. Escobar is author of The Accountant's Sto ry: Inside the Violent World of the Medellin Cartel: The True Story of Pablo Escobar (2009), Escobar: The Inside Story of Pablo Escobar, the World's Most Powerful Criminal (2009) and Mi Hermano Pablo (2008).", "Demetrio Chavez, nicknamed \"The Vatican,\" was released from prison 13 January 2016 after 22 years. In the early 1990s Chavez was one of the top suppliers of cocaine paste for Colombian drug kingpin Pablo Escobar. Chavez claimed that he once paid the government of former president Alberto Fujimori $50,000 per month to fly drugs to Colombia from his private runway near a military base without interference. Chavez said the Andean country became a \"narco-state\" during her father's 1990-2000 government.", "The best-known example of this is the Medellin Cartel, which was headed by Pablo Escobar in the 1980s until his death in 1993. The cartel famously trafficked large amounts of cocaine into the United States and was known for its violent methods.", "In the wake of Escobar’s prison break, Colombia learned that it wasn’t merely dealing with a convict in a high-security jail, but rather the country’s most powerful man, who had been managing his lucrative business from inside his personal bunker. Known as “the Boss,” Escobar was always in control, having used his ill-gotten gains to build an army that made Colombia kneel to his whims. His motto was plata o plomo — cash or lead — meaning “take the bribe or be killed.” And he found numerous ways to make good on the threat, bombing airplanes and public buildings; ordering the assassinations of politicians, judges, journalists, prosecutors, law enforcement agents and civilians. He was responsible for thousands of deaths, kidnappings and incidents of torture too vast to quantify.", "By the mid- 1980s, Pablo Escobar was one of the most powerful men in the world. Forbes magazine listed him as the seventh-richest man in the world. His empire included an army of soldiers and criminals, a private zoo, mansions and apartments all over Colombia, private airstrips and planes for drug transport and personal wealth reported to be in the neighborhood of $24 billion. He could order the murder of anyone, anywhere, anytime.", "Escobar, right, was one of the world's biggest drug dealers, pictured with his son Sebastian, left", "Pablo Escobar, a soccer aficionado who built playing fields in poor neighborhoods of Medellin, bought politicians while holding the Colombian state hostage as he used terror to fight extradition to the United States. He was killed by police in December 1993.", "*July 22 – Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison, fearing extradition to the United States.", "Cartel and the Cocaine Industry - Cartel and the Cocaine Industry The drug cartel based in Cali, Colombia, was one of the largest players in the multi-billion dollar worldwide cocaine industry. Although their operations are highly illegal, opposed by both Colombian and US law enforcement agencies, the cartel continues to run a very effective operation. The vast majority of this cocaine is destined for the US market. It reaches the US by numerous routes - by air, by sea, but mostly over land by Mexico. Once the cocaine reaches the United States, Cali has makes use of its distribution network to deliver the drugs wholesale to the retailers, typically ethnic crime gangs.... [tags: Papers]", "The United States is the largest cocaine market. Secret airfields and private boats transport the cocaine from Colombia to distribution centers in Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. From there, the drugs are smuggled into the United States. Colombian drugs are a multibillion-dollar industry that makes up a large portion of the Colombian economy. The effect of the drug industry on the people of Colombia is extensive—from the gunfire on the streets to the corruption of government officials. In recent years, the same drug cartels that have operated the cocaine industry have imported opium poppies, which grow well on the higher and more arid slopes of the Andes. Opium poppies are native to Asia but have been transported to South America. Opium is extracted from the seedpod and can be further refined into heroin. Colombian drug cartels, with a Mexican distribution network, have muscled into as much as 20 percent of the US heroin market. The US government has supported the Colombian government in the fight against the drug cartels and the trafficking of illegal drugs out of Colombia.", "Along with guerrilla attacks against economic targets, the drug trade has been a major factor in Colombia's economic difficulties. The black-market peso exchange used extensively by Colombian traffickers, through which drug proceeds in the United States are exchanged for trade goods that are smuggled into Colombia, has caused the contraband import industry to capture more than 25 percent of the country's retail market. Contraband trade goods financed largely by cocaine profits entering the Colombian marketplace were estimated to be as high as $1.7 billion in 1999; the value of Colombia's legal imports in 1999 was about $12 billion, according to the former Colombian trade minister.", "Escobar and his new partners came to be known as the Medellin cartel. The cartel divided up the U.S. market with its competitors from the Colombian city of Cali.", "The Oficina de Envigado is a crime syndicate originally founded by Pablo Escobar and later inherited by “ Don Berna ,” a paramilitary drug lord who was part of the vigilante group that helped kill Escobar. Following Don Berna’s extradition to the U.S., the fight over the leadership of the Oficina killed thousands and ended with Sebastian controlling most of the city.", "On July 7, 1995, the head of the Huallaga Front of the Peruvian Army, Gen. E.P. Alfredo Rodríguez, said that Shining Path was experiencing \"economic urgency\" because of the blows suffered in Colombia by the Cali Cartel. He warned that the majority of its cadre were in the Huallaga: \"Shining Path lives off its cut [from the narcos]; that's why they don't want to leave the area. Where does Shining Path hide? Wherever there is coca. They travel together. It is their main source of financing.... Shining Path handles 40-50% of all the drug trafficking activity in the area, for its share and for providing security.\"", "STEPHEN MURPHY: Pablo knew that he couldn't talk for more than three minutes without them pinpointing his location. To combat this, on numerous occasions he would ride around in a taxi with his radio telephone. And obviously, by the time the Colombian national police had pinpointed that location and responded troops, he may be five, ten miles down the road, but still talking on the telephone. On several occasions, they came very close to capturing Pablo Escobar.", "Roberto Escobar: I imagine they were concerned about many things. In the first place, because of the drug use within the U.S.; secondly, because of the money that was being brought into the country; and thirdly, because the business started involving politics, and that created problems for the U.S, Colombia and all the world – basically corruption, among other problems.", "The group later threatened and was believed to have killed many suspected Escobar associates. It also was considered responsible for destroying some of the drug cartel owner's properties.", "olombian police have arrested two relatives and several alleged associates of a prominent gang leader, Dario Antonio Usuga – known as Otoniel. Usuga – who leads the Urabenos criminal gang – is still at large. His cousin, Arley Usuga Torres, known as Zero Seven or Cop Killer, was arrested at a farm in north-western Colombia. He is accused of killing more than 20 police officers and is wanted in the United States for drug trafficking. At least eight other people were arrested at the operation in Uraba region. Weapons and more than US$3 million (£1.8 million) were seized in the raid, officials said. In a separate operation in the city of Medellin, Colombian police arrested Dario Usuga’s sister, Nini Johana Usuga. She is accused of drug trafficking", "One of the world's most notorious arms dealers, Viktor Bout, has been sentenced to 25 years to life by a New York court. Drawn in by an elaborate sting operation carried out by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bout had attempted to sell a vast arsenal of arms to men he thought represented the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).", "The activities of drug traffickers cause many problems. Drug lords resort to violence to settle scores with rivals and use bribes to obstruct the course of justice." ]	[ 2.841796875, 2.724609375, 2.6328125, 1.9833984375, 0.94921875, 0.70458984375, 0.045257568359375, -0.045166015625, -0.166015625, -0.185302734375, -0.321044921875, -0.8779296875, -1.150390625, -1.27734375, -1.380859375, -1.751953125, -2.4453125, -2.498046875, -2.8203125, -2.845703125, -3.181640625, -3.201171875, -3.90234375, -3.966796875, -4.01953125, -4.3359375, -5.75390625, -6.07421875, -6.49609375, -7.0625, -7.43359375, -7.51171875 ]
Which actress Sharon was murdered by Charles Manson?	[ "Actress Sharon Tate, seen her on her wedding day to film director Roman Polanski, was murdered by Charles Manson in California, 1969", "- Sharon Tate, 26, was murdered on August 9, 1969, by followers of Charles Manson in Los Angeles.", "*August 9 – Sharon Tate, 26, American actress, murdered by Charles Manson Family, wife of director Roman Polanski, The Fearless Vampire Killers, Valley of the Dolls", "Director Roman Polanski's 26 year-old pregnant wife/actress Sharon Tate was brutally murdered with four others in her Hollywood Hills home, by members of Charles Manson's 'Family.' The accused were convicted of the heinous crime in 1971 and ultimately sentenced to life in prison.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American convict and career criminal, most known for his participation in the Tate-LaBianca murders of the late 1960s. Manson had spent most of his adult life in prison, initially for offenses such as car theft, forgery and credit card fraud. He also worked some time as a pimp. In the late 1960s, he became the leader of a group known as \"The Family\", and masterminded several brutal murders, most notoriously that of movie actress Sharon Tate (wife of the Polish movie director Roman Polanski), who was eight and a half months pregnant at the time. He was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder in what came to be known as the \"Tate-La Bianca case\", named after the victims, although he was not accused of committing the murders in person.", "Charles Manson: Manson became one of the most notorious serial killers of all time by ordering his hippie followers, including young women, to kill for him. The Manson family butchered to death pregnant actress Sharon Tate (the wife of film director Roman Polanski), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, hairstylist Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent at the Tate/Polanski hillside Los Angeles home in August 1969. The day after that gruesome crime, the Manson family, under Charlie’s orders, struck again, killing supermarket executive Leo LaBianca and his wife Rosemary in their L.A. home. Manson and his follows were convicted of the killings in 1971; prosecutors proved Manson’s bizarre motive was to cause a race war through the crimes. Other deaths have also been attributed to Manson. While Manson got the death penalty, it was overturned and now 78, he’s serving a life sentence.", "More than four decades ago, the 1969 murder of pregnant actress Sharon Tate and four others in Los Angeles by Charles Manson and \"the family,\" as his followers were called, shocked the nation. The killings were part of a series of nine murders that took place over five weeks in California.", "Polanksi’s young wife, actress Sharon Tate and their unborn child, were murdered by cult leader Charles Manson's followers in the mid 1970s.", "Charles Manson and three women followers were convicted in Los Angeles of murder and conspiracy in the 1969 slayings of seven people, including actress Sharon Tate.", "FILE - In this Sept. 23, 1970 file photo, Barbara Hoyt, 19, former member of Charles Manson's hippie \"family\" arrives at court to testify as a prosecution witness in the Tate-La Bianca murder trial in Los Angeles. On Aug. 9, 1969, two naive 17-year-olds were launched on a path toward the most unlikely of friendships. That infamous night four young people under the sway of a charismatic career criminal slipped into a home in a neighborhood of Hollywood glitterati, then bludgeoned and stabbed rising young actress Sharon Tate, her friend and coffee heiress Abigail Folger, and two others. (AP Photo/Wally Fong, File)", "The book recounts and assesses the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of Charles Manson and his followers for the notorious 1969 murders of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, actress Sharon Tate, and several others. ", "1969 ï¿½ Followers led by Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate (wife of Roman Polanski), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent.", "In 1969, on August 8, Manson told Family members at Spahn Ranch, “now is the time for Helter Skelter.” That evening the family, under the direction of Manson, would commit the famous murder of Sharon Tate, leading to other murders over the two day period.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s.:163ï¿½4, 313 He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's objective.", "Followers of Charles Manson murder Sharon Tate, (who was eight months pregnant), and her friends: Folgers coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, and Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring at the home of Tate and her husband, Roman Polanski, in Los Angeles, California. Also killed was Steven Parent, leaving from a visit to the Polanskis' caretaker. More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims, except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered the property.", "1971 - Conviction / Charles Manson & Co. - January 25th, 1971: \"Charles Manson and three female followers were convicted in Los Angeles of murder and conspiracy in the 1969 slayings of seven people, including actress Sharon Tate.\"", "FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 20, 1970, Charles Manson follower Patricia Krenwinkel, center, is seen walking to court with Susan Atkins, left, and Leslie Van Houten, to appear for her role in the 1969 cult killings of seven people in Los Angeles, Calif. Krenwinkel , one of two surviving women followers of Charles Manson convicted in the notorious Sharon Tate killings, is facing a parole hearing Thursday, Jan. 20, 2011, after four decades behind bars. (AP Photo/George Brich, File)", "For the first time in years the evening news showed aerial views of the Bel Air estate where three of Manson's followers murdered five people, including the pregnant actress Sharon Tate, the night of Aug. 9, 1969.", "It has been more than four decades since the murder of Sharon Tate and four others at the Los Angeles home of Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski. The murders led to the arrest and trial of Charles Manson along with his followers, who physically committed the crimes.", "In November 1969, while in prison in connection with a car theft, Susan Atkins boasted to an inmate that she was responsible for the murder of Sharon Tate. This led to her arrest, along with the accomplices she named, Charles Manson, Charles \"Tex\" Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel and Linda Kasabian. Atkins also revealed that the murders of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, on the night after the Tate murders, were also committed by \"Family\" members, and she incriminated Leslie Van Houten as a participant in the second murder.", "Actress Sharon Tate was born on January 24, 1943, in Dallas. She had several key roles that led to her success on the small screen, particularly in the television series The Beverly Hillbillies. Her work in the film Eye of the Devil in 1965 was significant in Tate's life for two reasons: It was her first major role in a feature film, and it was shortly after making it that she met movie director Roman Polanski, who would eventually become her husband. On August 9, 1969, while eight and a half months pregnant with Polanski's child, Tate was murdered by a group run by Charles Manson.", "Sharon Marie Tate (January 24, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American film actress. During the 1960s she played small roles in television, before starting her film career. She appeared in several films that utilised her physical beauty, and after receiving positive reviews as a light comedienne was hailed as one of Hollywood's promising newcomers. Tate's celebrity status and role as a style icon of the \"Swinging Sixties\" increased after fashion magazines began featuring her as a model and cover girl. Married to the film director Roman Polanski, Tate was eight months pregnant when she was murdered in her Benedict Canyon home, along with four others, by followers of Charles M. Manson.", "Beausoleil was arrested on 6 August. Two days later Manson told the Family that Helter Skelter was to begin. The following night, 9 August, three members murdered Sharon Tate and four others. One of the killers, Susan Atkins, wrote \"Pig\" on the front door of the murder scene, 10050 Cielo Drive, in Tate's blood.", "The cult leader was first sentenced to death for the 1969 murders of movie star Sharon Tate, coffee heiress Abigail Folger and three others stabbed and shot to death at Tate's home in Los Angeles. The next night, two others were stabbed to death at their homes.", "Sharon Marie Tate was an American actress who married film director Roman Polanski. She appeared in Valley of the Dolls, in several other films and television programs. She was killed early in her career, and likely would’ve had a lengthy filmography had she not been brutally slain in one of America’s most heartless and widely-publicized […]", "Actress Sharon Tate is shown in this undated photo. Tate, who starred in television and film roles, was identified by police as one of five victims found slain in her Benedict Canyon estate Aug. 9, 1969 in California. (AP Photo)", "July 1969 - Gary Hinman is killed by Manson follower Bobby Beausoleil, accompanied by Manson Family members Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins. The murder is committed at the behest of Manson.", "For the remainder of her life she strongly campaigned against the parole of each of the Manson killers, and she worked closely with other victims of violent crime. On several occasions she confronted Charles Watson at parole hearings, explaining, \"I feel that Sharon has to be represented in that hearing room. If they're [the killers] pleading for their lives, then I have to be there representing her\". Addressing Watson directly, during her victim impact statement in 1984, she said, \"What mercy, Sir, did you show my daughter when she was begging for her life? What mercy did you show my daughter when she said 'give me two weeks to have my baby and then you can kill me'.... When will [Sharon] come up for parole? Will these seven victims and possibly more walk out of their graves if you get paroled? You cannot be trusted\". [1]", "In March of 1969, Manson went to the house where four of the five murdered people were staying. Charlie said he was looking for Melcher. Sharon’s houseguest sent him away in not too friendly terms, but not before he saw Sharon, who wondered what the \"creepy looking guy\" wanted.", "In March of 1969, Manson went to the house where four of the five murdered people were staying. Charlie said he was looking for Melcher. Sharon 's houseguest sent him away in not too friendly terms, but not before he saw Sharon, who wondered what the \"creepy looking guy\" wanted.", "Charles Manson is an American criminal who formed a commune called the Manson family in the late 60s who committed a series of murders [REUTERS]", "While Manson stood trial for the Tate-LaBianca murders in late July 1970, two people were murdered and one injured in an attack on a beach near Santa Barbara, California. A female member of the Family later referred to this incident as \" Maxwell's Silver Hammer \"." ]	[ 7.01171875, 6.6484375, 6.54296875, 6.30859375, 6.18359375, 5.49609375, 5.45703125, 5.3515625, 4.984375, 4.82421875, 4.56640625, 4.3515625, 4.3515625, 3.87890625, 3.8203125, 3.724609375, 3.71875, 3.59765625, 3.591796875, 3.369140625, 2.99609375, 2.978515625, 2.900390625, 1.1826171875, 0.6708984375, 0.2354736328125, -2.6953125, -2.744140625, -3.513671875, -3.529296875, -4.1328125, -4.24609375 ]
In which state was the 1999 massacre at Columbine High?	[ "The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and carbombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair committed suicide. ", "The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the state of Colorado. [1]", "Columbine High School shootings, massacre that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, leaving 15 dead, including the two students responsible for the attack. It was one of the deadliest school shooting incidents in American history.", "Here is some background information about the deaths of 13 people at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, on April 20, 1999.", "1999 - School Shooting / Littleton, Colorado - April 20th, 1999: \"Eric Harris, 18, and Dylan Klebold, 17, killed 12 fellow students and a teacher Apr. 20 at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO, then shot themselves fatally.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 557] Link: http://judicial-inc.biz/columbine_killers.htm", "From 11.21 am on April 20 1999 Littleton, Colorado was splashed across the world news headlines. Two crazed students armed with semi-automatic handguns and a pump action shotgun, embarked on a shooting spree, killing twelve students and a teacher at the Columbine High School.", "1999 - 13 people were killed at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO, when two teenagers opened fire on them with shotguns and pipebombs. The two gunmen then killed themselves.", "* April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.", "Colorado's history on gun rights has long been a source of friction in a state that was home to two of the most deadly mass shootings in U.S. history. A turning point came on July 20, 2012, when a gunman walked into a late-night show at a movie theater in Aurora, killing 12 people and leaving more than 70 injured. A few short months later, the wounds of the Columbine High School massacre of 1999 were reopened as victims watched families in Newtown, Conn., go through an all too familiar struggle.", "Since the shooting, \"Columbine\" or \"the Columbine incident\" has become a euphemism for a school shooting. Charles Andrew Williams, the Santana High School shooter, reportedly told his friends that he was going to \"pull a Columbine,\" though none of them took him seriously. Many foiled school shooting plots mentioned Columbine and the desire to \"outdo Harris and Klebold.\" Convicted students Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik of Pocatello High School in Idaho, who murdered their classmate Cassie Jo Stoddart, mentioned Harris and Klebold in their homemade videos, and were reportedly planning a \"Columbine-like\" shooting. ", "Columbine High School opened in the fall of 1973 with a capacity for 1,652 students. Columbine was named after the surrounding community of Columbine, which in turn was named after the state flower of Colorado: the columbine. The school's first principal was Gerald Difford. There was no senior class during the school's first year; its first graduating class was in 1975. The school colors were selected through a vote by students at Ken Caryl Junior High School and Bear Creek High School who would be the first students to attend Columbine High School when it opened in 1973.", "May 20, 1999 -- President Bill and first lady Hillary Clinton met with the Columbine victims and their families. A one-month anniversary memorial at Dakota Ridge High School was held and attended by 2,200 people. That same day a 15-year-old shot of six students in Conyers, Georgia, at Heritage High School.", "Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide.", "April 20, 1999 - At approximately 11:19am, two students, Dylan Klebold, 17, and Eric Harris, 18, carrying guns and bombs, open fire inside Columbine High School, killing 13 and wounding 23 others before killing themselves.", "On October 1, 2015, a mass shooting took place at Umpqua Community College , near Roseburg, Oregon , United States. [5] Christopher Harper-Mercer, a 26-year-old student, fatally shot nine people and injured nine others on the campus. [6] [7] He killed himself following a gun battle with responding police officers", "14 students (including killers) and one teacher killed, 23 others wounded at Columbine High School in the nation's deadliest school shooting. Eric Harris, 18, and Dylan Klebold, 17, had plotted for a year to kill at least 500 and blow up their school. At the end of their hour-long rampage, they turned their guns on themselves.", "October 20, 1999 -- Six month 'anniversary' of the shootings of April 20th. A quarter of the students at Columbine High miss school that day; another quarter go home early.", "December 16, 1999 -- Columbine High School was closed due to the previous day's threat, ending the semester two days earlier than it should have.", "August 16, 1999 -- Columbine High School, newly remodeled, reopened its doors four months after the shootings. 2,000 students showed up for class , shielded from the media by a long line of parents and teachers who lined the sidewalk that led to the school. Students attended a \"take back the school rally\" before classes began. After the rally, the American flag that had stood at half-mast since the shootings was raised and school started.", "In 1977, he attended the murder trial of Claudine Longet in Aspen, Colorado. The courthouse he sat in (the Pitkin County Courthouse) is the very same courtroom where infamous serial killer Ted Bundy was brought into to stand trial for murder several months later.", "On the morning of Tuesday, April 20, 1999, Harris and Klebold placed a small fire bomb in a field about three miles south of Columbine High School, and two miles south of the fire station. Set to explode at 11:14 a.m., the bomb was intended as a diversion to draw firefighters and emergency personnel away from the school (it partially detonated and caused a small fire, which was quickly extinguished by the fire department).", "May 22, 1999 -- Columbine High School Graduation day: Lauren Townsend and Isaiah Shoels would have graduated. Survivors Jeanna Park, Lisa Kreutz, and Valeen Schnurr received their diplomas.", "The school went through a major renovation in 1995, just four years before the massacre, adding a new library and cafeteria. After the shootings, Columbine completely demolished its library, located above the cafeteria, since it was the site where the majority of the deaths occurred. The site was then turned into a memorial ceiling and atrium; a new, larger library was built on the hill where the shooting began and dedicated to the memory of the victims. ", "In this case, the community decided they didn’t want to continue using the school where 20 children and 6 educators were murdered. I don’t find that particularly surprising. Columbine High School wasn’t torn down, but its library, where the majority of victims died, was walled off.", "June 3, 1999 -- Renovations began on Columbine High so classes could resume in August. Most of the work was done by volunteers.", "(Left to right) Jeanna Park, Valeen Schnurr, and Lisa Kreutz: All survived the Columbine shooting and went on to graduate from the school in May 1999.", "June 1, 1999 -- Students returned to Columbine to retrieve their things that were left behind during the attack.", "The massacre sparked renewed debate over gun control laws, high school cliques, subcultures and bullying. It resulted in an increased emphasis on school security with zero tolerance policies", "Early stories following the shootings charged that school administrators and teachers at Columbine had long condoned a climate of bullying by the so-called jocks or athletes, allowing an atmosphere of intimidation and resentment to fester. Critics said this could have contributed to triggering the perpetrators' extreme violence. Reportedly, homophobic remarks were directed at Klebold and Harris. ", "July 20, 1999 -- Columbine students and families returned to the school to decorate memorial tiles. No religious iconry is allowed, nor is anything that might be considered controversial, violent, or hateful as the tiles are to be displayed in the school.", "One author has strongly disputed the theory of \"revenge for bullying\" as a motivation for the actions of Harris and Klebold. David Cullen, author of the 2009 book Columbine, while acknowledging the pervasiveness of bullying in high schools including Columbine, has claimed that the two were not victims of bullying. Cullen said that Harris was more often the perpetrator than victim of bullying. ", "September 21, 2007 - The Columbine Memorial, adjacent to Columbine High School, is dedicated and opened to the public." ]	[ 9.4453125, 8.9296875, 6.71875, 3.56640625, 3.265625, 3.205078125, 3.1796875, 2.697265625, 1.341796875, 0.1141357421875, -0.1243896484375, -0.5654296875, -1.79296875, -2.509765625, -3.841796875, -4.1796875, -4.296875, -4.671875, -5.203125, -5.2265625, -5.40234375, -5.7734375, -6.09375, -6.21484375, -6.65625, -6.90234375, -6.921875, -6.9375, -7.6484375, -7.81640625, -7.94140625, -8.0390625 ]
Which saint's day saw a massacre in Chicago in 1929?	[ "February 14, 1929 - The St. Valentine's Day massacre occurred in Chicago as seven members of the Bugs Moran gang were gunned down by five of Al Capone 's mobsters posing as police.", "1929 – Saint Valentine's Day massacre: Seven people, six of them gangster rivals of Al Capone's gang, are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.", "February 14, 1929 – The Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago. Six men are lined against the wall and killed under orders from Al Capone as his Italian gang scuffled with an Irish gang of bootleggers headed by Bugs Moran. The violent act shook the nation, confirming the national feeling that authorities were powerless against the bootlegging gangs who seemed to running the country at their will.", "On February 14, 1929, the St. Valentine's Day Massacre takes place in a Chicago garage where seven rivals of Al Capone's gang are gunned down. (Happy Valentine's Day?)", "1929--the \"St. Valentine's Day Massacre\" took place in a Chicago garage as seven rivals of Al Capone's gang were gunned down.", "George “Bugs Moran” was a Chicago Prohibition-era gangster, and was Al Capone’s hated rival. On February 14, 1929, during an event that has become known as the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, seven members of Moran’s gang were gunned down in a garage.", "Around 10:30 a.m. on St. Valentine's Day, February 14, 1929, seven members of Bugs Moran's gang were gunned down in cold blood in a garage in Chicago. The massacre, orchestrated by Al Capone , shocked the nation by its brutality.", "A crowd outside the North Clark Street garage, owned by George \"Bugs\" Moran, where the St. Valentine's Day massacre took place on Feb. 14, 1929. Seven were murdered in conflict between gangs during Prohibition. Al Capone is believed to have orchestrated the event. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "Seven were gunned down in the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929, a hit believed ordered by Al Capone in an attempt to wipe out rival George \"Bugs\" Moran. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "Coroners jury at the inquest for the St. Valentine's Day massacre, February 19, 1929. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, (Feb. 14, 1929), mass murder of a group of unarmed bootlegging gang members in Chicago . The bloody incident dramatized the intense rivalry for control of the illegal liquor traffic during the Prohibition Era in the United States . Disguising themselves as policemen, members of the Al Capone gang entered a garage at 2122 North Clark Street run by members of the George “Bugs” Moran gang, lined their opponents up against a wall, and shot them in cold blood. The victims included gang members Adam Heyer, Frank Gusenberg, Pete Gusenberg, John May, Al Weinshank, and James Clark , as well as a visitor, Dr. Reinhardt H. Schwimmer.", "Chicago’s gang war reached its bloody climax in the so-called St. Valentine’s Day Massacre of 1929. One of Capone’s longtime enemies, the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran, ran his bootlegging operations out of a garage on the North Side of Chicago. On February 14, seven members of Moran’s operation were gunned down while standing lined up, facing the wall of the garage. Some 70 rounds of ammunition were fired. When police officers from Chicago’s 36th District arrived, they found one gang member, Frank Gusenberg, barely alive. In the few minutes before he died, they pressed him to reveal what had happened, but Gusenberg wouldn’t talk.", "During the prohibition era, Al Capone controlled Chicago's underworld with dozens of murders attributed to him and his gang, including the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929. — Chicago Tribune", "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.", "Jurors witness a reenactment of the St. Valentine's Day massacre of 1929 in this undated photo. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "To avoid bloody battles, O’Banion wanted peace with his rivals so he formed a deal with the South Side and other Chicago bootleggers to work out a system of territoires. After three years he became dissatisfied with the agreement and was shot dead by gunmen of rival mobsters, the Genna brothers whilst working in his flower shop. O’Banion’s death sparked the great gang war of the 1920s where the North and South sides fought for five years, culminating in the brutal killing of seven North side gang members in the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, 1929.", "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. [66] Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran . [67]", "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre was a turning point among the Chicago gangs of the 1920s. Watch this About.com video to learn about the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, an important historical event in the 20th century. Show transcript Hide transcript", "14 February - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters, rivals of Al Capone, are murdered in Chicago .", "18. Name the leader of the Chicago gangsters responsible for the St Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929?", "February 14 - Four unidentified men, two of them dressed as Chicago police officers, storm into a Chicago garage and murder seven members of the North Side Gang, (among them optometrist Rheinhart Schwimmer and mechanic John May). Their primary target, gang leader George \"Bugs\" Moran, is not there. However, the St. Valentines Day Massacre effectively ends the five-year gang war between The Chicago Outfit and the North Side Gang. ", "96. And finally, the token Valentines Day question…..The Saint Valentines Day Massacre took place in 1929 when 7 members of whose gang were murdered?", " 1929 –Thursday- Beloved by gangster film and TV movie makers, the “St. Valentine’s Day Massacre” occurred in", " The 1991 movie Oscar, starring Sylvester Stallone, includes a reference to the massacre as well. Stallone plays \"Snaps\" Provolone, a prominent gangster in Chicago in 1931. In a scene early in the movie, his accountant reminds him, \"You were in Chicago... It was Saint Valentine's Day,\" at which Stallone and one of his goons exchange a knowing smile and a chuckle.", "* In 2016, the Documentary Now! episode entitled, \"A Town, a Gangster, a Festival\" features a festival celebrating Al Capone. As part of a trivia contest, contestants are asked the year of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.", "1929 (Feb 12th) - The delicate peace in Chicago is broken when Agonal kills three important city figures. Mobster Hymie Weiss, reporter Jake Lingle, and District Attorney William McSwiggin are killed in separate violent episodes. That night, the Doctor hires Dekker to help him find the person responsible for these acts (Blood Harvest, this takes place a ï¿½few weeksï¿½ later, on p.114). (MG)", "[AA] 1917 - Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police whilst he and others are heckling a priest at an open-air meeting, precipitating a riot. His comrade Augusta Marinelli is wounded and dies five days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for inciting the riot. Whilst still in prison a bomb explodes in the police station on November 24 and the eleven are charged for the explosion. They are all found guilty and sentenced to between 11-25 years imprisonment.", "1937 - Carlo Rosselli (b. 1899), Italian non-Marxist Socialist, journalist, historian and anti-fascist activist, who founded the anti-fascist militant movement Giustizia e Libertà and fought for the the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, is assassinated alongside his brother Nello [see: Nov. 29] in the French resort town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne by a group of cagoulards, militants of the French Cagoule fascist group, probably on the orders of Mussolini. [see: Nov. 16]", "1933 – Giuseppe Zangara is executed in Florida’s electric chair for fatally shooting Anton Cermak in an assassination attempt against President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "1917-1980 - �scar Romero - Fourth Archbishop of San Salvador. Spoke out against poverty, social injustice, assassinations & torture. Assassinated while offering Mass.", "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994), also known as the Killer Clown, was a convicted American serial killer and rapist who sexually assaulted (likely raped, too) and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois.", "* 1917 – East St. Louis Riot, (St. Louis, Missouri & East St. Louis, Illinois, United States)" ]	[ 6.40625, 6.31640625, 6.19921875, 5.66796875, 5.3203125, 5.3046875, 5.20703125, 5.203125, 5.0234375, 4.9609375, 4.66796875, 4.6484375, 4.5546875, 4.54296875, 4.53515625, 4.53125, 4.23046875, 3.099609375, 2.7890625, 2.583984375, 2.505859375, 2.40234375, 1.9912109375, 0.80419921875, 0.0672607421875, -1.791015625, -7.5078125, -7.75390625, -8.125, -8.6328125, -9.15625, -9.2109375 ]
What was supposedly the profession of Sweeney Todd in London?	[ "Sweeney Todd was a young man who grew up in London near the Tower of London. He apprenticed as a barber—then a good job because there was no way for a man to shave himself at the time. He apparently served a prison term for theft and then spent several years operating as an independent, or flying, barber on the streets until he made enough money to open his own shop.", "In many versions of the Sweeney Todd story - including the 1973 Christopher Bond play - Sweeney Todd is identified as a barber-surgeon. In Bond's version, when Sweeney returns to London, he stages a public competition against another tradesman to see which of them could perform not only the best shave, but also the most deft tooth-extraction.", "The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked in Fleet Street in the 18th century, where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings. An urban myth example of a serial killer, the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid-19th century. Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film, the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical, and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical, all titled Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. ", "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 1979 musical thriller with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. The musical is based on the 1973 play Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Christopher Bond. Set in 19th century England, the musical details the return of barber Sweeney Todd to London after 15 years of exile, in order to take revenge on the corrupt judge who banished him, by conspiring with a local baker, Mrs. Lovett, who is in desperate need of fresh meat for her pies.", "Sweeney Todd, an unjustly exiled and imprisoned barber, returns home to Victorian London hungry for revenge. He takes up the tools of his trade again, this time using them to cut throats as well as hair. A neighborhood pie shop proprietress quickly becomes his partner in crime and business. She suggests making meat pies out of Sweeney's victims, and together the two of them carve out a niche for themselves in the market.", "In fairness, Lloyd’s artful co-opting of history has probably served Sweeney Todd quite well, leaving it usefully open to different interpretations. A 1926 silent movie (now lost) reportedly played it for laughs. The 1936 film (‘Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street’) features the great Tod Slaughter, wringing his hands and cackling ‘I’ll polish him off’, although bizarrely, the victims’ final destination is never explicitly mentioned: perhaps the filmmakers feared that Mrs Lovett’s pies would give the censors indigestion. A musical version first appeared in London in 1959, a ballet in 1960. And the London Dungeon wasn’t the first to provide a ‘Sweeney Todd Experience’; in the 1920s a wine merchant in Johnson’s Court, off Fleet Street, purported to be the site of Todd’s shop. Not content with infamy by association, the shop proudly displayed the ‘original’ barber’s chair, complete with mechanism for dropping customers into the basement.", "An infamous tale, Sweeney Todd, an unjustly exiled barber, returns to nineteenth century London, seeking vengeance against the lecherous judge who framed him and ravaged his young wife. The road to revenge leads Todd to Mrs. Lovett, a resourceful proprietress of a failing pie shop, above which, he opens a new barber practice. Mrs. Lovett's luck sharply shifts when Todd's thirst for blood inspires the integration of an ingredient into her meat pies that has the people of London lining up... and the carnage has only just begun!", "Thus began, according to one hypothesis, the infamous tale of Sweeney Todd, the demon barber whose homicidal activities at 186 Fleet Street have chilled and thrilled the hearts of Londoners for over 200 years. The historical Sweeney Todd, hanged for murder in 1801, may have been the most successful serial killer of all time, some accounts attributing 160 unfortunate customers to his victim list (Haining 96). Sweeney's saga has passed through so many retellings that what facts remain about this menace are enshrouded in layers of colorful exaggeration. One fact remains: the dark deeds of Sweeney Todd have crowned him the king of melodramatic villains.", "The History of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street - Time Out London - Time Out London", "Haining, Peter. Sweeney Todd: the Real Story of the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Barnes and Nobles, 1993.", "Attend the tale of Sweeney Todd : the iconic musical thriller which Sondheim called his “dark operetta,” staged in March 2014 to a sold-out crowd at Avery Fisher Hall, is the story of revenge on the part of a barber who was unjustly exiled by a lecherous judge in 19th century London. The judge sent the barber away on trumped up charges and ravaged his young wife.", "Sweeney Todd is based on the classic Stephen Sondheim musical from 1979, when Angela Lansbury starred as Mrs. Lovett and Len Cariou played the role of Sweeney Todd. Director Tim Burton has taken the musical and made it exactly what you would expect from a Burton film. It’s creepy in its blackened state, yet colorful once the blood begins to flow. Johnny Depp stars as the barber Benjamin Barker. Married and in love with his wife Lucy and their young child Johanna, he soon becomes the victim of the plot laid out be the evil Judge Turpin (Alan Rickman). Jealous of Barker’s family and his overall infatuation with Lucy, Turpin banishes Barker from London for 15 years of false imprisonment. As we all know, absence makes the heart grow fonder, and in the case of Barker it does a whole lot more.", "* Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (Christopher Bond), Theatre Royal Stratford East, Title role (Sweeney Todd), 1973.", "ACT I THE BALLAD OF SWEENEY TODD.........................................................................................................................Company NO PLACE LIKE LONDON........................................................................Anthony, Sweeney Todd, Beggar Woman THE BARBER AND HIS WIFE...........................................................................................................................Sweeney Todd THE WORST PIES IN LONDON...............................................................................................................................Mrs. Lovett POOR THING.....................................................................................................................................................................Mrs. Lovett MY FRIENDS....................................................................................................................................Sweeney Todd, Mrs. Lovett GREEN FINCH AND LINNET BIRD............................................................................................................................. Johanna AH, MISS...............................................................................................................................................Anthony, Beggar Woman JOHANNA............................................................................................................................................................................... Anthony PIRELLI’S MIRACLE ELIXIR.............................................................Tobias, Sweeney Todd, Mrs. Lovett, Company THE CONTEST.............................................................................................................................................................................. Pirelli WAIT......................................................................................................................................................................................Mrs. Lovett KISS ME................................................................................................................................................................ Johanna, Anthony LADIES IN THEIR SENSITIVITIES....................................................................................................................................Beadle QUARTET............................................................................................................ Johanna, Anthony, Beadle, Judge Turpin PRETTY WOMEN..................................................................................................................... Sweeney Todd, Judge Turpin EPIPHANY..................................................................................................................................................................Sweeney Todd A LITTLE PRIEST...........................................................................................................................Mrs. Lovett, Sweeney Todd There will be one 15-minute intermission. ACT II GOD, THAT’S GOOD!..........................................................................Tobias, Mrs. Lovett, Sweeney Todd, Company JOHANNA....................................................................................Anthony, Sweeney Todd, Johanna, Beggar Woman BY THE SEA.......................................................................................................................................................................Mrs. Lovett WIGMAKER SEQUENCE/THE LETTER...............................................................Sweeney Todd, Anthony, Quintet NOT WHILE I’M AROUND......................................................................................................................... Tobias, Mrs. Lovett PARLOUR SONGS........................................................................................................................................ Beadle, Mrs. Lovett CITY ON FIRE!................................................................................................................................................Johanna, Company FINAL SEQUENCE.........................................................Anthony, Beggar Woman, Sweeney Todd, Judge Turpin Mrs. Lovett, Johanna, Tobias THE BALLAD OF SWEENEY TODD.........................................................................................................................Company", "The doomed characters in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street can be taken to represent the seven deadly sins: Todd is Wrath, Mrs. Lovett Avarice, Judge Turpin Lust, Pirelli Pride, the Beadle Envy, and the citizenry of London generally Gluttony. Arguably, Toby could also represent Gluttony given his gin addiction.", "* Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), a film directed by Tim Burton, adapted from Sondheim's musical. It stars Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd, Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, and Ed Sanders as Toby. The film received two Golden Globe Awards – one for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical (Johnny Depp), and one for Best Picture, Comedy or Musical. The film was also nominated for three Academy Awards, winning for Art Direction.", "1973 - Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Christopher Bond opens at the Theatre Royal Stratford East. This version is seen by composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim, who recruits book writer Hugh Wheeler to collaborate with him on a musical treatment of Bond's play.", "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is an Academy Award nominated 2007 musical film adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler musical of the same name. The movie stars Johnny Depp in the title role, in his 6th collaboration with director Tim Burton. Helena Bonham Carter also stars as Mrs. Lovett.", "With music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a musical that never goes stale. It won eight Tony Awards when it debuted on Broadway in 1979. The following year, it opened in the West End. A 2007 film adaptation directed by Tim Burton earned an Academy Award and two Golden Globes.", "1979 - Sondheim and Wheeler's Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street opens at Broadway's Uris Theatre in a production directed by Harold Prince and starring Angela Lansbury and Len Cariou. The recipient of eight Tony Awards, Sweeney Todd is instantly recognized as a landmark in musical theater inspiring productions in both theater and opera companies around the world.", "‘Sweeney Todd’, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Maurice Hennessy and ‘The Ice Queen’ Barbara Kirwan", "During medieval times, barbers did a bit more than trimming the beard and telling the story of how they met Frank Sinatra, they also performed surgery on customers and did tooth extractions. Yes, you read it well, medieval barbers were also a surgeons and dentist. So, Sweeney Todd, does not seem so terrifying now, right?", "Sweeney Todd was born on October 26, 1756, in Brick Lane. The house in which the child first breathed the fetid air of the East London slums is not known, but it was probably near Spitalfields.", "A feature film adaptation of Sweeney Todd, jointly produced by DreamWorks and Warner Bros., was released on December 21, 2007. Tim Burton directed from a screenplay by John Logan. It stars Johnny Depp as Todd (Depp received an Oscar nomination and a Golden Globe Award for his performance), Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, Sacha Baron Cohen as Signor Pirelli, Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony Hope, Laura Michelle Kelly as The Beggar Woman, Jayne Wisener as Johanna, Ed Sanders as Toby, and Timothy Spall as Beadle Bamford. The film received high acclaim from critics and theatregoers and also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. ", "Armstrong won the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 1994 for his performance as Sweeney Todd in the 1993 London revival of the musical at the National Theatre. The play also won for Best Musical Revival and his co-star Julia McKenzie won Best Actress in a Musical.", "The citizens of London, acting as a Greek chorus to raise commentary throughout the play, drop a body bag into a shallow grave. Sweeney Todd rises forth (\"The Ballad of Sweeney Todd\"), and introduces the play, set some months before the burial.", "The Shaw Festival production is based on an adaptation by Christopher Bond who first staged the play based on Sweeney Todd in 1973 at London’s Theatre Royal Stratford East. When Sondheim saw Bond’s adaptation of the play, he understood the musical possibilities of the same. He envisioned a play that heightened the suspense of the story through music and that’s how the musical came into being. The Sondheim-Wheeler collaboration for Broadway in 1979 was directed by Harold Prince and won eight Tony awards.", "Yet the story of Sweeny Todd has never lost its popularity and this hideous creation and his foul deeds continue to shock and thrill in equal measure in television dramas and most recently in the film Sweeney Todd starring Johnny Depp. So what was the inspiration for this bloodthirsty tome and was there a real life counterpart upon whom the creators and developers of one of the most famous and long lasting Victorian melodramas based the character?", "It stars Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd and Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett. Depp, not known for his singing, took lessons in preparation for his role, which producer Richard D. Zanuck acknowledged was something of a gamble. However, Depp's vocal performance, despite being criticized as lacking certain musical qualities, was generally thought by critics to suit the part (see Music section below).", "Sondheim: Sweeney Todd [Original Cast Recording] - Original Cast Recording \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic", "Directed by Joseph Fowler with staging by Cressida Carre and designs by Jamie Todd. The cast featured Simeon Truby as (Sweeney Todd) and Natacza Boon (Mrs Lovett)", "The strangest thing about Sweeney Todd and Margery Lovett is that nothing is certain about them. We know that they were real people and that they certainly killed innocent people, but that’s about it. 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In 1990, Idaho and which other state celebrated the centenary of joining the Union?	[ "In the year 1990, Idaho and which other state celebrated the centenary of joining the Union?", "In the year 1990, Idaho and which other state celebrated the centenary of joining the Union?", "In Wyoming, Paul/John Etchepare's Warren Livestock Co. was the biggest sheep operation in the state for years. There are two concentrations of Basques, namely in Buffalo, to the north, and in Rock Springs, to the southwest. Like Idaho, Wyoming also celebrated the first centenary of its admission to the Union in 1990.", " Idaho is somewhat in the Northwest area of the United States of America. Its bordering states are: Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Montana.", "Idaho is a mostly mountainous state, with an area larger than all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the west coast of the continental United States.", "New State: Idaho is admitted to the Union as the 43rd state and Wyoming is admitted as the 44th state in the Union.", "In the late 19th century several new states were added to the union. West Virginia was admitted in 1863. Nevada followed in 1864. Nebraska was admitted in 1867. It was followed by Colorado in 1876. In 1889 four new states were admitted to the union, North and South Dakota, Montana and Washington. In 1890 Idaho and Wyoming were admitted. Utah followed in 1896.", "Utah ( or) is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of nearly 3 million (Census estimate for July 1, 2015), approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, centering on the state capital Salt Lake City. Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast.", "1890 - The Spud State, the Potato State, the Gem State are all synonymous with Idaho, which entered the United States of America on this day. The capital of the 43rd state is Boise. The official state bird is the mountain bluebird; the state flower is the syringa ... or lilac, to the non-botanists among us.", "Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "Idaho, known as the gem state has rugged slopes and towering peaks, a vast expanse of timberland, scenic lakes, wild rivers, cascades, and spectacular gorges. Originally suggested for Colorado, the name 'Idaho' was used for a steamship that traveled the Columbia River. The state's chief executive is a governor elected for a term of four years. The legislature consists of a 42-member senate and an 84-member house of representatives. The state bird is the mountain bluebird. Idaho is famous for its potatoes and the state legislature made the potato the state vegetable in 2002. Idaho s major industry is manufacturing. Electronic and computer equipment and processed foods are the major manufactured items. Cattle and dairy goods are among the leading agricultural products. Electronic and computer equipment and processed foods are the major manufactured items. Idaho became the 43rd state in 1890 and its capital is Boise.", "Idaho, as part of the Oregon Country, was claimed by both the United States and Great Britain until the United States gained undisputed jurisdiction in 1846. From 1843 to 1849, present-day Idaho was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon. When Oregon became a state, what is now Idaho was in what remained of the original Oregon Territory not part of the new state, and designated as the Washington Territory.", "Montana is located in the western United States and is known by the nicknames the Big Sky Country and the Treasure State . The state motto is Oro y Plata, which translates from Spanish to English as Gold and Silver. With 989,415 residents, Montana is ranked 44th in United States population, and its area of 147,042 square feet makes it the fourth largest state. Montana was the 41st state to join the Union, and that was on November 8, 1889. Its state capital is Helena, while the largest city is Billings. ", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Idaho's nickname is the \"Gem State\", because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found in any significant quantities, the other being India. Idaho is sometimes called the \"Potato State\" owing to its popular and widely distributed crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for \"Let it be forever\"). From Wikipedia", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. Known as the Treasure State, Montana was the 41st state admitted to the Union, preceded by South Dakota and followed by Washington.", "ew Mexico made its first bid to become a state in 1848, following the end of the Mexican-American War. At that time, New Mexico was on record opposing slavery, and a memorial to Congress which attended the request for the establishment of territorial recognition, included the desire for federal protection against the imposition of slavery. Additionally, an unratified constitution drafted in 1850, attempted, in conjunction with a bid for statehood, a regional codification of the ban on slavery in New Mexico. These actions had the effect of alienating the powerful southern voting bloc in Congress, resulting in New Mexicoâ€™s admission as a territory under the compromise of 1850. Under terms of the Compromise, California became a free state; New Mexico and Utah were admitted to the Union without restriction and the long-standing Texas New Mexico boundary dispute was resolved.", "Montana, nicknamed \"Big Sky Country,\" was admitted into the Union on November 8, 1889, becoming the Nation's 41st state. The reverse of Montana's quarter features a bison skull depicted above the diverse Montana landscape with the inscription \"Big Sky Country.\" The coin also bears the inscriptions \"Montana\" and \"1889.\"", " Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "Nampa, about west of downtown Boise, became the state's second largest city in the late 1990s, passing Pocatello and Idaho Falls. Nampa's population was under 29, 000 in 1990 and grew to over 81, 000 by 2010. Located between Nampa and Boise, Meridian also experienced high growth, from under 10 000 residents in 1990 to over 75 000 in 2010 and is now Idaho's third largest city. Growth of 5% or more over the same period has also been observed in Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Post Falls, and Twin Falls. ", "Tensions between the territory of Utah and the federal government continued until Wilford Woodruff, the new president of the Mormon church, issued his Manifesto in 1890, renouncing the traditional practice of polygamy and reducing the domination of the church over Utah communities. Six years later, the territory of Utah entered the Union as the 45th state.", "Wyoming celebrates Fiftieth Anniversary,and a commemorative stamp is issued. It displays a picture of the Great Seal of the State of Wyoming.", "On February 22, 1889, the United States Congress passed an act enabling the territories of Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana to seek statehood. This was the first enabling act passed by Congress since Colorado became the 38th state in 1876.", "North Idaho and southern Idaho are joined by just one road, U.S. Highway 95. This leads Idahoans who aren't from the Boise area to joke that Idaho has two state capitals, Spokane and Salt Lake City.", "I thought we commemorated the Idaho centennial a few years ago. How can it be the sesquicentennial already?", "According to the United States Census 2010, Idaho had a population of 1,567,582. The state's postal abbreviation is ID. Idaho's nickname is the Gem State because nearly every known gem has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India), and is the only place six pointed star garnets have been found. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for \"Let it be forever\").", "Since statehood, the Republican Party has usually been the dominant party in Idaho, as there was a polar shift in social and political stance between the two parties, when the Democrats became more liberal and the Republicans more conservative. At one time, Idaho had two Democratic parties, one being the mainstream and the other called the Anti-Mormon Democrats, lasting into the early 20th century. In the 1890s and early 1900s, the Populist Party enjoyed prominence while the Democratic Party maintained a brief dominance in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Since World War II, most statewide elected officials have been Republicans. The last time the Democratic Party held a majority in either house of the state legislature was the House of Representatives in 1958 by one seat. However, Democrats did hold the governorship from 1971 to 1995, despite the state's Republican tilt.", "1863-03-03: Idaho territory formed from parts of Washington and Dakota territories. Its first capital was Lewiston.", "The roots of who we are as a people and as a state lie in the territorial period. Take this opportunity to learn more about your local area’s history as well as the state’s history. Join your local historical society or the Idaho State Historical Society. Take an active role in preserving local sites or buildings of historical significance. Help to work with these historical organizations to see that collections of artifacts, photographs, and records relating to Idaho’s rich history are preserved for future generations by encouraging people to donate materials to historical repositories rather than tossing them into landfills or selling them at auction. Encourage heritage tourism and support initiatives of your local historic preservation commission. Impress upon your children and grandchildren that without knowledge of our history, a culture can easily lose its freedom.", "1) Archaeological evidence shows that humans have been present in the region of Idaho for many thousands of years and some of the oldest human artifacts in North America have been found near Twin Falls, Idaho (Wikipedia.org).", "From the interaction of its native inhabitants with its newer visitors and residents, including fur traders, gold miners, homesteaders, and cattlemen, to the development of its political systems, the state's rich heritage is captured here. By placing the opportunities and challenges of the last century--rural electrification, interstate highways, agricultural consolidation, ongoing dialogues among American Indians and non-Indians--in context, Miller contends that the state's citizens will be better able to forge its future in the new millennium." ]	[ 10.7890625, 10.7890625, 4.171875, 0.8251953125, 0.09698486328125, -0.06365966796875, -0.11444091796875, -0.187255859375, -0.76953125, -1.5546875, -1.6875, -2.412109375, -3.24609375, -3.71484375, -3.93359375, -3.982421875, -4.0625, -4.27734375, -4.359375, -4.8125, -4.88671875, -5.15625, -5.73828125, -5.828125, -5.9140625, -6.1875, -6.2734375, -6.9921875, -7.09765625, -7.6796875, -8.96875, -10.25 ]
What is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands?	[ "The island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles (1883.5 km²) and is the 17th largest island in the United States.[2] Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest island in Maui County. Three other islands, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai, also belong to Maui County. Together, the four islands are known as Maui Nui. In 2000, Maui had a population of 117,644, the third-largest of the Hawaiian islands, behind that of Oahu and Hawaii. Kahului is the largest town on the island with a population of 20,146. Wailuku is the seat of Maui County.", "The island of Maui (; Hawaiian:) is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the State of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Molokai, Lānai, and unpopulated Kahoolawe. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444, third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands, behind that of Oahu and Hawaii Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on the island with a population of 26,337 and is the commercial and financial hub of the island. Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP . Other significant places include Kīhei (including Wailea and Makena in the Kihei Town CDP, which is the second-most-populated CDP in Maui); Lahaina (including Kāanapali and Kapalua in the Lahaina Town CDP); Makawao; Pāia; Kula; Haikū; and Hāna.", "A beautiful island with lush foliage and many hidden waterfalls. Maui is famous for the former whaling port of Lahaina, the beautiful Hana coast and the majestic Haleakala crater. It is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands and is known as the \"Magic Isle.\" The island's special lei is the pink lokelani, which means \"rose of heaven.\"", "The capitol of Hawaii is Honolulu, on the island of Oahu. Oahu has the largest population of any of the Hawaiian islands, but it is not the largest island. The largest Hawaiian island is the Big Island of Hawaii, the second largest is Maui, and the third largest is Oahu. The other Hawaiian islands that tourists often visit are Kauai, Lanai, and Molokai. There are over a hundred other Hawaiian islands that are all too small for people to live on or tourists to visit.", "1778 – An expedition led by James Cook reached Maui, the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands.", "The inhabited islands of Hawaii are (west to east) Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (commonly known as the Big Island to avoid confusion). The islands other than Oahu, where over two-thirds of the population live, and where Honolulu is located, are also known as the \"Neighbor Islands,\" and residents often talk about the dichotomy between 'big-city' Oahu/Honolulu and the 'rural' Neighbor Islands. Note that the term 'Hawaiian' is never used within the state to refer to people who are merely residents, but is always used to refer to people who are specifically Native Hawaiian (descendants of the people who were already in the islands prior to European contact in 1778). Debate rages as to whether or not Native Hawaiians should be given all the same rights and entitlements as Native Americans and Alaskans; currently they are afforded some benefits but not others. Proper terms for non-indigenous residents of the state are:", "The eight largest islands of the Hawaiian group are Hawaii (4,035 sq mi/10,451 sq km), Maui (734 sq mi/1,901 sq km), Oahu (617 sq mi/1,598 sq km), Kauai (558 sq mi/1,445 sq km), Molokai (264 sq mi/684 sq km), Lanai (141 sq mi/365 sq km), Niihau (73 sq mi/189 sq km), and Kahoolawe (45 sq mi/117 sq km). The general coastline of the island chain is 750 mi (1,207 km); the tidal shoreline totals 1,052 mi (1,693 km). The state's geographic center is off Maui, at 20°15′ n, 156°20′ w.", "The Hawaiian islands are situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, west-south-west of United States. The main islands in the chain (originally called the Sandwich Islands) are known as Kauai, Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai and Hawaii. The northernmost part has a yearly uniform temperature of around 75 degrees Fahrenheit, a tropical climate, strong ocean breezes, rain forests and huge stretches of beach at the foot of mountains and volcanoes. These islands, located roughly halfway between Japan and United States, are a perfect military base, for both naval and air power.", "The Hawaiian archipelago is a string of islands and reefs, 3,300 kilometers long, that forms a broad arc in the mid-Pacific. The eight main islands of Hawaii–Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Kauai, Lanai, Molokai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe–contain more than 99 percent of the state’s land area and all but a handful of its people. The island of Hawaii, at 8,150 square kilometers, comprises nearly two-thirds of the state’s total area, and it is often referred to as simply the Big Island. The smallest of the eight, Kahoolawe, is 125 square kilometers and is uninhabited.", "The Pacific Ocean surrounds the Hawaiian archipelago. There are eight major and 124 minor islands, volcanic in origin, with a total land mass of 6,425 square miles (16,641 square kilometers). The eight major islands are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Hawaii. Honolulu, the capital, is located on Oahu, and is 6,200 kilometers southwest of San Francisco. The islands' topography includes such diverse features as active volcanos, grassy pastures, and endless stretches of beach.", "The eight main islands of Hawaii – Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Kauai, Lanai, Molokai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe – contain more than 99 percent of the state's land area and all but a handful of its people. The island of Hawaii, at 8,150 square kilometers, comprises nearly two-thirds of the state's total area, and it is often referred to as simply the Big Island. The smallest of the eight, Kahoolawe, is 125 square kilometers and is uninhabited.", "Hawai'i is the largest of the main eight Hawaiian Islands at more than twice the size of the other islands combined (the other islands, in order of size, are Maui, O'ahu, Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Lāna'i, Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe). Its nickname appropriately is The Big Island.", "Hawaii, 2,397 mi west-southwest of San Francisco, is a 1,523-mile chain of islets and eight main islands— Hawaii , Kahoolawe , Maui , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , and Niihau . The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, other than Midway , are administratively part of Hawaii.", "The majority of the Hawaiian Islands are uninhabited with Niʻihau being the westernmost island with a permanent population. All the islands west of Niʻihau—those categorized as the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands—are unpopulated and recently incorporated into the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The island of Oʻahu has 953,207 residents (about 70% of the state's population), and the island of Hawaiʻi is by far the largest island with an area of 4,028 mi² (10,432 km²)—62.7% of the state's land area. The islands were first settled as early as AD 300 by Polynesian long-distance navigators. British captain James Cook was the first European to land on the islands in January 1778. The islands, which were governed independently up until 1898 were then annexed by the United States as a territory from 1898–1959. On August 21, 1959, they were collectively admitted as the 50th state.", "The eight main Hawaiian islands comprise the tops of one or more shield volcanoes (those that form from quiet lava flows rather than explosions), which rise from the floor of the Pacific Ocean. The largest island, Hawaii (often called the Big Island), is formed from five volcanoes: Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai, Kohala, and Kilauea. Both Mauna Loa and Kilauea are active. Maui is made up of two shield volcanoes and a central plain, the isthmus. The larger of the volcanoes is Haleakala; the smaller is the more heavily eroded West Maui Mt., the highest peak of which is Puu Kukui (1764 m /5788 ft). Oahu has two heavily eroded shield volcanoes, which form the Koolau and Waianae mountain ranges. Between the two ranges lies a central plateau, on which many crops are planted. Honolulu lies on a coral plain at the SE end of the island. Prominent features of Oahu's landscape are Diamond Head and Punchbowl, both tuff cones--volcanic features caused by explosive ash eruptions.", "(ōä`ho͞o), island (1990 pop. 836,231), 593 sq mi (1,536 sq km), third largest and chief island of Hawaii, part of Honolulu co., between Molokai and Kauai. Oahu is composed of two parallel mountain ranges (Waianae and Koolau) that are separated by a rolling plain dissected by deep gorges. Mt. Kaala (4,040 ft/1,231 m) is the island's highest peak. Oahu has no active volcanoes, but there are many extinct craters, among them Diamond Head Diamond Head,", "The state is divided into five principal counties: Hawaii, including the island of Hawaii; Maui, embracing the islands of Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai; Honolulu, coextensive with the city of Honolulu and covering all of Oahu and the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, from Nihoa to Kure Atoll; Kauai, including the islands of Kauai and Niihau; and Kalawao on Molokai. Kalawao is represented in the state legislature as part of Maui County.", "The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1500 mi from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the \"Sandwich Islands\", a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, Hawaii Island.", "Oahu is by far the most popular destination among tourists, attracting nearly twice as many visitors as Maui each year. It is the third largest Hawaiian island, with 597 square miles. It is also the most populated, and home to the capital, Honolulu. Must-sees during your stay include Waikiki and Pearl Harbor.", "The Maui is an island located in the State of Hawaii in the United States Native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the island's name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. According to that legend, Hawaiʻiloa named the island of Maui after his son, who in turn was named for the demigod Māui. Polynesians, from Tahiti and the Marquesas, were the original peoples to populate Maui. The Tahitians introduced the kapu system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became the core of Hawaiian culture. The missionaries taught reading and writing, created the 12-letter Hawaiian alphabet, started a printing press in Lahaina, and began writing the islands' history, which until then was transmitted orally. Maui is a leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands due to Humpback whales wintering in the sheltered Channel between the islands of Maui County. The whales migrate approximately 3,500 miles (5,600 km) from Alaskan waters each autumn and spend the winter months mating and birthing in the warm waters off Maui, with most leaving by the end of April. Maui is a well-known destination for windsurfing. Kanaha Beach Park is a very well-known windsurfing spot and may have stand-up paddle boarders or surfers if there are waves and no wind.", "Hawaii ( or;), is the largest island located in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of , it is larger than all of the other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. The island of Hawaii is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand.", "The Hawaiian Islands continue to form this way, with a hot spot remaining relatively stable while the Pacific tectonic plate moves northwest. There are 137 Hawaiian islands, reef s and atoll s, stretching from Kure and Midway in the west to the \"Big Island\" of Hawaii in the east. The Big Island is still being formed by the active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The island arc will grow as Loihi, a seamount southeast of the Big Island, eventually punctures the ocean surface as Hawaii's youngest island.", "Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia. Hawaii's natural and diverse scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.", "Molokai volcanic island, Maui county, Hawaii, U.S. It lies east of Oahu across the Kaiwi Channel and northwest of Maui across the Pailolo Channel. Molokai occupies 261 square miles (676 square km) and is about 38 miles (61 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide...", "I can imagine the look of pure shock on your face when I tell you that the island nicknamed \"Big Island\" is the largest of the Hawaiian islands. Otherwise simply called...", "A sparsely populated island, near the island of Maui, that can be reached by boat as well as a small, rough airstrip. It is also known as the \"Friendly Isle.\" The main crops grown are sugar cane, pineapple and watermelons. The Kalaupapa National Historical Park, the site of the historical Hansen's Disease (leprosy) colony, can be visited by mule rides. The island's special lei is the kukui, or candlenut, whose leaves, white flowers and nuts can all be used to make the lei.", "Aa channel flow from Mauna Loa.jpg\|66. Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaiii is the most voluminous mountain on Earth.", "Ka Lae on the Big Island of Hawaii is the southernmost point in the United States.", "The state of Hawaii counts 137 \"islands\" in the Hawaiian chain. This number includes all minor islands and islets offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:", "Location. The populated Hawaiian Islands are located Between 15° and 20° N and 160° and 155° W. The climate is temperate tropical, and weathered volcanic features dominate the terrain. Rainfall and soil fertility may vary significantly between the windward and leeward sides of the islands.", "[17] . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . ^ ", "Kiritimati Atoll coral island in the Northern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It is the largest island of purely coral formation in the world, having a circumference of about 100 miles (160 km). Kiritimati Atoll was sighted on Christmas..." ]	[ 8.53125, 7.4140625, 7.25, 6.76953125, 6.3828125, 3.697265625, 3.185546875, 2.978515625, 2.40234375, 2.376953125, 2.36328125, 2.283203125, 1.91796875, 1.703125, 1.6513671875, 1.0068359375, 0.98291015625, 0.59521484375, 0.498046875, 0.369140625, 0.293212890625, 0.1544189453125, -1.3486328125, -1.5654296875, -1.962890625, -4.01171875, -4.0234375, -4.91015625, -5.26953125, -5.4765625, -5.85546875, -6.5859375 ]
Who founded the New York City ballet in 1928?	[ "New York City Ballet at New York State Theater in Lincoln Center, 155 W 65th St (at Broadway). Founded by George Balanchine, the New York City Ballet is among the world's best dance companies. Their performances of the The Nutcracker, during the holiday season, are enormously popular.", "New York City Ballet is one of the foremost dance companies in the world with an unparalleled repertory. Established in 1948 by George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein, the Company quickly became known for pure neo-classicism. In 1949, Jerome Robbins joined as associate artistic director and, with Balanchine and guests, created a varied repertory that grew each season. Balanchine created a company of dancers known for their speed and musicality. In 1964 NYCB moved to its current home at Lincoln Center where it grew into one of the world’s greatest dance companies. Widely acknowledged for its enduring contributions to dance, NYCB is committed to promoting creative excellence.", "New York City Ballet was the idea of Lincoln Kirstein . He envisioned an American ballet where young native dancers could be trained and schooled under the guidance of the world's greatest ballet masters to perform a new, modern repertory, rather than relying on touring groups of imported artists performing for American audiences.", "New York City Ballet (NYCB) is a ballet company founded in 1948 by choreographer George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein. Léon Barzin was the company's first music director. Balanchine and Jerome Robbins are considered the founding choreographers of the company. City Ballet grew out of earlier troupes: the Producing Company of the School of American Ballet, 1934; the American Ballet, 1935, and Ballet Caravan, 1936, which merged into American Ballet Caravan, 1941; and directly from the Ballet Society, 1946.", "Born on January 22, 1904, in St. Petersburg, Russia, George Balanchine studied ballet and music in Russia before making his way to America. He gained notoriety as a young choreographer and co-founded the American Ballet. Balanchine was the co-founder, artistic director and chief choreographer of the New York City Ballet, and nearly every ballet company in the world has performed his work. He died in New York City in 1983.", "George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein shaped the history of 20th-century dance. Under the direction of Peter Martins, New York City Ballet remains dedicated to the preservation of Balanchine's ideals.", "George Balanchine (1904-1983), was born Balanchivadze, and was a noted ballet master and choreographer. He was considered the most influential and finest choreographer of the twentieth century. Balanchine was the cofounder and artistic director of the New York City Ballet Company, worked for the New York Metropolitan Opera, created more than 200 ballets, and choreographed several Broadway musicals and movies. He also wrote a book about 101 ballet stories.", "The original purpose of the ballet in Russia was to entertain the imperial court. The first ballet company was the Imperial School of Ballet in St. Petersburg in the 1740s. The Ballets Russes was a ballet company founded in the 1909 by Sergey Diaghilev, an enormously important figure in the Russian ballet scene. Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes' travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide. The headquarters of his ballet company was located in Paris, France. A protégé of Diaghilev, George Balanchine, founded the New York City Ballet Company in 1948.", "The development of ballet in the United States has been no less dramatic. Although the country has no national ballet, its leading companies stand comparison with the principal national companies of Europe. The most important of these are the New York City Ballet and American Ballet Theatre , founded respectively in 1934 (as the American Ballet Company; the name was changed in 1948) and 1939 (as Ballet Theatre; the name was changed in 1957). The significance of the former lies in its being the repository of the vast repertoire that George Balanchine —in his younger days one of Diaghilev’s choreographers—created over a lifetime of incredible creativity; he died in 1983.", "George Balanchine is often credited as the man who brought ballet to America. He was convinced by a man named Lincoln Kirstein to come to America from Europe when the Ballet Russes had ended after Diaghilev’s death. Balanchine agreed and together they formed the School of American Ballet in New York City in 1934. Its aim was to preserve the classical dance. Balachine would later run the New York City Ballet which began in 1948. The American Ballet Theater also began in 1940.", "And, as they say, the rest is history. In 1948, Balanchine invited the 30-year-old Jerome Robbins to join the nascent company as Assistant Artistic Director. After performing at the City Center for Music and Drama, the Company now performs for 23 weeks of the year in the magnificent $30 million, Philip Johnson-designed New York State Theater (now the David H. Koch Theater), built by the City and State of New York. New York City Ballet opened the theater on April 24, 1964, and has since been its resident ballet company. The Saratoga Performing Arts Center has been New York City Ballet's permanent annual summer home since 1966.", "The ballet was first shown in the United States on 11 April 1930, when Massine's 1920 version was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra in Philadelphia under Leopold Stokowski, with Martha Graham dancing the role of the Chosen One. The production moved to New York, where Massine was relieved to find the audiences receptive, a sign, he thought, that New Yorkers were finally beginning to take ballet seriously.Johnson, pp. 233–34 The first American-designed production, in 1937, was that of the Modern Dance exponent Lester Horton, whose version replaced the original pagan Russian setting with a Wild West background and the use of Native American dances.", "Arthur Mitchell, a former dancer with the New York City Ballet, established Dance Theatre of Harlem as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school.", "..... Click the link for more information. and Edward Warburg founded the American Ballet company in 1934. Under the direction of George Balanchine, its chief choreographer, the company established the first major school of ballet in the country, developed the talents of many notable American dancers (including Maria Tallchief Tallchief, Maria,", "Sadler's Wells reopened in 1931 and the Vic-Wells Ballet and Vic-Wells Ballet School were established in premises at the theatre. These would become the predecessors of today's Royal Ballet, Birmingham Royal Ballet and Royal Ballet School. Prior to her return to Britain, Ninette de Valois had been a member of the Ballets Russes, one of the most renowned and influential ballet companies of the 20th century. The company disbanded in 1929 following the death of its founder Serge Diaghilev. When de Valois formed the Vic-Wells Ballet, she employed some of the company's former stars, including Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin, who joined as Principal dancers, and Tamara Karsavina, who worked with the company as an advisor. The Founder Musical Director was the conductor and composer Constant Lambert who had considerable artistic as well as musical influence over the early years of the company.Vaughan D. Frederick Ashton and his Ballets. A & C Black Ltd, London, 1977.", "1933 - Adolf Bolm founds the San Francisco Opera Ballet the oldest professional company in America today", "Originally conceived by impresario Sergei Diaghilev, the Ballets Russes is widely regarded as the most influential ballet company of the 20th century, in part because it promoted ground-breaking artistic collaborations among young choreographers, composers, designers, and dancers, all at the forefront of their several fields. Diaghilev commissioned works from composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, and Sergei Prokofiev, artists such as Vasily Kandinsky, Alexandre Benois, Pablo Picasso, and Henri Matisse, and costume designers Léon Bakst and Coco Chanel.", "Jerome Robbins was the foremost American choreographer. A classically trained dancer, he fused prototypical ballet with modern dance and created some of the most memorable Broadway routines including \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", and \"Fiddler on the Roof\". He also found success in the ballet, including a partnership with the world reknowned Russian choreographer George Balanchine at the New York City Opera. Born into an immigrant Jewish family with an eccentric mother and closed off father, he was much beloved by friends, but masked his insecurities, and was known as being extremely demanding in his work, often at the cost of friendships and collaborators. With interviews from friends, colleagues, and critics including Rita Moreno, Arthur Laurents, Mikhail Baryshnikov, and Stephen Sondheim, \"Jerome Robbins: Something to Dance\" provides a loving portrait of a difficult and unyielding man, while displaying some of his ingenious and innovative work.", "In 1930 Marie Rambert founded the Ballet Club, the first permanent ballet school and company in England. A year later Ninette de Valois established what became the Sadler's Wells Ballet (now the Royal Ballet ). This company has drawn international attention to the work of Alicia Markova , Anton Dolin , Frederick Ashton , Margot Fonteyn , Robert Helpmann , Rudolf Nureyev, Antoinette Sibley, Svetlana Beriosova, and Anthony Dowell. Nureyev, both a choreographer and a dancer, was instrumental in moving beyond the changes wrought by Nijinsky and altering the traditional supportive role of the male dancer to a far more significant, dynamic, and athletic place in the ballet; many other contemporary choreographers have similarly given their male dancers a more flamboyant showcase.", "1937 - Mikhail Mordkin founds Mikhail Mordkin Ballet (the beginning of American Ballet Theater) with Lucia Chase as dancer", "When the BT, (known since 1956 as the American Ballet Theatre or ABT), became more stable again Tudor and some of the dancers returned to it, but some remained with the NYCB. From here the two companies went their different ways. The NYCB presented entirely new pieces or reconditioned old ones, where the ABT presented a balance of classics and contemporary ballets. The ABT also counted on big names like Eric Bruhn, (1928-1986), and Rudolf Nureyev to bring in audiences.", "..... Click the link for more information. , and many others. Through numerous tours both the New York City Ballet and the American Ballet Theatre have earned international reputations of a high order. Other American companies of note include the Joffrey Ballet (founded 1956) and the Dance Theatre of Harlem Dance Theatre of Harlem,", "In 1931, with the help from financier Serge Denham, René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil formed the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.Amanda. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/ballets-russes/2005/07/16/1121455937588.html \"Ballets Russes\"], The Age (17 July 2005) One the new company's board members was American businessman Jim Thompson.", "The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was founded in 1932 by Rene Blum and Col. Wassily de Basil. This company was known for its presentation of the “Baby Ballerinas”: Irina Baranova, Tamara Toumanova, and Tatiana Riabouchinska. In 1935, Blum severed his connection with de Basil and a legal struggle ensued. During this time, the company appeared under several different names. Having lost the rights to the ‘Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo’ name to Blum, de Basil changed the name of his company to the Original Ballet Russe and maintained touring in the United States, South America, and Australia. He died in 1951 and his dancers were disbanded soon after. Following the lawsuit, Blum retained choreographer Leon Massine. In 1937, Sergei J Denham and other investors bought Blum’s company. At the advent of World War II, the company was based primarily out of the United States. The company disbanded in 1962.", "On May 19, 1909, Sergei Diaghilev founded the Ballet Russe and launched his career as a ballet impresario. The roster included legendary artists such as Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinski, and Tamara Karsavina. Featuring two gifted choreographers, Mikhail Fokine and George Balanchine, the company shocked Western Europe with the force, color, skill, and originality of Russian dancing and continued to do so until disbanding following Diaghilev’s death in 1929.", "The most famous Paris dance company was the Ballets Russes, Founded by Sergei Diaghilev in 1909. The company performed in Paris and internationally until Diaghilev's death in 1929. The set designers included Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Joan Miró, and Salvador Dalí. It's choreographers included Bronislava Nijinska (1891-1972), the younger sister of the star dancer Vaslav Nijinsky, and a young George Balanchine (1904-1983). In 1924, Balanchine, then a dancer, fled a Soviet dance company on tour in the Weimar Republic and came to Paris, where Diaghilev hired him as a choreographer. The most famous production was the 1924 ballet Le Train Bleu with a story by Cocteau, music by Darius Milhaud, costumes by Coco Chanel and a curtain painted by Picasso.", "In 1909 the celebrated impresario Sergei Diaghilev took his Russian company to Paris, and for 20 years it dominated the world of dance, displaying the creative talents of such choreographers and dancers as Michel Fokine , Léonide Massine , Vaslav Nijinsky , Bronislava Nijinska , Anna Pavlova , and George Balanchine . The brilliant performances by Nijinsky also helped to reemphasize the importance of the male dancer. After Diaghilev's death in 1929, offshoots were formed by René Blum and Col. W. de Basil, which kept the Diaghilev tradition alive during the 1930s. The company merged with Blum and de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, which nurtured the talents of Alexandra Danilova , André Eglevsky , and Igor Youskevitch .", "was in New York. They opened on January 17, 1916 with The Firebird , La Princesse Enchantée , Le Soleil de Nuit and Schéhérezade . The American public, except those who travelled abroad, had never seen Russian ballet before. After that performance they toured sixteen towns, dancing in a different place each evening. The tour wound up back in New York on April 3, 1916, at the Metropolitan Opera House. ", "Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. It was premièred in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on June 13, 1911 under conductor Pierre Monteux, with choreography by Mikhail Fokine and sets by Alexandre Benois. The title role was danced by Vaslav Nijinsky.", "Russian-born French dancer, choreographer, and ballet master (1929–45, 1947–58) of the Paris Opéra Ballet who enriched its repertoire, reestablished its reputation as a leading ballet company, and enhanced the position of male dancers in a company long dominated by ballerinas. Lifar was introduced to dance in 1920 by Bronislava Nijinska, under whom...", "Nijinsky attended the St. Petersburg Theatrical School until 1907, at which time he was accepted as a soloist at the Mariinskii Theater. He was dismissed by the theater in 1911. From 1909 to 1913 and again in 1916 and 1917, Nijinsky was a principal dancer and choreographer with the Russian Seasons and the ballet company organized by S. P. Diaghilev.", "The Mariinsky Ballet is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in the 18th century and originally known as the Imperial Russian Ballet, the Mariinsky Ballet is one of the world's leading ballet companies. Internationally, the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet. The Mariinsky Ballet is the parent company of the Vaganova Ballet Academy, a leading international ballet school." ]	[ 5.39453125, 3.669921875, 3.630859375, 2.240234375, 1.06640625, -0.0266265869140625, -0.63916015625, -0.68359375, -0.88232421875, -0.89892578125, -1.662109375, -1.9560546875, -2.349609375, -2.6875, -3.00390625, -3.40234375, -3.48828125, -3.560546875, -3.58984375, -3.62890625, -3.791015625, -3.888671875, -4.16015625, -4.5234375, -4.6015625, -6.48828125, -7.43359375, -7.62109375, -7.82421875, -8.1953125, -8.734375, -9.4765625 ]
Whose Complete Guide To Running is credited with beginning the craze for jogging?	[ "James Fuller \"Jim\" Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was an American who authored the 1977 best-selling book The Complete Book of Running. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age. His genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.", "Jim Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was the author of the 1977 best-selling book, The Complete Book of Running, which sold over a million copies. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging.", "Jim Fixx , author of The Complete Book Of Running and credited with igniting America's zeal for jogging in the 70s died in 1984. He was 52. Fixx died of a heart attack during his daily run.", "It was 31 years ago today, during a training run. Running pioneer James F. Fixx, author of the wildly successful The Complete Book of Running, keeled over dead of cardiac arrest. He died with his 'boots' on, and not from running but from a bad heart. It's a good bet that his running added years to his life in addition to adding life to his years. I've just pulled my hardbound copy of The Complete Book of Running from the shelf. It's a first edition, 1977, in good condition with dust jacket. I read it when it first came out. Do I hear $1000? Just kidding, it's not for sale. This book and the books of that other pioneer, George Sheehan, certainly made a difference in my life.", "During a trip to New Zealand in 1962, Bowerman was introduced to the concept of jogging as a fitness routine, including people of an advanced age, through a jogging club organized by his friend and coaching colleague Arthur Lydiard. Bowerman brought this concept back to the United States, and began to write articles and books about jogging. He also created a jogging program in Eugene that became a national model for fitness programs. A Jogger’s Manual, a three-page guide, was published shortly after Bowerman returned from New Zealand. In 1966, along with cardiologist W.E. Harris, Bowerman published a 90-page book titled Jogging. The book sold over a million copies and was credited with igniting the jogging phenomenon in the United States. The new crop of older athletic people contributed to the evolution of the sport of track and field to create a new division for these masters athletes. Due to the popularity of Jogging, Harris and Bowerman published a 127-page book in 1967.", "Fixx started running in 1967 at age 35. He weighed 240 pounds (108.8 kilograms) and smoked two packs of cigarettes per day. Ten years later, when his book, The Complete Book of Running (which spent 11 weeks at No. 1 on the best-seller list) was published, he was 60 pounds lighter and smoke-free.", "One of the athletes covered was runner Christopher Chataway, the employee at Guinness who recommended them to Sir Hugh Beaver. After an interview in which the Guinness directors enjoyed testing the twins' knowledge of records and unusual facts, the brothers agreed to start work on the book that became The Guinness Book of Records in 1954. In August 1955, the first slim green volume – 198 pages long – was at the bookstalls, and in four more months it was Britain's No. 1 nonfiction best-seller.", "Nurmi introduced the \"even pace\" strategy to running, pacing himself with a stopwatch and spreading his energy uniformly over the race. He reasoned that \"when you race against time, you don't have to sprint. Others can't hold the pace if it is steady and hard all through to the tape.\" Archie Macpherson stated that \"with the stopwatch always in his hand, he elevated athletics to a new plane of intelligent application of effort and was the harbinger of the modern scientifically prepared athlete.\" Nurmi was considered a pioneer also in regards to training; he developed a systematic all-year-round training program that included both long-distance work and interval running. Peter Lovesey wrote in The Kings of Distance: A Study of Five Great Runners that Nurmi \"accelerated the progress of world records; developed and actually came to personify the analytic approach to running; and he was a profound influence not only in Finland, but throughout the world of athletics. Nurmi, his style, technique and tactics were held to be infallible, and really seemed so, as successive imitators in Finland steadily improved the records.\" Cordner Nelson, founder of Track & Field News, credited Nurmi for popularizing running as a spectator sport: \"His imprint on the track world was greater than any man’s before or after. He, more than any man, raised track to the glory of a major sport in the eyes of international fans, and they honored him as one of the truly great athletes of all sports.", "Typical of the fascinating historical information provided by the author is that largely overlooked in Sir Montague Shearman's classic work, Athletics and Football (first published in 1887) is a footnote referring to his taking part in 100 yard hurdles races at Eton as early as 1837 and that steeplechasing began at that public school in 1845. Coming to more modern times, Bond's review of a 1983 biography of Alan Turing mentions that the brilliant mathematician considered to be the father of the modern computer was also fifth in the 1947 AAA marathon in 2:46:03, but a hip injury put paid to his chances of being selected for the Olympics the following year.", "On May 6, 1954, great Britain’s Roger Bannister answered the questions by running the first sub-4:00 miles, finishing in 3:59.4 while assisted by a pair of pacemakers. Bannister, then a medical student, developed his own training methods – featuring relatively short, intense workouts – that carried him through on a windy day. Bannister ran lap times of 57.5, 60.7, 62.3 and 58.9 seconds. He was timed in 3:43.0 through 1500 meters.", "One hundred and one years ago, marathon running reached unprecedented heights of popularity in New York, where the world’s top men raced each other on a tiny indoor track enveloped in choking cigar smoke. In the wake of the 1908 London Olympics, many top distance runners turned professional and headed for the Big Apple, where shrewd Irish-American promoter Pat Powers was arranging marathon matches in front of huge crowds. There was big money to be made, and the leading amateurs had tired of their world of meager payments in clandestine brown envelopes. Integrity be damned, they wanted a slice of the new action!", "The current London Marathon was founded in 1981 by former Olympic champion and journalist Chris Brasher and athlete John Disley. Shortly after completing the New York City Marathon in November 1979 Brasher wrote an article for The Observer newspaper which began:", "March 23, 1929 — Roger Bannister, first to run a mile in less than four minutes, born.", "Chariots of Fire started with the working title of Runners, as the story of Eric Liddell, the devout and principled Church of Scotland preacher who won the Olympic 400 meters at Paris in 1924. A 2012 feature in Runner’s World told how producer David Puttnam had come across Liddell’s story while ill in the home of a sailing friend on the Pacific Palisades, reading a history of the Olympic Games because it was the only non-sailing book in the house.", "Rev: Commemorative design marking the fiftieth anniversary of the first four-minute mile by Roger Bannister . Legs of a runner with a stopwatch showing just under four minutes. 50 PENCE below. Designed by James Butler.", "The world mark reached 10-flat courtesy of West Germany’s Armin Hary in 1960. Nine different runners ran 10-second races during the next eight years, including Bob Hayes’ gold medal performance in the 1964 Olympics, which was electrically timed at 10.06 seconds but recorded at 10.0 for record purposes (the other eight runners were: Harry Jerome, Horacio Esteves, Jim Hines, Enrique Figuerola, Paul Nash, Oliver Ford, Charlie Greene and Roger Bambuck).", "Runners have come tantalisingly close to finishing the 26 miles and 375 yards in under two hours — but none has yet done so. Focusing on Kenyan athlete Geoffrey Mutai, Caesar ’s book is an engaging study of the extremes of obsession and the limits of physiology.", "The acme of the modern distance runner was Czech Zatopek, whose dominance and popularity was such that entire crowds would chant his name. His grimacing, head-rolling running style became famous, never more so than the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, where he topped off the 5000 and 10,000m golds with his first marathon a couple of days later – and won. Zatopek was unbeaten at 10,000m between 1948-54 and broke 18 world records.", "Florence Griffith-Joyner began chasing jackrabbits at the age of fiveand never slowed down. She would later use her natural athletic talent and fierce determination to set the track world on fire. She set astonishingand still unbrokenworld records in the 100- and 200-meter dashes in 1988, won three gold medals and one silver at the 1988 Olympics and became known as the fastest woman in the world. As former president Bill Clinton said after the athletes untimely death at age 38, We were dazzled by her speed, humbled by her talent and captivated by her style.", "In view of their later involvement with the Guinness book, it seems almost too perfect that the McWhirters were on hand when their friend and fellow Oxonian, Roger Bannister, arrived at the black-cinder Iffley Road track in Oxford on May 6, 1954, to break the four-minute barrier in the mile—still one of the most celebrated of all world records. The McWhirters were covering the event for Athletics World and Norris was also the public-address announcer. The night before the race, anticipating that Bannister would succeed, Norris in his bathtub practiced what he called a \"crescendo-suspense\" announcement.", "Bannister, Roger (1955), The Four-Minute Mile. Revised and enlarged 50th anniversary (of the race) edition, 2004, The Lyons Press.", "Track stars make up a good part of the map, running from west to east and all around the center of the city. With Coe, Carl Lewis, Maria Mutola and Emil Zatopek, most of the all-time greats are represented. Swimmers, boxers and basketball stars also make up a large portion of the map.", "Shearman. Montague(1887) \"Athletics and Football\". Longmans, Green, and Co., London, England- A reference used by nearly everyone since its publication. Excellent descriptions of track and field events and track meets in the late nineteenth century along with an excellent historical section. Hard to find, but a superb read.", "In 1957, he still won some races, but the 35-year-old was no longer the virtually unbeatable runner of the early fifties. His retirement came the following year. Subsequently he became the patron saint of distance running; many runners, good and bad, young and old, travelled to Czechoslovakia to pay homage to him. They saw in him the epitome of the distance runner. I have met runners who virtually worshipped him.", "There’s plenty of articles about Jack Holden in publications such as World Sports, Athletics Weekly and Athletics Review, though sadly there hasn’t been a biography published about this great athlete. There’s a very good article on Tipton Harriers’ website from an old NUTS publication by David Thurlow in 2000. There’s also a great video on youtube showing the highlights of Holden’s exceptional performance in the 1950 Empire Games, which gives a good indication of how uncomfortable it must have been running on those roads in the last 9 miles!", "Sir Ranulph’s talents don’t end with exploring either. In 2003 he ran 7 marathons, in 7 days, on 7 continents. He is also a best-selling author of 12 books and a leading motivational speaker through which he teaches people how the qualities needed to be a successful explorer can be transferred to the business and personal world.", "Books on the subject are predominantly non-fiction, and tend towards the forms of training manuals and historical accounts of athletics. The story of the four-minute mile has been a particularly popular subject, spawning books such as The Perfect Mile and 3:59.4: The Quest to Break the Four Minute Mile.", "Jim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Greene were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, all on 20 June 1968, the Night of Speed. Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100 m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.", "Fred collaborated with Geoff Dyson on the 1961 book \"The Mechanics of Athletics\", which remains the definitive work on the subject. Fred was also heavily involved with experiments involving women's hurdling heights & distances, which led to the 80m hurdles being superseded by the 100m hurdles.", "Beginning in 1977, the IAAF only recognized times recorded electronically, to the hundredth of a second, for world record purposes. East Germany’s Marlies Gohr ran the first sub-11-second 100 meters recorded under the new standard when she was clocked in 10.88 seconds in 1977. Gohr lowered her mark twice, reaching 10.81 in 1983. American Evelyn Ashford recorded a time of 10.79 seconds later that year. She improved her mark to 10.76 in 1984.", "Abrahams suffered an injury in 1925 that ended his athletic career. He later became an attorney, radio broadcaster, and sports administrator, serving as chairman of the British Amateur Athletics Board from 1968 to 1975. He wrote widely about athletics and authored a number of books, including The Olympic Games, 1896-1952.", "9. Which American athlete was the first man to run the 100m in under 10 seconds?" ]	[ 5.9140625, 5.40625, 5.19140625, 1.87890625, 1.3603515625, -0.5576171875, -3.7890625, -4.2734375, -5.2578125, -5.30078125, -5.34375, -5.671875, -5.82421875, -5.8359375, -6.16015625, -6.26953125, -6.53125, -6.640625, -6.66015625, -6.8125, -6.92578125, -7.0078125, -7.4296875, -7.44921875, -7.828125, -7.9375, -8.109375, -8.71875, -9.1015625, -9.390625, -9.8046875, -10.5078125 ]
In which theater did The Wizard of Oz have its New York debut?	[ "The Wizard of Oz (1939) premiered at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin on August 12, 1939 and Grauman’s Chinese Theater in Hollywood on August 15, 1939. The New York City premiere at Loew’s Capitol Theater on August 17, 1939 was followed by a live performance with Judy Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They would continue to perform there after each screening for a week, extended in Rooney’s case for a second week and in Garland’s to three. The movie opened nationally on August 25, 1939.", "1939 – “Wizard of Oz” opens at Loew’s Capitol Theater in New York City. It premiered at Grauman’s Chinese Theater, Hollywood on August 15.", "1930 – Bert Lahr (“The Wizard of Oz”) and Kate (“God Bless America”) Smith starred in “Flying High” as it opened at the Apollo Theatre in New York City.", "The leading man in the original Broadway production was Scottish baritone Richard Halliday and the heroine, Vivienne Segal. It was directed by Arthur Hurley and choreographed by Bobby Connolly, who was later to choreograph the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. In the 1927 London production at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane the leading roles were taken by Harry Welchman and Edith Day, and numerous excerpts were recorded with the London cast supported by the Drury Lane orchestra and chorus under conductor Herman Finck. The show was briefly revived on Broadway in 1946 (at New York City Center) and 1973.", "The Wizard of Oz was a musical stage production based on The Wonderful '' Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum '. It opened at the Grand Opera House in Chicago on 16 June 1902, and moved to Broadway early in 1903.", "Two years after Wizard's publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. This stage version, the first to use the title \"The Wizard of Oz\", opened in Chicago in 1902, then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from 1903 to 1905. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle, a waitress and Pastoria, a streetcar operator, were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, over which Baum had little control or influence. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller.", "Two years after Wizards publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The resulting film version of The Wiz also starred former Motown star Michael Jackson as The Scarecrow, Nipsey Russell as the Tin Man, and Lena Horne as Glinda the Good Witch. Ted Ross and Mabel King reprised their respective roles of the Cowardly Lion and Evilene from the Broadway production. Sidney Lumet served as director, working with screenwriter Joel Schumacher (who used none of Brown's stage script) and music supervisor Quincy Jones. Although the stage musical's setting begins in Kansas before moving into the fanciful Oz (as do most other versions of the Oz stories), the film version of The Wiz is set in New York City: Dorothy's real-life home is in Harlem, and the Oz of the film is an alternate fantasy version of the rest of New York City. The $22 million production was poorly received by critics and grossed only $12 million during its original theatrical release.", "63) The New York premiere at Loew's Capitol Theater on 17 August 1939 was followed by a live performance with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. They would continue to perform there after each screening for a week, extended in Rooney's case for a second week and in Garland's to three.", "** August 15 – The Wizard of Oz premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles.", "Filmed at MGM Studios in Culver City, California, The Wizard of Oz was a modest box-office success when it was first released, but its popularity continued to grow after it was televised for the first time in 1956. An estimated 45 million people watched that inaugural broadcast, and since then The Wizard of Oz has aired on TV countless times. Today, some of the film’s famous lines, including “There’s no place like home” and “Toto, I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore” are well-known to several generations of moviegoers.", "The original Broadway production opened on March 31, 1943 at the St. James Theatre in New York City. It was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and choreographed by Agnes de Mille. It starred Alfred Drake (Curly), Joan Roberts (Laurey), Celeste Holm (Ado Annie), Howard Da Silva (Jud Fry), Betty Garde (Aunt Eller), Lee Dixon (Will Parker), Joseph Bulloff (Ali Hakim), Jane Lawrence (Gertie) and Barry Kelley (Ike). Marc Platt danced the role of \"Dream Curly\", Katharine Sergava danced the part of \"Dream Laurey\" and the small dancing part of Aggie was played by Bambi Linn. George Church danced the part of \"Dream Jud\" but was replaced by Vladimir Kostenko only two months after the premiere.", "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical comedy-drama fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the most well-known and commercially successful adaptation based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. The co-stars are Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke, and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry the dog (billed as Toto), and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins. ", "Following early film treatments in 1910 and 1925, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made the story into the now classic movie The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. A completely new Tony Award winning Broadway musical based on African-American musical styles, The Wiz was staged in 1975 with Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It was the basis for a 1978 film by the same title starring Diana Ross as an adult Dorothy. The Wizard of Oz continues to inspire new versions such as Disney's 1985 Return to Oz , The Muppets' Wizard of Oz , and a variety of animated productions. One of today's most successful Broadway shows, Wicked , provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic MGM film. Gregory Maguire , author of Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba — a phonetic take on Baum's initials.", "Dec. – The Royal Shakespeare Company presents a new musical version of The Wizard of Oz. This production expands on the 1939 MGM film to include material not used in the final cut, such as “The Jitterbug” and intros to other songs.", "He also adapted the story into a musical play. It then became the basis for the 1939 MGM musical, The Wizard of Oz, starring Judy Garland, Margaret Hamilton, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, and Billy Burke among others. The film, a classic, was nominated for six Academy Awards but won only two (Best Song: Over the Rainbow and Best Score).", "The Wiz is a 1975 Broadway musical, based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, exclusively featuring African American actors.", "The Wizard of Oz is paired on stage with another children’s classic in Joseph Robinette’s new musical, Dorothy Meets Alice or The Wizard of Wonderland. It is published by the Dramatic Publishing Company of Woodstock, Ill.", "Comments: Lyman Frank Baum’s novel “The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz” was published in the year 1900 to critical acclaim and high sales. Its widespread popularity and colourful characters made it prime material for stage adaptation, and in 1901 Baum entered into a partnership with producer Frederick Hamlin and director Julian Mitchell. However, Baum’s first script was rejected outright by the pair, who sent him away with an outline of their own devising, which he reluctantly adapted. The result was a lively pantomime filled with song after song, which bore only the vaguest resemblance to the novel upon which it was supposedly based. As it turned out, however, the commercial instincts of Hamlin and Mitchell were entirely correct: the stage musical “The Wizard Of Oz”, which opened in", "Photo gallery:Oz on Broadway; Pre-MGM; Sketches and Storyboards; Costume and Make-up Tests; Richard Thorpe's Oz; Buddy Ebsen; Oz Comes to Life; Behind the Scenes; Portraits; Special Effects; Post Production; Deleted Scenes; Original Publicity", "Theatre goers first saw the magical The Wizard of Oz in a gala premiere on this night in 1939. The first movie to use the combination of black and white and color film starred Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale; Bert Lahr as both the Cowardly Lion and Zeke; Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Hunk; and Jack Haley as both the Tin Woodsman and Hickory. Originally, Buddy Ebsen was in the role of the Tin Man; but he became ill and had to leave the production before its completion.", "Considered the first truly American fairy tale, The Wizard of Oz follows the adventures of Dorothy Gale and her dog, Toto, after her Kansas home is swept away by a cyclone and lands in Oz, killing the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins and the good witch, Glenda, show them the yellow brick road, which leads to Emerald City and the powerful Wizard of Oz. On this unforgettable journey, Dorothy encounters the brainless Scarecrow, the heartless Tin Woodman, and the cowardly Lion, each of whom must overcome the wrath of the Wicked Witch of the West to get his heart's desire.", "58. Premiering on Broadway in 2003, this musical features songs like \"Popular\" and \"Defying Gravity.\" It tells the story of Galinda and Elphaba [ELL-fah-bah] and what happened in Oz before Dorothy arrived. Name this play that is subtitled \"The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz.\"", "The Mystery of Edwin Drood debuted in August 1985 at Central Park's Delacorte Theater, an ideal venue for such a rollicking show. Tony winner Betty Buckley played the title role and actress Alice Nutting in a cast that also included George Rose, Cleo Laine and Howard McGillin. Buoyed by good reviews, a revised version opened at Broadway's Imperial Theatre on December 2, 1985. Eventually renamed Drood, the show ran for 608 performances and received 11 Tony nominations, winning five awards, including Best Musical.", "One wonders how Frank Baum felt about the fact that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was not, in fact, an adaptation of his novel, but an adaptation of the stage play – at least to a point. Of course, the play was famous and popular for its songs; with these necessarily eliminated, writer-director Otis Turner reinserted into his script the Wicked Witch of the West, who had been left out of the play in order to keep its tone light. (That said, the play climaxes with Dorothy & Co. convicted of treason and facing execution. I guess “light” is in the eye of the beholder.) The film, running approximately thirteen minutes, is brisk to the point of incoherence. All the animals – with the exception of the brief appearance of a real Toto – are of the pantomime variety, and seem to be there chiefly to ensure that the image is never still for a moment. Whatever the main action of a scene, the animals will generally be capering on its fringes. Similarly, there is much exuberant action and dancing from Momba’s servants – tumbling black-clad figures that seem inspired by Georges Méliès, and others that are supposed to be flying lizards – and from the throne-room guards in the", "The History of the Wizard of Oz • From L. Frank Baum to the Big Screen", "Black Entertainment : - THE WIZ AND THE WIZARD OF OZ \| Black Community Discussion Forum", ", the Wizard of Oz (Hobart Bosworth), who is also the land’s reluctant king, is being held in thrall by Momba the Wicked Witch (Winifred Greenwood); he issues a proclamation offering the crown to anyone who can free him. In the forest, Dorothy plays with Toto, unaware of a threat in the shape of a lion. Fortunately, Glinda the Good Witch (Olive Cox) is nearby. She turns Toto from a small dog into a man-sized one. As the lion attacks, Toto fights with and subdues him; the two make friends. Dorothy sees a copy of the Wizard’s proclamation, and the band sets out to find Momba....", ". 1900 ~ \"Floradora\" opened in New York City this day. The play was received by cheering audiences.", "The Land of Oz (US, 1910), with Bebe Daniels, Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Z Leonard. Directed by Otis Turner. Part of L. Frank Baum’s Fairylogue and Radio Plays touring lecture series.", "Wizard Of Oz review: Dorothy's pet pooch is wizard of the stage \| Daily Mail Online", "The musical Wicked, based on Maguire's first Oz novel, portrays an Oz slightly closer to the version seen in Baum's novels and the 1939 film. The oppression of the Animals is still a theme, but the geographical and religious divisions portrayed in Maguire's novel are barely present." ]	[ 6.45703125, 4.9765625, 3.373046875, 2.556640625, 2.216796875, 1.2587890625, 1.1826171875, 0.8212890625, 0.50732421875, 0.38916015625, -0.052886962890625, -0.180419921875, -0.4296875, -0.445556640625, -1.23046875, -1.2431640625, -1.89453125, -2.552734375, -2.783203125, -2.935546875, -3.138671875, -4.015625, -4.08984375, -4.09375, -4.72265625, -5.7265625, -7.0078125, -7.37890625, -7.83203125, -8.0078125, -8.109375, -8.6640625 ]
What was CNN Headline News previously known as?	[ "A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage supplemented by personality-based programs during the evening and primetime hours.", "The channel originally launched as CNN2 on January 1, 1982. In January of the following year, it was renamed Headline News. From around that point until 1992, the channel was often abbreviated as \"HN\" (the channel would later incorporate a die-cut \"HN\" block design within the original variant of its third logo when it was introduced in 1989, before it was fully supplanted by the wordmark that accompanied it in 1992, which was later italicized).", "On January 1, 1982, the channel launched a spin-off network called CNN2, which was subsequently renamed Headline News (HLN) the following year in January 1983. Whereas CNN featured a mix of newscasts and specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News was originally formatted to strictly focus on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day with segments scheduled in fixed timeslots each half-hour; as such, it was one of the first news channels to utilize a \"wheel\" schedule. Headline News would scale back its rolling news coverage in February 2005, with the incorporation of personality-based news discussion programs during its nighttime schedule.", "On January 8, 1992, Headline News almost became the victim of a hoax. When President George H.W. Bush fainted at a state dinner in Tokyo, Japan, a person claiming to be the president's physician called into the channel's Atlanta headquarters and claimed that Bush had died. At 9:45 a.m., anchor Don Harrison prepared to break the story, stating \"This just in to CNN Headline News, and we say right off the bat, we have not confirmed this through any other sources...\" Executive producer Roger Bahre, who was off-camera, immediately yelled \"No! Stop!\" After glancing away momentarily, Harrison continued, \"We are now getting a correction. We will not give you that story. It was regarding some rather tragic news involving President Bush, but updating that story, President Bush is reported to be resting comfortably.\" It turned out that an Idaho man, James Edward Smith, called CNN posing as the president's physician. A CNN employee entered the information into a centralized computer used by both CNN and Headline News, and it nearly got out on the air before it could be verified. Smith was subsequently questioned by the Secret Service and hospitalized at a private medical facility for evaluation. ", "CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially an experiment known as CNN Interactive), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005.", "CNN, also known as the Cable News Network, was established in 1980. The logo has remained consistent over the years, but its popularity continues to grow in popular culture.", "In 1992, Headline News pioneered the use of a digital video \"jukebox\" to recycle segments of one newscast seamlessly into another. The new technology reduced the number of staffers needed by enabling news segments to be re-used throughout an entire day (previously, anchors read the same stories repeatedly, hour after hour, with the second 15 minutes of each half-hour in the \"wheel\" being broadcast on videotape every third and fourth hour). This resulted in the layoffs of part of its staff, including such stalwart anchors as Lyn Vaughn, David Goodnow and Bob Losure, all of whom had been with Headline News for over 10 years.", "During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , supporters of Donald Trump accused the network of being pawns for chief opponent Hillary Clinton due to the perception that it (and many other mainstream news networks) were insufficiently covering Clinton's e-mail scandal, her involvement in the 2012 Benghazi attack, and general controversies surrounding the integrity of the Democratic Party in favor of focusing largely on Trump's gaffes and controversies (of which there have been too many to count). CNN also ended up being caught in the ongoing wave of fake news and post-truth ideology, with tabloid-esque, unsupported stories that appeal to emotion gaining precedence over journalistic stories founded heavily in extensive research and fact-checking. It should be noted, however, that CNN was being referred to as the \"Clinton News Network\" long before a certain British reporter used that term on air.", "Cable News Network, more commonly known as CNN, is the first of the full-time American cable news networks . In fact, it was one of the first cable networks, period. Founded in 1980 by Atlanta-based media mogul Ted Turner, CNN is now a subsidiary of Time Warner (the owners of the Warner Bros. movie studio) and the world's second largest network (behind The BBC ).", "The Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officially described the channel as \"no longer a TV news network\" and instead as \"a 24-hour global multiplatform network.\" Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.", "Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.", "In 2005, the channel substantially reduced the amount of on-screen information, following much scrutiny and lampooning of their format (including USA Today calling their screen a \"jumbled mess\"). The new look would consist of a yellow bar which added sports scores and stock quotes to the basic \"ticker\" of news headlines. The channel also began a shift away from its rolling news coverage throughout primetime, with the introduction of longer, personality-based programs (under the umbrella title \"Headline Prime\") that February.", "Its all-news format allowed the time for specialty shows focusing on medical news, sports, and other topics. Its focus on live coverage, much of it from cameras on the scene, gave CNN's broadcasts a special sense of urgency. In 1981 CNN anchor Bernard Shaw was the first to break the story when a would-be assassin shot U.S. president Ronald Reagan. In 1986 millions (including first lady Nancy Reagan) were watching CNN when the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff. CNN had been the only network carrying the launch live. By then, some were calling the channel the \"Crisis News Network,\" and it consistently pulled in large audiences when major stories broke.", "On this day in 1980, CNN (Cable News Network), the world’s first 24-hour television news network, makes its debut. The network signed on at 6 p.m. EST from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, with a lead story about the attempted assassination of civil rights leader Vernon Jordan. CNN went on to change the notion that news could only be reported at fixed times throughout the day. At the time of CNN’s launch, TV news was dominated by three major networks–ABC, CBS and NBC–and their nightly 30-minute broadcasts. Initially available in less than two million U.S. homes, today CNN is seen in more than 89 million American households and over 160 million homes internationally.", "Cable News Network (CNN) was the world's first twenty-four-hour cable television news channel when it was established in 1980. From its home in Atlanta , CNN has extended its reach around the world, becoming a dominant force in national and international journalism. Along with its subsidiary channels and the competitors it helped inspire, the network has changed the way information flows throughout an increasingly connected world.", "Part of the concept of CNN was that the news, not the anchor, would be the star. The network's early format, drawn in part from that of all-news radio , was centered on a news \"wheel.\" Major stories were repeated on a cyclical basis throughout the day, sometimes with minor modifications. New stories were added to the mix periodically. At any time, however, breaking news could arise and dominate the schedule.", "CNN's next major redesign was introduced on January 10, 2011, replacing the dark, flat appearance of the 2008 look with a glossier, blue and white color scheme, and moving the secondary logo box to the opposite end of the screen. Additionally, the network began to solely produce its programming in the 16:9 aspect ratio, with standard definition feeds using a letterboxed version of the HD feed. On February 18, 2013, the \"flipper\" was dropped and reverted to a scrolling ticker; originally displayed as a blue background with white text, the ticker was reconfigured a day later with blue text on a white background to match the look of the 'flipper'. ", "CNN (Cable News Network) was founded. The 24 hour news channel, based in Atlanta, Georgia, was the creation of Ted Turner.", "In September 1986, the Omni International complex was renamed CNN Center, and it became the world headquarters for TBS, Inc. and CNN. TBS, not only became CNN Center's anchor tenant, but the strong presence of Turner created a focus that was lacking for the Omni International. Several major changes included the removal of the ice-skating rink and the creation of an atrium. Today, CNN Center contains more than 100,000 square feet of thriving restaurants and retail businesses.", "In early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live streaming broadcast available to cable and satellite subscribers who receive CNN at home (a precursor to the TV Everywhere services that would become popularized by cable and satellite providers beginning with Time Warner's incorporation of the medium). CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the RealNetworks SuperPass subscription service outside the U.S. CNN also offers several RSS feeds and podcasts.", "What began as a gossipy email newsletter has, since its first post in 1994, developed into one of the most powerful media outlets in American politics. Today the Drudge Report has evolved into a website, drudgereport.com, and its threadbare, no-frills design belies the scale of its influence. It received an estimated 3.5 billion hits in the last 12 months; visitors regard it as the first port of call for breaking news.", "CNN is one of the world's largest news organizations, and its international channel, CNN International is the leading international news channel in terms of viewer reach. CNN International makes extensive use of affiliated reporters that are local to, and often directly affected by, the events they are reporting. The effect is a more immediate, less detached style of on-the-ground coverage. This has done little to stem criticism, largely from Middle Eastern nations, that CNN International reports news from a pro-American perspective. This is a marked contrast to domestic criticisms that often portray CNN as having a \"liberal\" or \"anti-American\" bias.", "The global news channel CNN has its head quarters in Atlanta and offers tours of its various facilities; including a replica of the CNN control room, the real newsroom and the world’s longest free standing escalator along with specialty tours, which offer a behind the scenes look at the filming of various programs.", "The CNN Center in downtown Atlanta has been the head office of one of the world’s biggest news networks since 1987. You can still tour newsrooms and eat beside journalists and producers at the center’s food court.", "If it wasn’t for CNN, there might not be any 24 hour news channel on air today. Before the launch of the network, people used to watch news in thirty minute segments, waiting for the program to come on. The CNN network revolutionized the way news was reported and presented, forever changing the industry standards.", "CNN NewsroomCNN Newsroom (HD, New) CNN's weekday anchors deliver the latest news stories with live and taped reports from remote correspondents and analysis from experts.", "On November 11, 2009, longtime CNN anchor Lou Dobbs resigned on-air after discussions with network President Jonathan Klein, who had agreed to release Dobbs from his contract \"that will enable me to pursue new opportunities.\" He had previously expressed to Klein that he wished to go \"the opinion route\". Dobbs' advocacy journalism-style coverage of immigration, Obama birthers, and free trade topics has attracted controversy both to him and to CNN. ", "NBC Nightly News began broadcasting in high definition on March 26, 2007, becoming the first of the three network evening news programs to make the transition (the CBS Evening News began broadcasting in HD on January 7, 2008; ABC World News Tonight began broadcasting in HD on August 25, 2008, during its coverage of the 2008 Democratic National Convention). Most news video from on-remote locations continued to be shot in standard definition at the time, while the network's news bureaus underwent a conversion to HD, which was completed in 2009.", "News agencies, especially Reuters and the newly important Bloomberg News, convey both news stories for mass audiences and financial information of interest to businesses and investors.John Bartram Ewha, “News Agency Wars: the battle between Reuters and Bloomberg”; Journalism Studies 4.3 (2003). Bloomberg LP, a private company founded by Michael Bloomberg in 1981, made rapid advances with computerized stock market reporting updated in real time. Its news service continued to exploit this electronic advantage by combining computer-generated analytics with text reporting. Bloomberg linked with Agence France Presse in the 1990s.", "Posted 8:48 pm, September 13, 2015, by CNN Wire , Updated at 08:49PM, September 13, 2015", "Well, you're caught up on the day's headlines. AMERICAN MORNING is back after a quick break.", "Correction: Matt Wells tells us that CNN International is available in some parts of the US" ]	[ 6.97265625, 4.17578125, 3.560546875, -0.8818359375, -1.013671875, -1.3916015625, -2.28515625, -2.328125, -3.57421875, -4.3359375, -4.73828125, -4.875, -5.1328125, -5.6640625, -5.79296875, -6.37890625, -6.45703125, -6.51171875, -6.78125, -7.21484375, -7.2265625, -7.2578125, -7.625, -7.6640625, -7.72265625, -8.109375, -8.7421875, -9.1953125, -9.34375, -9.3671875, -9.7265625, -9.9921875 ]
Who followed Calvin Coolidge as US President?	[ "Hoover, preceded President Calvin Coolidge as a President of United States of America. Later he was succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "30. Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923—March 4, 1929). Republican. Calvin Coolidge succeeded President Warren G. Harding when the latter passed away while still in office. Coolidge restored the public’s confidence of the White House and its drop because of the scandals from Harding’s administration. Coolidge was highly popular when he left office and was elected to serve again in 1924 after finishing Harding’s term.", "John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923-1929). A lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. He was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding. He was elected in his own right in 1924, and gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.", "Though not among the front-runners when the Republican National Convention opened in Chicago in 1920, Coolidge eventually emerged as Warren G. Harding’s running mate in the critical presidential election of 1920. Harding and Coolidge won a landslide victory against James Cox and Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Their margin of victory in the popular vote was unmatched in any election before or since. As Vice President, Coolidge gave many of his most eloquent speeches, cultivating the speech craft that would flourish during his own presidency. [7] Following Harding’s sudden death in August 1923, Coolidge was sworn in (by his father at their family home in Vermont) as President of the United States, and he was re-elected to his own term in 1924.", "Warren G. Harding (1865-1923) is inaugurated as the 29th President of the U.S., and Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) is inaugurated as the nation's 29th Vice President.", " In 1920 her husband Calvin Coolidge was a Vice President until 1923 President Warren G. Harding died from a heart attack or stroke. Then he Calvin became a U.S. President. Six years later on the afternoon of their departure from the White House on March 4, 1929, Calvin Coolidge announced that they had achieved their goal and raised two million dollars for the Clarke School for the Deaf.", "His conservative stance on issues such as taxes, affable manner, and campaign manager Harry Daugherty 's 'make no enemies' strategy enabled Harding to become the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention . During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I , he promised a return to \" normalcy \". In the 1920 election , he and his running-mate, Calvin Coolidge , defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox , in what was then the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history since the popular vote tally began to be recorded in 1824: 60.36% to 34.19%.", "Coolidge had been vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died during his term in office. Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party. The regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia. Since Davis was a conservative, many liberal Democrats bolted the party and backed the third-party campaign of Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin, who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party.", "Harding was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge . He was sworn in by his father, a Justice of the Peace , in Plymouth Notch , Vermont .", "Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were reissued as a book.[39] He was faced with the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, many times more than his margin of victory from a year earlier.[63] His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge should run for President in 1920.[64]", "Many Americans of the 1920s endorsed conservative values in politics and economics. Republican presidents stood for these values, or what President Warren G. Harding called ï¿½normalcy ï¿½ a regular steady order of things.ï¿½ Under presidents Harding and Calvin Coolidge, tariffs reached new highs, income taxes fell for people who were most well off, and the Supreme Court upset progressive measures, such as the minimum wage and federal child labor laws. Both Harding and Coolidge tended to favor business. ï¿½The chief business of the American people is business,ï¿½ Coolidge declared.", "Calvin Coolidge served as vice president of the United States until the death of President Harding. [45]", "1923 - The 29th president of the United States, Warren G. Harding, died in San Francisco. Calvin Coolidge took the oath of office as President of the United States.", "After a generation of progressive insurgency within the Republican party, it returned in 1920 to a conservative stance. The party’s choice for president was Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, a political insider. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, best known for his tough handling of the Boston police strike of 1919, was the vice-presidential nominee.", "Coolidge's speech was well-received and he attracted some admirers on its account. Towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate. As the 1915 session drew to a close, Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him once again to run for lieutenant governor. This time, he accepted their advice.", "Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support. McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.", "Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) The 30th president of the United States was determined to preserve old moral and economic precepts amid American prosperity. He played the harmonica.", "Calvin Coolidge stepped into office. He was the thirtieth president, and he had a prosperous presidency.", "Nicknamed Silent Cal because he was a man of few words, Calvin Coolidge was president of the United States from 1923-1929. His fiscally conservative policies helped usher in the era of 'Coolidge Prosperity.' Coolidge slashed taxes and supported legislation that encouraged private business. He also talked incessantly about the virtue of thrift. Coolidge deserves considerable credit for the economic success of the 1920s.", "Calvin Coolidge is the only President in American history born on the Fourth of July. It is appropriate that he bears this distinction, since Coolidge—more so than any other President of the 20th century—embodied a dedication to the principles that the Founders fought to establish in the American Revolution. In addition, he lived at a time when these principles came under radical assault, and Coolidge, a fierce critic of Progressivism, offered one of the greatest defense of these principles. He is an intellectual and political forefather of modern American conservatism.", "Coolidge's grandfather Calvin Coolidge held some local government offices in Plymouth and was best remembered as a man with \"a fondness for practical jokes\". Sarah Brewer was also of New England. It is through this ancestor that Coolidge claimed to be descended in part from American Indians. Coolidge's father was a farmer, but spent some time as a schoolteacher and justice of the peace. His mother, Victoria Moor Coolidge, was the daughter of another Plymouth Notch farmer. Coolidge's mother was chronically ill, possibly suffering from tuberculosis, and died young in 1885, but Coolidge's father lived to see him become President.", "John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. was born in Plymouth, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, the only U.S. President to be born on the fourth of July. He was the elder of two children of John Calvin Coolidge (1845 – 1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846 – 1885). He had a sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875 – 1890). The Coolidge family had deep roots in New England. His earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cambridge, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts.", "Say what you will, but Calvin Coolidge was the best president, at least of the 20th Century. He was able to bring America out of a dark depression in 1921, and he created jobs for nearly the entire Country. Coolidge is the most underrated president, and, in my opinion, the Best.", "One more Presidential fact about the Fourth of July. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born in Vermont on July 4th, 1872!", "..... Click the link for more information. scandal, gave way on his death to the presidency of Calvin Coolidge Coolidge, Calvin,", "After leaving the White House, the Coolidges retired to Calvin Coolidge's spacious estate in Northampton, called The Beeches. Mrs Coolidge did charity work for Girl Scouts and the Campfire Girls, and served as a trustee at the Clarke School, where she had once taught. After her husband's death, she sold The Beeches and moved into a more modest home.", "During Coolidge's presidency the United States experienced the period of rapid economic growth known as the \"Roaring Twenties.\" His economic policy has often been misquoted as \"generally speaking, the business of the American people is business\" (full quotation below, at left). Although some commentators have criticized Coolidge as a doctrinaire laissez-faire ideologue, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: \"As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments.\"", "Calvin Coolidge , as quoted in Foundations of the Republic; Speeches and Addresses (1926), p. 451.", "Labor Movement: Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933), governor of Massachusetts, calls out the National Guard to end Boston Police Strike.", "After the presidency, Coolidge served as chairman of the non-partisan Railroad Commission, as honorary president of the Foundation of the Blind, as a director of New York Life Insurance Company, as president of the American Antiquarian Society, and as a trustee of Amherst College. Coolidge received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.", "Born in Plymouth, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, Coolidge was the son of a village storekeeper. He was graduated from Amherst College with honors, and entered law and politics in Northampton, Massachusetts. Slowly, methodically, he went up the political ladder from councilman in Northampton to Governor of Massachusetts, as a Republican. En route he became thoroughly conservative.", "Coolidge's economic policy has often been misquoted as \"generally speaking, the business of the American people is business\" (full quotation at right). Some have criticized Coolidge as an adherent of the laissez-faire ideology, which they claim led to the Great Depression. On the other hand, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: \"As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments.\"" ]	[ 5.734375, 4.24609375, 4.234375, 2.5625, 1.8271484375, 1.71875, 0.880859375, 0.5322265625, 0.2197265625, 0.21728515625, -0.0241241455078125, -0.164306640625, -0.7294921875, -0.93603515625, -1.2236328125, -1.947265625, -2.81640625, -3.013671875, -3.08203125, -3.201171875, -3.439453125, -3.49609375, -3.693359375, -4.20703125, -4.578125, -4.7421875, -5.703125, -6.03515625, -6.23046875, -6.296875, -6.3828125, -6.7421875 ]
What did Carlton Magee devise in the US for motorists?	[ "By the time Magee came to Oklahoma City to start a newspaper, the Oklahoma News, his new hometown shared a common problem with many of America’s urban areas–a lack of sufficient parking space for the rapidly increasingly number of automobiles crowding into the downtown business district each day. Asked to find a solution to the problem, Magee came up with the Park-o-Meter. The first working model went on public display in early May 1935, inspiring immediate debate over the pros and cons of coin-regulated parking. Indignant opponents of the meters considered paying for parking un-American, as it forced drivers to pay what amounted to a tax on their cars, depriving them of their money without due process of law.", "By the 1930s automobiles were flooding America, and parking was first becoming a problem. Downtown merchants worried because business suffered when parking spots were clogged with the same cars all day long. Carl Magee, an Oklahoma newspaperman with a checkered past, thought up a solution — a coin-operated timer — but he didn’t know how to make it work. Two professors at Oklahoma State University (Prof. H.G. Thueson and Gerald A.Hale–ed. geek) listened to Magee’s idea and developed an operating model. The first 150 parking meters were installed in downtown Oklahoma City on 16 July 1935 (allegedly installed them under the cover of darkness!–ed. geek). The meters charged a nickel an hour. They were not a hit.", "Seventy-five years ago, the world's first parking meter cast its thin, ominous shadow on the streets of Oklahoma City. The meter was the brainchild of Carlton C. Magee, a local publisher and Chamber of Commerce Traffic Committee chief, and he hoped it would solve the city's chronic parking problems. In the pre-meter days, police would drive around with stopwatches and chalk, enforcing the city's parking time limits by marking the tires of cars seen squatting for too long, but the system was ill-equipped to handle the \"endemic overparking\" problem. Even worse, a survey found that at any given time, 80 percent of the city's spots were occupied by employees of downtown businesses—the very same businesses complaining that lack of parking was driving away shoppers. Calling for an \"efficient, impartial, and thoroughly practical aid to parking regulation,\" Magee held a student-design contest and launched his instrument.", "American, Carl C. Magee, of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is generally credited with originating the parking meter. He filed for a patent for a \"coin controlled parking meter\" May 13, 1935.", "As the story goes Magee, came up with the idea shortly after he was named Chairman of the Oklahoma City’s Chamber of Commerce Traffic Committee in 1933.", "Subtitled \"Damn the driver and spare the car,\" Chapter 7 discusses the way the blame for accidents and fatalities was placed on the driver. The book says that the road safety mantra called the \"Three E's\" (\"Engineering, Enforcement and Education\") was created by the industry in the 1920s to distract attention from the real problems of vehicle safety, such as the fact that some were sold with tires that could not bear the weight of a fully loaded vehicle. To the industry, he said \"Enforcement\" and \"Education\" meant the driver, while \"Engineering\" was all about the road. As late as 1965, he noted, 320 million federal dollars were allocated to highway beautification, while just $500,000 was dedicated to highway safety.", "The middle of the 20th Century was a golden age for road travel in the United States. Cars had become cheap and spacious enough to carry families comfortably for hundreds of miles. The Interstate Highway System had started to connect the country’s smaller roads in a vast nationwide network. That freedom and mobility, however, was not equally available to everyone. Some African-American tourists would drive all night instead of trying to find lodging in an unfamiliar and possibly dangerous town. They would pack picnics so they could avoid stopping at restaurants that might refuse to serve them. But in 1936, a man named Victor Hugo Green started a travel guide to make life on the road easier and safer for black motorists.", "notable for laying down the three “E’s” as the basis for remedial work. It advocated a more attractive Highway Code with separate versions for pedestrians and cyclists; endorsed the 1936 report on school children; and proposed a national propaganda department and local safety organisations.", "UK US aerial antenna (\"aerial\" used regionally in the past but has faded from use) articulated lorry tractor-trailer bonnet hood boot trunk car park parking lot cats eyes reflectors (embedded in road) central reservation median demister defroster defogger dipped lights low beams diversion detour drink-driving drunk driving driving licence driver's license dual carriageway divided highway dumper truck dump truck estate car station wagon flat battery dead battery flyover overpass gear box transmission gear lever gear shift give way yield glove box glove compartment hire car rental car indicators turn signals jump leads jumper cables lorry truck main beams high beams (or full beams) metalled road paved road motorway freeway (Western U.S.) expressway (Eastern U.S.) Interstate See Notes number plate license plate petrol gasoline gas propeller shaft drive shaft recovery towing ring road beltway (Eastern U.S.) (or orbital) roundabout circle rotary (New England) Interestingly, the terms roundabout, traffic circle and rotary are all used in the US state of Iowa to denote different types of circular road arrangements. saloon car sedan silencer muffler slip road entrance or exit ramp straight straightaway (as at a race track) top up fill up top off See Notes transmission power train tyre tire unmade road dirt road, unpaved road verge shoulder (of road) windscreen windshield window heater defroster defogger wing fender wing mirror side mirror, side-view mirror zebra crossing crosswalk", "By 1925, as the motor car had began to edge the horse-drawn carriage off the road, the criminal justice act made it an offence to be drunk in charge of any mechanically propelled vehicle on any highway or public place. However, this was still a matter of judgment; in 1962, the Road Traffic Act – known as The Marples Act, after Ernest Marples, the then Minister of Transport – meant that blood, urine or breath tests could be carried out on drivers for alcohol analysis.", "In general, if a corridor has enough vehicle traffic to experience traffic congestion there is enough demand for transit and ridesharing to provide congestion reduction benefits. However, simply operating buses or a rideshare matching service will not necessarily achieve this benefit in developed countries where most households own an automobile, and automobile travel is supported by low fuel prices and free parking. Although owning an automobile is expensive, most costs are fixed, giving motorists an incentive to drive rather than use alternatives. Only by giving discretionary riders (travelers who have the option of driving, also called choice riders) suitable incentives to shift mode can transit and ridesharing achieve their full congestion reduction benefits.", "In the first year of the 20th century, with fewer than 3000 automobiles on the primitive roads in France, André and Edouard Michelin decided to offer motorists \"a small guide to improve mobility\", to facilitate their travels. It would, of course, encourage the development of the automobile industry in France, and increase the demand for Michelin tires and other products.", "So, we now have the basis of a modern system of controlling the motor car: a car is identifiable as it blats past you at 20mph ( just imagine what Top Gear would have been like back then.). Having noted the registration number, the police or any other authority could locate the owner very simply. Not surprisingly fines for driving unlicensed vehicles, speeding and reckless driving all increased as it became possible to identify the culprits. It should be said though, that the amount of such offending behaviour, especially speeding was rising with ever greater numbers of more efficient cars.", "The Road Traffic Act of the previous year had required the Minister of Transport to prepare a code of directions for the guidance of road users and this was issued in 1931. Although much shorter than the present day version, it has a clearer structure and makes it plain what is required by law and what is advocated by the Code. A close reading reveals some curious points – for example, only a rear lamp or a reflector was needed on a cycle at night; pedestrians were told to look left and right before crossing, and were not to stand about in groups at blind corners. Drivers were told to look out for “white lines” and were not to pull up alongside a constable on point duty to ask a question which other people could answer.", "And in the oil crisis of the 1970s, everyone was concerned about carpooling. In 1973, the Environmental Protection Agency urged \"much greater use of car pooling and mass transportation just about everywhere.\" In 1974, the New York Times joked, \"The Government should encourage bundling as a night-time fuel-saving equivalent to carpooling.\" There was also the new name carpooler (1972) for someone who would \"carpool it\" (1973) to work or play.", "As we have already shown, the term \"drive\" can only apply to those who are employed in the business of transportation for hire. It has been shown that freedom includes the Citnzen's Right to use the public highways in the ordinary course of life and business without license or regulation by the police powers of the state.", "From the mid-19th century, the building and maintenance of roads had been seen as a state and local responsibility. As a result, America's roads were generally in poor condition, especially in rural areas. As the so-called Progressive Era dawned near the turn of the 20th century, attitudes began to change, and people began to look towards government to provide better roads, among other infrastructure improvements. The first federal aid bill was submitted to Congress in 1902, proposing the creation of a Bureau of Public Roads. With the rise of the automobile--especially after Henry Ford introduced the affordable Model T in 1908, putting more Americans on the road than ever before--Congress was pushed to go even further.", "The result was a document that defined traffic signing in Britain: Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions (TSRGD). It was first introduced on 1 January 1965 but has been updated many times since. It is comparable with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices in the United States. The TSRGD is a Statutory Instrument that prescribes the sign faces and permitted variants that may be used on UK roads.", "Bypasses are devices which allow some people to drive from point A to point B very fast whilst other", "\"You've been caught driving against traffic. Report for psychiatric evaluation,\" is the message on one Chance card, which issues a fine -- in line with the laws introduced recently by the local government to deal with the city's major traffic problem.", "Tom Vanderbilt (2008), Traffic: Why We Drive The Way We Do (And What It Says About Us), Vintage ( www.howwedrive.com ).", "It's not just in the capital. The UK uses a traffic system called Scoot (Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique) so the same overall principles apply whatever town or city you live in.", "With their exclusive rights protected by the Public Carriage Office, and their rivals held back, black cabs behave like any cartel — they squeeze their advantages for all their worth. On countless occasions, I’ve gone nuts at the little tricks drivers use to extend the journey time: gradually slowing down in approach to a green light, willing it to turn red; slowing down before a zebra crossing in the hope that a pedestrian will come along; moving off at the lights at a glacial pace; piling on infinitesimal fractions of seconds to the journey by taking a particularly wide arc into a corner; scrupulously staying out of yellow boxes painted over crossroads, apparently for Highway Code reasons, but really to catch another red light.", "Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one of the most congested highways in the United States. Many people now drive longer distances to work in the New York City area. This strains the three lanes of traffic capacity, resulting in lengthy rush hour delays. Frequently, the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway. The state has encouraged traffic reduction schemes, including rail use and ride-sharing. ", "Welbeck Motors became famous throughout the country ten years later when they created the first major fleet of mini-cabs. The fleet cost £560,000 and consisted of 800 Renault Dauphine cars that were being built in Acton at the time. Michael Gotla, the man behind the skillful publicity of Welbeck Motors, argued that the 1869 Carriage Act only applied to cabs that “plied for hire” on the street. He argued that his mini-cabs, could break the former black-cab monopoly because they only responded to calls phoned to their main office the number of which was WELBECK 0561.The fares, much to the chagrin of the traditional cabbies who charged far more, were only one shilling per mile .", "[290] Report: “Oregon’s Mileage Fee Concept and Road User Fee Pilot Program.” By James M. Whitty. Oregon Department of Transportation, November 2007. < www.oregon.gov >", "It was November 17, 1970, that the then Chief Secretary of the Victorian State Government, Sir Arthur Rylah, made the announcement. The legislation came into effect on December 22 of the same year, just in time for the Christmas peak traffic period.", "If you encounter a roundabout and are from a country that doesn't have many of them, like the United States of America , here's a quick guide:", "CARMAN / CHARMAN / CARTER / CARRIER – one who drove a vehicle used to transport goods", "There have also been instances in the past with \"squeegee kids\" who would jump into intersections when traffic is stopped at lights and solicit money for cleaning windshields. This is becoming less common as this form of interference with vehicle traffic is expressly illegal under Ontario's Highway Traffic Act and may be reported to police.", "Despite a network of major highways, none reach directly into the historic downtown, forcing drivers to rely heavily on surface streets. Like in most Central American cities, orientation and driving may be difficult to first-time visitors due to the nature of how streets are named, insufficient road signage and the natives' driving behavior. The current city administration has green lit several road infrastructure projects to help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall aspect of the city. ", "\"He'll see us.\" - James Dean . The other driver, who was making a left turn across Dean's right of way, didn't." ]	[ 1.1943359375, 0.9462890625, 0.494384765625, -0.493896484375, -3.359375, -5.53125, -5.8203125, -6.546875, -7.11328125, -7.234375, -7.51171875, -7.54296875, -7.94140625, -7.94921875, -8.1953125, -8.40625, -8.578125, -8.78125, -9.3359375, -9.8828125, -10.0546875, -10.0859375, -10.1484375, -10.296875, -10.3515625, -10.421875, -10.6015625, -10.6015625, -10.640625, -10.65625, -10.7578125, -10.78125 ]
Who ordered the Boulder Dam to be renamed the Hoover Dam?	[ "Hoover Dam is named for Mr. Herbert Hoover, the Nation's 31st President. When construction of the dam was initiated, on September 30, 1930, Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur ordered that the dam to be built in the Black Canyon of the Colorado as part of the Boulder Canyon Project Act was to be called Hoover Dam. By a Congressional Act of February 14, 1931, this name was made official.", "After Hoover's election defeat and the accession of the Roosevelt administration, Secretary Ickes ordered on May 13, 1933 that the dam be referred to as \"Boulder Dam\". Ickes stated that Wilbur had been imprudent in naming the structure after a sitting president, that Congress had never ratified his choice, and that it had long been referred to as Boulder Dam. [106] When Ickes spoke at the dedication ceremony on September 30, 1935, he was determined, as he recorded in his diary, \"to try to nail down for good and all the name Boulder Dam\". [65] At one point in the speech, he spoke the words \"Boulder Dam\" five times within thirty seconds. [107] Further, he suggested that if the dam were to be named after any one person, it should be for California Senator Hiram Johnson , a lead sponsor of the authorizing legislation. [65] Roosevelt also referred to the dam as Boulder Dam, [83] and the Republican-leaning Los Angeles Times , which at the time of Ickes' name change had run an editorial cartoon showing Ickes ineffectively chipping away at an enormous sign \"HOOVER DAM\", reran it showing Roosevelt reinforcing Ickes, but having no greater success. [108]", "1947: On April 30, President Harry S. Truman signed the resolution officially declaring that the dam at Boulder Canyon be named Hoover Dam.", "On April 30, 1947, the resolution renaming the dam back to Hoover Dam was passed by congress and signed by President Harry S. Truman. Today Hoover Dam is still the name of this structure.", "Before the completion of the dam, a new president was in office. Franklin Roosevelt’s Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, changed the name back to Boulder Dam, a direct affront to Herbert Hoover by the Roosevelt administration. Popular support for the name Boulder Dam was strong. Not only had residents and workers grown accustomed to it, but the name Hoover also had many negative connotations because his administration coincided with the onset of the Depression.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "When Hoover lost the White House to Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, Wilbur lost his position as Interior Secretary to Harold Ickes . Shortly thereafter, Hoover also lost his dam. On May 8, 1933, Ickes decided that the dam in Black Canyon would revert to being called Boulder Dam. Ickes defended his decision by stating, “The men who pioneered this project knew it by this name.” He failed to mention that Herbert Hoover was one of those men.", "Boulder Dam became the unofficial name of the dam because of the name of the project. When work on the dam began in 1930 with the completion of the railroad connecting Black Canyon to Las Vegas, Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur officially named the dam after President Hoover. It was clearly a political move, however, and most people in the area continued to call it Boulder Dam.", "On May 8, 1933, Harold Ickes, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior, decided that the name of the dam should be \"Boulder Dam\", its original name. The reason for this was no doubt political.", "While the official name of this project was “The Boulder Dam,” it was renamed to the Hoover Dam after President Hoover in 1947 after being referred to as “the great engineer whose vision and persistence has done so much to make the dam possible.”", "Las Vegas government and business leaders had long heard of plans for a dam project about thirty miles southeast of Las Vegas. In 1928, Congress passed the Boulder Canyon Act (the dam was originally called Boulder Dam and was renamed Hoover Dam, after President Herbert Hoover, in 1947). The city expected the dam to attract manufacturing and other industries seeking cheap and abundant vacant land. But they were disappointed. Major businesses, seeing the lack of housing, water, power, higher education, and other infrastructure in Las Vegas, instead settled in other western states.", "In 1947, President Truman appointed Hoover the chairman of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, whose job it was to cut government waste and improve efficiency. Also, in 1947, Congress passed a bill renaming the Colorado River Dam \"Hoover Dam.\"", "When Ickes spoke at the dedication ceremony on September 30, 1935, he was determined, as he recorded in his diary, \"to try to nail down for good and all the name Boulder Dam.\" At one point in the speech, he spoke the words \"Boulder Dam\" five times within thirty seconds. Further, he suggested that if the dam were to be named after any one person, it should be for California Senator Hiram Johnson, a lead sponsor of the authorizing legislation. Roosevelt also referred to the dam as Boulder Dam, and the Republican-leaning Los Angeles Times, which at the time of Ickes' name change had run an editorial cartoon showing Ickes ineffectively chipping away at an enormous sign \"HOOVER DAM,\" reran it showing Roosevelt reinforcing Ickes, but having no greater success.", "In November, 1932, while en route to Washington from California after his election loss to Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Hoover ordered a last-minute change in itinerary to make a brief stop at the dam construction site outside Boulder City, Nevada. After noting his many previous visits to the area, Hoover sounded almost lyrical in paying tribute to the dam's builders. \"It is giving long held taking form in actual reality of stone and cement,\" he remarked with obvious emotion. \"The waters of this great river, instead of being wasted in the sea, will now be brought into use by man. Civilization advances with the practical application of knowledge in such structures as the one being built here in the pathway of one on the great rivers of the continent. The spread of its values in human happiness is beyond computation.\"", "Hoover Dam is named after Herbert Hoover, the 31st president of the United States from 1929–1933 and its first Secretary of Commerce. He played an instrumental role in getting congressional approval for funding of the dam.", "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of , 10,000 people were present for the President's speech in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.", "Then in 1933 the country changed political party representation by voting Democrat President Franklin D. Roosevelt into office. Early in his term on May 8, 1933 Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior changed the name back to \"Boulder Dam.\"", "As a resident of California, Herbert Hoover had visited the Lower Colorado region often in the years before World War I. He was familiar with both its problems and its potential for development. So it came as no surprise that, upon becoming Secretary of Commerce in 1921, one of Hoover's earliest proposed initiatives was the construction of a high dam in Boulder Canyon. In addition to essential flood control, the dam would make possible the expansion of irrigated farming in the parched region. It would also provide a dependable supply of water for Los Angeles and other Southern California communities. As envisioned by Secretary Hoover, the project would be self-supporting, financed entirely through the sale of hydroelectric power generated at the dam.", "When Secretary Wilbur spoke at the ceremony starting the building of the railway between Las Vegas and the dam site on September 17, 1930, he named the dam \"Hoover Dam\", citing a tradition of naming dams after Presidents, though none had been so honored during their terms of office. Wilbur justified his choice on the ground that Hoover was \"the great engineer whose vision and persistence ... has done so much to make [the dam] possible\". One writer complained in response that \"the Great Engineer had quickly drained, ditched, and dammed the country\".", "When Secretary Wilbur spoke at the ceremony starting the building of the railway between Las Vegas and the dam site on September 17, 1930, he named the dam \"Hoover Dam\", citing a tradition of naming dams after Presidents, though none had been so honored during their terms of office. Wilbur justified his choice on the ground that Hoover was \"the great engineer whose vision and persistence ... has done so much to make [the dam] possible\". [106] One writer complained in response that \"the Great Engineer had quickly drained, ditched, and dammed the country\". [106]", "The Hoover Dam is an arched dam in the Colorado River’s Black Canyon. The dam’s location is exactly on the border between Arizona and Nevada . Constructed from concrete during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the dam is considered an engineering marvel, though many lives were lost during its construction. It was originally named for President Herbert Hoover , who was president during the early construction of the dam.", "On September 30, 1935, less than 5 years after construction started, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said in dedication ceremonies at Hoover Dam: “This is an engineering victory of the first order – another great achievement of American resourcefulness, skill and determination. This is why I congratulate you who have created Boulder Dam and on behalf of the Nation say to you, ‘well done’.” ^##", "The city of Las Vegas had lobbied hard to be the headquarters for the dam construction, closing its many speakeasies when the decision maker, Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur came to town. Instead, Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site. This town became known as Boulder City, Nevada . Construction of a rail line joining Las Vegas and the dam site began in September 1930. [26]", "Eighty years ago this month, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the massive Hoover Dam, a marvel of modern engineering when it was completed in a remote, unforgiving desert during the Great Depression. By harnessing the mighty Colorado River, the concrete structure on the Arizona-Nevada border provided electricity to the Southwest, helped irrigate 2 million acres and fueled the development of Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Phoenix. Here's a look at the dam and its construction.", "Hoover Dam, formerly called Boulder Dam, dam in Black Canyon on the Colorado River , at the Arizona-Nevada border, U.S. Constructed between 1930 and 1936, it is the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. It impounds Lake Mead , which extends for 115 miles (185 km) upstream and is one of the largest manmade lakes in the world. The dam is used for flood and silt control, electric power, agricultural irrigation , and domestic water supply . It is also a major sightseeing destination, with almost one million visitors per year going on tours through the dam.", "The city of Las Vegas had lobbied hard to be the headquarters for the dam construction, closing its many speakeasies when the decision maker, Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur came to town. Instead, Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site. This town became known as Boulder City, Nevada. Construction of a rail line joining Las Vegas and the dam site began in September 1930.", "1935: Aerial view of the construction of the Boulder Dam, renamed the Hoover Dam in 1947, shortly before its completion, Nevada. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Hoover Dam (also known as Boulder Dam) is one of the largest in America. It was built between 1931 and 1936 across Black Canyon and above the mighty Colorado River. It's a national historical landmark with remarkable views of the Colorado River, Lake Mead, and the canyons and valleys surrounding it. Needless to say, Hoover Dam is a must-see attraction.", "1936 – The Hoover Dam is completed. The Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between Arizona and Nevada.", "Herbert Hoover first proposed a dam for the Colorado River when he became secretary of commerce in 1921. At the time his plan involved a dam in Boulder Canyon. After he became president, Hoover proposed an \"upper\" and a \"lower\" basin, a compromise that made a dam possible by dividing the water among the states affected", "In addition to innovations in design and construction, Hoover Dam marked a crossroads in the direction of the Bureau of Reclamation. Unlike previous dams, a principal benefit of Hoover was the hydroelectric power it created and transmitted to Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. In coming years, Reclamation’s dams would do far more than supply water for irrigating the arid West; they would generate hydroelectric power, deliver reliable and clean water supplies to municipalities and industries, regulate river flows for navigation, and protect lives and property from floods. Importantly, the sale of electricity provided revenue to pay for other large Reclamation projects, including Grand Coulee on the Columbia River in Washington.", "It is not surprising that the name Boulder Dam lives on. The name of the worker’s city is Boulder City and the highway leading from Las Vegas to Boulder City is called Boulder Highway. Former dam workers often refer to it as Boulder Dam and the occasional tourist has been known to say, \"I’ve seen Hoover Dam. But where is this Boulder Dam I keep hearing about?\"" ]	[ 6.15625, 5.94921875, 5.58984375, 4.37890625, 3.7109375, 3.625, 3.5, 3.20703125, 3.0546875, 2.76171875, 2.51171875, 1.830078125, 1.7998046875, 1.0107421875, 0.916015625, 0.5849609375, 0.58203125, 0.261474609375, 0.130859375, -0.029083251953125, -0.254150390625, -0.31298828125, -0.34130859375, -0.5322265625, -0.70458984375, -0.81787109375, -1.22265625, -1.611328125, -1.662109375, -2.34765625, -3.9375, -4.4765625 ]
In what year was the first woman elected to the US Senate?	[ "Sen. Hattie Caraway was the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. Her husband, Thaddeus H. Caraway, was a senator and died in office in 1931. After his death, his widow, a lawyer, was appointed by Arkansas Governor Harvey Parnell to finish his term. She was sworn in to office on Dec. 9, 1931 and was confirmed by a special election of the people on Jan. 12, 1932. In 1938 she was re-elected but was defeated in 1944. She died in 1950. (AP) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "1932 - Hattie Wyatt Caraway, of Arkansas, becomes the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.", "1931: Hattie Wyatt Caraway (D-Arkansas) succeeded her late husband in the U.S. Senate and then became the first woman ever elected to the Senate.", "1948 ï¿½ Margaret Chase Smith of Maine becomes the first woman elected to the US Senate without completing another senator's term, when she defeats Democratic opponent Adrian Scolten.", "1948 - Margaret Chase Smith was elected to the U.S. Senate and became the first woman to serve in both houses of the U.S. Congress.", "1940: Margaret Chase Smith is elected to fill her late husband's seat in the U.S. Congress; she becomes the first woman to serve in the House of Representatives and the Senate.", "Rebecca Latimer Felton (1835–1930) was the most prominent woman leader in Georgia. Born into a wealthy plantation family, she married an active politician, managed his career, and became a political expert. An outspoken feminist, she became a leader of the prohibition and woman's suffrage movements, endorsed lynching, fought for reform of prisons, and filled leadership roles in many reform organizations. In 1922, she was appointed to the U.S. Senate . She was sworn in on November 21, 1922, and served one day; she was the first woman to serve in the Senate. [145]", "Although she was the first freely elected female senator, Caraway was preceded in the Senate by Rebecca Latimer Felton, who was appointed in 1922 to fill a vacancy but never ran for election. Jeannette Rankin, elected to the House of Representatives as a pacifist from Montana in 1917, was the first woman to ever sit in Congress.", "In 2000, Hillary announced that she was going to run for the New York seat in the United States Senate, and on November 7th, she came she emerged from the elections victorious, being the first, and up until now the only, First Lady to be elected to the United States Senate. Hillary would serve as a New York senator for the next nine years. In the Senate, Hillary showed her determination and her ability to work across party lines – especially after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001, which devastated New York City.", "Women’s Firsts: Rebecca Felton (1835 – 1930), of Georgia, is appointed to the U.S. Senate to fill a temporary vacancy. The first woman senator, she serves for only two days.", "Filling a vacancy caused by death, Rebecca L. Felton becomes the first female senator following her appointment by the Governor of Georgia. The appointment is more symbolic than real as the term ends the following day. October 03, 1922", "Carol Moseley Braun, a Democrat from Illinois, was the first African-American woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate. She served from 1993 to 1999.", "U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin, a Democrat from Wisconsin, is the first openly gay woman to be elected to Congress. She was elected to the House in 1999 and to the Senate in 2012.", "U.S. Senator: Hiram Revels became Senator from Mississippi from Feb. 25, 1870, to March 4, 1871, during Reconstruction. Edward Brooke became the first African-American Senator since Reconstruction, 1966–1979. Carol Mosely Braun became the first black woman Senator serving from 1992–1998 for the state of Illinois. (There have only been a total of five black senators in U.S. history: the remaining two are Blanche K. Bruce [1875–1881] and Barack Obama (2005–2008).", "As of 2013, 38 widows have won their husbands' seats in the House, and 8 in the Senate. The only current examples are Representatives Lois Capps and Doris Matsui of California. The most successful example is Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, who served a total of 32 years in both houses and became the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate. She began the end of McCarthyism with a famous speech, \"The Declaration of Conscience\", became the first major-party female presidential candidate and the first woman to receive votes at a national nominating convention, and was the first (and highest ranking to date) woman to enter the Republican Party Senate leadership (in the third-highest post of Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Conference). The third woman elected to Congress, Winnifred Huck, was similarly elected to her father's seat.", "Kay Bailey Hutchinson was born in LaMarque, Texas on July 22, 1943. She is the first woman to represent Texas in the U.S. Senate, first Republican since1875 to hold the senate seat previously occupied by Lloyd Bentsen, and first U.S. senator from Texas to come under criminal indictment (she was acquitted in 1994). She graduated from the University of Texas and UT Law School (1967). In college, she was a member of the cheerleading squad.", "Nine African-Americans have served as members of the United States Senate. Three of them have represented Illinois, the most of any single state: Carol Moseley-Braun, Barack Obama, and Roland Burris, who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the presidency. Moseley-Braun was the first and, to date, only African-American woman to become a U.S. Senator.", "Women’s Firsts: Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973), of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.", "On Nov. 2, 1954, Strom Thurmond became the first U.S. senator elected by write-in vote. Thurmond received 139,106 write-in votes to win his seat. He defeated Democratic nominee Edgar Brown, who received only 80,956 votes.", "Carol Moseley-Braun becomes the first African-American woman elected to the U.S. Senate, representing the state of Illinois.", "Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author. In 1968, she became the first African American woman elected to the United States Congress, and represented New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination.", "Senator Margaret Chase Smith stood up in the senate and gave the famous Declaration of Conscious speech, speaking out against the McCarthy era. Senator Smith was the first female presidential candidate.", "Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.", "Louisa Swain was a pioneer in women's rights. In 1870, at age 69, she was the first woman to vote in a U.S. general election. She cast her ballot in Wyoming, which had granted women's suffrage the year before.", "On this date at the opening of the 91st Congress (1969–1971), Shirley Anita Chisholm of New York became the first African-American Congresswoman. Trained as a school teacher, Chisholm served two terms in the New York state legislature before winning election in November 1968 to a newly created congressional district in Brooklyn. The only woman among the freshman class of the 91st Congress, Chisholm took the House by storm. “I have no intention of just sitting quietly and observing,” she said. “I intend to focus attention on the nation’s problems.” Chisholm continued to work for the causes she had espoused as a community activist. She sponsored increases in federal funding to extend the hours of daycare facilities and a guaranteed minimum annual income for families. She was a fierce defender of federal assistance for education, serving as a primary backer of a national school lunch bill and leading her colleagues in overriding President Gerald R. Ford ’s veto on this measure. In 1972, she mounted a longshot presidential bid that nevertheless received national attention. In 1982, after seven terms in the House, Chisholm declined to run for re-election to the 98th Congress (1983–1985). She stated that she had become disillusioned with the conservative politics of the Ronald Reagan administration and factionalism in Congress. After leaving office, Chisholm taught and remained active in political organizations, but never again sought elective office.", "... that early female Republican Party politician and suffragist Rhoda Fox Graves was the first woman to serve in the New York State Senate?", "Margaret Chase Smith was a U.S. Senator from Maine who had previously served as a U.S. Representative. She was the first woman to represent Maine in Congress, to serve in both houses, and to be nominated for president at a major party convention.", "Blanche Kelso elected as Senator of Mississippi. He is the first African-American Senator to serve a complete six year term.", "Edward Brooke of Massachusetts becomes the first African-American to be popularly elected to the U.S. Senate.", "The First African-American Woman Elected to Congress \| US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives", "First Woman to Vote in the United States After Passage of the 19th Amendment (Suffrage Amendment)", "An often-asked question: who was the first woman in the United States to vote -- the first woman to cast a ballot -- the first female voter?" ]	[ 6.9296875, 6.6875, 6.671875, 5.41796875, 5.40234375, 4.12109375, 3.97265625, 3.625, 3.6171875, 2.90234375, 2.861328125, 2.025390625, 1.7607421875, 1.1728515625, 0.7705078125, 0.398681640625, 0.37451171875, -0.01904296875, -0.56982421875, -0.97021484375, -1.0263671875, -1.626953125, -2.275390625, -2.71875, -3.912109375, -3.99609375, -4.26171875, -4.921875, -4.98046875, -5.97265625, -7.19921875, -7.66796875 ]
What was the first US warship sunk by a U-boat in the Atlantic in 1941?	[ "1941 – The first U.S. ship, the SS Robin Moor, was sunk by a U-boat. Roosevelt describes the sinking of the Robin Moor as “an act of intimidation” to which “we do not propose to yield.”", "American warships escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic had several hostile encounters with U-boats. On 4 September, a German U-Boat attacked the destroyer USS Greer off Iceland. A week later Roosevelt ordered American warships to shoot U-boats on sight. A U-boat shot up the USS Kearny as it escorted a British merchant convoy. The USS Reuben James was sunk by U-552 on 31 October 1941. ", "1941: In the North Atlantic, the U-boat U-110 was depth-charged by HMS Aubretia. Forced to the surface, HMS Bulldog chose not to ram her, but instead sent over a boarding party to capture the submarine. The victory marked a double success: the submarine's commander, Lemp, was one of the best known U-boat officers, who had sunk the liner Athenia on the very first day of the war. But more importantly, the U-boat's Enigma cypher machine and code books were captured intact, providing a significant boost to Bletchley Park's efforts to break the specific version of Enigma used to control U-boat deployments. U-110 was taken in tow, but later sank. Funny the Americans aren't mentioned once there, unlike a certain film based on this very story....", "Oct. 31, 1941 - USS Reuben James (DD 245) was torpedoed and sunk with a crew of 115 by the U-552 while escorting a convoy from Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was the first U.S. vessel destroyed by the Axis Powers.", "The USS Reuben James was one of 24 US Navy destroyers assisting with the escort of convoys in the western North Atlantic, between America and Iceland. There had been a growing number of incidents between US ships and U-Boats. Now the USS Reuben James became the first United States warship to be sunk as a result of hostile action in World War II. As dawn broke on the 31st she was torpedoed by U-552 commanded by Erich Topp, who was to become the third most successful U Boat captain of the war.", "During 1941, the Kriegsmarine and the United States Navy became de facto belligerents, although war was not formally declared, leading to the sinking of the USS Reuben James. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent German declaration of war against the United States in December 1941 led to another phase of the Battle of the Atlantic. In Operation Drumbeat and subsequent operations until August 1942, a large number of Allied merchant ships were sunk by submarines off the American coast as the Americans had not prepared for submarine warfare, despite clear warnings (this was the so-called Second happy time for the German navy). The situation became so serious that military leaders feared for the whole allied strategy.", "Meanwhile in the North Atlantic, German U-boats operated against Allied shipping. The submarines made up in skill, luck, and courage what they lacked in numbers. One U-boat sank the British carrier HMS Courageous, while another U-boat managed to sink the battleship HMS Royal Oak in its home anchorage of Scapa Flow. Altogether, the U-boats sank more than 110 vessels in the first four months of the war. The most damaging effect of the U-boats was in sinking transatlantic merchant shipping.", "The first US naval casualty of the war was the US destroyer Kearney, torpedoed and damaged off Iceland while on convoy escort duty. Eleven men were killed. The first US Navy loss was the destroyer Reuben James torpedoed and sunk off Iceland while escorting a British convoy from Halifax (October 31, 1941) 115 men were lost.", "The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a U-Boat with the loss of 1,198 civilians, including 128 American lives, creating a US-German diplomatic crisis.", "In May 1941, Bismarck was sent out to the Atlantic for her first combat mission, accompanied by the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. It would begin with an outstanding success. On the morning of May 24th, while west of Iceland, the German vessels encountered the British battle cruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales. In the ensuing Battle of the Denmark Strait, Hood blew up and sank after a very short engagement, the seriously damaged Prince of Wales was forced to retreat. Bismarck also suffered some damage resulting in fuel leaks.", "U-boats had a number of spectacular victories at the start of the war. The sinking of the liner ‘Athenia’ by U-30, though it went against Hitler ’s express orders, showed how vulnerable unescorted ships were against a submarine. The British aircraft carrier ‘Ark Royal’ narrowly missed being hit by U-39 in September 1939 and in the same month the aircraft carrier ‘Courageous’ was sunk by U-29. In October 1939, U-47 carried out the most spectacular raid by penetrating Scapa Flow and sinking the battleship ‘Royal Oak’ with the loss of 833 lives. In reality, ‘Royal Oak’ was an old second line battleship. But the psychological impact of what U-47 had done was massive. One U-boat forced the Home Fleet to move from Scapa Flow to a series of temporary anchorages primarily around the coast of Scotland – but away from what was considered to be a secure harbour. The importance of this went further as U-47 had done a great deal to undermine the plans of the Admiralty which were to pin the German surface fleet in the North Sea and block any moves into the Atlantic.", "April 10, 1941 - USS Niblack (DD 424) used depth charges against a German U-boat while conducting rescue operations of a torpedoed Dutch freighter. This was the first action taken by an American naval vessel against the Axis Powers.", "The first was when USS Lydonia together with HMS Basilisk sank a U-boat off Algiers on May 8, 1918. Lydoniaand Basilisk were steaming with a convoy from Bizerte to Gibraltar when they came across the German submarine UB-70 . A coordinated depth charge attack ensued but the Germans were able to torpedo the British merchant ship SS Ingleside , which sank. After a fifteen-minute running battle, the depth charging was stopped and survivors of the Ingleside were rescued. Heavy seas prevented an immediate assessment of possible damage to the submarine but later evaluations credited USS Lydonia and HMS Basilisk with sinking UB-70 when she failed to show up at any port. [23]", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed that the war with Hitler would be won or lost at sea. Britain had been fighting the Germans in the Battle of the Atlantic since 1939, and when the United States entered World War II in December 1941, it began fighting German U-boats in the eastern coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean. During 1941 and 1942, Admiral Karl Dönitz U-boats were effective in destroying Allied shipping and almost won the war for Germany. The Allies, however, began building new cargo ships - named Liberty Ships - faster than U-boats could sink them. In December 1942 the British broke the Triton cipher code that Dönitz used to communicate with his ships, and in 1943 the operational life of a U-boat decreased from 1 year to 3 months.", "1941: The German battleship, Bismarck, sank HMS Hood off the Greenland coast. Almost all of her 1,421 crew perished.", "Auxiliary cruiser of 16,402 tons, formerly the liner SS Montrose which was requisitioned as an Armed Merchant Cruiser in 1939 and renamed Forfar. Commanded by Capt. N. Hardy, the Forfar was on her way to escort an incoming convoy when torpedoed 623 kilometres west-northwest of Galway, Eire, by Kretschmer's U-99. Badly damaged after four torpedo hits over a period of one hour, the Forfar finally sank at 4.50am the following day, taking the lives of 36 officers and 136 ratings. There were eighteen survivors. The previous month the U-99 had sunk two other AMCs, the Laurentic and Patroclus. Lt. Cmdr. Otto Kretschmer, Germany's top U-boat ace with 44 ships to his credit, was captured after his U-99 was sunk while attacking convoy HX-112 in March, 1941. He survived the war and attained the rank of admiral in Germany's post war Navy.", "24 Feb 1944, PBY-5As (VP 63) employing Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) gear, and a PV-1 (VB 127), together with an RAF Catalina (No. 202 Squadron) and British destroyers HMS Anthony and Wishart, bombed German submarine U 761 as she attempted to transit the Straits of Gibraltar. U 761 was the first U-boat destroyed through the use of MAD equipment. The destroyers rescued the U-boat survivors. ( ... )", "1944. June 4, 1110 hours, off the coast of West Africa, the USS Chatelain reported a sonar contact, the submerged German U-boat U-505.. The accompanying US Navy Task Group jumped into action. The USS Guadalcanal could not attack without damaging itself so Captain Gallery moved the ship quickly out of harm's way. Supported by the Destroyer Escorts USS Pillsbury and USS Jenks, the USS Chatelain swiftly attacked. As the sonar crew maintained contact with the submerged U-505, the USS Chatelain attacked with a salvo of 24 hedgehogs that missed. While the USS Chatelain opened the range to turn and make another attack, two fighter planes from the USS Guadalcanal fired their guns into the water to help mark the location of the submerged U-505. The USS Chatelain then fired a pattern of 14 depth charges forcing U-505 to the surface. It was the opening saga in a major event that was soon to impact on Bermuda. U-505 was a Type IXC/40 submarine, one of 54 of this type that got put into operation, a long-range warhorse of the German Navy that could operate in the Caribbean or Atlantic or Indian oceans without refueling. She went into service in 1941, with a range of 13,000 nautical miles. She was captured off western Africa, towed to Bermuda and hidden, with no news of its capture until the end of the war in Europe on May 7, 1945. ", "Two of the Class, HMS VALIANT and HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH, were also badly damaged after an underwater attack by Italian frogmen who attached Limpet Mines to their hulls whilst at anchor in Alexandria. Both ships had to undergo extensive repairs and were taken cut of operational service in 1941 at a critical time during WW2.", "On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat operating off the coast of Ireland fired a torpedo into RMS Lusitania, causing the massive ocean liner to list precariously and then sink in just 18 minutes. The attack, part of Germany’s campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare, killed 1,198 passengers and crewmembers, including 128 Americans. Contrary to popular belief, this did not directly precipitate U.S. involvement in World War I. Yet it did serve as a widespread propaganda tool and rallying cry once American doughboys began shipping out overseas two years later.", "During World War II, Amethyst was deployed mostly on anti-submarine patrols and escort duties. On 20 February 1945 she attacked and sank the U-boat with depth charges. U-1276 had just sunk , a . The action took place in the North Atlantic, south of Waterford and resulted in the loss of all 49 of the U-boat's crew.", "The Victory ships, and their earlier counterparts the Liberty ships, were the centerpiece of one of the most desperate struggles in the Second World War, the Battle of the Atlantic. After the failure of the German Luftwaffe to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain, an invasion of England was impossible, but, as an island, Britain was still vulnerable to the Nazis. Since nearly all of England's food supplies, raw materials, and military equipment came from North America and had to cross the Atlantic, a systematic German attempt to cut off this flow of shipping, through \"commerce raiding\" using submarines would cut off the vital supplies and choke England into surrender. From 1940 to 1942, called \"The Happy Times\" by submarine crews, German U-boats ran rampant from their bases in France to the waters off Africa, Canada, the Caribbean, and, after the US entered the war, the American East Coast, sinking enormous amounts of shipping.", "Two Americans were killed when a German U-boat torpedoed a British liner in the Atlantic Ocean, an incident that helped bring the United States into World War I.", "The PBMs proved their value in combat during the Battle of the Atlantic, during which they operated out of bases located in the western Atlantic, ranging from Bermuda to Brazil. In July and August 1943, Germany's U-boat force waged an intense campaign in the West Indies and Caribbean against allied shipping. Mariners sunk five of the ten submarines involved in the operation. However, by this time, the U-boats had dramatically increased their anti-aircraft armament, including the dreaded Flakvierling 38 quad 20mm system. U-boats shot down three Mariners during the battle and heavily damaged eight others. Of the twenty-nine submarines sunk by American patrol aircraft during World War, ten were by PBMs.", "In September 1941, many of the U-boats operating in the Atlantic were ordered to the Mediterranean to block British supply routes. When the United States entered the war that December, it experienced shipping losses so great that the Germans referred to it as a \"second happy time\".", "Japanese aircraft bombed the USS Tutuila at Chungking, China. This was first USN ship damaged by Axis during World War II", "U-166 , a German U-boat sunk by a depth charge from a US Navy patrol boat in July 1942.", "1944 - Japanese submarine I-169 is sunk by an accidental flooding during a US PB4Y bombing of Truk.", "This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the Americans to enter the war", "1942 – World War II: U-656 becomes the first German submarine of World War II to be sunk by Naval air (VP-82). The attack was carried out by Ensign William Tepuni piloting a Hudson bomber with Patrol Squadron 82 (VP-82).", "cargo ship SS West Nohno was the first American merchant vessel to be armed for service in the Atlantic during World War II ?", "British passenger ship that was sunk by German submarines, killing 139 Americans and leading to American intervention in the War" ]	[ 6.9765625, 4.015625, 3.54296875, 2.806640625, 2.294921875, 1.9833984375, 0.93115234375, 0.80224609375, 0.77001953125, 0.65380859375, 0.20361328125, -0.603515625, -1.1552734375, -1.3232421875, -1.3837890625, -1.384765625, -1.599609375, -1.732421875, -2.259765625, -2.439453125, -2.517578125, -2.615234375, -2.904296875, -3.607421875, -4.11328125, -4.38671875, -4.83203125, -5.359375, -5.390625, -5.515625, -5.86328125, -6.69140625 ]
What nickname was given to the group of performers which included Sammy Davis Jr. and Frank Sinatra?	[ "Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Junior were among several entertainers given what collective nickname?", "Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Junior were among several entertainers given what collective nickname? The Rat Pack", "Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Junior were among several entertainers given what collective nickname? The Rat Pack", "The Rat Pack is the nickname given to a group of popular entertainers most active between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s. Its most famous line-up featured Frank Si...natra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop, who appeared together in films and on stage in the early-1960s.Despite its reputation as a masculine group, the Rat Pack did have female participants, including movie icons Shirley MacLaine, Lauren Bacall, and Judy Garland.", "In 1959, Davis became a member of the famous \"Rat Pack\", led by his friend Frank Sinatra, which included fellow performers such as Dean Martin, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering \"the Clan\", but Sammy voiced his opposition, saying that it reminded people of the racist Ku Klux Klan. Sinatra renamed the group \"the Summit\", but the media referred to them as the Rat Pack.<br /><br /> Davis was a headliner at The Frontier Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, but he was required (as were all black performers in the 1950s) to lodge in a rooming house on the west side of the city, instead of in the hotels as his white colleagues did. No dressing rooms were provided for black performers, and they had to wait outside by the swimming pool between acts. Davis and other black artists could entertain, but could not stay at the hotels where they performed, gamble in the casinos, or dine or drink in the hotel restaurants and bars. Davis later refused to work at places which practiced racial segregation. Read Less", "Sinatra soon became well known for his adventures with the \"Rat Pack,\" a group of high-living friends that included Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Dean Martin. The gang was closely associated with Las Vegas, where they performed and where Sinatra had a steam room built for the Sands Hotel. Here, Sinatra (on the phone) is joined in 1960 by Lawford, left; Davis, lying on the bench; and banker Al Hart.", "Sinatra formed his own recording company, Reprise, in late 1960, and around this time became known as the “Chairman of the Board.” Now in his late 40s, Sinatra was famous not only for his musical talent and acting ability, but as the central figure in the so-called “Rat Pack,” a professional and personal circle that included Dean Martin, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Joey Bishop. During this period, Sinatra became closely identified with Las Vegas, which he helped to popularize as an entertainment center.", "In 1959, Davis became a member of the famous Rat Pack, led by his friend Frank Sinatra, which included fellow performers Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford, a brother-in-law of John F. Kennedy. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering \"the Clan\", but Davis voiced his opposition, saying that it reminded people of the Ku Klux Klan. Sinatra renamed the group \"the Summit\", but the media referred to them as the Rat Pack, the name of its earlier incarnation led by Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. The group made several movies together, including the original version of Ocean's 11 (1960), Sergeants 3 (1962), and Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964), as well as many joint stage appearances in Las Vegas and elsewhere.", "The 1960s version of the group included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Joey Bishop, Peter Lawford (brother-in-law of John F. Kennedy), and for a brief stint, Norman Fell. Angie Dickinson, Juliet Prowse, and Shirley MacLaine were often referred to as the \"Rat Pack Mascots\", a title which reportedly made these ladies feel like \"one of the boys\". The post-Bogart version of the group was reportedly never called that name by any of its members — they called it the Summit or the Clan. \"The Rat Pack\" was a term used by journalists and outsiders, although it remains the lasting name for the group.", "Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, songwriter, actor, producer and director. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, he began his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey. He found success as a solo artist after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. He released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatra's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas, where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack. His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity and his subsequent Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He signed with Capitol Records and released several successful albums, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955), Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956), Come Fly with Me (1958), Only the Lonely (1958) and Nice 'n' Easy (1960).", "During the late 1950s and early ’60s, Sinatra frequently appeared on stage and in films with his close-knit band of friends known variously as “The Clan,” “The Summit,” or, most popularly, “The Rat Pack .” Peripheral members included actors Peter Lawford, Joey Bishop , and Shirley MacLaine and honorary member John F. Kennedy, but the core group was always Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr. , and Dean Martin . The trio performed a largely ad-libbed act of boozy humour, captured well in a recording of a 1962 performance at Chicago’s Villa Venice nightclub, The Summit: In Concert (released 1999). Although the racial and misogynist humour seems dated to the contemporary listener, the act was seen as the height of swinging sophistication in the 1960s.", "Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. Sinatra's music has been considered timeless by many. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, he began his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey. He found success as a solo artist after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943, becoming the idol of the \"bobby soxers\". He released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatra's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas, where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack. His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity and his subsequent Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He signed with Capitol Records and released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955), Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956), Come Fly with Me (1958), Only the Lonely (1958) and Nice 'n' Easy (1960).", "Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra ( / s ɨ ˈ n ɑː t r ə / ; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) [6] was an American singer and film actor. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as a boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey , Sinatra found unprecedented success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the \" bobby soxers \", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity . He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours , Songs for Swingin' Lovers! , Come Fly with Me , Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy ). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding! , Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy .", "He starred in the Broadway musical \"Golden Boy\" in the 1960s. Initially a success, internal tensions, production problems and bad reviews--many of them directed at Davis for playing a role originally written for a white man--resulted in its closing fairly quickly. His film and nightclub career were in full swing, however, and he became even more famous as one of the \"Rat Pack\", a group of free-wheeling entertainers that included Dean Martin , Frank Sinatra , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford .", "Sinatra got his first break in 1935 when his mother persuaded a local singing group, The Three Flashes , to let him join. With Sinatra, the group became known as the Hoboken Four, [5] and they sufficiently impressed Edward Bowes . After appearing on his show, Major Bowes Amateur Hour , they attracted 40,000 votes and won first prize – a six-month contract to perform on stage and radio across the United States.", "Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, actor, director, and producer. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as a boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the \"bobby soxers\", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours, Songs for Swingin' Lovers!, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding!, Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.", "His film career began as a child in 1933. In 1960 Sammy Davis appeared in the first Rat Pack film, Ocean's 11. After a starring role on Broadway in 1956's Mr Wonderful, Sammy Davis returned to the stage in 1964's Golden Boy, and in 1966 had his own TV variety show, The Sammy Davis Jr. Show. Sammy Davis , Jr.' career slowed in the late sixties, but Sammy Davis had a hit record with \"The Candy Man\", in 1972, and became a star in Las Vegas earning him the nickname Mister Show Business.", "Dean Martin (June 7, 1917 - December 25, 1995), born Dino Paul Crocetti, was an American singer, film actor, television star and comedian. Martin's hit singles included \"Memories Are Made of This\", \"That's Amore\", \"Everybody Loves Somebody\", \"Mambo Italiano\", \"Sway\", \"Volare\" and smash hit \"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\". Nicknamed the \"King of Cool\", he was one of the members of the \"Rat Pack\" and a major star in four areas of show business: concert stage/night clubs, recordings, motion pictures, and television.", "Beginning his musical career in the swing era as a boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the \"bobby soxers\", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums. Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961, toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.", "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was tabbed Pack Leader, Bacall Den Mother, Bogie Director of Public Relations, and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager.[137] When asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall stated \"to drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late.\"[136]", "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills . Sinatra was tabbed Pack Leader, Bacall Den Mother, Bogie Director of Public Relations, and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager. When asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall stated: \"To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late.\"", "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills. Sinatra was tabbed Pack Leader, Bacall Den Mother, Bogie Director of Public Relations, and Sid Luft Acting Cage Manager. When asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall stated: \"To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late.\"", "1947 The Rat pack headed by Frank Sinatra forms and glamorizes cocktails by holding them on stage and TV performances.", "Although Sammy Davis was still a draw in Las Vegas, Sammy Davis , Jr.' musical career had sputtered by the latter 1960s, although Sammy Davis had a No. 11 hit (#1 on the Easy Listening singles chart) with \"I've Gotta Be Me\" in 1969. His effort to update his sound and reconnect with younger people resulted in some \"hip\" musical efforts with the Motown record label.[14] But then, even as his career seemed at its nadir, Sammy had an unexpected hit with \"Candy Man\". Although Sammy Davis did not particularly care for the song and was chagrined that Sammy Davis was now best known for it, Sammy Davis made the most of his opportunity and revitalized his career. Although Sammy Davis enjoyed no more Top 40 hits, Sammy Davis did enjoy popularity with his 1976 performance of the theme song from the Baretta TV series, \"Baretta's Theme (Keep Your Eye On The Sparrow)\" (1975�1978), which was released as a single (20th century 2282). Sammy Davis occasionally landed television and film parts, including cameo visits to the television shows \"I Dream of Jeannie\", All in the Family (during which Sammy Davis famously kisses Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) on the cheek) and, with wife Altovise Sammy Davis , Jr., on Charlie's Angels. In the 1970s, Sammy Davis appeared in commercials in Japan for Suntory whiskey.", "Although he was still a huge draw in Las Vegas, Davis's musical career had sputtered out by the latter years of the 1960s, although he had a #11 hit (#1 on the Easy Listening singles chart) with \"I've Gotta Be Me\" in 1969. An attempt to update his sound and reconnect with younger people resulted in some embarrassing \"hip\" musical efforts with the Motown record label. [12] But then, even as his career seemed at its nadir, Sammy had an unexpected worldwide smash hit with \"Candy Man\". Although he didn't particularly care for the song and was chagrined that he was now best known for it, Davis made the most of his new opportunity and revitalized his career. Although he enjoyed no more Top 40 hits, he did enjoy some extra popularity with his performance of the theme song from the T.V. series Baretta (1975-1978) which was not released as a single but was given extensive radio play and he remained a successful live act beyond Vegas for the remainder of his career. He would still occasionally land television and film parts, including high-profile cameo visits to the All in the Family (during which he kisses Archie Bunker (Carrol O'Connor) on the cheek), and with wife Altovise Davis on Charlie's Angels. In the 1970s, he also appeared in a series of memorable commercials in Japan for Suntory whiskey.", "July 30, 1942, Frank Sinatra sang with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra in his last recording before venturing on a solo career. ref. Encyclopædia Britannica", "Sinatra was a jealous grudge-holder. “He turned against Sammy Davis for years after I did a Christmas spread with Sam for one of those big black magazines. Frank never really forgave him, he was always slapping him down. People thought he was kidding, but he wasn’t.”", "The 5th Dimension performed \"Sweet Blindness\" on Frank Sinatra's 1968 TV special Francis Albert Sinatra Does His Thing and sang \"Workin' On a Groovy Thing\" and \"Wedding Bell Blues\" on Woody Allen's The Woody Allen Special in 1969. They introduced \"Puppet Man\" and \"One Less Bell To Answer\" as guests in the It Takes a Thief episode \"To Sing a Song of Murder\" in 1970; the latter song used as a plot device in which the song's closing notes were to activate a bomb in an assassination attempt of the head of a fictitious country.", "The comedy team was comprised of singer Dean Martin (as the “straight man”) and comedian Jerry Lewis as the comedic “foil”. The pair first met in 1945; their debut as a duo occurred at Atlantic City’s 500 Club on July 24/25, 1946.", "Songs for Swingin' Lovers! is the tenth studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra and his fourth for Capitol Records. It was arranged by Nelson Riddle and released in March 1956. It was the first album ever to top the UK Albums Chart.", "The group sold \"millions of records\" and were in demand at concerts and on television shows. They also launched the musical careers of several musicians, including Kenny Rogers, Gene Clark, Kim Carnes, and Barry McGuire.", "The group sold millions of records and were in demand at concerts and on television shows. They also launched the musical careers of several musicians, including Kenny Rogers, Gene Clark, Kim Carnes, and Barry McGuire." ]	[ 7.25, 6.88671875, 6.88671875, 6.62890625, 6.12890625, 5.4921875, 5.24609375, 5.05078125, 4.7109375, 4.40234375, 4.26953125, 3.884765625, 3.162109375, 2.59765625, 2.5, 1.953125, 0.880859375, 0.6787109375, 0.515625, -0.400146484375, -1.0400390625, -1.1826171875, -1.6259765625, -1.86328125, -3.150390625, -3.228515625, -3.81640625, -6.05078125, -6.55078125, -6.93359375, -7.171875, -7.80859375 ]
In which state was Bruce Springsteen born?	[ "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949 in Freehold, New Jersey, US) is an American songwriter, singer and guitarist. He is also known as \"The Boss.\" He has frequently toured as Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band. Springsteen is most widely known for his brand of heartland rock infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and americana sentiments centered around his native New Jersey. His eloquence in expressing ordinary, everyday problems has earned him numerous awards, including twenty Grammy Awards and an Academy Award, along with a notoriously dedicated and devoted global fan base. He has sold over 70 million in the U.S. alone.", "Bruce Springsteen was born on September 23, 1949, in Long Branch, New Jersey. At the age of 13, Bruce Springsteen bought himself a used guitar after being inspired by a television special featuring Elvis Presley. Soon after learning how to play the guitar, Bruce Springsteen began playing piano and harmonica and eventually began performing at local clubs and bars.", "Rock musician Bruce Springsteen was born September 23, 1949, in Long Branch, New Jersey. Springsteen was raised in a working-class household in Freehold Borough. The future Boss's father, Doug Springsteen, had trouble holding down a steady job and worked at different times as a bus driver, millworker and prison guard. Adele Springsteen, Bruce's mother, brought in steadier income as a secretary in a local insurance office. Young Bruce and his father had a difficult relationship. \"When I was growing up, there were two things that were unpopular in my house,\" the singer later recalled. \"One was me, and the other was my guitar.\"", "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an influential American songwriter, singer and guitarist. He has recorded and toured with the E Street Band. Springsteen is widely known for his brand of heartland rock infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and Americana sentiments centered around his native New Jersey. His eloquence in expressing ordinary, everyday problems has earned him numerous awards, including eighteen Grammy Awards and an Academy Award, along with a notoriously dedicated and devoted global fan base. His most famous albums, Born to Run and Born in the U.S.A., epitomize his penchant for finding grandeur in the struggles of daily life. He has sold over 65 million albums in the U.S.", "Born on September 23, 1949, in the town of Long Branch, New Jersey, Bruce Springsteen, also known as \"The Boss,\" played the bar circuit while assembling his famous E Street Band. His breakout record \"Born to Run\" united arena rock with human-size tales of working-class America. With dozens of awards under his belt, including 20 Grammys, and selling more than 65 million albums in the U.S. alone, Springsteen is one of the bestselling and popular artists of all-time. He consistently sells out his tours during which he and his band play are famous for performing for hours. Springsteen also has long been associated with left-leaning political causes and embracing his blue collar roots. In 2016 he was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.", "Bruce Springsteen's Born to Run album is 40 years old in August 2015. Springsteen, who was born in New Jersey, has given hundreds of interviews during his half century as a musician. A brilliant book published in 2013, Springsteen on Springsteen, re-printed the best interviews, going back to 1973. Martin Chilton looks at how Springsteen has evolved.", "Springsteen's whole name is Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen Zirilli, born the 23rd of September of 1949 in a NJ town called Freehold. His first music influences come from Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan later on, which made him buy a guitar and learn to play at the age of 13. Later he joined the band \"The Castiles\" in high school, playing guitar and later becoming lead singer.", "Springsteen was born on September 23, 1949, at Monmouth Medical Center in Long Branch, New Jersey. He was brought home from the hospital to Freehold Borough where he spent his childhood. He lived on South Street and attended Freehold Borough High School. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was of Dutch and Irish ancestry, and worked as a bus driver, among other vocations, although he was mostly unemployed. Springsteen said his mother, Adele Ann (née Zerilli), a legal secretary and of Italian ancestry, was the main breadwinner. His maternal grandfather was born in Vico Equense, a town near Naples. He has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela had a brief film career, but left acting to pursue still photography full-time; she took photos for his Human Touch, Lucky Town and The Ghost of Tom Joad albums.", "Childhood: Springsteen was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, to Douglas F. Springsteen (a bus driver with a dual Dutch / Irish heritage) and Adele A. Zirilli (a legal secretary of Irish heritage). He has two sisters: Virginia (older) and Pamela (younger).", "Bruce Springsteen has always worn his love of his home state on his sleeve, starting with the title of his debut album, Greetings From Asbury Park, N.J. On April 17, 1980, the New Jersey State Assembly decided to repay him by introducing a resolution officially naming him the “New Jersey Pop Music Ambassador to America” with “ Born to Run ” as the “unofficial ‘rock’ theme of our state’s youth.”", "The song was widely misinterpreted as jingoistic, and in connection with the 1984 presidential campaign became the subject of considerable folklore. In 1984, conservative columnist George Will attended a Springsteen concert and then wrote a column praising Springsteen's work ethic. Six days after the column was printed, in a campaign rally in Hammonton, New Jersey, Reagan said, \"America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in the songs of a man so many young Americans admire—New Jersey's own, Bruce Springsteen.\" Two nights later, at a concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen told the crowd, \"Well, the president was mentioning my name in his speech the other day and I kind of got to wondering what his favorite album of mine must’ve been, you know? I don’t think it was the Nebraska album. I don’t think he's been listening to this one.\" He then began playing \"Johnny 99\", with its allusions to closing factories and criminals. ", "Bruce Springsteen draws on many musical influences from the reservoir of traditional American popular music, folk, blues and country. From the beginning, rock and roll has been a dominant influence and Springsteen's musical and lyrical evocations, as well as public tributes, of artists such as Dylan, Presley, Roy Orbison, Gary \"U.S.\" Bonds, and many others helped to rekindle interest in their music. Springsteen's other preferred musical style is American folk, evident on his debut album, Greetings from Asbury Park, New Jersey, and more strongly on Nebraska and The Ghost of Tom Joad. Springsteen songs such as \"This Hard Land\" demonstrate the lyrical and musical influence of Woody Guthrie.", "Bruce Springsteen, who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums, hails from Freehold and is the most popular rock musician to ever come out of the state. Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are \"Born to Run\", \"Spirit In The Night,\" \"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)\", \"Thunder Road\", \"Atlantic City\",", "Bruce Springsteen Freehold High School Broadway at Robertsville Road Freehold, New Jersey It was while attending high school here in 1965 that Bruce Springsteen formed his first band, The Castilles. He graduated from the school two years later, but missed the graduation ceremony after teachers told him his hair was too long. The Castilles played their first performance in 1965 at the Woodhaven Swim Club in Woodhaven, New Jersey, earning $35. The group closed the show with Springsteen’s arrangement of Glenn Miller’s “In the Mood.” Today, the swim club has become the local YMCA and it’s located at 470 East Freehold Road in Freehold.", "* Bruce Springsteen, who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums, is from Freehold. Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are \"Born to Run\", \"Spirit In The Night,\" \"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)\", \"Thunder Road\", \"Atlantic City\", and \"Jungleland\".", "WHEREAS, Bruce Springsteen, who was born in 1949 in Freehold, Monmouth county and grew up amid the friendly, tranquil, small-town atmosphere that exists in that historic county seat, and who came to know well in his youth the sights, sounds and styles of summer life on the beach and boardwalk of that nearby ocean resort town of Asbury Park, today is recognized as one of pop music’s most talented and outstanding performers, as well as one of its most influential and innovative artists; and", "1984 - \"Born in the USA\" / Bruce Springsteen - Entertainment highlights during the week of June 4th-10th, 1984: Bruce Springsteen released his \"Born in the USA\" album. [Based on: A.P. article, p. D4, S.L.P.D., 06/05/06]", "Springsteen signed a record deal with Columbia Records in 1972, with the help of John Hammond, who had signed Bob Dylan to the same record label a decade earlier. Springsteen brought many of his New Jersey-based colleagues into the studio with him, thus forming the E Street Band (although it would not be formally named as such for a couple more years). His debut album, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in January 1973, established him as a critical favorite, though sales were slow. Because of his lyrics-heavy, folk rock-rooted music exemplified on tracks like \"Blinded by the Light\" and \"For You,\" as well as the Columbia and Hammond connections, critics initially compared Springsteen to Bob Dylan. \"He sings with a freshness and urgency I haven't heard since I was rocked by 'Like a Rolling Stone',\" wrote Crawdaddy magazine editor Peter Knobler in Springsteen's first interview/profile, in March, 1973. Crawdaddy \"discovered\" Springsteen in the rock press and was his earliest champion. Famed music critic Lester Bangs wrote in Creem, 1975, that when Springsteen's first album was released…..\"many of us dismissed it: he wrote like Bob Dylan and Van Morrison, sang like Van Morrison and Robbie Robertson, and led a band that sounded like Van Morrison's.\" The track \"Spirit in the Night\" especially showed Morrison's influence, while with \"Lost in the Flood\" Springsteen presented the first of his many portraits of Vietnam veterans.", "Springsteen signed a record deal with Columbia Records in 1972 with the help of John Hammond, who had signed Bob Dylan to the same label a decade earlier. Springsteen brought many of his New Jersey–based colleagues into the studio with him, thus forming the E Street Band (although it would not be formally named as such for several more years). His debut album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in January 1973, established him as a critical favorite though sales were slow.", "1966: Bruce Springsteen's band The Castiles buys an hour of studio time at the Bricktown Recording Studio in the Brick Mall Shopping Center in New Jersey. They pay $50 to cut two songs written by the 16-year-old Springsteen.", "in 1984 - Bruce Springsteen released the album, ï¿½Born In The USAï¿½, which went on to top the US chart for seven weeks and featured seven Top 10 singles.", "\"Glory Days\" is a 1984 song, written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. In 1985, it became the fifth single released from his massively successful album Born in the U.S.A.", "When Paul Schrader wrote a screenplay based on his upbringing, he called it ”Born in the USA.” He had a dream that Bruce Springsteen would play the part that was based on Paul. Bruce had a tradition of writing great songs based on movie titles, e.g., “Thunder Road.”", "Springsteen's recordings have included both commercially accessible rock albums and more somber folk-oriented works. His most successful studio albums, Born in the U.S.A. and Born to Run, showcase a talent for finding grandeur in the struggles of daily American life; he has sold more than 65 million albums in the United States and more than 120 million worldwide and he has earned numerous awards for his work, including 20 Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes and an Academy Award as well as being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him as the 23rd Greatest Artist of all time, the 96th Greatest Guitarist of all time on their latest list and the 36th Greatest Singer of all time in 2008.", "In the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a vibrant music scene in and around the City of Asbury Park on the Jersey Shore . Prominent in this scene were Bruce Springsteen and Southside Johnny as well as the early members of the E Street Band. Clemons, Federici, Lopez, Sancious, Tallent and Van Zandt honed their skills in numerous bands, both with and without Springsteen. These included Little Melvin & the Invaders, the Downtown Tangiers Band, the Jaywalkers, Moment of Truth, Glory Road, Child, Steel Mill , Dr. Zoom & the Sonic Boom, the Sundance Blues Band, and the Bruce Springsteen Band. In 1972 when Springsteen gained a recording contract with CBS Records he picked the cherries among Jersey Shore musicians to record — and to tour in support of — his debut album, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. By 1973 they had recorded a second album with Springsteen, The Wild, the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle .", "Springsteen has always played numerous benefits; in 1985 he sang on USA for Africa's \"We Are the World\" and on Van Zandt's anti-apartheid project, Sun City. But the Born in the U.S.A. concerts themselves fueled the spectacle of Springsteen's success, with fans waving American flags in sold-out stadiums. The previously scrawny, modest Springsteen had joined the country's mania for pumping iron, and his marathon concerts began to resemble athletic events. Constant touring in 1985 (with Nils Lofgren replacing Van Zandt, who went on to pursue a solo career, and Patti Scialfa added on vocals) took him to the Far East and Australia for the first time.", "By Bruce Springsteen . A lifelong resident realizes how many changes in society have altered the way of life in his small town. Song describes an emotionally significant place and the people connected to it.\"...I'd sit on his lap in that big old Buick and steer as we drove through town. He'd tussle my hair and say son take a good look around. This is your hometown...Now mainstreet's whitewashed windows and vacant stores, seems like there ain't nobody wants to come down here no more....Packing up our bags, maybe heading south. I'm thirty-five, we got a boy of our own now...Son take a good look around this is your hometown.\"", "Springsteen was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended the St. Rose of Lima school and then transferred to Freehold High School. Springsteen graduated from high school but skipped his graduation ceremony, as he had felt so out of place at the school.", "Lucky Town is the tenth studio album by Bruce Springsteen. The album was released on March 31, 1992, the same day as the Human Touch album.", "Springsteen Stands Out at American Gold Cup T H E T R A D I T I O N OF G R A N D P R I X S U N D AY I S A L I V E A N D W E LL AT O L D S A L E M F AR M", "Springsteen released two albums (Human Touch and Lucky Town) on the same day in March 1992. He said that life had not turned him into \"a cynic\" but said he understood as a middle-aged man that \"we all live with our illusions and our self-image, and there's a good percentage of that that's a pipe dream.\" ", "As he released Darkness On The Edge of Town, his own music taste broadened to country music, especially a passion, which remains to this day, for Hank Williams. \"He's just incredible,\" said Springsteen. For relaxation, Springsteen would play softball with saxophonist Clarence Clemens, adding: \"We used to play hard. We had to stop, though, when Clarence and myself used to get too battered up.\"" ]	[ 6.14453125, 5.89453125, 5.859375, 5.18359375, 5.13671875, 4.1640625, 4.10546875, 3.060546875, 2.73046875, 2.400390625, 1.57421875, 0.7431640625, 0.7060546875, 0.1988525390625, 0.0019102096557617188, -0.10552978515625, -0.77197265625, -0.7978515625, -1.0302734375, -1.06640625, -1.6357421875, -1.64453125, -2.888671875, -2.99609375, -3.10546875, -3.109375, -5.80078125, -5.83984375, -7.375, -7.6484375, -8.328125, -8.3515625 ]
In which decade was the National University, San Diego, California founded?	[ "Many classes have resumed at El Salvador's National University, which was closed in 1980 because of political unrest. Numerous private universities have arisen with the encouragement and support of the Ministry of Education. The second-largest and oldest of these private institutions is the Jesuit-administered Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas; it offers courses in engineering, economics, administration, and the humanities. The university library has over 40,000 volumes and has embarked on an expansion program financed by the Inter-American Development Bank. Albert Einstein University, founded in 1976, offers courses in engineering and architecture to some 8,500 students. Universidad José Matias Delgado, with over 9,000 students, has courses in law, economics, and communications, and a recently established School for Agricultural Investigation in Santa Ana. The American School in San Salvador offers a two-year program in English. In 1995, an estimated 70% of Salvadorans could read and write.", "On September 19,1847,the National University was opened .The School of Medicine was opened on 1,882 . However it took 115 years to graduate the first black individuals : Awstin Bowman and Alfonso Lacayo Medicine Degree ;one Civil Engineer ,Santos Arzu and one Attorney ,Hipolito Laboriel, all by 1960", "Although the city of Santa Cruz already exhibited a strong conservation ethic before the founding of the university, the coincidental rise of the counterculture of the 1960s with the university's establishment fundamentally altered its subsequent development. Early student and faculty activism at UCSC pioneered an approach to environmentalism that greatly impacted the industrial development of the surrounding area. The lowering of the voting age to 18 in 1971 led to the emergence of a powerful student-voting bloc. A large and growing population of politically liberal UCSC alumni changed the electorate of the town from predominantly Republican to markedly left-leaning, consistently voting against expansion measures on the part of both town and gown.", "University enrollment in 1900 totaled only 1,000 students; by 1970 that number had risen to 128,000. The period from 1960 to the present reflects enormous growth in the higher education system. In 1962, only seven universities served the nation—liberal arts schools at Trujillo, Cuzco, and Arequipa , as well as the venerable San Marcos in Lima; an engineering school; an agricultural school; and the Pontifical Catholic University of Lima. The need for new institutions brought about a quadrupling of the number of schools during the mid-1960s. With the establishment of new universities and increasing enrollments, the higher education student population of the nation doubled between 1961 and 1965. By 1970 the number of universities had been increased to 34, with an increase to 51 in 1990. Much of this growth came initially in Lima in the form of private universities but, under the demands of a greatly increased population of secondary graduates, the government began to found new institutions in provincial cities, including an agricultural college at Tingo María on the eastern side of the Andes and a university in the Amazonian city of Iquitos.", "During the early 1930s, the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gómez Morín. The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities, which Gómez Morín, many professors, and Catholics opposed as an infringement on academic freedom. Gómez Morín with the support of the Jesuit-founded student group, the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos, successfully fought against socialist education. UNAM supported the recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools, which validated their educational function. In an interesting turn of events, UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution in 1943, the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1943. However, UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana in later years, opposing the establishment of majors in industrial relations and communications. ", "The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910, and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico. UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.", "In 1946 the Bolivian University of Juan Misael Saracho (UAJMS) opened. In 1966 the Catholic University of Bolivia (UCB) was started in La Paz. In 1967 another public university, the Bolivian University of General José Ballivián, also called the Beni Technical University (UTB), was established. The twentieth century National University (UNSXX) was founded in La Paz in 1984. The Amazonian University of Pando (UAP) opened in 1994; also in 1994, the Military School of Engineering (EMI) was founded.", "In the immediate post-Revolutionary era, Cuba placed emphasis on agricultural self-sufficiency. By 1980 a shift in the focus, composition, clientele, and outcomes of higher education emerged as part of a larger social transformation (MacDonald 1996). This shift toward increased education and technology, evident from 1970 to 1995, resulted in a tight coordination of national need and educational preparation. The emphasis on mass participation in higher education increased university attendance by farmers and workers. Additionally, a strong indicator of the importance of higher education was its expansion. Student attendance changed from 24,300 pupils (per 100,000 population) in 1958; to 20,600 by 1965; and to 26,300 by 1975.", "Local entrepreneur and political figure Amos G. Throop founded Throop University in 1891; the school was eventually dubbed the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1921. The university specializes in engineering, math, computer and earth sciences, biology and chemistry. Caltech graduate Linus Pauling, who is described as “one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century” by the National Academy of Sciences, is still the only laureate to win two individual Nobel Prizes (1954, 1962). Pioneering physicists and Nobel winners Robert A. Millikan (1923), Richard P. Feynman (1965) and Murray Gell-Mann (1969) and biologist David Baltimore (1975) have all served as staff at Caltech. Several graduates have also received a Nobel Prize: physicists Carl D. Anderson (1936), William B. Shockley (1956), James Rainwater (1975) and Douglas D. Osheroff (1996), Chemistry winner Edwin M. McMillan (1951) and economist Vernon L. Smith (2002).", "The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas, to decentralize the system. There were some minor student strikes, mostly concerning grading and tuition. ", "Interstate 5 began construction in 1950. Southern California Bible College, currently known as Vanguard University, became the first four year degree school in Orange County in 1950 after moving from Pasadena to Costa Mesa. The Tustin Navy based reopened in 1951 to support US troops in the Korean War. Buena Park and Costa Mesa incorporated in 1953. Garden Grove, Stanton and Dairy City, later named Cypress, incorporated in 1956. In 1957, Westminster and Fountain Valley emerge as cities. Orange County State College, later named California State University Fullerton, opened in 1959 in the same year that the San Diego 405 Freeway was built.", "The Lima Academy of Exact, Physical, and Natural Sciences was founded in 1939. In 1996, Peru had 18 other scientific and technological learned societies and 15 scientific and technological research institutes. The Natural History Museum of the National University of San Marcos, founded in 1918, and the Geological Museum of the National University of Engineering are both located in Lima. In 1996, Peru had 34 universities that offered courses in basic and applied sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 34% of college and university enrollments. According to the Industrial Law of 1982, enterprises may invest up to 10% of their income tax-free in research and development (R&D) projects approved by the National Council of Science and Technology and carried out by the national universities.", "The Academy of Sciences of Cuba, founded in 1962, is Cuba's principal scientific institution; it, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture, operates numerous research centers throughout Cuba. Institutions offering higher education in science and engineering include the University of Havana (founded in 1928), the University of Oriente at Santiago de Cuba (founded in 1947), the Central University of Las Villas in Villa Clara (founded in 1952), the University of Camagüey (founded in 1967), and the University Center of Pinar del Río (founded in 1972). In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 16% of college and university enrollments.", "The 20th century saw a significant expansion of access to higher education in Latin America through the creation of many new universities. This expansion brought with it new forms of organization, the emergence of private universities as well as experimentation away from the European model and towards the model of the U.S. research university. Most of the universities, and most of the variation in organizational forms which exist in Latin America today, were established in the 20th century. This gave way to the emergence of the teaching university, and it also provided access to tertiary education to groups beyond elites. Some of the new universities adopted variations of a “third mission” engaging in various activities that fostered university-industry collaboration. In some cases, students and faculty engaged significantly in political activism, contributing to political transitions to democracy and opposing authoritarian rule in various ways. States understood for the first time in the 20th century that universities were social actors, sometimes contentious. In this context, the concept of “university autonomy” from the state became a highly valued principle as a way to protect the university from attempts to control it. These changes, however, while important, are very much in line with the social mission Humboldt imagined for the University of Berlin.", "University of New Mexico, [67] . Founded in 1889, UNM is the second oldest and largest institution of higher education in the state, with undergraduate and graduate degrees in a wide variety of programs.", "The ensemble of buildings, sports facilities and open spaces of the Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), was built from 1949 to 1952 by more than 60 architects, engineers and artists who were involved in the project. As a result, the campus constitutes a unique example of 20th-century modernism integrating urbanism, architecture, engineering, landscape design and fine arts with references to local traditions, especially to Mexico’s pre-Hispanic past. The ensemble embodies social and cultural values of universal significance and is one of the most significant icons of modernity in Latin America.", "The city is home to the National University of San Marcos, one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World, founded on May in1551.", "* In 1969 students from the Black Student Council and Mexican-American Youth Association of the University of California, San Diego proposed the name Lumumba-Zapata College, for what is now known as Thurgood Marshall College.", "Founded by Frederick Meyer in 1907 with the name School of the California Guild of Arts and Crafts, it was renamed California College of Arts and Crafts in 1936. Meyer, a cabinet maker and teacher at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, had a vision of education for artists and designers that integrated both theory and practice. These ideas were tied to the late 19th century the Arts and Crafts Movement, which spread to the U.S. from Europe and which addressed industrial aesthetics of the machine age. The school, which grew dramatically after World War II, continues today at its original location at Broadway and College Avenue in Oakland on the four acre James Treadwell estate. Meyer remained president until 1944. The school, on the forefront of almost every art movement, offers 20 undergraduate programs. Teachers include Robert Bechtle, Nathan Oliveira, and Manuel Neri, and among the students have been Ralph Goings, Gene Kloss and Maurice Logan. Sources: http://www.cca.edu/about/history; AskART biographies", "In 1956 was created the Universidad del Norte (now the Catholic University of the North), due to support from the Catholic University of Valparaíso. On 9 October, of the same year began the negotiations for the creation of the \"Centro Universitario Zona Norte\" (University Center North Zone), part of the University of Chile. In 1968 was inaugurated the Antofagasta center of the University of Chile, after a university reform agreement which meant the autonomy of the University Center North Zone. Finally in 1981, merging the offices of the University of Chile and Technical State University, giving rise to the University of Antofagasta.", "Private colleges and universities in the city include University of San Diego (USD), Point Loma Nazarene University (PLNU), Alliant International University (AIU), National University, California International Business University (CIBU), San Diego Christian College, John Paul the Great Catholic University, California College San Diego, Coleman University, University of Redlands School of Business, Design Institute of San Diego (DISD), Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's San Diego campus, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Pacific Oaks College San Diego Campus, Chapman University's San Diego Campus, The Art Institute of California – San Diego, Platt College, Southern States University (SSU), UEI College, and Woodbury University School of Architecture's satellite campus.", "The National University of Mexico was founded in 1551 by Charles V of Spain and is the oldest university in North America.", "Set up in 1851, the University of the Pacific in Stockton holds the honor of being the very first chartered institution of post-secondary education in the state of California. Pacific hasn’t, however, always been based in the Northern California city; it began its days as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara before relocating to San Jose in 1871 and finally to Stockton in 1923. Then in 1961 it took on its present title. Today, trees and flowers add natural beauty to the school’s 175-acre main campus, which is crowned by the awe-inspiring Burns Tower. The Neo-Gothic tower rises above the landscape and acts as an attention-grabbing focal point, especially when its carillon of 122 bells begins to chime. Made from concrete and steel, and decorated with brightly colored stained-glass windows, Burns Tower was the work of architects Howard G. Bissell and Glen H. Mortensen and was completed in 1964.", "* The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California (1959–1965) was to be a campus composed of three main clusters: meeting and conference areas, living quarters, and laboratories. Only the laboratory cluster, consisting of two parallel blocks enclosing a water garden, was built. The two laboratory blocks frame a long view of the Pacific Ocean, accentuated by a thin linear fountain that seems to reach for the horizon.", "The Claremont School of Theology was founded as the Maclay School of Theology in 1885 in San Fernando, Calif. The school moved to Los Angeles in 1990 and was housed at the University of Southern California. It moved to its present location in Claremont, Calif. (east of downtown Los Angeles), in 1957.", "The National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN) (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua) is the main state-funded public university of Nicaragua. UNAN was established in 1812 in the city of León and its main campus is located in Managua. By government decree in 1983 the campus of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua in León and Managua, became two separate entities; UNAN and UNAN-León. ", "New bachelor’s degree programs and a West Coast presence highlight one of the most significant periods in the college’s history.", "Today scholars and policy makers in Latin America look to the universities of the United States as models, but there was a time when Latin America led the way in higher education. If we turn the clock back some twenty generations, or around 350 years, the landscape of the Americas both topographically and intellectually was strikingly different. In North America what little pre-Columbian urban civilization remained had withered under pressure of European diseases, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony could claim the North’s only college, a plucky but tiny institution, which graduated the grand total of nine students at its first commencement ceremony. In contrast, Spanish America could boast true cities with tens of thousands of inhabitants who enjoyed the culture and intellectual life that springs from urban living. Providing higher education to the elite of the vast Spanish territories were almost 40 colleges and two grand universities on the European model in Mexico City and Lima. The Faculty of Medicine in Mexico City serves as a perfect example of Spanish America’s considerable head start in higher education: by 1621 the city’s university had three chairs of medicine (of physiology, pathology and pharmacology respectively), while Harvard would have to wait until after the Declaration of Independence for the foundation of its medical school.", "* May 23 – The University of California opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).", "Sonoma State University College (later University) opens in Rohnert Park in temporary quarters with 272students. Ambrose Nichols serves as president until 1970. Students from SSC create demand for living space inconverted Cotati chicken houses.", "Tijuana maintains multiple higher education institutions. These include the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana (UABC), Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana (ITT), Universidad Iberoamericana (UIA-Tijuana), CETYS Universidad, Universidad Xochicalco, and University of the Californias. Other colleges include Tijuana University Center, Tijuana University of Technology, Graduate Center of the Northwest, and the University of Professional Development. The city is the seat of the Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF), an institution of scientific research and higher education, specializing in the study of the problems in the border region between Mexico and the United States. In August 2009, Metropolitan UABC opened in Valle de Las Palmas, in the Tijuana metropolitan area.", "Attended the Universidad del Pacifico, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and the University of San Diego." ]	[ -1.259765625, -1.4150390625, -1.7744140625, -2.46875, -2.908203125, -3.06640625, -3.19921875, -3.22265625, -3.310546875, -3.92578125, -4.17578125, -4.22265625, -4.4921875, -4.80078125, -4.859375, -5.0078125, -5.0234375, -5.0390625, -5.6328125, -5.6640625, -5.8984375, -6.6484375, -6.734375, -7.375, -7.4921875, -8.2265625, -9.3984375, -9.78125, -9.90625, -10.03125, -10.3671875, -10.7734375 ]
"Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, ""The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?"""	[ "Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, \"The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?\"", "Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, "The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?", "In the 1940s she and Robert Helpmann formed a very successful dance partnership, and they toured together for several years. In the 1950s, she danced regularly with Michael Somes (they had first danced together in 1938, when they created Constant Lambert's Horoscope). In 1955 they danced together in the first ever colour telecast of a ballet, NBC's production of The Sleeping Beauty. In 1958 they appeared together in the first British televised version of The Nutcracker. She named him the favourite partner of her entire career. ", "Sir Robert Helpmann CBE (9 April 1909 – 28 September 1986) was an Australian dancer, actor, theatre director and choreographer.", "OMG-I ADORE Robert Helpmann’s performance in The Red Shoes. Such a fabulous movie in every way. That tidbit about Massine doing most of his own choreography is a gem.", "His most controversial work was The Display (1964), with music by Malcolm Williamson. Helpmann claimed that this was the \"first one hundred per cent Australian ballet to have been choreographed\", although it was predated by several works and the true first all-Australian ballet was Edouard Borovansky's Terra Australis which premiered in Melbourne on 25 May 1946. The Display used the courtship dance of the lyrebird as a metaphor for Australian male attitudes. ", "Fonteyn and Robert Helpmann formed a dance partnership and successfully toured together for several years. Fonteyn also danced with Michael Somes during the 1950s.", "The musical caused controversy when it was first staged. The Act I finale was the first time a Broadway show had seen totally naked actors and actresses, and the show was charged with the desecration of the American flag and the use of obscene language. These controversies, in addition to the anti–Vietnam War theme, attracted occasional threats and acts of violence during the show's early years and became the basis for legal actions both when the show opened in other cities and on tour. Two cases eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court.", "Oh! Calcutta! was a long-running avant-garde theatrical revue, created by British drama critic Kenneth Tynan. The show, consisting of various sketches on sex-related topics, debuted in Off-Broadway in 1969. It proved, once again, that sex sells, running in London for over 2,400 performances, and in New York for over 1,600. The show sparked considerable controversy at the time, because it featured extended scenes of total nudity, both male and female. The title is taken from a painting by Clovis Trouille, itself a pun on \"O quel cul t'as!\", French for \"What an ass you have!\". Tynan had hoped that Harold Pinter would direct the production, in order to give it avant-garde legitimacy, but Pinter declined. (The original director was Jacques Levy, remembered by most now as the songwriting partner of Bob Dylan on his album Desire.) Most of the sketches (written, amongst others, by Nobel prize winner Samuel Beckett, John Lennon, Sam Shepard, Edna O'Brien, Jules Feiffer, and Tynan himself) featured the cast naked (including Bill Macy). Peter Schickele (aka 'PDQ Bach'), Robert Dennis and Stanley Walden were the revue's composers, known as The Open Window. A pay-per-view video production played on closed-circuit TV in select cities in 1971, and in 1972 a motion picture version was also released - in both cases many cities and municipalities banned its showing. A 1976 Broadway revival at the Edison Theatre ran for thirteen years, briefly becoming the longest-running play in Broadway history, with a total of 5,959 performances.", "Sunset Boulevard was fantastic, Glenn Close was sensational. The music is very good as is the staging. All in all a wonderful show", "The New York Times critic Jack Gould called the show \"one of the high points in the TV medium's evolution\" and said \"[f]or sheer power of narrative, forcefulness of characterization and brilliant climax, Mr. Serling's work is a creative triumph.\" Robert Lewis Shayon stated in the Saturday Review, \"in the years I have been watching television I do not recall being so engaged by a drama, nor so stimulated to challenge the haunting conclusions of an hour's entertainment.\" [2] The episode was a hit with the audience as well, and a second live show was staged due to popular demand one month later. During the time between the two shows, Kraft executives negotiated with people from Hollywood over the rights to Patterns. Newspapers announced Patterns would be rebroadcast, but then stated the show might be unavailable if the rights were sold before then.", "He appeared in three of the ballet programs which were Emmy-nominated for \"Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts\" in the same year - \"Giselle\", \"American Ballet Theatre at the Metropolitan Opera House\", and \"The Nutcracker\". \"Giselle\" was the one that took home the Emmy, but \"The Nutcracker\" remains the one that has most often been shown and is consistently the most popular. The other two have not even been released on video or DVD, due to a royalties dispute about all \"Live From Lincoln Center\" programs.", "'Boy Meets Girls' was a much gentler show, featuring more ballads and musical variety, which was suggestive of Jack Good being persuaded, or pressurised by the BBC, to calm things down a bit. Good himself was to comment \"Oh Boy! taught me that there is no substitute for personality in entertainmentï¿½. ï¿½.we shall use an occasional, wild number but the accent is on friendliness and the programme is aimed at a wider audience. We are out to capture the elder brothers and sisters of the teenagers, and the mums and dads too\".", "(The show) was extremely physical. Tommy, you know, is a pinball wizard. And so the choreographer used the philosophy of the machine and in the (musical number) “Underture” created the essence of a pinball machine on-stage. My character was the pinball. All the dancers had ballet backgrounds and so they were used to catching ladies as they were doing these magnificent leaps.", "Directed by Jacques Levy.. Cast: Raina Barrett, Mark Dempsey, Samantha Harper, Patricia Hawkins, Bill Macy, Mitchell McGuire, Gary Rethmeier, Margo Sappington, Nancy Tribush, George Welbes. Devised by Kenneth Tynan: written by Robert Benton, Jules Feiffer, Dan Greenburg , John Lennon, Jacques Levy, Leonard Melfi, David Newman, Margo Sappington, Sam Shepard, Clovis Trouille. Based on the controversial off-Broadway musical comedy revue, \"Oh! Calcutta!\" is a series of musical numbers about sex and sexual mores. Most of the skits feature one or more performers in the state of undress, simulating sex, or both. 100 min. DVD 5655", "With popularity came controversy over the show's suitability for children. Morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse repeatedly complained to the BBC in the 1970s over what she saw as the show's frightening and gory content. [25] John Nathan-Turner produced the series during the 1980s and was heard to say that he looked forward to Whitehouse's comments, as the show's ratings would increase soon after she had made them. [26]", "The moment the pace dropped, Torvill and Dean looked different from any other couple. It was the same in the days of be-bop: playing flat out, the great names all sounded equally bewildering, but in the slow numbers Charlie Parker emerged as the unmistakable genius. You can dazzle people with technique, but you can't move them. Torvill and Dean's first all-conquering free dance programme was stunning in the fast bits, but in the slow bits it was better than that. The idea of making the whole thing slow, however, was still too daring, or too obvious, to be seriously entertained.", "Kiss Me Kate is a textbook musical that works on all levels. Keel and Grayson were never better, Miller is outstanding, Whitmore and Wynn are fun, and Tommy Rall gets a couple of dance numbers (My Can't You Behave) that prove him to be one of the best dancers of his generation. The short dance solo with Fosse and Haney also presages much of Fosse's later groundbreaking choreography.", "There is a lot of fighting and a rape scene, all of which are executed with highly stylized yet tasteful dance moves. Bernstein’s music, which blends the operatic with popular music, and Sondheim’s inventive lyrics go a long way toward making this among the best of musicals.", "It also doesn’t help that, with the exception of her post-coital song, “Deep Love,” Elizabeth’s other numbers are lame. Which brings me to the other problem with this show: its score, by Mel Brooks. Mel has admitted he’s less a true composer than a melody-maker, with music arranger/supervisor Glen Kelly turning Mel’s snatches into a full-bodied score.", "Television reviews were even more enthusiastic. Allan Jeffreys of ABC said the actors were \"the most talented hippies you'll ever see... directed in a wonderfully wild fashion by Tom O'Horgan.\" Leonard Probst of NBC said \"Hair is the only new concept in musicals on Broadway in years and it's more fun than any other this season\". John Wingate of WOR TV praised MacDermot's \"dynamic score\" that \"blasts and soars\", and Len Harris of CBS said \"I've finally found the best musical of the Broadway season... it's that sloppy, vulgar, terrific tribal love rock musical Hair.\" ", "In 1977, Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full-length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series \" Great Performances : Dance in America\"; it aired in 1978. [147]", "Now, at least half the credit goes to David Hallberg. (Are you sick of me writing about him yet?) I’ve been staring at my computer screen for a good five minutes trying to think of a way to explain why his dancing merits this much adoration, and I can’t. You just have to see him; he is simply beyond my writing ability. He has flawless technique, but he doesn’t depend on it to get through a show; he uses it as a tool. He doesn’t do the steps and then try to slap a character on top; he is whatever character he dances. There, that’s as close as I’m going to get. It felt as if he and Osipova were made to dance with each other. When the curtain closed on act one the audience would not stop applauding; they forced (a somewhat bewildered) Hallberg and Osipova to bow during intermission. It really was that good.", " The movie was directed by Francis Ford Coppola as a widescreen film and certainly requires letterboxing to transmit its splendors. As we pointed out in our review of Mame, it is difficult to pull off big dance numbers outdoors, but Coppola does it consistently and with considerable success, never allowing the backgrounds to overwhelm the dancers, but never moving in so close to the dancers that the backgrounds could be mistaken for sets. The framing and setting is ideal for Fred Astaire as well, because he can exercise his talent without worrying about a precise delivery. One number, however, is more effective on the scanned-and-cropped version and can even be used as an example of the few advantages cropping sometimes provides. When it is cropped, the Don Francks and Petula Clark number, \"Old Devil Moon,\" changes from a standard romantic duet to an intimate and passionate ballad, with the faces of the stars filling the screen so tightly they seem unable to draw away from one another. It may not be what Coppola intended, but it was what made us first fall in love with the film in the first place.", " All this technical wizardry might overshadow the performances, but a powerful American cast proves equal to the efforts of the helmer and her design team. As Christopher, recent Juilliard graduate Alex Sharp does a magnificent job of carrying the show on his boyish shoulders. He masterfully conveys the teenager’s incisive intelligence, childlike neediness, and raging incomprehension at the bad behavior displayed by the grownups. We actually get to like this impossible adolescent. Ian Barford finds the deep love at the center of Christopher’s undemonstrative father, and Enid Graham makes for a sympathetic mother despite the character’s questionable actions. Francesca Faridany as Siobhan provides an anchor for the action, and Mercedes Herrero adds spice, doubling as a nasty neighbor and a vinegary headmistress.", "'Applause' is a good (but not great) musical, adapted from a movie that worked better as a film. The best elements here are direct references to Broadway's theatre community that weren't in the film, such as the gypsy-robe scene and the gay subculture. But 'Applause' can never be revived except as a period piece, since it makes absolutely no mention of Aids. I'll rate this enjoyable TV version 6 points out of 10, and I wish someone would explain to me why gay men are so fascinated by aging actresses.", "Michael Phillips of the Los Angeles Times called the show \"wholly revised and gleefully self-aware ... a few tons short of a mega-musical – no fake helicopters here, no power ballads saccharine enough to stop Communism in its tracks.\" The Hollywood Reporter thought the revival was, \"while not perfect, an exhilarating accomplishment\". Variety called it \"a bold theatrical operation, an artistic success\".", "Note: the musical revue was in the form of sketches. These are taken from the 1971 production shown on pay-per-view. Lyrics and music by Robert Dennis, Peter Schickele and Stanley Walden (unless otherwise noted).", "Mark Kermode writing for The Observer awarded the film four out of five stars, lauding Thompson's performance as \"impeccable\", elaborating that \"Thompson dances her way through Travers' conflicting emotions, giving us a fully rounded portrait of a person who is hard to like but impossible not to love.\" Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune felt similarly, writing: \"Thompson's the show. Each withering put-down, every jaundiced utterance, lands with a little ping.\" In regard to the screenplay, he wrote that \"screenwriters Kelly Marcel and Sue Smith treat everyone gently and with the utmost respect.\" Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film three out of four stars and equally commended the performances of the cast. ", "Several people who became well-known names in stage and television were involved in the first production. The director was Lindsay Anderson. Music was provided by Dudley Moore.", "A 1987 production of the series for VHS tape featured Cloris Leachman opening the collection and some songs with child dancers and singers. Three songs (namely \"Three Ring Government,\" \"The Good Eleven,\" and \"Little Twelve Toes\") were not included on the videos. ", "A performance of the 1980 touring company was taped before an audience at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles during the first national tour, with additional taping done in an empty theatre. It was televised on September 12, 1982, on The Entertainment Channel and broadcast on PBS. It was later released on both VHS and DVD. 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"Who said, ""The hardest thing to understand in the world is income tax?"""	[ "The hardest thing to understand in the world is the income tax. - Albert Einstein - BrainyQuote", "- \"The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.\" It sounds like something Albert Einstein might have said, but there's no evidence that he ever actually did.", "[EIS] IRS.gov website, Newsroom: Tax Quotes, Quote attributed to Albert Einstein, “The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.” (Accessed 2011 March 7) link", "Quote Investigator: This is a timely and entertaining query, and QI may have found the origin of this quotation. In 1963 a letter written by Leo Mattersdorf appeared in Time magazine with the following assertion: “From the time Professor Einstein came to this country until his death, I prepared his income tax returns and advised him on his tax problems.” Mattersdorf told the following anecdote about Einstein [TLM]:", "It is a truth little remarked on by scholars that tax law has been a fount of literature for 5,000 years. The oldest literary work still extant–the Epic of Gilgamesh–is a long narrative of a friendship begun during a protest against government exactions. In more recent times, some of our language’s most notable authors have used fiction to delve into tax policy: consider Shakespeare’s criticism of the supply-side effects of a 16-percent tax rate; Swift’s precocious suggestion of a system of voluntary assessment; and Dickens’ trenchant observation on the problems of multijurisdictional taxing coordination ….", "Any talk on taxation must include two essential quotations. The first, of course, is the cynical from Benjamin Franklin:", "Question: \" I understand that Congress is considering a so-called 'flat' tax system. How would this work?\" Answer: \"If Congress were to pass a 'flat' tax, you'd simply pay a fixed percentage of your income, and you wouldn't have to fill out any complicated forms, and there would be no loopholes for politically connected groups, and normal people would actually understand the tax laws, and giant talking broccoli stalks would come around and mow your lawn for free, because Congress is NOT going to pass a flat tax, you pathetic fool.\" ~Dave Barry", "So, Barton met with Lizzie Magie, he testified, and asked her if she would accept changes in her game. According to Barton’s recollection, she replied like this: “No. This is to teach the Henry George theory of single taxation, and I will not have my game changed in any way whatsoever.” For John Droeger of San Francisco, the lawyer taking his deposition, Barton explained why in his opinion Lizzie Magie answered that way: “She was a rabid Henry George single tax advocate, a real evangelist; and these people never change.”", "So, Barton met with Lizzie Magie, he testified, and asked her if she would accept changes in her game. According to Barton's recollection, she replied like this: \"No. This is to teach the Henry George theory of single taxation, and I will not have my game changed in any way whatsoever.\" For John Droeger of San Francisco, the lawyer taking his deposition, Barton explained why in his opinion Lizzie Magie answered that way: \"She was a rabid Henry George single tax advocate, a real evangelist; and these people never change.\"", "Alfred E. Neuman: \"Today, it takes more brains and effort to make out the income-tax form than it does to make the income.\"", "Gladstone spoke for nearly five hours introducing his 1853 Budget. He outlined plans for phasing out income tax over seven years (which the Crimean War was to upset), of extending the tax to Ireland, and introduced tax deductions for expenses 'wholly, exclusively and necessarily' incurred in the performance of an office - including keeping and maintaining a horse for work purposes. The 1853 Budget speech included a review of the history of the tax and its place in society, it is regarded as one of the most memorable ever made.", "John Maynard Keynes: \"The avoidance of taxes is the only intellectual pursuit that carries any reward.\"", "Dave Barry: \"It's income tax time again, Americans: time to gather up those receipts, get out those tax forms, sharpen up that pencil, and stab yourself in the aorta.\"", "78An American politician and political economist, George (1839-1897) was a proponent of a land value tax, also known as the ”Single Tax” on land. According to the economic line of thought he inspired, everyone owns the product of his or her labour, but everything found in nature, above all land, belongs equally to all humanity. George supported state ownership of telegraphic communications and municipal ownership of the water supply. He was strongly opposed to private monopolies. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty (1879), deals with inequality and the cyclic nature of industrial economies and proposes possible remedies. A well known speaker and public figure, George ran for Mayor of New York City in 1886 and came in second, ahead of the Republican candidate, Theodore Roosevelt. 100,000 people attended his funeral. Now almost forgotten, he influenced the thinking of George Bernard Shaw and Leo Tolstoi on economic matters, and of Silvio Gesell, an unconventional economist, near-contemporary of Zur Mühlen, and author of Die natürliche Wirtschaftsordnung (1916; originally two volumes under different titles [1906, 1911]; French translation 1916, English translation 1929), who is likewise almost forgotten now, but was well regarded by Keynes.", "Walter B. Wriston: \"All the Congress, all the accountants and tax lawyers, all the judges, and a convention of wizards all cannot tell for sure what the income tax law says.\"", "You might find it surprising that providing a clear definition of tax is not straightforward. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines “tax” for our purposes as “a compulsory payment, usually a percentage, levied on income, property value, sales price, etc. for the support of a government”. At first glance, tax is simply money that the government takes from the economy, but the key point is that “… taxes are enforced exactions, not voluntary contributions” [Commissioner of Internal Revenue versus Newman, 159 F.2d 848, 850-51 (2d Cir. 1947)].", "In March of 1968 a version of the quote appeared in an article titled “Tax Developments of 1967” in a magazine aimed at aircraft owners and pilots. The wording of the quote was slightly different. The phrase “the Income Tax” was used instead of “income taxes”, and this variant is the most common modern version of the saying [AOP]:", "CINCINNATI, Ohio, March 14 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Edward A. Lyon, founder of TaxTuneup.com Inc., announces release of his 2008 Celebrity Deductions list. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes called taxes 'the price we pay for civilization.' But he never said we have to pay retail! As April 15 approaches, let's take a look at what some of our favorite bold-face names might deduct this year.", "The obsession with income tax is very strange to me. Do you actually understand what “income” is and where rich people actually get their money from?", "In Thomas Piketty's highly-praised new book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, he asserts that the top tax rate under President Herbert Hoover was 25 percent. But Internal Revenue Service records show that it was 63 percent in 1932. If Piketty can't even get his facts straight, why should his grandiose plans for confiscatory global taxation be taken seriously?", "The Sixteenth Amendment (1913) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income. Specifically, the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment, which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision, in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., that declared a federal income tax on rents, dividends, and interest unconstitutional. This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since. ", "Simons, Henry C. 1938 Personal Income Taxation: The Definition of Income as a Problem of Fiscal Policy. Univ. of Chicago Press. #x", "No one talks about abolishing private schools any more. Unilateral nuclear disarmament is not embraced by any of the three main political parties. In 1979, as Thatcher took power, the top rate of income tax was 83%. The ferocious battle this year over lowering the top rate of tax from 50% to 45% illustrates how far the debate on tax has shifted.", "Dear Quote Investigator: I have been struggling trying to figure out how much I owe to the Internal Revenue Service this year. The quote I would like you to explore does not sound very extraordinary. What makes it funny and outrageous is the identity of the person who supposedly said it:", "Benjamin Franklin: \"Friends and neighbors complain that taxes are indeed very heavy, and if those laid on by the government were the only ones we had to pay, we might the more easily discharge them; but we have many others, and much more grievous to some of us. We are taxed twice as much by our idleness, three times as much by our pride, and four times as much by our folly.\"", "John Sherman: \"We are told that this is an odious and unpopular tax. I never knew a tax that was not odious and unpopular with the people who paid it.\"", "The Joint Legislative Committee, established by the Revenue Act of 1926, has been particularly helpful to the Treasury Department. The members of that Committee have generously consulted with administrative officials, not only on broad questions of policy but on important and difficult tax cases. On the basis of these studies and of other studies conducted by officials of the Treasury, I am able to make a number of suggestions of important changes in our policy of taxation. These are based on the broad principle that if a government is to be prudent its taxes must produce ample revenues without discouraging enterprise; and if it is to be just it must distribute the burden of taxes equitably. I do not believe that our present system of taxation completely meets this test. Our revenue laws have operated in many ways to the unfair advantage of the few, and they have done little to prevent an unjust concentration of wealth and economic power.", "Martin D. Ginsburg: \"There is an ancient belief that the gods love the obscure and hate the obvious. Without benefit of divinity, modern men of similar persuasion draft provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 341 is their triumph.\"", "Death taxes : You would expect a conscientious person, of whatever degree of intelligence, to reflect on the strange contradiction involved in denying people the right to unearned wealth, while supporting programs that give people unearned wealth.", "Quotes: He says, \"If people lose their land, they have nothing. You lose your land, you lose your culture, you lose self.\" As for the duty of rich nations helping developing countries, Richard says, \"This planet can't exist anymore unless all peoples are taken into account. The he suffering does not limit itself to one body; it goes through the entire body\". See More", "Congress does not try to define internal revenue ï¿½income ï¿½ in the code, or elsewhereï¿½ and the Supreme Court says that they (Congress) can not do so! Section 61 of the IRC, weasels out by simply defining \"gross income .\" But thatï¿½s like defining a green apple as an apple that is the color greenï¿½without defining apple.", "Congress does not try to define internal revenue income in the code, or elsewhere and the Supreme Court says that they (Congress) can not do so! Section 61 of the IRC, weasels out by simply defining \"gross income.\" But that's like defining a green apple as an apple that is the color green without defining apple." ]	[ 7.1953125, 7.15625, 6.5859375, 0.438720703125, -1.4384765625, -1.6611328125, -1.669921875, -2.92578125, -2.9453125, -3.220703125, -3.3046875, -3.7890625, -4.12890625, -4.234375, -4.23828125, -4.41796875, -4.42578125, -4.48046875, -5.234375, -5.2578125, -5.515625, -5.53515625, -5.7109375, -5.7734375, -5.9375, -6.81640625, -7.37109375, -7.39453125, -8.15625, -8.3046875, -8.5546875, -9 ]
In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him?	[ "A Wild Hare is noteworthy as the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon, as well as for settling on the classic voice and appearance of the hunter, Elmer Fudd . [2] Although the animators continued to experiment with Elmer's design for a few more years, his look here proved the basis for his finalized design. [4]", "A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first short where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc used what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs says his catchphrase, \"What's Up, Doc?\" The short was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film.", "A Wild Hare is noteworthy as the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon, as well as for settling on the classic voice and appearance of the hunter, Elmer Fudd. Although the animators continued to experiment with Elmer's design for a few more years, his look here proved the basis for his finalized design. ", "The first “official” Bugs Bunny cartoon was released by Warner Bros. on July 27, 1940— “A Wild Hare,” featuring Elmer Fudd’s hopeless pursuit of Bugs. Bugs’ first line in this cartoon? “Eh, What’s up Doc?” The classic theatrical shorts were produced through 1964.", "\"A Wild Hare\" is now considered the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. To watch \"A Wild Hare\" click on the video player below.", "After World War II, Bugs continued to appear in numerous Warner Bros. cartoons, making his last \"Golden Age\" appearance in 1964's False Hare . He starred in over 167 theatrical shorts, most of which were directed by Friz Freleng , Robert McKimson and Chuck Jones . Friz' Knighty Knight Bugs , in which a medieval Bugs trades blows with Yosemite Sam and his fire-breathing dragon (which has a cold), won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film (becoming the first Bugs Bunny cartoon to win said award). Three of Chuck's shorts — Rabbit Fire , Rabbit Seasoning , and Duck! Rabbit, Duck! — compose what is often referred to as the \"Rabbit Season/Duck Season\" trilogy and are famous for originating the \"historic\" rivalry between Bugs and Daffy Duck. Chuck's classic What's Opera, Doc? , casts Bugs and Elmer Fudd in a parody of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. It was deemed \"culturally significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1992, becoming the first cartoon short to receive this honor.", "A prototype of Bugs Bunny debuted with co-star Porky Pig in Porky's Hare Hunt (1938) as a wiseguy hare. Bugs first said his famous line (\"Eh, what's up, Doc?\" voiced by Mel Blanc) in his fourth, Oscar-nominated Tex Avery cartoon, A Wild Hare (1940) - the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon with Elmer Fudd as a rabbit hunter (and noted for Elmer's first use of his 'wabbit' voice). Bugs finally received his identifiable name by his fifth cartoon, Elmer's Pet Rabbit (1941).", "The only exceptions where Bugs ever serves as an antagonist are the following: Elmer's Pet Rabbit , Wabbit Twouble , The Wacky Wabbit , Buckaroo Bugs and Duck Amuck ; Elmer's Pet Rabbit depicts him completely out-of-character with a more aggressive, arrogant, almost thuggish personality. Wabbit Twouble and The Wacky Wabbit depict him as a prankster harassing Elmer Fudd in the vein of early Daffy Duck/Porky Pig cartoons featuring the screwball Daffy as the tormentor. Buckaroo Bugs depicts him as a true villain, while Duck Amuck depicts him as far more sadistic than usual, as he becomes an animator and uses his newfound powers to torture Daffy.", "Porky's Hare Hunt (LT, Hardaway): First appearance of the Bugs Bunny prototype. Here, he is a tiny, pudgy white rabbit with a Goofy-esque rural accent, who, in Ben Hardaway's words, was \" Daffy Duck in a rabbit suit.\" Naturally, this prototype is far, far removed from the Bugs we know and love, being a mindless heckler , but with a touch of Groucho Marx thrown into the mixing pot, so this character at the least provided a foundation for the character of the Bugs we know. This prototype is also very similar to the earliest incarnations of Woody Woodpecker , who Ben Hardaway also helped write for.", "Bugs' classic catchphrase is shown in this film to have been originally an accident. It came from Bugs after he pied Elmer in the face and bonked him on the head with a mallet during their burlesque (it should have been the other way around). Bugs soon finds himself staring down the barrels of a shotgun, causing the scared Bugs to utter timidly, \"Eh, what's up, Doc?\" The audience reacts with laughter and applause, making Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd continue the act and later adopt their well-known hunter vs. hare formula, which Bugs wins repeatedly.", "On July 27, 1940, Bugs Bunny appeared opposite Elmer Fudd in “A Wild Hare,” the first of over 175 animated shorts starring the Warner Brothers’ cartoon rabbit.", "Bugs Bunny is characterized as being clever and capable of outsmarting anyone who antagonizes him, including Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Tasmanian Devil, Marvin the Martian, Wile E. Coyote, Cecil Turtle, Witch Hazel, Rocky and Mugsy, The Crusher, Beaky Buzzard, Willoughby the dog, Count Blood Count and a host of others. Bugs almost always wins these conflicts, a plot pattern which recurs in Looney Tunes films directed by Chuck Jones. Concerned that viewers would lose sympathy for an aggressive protagonist who always won, Jones arranged for Bugs to be bullied, cheated, or threatened by the antagonists while minding his own business, justifying his subsequent antics as retaliation or self-defense. He's also been known to break the fourth wall by \"communicating\" with the audience, either by explaining the situation (e.g. \"Be with you in a minute, folks!\"), describing someone to the audience (e.g. \"Feisty, ain't they?\"), clueing in on the story (e.g. \"That happens to him all during the picture, folks.\"), explaining that one of his antagonists' actions have pushed him to the breaking point (\"Of course you realize, this means war.\"), admitting his own deviousness toward his antagonists (\"Gee, ain't I a stinker?\"), etc.", "In Hare-Um Scare-Um (1939), hunter John Sourpuss tells proto-Bugs Bunny that \"I can whip you and your whole family!\" A bunch of bunnies arrive to take him up on the challengeï¿½then the film cuts off. In the original ending, the looney rabbits beat Sourpuss up on-camera, eventually driving him looney himself. Though no hard evidence has been found, it's often speculated that the scene was deleted for being too similar to the ending of Daffy Duck And Egghead one year prior. The footage has been restored to the cartoon for Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2.", "Happy Rabbit (simply known as: Prototype-Bugs Bunny, Prototype-Bugs, or simply just Proto-Bugs) is a character from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series who later evolved into the Warner Bros. cartoon studio 's most famous character, Bugs Bunny . Created by Ben Hardaway in 1938, Happy Rabbit first appeared in the short Porky's Hare Hunt .", "Bugs in his Wild Hare likeness appeared in five more shorts during 1941. Tortoise Beats Hare , directed by Tex Avery, features the first appearance of Cecil Turtle ; Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt , is the first Bugs Bunny short directed by Friz Freleng ; All This and Rabbit Stew , directed by Avery, has Bugs tracked by a little African-American hunter (based heavily on racial stereotypes); The Heckling Hare was the final Bugs short Avery worked on before being fired (Avery and producer Schlesinger vehemently disagreed over the ending gag of The Heckling Hare, and Avery refused to compromise his creative principles) and leaving for MGM ; and Wabbit Twouble , the first Bugs short directed by Robert Clampett . Wabbit Twouble was also the first of five Bugs shorts to feature a chubbier remodel of Elmer Fudd, a short-lived attempt to have Fudd more closely resemble his voice actor, comedian Arthur Q. Bryan .", "In the 1939 cartoon Dangerous Dan McFoo, a new voice actor, Arthur Q. Bryan, was hired to provide the voice of the hero dog-character and it was in this cartoon that the popular \"milk-sop\" voice of Elmer Fudd was created. Elmer Fudd has since been the chief antagonistic force in the majority of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, initiating one of the most famous rivalries in the history of American cinema.", "Seventy-two years ago today – on July 27th, 1940 – Bugs Bunny appeared in Tex Avery’s A Wild Hare. The Warner Bros. short is widely considered to be the first definitive Bugs Bunny cartoon, in which the character’s appearance, personality and voice gelled as a whole. It’s also the first time Bugs, voiced by the inimitable Mel Blanc, uttered his famous catchphrase, “What’s up, doc?”", "Bugs Bunny is an American cartoon character who first appeared in A Wild Hare (the first official Bugs Bunny short) on July 27, 1940, which makes Bugs Bunny over 70 years old! He was created by Tex Avery who was the director of A Wild Hare and Robert McKimson who created the Bugs Bunny character design.", "An unnamed rabbit with some of the personality of Bugs, though looking very different, first appears in the cartoon short Porky's Hare Hunt , released on April 30, 1938. Co-directed by Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton (who was responsible for the initial design of the rabbit), this short has an almost identical plot to Tex Avery's 1937 cartoon Porky's Duck Hunt , which had introduced Daffy Duck . Porky Pig is again cast as a hunter tracking a silly prey less interested in escape than in driving his pursuer insane. The latter short replaces the little black duck with a small white rabbit. The rabbit introduces himself with the odd expression \"Jiggers, fellers\", and Mel Blanc gave the rabbit a voice and laugh almost like that he would later use for Woody Woodpecker . This cartoon also first uses the famous Groucho Marx line, \"Of course you realize, this means war!\" This rabbit was so popular with its audience that the Schlesinger staff decided to use it again.", "Bugs Bunny (short for George Washington Bunny [1] , as given in an old comic) is a fictional character who appears in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1945. In 2002, he was named by TV Guide as the greatest cartoon character of all time, an honor he shares with Mickey Mouse . [2] [3] Currently, he is the corporate mascot for Warner Brothers , especially its animated productions . Bugs starred in 163 shorts in the Golden Age of American animation, and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films.", "Happy Rabbit , a hare with some of the personality of Bugs (though looking very different), made his first appearance in the cartoon short Porky's Hare Hunt , released on April 30, 1938. Co-directed by Ben Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton (who was responsible for the initial design of the rabbit), this short has an almost identical plot to Tex Avery 's Porky's Duck Hunt , which had introduced Daffy Duck . Hare Hunt replaced the little black duck with a small white rabbit. Porky Pig was again cast as a hunter tracking a silly prey who is more interested in driving his pursuer insane and less interested in escaping. Happy introduced himself with the odd expression \"Jiggers, fellers,\" and Mel Blanc gave the character a voice and laugh much like those he would later use for Woody Woodpecker. Hare Hunt also gave Happy the famous Groucho Marx line, \"Of course you realize, this means war!\" The rabbit character was popular enough with audiences that the Termite Terrace staff decided to use it again.", "Bugs Bunny — \" A Wild Hare \", 1940, various, notably Avery . A famous, snide, Brookyln/Bronx-accented Karmic Trickster and cultural icon. For decades, always considered the \"main character\" and \"star\" of the core cast.", "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or rabbit who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality; a pronounced New York accent; his portrayal as a trickster; and his catch phrase \"Eh... What's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot. Though a similar rabbit character began appearing in the Warner Bros. cartoon shorts during the late 1930s, the definitive character of Bugs Bunny is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940).", "Bugs Bunny is a fictional animated character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "Falling Hare (US animated short, 1943), with voice of Mel Blanc. Directed by Robert Clampbett. Bugs Bunny meets his match in a plane-sabotaging gremlin. Clips from this cartoon were used in the early theatrical trailers for Gremlins. ", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of theatrical short films produced by Warner Bros. during the 1940s, 50s and 60s. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of the Warner Bros. company. He was created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons ) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices\", Mel Blanc .", "Bugs Bunny is an American animated character created in 1938 at Leon Schlesinger Productions, later Warner Bros. Cartoons. Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or", "Disproportionate Retribution : Bugs Bunny is reigning king of this trope. Some cartoons gave him a decent motivation (someone attempting to kill him, destroying his home, etc.), but far more often he would make someone's life a living Hell (or, very rarely, an actual dying Hell) just for annoying him.", "Jeff Bergman was the first to voice Bugs (and several other Looney Tunes characters) after Mel Blanc died in 1989. He got the job by impressing Warner Bros. higher-ups with a tape of himself re-creating the voices of several of Blanc's characters, including Bugs Bunny. He had rigged the tape player so that he could use a switch to instantly toggle back and forth between the original recording of Blanc and Bergman's recording of the same lines. Upon doing this, it was almost impossible for the producers to tell which voice was Blanc's and which voice was Bergman; thus his vocal ability was established and his career launched.", "Bugs Bunny : Oh, goodness! Hopalong Finster's gonna shoot big bad-guy rabbit with his toy pistol!", "Tex Avery directs “A WILD HARE” for Warner Bros. where he defines the character of Bugs Bunny. There were three previous Bugs, but this was the film where the real Bugs were born. This was the start of Warners’ supremacy in animated humor.", "Bugs Bunny relates his early life in the Manhattan tenements and spotlights his encounter with a gang of canine toughs." ]	[ 2.23828125, 1.9990234375, 1.90234375, 1.3330078125, 1.318359375, 1.275390625, 1.1337890625, 0.83642578125, 0.422119140625, 0.26904296875, 0.263916015625, 0.20654296875, 0.130859375, 0.0455322265625, 0.0015821456909179688, -0.09161376953125, -0.174072265625, -0.1839599609375, -0.258544921875, -0.76708984375, -0.921875, -1.5234375, -1.5673828125, -1.7197265625, -2.046875, -2.416015625, -3.037109375, -3.146484375, -3.28515625, -3.94140625, -5.3515625, -5.69140625 ]
Which star of the Back To The Future movies appeared in Caroline In the City?	[ "Caroline in the City is an American situation comedy that ran on the NBC television network. It stars Lea Thompson as cartoonist Caroline Duffy, who lives in Manhattan in New York City. The series premiered on September 21, 1995 in the \"Must See TV\" Thursday night block after Seinfeld. The show ran for 97 episodes over four seasons, before it was cancelled; its final episode was broadcast on April 26, 1999.", "Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett \"Doc\" Brown, Marty's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by advising Marty how to cause his parents to fall in love. Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985.", "Back to the Future was written by Bob Gale and Zemeckis, and starred Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd . The movie opened on July 3 , 1985 and grossed $210 million at the US box office, making it the highest grossing film of 1985. [1] On December 17 , 2002 , Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Back to the Future: The Complete Trilogy on DVD and VHS .", "The future has arrived! Thirty years after the release of Back to the Future, the film's stars Michael J. Fox, Lea Thompson, and Christopher Lloyd reunited on the Today show on Wednesday, Oct. 21, to recall their experience on the set of the beloved, iconic trilogy and celebrate \"Back to the Future Day.\"", "Michael J. Fox (born Michael Andrew Fox on June 9 , 1961 in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada ) [1] is an Emmy Award -winning, Canadian-American [2] actor who has had success both in television and in film . His best known roles include Marty McFly from the Back to the Future trilogy (1985-1990), Alex P. Keaton from Family Ties (1982-1989), and Mike Flaherty from Spin City (1996-2000).", "Back to the Future Part III is a science fiction western comedy movie starring Michael J. Fox , Christopher Lloyd and Mary Steenburgen that opened on May 25 , 1990 . It is the third and final part of the Back to the Future trilogy , following Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II . The film is mostly set in the year 1885 with some time in 1955 and 1985 .", "n astonishing three decades ago, Steven Spielberg launched the first Back To The Future film upon the world… and popular culture would never be the same again. Created by Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis, the time-bending trilogy was not only a nearly-billion dollar franchise but a cherished series of films that earned their place in screen history. Marty McFly’s adventures are as popular as ever, and the sequel’s 2015 setting suddenly finds us living in the future. Riding the Delorean with us for a look at the making of the movies are Bob Gale (screenwriter/producer), Christopher Lloyd (the legendary Doc Brown), Lea Thompson (Marty’s mum), Kevin Pike (special effects supervisor on Part One), Andrew Probert (production illustrator on Part One) and poster artist Drew Struzan. Strap yourselves in and fire up the flux capacitor… >> 18 \| ’80s Movies The Ultimate Celebration", "Great Scott: Lloyd's long career includes movies like the Back To The Future series, in which he co-starred with Michael J. Fox (left) as Dr. Emmett Brown", "Lorraine McFly was Thompson's most famous role, but she also starred in \"All the Right Moves\" opposite Tom Cruise and \"Howard the Duck\" opposite Tim Robbins. Her '90s sitcom, \"Caroline in the City,\" was a moderate hit.", "Lea Thompson was born in Rochester, Minnesota, on May 31 , 1961 , nine days earlier than Back to the Future co-star Michael J. Fox .", "In his first major film role, Tom Wilson played the bully everybody loved to hate, Biff Tannen, in Back to the Future. While it didn’t thrust him to superstardom, it did lead him to a long, continuing career as a character actor, stand-up comedian and musician. Obviously, he reprised his role as Biff, as well as his ancestors and offspring, in the sequels.", "In the movie Back to the Future II, the main character, Marty McFly, played by Michael J. Fox, travels from 1989 to October 21, 2015.", "Has been best friends with Christopher Lloyd since they co-starred in Back to the Future. They have also done three movies together outside the trilogy.", "Martin Seamus \"Marty\" McFly is a fictional character in the Back to the Future trilogy. He is portrayed by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. Locascio; in addition, Fox voiced Marty's future counterparts at the end of the game. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by Empire magazine as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. ", "But to fans of the 1985 hit Back to the Future, she'll always be Lorraine Baines, mother to time-traveler Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox).", "Flea has pursued a minor acting career since the mid-1980s. His first role was as young punk Razzle in the Penelope Spheeris film Suburbia (1984). Shortly thereafter he starred alongside the Chili Peppers, who played themselves, in the skate drama Thrashin' (1986). He played the ill-fated punker Milo in another Penelope Spheeris film, Dudes (1987). He also made an appearance in the Bruce Weber documentary film about the life and career of jazz trumpeter Chet Baker entitled Let's Get Lost (1988). He portrayed the character Douglas J Needles in Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), though in an interview he referred to Part II as \"a multi-million dollar piece of trash\", saying that he was happy neither with the film nor his performance in it.", "Wells returned to Hollywood with a starring role in the 1996 independent film Still Waters Burn. She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the Back to the Future Trilogy DVD set released in 2002. However, she is interviewed for the Tales from the Future documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010. In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series. She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for Back to the Future: The Game by Telltale Games. ", "Thirty years after \"Back to the Future\" was released USA TODAY takes a look at where Lea Thompson who plays Lorraine is now. USA TODAY", "Stuart Little (1999) totally features the CGI character of Stuart Little (voiced by Michael J. Fox of Back to the Future fame), another CGI character integrated seamlessly into a live action film. Also featured the same animal-talking effects as in Babe (1995). Sequel in 2002.", "What do the cast of Back to the Future look like now? Michael J Fox, Christopher Lloyd, more", "If you were adolescent or thereabouts when Back to the Future came out in 1985, nothing that has happened to Fox in the years since will have unseated the image of him in that red body-warmer, standing in a car park at midnight as the souped-up DeLorean hit 88mph and disappeared back to 1955. The cute little face, the Calvin Klein underpants, the soft sable hair (I was the target audience. Does it show?) – we were so short ourselves, we didn’t even notice he was just 5ft6 3in, or, more incredibly, a 24-year-old playing a 17-year-old.", "In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.", "Her character's name in Back to the Future (1985) underwent numerous changes when the script was being written. In an early draft, her character was called Mary Ellen, and in later drafts, she was called Eileen before it finally became Lorraine.", "Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) was an American actor and comedian. Starting as a stand-up comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, he is credited with leading San Francisco's comedy renaissance. After rising to fame as Mork in the sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978–82), he went on to establish a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills.", "Austin Powers in Goldmember is a 2002 American spy action comedy film. It is the third and final installment of the Austin Powers trilogy starring Mike Myers in the title role. The film was directed by Jay Roach, and co-written by Mike Myers and Michael McCullers. Myers also plays the roles of Dr. Evil, Goldmember, and Fat Bastard. The movie co-stars Beyoncé Knowles in her theatrical film debut, as well as Robert Wagner, Seth Green, Michael York, Verne Troyer, Michael Caine, Mindy Sterling and Fred Savage. There are a number of cameo appearances including Steven Spielberg, Kevin Spacey, Britney Spears, Quincy Jones, Tom Cruise, Danny DeVito, Katie Couric, Gwyneth Paltrow, John Travolta, Nathan Lane, and The Osbournes.", "In 1984, Murphy appeared in Best Defense, co-starring Dudley Moore. Murphy, who was credited as a \"Strategic Guest Star\", was added to the film after an original version was completed but tested poorly with audiences. Best Defense was a major financial and critical disappointment. When he hosted SNL, Murphy joined the chorus of those bashing Best Defense, calling it \"the worst movie in the history of everything\". Aykroyd originally wrote the Winston Zeddemore character in Ghostbusters specifically for Murphy, but he was unable to commit at the time due to the Beverly Hills Cop shooting schedule. The part ultimately went to Ernie Hudson. ", "By the end of the 90s, Joseph Cali had occasionally turned up on television, in shows such as Baywatch Hawaii and Melrose Place, but he now primarily sells high-end home-theater equipment for Cello Music & Film Systems, a company he founded six years ago. Gorney has appeared in dozens of independent films since Saturday Night Fever. She might well have ushered in the era of the tough heroine with the thick Brooklyn accent, embodied by actresses such as Marisa Tomei, Debi Mazar, and Lorraine Bracco.", "Kevin McCarthy went on to appear in a few other films you might have seen, including Piranha, The Howling, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Innerspace, and The Distinguished Gentleman. He also has a cameo appearance in the 1978 remake of Invasion of the Bodysnatchers (reprising the “You’re next! You’re next!” scene on the highway). Kevin was married twice and had five children. He died of pneumonia in 2010, age 96. He was working right up to the year before his death.", "In 1987, Fisher published her first novel, Postcards from the Edge. The book was semi-autobiographical in the sense that she fictionalized and satirized real-life events such as her drug addiction of the late 1970s and her relationship with her mother. It became a bestseller, and she received the Los Angeles Pen Award for Best First Novel. Also during 1987, she was in the Australian film The Time Guardian. In 1989, Fisher played a major supporting role in When Harry Met Sally, and in the same year, she appeared with Tom Hanks as his wife in The 'Burbs.", "Inspector Gadget is a 1999 American live-action comedy film, loosely based on the series of the same name . It starred Matthew Broderick as the title character , along with Rupert Everett as Dr. Claw , Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny , Dabney Coleman as Chief Quimby , and Frances Bay as Thelma Bodkin . 5 new characters were introduced: Brenda Bradford (played by Joely Fisher ), Kramer (played by Andy Dick ), Mayor Wilson (played by Cheri Oteri ), Sykes (played by Michael G. Hagerty ), the Gadgetmobile (voiced by D. L. Hughley ), RoboGadget (played by Matthew Broderick), and RoboBrenda (played by Joely Fisher). The film tells the story of how Gadget and Claw's origins and how they came to be in the cartoon.", "Born in Hackensack, New Jersey, USA, and grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the second child of four (older brother, two sisters, all connected to the medical profession in some way). Graduated from Florida Atlantic University in 1989. Was engaged to Kristin Chenoweth for three years; the relationship ended in 2001. Appeared as \"TV Guy\" in Toyota commercials, 1999-2000. Starred as Conrad Birdie in the national tour of \"Bye Bye Birdie\" in 1992, and reprised the role in the 1995 ABC TV movie remake. Starred on Broadway in \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\", as Gaston in \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1995-97), \"High Society\" (1998), 'The Scarlet Pimpernell\" (1999), \"The Wild Party\" (2000) and as Jeff Moss in \"Bells Are Ringing\" (2001). {Anonymous}}", "Born in Sydney, Rodney Stuart Taylor made a variety of film and television appearances in the Fifties. But his big break in Hollywood came with his starring role in director George Pal's The Time Machine in 1960, in which he played George (HG Wells)." ]	[ 5.4921875, 4.8984375, 4.13671875, 2.453125, 2.029296875, 1.13671875, 0.77001953125, -0.305419921875, -0.33056640625, -0.477294921875, -0.8095703125, -1.0107421875, -1.197265625, -1.5400390625, -1.84765625, -2.857421875, -2.96484375, -2.9765625, -3.328125, -3.658203125, -4.0625, -5.55859375, -5.796875, -6.46875, -7.24609375, -7.60546875, -7.83984375, -8.3125, -8.53125, -8.7890625, -8.921875, -9.796875 ]
The Mackenzie River flows form which lake to the ocean?	[ "The Mackenzie River system is the second largest river system in the North American continent, after only the Mississippi-Missouri River system. It is also Canada’s largest and longest river basin. The Mackenzie River system flows along a course of 4,241 kilometers from its headwaters in the Finlay River to its drainage into the Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean. The Mackenzie and its tributaries together drain an area of about 1,805,200 square kilometers, which represents about 20% of Canada’s total land area. Though the Mackenzie River itself flows entirely within the boundaries of the Northwest Territories of Canada, many of its tributaries spread out into adjacent Canadian provinces, such as British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Yukon. The Peace, Athabasca, and Liard Rivers are some of the most important tributaries of the Mackenzie. A number of lakes, like the Lake Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, and Great Bear Lake, also form notable parts of the Mackenzie River system.", "The Mackenzie River is the longest river of Canada. Flowing 1,080 miles out of the Great Slave Lake, the river flows past Fort Providence and Fort Simpson in Canada's Northwest Territories, emptying into a vast delta on the Beaufort Sea. The Mackenzie is the largest river flowing into the Arctic Ocean from North America. The river was named for Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who crossed Canada to the Pacific ten years before Lewis and Clark.", "Named Deh Cho, or \"big river,\" by the Dene people, the Mackenzie River is one of the world's longest free flowing rivers, traveling 1,738 km north from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean. The river receives water from three provinces and two territories - water that ultimately replenishes the 50,000 lakes that make up the Mackenzie Delta, where the river meets the Beaufort Sea. Water flowing from the Mackenzie into the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in regulating ocean circulation and climate.", "At 1,805,200 square kilometres (697,000 sq mi), the Mackenzie River's watershed or drainage basin is the largest in Canada, encompassing nearly 20% of the country. [1] From its farthest headwaters at Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to its mouth, the Mackenzie stretches for 4,241 km (2,635 mi) across western Canada, making it the longest river system in the nation and the thirteenth longest in the world. [1] [ citation needed ] The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres (78 cu mi) of water each year, accounting for roughly 11% of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean. [9] [10] The Mackenzie's outflow holds a major role in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater. [2]", "At 1,805,200 square kilometres (697,000 sq mi), the Mackenzie River's watershed or drainage basin is the largest in Canada, encompassing nearly 20% of the country. [1] From its farthest headwaters at Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to its mouth, the Mackenzie stretches for 4,241 km (2,635 mi) across western Canada, making it the longest river system in the nation and the thirteenth longest in the world. [1] [ citation needed ] The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres (78 cu mi) of water each year, accounting for roughly 11% of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean. [9] [10] The Mackenzie's outflow holds a major role in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater. [2]", "The 1,060 mile Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada and forms part of the Finlay-Peace-Mackenzie River, the tenth longest in the world. Rising in Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie flows north west where it flows through an enormous delta into the Arctic Ocean, draining a fifth of Canada in the process. Heading due North from the river's mouth the next piece of solid land is in Northern Russia.", "The Mackenzie River system, 4,241 km long, is the second largest in North America after the Mississippi River. The Mackenzie River runs northwest through the Northwest Territories , from Great Slave Lake to the Beaufort Sea . Its total drainage basin — 1.8 million km2 — is the largest of any river in Canada and its mean discharge of 9,700 m3/s is second only to that of the St Lawrence . The river's peak discharge occurs in June, but its flow is generally uniform because of the flat topography east of the river and the many large lakes in the system. The break-up of ice begins at the Liard River in late April, early May. The river is free of ice by early June and stays open until November.", "Length 2,365 miles. Location Canada. Empties into the Arctic. My namesake, the Mackenzie River just sneaks into the world's top 10 longest rivers. It rises from the Great Slave Lake and flows north and west all the way to Inuvik and the Beaufort Sea. This large river collects the flow from up to 100 mountain streams, and it drains 20% of all of Canada.", "The Mackenzie River (Slavey language: Deh-Cho, big river or Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak, great river) is the largest and longest river system in Canada, and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America. It flows through a vast, isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country's Yukon as well as Northwest Territories, although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories. The river's mainstem runs 1738 km in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean, draining a vast area nearly the size of Indonesia. It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world.", "Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River flows generally west-northwest for about 300 km (190 mi), passing the hamlets of Fort Providence and Brownings Landing. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its largest tributary, then swings towards the Arctic, paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River. The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km (62 mi) above Tulita, where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie. Just before crossing the Arctic Circle, the river passes Norman Wells, then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers. It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta.", "Between 1770 and 1787 several British explorers, including S. Hearne and J. Frobisher, discovered chains of lakes in northern Canada, including Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca, as well as the mighty Mackenzie River, which flows through them. A. Mackenzie sailed down the river to the Arctic Ocean in 1789. In 1792, R. Mackenzie discovered Great Bear Lake, and in 1792–93, A. Mackenzie crossed North America from east to west, including the northern Rocky Mountains, and was the first to see the Fraser River. G. Vancouver completed the discovery of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands from 1792 to 1794, and D. Thompson explored the Columbia basin.", "The Mackenzie River itself begins at the western end of Great Slave Lake , at 512 feet (156 metres) above sea level. Deep (more than 2,000 feet [610 metres] in some places), clear water fills the lake’s eastern arm, and shallow, murky water is found in the western part. Because of its large size and the extent of its winter ice cover, Great Slave Lake is the last part of the Mackenzie waterway to be free of ice in the spring, with some ice remaining until mid-June in the lake’s centre.", "Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River flows generally west-northwest for about 300 km, passing the hamlet of Fort Providence. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its largest tributary, then swings towards the Arctic, paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River. The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km above Tulita, where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie. Just before crossing the Arctic Circle, the river passes Norman Wells, then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers. It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta. ", "The eastern portion of the Mackenzie basin is dominated by vast reaches of lake-studded boreal forest and includes many of the largest lakes in North America. By both volume and surface area, Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent, with a surface area of 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi) and a volume of 2,236 km3 (536 cu mi). [16] Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller, with an area of 28,568 km2 (11,030 sq mi) and containing 2,088 km3 (501 cu mi) of water, although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear. [14] The third major lake, Athabasca, is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi). [13] Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), including the Williston Lake reservoir , the second-largest artificial lake in North America, on the Peace River. [2]", "Through its many tributaries, the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories – British Columbia (BC), Alberta , Saskatchewan , and the Yukon and Northwest Territories. The two largest headwaters forks, the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, [12] drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca , which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan. [13] The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake (contributing about 77% of the water); other inflows include the Taltson , Lockhart and Hay Rivers , the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC. [14] Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon. [15]", "It's the longest river in Canada and dissects the Northwest Territories. It flows generally northwest into Mackenzie Bay and the Beaufort Sea. Sir Alexander MacKenzie discovered this historic river, and along its path are thick, green forests and dozens of major lakes. It's (1,200 miles) (1,800 km) in length. If then combined with its tributaries - the Slave, Peace and Finlay rivers - it extends to (2,635 miles) (4,240 km), and becomes the second longest river in North America, second only to the Mississippi/Missouri river system combination at (3,877 miles) (6,236 km) in length.", "Through its many tributaries, the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories – British Columbia (BC), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. The two largest headwaters forks, the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca, which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan. The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake (contributing about 77% of the water); other inflows include the Taltson, Lockhart and Hay Rivers, the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC. Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon. ", "The eastern portion of the Mackenzie basin is dominated by vast reaches of lake-studded boreal forest and includes many of the largest lakes in North America. By both volume and surface area, Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent, with a surface area of 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi) and a volume of 2,236 km3 (536 cu mi). Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller, with an area of 28,568 km2 (11,030 sq mi) and containing 2,088 km3 (501 cu mi) of water, although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear. The third major lake, Athabasca, is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi). Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), including the Williston Lake reservoir, the second-largest artificial lake in North America, on the Peace River.", "Through its many tributaries, the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories – British Columbia (BC), Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon and Northwest Territories. The two largest headwaters forks, the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca, which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan. The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake (contributing about 77% of the water); other inflows include the Taltson, Lockhart and Hay Rivers, the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC. Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon.", "The Mackenzie River plays a dominant role in the regional oceanography of the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Annually, about 300 km3 of freshwater and 85 million tonnes of sediment pass through the Mackenzie Delta to the Canadian Beaufort shelf. Northwesterly winds, enhanced by the effect of Earth's rotation, cause the sediment-laden Mackenzie River plume to turn eastward along with the general easterly offshore flow, while easterly winds tend to reverse this flow.", "Many major watersheds of North America border on the drainage of the Mackenzie River. Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide. The divide separates the Mackenzie watershed from that of the Yukon River and its headstreams the Pelly and Stewart rivers, which flow to the Bering Strait; and the Fraser River and Columbia River systems, both of which run to the Pacific Ocean. Lowland divides in the north distinguish the Mackenzie basin from those of the Anderson, Horton, Coppermine and Back Rivers – all of which empty into the Arctic. Eastern watersheds bordering on that of the Mackenzie include those of the Thelon and Churchill Rivers, both of which flow into Hudson Bay. On the south, the Mackenzie watershed borders that of the North Saskatchewan River, part of the Nelson River system, which empties into Hudson Bay after draining much of south-central Canada.", "The river's sparsely populated basin is one of the few great unspoiled areas of the world. The main headwaters are the Peace River and the Athabasca River, while the main stream (1738 km) issues from the shallow swamps and mud banks of the West Arm of Great Slave Lake. It flows west to Fort Providence, where scows, canoes and York Boats were hauled upstream. At Fort Simpson the Liard River reaches the south bank of the Mackenzie, which receives its muddy waters. Near the North Nahanni River the Mackenzie trends west-northwest through a rolling plain and deflects north past an escarpment of the Mackenzie Mountains, which lie parallel to the river. The Redstone and Keele rivers and other streams cut through the mountains and pour into the lowlands through deep canyons.", "The Mackenzie (previously Disappointment) River was named after Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie , who travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean , but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789. No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825. The following year he traced the coast west until blocked by ice while John Richardson followed the coast east to the Coppermine River . In 1849 William Pullen reached the Mackenzie from Bering Strait.", "Even though a lot of effort goes into conserving the Mackenzie River Basin, a large number of ongoing problems threaten the river today. One of the major sources of pollution of these river waters involves the production of oil-sands along the river, which in turn produce toxic byproducts composed of mercury, arsenic, lead, and benzene. The water levels in the Mackenzie River system has also been drastically altered by large-scale damming activities along the tributaries and headwaters of the Mackenzie. This has adversely affected the life-cycle of a large number of aquatic fish species. Besides damming, climate change has also triggered changes in the hydrology of the Mackenzie River, affecting its waters' flows into the Arctic Ocean. If this trend continues, it could lead to a transformation in the ocean current patterns of the Arctic, consequently affecting climates and ecosystems worldwide.", "With the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the southeastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, Lake Claire (1436 km2) in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake (1168 km2), and Lake Athabasca (7898 km2) which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca. The largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River.", "In 1789, Alexander Mackenzie travelled north down the Mackenzie River to the Arctic coast. He was told of another great river (the Yukon) on the other side of the mountains to the southwest. In 1825, Sir John Franklin, in search of the Northwest Passage, mapped the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to the Alaskan North Slope.", "The continental shelf is narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow; it widens somewhat north of the Mackenzie River mouth but nowhere exceeds 90 mi (145 km). The usual depth is less than 210 ft, although the slope descends steeply to 5,000 or 6,500 ft in the sea’s upper part. Small gravel islands or shallows are often found. The largest islands are west of the Mackenzie River mouth— Herschel (7 sq mi) and Barter (5 sq mi). Very small islands and banks are found in the Mackenzie River Delta.", "Because of the permanently frozen ground, the Arctic coastal plain contains countless shallow lakes that provide summer food for migratory birds. The two largest lakes in Alaska are Iliamna Lake and Becharof Lake. The major river system in Alaska is the Yukon , which originates in Canada’s Yukon territory. It receives drainage from the southern slopes of the Brooks Range, from the interior, and from the northern slopes of the Alaska Range. Its major tributary is the Tanana River .", "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The source of the river is located in British Columbia, Canada. The next portion lies in, and gives its name to, Yukon. The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is 3190 km long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m³/s (227,000 ft³/s). The total drainage area is 832,700 km² (321,500 mi²), of which 323,800 km² (126,300 mi²) is in Canada. By comparison, the total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta.", "The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia. Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of the Chilkoot Trail. Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake. Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River). The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse. Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and the Teslin River, which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua. The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon. North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge, made famous by Robert W. Service's \"The Cremation of Sam McGee\". Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into the Takhini River) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River).", "The Yukon flows in a deep mountain valley, sometimes through canyons, until its confluence with the Pelly. More than one-half of its entire course flows across plains, where its valley reaches 30 km in width. The river is fed primarily by snow. High water occurs in May and June. The water level in the lower course rises 15–20 m above the low stage level. Ocean tides penetrate the river 160 km upstream. The average discharge at the city of Eagle is 2,500 cu m per sec, and at the mouth, 6,500 cu m per sec.", "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The source of the river is located in British Columbia, Canada." ]	[ 6.91015625, 6.328125, 6.01171875, 5.5234375, 5.5234375, 5.453125, 4.1875, 3.57421875, 3.232421875, 3.193359375, 3.046875, 3.00390625, 2.98046875, 1.93359375, 1.890625, 1.5830078125, 1.4443359375, 1.3564453125, 1.35546875, 1.021484375, 0.794921875, 0.640625, 0.6025390625, 0.2467041015625, 0.2349853515625, -1.5556640625, -3.640625, -5.9375, -5.9453125, -6.015625, -6.984375, -8.609375 ]
Which Mexican port was seized by US marines in 1914 to prevent the import of German arms for rebel groups?	[ "In 1914 the Marines seized the port of Veracruz, Mexico, when Mexican police arrested several American sailors. Mediation by the \"A B C powers\" (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) averted war. In March 1916 a Mexican rebel, Francisco (Pancho) Villa, raided Columbus, N. M., killing 17 Americans. With the permission of President Carranza of Mexico, the United States sent an expedition into Mexico under Gen. John J. Pershing. They failed to catch Villa and were withdrawn in January 1917.", "The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.", "In 1914, the United States occupied the Mexican port of Veracruz for six months due to a misunderstanding between Mexican guard troops and some U.S. soldiers who had been sent to protect American citizens living there.", "In response to that misunderstanding, known as the “Tampico Affair,” President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to occupy both the city and port of Veracruz. When Wilson received an alert that a German delivery of weapons to Mexican rebels was due to arrive there, he ordered the port’s customs office be seized and the weapons confiscated.", "The U.S. military involvements with Mexico in this period are related to the same general commercial and political causes, but stand as a special case. The Americans conducted the Border War with Mexico from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.S. territory. The 1914 U.S. occupation of Veracruz, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an issue of border integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to World War I, the United States also was sensitive to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as demonstrated by the 1914 SS Ypiranga arms-shipping incident, the establishment of German saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in Mexico City, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram , and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military occupy Mexico: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when U.S. General John Pershing and his army came to Mexico to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa .", "The German provocations were partially successful. Woodrow Wilson ordered the military invasion of Veracruz in 1914 in the context of the Ypiranga Incident and against the advice of the British government. War was prevented thanks to the Niagara Falls peace conference organized by the ABC nations, but the occupation was a decisive factor in Mexican neutrality in World War I. Mexico refused to participate in the embargo against Germany and granted full guarantees to the German companies for keeping their operations open, specifically in Mexico City. These guarantees lasted for 25 years —coincidentally, it was on 22 May 1942 that Mexico declared war on the Axis Powers following the loss of two Mexican-flagged tankers that month to Kriegsmarine U-boats. Woodrow Wilson considered another military invasion of Veracruz and Tampico in 1917–1918, so as to take control of the Tehuantepec Isthmus and Tampico oil fields, but this time the relatively new Mexican President Venustiano Carranza threatened to destroy the oil fields in case the Marines landed there. ", "1914 25 Years Old He was assigned to Dolphin when she was involved in the United States' intervention in Vera Cruz, Mexico in 1914.", "Villa opposed armed participation of the United States in Mexico. He did not act against the Veracruz occupation however to maintain the connections in the United States to buy ammunition and other supplies. Villa rejected offers and money from the German consul in Torreón. This was for the occupation of the port and oil fields of Tampico to enable German ships to dock there. Villa refused.", "Germany had long sought to incite a war between Mexico and the U.S., which would have tied down American forces and slowed the export of American arms to the Allies. The Germans had engaged in a pattern of actively arming, funding and advising the Mexicans, as shown by the 1914 Ypiranga Incident and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. The German Naval Intelligence officer Franz von Rintelen had attempted to incite a war between Mexico and the United States in 1915, giving Victoriano Huerta $12 million for that purpose. The German saboteur Lothar Witzke — responsible for the March 1917 munitions explosion at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in the Bay Area, and possibly responsible for the July 1916 Black Tom explosion in New Jersey — was based in Mexico City. The failure of United States troops to capture Pancho Villa in 1916 and the movement of President Carranza in favor of Germany emboldened the Germans to send the Zimmermann note. ", "The U.S. intervened in Mexico twice under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson, the United States occupation of Veracruz by the Navy in 1914 and mounted a punitive operation in northern Mexico in the Pancho Villa Expedition, aimed at capturing the northern revolutionary who had attacked Columbus, New Mexico.", "On April 21, 1914 an incident involving U.S. sailors in Tampico led President Woodrow Wilson to land American troops in Veracruz, where they remained for six months. Mexico later responded by severing diplomatic relations.", "The Reform War wrecked Mexico's economy and it found itself unable to pay debts it owed to Europe. As a result, Juárez cancelled Mexico's foreign debt. Spain, Britain and France, all outraged by this action, decided in October 1861 to force repayment of their loans by the occupation of the Mexican Gulf Coast. In December, Spanish troops commanded by general Manuel Gasset occupied the port of Veracruz, without any local resistance, followed a month later by French and British forces. The Spanish and the British withdrew after making deals with Juárez, but the French pushed on to establish the reign of Maximilian I of Mexico. However, this was short-lived and the French were expelled through Veracruz in 1866/67.", "By the arrival, on the 14th instant, of the United States brig Porpoise, at Pensacola, (twelve days from Vera Cruz,) the intelligence of a revolution in Mexico has been confirmed.", "During the Mexican War of Independence, there was support for the insurgents in many parts of the state, with skirmishes erupting in various parts as early as 1811. A major conspiracy against the colonial government was discovered in the port in 1812, with rebels taking Ayahualulco and Ixhuacán during the same year. This forced royalist troops to withdraw to Xalapa. Eventually, this city along with the port were cut off from Mexico City. Most of the state remained in rebel hands during the rest of the war although the commercial class of the port did not support the effort. In 1821, Juan de O'Donojú, the last viceroy of New Spain, came to the port to leave for Spain. However, until 1823, Spanish troops continued to occupy San Juan de Ulúa Fort. In 1826, the city would receive the first of its four titles of \"heroic city\" for confronting these remaining Spanish troops.", "A decade later, in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexico City, their first major expeditionary venture. Since marching to Mexico City would be a long and perhaps impossible venture, a combined force (containing some 200 Marines) under Major General Winfield Scott made a landing south of Veracruz on 9 March 1847 and captured the city on 29 March. From there, they fought their way to Mexico City and commenced their assault on 13 September. The Marines were given the task of clearing the Chapultepec Castle, the \"Halls of Montezuma\", where they cut down the Mexican colors and ran up the Flag of the United States. The high mortality rate amongst officers and non-commissioned officers is memorialized in the dress uniform's \"blood stripes\", as well as the line \"From the Halls of Montezuma\" in the Marines' Hymn. Marines were later placed on guard duty at the palace and Captain Jacob Zeilin, a future Commandant, was made military governor. Marines also served as part of the Navy's blockade of Mexico that successfully prevented overseas arms and munitions from reaching the Mexican forces, and as part of the California Battalion under Major Archibald H. Gillespie; engagements included the battles of Monterey, Los Angeles, Dominguez Rancho, San Pasqual, Rio San Gabriel, La Mesa, and 2nd Tabasco. Other battles included the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Tuxpan, capturing La Paz, defending La Paz, Mulege, and capturing and defending San José del Cabo.", "By November, diplomatic relations between France and Mexico over lifting the blockade had deteriorated. France, which was demanding 600,000 pesos as reparations for the losses of its citizens, began shelling the fort of San Juan de Ulúa, which guarded the entrance to the port of Veracruz. Mexico declared war on France, and French troops attacked and captured the city. The Mexicans were outnumbered and outgunned, but still fought valiantly.", "On 9 March 1916, General Villa ordered nearly 100 Mexican members of his revolutionary group to make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico. While some believed the raid was conducted because of the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and for the loss of lives in battle due to defective cartridges purchased from the U.S., it was accepted from a military standpoint that Villa carried out the raid because he needed more military equipment and supplies in order to continue his fight against Carranza. They attacked a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment (United States), burned the town, and seized 100 horses and mules and other military supplies. Eighteen Americans and about 80 Villistas were killed.", "Imperial rivalries between Spain, France, and England dominated the region in the eighteenth century. The eventual winner, the United States, entered the scene in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. The Americans continued earlier patterns of growing rice, sugar, and cotton using slave labor, and New Orleans became their major gulf port. A powerful desire for new lands led to American acquisition of Florida, completed between 1810 and 1819. Florida and Texas were granted statehood in 1845, and the admission of Texas led to war with Mexico. The American victory in the Mexican-American War in 1848 confirmed the Rio Grande as the western edge of America's Gulf Coast. Expansion along the gulf ended there, as antebellum efforts to purchase Cuba for its sugar plantations and strategic position failed.", "While Germany was at war with France and Britain beginning in August 1914, America had not yet joined the conflict. Yet there were several German military vessels in U.S. ports that were ordered to leave or be detained. The crews of these ships were first held as alien internees and later as prisoners of war.", "Marines saw action in the Dominican Republic in 1903, 1904, and 1914, then occupied it from 1916 until 1924. After Desiderio Arias seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, Rear Admirals William B. Caperton and Harry Shepard Knapp landed Marines in May 1916 to restore order. Locals began a resistance that lasted until 1921, and the Marines were withdrawn the following year, with a total of three having earned the Medal of Honor. Marines would return in 1965.", "After layup at Mare Island Navy Yard in 1905, she was refitted for work as a transport and largely disarmed. She continued her operations carrying replacement crews to the far off Asiatic Fleet on China station, carried Marines to Nicaragua in 1909, and operated off Mexico during the troubles and civil war there.", "The history of international use of the canal during wartime includes denial of passage to Spanish warships during the Spanish-American War of 1898 and permission of passage for a squadron of the Russian navy during the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and for Italian vessels during Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935–36. Theoretically, the canal was open to all belligerents during World Wars I and II , but the naval and military superiority of the Allied forces denied effective use of the canal to the shipping of Germany and its allies.", "1870 – Mexico. - June 17 and 18. US forces destroyed the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan. [RL30172]", "During the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, several battles were fought in the Mexican towns just across the border from Arizona settlements. Throughout the revolution, numerous Arizonans enlisted in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. Only two significant engagements took place on US soil between US and Mexican forces: Pancho Villa's 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, and the Battle of Ambos Nogales in 1918 in Arizona. The Americans won the latter. ", "The Miskito natives seize the colony of Greytown (now renamed as San Juan del Norte), with British support. The event is noticed by the USA , but a minor action of reprisal in 1854 achieves nothing. The 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty ensures that neither power will fortify the coast or attempt to colonise it.", "The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Nogales, Arizona, on 27 August 1918, when at about 4:10 PM, a gun battle erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the border, back to Mexico, without being interrogated at the U.S. Customs house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border. Hostilities quickly escalated and several soldiers were killed and others wounded.", "U.S. Marines land in Honduras to protect life and property during a series of political disturbances. March 21, 1907", "1919 – Turkey. Marines from the USS Arizona were landed to guard the US Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople. [RL30172]", "Originally the home of Miwok and Costanoan tribes, Alcatraz Island was named \"Isla de las Alcatraces\" (Island of the Pelicans) by the Spaniards, who claimed it as part of Mexico in the 18th century. In 1861, it was converted to a military prison, where deserters and thieves were weighed down with chains bearing 24-pound iron balls.", "President Buenaventura Báez, faced with an economy in shambles, attempted to have the country annexed to the U.S. in 1870, but the U.S. Senate refused to ratify a treaty of annexation. Disorder continued until the dictatorship of Ulíses Heureaux; in 1916, when chaos broke out again, the U.S. sent in a contingent of marines, who remained until 1924.", "In 1972, the Brown Berets, a group of Hispanic activists seized the island, citing the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, a treaty between Mexico and USA by which Mexico sold more than half of its territory and arguing it does not specifically mention of the islands. The US had occupied them since 1852 and it had been speculated that Mexico could claim the islands and seek their return through litigation before the International Court of Justice. But a detailed analysis of its situation puts in doubt the likelihood of Mexico winning the case at the International Court of Justice.", "Who was the leader of Mexican forces that raided U.S. borders in the years before World War I?" ]	[ 4.84765625, 3.91015625, 3.673828125, 2.482421875, 2.234375, 0.438720703125, -0.162841796875, -0.67529296875, -0.7958984375, -0.8525390625, -1.70703125, -1.8251953125, -3.046875, -3.0859375, -3.123046875, -3.564453125, -4.203125, -4.33984375, -5.61328125, -6.4375, -6.95703125, -7.28125, -8.140625, -8.2890625, -8.515625, -8.734375, -8.7890625, -8.921875, -9.265625, -9.421875, -9.5859375, -10.796875 ]
Who was Vice President during WWI?	[ "1945 - 1953 33rd President…Served in WWI and was Vice President for FDR. Called for the foundation of NATO.", "Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809 - July 4, 1891) was the 15th Vice President of the United States (1861–65), serving under President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. He was the first Vice President from the Republican Party.", "15th United States Vice-President, VP during the Civil War, US Congressman, US Senator, 25th Maine Governor. Represented Maine's 6th District in the House of Representatives, serving from 1845 to 1847. Elected as a Senator from Maine to the United States Senate on three different occasions, serving from 1848 to 1857, then from 1857 to 1861, and finally from 1869 to 1881. Served as Governor of Maine in 1857, but resigned to take his seat in the US Senate for his second term. Elected as the 15th US Vice-President in the cabinet of Abraham Lincoln, and served through the first three years of the Civil War in that office. When President Lincoln ran for a second term , he was passed over for re-election in favor of Tennesseean Andrew Johnson. While in office, Vice-President Hamlin served a 60-Day enlistment in the Maine Home Guard as a Private. Served as US Minister to Spain from 1881 to 1882. One son, Cyrus Hamlin, became a Brigadier General in the Union Army, and the other, Charles Hamlin, was a Brevet Brigadier General. All three Hamlins are interred in the family plot. (bio by: Russ Dodge)", "For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many who found the job frustrating and stupefying, writing to his wife Abigail that \"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.\" Many vice presidents lamented the lack of meaningful work in their role. John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency \"isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss.\" Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as \"useful as a cow's fifth teat.\" ", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only American president to resign from that office. He was also Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Thomas Riley Marshall was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States (1913â1921) under Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana.… Read More", "Henry Wallace (1888 - 1965) Vice President of the United States and secretary of agriculture during the depression; born near Orient.", "Vice President Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886) becomes the 21st President of the United States upon the assassination of James A. Garfield (1831-1881). No new Vice President is selected.", "** Charles G. Dawes, Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1951)", "John C. Breckenridge was the youngest vice president in history, serving under James Buchanan from 1857-1861. He later joined the Confederacy.", "At the 1920 Republican Convention most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.[69] Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses never considered him a serious candidate. After ten ballots, the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for President.[70] When the time came to select a Vice Presidential nominee, the party bosses had also made a decision on who they would nominate: Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin.[71] A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for Vice President instead.[71] The suggestion caught on quickly, and Coolidge found himself unexpectedly nominated.[72]", "When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner on 7 May 1915 with 128 U.S. citizens aboard, Wilson said \"America is too proud to fight\" and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights. Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German acts as \"piracy\", and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey. Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference. Wilson's Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored, resigned (June 1915) in frustration. Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City, New Jersey (30 July 1916), and to the Kingsland Explosion (11 January 1917) in present-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey. ", "Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a United States memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The site was dedicated on 1 November 1921, when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people. It was the only time in history these leaders were together in one place – Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium; General Armando Diaz of Italy; Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France; General Pershing of the United States; and Admiral D. R. Beatty of Britain. After three years of construction, the Liberty Memorial was completed and President Calvin Coolidge delivered the dedication speech to a crowd of 150,000 people in 1926. Liberty Memorial is also home to The National World War I Museum , the only museum in the United States dedicated solely to World War I.", "His popularity as governor, and Indiana's status as a critical swing state, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term, leading Wilson to limit Marshall's influence in the administration, and his brand of humor caused Wilson to move Marshall's office away from the White House. During Marshall's second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during World War I and became the first vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe. While he was president in the United States Senate, a small number of anti-war senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, Marshall had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect.", "Who was president of the United States during World War I? A. Theodore Roosevelt B. William Taft C. Franklin Delano Roosevelt D. Woodrow Wilson", "At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites. Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses running the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously. After ten ballots, the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president. When the time came to select a vice presidential nominee, the bosses also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and then prematurely departed after his name was put forth, relying on the rank and file to confirm their decision. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for vice president instead. The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.", "The would be Dwight Eisenhower. After graduating from West Point in 1915, Eisenhower served as a lieutenant. Although he didn't see any combat in WWI, he trained tank corps in Pennsylvania as a lieutenant colonel in the Army. He is more famously remembered for serving as a five-star general and the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in the European theater during WWII.", "William Taft's Vice President was James S. Sherman from 1909-1912. From 1912-1913 he did not have a Vice President.", "One of the causes of his resignation was the famous Zimmerman Telegram he sent on January 16, 1917. Two-and a half years into World War I, the United States had maintained a status of neutrality while the Allied armies had been fighting those of the Central Powers in the trenches of northern France and Belgium . Although President Woodrow Wilson had been re-elected – winning the election on the slogan, \"He kept us out of the war\" – it became increasingly difficult to maintain that position.", "Marshall's vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their personal dislike for him, Wilson's advisers and wife sought to keep Marshall uninformed about the president's condition to prevent him from easily assuming the presidency. Many people, including cabinet officials and Congressional leaders, urged Marshall to become acting president, but he refused to forcibly assume the presidency for fear of setting a precedent. Without strong leadership in the executive branch, the administration's opponents defeated the ratification of the League of Nations treaty and effectively returned the United States to an isolationist foreign policy. Vice President Marshall is also the only known Vice President of the United States to have been the target of an assassination attempt.", "Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States , serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio , Harding was an influential newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903) and later as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1903–1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921).", "* Unknown Soldier of World War I, interred November 11, 1921. President Warren G. Harding presided.", "Woodrow Wilson, a leader of the Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to \"make the world safe for democracy.\"", "Woodrow Wilson was elected the country's twenty-eighth president. At first he opposed America entering World War 1, but he ended up drafting the peace treaty that helped to end it.", "After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that \"at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!\" However, the Republican Party, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918, and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty. ", "Wilson's initial reaction to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 was to secure domestic support for official American neutrality, pleading with American citizens to be \"impartial in thought as well as in action.\" Neutrality, however, became less palatable to Americans as the war progressed. In 1915, German U-boats sank the ocean-liner Lusitania, killing 128 Americans, and in 1916 it was revealed that Germany had invited Mexico to join in an alliance against the United States. When Germany announced that it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, President Wilson felt the appropriate time had come for America to weigh in on the side of the Allies. Despite having campaigned on a peace platform in 1916, Wilson asked the Congress for a declaration of war and they obliged him.", "American secretary of state who negotiated treaty which allowed the panama canal and advised Wilson during WWI", "26th president of the United States (1901-09) and writer, explorer, and soldier, who expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government on the side of public interest in conflicts between big business and big labour. He also engaged the nation in affairs of Asia and Europe. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and he promoted the construction of the Panama Canal (1904-14).", "Re-elected narrowly in 1916, his second term centered on World War I. He tried to negotiate a peace in Europe, but when Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare he wrote several notes to Germany. He called on Congress to declare war when the factors that would lead to a favorable decision to enter war built up. Ignoring military affairs, he focused on diplomacy and finance. On the home front he began the first effective draft in 1917, raised billions through Liberty loans, imposed an income tax, set up the War Industries Board, promoted labor union growth, supervised agriculture and food production through the Lever Act, took over control of the railroads, and suppressed anti-war movements. He paid surprisingly little attention to military affairs, but provided the funding and food supplies that helped to make Allied victory in 1918 possible.", "President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.", "He was acclaimed as the man who had won the war, and in 1918 the coalition won a huge majority. It was the first election in which any women were allowed to vote. In 1919 he signed the Treaty of Versailles, which established the League of Nations and the war reparations settlement.", "This president is the only president to have earned a Ph.D. He was in office during World War I." ]	[ 1.4560546875, 1.4287109375, 0.71044921875, -0.274658203125, -1.060546875, -1.1064453125, -1.4599609375, -1.482421875, -1.517578125, -1.849609375, -1.98828125, -1.9921875, -2.072265625, -2.556640625, -2.58203125, -2.8359375, -3.0234375, -3.265625, -3.42578125, -3.52734375, -3.8359375, -4.0625, -4.3359375, -4.35546875, -5.04296875, -5.34375, -6.4453125, -6.58203125, -7.05078125, -7.35546875, -8.5625, -8.8046875 ]
In which language did The Singing Nun sing when she topped the singles charts?	[ "Jeanne Deckers (17 October 1933 – 29 March 1985), aka Jeannine Deckers, better known as Sœur Sourire (\"Sister Smile\", often credited as The Singing Nun in English-speaking countries), was a Belgian singer-songwriter and initially a member of the Dominican Order in Belgium as Sister Luc-Gabrielle. She acquired world fame in 1963 with the release of the French-language song \"Dominique\", which topped the U.S. Billboard and other charts.", "A more unlikely pop star is hard to imagine: a shy, bespectacled Belgian nun in full Dominican habit wearing cloddy but practical shoes. Yet Jeanine Deckers, known to the world as the Singing Nun, was the sensation of late 1963. Twenty-nine years ago this week, she held No. 1 on the pop charts, outselling Motown, Elvis, and surf music with ”Dominique,” her folksy tribute to the founder of her order, St. Dominic. With its lilting, repetitive chorus (”Dominique-a-nique-a-nique ”), her French-language song provided an upbeat antidote to a world rocked by the recent assassination of John F. Kennedy. Teens and adults around the globe bought more than a million copies of the single and of her Singing Nun album, which also held a top spot on the U.S. charts that December.", "The Singing Nun, Dominique , 1963. \"Jeanine Deckers (17 October 1933 – 29 March 1985) was a Belgian singer-songwriter and initially a member of the Dominican Order in Belgium (as Sister Luc Gabrielle). She acquired world fame in 1963 as Sœur Sourire (Sister Smile) when she scored a hit with the her French-language song \" Dominique \". She is sometimes credited as \"The Singing Nun\". [. . .]", "*The first song recorded completely in a foreign language to reach number-one on the UK Singles Charts is \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\" by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin in 1969 (French). There are only five other foreign language number-one songs which are \"Rock Me Amadeus\" by Falco released in 1986 (German), \"La Bamba\" by Los Lobos released in 1987 (Spanish), \"Sadeness (Part I)\", by Enigma released in 1990 (Latin/French), \"We No Speak Americano\", by Yolanda Be Cool Vs DCUP, released in 2010 (Italian/Neapolitan) and \"Gangnam Style\" by Psy released in 2012 (Korean). (Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP, both being Australian, both spoke English as their first languages, and \"We No Speak Americano\" even had a title largely in English, but the song was based entirely on a sample of the Italian language \"Tu vuò fà l'americano\" by Renato Carasone and as a result was completely Neapolitan.)", "During the early 1960s, Martin became known to British television audiences as the resident singer of topical songs on the original British version of the weekly satire show That Was The Week That Was (1962–63). One of the songs she sang on the show, the John F. Kennedy tribute \"In the Summer of His Years\", was released as a single and 'bubbled under' the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No 104 in 1963 (but was outcharted by a cover version by Connie Francis, which reached No 46). She has also released recordings in Swedish, such as the 7\" single \"Om du nånsin skulle ändra dej\".", "She cites the saccharine The Singing Nun (1966), in which she played the wimpled Belgian singer \" Soeur Sourire \", as her favourite film. Yet in truth she only made three really memorable appearances, one »", "The Singing Nun (Jeanine Deckers)(aka Sister Luc-Gabrielle, Luc Dominique and Soeur Sourire)- Died 3-31-1985 - Overdose of sleeping pills in a suicide pact with her friend ( Folk - Pop ) Born 10-17-1933 in Belgium (She sang, \"Dominique\" and \"Cactus Flower\").", "Globally speaking, Nana Mouskouri is the biggest-selling female artist of all time. Her fluency in multiple languages -- Greek, French, English, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese -- enabled her to reach audiences all over Europe, the Americas, and even Asia. Possessed of a distinctive, angelic soprano -- the product of having been born with only one vocal cord -- Mouskouri was sometimes described as Europe's answer to Barbra Streisand. Her repertoire was varied enough to support the universal appeal she...", "To pass the evenings, Smith (whom the nuns call \"Schmidt\") helps the sisters improve their rudimentary English (only Mother Maria speaks the language well enough to converse with him) and joins them in singing. They share their different musical traditions with one another: their Catholic chants and his Baptist hymns. He teaches them to join him in the call-and-response song \"Amen\" by Jester Hairston (dubbed by Hairston in the film).", "Born on June 8, 1951 in Skewen, Neath, Wales. She first came to prominence in 1976 with the song, \"Lost in France\", which made the UK top 10. Following a throat operation, she inadvertently developed her distinct singing voice. She had a transatlantic top 5 hit with \"It's a Heartache\" in 1978. She hit the big time when she became the first Welsh ... See full bio »", "She sings pop songs from the 60's in English and was interviewed for a TV programme.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists.", "Maria Callas ( Greek : Μαρία Κάλλας) (December 2, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was an American-born Greek soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts. An extremely versatile singer, her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti , Bellini , and Rossini ; further, to the works of Verdi and Puccini ; and, in her early career, the music dramas of Wagner . Her remarkable musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina.", "Maria Callas (Greek: Μαρία Κάλλας) (December 2, 1923 September 16, 1977) was an American-born Greek soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts. An extremely versatile singer, her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti, Bellini, and Rossini; further, to the works of Verdi and Puccini; and, in her early career, the music dramas of Wagner. Her remarkable musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina.", "Sandra Ann Goodrich known by her stage name as Sandie Shaw was born the 26th of February 1947,an English pop singer who was very popular in the mid-'60s, before she retired in the early '70s. She was the first UK singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna in 1967 performing Bill Martin/Phil Coulter composition \"Puppet on a String\", this song became a worldwide hit ( though not in the USA), it was the largest-selling single of the year in Germany, qualifying for a gold disc for one million plus sales in the UK and Europe. She was often called as \"the barefoot pop princess of the 1960s\"", "María de los Ángeles Felisa Santamaría Espinosa (born August 2, 1947), professionally known as Massiel, is a Spanish pop singer. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song \"La, la, la\", beating the British pop singer Cliff Richard's \"Congratulations\".", "\"Mercy\" is a song performed by Welsh singer Duffy, released as the second single from her debut studio album, Rockferry (2008). Co-written by Duffy and Steve Booker and produced by Booker, it was released worldwide in 2008 to critical acclaim and unprecedented chart success. As Duffy's first international release, the song is credited with firmly establishing her career and is now considered her signature song. \"Mercy\" received comparisons to Duffy's previous single, \"Rockferry\". Critical reviewers of \"Mercy\" noted similarities between the song to releases by Aretha Franklin, Dusty Springfield and The Supremes, as well as contemporaries such as fellow British singer Amy Winehouse. \"Mercy\" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart in February 2008, remaining at the top of the chart for five weeks. The single also topped the charts in Austria, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Ireland, Switzerland and Turkey, and peaked within the top five of the charts in Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Spain and Sweden.", "Dana Rosemary Scallon (born Rosemary Brown on 30 August 1951) is better known simply as Dana, an Irish singer and former politician. Her career began when, as an A-level student, she won the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest with the Lindsay/Smith penned \"All Kinds of Everything\", a subsequent worldwide million-seller. Over thirty singles and thirty albums later, Dana's career continues, now also as a leading songwriter and performer of Catholic music like \"The Rosary\" album, another worldwide million-seller.", "Petula Clark - born 15 November 1932, is an English singer, actress and composer best known for her upbeat popular international hits of the 1960s, including \"Downtown\", \"I Know a Place\", \"My Love\". \"Colour My World\", \"A Sign of the Times\" and \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\". With more than 70 million records sold worldwide, she is the most successful British female solo recording artist and is cited as such in the Guinness Book of World Records. She also holds the distinction of having the longest span on the UK pop charts of any British female artist — 54 years — from 1954, when \"The Little Shoemaker\" made the UK Top Twenty, to 2008, when her CD Then & Now: The Very Best of Petula Clark debuted at #17 on the UK Albums Chart .Throughout the forties and fifties Petula was a regular guest on a vast number of radio shows and became something of a television \"pioneer\" in England, first appearing on experimental TV in the forties and later as host of several of her own television series during the very early years of British programming, with Pet's Parlour being her longest running and most popular. Although she sang regularly in concert, on radio and TV all through the forties, it wasn't until 1949 that she recorded her first song Music, Music, Music and that pretty much sums up her very prolific recording career. ' Artist Discography '", "Connie Francis (born Concetta Rosa Maria Franconero, December 12, 1938) is an American pop singer and the top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although her chart success waned in the second half of the 1960s, Francis remained a top concert draw. Despite several severe interruptions in her career, she is still active as a recording and performing artist.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; 26 November 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have led many to call her the \"Queen of RocknRoll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\".", "Mary Hopkin scored a few more hits but downscaled her music career in 1971 after getting married. She later commented on her appearance at the Contest as humiliating and said that she hated the song she had to sing. Spanish entrant Julio Iglesias went on to achieve worldwide success in the decades that followed, becoming one of the top-selling singers of all time. Dana, meanwhile, continued to score hit singles throughout the 1970s with songs such as \"Fairytale\" and \"It's Gonna be a Cold Cold Christmas\". In the 1990s she became a politician, running for the Irish presidential election in 1997 and 2011, and becoming an MEP in 1999.", "Anna Mae Bullock (born November 26, 1939), known by her stage name Tina Turner, is a singer, dancer, actress, and author, whose career has spanned more than half a century, earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards. Born and raised in the American South, she is now a Swiss citizen.", "Helen Shapiro was born on 28 Sep 1946 in east London, England. She became a singing sensation when this debut single was issued because of her deep voice and being only 14 years old. She took up singing at a young age and was part of a group at the age of ten. She had singing lessons when 13, and various connections leaded her to an A&R man at EMI studios. Her first hit was \"Don't Treat Me Like A Child\" in the spring of 1961. The song was written for her, and so began a career as a major pop star, but only for a couple of years. She only had minor hits in 1963, and rapidly changing musical trends left her without hits after February 1964. She then went into cabaret and stage musicals. In the 1980s she moved into Jazz and toured with Humphrey Littleton's band, and she has also been prominent during recent decades on the Gospel music scene.", "Tina Turner (born November 26, 1939), née Anna Mae Bullock, is a singer, dancer, actress and author, whose career has spanned more than half a century, earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards. Born and raised in the Southeastern United States, she is now a Swiss citizen.", "Pop icon and diva who was one of the most prominent faces in music during the 1980's. She has sold over 300 million albums across the world. Her best known songs include \"Like a Virgin,\" \"Papa Don't Preach,\" and \"4 Minutes.\"", "When a worldly singer witnesses a mob crime, the police hide her as a nun in a traditional convent where she has trouble fitting in.", "Stunning Female Vocalist with tributes to Barbra Streisand and Shirley Bassey - come and enjoy the best singer on the coast.", "What year was Sonia, in euro and what did she sing and where did she come.", "Have any of you people heard her sing? She has a range like nobody else, and she is also HOT HOT HOT!", "HELP! Does any 1 know the song title and the artist who sing this song There she was she was walking down the street singing.... She looked good, she", "I cannot remember the singerï¿½name of that song: \"Come closer, come closer and listen.... She was a girl. Thanks" ]	[ 5.3671875, 3.82421875, 3.501953125, -1.3701171875, -1.5146484375, -1.86328125, -2.193359375, -2.384765625, -3.08984375, -3.2109375, -4.30859375, -4.73046875, -4.796875, -5.30859375, -5.54296875, -5.67578125, -6.0234375, -6.08984375, -6.09765625, -6.50390625, -6.51953125, -6.57421875, -6.74609375, -6.89453125, -6.96484375, -8.53125, -9.015625, -9.1953125, -9.390625, -9.71875, -10.4765625, -10.7734375 ]
Who recorded the albums Blue and Court And Spark?	[ "Court and Spark is a 1974 album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. It was an immediate commercial and critical success—and remains her most successful album. Released in January 1974, it was Mitchell's sixth studio album; it infuses her folk-rock style, which she developed throughout her previous five albums, with jazz inflections.", "Court and Spark album for sale by Joni Mitchell was released Oct 25, 1990 on the Elektra (Label) label. All songs written by Joni Mitchell except \"Twisted\" (Ross/Grey). Court and Spark CD music contains a single disc with 11 songs.", "Now available - Joni Mitchell's THE STUDIO ALBUMS 1968-1979, featuring 10 of Mitchell's studio albums including her critically and commercially acclaimed albums BLUE and COURT AND SPARK. Both have been named as among the best albums ever made with BLUE peaking at #3 in the UK albums chart. Hit singles included in the set are 'Both Sides,' 'Now,' 'Big Yellow Taxi,' 'California,' 'Free Man in Paris' and many more. Get it here .", "Mitchell worked closely with jazz great Charles Mingus on his last project. She did several albums with jazz bass player Jaco Pastorius, and several more with her second husband, musician and sound engineer Larry Klein . The most popular songs in her career include Big Yellow Taxi, Both Sides Now, Help Me, River, and A Case of You. Her most popular albums include Court and Spark, Hejira, Turbulent Indigo, and Blue.", "COURT AND SPARK completed Joni Mitchell's transition from folk-singer to sophisticated rock auteur. In addition to her meticulously crafted melodies and evocative, image-rich lyrics, the songs here are breezy and immediately appealing. This is in part due to Tom Scott's L.A. Express, a sinuous jazz-based combo, but also to Mitchell's knack for pop hooks, which abound on COURT AND SPARK. ... See Full Description", "Jones appears in Herbie Hancock's 2007 release, River: The Joni Letters, singing the first track, \"Court and Spark\". This album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards in 2008; Jones was credited as a featured artist, her ninth Grammy win. ", "Court and Spark, released in January 1974, saw Mitchell begin the flirtation with jazz and jazz fusion that marked her experimental period ahead. Court and Spark went to No. 1 on the Cashbox Album Charts. The LP made Mitchell a widely popular act for perhaps the only time in her career, on the strength of popular tracks such as the rocker \"Raised on Robbery\", which was released right before Christmas 1973, and \"Help Me\", which was released in March of the following year, and became Mitchell's only Top 10 single when it peaked at No. 7 in the first week of June. \"Free Man in Paris\" was another hit single and staple in her catalog.", "The Police were an English rock band strongly influenced by reggae, jazz and punk rock. They were originally formed in 1977 in London by Stewart Copeland (drums), Gordon Sumner, better known as Sting (bass and lead vocals), and Henry Padovani (guitar). Andy Summers later joined the group, and after a very short stint as a quartet, Padovani left the band. The Police became one of the most popular bands in the late 70s and throughout the 80s.", "* In 1974, Court and Spark was voted the 'Best Album of the Year' in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll.", "Richard Paul Ashcroft (born 11 September 1971) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer and occasional guitarist of the alternative rock band The Verve from their formation in 1990 until their split in 1999, and continues as a lead vocalist working with guitars and keyboards. He became a successful solo artist in his own right, releasing three UK top three solo albums. The Verve reformed in 2007 but again broke up by summer 2009. Ashcroft then founded a new band, RPA & The United Nations of Sound, and released a new album on 19 July 2010. On 22 February 2016 Ashcroft announced his fourth solo album, These People, set for release 20 May 2016. Chris Martin of Coldplay has described Ashcroft as \"the best singer in the world\". ", "* In 2003, Court and Spark was ranked No. 111 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "The band's long career has seen them successfully adopt many different musical genres; including glam pop , power pop , electronic dance music and mainstream pop . Despite these many styles, a recognizable \"Sparks sound\" remains throughout, and they have enjoyed a large cult following since their first releases. Sparks have been highly influential on the development of popular music, in particular on the late 1970s scene, when in collaboration with Giorgio Moroder (and Telex subsequently), they reinvented themselves as an electronic pop duo, and abandoned the traditional rock band line up. In contrast to the esteem in which they are held by such peers as Depeche Mode , New Order , Morrissey and They Might Be Giants , who all cite Sparks as a major influence, their almost constantly changing styles and unique visual presentations have sometimes seen them dismissed as a novelty act.", "In November 1955, Atlantic acquired the Spark Record Company of Los Angeles. The owners of the Spark Record Company were Lester Sill, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Leiber and Stoller, two young white songwriter/record producers were also the principle assets of the company along with a black vocal group named the Robins. Nesuhi had become aware of Leiber and Stoller while living in California and brought them to the attention of Jerry and Ahmet. Although both were in their early twenties, Leiber and Stoller had written many R&B songs including \"Kansas City\" (as K.C.Lovin') for Little Willie Littlefield, \"Hound Dog\" for Big Mama Thornton and a hit song for the Robins called \"Smokey Joe's Café\".", "* In 2000, Blue won the top spot in Charts '50 Greatest Canadian Albums of All Time' (Blue was third place in 1996 and 2005)", "After Balls, the band resurfaced in 2002 with the release of the album which has been described as their \"genre-defying opus\". Lil' Beethoven, featuring quasi-classical arrangements strings and choirs, led to renewed interest in the band, for instance Record Collector magazine named the album as one of its \"Best New Albums of 2002\", describing it as \"... possibly the most exciting and interesting release ever from such a long established act\" and later in 2003 saying \"... it really does feel like one of the best albums ever made.\" A UK and European tour had the band playing the entire album each night in the first half of the show, with fan favourites making up the second. The line-up now included former Faith No More guitarist Dean Menta in addition to Tammy Glover on drums. Long-time fan Morrissey invited Sparks to perform at the 2004 Meltdown Festival, of which he was curator. They performed their breakthrough Kimono My House album, followed by Lil Beethoven, both in their entirety. Also in this period, the duo appeared in the video for Justin Hawkins's cover of \"This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us\", in which Ron and Russell play the referee and MC at a darts match between Hawkins and darts champion Phil Taylor. This version of \"This Town\" reached No. 6 in the UK charts.", "They formed Spark Records in 1953 with their mentor, Lester Sill. Their songs from this period include \"Smokey Joe's Cafe\" and \"Riot in Cell Block #9\", both recorded by The Robins.", "Sparks are an American pop band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by brothers Ron (keyboards) and Russell Mael (vocals), renamed from Halfnelson, formed in 1968. Known for their quirky approach to songwriting, Sparks' music is often accompanied by intelligent, sophisticated, and acerbic lyrics, and an idiosyncratic, theatrical stage presence, typified in the contrast between Russell's animated, hyperactive frontman antics and Ron's deadpan scowling. They are also noted for Russell Mael's falsetto voice and Ron Mael's keyboard style.", "Bad Company consisted of four seasoned musicians: two former members of Free, singer Paul Rodgers and drummer Simon Kirke; former Mott the Hoople guitarist Mick Ralphs; and ex-King Crimson bassist Boz Burrell. The band signed to Swan Song Records/Atlantic Records in North America, and with Island Records in other countries. (Island Records had until that time been the UK home to both Free and King Crimson, as well as to Mott the Hoople for their first four albums; Atlantic, in turn, released King Crimson's and Mott's early albums in the US through a licensing agreement with Island). Atlantic/Warner Music would later acquire the non-North American rights to the band's catalogue.", "Funkadelic is an American band that was most prominent during the 1970s. The band and its sister act Parliament, both led by George Clinton, pioneered the funk music culture of that decade.", "At this point Ron and Russell packed their bags and moved to England. Hooking up with producer Muff Winwood, they were signed to Island Records and formed a new version of the band with British players. The change was just what was needed. From 1974 through 1975, Sparks released the three key albums that most fans still consider a holy trinity of sorts. The single “This Town Ain’t Big Enough for Both of Us” was released in 1974 and shot to No. 2 on the U.K. charts. The unlikely hit struck a chord with its glam-affected guitars, triumphant rhythm and far from average vocal style of Russell. This was the first of eight Top 40 U.K. hits in a row for the band.", "While achieving chart success in various countries around the world including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and the United States, they have enjoyed a cult following since their first releases. During the late 1970s, when in collaboration with Giorgio Moroder (and Telex subsequently), Sparks reinvented themselves as a new wave/synthpop duo, and abandoned the traditional rock band line up. Their frequently changing styles and visual presentations have kept the band at the forefront of modern, artful pop music. ", "The third album, A New Flame (February 1989), went gold due to the cover of the 1972 Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes hit \"If You Don't Know Me by Now\" that hit number one and became a gold single. (In the U.K., \"It's Only Love\" and \"A New Flame\" also made the Top 40.) By the time of the fourth album, Stars (September 1991), Bowers and Joyce had left, with Shaun Ward joining on bass and Gota on drums, and saxophonist Ian Kirkham had become a permanent member. Stars was a relative commercial disappointment in the U.S. (though it spawned Top 40 hits in \"Something Got Me Started\" and \"Stars\" and eventually went gold), but it became a major success elsewhere, especially in the U.K., where it was the best-selling album of 1991, topped the charts for 19 weeks, and spawned the Top Ten hits \"Stars\" and \"For Your Babies\" and the Top 40 hits \"Something Got Me Started,\" \"Thrill Me,\" and \"Your Mirror.\" Worldwide, it had sold 8.5 million copies by the second quarter of 1993.", "By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres. The social and political ferment of the times inspired artists like Gaye and Curtis Mayfield to release album-length statements with hard-hitting social commentary. Artists like James Brown led soul towards funk music, which became typified by 1970s bands like Parliament-Funkadelic and The Meters. More versatile groups like War, the Commodores and Earth, Wind and Fire became popular around this time. During the 1970s, some slick and commercial blue-eyed soul acts like Philadelphia's Hall & Oates and Oakland's Tower of Power achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation of street-corner harmony or \"city-soul\" groups such as The Delfonics and the historically black Howard University's Unifics.", "In 1965, after moving to Chicago to play the blues, Steve Miller and keyboardist Barry Goldberg founded the Goldberg-Miller Blues Band along with bassist Roy Ruby, rhythm guitarist Craymore Stevens, and drummer Maurice McKinley. The band was contracted to Epic Records after playing many Chicago clubs. They also appeared on Hullabaloo with the Four Tops and the Supremes. ", "We take a look at one of the most enduring, distinct and incredible musical entities to ever roam the Earth in With Everything You Need to Know About Sparks. Though they never had any major hits in the U.S., their presence has long been felt in corners big and small. The core duo of brothers Ron and Russell Mael have been at it since the late ’60s, making music that has always been out of step with the conventional idea of rock and roll. Their music can recall the past as it plunges you deep into the future. Not bad for a couple of misfits from Los Angeles.", "After the Moody Blues went on hiatus in the middle of the 1970s, he produced the album Blue Jays , by Moody Blues members Justin Hayward and John Lodge. He worked to have the band reunite, and when they did, he produced their 1978 comeback album, Octave .", "Blue Is the Colour is the fifth studio album from English band The Beautiful South, released in October 1996 through Go! Discs and in America through Ark 21 Records. Following the two singles \"Pretenders to the Throne\" and \"Dream a Little Dream\", which never featured on any album until the release of the second greatest hits Solid Bronze in 2001, it was named after a pub in Sheffield.", "The Brad Mehldau Trio’s Blues and Ballads album is their first new release since 2012’s Where Do You Start. Featuring Mehldau on piano, Larry Grenadier on bass, and Jeff Ballard on drums, this recording similarly comprises interpretations of songs by other composers, this time with the focus on blues and ballads implied by the album’s title. The opening and closing tracks Since I Fell For You and My Valentine get down and dirty in the bluesiest style. They are prime examples of what a superb jazz pianist like Mehldau", "Several bands that included jazz-style horn sections appeared, including Blood, Sweat & Tears and Chicago. Of these, Martin highlights Chicago in particular for their experimentation with suites and extended compositions, such as the \"Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon\" on Chicago II. Jazz influences appeared in the music of British bands such as Traffic, Colosseum and Canterbury scene bands such as Soft Machine. Canterbury scene bands emphasized the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Martin writes that in 1968, \"full-blown progressive rock\" was not yet in existence, but three bands released albums who would later come to the forefront of the music: Jethro Tull, Caravan, and Soft Machine.", "Cannonball Adderley, on the other hand, had a less experimental approach. A former music teacher, Adderley was rooted in the blues , and had a preternatural gift for constructing virtuosic melodies. On Kind of Blue, his playing reaches new heights of sensitivity, and juxtaposed with Coltrane's, it takes on a surprising gleam.", "John McLaughlin formed a fusion band, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, with drummer Billy Cobham, violinist Jerry Goodman, bassist Rick Laird and keyboardist Jan Hammer. The band released their first album, The Inner Mounting Flame, in 1971. Hammer pioneered the use of the Minimoog synthesizer with distortion effects and, with his mastery of the pitch bend wheel, made it sound very much like an electric guitar. The sound of the Mahavishnu Orchestra was influenced by both psychedelic rock and Indian classical sounds.", "Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins is the 16th album by American rock band Sparks. It was released in 1994, after an absence from the music industry of 5–6 years." ]	[ 4.86328125, 3.392578125, 3.28515625, 1.5048828125, 1.2451171875, 0.56640625, -0.459716796875, -3.240234375, -3.560546875, -4.08203125, -4.3359375, -5.4609375, -5.80078125, -5.8671875, -6.0546875, -6.07421875, -6.1328125, -6.1640625, -6.2265625, -6.30859375, -6.76171875, -6.78515625, -6.84375, -7.01171875, -7.08984375, -7.28515625, -7.62890625, -7.90234375, -7.91796875, -8.2890625, -9.0390625, -9.1875 ]
Where was the world's largest telescope until 1948?	[ "The disk remained at Caltech’s optical shop in Pasadena, CA, for the painstaking process of polishing and grinding. Progress on the disk slowed as the nation became involved in World War II, but the disk was finally installed in 1948 in the Palomar Observatory , where it remained the world’s largest effective telescope until 1993, aiding in the discovery of quasars, the first known brown dwarf star. The telescope is still in use, although bigger telescopes now exist at places like the Keck Observatory in Hawaii.", "The other large telescope of Hale's era was completed in 1917. Called the Hooker 100-inch telescope — after its financial benefactor, John D. Hooker — the telescope was the largest in the world until 1948 (when it was surpassed by a 200-inch telescope at Palomar Mountain, which is 90 miles or 145 kilometers southeast.)", " In 1948, the 200-inch (5-meter) Hale reflector, until 1974 the largest telescope in existence, was put into operation on Mount Palomar, California. This enormous instrument is the realization of the dream of George Ellery Hale, a leader in the development of modern astronomical instruments. The horseshoe-shaped northern bearing of the polar axis carries a large fraction of the 540-ton weight of the telescope and is floated on a thin film of oil that is forced between the bearing surfaces at a pressure of about 20 atmospheres. A cage mounted inside the telescope tube at its upper end enables an observer to ride with the telescope and work directly at the prime focus 55 feet (17 meters) above the primary mirror. The Hale telescope can also operate as a Cassegrain or a coud� with focal lengths of 267 and 500 feet (81 and 152 meters), respectively.", "~1888 – The refracting telescope at the Lick Observatory, measuring 57 ft long and 3ft (91 cm) in diameter, saw its first use. It was the largest telescope in the world at that time.", "The Transit Telescope was a 218 ft (66 m) parabolic reflector zenith telescope built at Jodrell Bank in 1947. At the time, it was the largest radio telescope in the world. It consisted of a wire mesh suspended from a ring of 24 ft (7.3 m) scaffold poles , which focussed radio signals to a focal point 126 ft (38 m) above the ground. The telescope mainly looked directly upwards, but the direction of the beam could be changed by small amounts by tilting the mast to change the position of the focal point. The focal mast was originally going to be wood, but this was changed to a steel mast before construction was complete. [1] The telescope was replaced by the fully steerable 250 ft (76 m) Lovell Telescope , and the Mark II telescope was subsequently built on the same location.", "The largest refracting telescope ever built opened at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wis., in 1897. But the 40-inch wide glass lens at Yerkes was soon made obsolete by larger mirrors. The Hooker 100-inch reflecting telescope opened in 1917 at Mount Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, Calif. It was there that the astronomer Edwin Hubble determined the distance of the Andromeda Nebula — far beyond the Milky Way.", "The world’s largest collection of telescopes, located high above the Sonora Desert in Arizona. Eight astronomical research institutions share the 22 optical and two radio telescopes at Kitt Peak. The National Optical Astronomy Observatories oversee site operations at the observatory.", "The island houses the world's biggest telescope and more scientific observatories in one place than anywhere else in the world.", "Krupp Steel Works was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope , which, from 1972 to 2000 was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. [9]", "Krupp Steel Works was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope , which, from 1972 - 2000 was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. [8]", "Completed in 1957, just in time to track the launch of Sputnik 1 , the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank in Cheshire, England, remains one of the world's largest steerable radio telescopes. It is part of a UK network of radio telescopes called eMERLIN.", "At the time Sir Bernard Lovel's new Mk 1A radio telescope at Joderel Bank in Cheshire was the only telescope in the west to be able to track the signal. The telescope, the largest fully steerable telescope on Earth, had been built with much subterfuge on a plot of land technically belonging to the agriculture department of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. This giant dish replaced a simple set-up of wires supported on wooden posts hooked up to a wartime radar receiver, intended to last perhaps fifteen years it has work to do until about 2020. Some idea of the size of the thing can be gauged by the way it towers above the trees, one of the problems in building it was the lack of a mobile crane big enough to lift the girders into place.", "The Arecibo radio telescope is currently the largest single-dish telescope in the world. First opening in 1963, this 305 meter (1000 foot) radio telescope (and radar) resides in a natural valley of Puerto Rico.", "In 1928, the famed astronomer, George Ellery Hale, had a vision. He wanted to build the world’s largest telescope—a research instrument that would allow scientists to view the skies as never before.Mirror to Discovery: The 200-inch Disk and the Hale Reflecting Telescope at Palomar, an exhibit opening at the Rakow Research Library of The Corning Museum of Glass on January 10, 2011, tells the story of the creation of the 200-inch mirror blank (known by the American public at the time as “The Giant Eye”) in the 1930s that made Hale’s vision possible.", "Lick Observatory Major optical observatory, and the first in the United States to be built on a mountain-top site. Its telescopes are on Mount Hamilton, about 32 km (20 mi) east of San Jose, California, at an altitude of 1280 m (4200 ft). Its first director was Edward S. HOLD-EN. The observatory was the result of a bequest to the University of California by an eccentric millionaire, James Lick (1796-1876), whose body lies beneath the pier of the 0.9-m (36-in.) Lick Refractor. Inaugurated in 1888, the telescope was for nine years the largest in the world, and it remains the world's second-largest refractor. With it, Edward E. BARNARD discovered Amalthea in 1892, the first Jovian satellite to be found since 1610. The front element of its objective lens was refigured in 1987, having suffered long-term damage from atmospheric corrosion.", "* The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the largest submillimetre-wavelength astronomical telescope in the world, with a diameter of 15 m", "The largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world is the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located in Green Bank, W.Va. This 110-by-100-metre (360-by-330-foot) off-axis radio telescope was completed in 2000 and operates at wavelengths as short as a few millimetres. The moving structure, which weighs 7.3 million kg (16 million pounds), points to any direction in the sky with an accuracy of only a few arc seconds. The secondary reflector is held by an off-axis support structure to minimize radiation from the ground and unwanted reflections from support legs. Each of the 2,004 surface panels that make up the parabolic surface is held in place by computer-controlled actuators that keep the surface accurate to a few tenths of a millimetre. The GBT is located in the National Radio Quiet Zone , which offers unique protection for radio telescopes from local sources of man-made interference.", "The following year Herschel constructed the largest telescope of the day. It was 40ft long and had a 48 inch mirror. With it he discovered Enceladus and Mimas circling the planet Saturn and continued finding deep sky objects such as nebulae and galaxies, finding more than 2,500 of them in the next 20 years, including the Galaxy NGC 2903.", "The observations continued and, to house the expanding staff and equipment, the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station was built in the field next to the Botanic Grounds. Lovell realised that a much more sensitive radio telescope would be required to detect cosmic rays and so, in 1947, the researchers built a large parabolic reflector, 66-m across, pointing upwards to observe the sky passing overhead. Called the Transit Telescope, it was then the largest radio telescope in the world. By angling the mast that carried the receiving aerials 126ft above the wire mesh surface it was possible to swing the beam. Thus, over a period of time, a broad strip of sky, carried overhead by the rotation of the Earth, could be observed. Echoes from cosmic ray showers were never detected, but instead they began to use the giant telescope to search for astronomical objects that emit radio waves. The telescope detected the remnant of \"Tycho Brahe's\" 1572 supernova in the constellation of Cassiopeia, invisible at optical wavelengths, and made the first detection of radio waves from the Andromeda galaxy - the first proven extragalactic radio source.", "A refracting telescope uses an objective lens to gather and focus light to a focal point. The aperture size of the telescope is limited by the purity and weight of the glass lens. Several of the most magnificent telescopes are refractors. Yerkes Observatory's 40-inch refractor is the largest. Not only are the instruments mechanically and aesthetically beautiful, but they were also responsible for some of the pioneering astronomical research in the first part of the 20th century that paved the road for present-day discoveries.", "Refractor telescopes, too, underwent development during the 18th and 19th centuries. The last significant one to be built was the 1-metre refractor at Yerkes Observatory . Installed in 1897, it remains the largest refracting system in the world. Its objective was designed and constructed by the optician Alvan Clark , while the mount was built by the firm of Warner & Swasey.", " The second largest Schmidt telescope is that located at Mount Palomar. This instrument accommodates a photographic plate 14 inches square (90 cm sq), corresponding to an angular field in the sky measuring 6 by 6 degrees. The primary mirror is 72 inches (183 cm) in diameter and the correcting plate, which was figured by Hendrix, has a clear aperture of 48 inches (122 cm). The National Geographic Palomar Sky Survey, the most complete ever undertaken, was compiled from plates taken by the 48-inch Schmidt.", "Subsequently at Bergedorf in 1955 a large, well-constructed Schmidt was dedicated. The 2-meter Schmidt telescope of the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory was built later and remains the largest Schmidt camera in the world, although more technologically advanced versions have since been produced. The Bergedorf Schmidt was moved to Calar Alto Observatory in 1976.", "The University of Manchester's giant 76-metre (250-ft) Lovell radio telescope at Jodrell Bank is probably the most famous working scientific instrument in the UK. For over 40 years, the telescope, still the second largest fully-steerable radio telescope in the world, has played a major role in astronomical research due to its large collecting area and great flexibility. Equipped with state-of-the-art receiver systems, the telescope is now 30 times more sensitive than when it was built. In recent years it has played a leading role in many fields of astronomy, including the detection and study of a new population of pulsars and the discovery of the first gravitational lens. Much of its research is funded by the Particle Physics and Research Council (PPARC). It is also currently attracting great public interest through its participation in the most sensitive search ever for signals from extra-terrestrial intelligence.", "A 50 ft (15 m) alt-azimuth dish was constructed at the observatory in 1964. In addition to astronomical research, it was used to track the Zond 1, Zond 2, Ranger 6 and Ranger 7 space probes, and also Apollo 11. The 50 ft telescope was demolished in 1982, when it was replaced with a more accurate telescope named the \"42 ft\" following an accident that irreparably damaged the 50 ft telescope's surface. The 42 ft (12.8 m) dish is mainly used for observations of pulsars, and is normally continually monitoring the Crab Pulsar. ", " From 1806 to 1814 Guinand worked in Germany and, while there, was understudied by a young man named Joseph von Fraunhofer. Fraunhofer quickly became one of the most skilled glassmakers and lens designers in the entire history of German optics. His greatest telescope was probably the 9�-inch (24-cm) Dorpat refractor, which was installed at the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia around 1825. Besides possessing a superb objective lens, this telescope was unique in that it also possessed the first equatorial mounting in the modern sense.", "Lovell saw the need for a larger telescope to give greater sensitivity in the search for the elusive cosmic rays and for the detection of signals from the \"radio stars\" being found at other observatories. This resulted in an upward-looking, static, parabolic telescope 218ft in diameter, made from wires stretched between scaffold poles. An aerial 176ft above the reflecting dish received the signals either in the radar or radio mode. This telescope was immediately successful in detecting fainter meteor signals, but more importantly it collected signals from the enigmatic radio stars and helped to solve the problem of their origin. Some came from within our Milky Way galaxy, others were extra-galactic. Our nearby companion galaxy, the Andromeda Nebula, was clearly seen, as well as known optical emission nebulae within the Milky Way. As more and more of these radio stars were found, the debate about whether they were Galactic or beyond our Milky Way became critical. The need for a large, fully steerable radio telescope able to receive radio signals from the whole sky became a first priority.", "The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932. The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger then 10 m (33 feet).", "The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932. The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet), and work is underway on several 30-40m designs.", "In the years since the completion of the new building in 1912 the most important research work of the observatory staff has been in the area of astrometry. The telescope associated with this research is the 30-inch Thaw refractor. Large refractors are highly useful for this type of astronomical research because after their objectives have been installed they can be left undisturbed for decades. Any shift of one star with respect to its neighbors, barely measurable on photographic plates taken many years apart, is thus more surely a real displacement of the star and not some change in the condition of the optics.", "The versatility of this telescope was immediately demonstrated in its ability to detect a wide range of radio sources at many frequencies. An early use was as an interferometer linked to a distant telescope in order to measure the diameter of the radio sources. A subset of these sources had remarkably small diameters. These were identified as \"Quasars\", luminous radio emitters at the edge of the measurable universe. This discovery took the frontiers of discovery deep into the past. The same technique revealed the first gravitational lens as predicted by Einstein's theory of General Relativity.", "Back in 1930, Clyde Tombaugh was using a blink comparator, where the same region of sky would be photographed on two different nights. While the stars and nebulae would appear in the same exact position, since their motions are far too small to detect at such great distances, objects like comets, asteroids or planets would shift from night-to-night. In the early part of that year, the course of astronomical history would change forever." ]	[ 5.69921875, 4.89453125, 4.46484375, 0.7060546875, 0.293212890625, -0.65478515625, -0.72607421875, -1.07421875, -1.177734375, -1.359375, -1.4033203125, -1.419921875, -1.5234375, -1.578125, -1.8056640625, -2.04296875, -2.236328125, -2.26953125, -2.314453125, -2.490234375, -2.67578125, -2.869140625, -2.908203125, -3.361328125, -3.365234375, -4.36328125, -5.0625, -6.8046875, -6.98828125, -7.76953125, -8.0859375, -10.0390625 ]
How many Madison Square Gardens have there been before the existing one?	[ "Madison Square Garden (MSG) is a sports and entertainment arena in central New York City. The original MSG was situated on the corner of Madison Square and 26th Street and opened in 1879. In 1890 it was replaced by a new arena, which was in use until 1925, when it was demolished to make way for an insurance building. There have been two further Madison Square Garden arenas: the third was on 8th Avenue and 50th Street; the most recent, on the site of the former Pennsylvania Station (and built over the top of the new station), is on 7th Avenue, between 31st and 33rd Streets.", "1879 - William Vanderbilt renamed Gilmoreï¿½s Garden to Madison Square Garden. There have been five different venues named Madison Square Garden since -- all in New York City.", "Madison Square Garden (often called MSG or simply The Garden) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. It is the fourth venue to bear the name \"Madison Square Garden\", the first two (1879 and 1890) of which were located on Madison Square, on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue, with the third Madison Square Garden further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street. The Garden is used for professional basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and Macy's at Herald Square. It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. ", "The current Madison Square Garden is actually the 4th building to be called Madison Square Garden. The opening event was held on February 11, 1968 with a gala salute to the USO starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope. Over the last 4 decades, MSG has hosted tens of thousands of world-class events. The best way to learn more about Madison Square Garden is by taking the All Access Tour.", "Over its 130-year history, Madison Square Garden has become known as the preeminent venue for legendary artists and athletes. Billy Joel’s first concert at The Garden was held on December 14, 1978 and, since then, he has performed an astounding 46 concerts at the Arena. In 2006, with 12-consecutive performances, Billy Joel broke the Garden’s record for “Longest Run of a Single Artist.” To commemorate this historical moment, a banner featuring “Joel – 12” was raised to The Garden rafters, and now hangs alongside other Garden legends such as Mark Messier, Rod Gilbert, Walt “Clyde” Frazier, Bill Bradley and Willis Reed. ", "Elton John held the all-time record for greatest number of appearances at the Garden with 64 shows (the 60th occurring on his 60th birthday, March 25, 2007), but in 2015 the record was broken by Billy Joel, that also set a record in 2006 during his 12-performance run, the longest run of a single artist at the venue. In a 2009 interview, the two piano men spoke about their affinity for playing concerts at the Garden. \"Madison Square Garden is my favorite venue in the whole world\", said Elton John. \"I chose to have my 60th birthday concert there, because of all the incredible memories I've had playing the venue.\"MSG Press Release, Business Wire, December 21, 2009 \"Madison Square Garden is the center of the universe as far as I'm concerned. It has the best acoustics, the best audiences, the best reputation, and the best history of great artists who have played there\", said Billy Joel. \"It is the iconic, holy temple of Rock and Roll for most touring acts and, being a New Yorker, it holds a special significance to me. I'm honored to hold the record for Most Consecutive Nights Ever Sold at this world famous venue.\"", " In December 2013, Billy Joel became Madison Square Garden’s first-ever music franchise, joining the ranks of the storied venue’s other original franchises – the New York Knicks, Rangers and Liberty. Since January 2014, Joel has played one show per month at The Garden as part of the Time Warner Cable Concert Series. This unprecedented and wildly successful residency has led to 36 sold-out shows through December 2016. Having sold 150 million records over the past quarter century, Billy Joel ranks as one of most popular recording artists and respected entertainers in history. The singer/songwriter/composer is the sixth best-selling recording artist of all time, the third best-selling solo artist and is one of the highest grossing touring artists in the world. Joel is also one of the biggest live performing artists in the world and his concerts continue to break records in both arenas and baseball stadiums. In November 2014, Billy Joel received both The Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song which honors living musical artists’ lifetime achievement in promoting the genre of song as a vehicle of cultural understanding; entertaining and informing audiences; and inspiring new generations, and the once-in-a-century ASCAP Centennial Award, which is presented to American music icons in recognition of their incomparable accomplishments in their respective music genres and beyond.", "MSG is also known for its place in the history of boxing. Many of boxing's biggest fights were held at Madison Square Garden, including the Roberto Durán–Ken Buchanan affair, and the first Muhammad Ali – Joe Frazier bout. Before promoters such as Don King and Bob Arum moved boxing to Las Vegas, Nevada Madison Square Garden was considered the mecca of boxing. The original 18½' × 18½' (5.6 m × 5.6 m) ring, which was brought from the second and third generation of the Garden, was officially retired on September 19, 2007, and donated to the International Boxing Hall of Fame after 82 years of service. A 20' × 20' (6 m × 6 m) ring replaced it beginning on October 6 of that same year.", " 1968 - In New York, the new 20,000 seat Madison Square Garden officially opened, making it the fourth arena to be named Madison Square Garden. The arena for sports and entertainment opened with a gala hosted by Bob Hope and Bing Crosby.", "Seating in Madison Square Garden was initially arranged in six ascending levels, each with its own color. The first level, which was available only for basketball games, boxing and concerts, and not for hockey games and ice shows, was known as the \"Rotunda\" (\"ringside\" for boxing and \"courtside\" for basketball), had beige seats, and bore section numbers of 29 and lower (the lowest number varying with the different venues, in some cases with the very lowest sections denoted by letters rather than numbers). Next above this was the \"Orchestra\" (red) seating, sections 31 through 97, followed by the 100-level \"First Promenade\" (orange) and 200-level \"Second Promenade\"(yellow), the 300-level (green) \"First Balcony\", and the 400-level (blue) \"Second Balcony.\" The rainbow-colored seats were replaced with maroon and teal seats during the 1990s renovation (in part because the blue seats had acquired an unsavory reputation, especially during games in which the New York Rangers hosted their cross-town rivals, the New York Islanders) which installed the 10th floor sky-boxes around the entire arena and the 9th floor sky-boxes on the 7th avenue end of the arena, taking out 400-level seating on the 7th Avenue end in the process.", "Madison Square Garden Bowl : south side of Northern Boulevard at 45th Street, Long Island City, Queens (also known as the “Long Island City Bowl\" & “The Graveyard of Champions\" because no reigning champion ever successfully defended his title here; capacity: 72,000; opened in 1932, but by 1939 rarely used as a boxing venue; site of four heavyweight title contests between 1932-35, including the June 21, 1932 Max Schmeling - Jack Sharkey bout)", "Madison Square Garden 4 Pennsylvania Plaza New York, New York 212-465-MSG1 Aptly nicknamed “The World’s Most Famous Arena,” the Garden has over five million fans a year passing through its doors. Though the notable musical performances are too numerous to mention here, a few of the more legendary events that have graced the Garden’s stage include: George Harrison’s Concert for Bangladesh, the MUSE Concerts, Sly Stone’s wedding, Led Zeppelin’s Song Remains the Same concert sequences, and many of t h e Ro l l i n g S to n e s’ Gimme Shelter concert sequences.", "A retired jersey number is the highest honor a player from one of our teams can achieve at Madison Square Garden. When a number is retired, it will forever hang from The Garden rafters and can never be worn by another player from that franchise again. Retired Knicks jersey numbers are: 10 (Walt Frazier), 12 (Dick Barnett), 15 (Earl Monroe and Dick McGuire), 19 (Willis Reed), 22 (Dave DeBusschere), 24 (Bill Bradley), 33 (Patrick Ewing), and 613 (Red Holtzman. The 613 signifies the number of wins attained as Head Coach of the Knicks). Retired Rangers jersey numbers are: 1 (Eddie Giacomin), 2 (Brian Leetch), 3 (Harry Howell), 7 (Rod Gilbert), 9 (Andy Bathgate and Adam Graves), 11 (Mark Messier) and 35 (Mike Richter). Furthermore, 526 (Lou Carnesecca-signifying the number of wins as Head Coach of St. John's University) hangs only during college basketball events. Steffi Graf (5 Time Virginia Slims/Chase Championships Champion) and Martina Navratilova (8 Time Virginia Slims/Chase Championships Champion) also have banners hung only during tennis events. Additionally, music icon and Madison Square Garden franchise Billy Joel is the first artist ever to simultaneously hold both of The Garden’s concert-related performance records and is the only performer currently to have commemorative banners hanging from The Garden rafters. Joel continues to break his own records both for the “Longest Run of Any Artist” and the “Most Number of Performances By Any Artist” at The World’s Most Famous Arena.", "Madison Square Garden hosts more high-profile concert events than any other venue in New York City. It has been the venue for George Harrison's The Concert for Bangladesh, The Concert for New York City following the September 11 attacks, John Lennon's final concert appearance (during an Elton John concert on Thanksgiving Night, 1974) before his murder in 1980, and Elvis Presley, who gave four sold out performances in 1972, his first and last ever in New York City. Led Zeppelin's 3 night stand in July 1973 was recorded and released as both a film and album titled The Song Remains The Same. The Police played their final show of their reunion tour at the Garden in 2008.", "In the 1950’s, the Penn Station’s air rights were optioned, and the main house was scheduled to be demolished so that an office and sports complex could be constructed. The tracks underneath Penn Station remained untouched, and the new complex, including Madison Square Gardens, was completed in 1968.", "20 of The Garden’s “Defining Moments” are commemorated on the SAP Madison Concourse (Level 6) and Garden Concourse (Level 8) through special exhibits that feature photos, memorabilia and additional artifacts, representing each of these amazing moments in Garden history. The first 10 “Defining Moments” were unveiled in Fall 2012 on the Madison Concourse, and the second 10 were revealed on the Garden Concourse for debut in Fall 2013. To view all the defining moments, please click here .", "complex of buildings in central Manhattan, New York City, between 48th and 51st streets and Fifth Ave. and the Ave. of the Americas (Sixth Ave.). The project was sponsored by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., with fourteen of the buildings built between 1931 and 1939.", "Among New York`s architectural wonders is the Riverside Church , completed in 1830 and modeled after the great Chartres Cathedral in France. The Riverside Church consists of 22 floors, which house everything from the narthex, Christ Chapel, and belfry; to offices and meeting rooms. Madison Square Garden , located in New York City, is the world`s most famous arena.", "1954 - Liberace presented a three-hour, one-man concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Look at the official attendance: 13,000 women and 3,000 men! The performance nearly broke the box office mark of 18,000 set by pianist Ignace Jan Paderewski.", "1818 The Columbian Institute petitioned the U.S. Congress for appropriation of grounds to establish a botanical garden and museum. The gardens, once established, eventually came under control of a Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, and remained as one of the forces shaping development of the Washington mall for over 100 years. Through separate interventions such as entreaties of William Darlington and direct action by the Secretary of War, Joel Poinsett, the 1836 bequest by James Smithson became involved with this developing garden as the U.S. Congress took several years to consider how best to utilize the gift. (O’Malley, in Meyers, 1998) [See 1841]", "With the historic transformation of the Madison Square Garden Arena completed, the “Solid Ground” paving stones honoring the Garden of Dreams Foundation have been relocated. They are now set in the magnificent Chase Square entrance of Madison Square Garden in the Garden of Dreams Foundation area, where they will be viewed by the thousands of guests who visit The World’s Most Famous Arena daily.", "1977 - New York's Madison Square Garden hosts the Virginia Slims Championships for the first time.", "1977: During a North American tour Queen appeared at Madison Square Garden in New York City.", "Tavern on the Green is located in the park at West 67th Street (% 212/873-3200; www.tavernonthegreen.com). The original Victorian building was erected in 1870 to house the 200 sheep that grazed on the Sheep Meadow (see stop 9). The dazzling dining room, which Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia opened with a brass key, dates from 1934. In 1976, Hollywood mogul Werner LeRoy sank $20 million in renovating the Tavern as a setting for celebrity-studded parties, film premieres, and political functions. The food is nothing spectacular, but the sylvan setting makes for a memorable lunch atmosphere. It offers patio seating under the trees in a magnificent flower garden where 40,000 bulbs blossom year-round. The lavish, glass-enclosed Crystal Room offers indoor dining with verdant park views. Make a right on the first path you come to after Tavern on the Green as you make your way north on West Drive. The path borders the:", "On January 4, 2012, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced the construction of a new convention center on the Aqueduct Racetrack to replace the aging Javits Center. This would be the country's largest convention center featuring hotels, restaurants and expanded gambling. Building the convention center would require additional land, which could include nearby City-owned lots leased to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey for airport parking or the adjacent racetrack (as racing could be consolidated to Belmont Park). ", "On August 28, 2006, the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park was rededicated as the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. John McEnroe, Venus Williams, Jimmy Connors, and Chris Evert were among the speakers during the rededication ceremony.", "By the 1960s, \"the Big Apple\" was known only as an old name for New York. In the early 1970s, however, the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau (now NYC & Company, the official marketing and tourism organization for New York City), under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett, began promoting \"the Big Apple\" for the city. It has remained popular since then. Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963, as \"Big Apple Corner\". ", "There were a lot of interesting personalities who were advocating the names being suggested to the various committees that formed leading up to and including the implementation of the final designs upon Central Park. There was the evolving matter of differentiating between the gates for pedestrians and transportation, certainly. And no one envisioned the world of competing pedestrians, walkers, runners, skaters, skate boarders, bikers, horses, bicycles, cars, motorcycles, Segways, etc.", "Several ads also noted bowling greens in New York City in the 1790s. In 1792, New York City: \"A bowling green is in front, & stables, wood house & other necessary offices in the rear of the house.\" (New York Diary; or, Loudon's Register, June 25, 1792). In 1794, 1794, Belvedere House New York City: \"The little grounds into which the east front opens, are formed into a bowling-green, gravel walks, & some shrubbery.\" (New York Magazine, August 1794, p. 451)", "1891 - Music Hall was dedicated in New York City. It was later renamed Carnegie Hall.", "In 1857, the Berckmans family, originally from Belgium, bought the tract of land where Augusta National Golf Club sits today. One year later, they started a plant nursery. They named it Fruitland Nurseries. But not content to grow and sell only Georgia native flora, the Berckmans began importing non-native plant species, too. In fact, Prosper Julius Alphonse Berckmans, son of the Berckmans patriarch who first purchased the land, is credited with popularizing the azalea plant in the United States, according to the Augusta Chronicle newspaper.", "There are more than 500 varieties of lilacs and more than 1,200 lilac bushes at Highland Park. In 1888, the world's largest nursery, Ellwanger & Barry, owned by George Ellwanger and Patrick Barry, gave Highland Park to the people of Rochester. It was beautifully landscaped with trees and shrubs and was the first municipal arboretum in the United States. An arboretum is a place where trees, shrubs, and plants are specially grown and cultivated. The park's collection of lilacs originally started with 20 varieties in 1892. Since 1898, Rochester has held a Lilac Festival every May. The first event attracted 3,000 visitors; now more than 500,000 people come to see the lilacs and other flowering trees and shrubs." ]	[ 2.01953125, 1.8251953125, 1.763671875, -0.99365234375, -1.9111328125, -2.732421875, -2.89453125, -2.9765625, -3.15234375, -3.529296875, -3.814453125, -3.91796875, -3.994140625, -4.171875, -4.40625, -4.50390625, -5.2421875, -5.6015625, -6.2265625, -6.35546875, -6.73046875, -8.328125, -8.546875, -8.9296875, -9.1484375, -9.2109375, -9.9140625, -10.625, -10.640625, -10.765625, -10.96875, -10.9765625 ]
Which road bisects the Balboa Park in San Diego?	[ "Sumptuous Balboa Park contains one of the largest groups of museums in the US, scattered either side and to the south of El Prado, the road that bisects the park. Yet its greatest charms are its trees, gardens, statues, traffic-free promenades and Spanish Colonial-style buildings. Within easy reach of downtown by buses #7, #16 or #25, the park is large but fairly easy to get around on foot - if you tire, there's a free tram. The $30 Balboa Park Passport , which allows one-time admission to all twelve of the park's museums and its Japanese garden (though not the zoo), is available from the visitors information center (daily 9am-4pm; tel 619/239-0512), inside the beautifully reconstructed House of Hospitality. Most of the museums are closed on Mondays, and most are free on varying Tuesdays.", "The stretch of SR 163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego's oldest freeway, and has been called one of America's most beautiful parkways. ", "Balboa Park is a 1200 acre urban cultural park in San Diego, California, United States. In addition to open space areas, natural vegetation zones, green belts, gardens, and walking paths, it contains museums, several theaters, and the world-famous San Diego Zoo. There are also many recreational facilities and several gift shops and restaurants within the boundaries of the park. Placed in reserve in 1835, the park's site is one of the oldest in the United States dedicated to public recreational use. Balboa Park is managed and maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department of the City of San Diego.", "Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico–United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.", "Balboa Park — The largest urban cultural park in the nation, Balboa Park is home to 15 museums, performing arts venues, more than eight beautiful gardens and many other cultural and recreational attractions, including the world-famous San Diego Zoo. Hike more than 65 miles of trails, roam magnificent gardens or take a free guided tour.", "San Diego has spread north and south along the coast and eastward into the foothills of the mountains and now encompasses several distinct communities. Downtown San Diego is a combination of high-rise hotels, modern office buildings and a restored \"Gas Lamp Quarter\". Here, you will find a large convention center alongside an extensive yacht basin, several unique shopping centers and a wide assortment of restaurants, bars and clubs. Balboa Park, on the eastern hills skirting downtown, offers a wide assortment of museums, cultural attractions and one of the best zoos in the USA. San Diego International Airport is located near the downtown section of the city.", "San Francisco's most recognizable shoreline is probably Ocean Beach. This sliver of beach lines a portion of the northern shores, running in between the Pacific Ocean and Great Highway. The highway connects the Balboa Natural Area, Golden Gate Park and the San Francisco Zoo. Less than 1 mile south of the golf course in Golden Gate Park is a small group of motels. Here, the Great Highway Inn (greathwy.com) looks across the highway with views of the ocean, and operates a complimentary shuttle two times a day to the UCSF Medical Center. A couple of blocks away is the Oceanview Motel (oceanviewmotelsf.com). It sits at the end of Judah Street, less than a block from the ocean and within walking distance of coffee shops and cafes.", "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013. ", "On May 26, 1868, the trustees of the city of San Diego, following the providential recommendations of a citizens committee, set aside 1,400 acres for a city park. Balboa Park. Just one week shy of 133 years later, another group of trustees, also following the recommendations of a citizens committee, has put forward a visionary plan for improvement of this signature San Diego landmark. Officials of the San Diego Zoo this week unveiled an impressive plan that offers public benefits way beyond its basic purpose of outlining a way for the zoo to meet its expansion needs for the next 30 to 50 years. This plan would benefit park visitors, the museums and virtually every other institution in the park, the surrounding neighborhoods and, indeed, the broader community.", "Several races and marathons include the park in the courses. The Foot Locker Cross Country Championships are held in Balboa Park annually. First started in 1979, the race is held in Morley Field. Marathons such as the San Diego Rock 'n Roll Marathon and the America's Finest City Half Marathon begin or end in Balboa Park. ", "The California Tower at Balboa Park (San Diego, California) is 198 ft (60.4 m) tall and has a 100-bell symphonic carillon. It was built in 1914 for the 1915-1916 Pan-American Expo.", "2750 Midway Drive ~ ~• . San Diego, CA 92110 V/S.4· '. ___ .' 619/225-9521 ~ Hou,,: Mon.·Fri. 8 AM 6 PM PST Sat. lOAM· 6 PM PST", "212. The California Pacific International Exposition ran in both 1935 and again in 1936 in San Diego. This was a founding part of the complex of museums and other attractions in what is now known as Balboa Park. The Zoro Gardens was an adults only attraction in 1935, although it now houses a butterfly garden.", "* Portions of the 1979 movie Scavenger Hunt were filmed in and around Balboa Park and the San Diego Zoo.", "San Diego (Spanish for \"Saint Didacus\") is a major city in California, in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 mi south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico.", "The Balboa Park Conservancy, a non-profit group to preserve and promote the park, was proposed in 2009 and was officially launched on September 14, 2010. ", "Interstate 4 crosses diagonally from Tampa , heads east through Plant City & Lakeland , then heads northeast past Kissimmee , Walt Disney World , Orlando , and ends at Interstate 95 near Daytona Beach . Interstate 4 is the most traversed highway in Florida and due to the large volume of traffic, high speeds (70 outside of urban areas), construction (which is almost complete), and large number of tourists it is the most dangerous highway in the state, in terms of the number of accidents.", "Berm Road encircles the park from Firehouse Gate (behind the Main Street Fire Station) to Egghouse Gate (adjacent to the Main Street Opera House). The road is so called because it generally follows outside the path of Disneyland's earthen berm, although with the addition of Mickey's Toowntown, the road now strays as much as 100 yards from onstage areas at some points. A stretch of the road, wedged between Tomorrowland and Harbor Boulevard, is called Schumaker Road. It has two narrow lanes divided by a double yellow line, runs underneath the Monorail track. There are also two railroad bridges that cross Berm Road: one behind City Hall and the other behind Tomorrowland near Harbor Gate. The speed limit for most parts of Berm Road is 15 miles per hour, although a section cutting through Disneyland's maintenance shops behind the park's northwestern corner has a speed limit of 5 miles per hour.", "The main entrance to the park is via the Cabrillo Bridge and through the California Quadrangle. That entry is currently a two-lane road providing vehicle access to the park. A plan to divert vehicle traffic around to the south of the California Quadrangle, so as to restore it as a pedestrian-only promenade, was dropped after legal challenges.", "The construction of major freeways through and around the city of Burbank starting in the 1950s both divided the city from itself and linked it to the rapidly growing Los Angeles region. Burbank is easily accessible by and can easily access the Southern California freeways via the Golden State Freeway (I-5), which bisects the city from northwest to southeast, and the Ventura Freeway which connects Burbank to the U.S. Route 101 on the south and the nearby Foothill Freeway to the east. The Ventura Freeway was completed in 1960.", "The Scooby-Doo and Cesar Millan National Family Pack Walk on Sunday, October 30, at Lake Balboa Park", "Avenida Abraham Lincoln: extends from Avenida Kennedy to the seawall. The route consists of six lanes (three on each side) and a median suitable for jogging laid with palm trees. It traverses the city's commercial and leisure city centre.", "The neighborhoods of San Bernardino are not commonly named. Some reflect geographical regions that existed before annexation, and others originated with specific housing developments. Arrowhead Springs extends from the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa in the north to I-210 in the south and from Shandin Hills in the west to east Twin Creek in the east. Del Rosa is the area generally between the foothills and Highland, Mountain and Arden Avenues. Delmann Heights is the area north of Highland Avenue, west of I-215, and east of the unincorporated area of Muscoy, California (which is within the city's sphere of influence for annexation). Some portions of Highland are within the city of San Bernardino, generally consistent with the portions of historical \"West Highlands\" north of Highland Avenue. The city also contains the post office for Patton, California, the area coextensive with Patton Hospital. Mountain Shadows is the development name for the area between Palm Avenue and Highland Avenue to State Route 330. The \"West Side\" is used generically to refer to the areas West of I-215. North Loma Linda is the area west of Mountain View Acres (the border with Redlands), south of the Santa Ana River, north of the San Bernardino Freeway (I-10), and east of Tippecanoe Avenue. The area north of Northpark Boulevard from University Parkway to Electric Avenue, and the area north of 40th Street from Electric Avenue to Harrison Street is called", "* Otay Centenario — This borough was created in 2014 by merging Mesa de Otay and Centenario boroughs. In this borough sits the Tijuana International Airport. The Tijuana campus of the Autonomous University of Baja California and the Technologico are also located here as well as many maquiladoras. This is the borough with the largest number of factories and maquiladoras. Its largest colony is Ciudad Industrial (\"Industrial City\"). Three of the city's most important streets, Boulevard Bellas Artes, Boulevard Industrial and Mexican Federal Highway 2, are located here. This delegacion contains the Otay Mesa entry to the United States and the Friendship Park (Parque de la amistad).", "Anaheim's city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods and communities. Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the city's eastern stretches that is home to many sports stars and executives. Downtown Anaheim has three mixed-use historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort , a commercial district, includes Disneyland , Disney California Adventure , and numerous hotels and retail complexes. The Platinum Triangle, a neo-urban redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets and high-rises. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is an industrial district north of SR 91 and east of SR 57 .", "The north-south route between downtown Los Angeles and the Harbor roughly follows what is now Avalon Boulevard. Near the harbor in Wilmington, it was called \"Canal Street,\" but just south of L.A., the street was known as South Park.", "San Diego's broad city limits encompass a number of large nature preserves, including Torrey Pines State Reserve, Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, and Mission Trails Regional Park. Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal strip continuing to the north constitute the only location where the rare species of Torrey Pine, P. torreyana torreyana, is found. Due to the steep topography that prevents or discourages building, along with some efforts for preservation, there are also a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves, including Switzer Canyon, Tecolote Canyon Natural Park, and Marian Bear Memorial Park in the San Clemente Canyon, as well as a number of small parks and preserves.", "On February 15, 1868, the city's Board of Trustees was asked to create a public park out of two 160 acre plots of land just northeast of the growing urban center of \"New Town\" — present-day Downtown San Diego. The request was made by one of the Trustees, E. W. Morse, who had picked the site in coordination with real estate developer Alonzo Horton. There is a sculptural group of Horton, Marston, and Morse by Ruth Hayward in the park.", "The Paseo is a major north–south parkway that runs 19 mi through the center of the city beginning at Cliff Drive. It was modeled on the Paseo de la Reforma, a fashionable Mexico City boulevard.", "In recent years, land use conflicts have arisen between established areas in the north and less developed areas in the south. These conflicts have regarded issues such as construction of new toll roads and the repurposing of a decommissioned air base. El Toro Marine Corps Air Station was designated by a voter measure in 1994 to be developed into an international airport to complement the existing John Wayne Airport. But subsequent voter initiatives and court actions have caused the airport plan to be permanently shelved. Instead, it will become the Orange County Great Park. ", "San Diego community votes on Wild Animal Park plan. $6 million bond issue is approved by 75.9% of voters. 11/30/1970", "Unlike the parks in Florida, which require boarding some sort of transportation device to park-hop, the two parks in California, California Adventure and DisneyLand, are very near. They are joined by a courtyard that takes about 45 seconds to walk from one end to the other. We weren’t traveling with a stroller, but this factor alone would have made pushing a stroller much easier than having to empty it, fold it, and stow it to move. I’ve had to do it in Orlando. Many times." ]	[ 3.90625, 3.47265625, 1.33984375, -0.59716796875, -2.390625, -2.607421875, -2.634765625, -3.48828125, -3.916015625, -3.927734375, -3.958984375, -4.38671875, -4.484375, -4.57421875, -5, -5.1015625, -5.28515625, -5.34375, -5.4140625, -5.65234375, -6.515625, -6.56640625, -6.83203125, -7.1796875, -7.56640625, -7.8515625, -8.1796875, -8.9765625, -9.203125, -9.921875, -10.59375, -10.796875 ]
In which city was the pinball machine invented?	[ "To say Chicago was the hub of the pinball industry isn’t to say that the game was invented in the Windy City. Historians trace early pinball machines to a centuries-old French billiard game called bagatelle, while the modern coin-operated pinball industry got its start in the early 1930s. During the Great Depression, many people were “out of work, looking for inexpensive entertainment for a penny,” explains pinball historian Roger Sharpe. Enterprising tinkerers and businessmen began to fill that need with simple countertop games.", "By the end of 1932, there were approximately 150 companies manufacturing pinball machines, most of them in Chicago. Chicago has been the center of pinball manufacturing ever since. Competition among the companies was strong, and by 1934 there were 14 companies remaining.", "But pinball didn’t end there. That last company, Stern Pinball, continues to develop and manufacture pinball machines in west suburban Melrose Park. (A New Jersey-based company just released a Wizard of Oz pinball machine, but Stern is the only company that regularly releases new machines and distributes them widely.) Company CEO Gary Stern has been in the pinball industry since he was a small child accompanying his father, a business partner of Harry Williams, on factory visits. While the access to materials, labor, and distribution that made Chicago an ideal location for pinball’s beginnings remain, Stern says another element is keeping the surviving industry here.", "Many of pinball's now-familiar qualities, such as replays and tilt mechanisms, were considered whiz-bang when they were first developed by engineer Harry Williams in the 1930’s. Williams got his start in California, pranking his business partners by adding electricity to his machines and connecting the games to telephones; in some cases, the right shot would make the phone ring. Once the ringing machines proved to draw more money than their silent counterparts, machines with sound-making elements became the norm. While Williams tried working from California for a while, he eventually decided that he would need Chicago's competitive edge if he wanted to make a name for himself in the pinball industry.", "Municipalities around the United States began banning \"payout\" pinball, in which an increase in coins played increased a player's possible return. Many cities banned pinball altogether rather than bothering to distinguish between payout and amusement versions. In 1941, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia delighted in photo opportunities in which he would smash machines with a sledgehammer or watch as they were dumped into the East River. By 1942, pinball was banned in Los Angeles, New York and, in painful irony, its birthplace of Chicago. It was a ban that would last for at least 30 years.", "\"Pinball gives three things Americans demand: instant gratification, fast response and aesthetics,\" says Richard Bueschel, a collector and author in the Chicago suburb of Mt. Prospect. \"There might have been a pinball machine named Siesta,\" he says with a laugh, \"but I can't think of it.\" (Bueschel, a historian of pinball and other coin-operated machines, is writing The Encyclopedia of Pinball. Volume one is due out in November.)", "The first coin-operated \"pinball machine\" was invented in 1931 by Automatic Industries and was called \"Whiffle Board\". But the gaming industry really began in the mid 1930's with the production", "Some states decided the latter and banned pinball machines. In January 1942, for instance, New York Mayor Fiorello Henry LaGuardia banned pinball as a form of gambling, smashing several machines", "at one point in time? Pinball machines were officially banned in New York by Mayor LaGuardia", "Bally – originally Lion Manufacturing, the company changed its name to Bally after the success of its first popular pinball machine, Ballyhoo.", "1976 - The first widely available solid state pinball machine was introduced by Bally and is", "The first true video slot machine was developed in 1976 in Kearny Mesa, California by the Las-Vegas based Fortune Coin Co. This slot machine used a modified 19 in Sony Trinitron color receiver for the display and logic boards for all slot machine functions. The prototype was mounted in a full size show-ready slot machine cabinet. The first production units went on trial in the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel. After some \"cheat-proofing\" modifications, the video slot machine was approved by the Nevada State Gaming Commission and eventually found popularity in the Las Vegas Strip and downtown casinos. Fortune Coin Co. and their video slot machine technology were purchased by IGT (International Gaming Technology) in 1978.", "1975 - The first solid-state, or electronic pinball machine, \" Spirit of 76 \", was first introduced", "On April 5 , 1993 , Midway introduced The Twilight Zone pinball machine which featured a backglass portrait of Serling surrounded by his creations. [10] Tim Kitzrow provided the voice of Rod Serling for the game. [11]", "In 1977, Bally marketed its Knievel pinball machine as the \"first fully electronic commercial game\"; it has elsewhere been described as one of the \"last of the classic pre-digital games.\" (Both electromechanical and solid state versions were produced. The electromechanical version is extremely rare, with only 155 made). ", "In 1977, Bally marketed its Knievel pinball machine as the \"first fully electronic commercial game\"; it has elsewhere been described as one of the \"last of the classic pre-digital games.\" [52 ] (Both electromechanical and solid state versions were produced. The electromechanical version is extremely rare, with only 155 made). [53 ]", "Also, the coolest pinball machine I ever saw was a SOUTH PARK machine. When the machine wasn’t being used, Cartman’s voice would periodically urge customers to play by saying, “Awe c’mon, even Kenny can afford 25 cents.” I never got tired of that.", "In order to keep the company alive while the machine was being prototyped, the two took on a route servicing broken pinball machines. Dabney built the prototype and Bushnell shopped it around, looking for a manufacturer. They made an agreement with Nutting Associates, a maker of coin-op trivia and shooting games, who produced a fiberglass cabinet for the unit that included a coin-slot mechanism.", "1972 - Atari of Santa Clara, CA develops \"Pong\" -- the first electronic computer arcade game.", "The following is a selective listing of pinball-related shows, courtesy of pinball aficionado Mike Kerns of Chalfon, Pennsylvania. The show of the year is the Pinball Expo '96, held from Nov. 14 to 17 in Rosemont, Illinois. It's the pinball world's 12th annual expo, and the largest of its kind. Contact Rob Berk at 800/323-3547 for more information. Many of the following shows cover the arcade or coin-op collectibles market, not just pinball. Dates and locations are accurate as of press time. It is best to call ahead and confirm.", "By the 1930s, manufacturers were producing coin-operated versions of bagatelles, now known as \"marble games\" or \"pin games\". The table was under glass and used M. Redgrave's plunger device to propel the ball into the upper playfield. In 1931 David Gottlieb's Baffle Ball became the first hit of the coin-operated era. Selling for $17.50, the game dispensed five to seven balls for a penny. The game resonated with people wanting cheap entertainment in the Great Depression-era economy. Most drugstores and taverns in the US operated pinball machines, with many locations quickly recovering the cost of the game. Baffle Ball sold over 50,000 units and established Gottlieb as the first major manufacturer of pinball machines.", "The highest production-run pinball machine of the 70's and 80's was Bally's \"Eight-Ball\". The machine features a backglass with Fonzie leaning across a pool table to make a shot. And the girl on the backglass with him is indeed the likeness of Pinky Tuscadero, his girlfriend at the time the machine was designed.", "In the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machines emerged. These early amusement machines differed from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood. They lacked plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring-readouts. By around 1977 most pinball machines in production switched to using solid-state electronics both for operation and for scoring. ", "1998 - The first pinball machine with a video screen integrated into the design is introduced", "While the industry lost some ground to video game machines through the 80s, it continued to be successful. The most popular pinball machine of all time, for example, was The Addam’s Family; it wasn’t released until 1992.", "Pinball is a type of arcade game, in which points are scored by a player manipulating one or more steel balls on a play field inside a glass-covered cabinet called a pinball machine. The primary objective of the game is to score as many points as possible. Many modern pinball machines include a story line where the player must complete certain objectives in a certain fashion to complete the story, usually earning high scores for different methods of completing the game. Points are earned when the ball strikes different targets on the play field. A drain is situated at the bottom of the play field, partially protected by player-controlled plastic bats called flippers. A game ends after all the balls fall into the drain. Secondary objectives are to maximize the time spent playing (by earning \"extra balls\" and keeping the ball in play as long as possible) and to earn bonus games (known as \"replays\").", " The first \"wide-body\" pinball, \" The Atarians \" is introduced by Atari. Also in this year,", "A pinball game by Midway (under the Bally label) was released in 1992 shortly after the movie. It is the best-selling pinball game of all time.", "Data East released a pinball game called King Kong-The Eighth Wonder of the World [84] in 1990.", "The game received a huge boost in 1969, when The Who released the world's first rock opera: the story of a pinball wizard named Tommy. When the album was made into a movie in 1975, pinball soared once more. (The two games used in the film--Elton John played a 1965 Gottlieb Buckaroo and Roger Daltrey had \"such a soulful wrist\" on a 1965 Gottlieb Kings and Queens--and the two games inspired by the movie, Bally's Wizard (1975) and Captain Fantastic (1976) have all become hot collectibles.) In 1975, pinball was grossing 80 percent of the coin-op amusement industry income.", "Data East released a pinball game called King Kong-The Eighth Wonder of the World in 1990.", "But the computer revolution was a two-edged sword. While pinball was going high-tech, the greatest threat in its history was invading arcades in the guise of digital space ships and dot-chomping circles. Video games had arrived." ]	[ 2.3671875, 1.7919921875, 1.5146484375, 0.97607421875, 0.62841796875, 0.27001953125, -0.71728515625, -1.326171875, -1.5712890625, -2.576171875, -2.7109375, -2.95703125, -2.958984375, -3.455078125, -3.642578125, -3.806640625, -3.935546875, -3.94140625, -3.986328125, -4.05859375, -4.6796875, -4.796875, -4.9296875, -4.953125, -5.25, -5.58984375, -5.70703125, -7.23046875, -7.54296875, -7.66796875, -7.94140625, -8.5 ]
What was the name of the first Hollywood movie released by D W Griffith in 1910?	[ "America, or the entire cinematic world, celebrates next month the centenary of Hollywood’s first movie. The filming in February 1910 of D. W. Griffith’s “In Old California” was considered a cultural landmark. Equally fascinating are the details about the development of Hollywood (situated just 11 kms from Los Angeles) coinciding with the birth of the first movie.", "The first movie to be made entirely in Hollywood was the 17-minute short in Old California directed by D. W. W. Griffith, released in 1910.", " When Biographï¿½s chief director became ill, Griffith was hired as a replacement. With the release of his first film, The Adventures of Dollie, in the summer of 1908, a new, decisive chapter in cinema history began. For the next five years, Griffith, working in anonymity as the studio refused to publicize the names of its talents, directed hundreds of mostly one-reel films for Biograph that reshaped the very language of film. In film after film, Griffith broke with the stagy, unimaginative approach to screen narrative still prevailing in the industry. Working in partnership with his brilliant cameraman, G. W. \"Billy\" Bitzer, Griffith demonstrated a singular genius in developing previous experiments in camera effects and movement, lighting, close-ups, and editing into a coordinated cinematic technique that gave motion pictures their basic grammar and transformed film into an art form. But Griffithï¿½s genius went far beyond technical tricks. His use of close-ups and medium shots enabled the spectator to empathize with the emotions expressed by the characters; his rhythmic editing style intensified the drama; his panoramic long shots created an impression of epic grandeur; and his innovations in lighting with the help of Bitzer added mood and aesthetic quality to the images. Placing great value on the use of locations for the realism he sought to heighten the drama, Griffith laid the foundations of Hollywood when in 1910 he began annually taking his company from New York to California for seasonal filming. ", "The first film made in the new municipality of Hollywood, by Biograph and director D.W. Griffith, In Old California (1910), was released. It launched the film industry in the city. Griffith was the first to negotiate and start film producing in Hollywood, where the weather was considered more favorable for film-making.", "By the beginning of the 1910s, with the onset of feature-length films, tinting was used as another mood setter, just as commonplace as music. The director D. W. Griffith displayed a constant interest and concern about color, and used tinting as a special effect in many of his films. His 1915 epic, The Birth of a Nation, used a number of colors, including amber, blue, lavender, and a striking red tint for scenes such as the \"burning of Atlanta\" and the ride of the Ku Klux Klan at the climax of the picture. Griffith later invented a color system in which colored lights flashed on areas of the screen to achieve a color.", " Griffith also began to deal with many subjects in his films that expressed his progressive social vision. In such films as The Redmanï¿½s View (1909) and Ramona (1910), he denounced the white manï¿½s oppression of the American Indian. He excoriated capitalismï¿½s injustice toward the poor in films like A Corner in Wheat (1909) and focused his camera on scenes of urban poverty in The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) and many other works. Griffith climaxed his years at Biograph with his first feature, Judith of Bethulia (1913), an epic dramatization of the Apocryphal story of the ancient Jewish heroine who saved her community from the invading Assyrians. Like many of his subsequent works, Judith of Bethulia demonstrates his abhorrence of imperialism through its depiction of the ravages of war and its effect on civilians.", "D.W. Griffith has five films preserved in the United States National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". These films are Lady Helen's Escapade (1909), A Corner in Wheat (1909), The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance: Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages (1916), and Broken Blossoms (1919).", "Although Griffith was thought by many to be a bigot and racist, he detested the manner in which whites and the \"white man's government\" treated and oppressed Native Americans. This was a theme that he explored in several of his early short films, most notably in The Red Man's View (1909) and Ramona (1910), which are very strong denouncements of the oppression of Native Americans by whites.", "Griffith and his personal cinematographer G.W. Bitzer collaborated to create and perfect such cinematic devices as the flash-back, the iris shot, the mask and cross-cutting. In the years following \"Birth\", Griffith never again saw the same monumental success as his signature film and, in 1931, his increasing failures forced his retirement. Though hailed for his vision in narrative film-making, he was similarly criticized for his blatant racism. Griffith died in Los Angeles in 1948, one of the most dichotomous figures in film history.", "Just how far Griffith fell in artistry and public esteem in the late 1920s can be judged by what other directors were doing. While Griffith was churning out dreck such as The Sorrows of Satan, Drums of Love, Battle of the Sexes, and Lady of the Pavements, Fritz Lang was making Metropolis, Die Frau im Mond, Spione and M. Sergei Eisenstein was filming Battleship Potemkin and October. King Vidor was directing The Crowd and F.W. Murnau was filming Sunrise. Abel Gance shot Napoleon, with its spectacular final triptych. Carl Dreyer directed The Passion of Joan of Arc. And what must have galled Griffith more than any of these was the fact that Lillian Gish was starring brilliantly in two films directed by Victor Sjöstrom, The Scarlet Letter and The Wind. No wonder that Griffith began to rely more and more on alcohol to calm his nerves.", "Griffith seems to have been the first to understand how certain film techniques could be used to create an expressive language; it gained popular recognition with the release of his The Birth of a Nation (1915). His early shorts—such as Biograph's The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912), the first \"gangster film\"—show that Griffith's attention to camera placement and lighting heightened mood and tension. In making Intolerance, the director opened up new possibilities for the medium, creating a form that seems to owe more to music than to traditional narrative.", " Griffith successfully met the challenge posed by the coming of sound with his 1930 biopic, Abraham Lincoln. Walter Huston was memorable as the 16th president in a film that chronicles Lincolnï¿½s life from his birth in a log cabin to his assassination at Fordï¿½s Theatre. The scenes of Lincolnï¿½s courtship of Ann Rutledge against a pastoral backdrop are in the classic vein of Griffithï¿½s rural films, while the Civil War scenes serve as another of the directorï¿½s compelling commentaries on the suffering engendered by war. But although he pays tribute to the sacrifice and heroism of the South as personified by Robert E. Lee, this time Griffithï¿½s political sympathies are fully with Lincoln in his efforts to preserve the union and abolish slavery. The filmï¿½s box office appeal did not match its critical success, however, and Griffith, unhappy with the changes in the final release-print requested by the producers, sundered his ties with Schenck to make one more try for independence. ", "1915 D W Griffith's controversial film The Birth of a Nation premieres in Los Angeles at Clune's Auditorium", "Source 6 A 1910 poster for the world’s first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang", "1915 – D.W. Griffith’s controversial film silent movie epic about the Civil War: “ The Birth of a Nation ” premieres in Los Angeles. This would have been close to the 50th anniversary of the end of the war. Full Silent Movie", "The Best Supporting Actor went to Donald Crisp for his role in How Green Was My Valley. From 1908 to 1930 Crisp, in addition to directing dozens of films, would also appear in nearly 100 silent films, many in bit or small parts. One notable exception was his casting by Griffith as General Ulysses S. Grant in Griffith's landmark film Birth of a Nation in 1915. Another was his acclaimed role in the 1919 film Broken Blossoms as the brutal and abusive father \"Battling Burrows\" opposite Lillian Gish.", "In April 1919, Griffith, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and Charlie Chaplin founded United Artists Corporation. The man who drafted the legal articles of incorporation, and also became a partner in United Artists, was the former U.S. Treasury Secretary, William Gibbs McAdoo, the son-in-law of Woodrow Wilson, who became the Ku Klux Klan's candidate for the 1924 Democratic Party presidential nomination. Even the old Rev. Thomas Dixon took a stab at being a Hollywood producer in 1917, when he built The Dixon Studios, Laboratory and Press on Sunset Boulevard and Western. One of his more forgettable films was The Fall of a Nation, an anti-German propaganda piece designed to build popular support for U.S. entry into the First World War on the side of the British.", "In early 1910, the film director Griffith was sent by the Biograph Company to the west coast with his acting troop. They started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in Downtown Los Angeles. The Company decided to explore new territories and traveled several miles north to a little village. This place was called “Hollywood”.", "For the last seventeen years of his life, Griffith lived as a virtual hermit in Los Angeles. In 1936, director Woody Van Dyke who had worked as Griffith's apprentice on Intolerance , asked Griffith to help him shoot the famous earthquake sequence for San Francisco . Though Griffith was uncredited, the Clark Gable - Jeanette MacDonald - Spencer Tracy blockbuster was the top-grossing film of the year. [15]", "One of the most successful early epic films made in the US, often cited as the greatest silent film of all time. Griffith was keeping pace with other silent era epics from Italian filmmakers, including The Last Days of Pompeii (1913, It.) (aka Gli Ultimi Giorni di Pompei) and Cabiria (1914, It.).", "During his Biograph period D.W. Griffith introduced or refined the techniques of motion-picture exposition, including the close-up, a film shot in which a single object or face filled the screen; the scenic long shot, showing an entire panoramic view; and cross-cutting, a technique of editing scenes at various locations together and intermixing them to give the impression to the viewer that the separate actions were happening simultaneously. With the assistance of his brilliant cinematographer, G.W. (“Billy”) Bitzer, Griffith made effective use of the fade-out and fade-in, a technique in which the screen darkens gradually to black or lightens from black to a full image, to indicate the end or the beginning of the story or of an episode, and the framing of film images through the use of special masks to produce a picture in other than the standard rectangular image. Griffith introduced to the screen young actors and actresses who were to become the motion-picture personages of the future. Included among these were Mary Pickford , Lillian and Dorothy Gish , Mack Sennett , Mae Marsh, Lionel Barrymore , and Harry Carey.", "Griffith's directorial counterpart, who specialized in extravagant epics throughout his entire career spanning both the silent and sound eras, was film showman Cecil B. De Mille. In reaction to Griffith's epic Intolerance (1916) , Cecil B. DeMille (still at Famous Players-Lasky Corp., soon to be Paramount) went on to make his first large scale spectacle/epic film titled Joan the Woman (1916), one of the first epic biopics. It was DeMille's version of the Joan of Arc story starring opera star Geraldine Farrar and Wallace Reid. Its release coincided with the US entry into The Great War (and echoed the raging conflict), and the film served as propaganda for the Allies, with its framing story set in the English trenches of World War I. The film received critical acclaim and was greeted with modest box-office success.", "As a young man, D.W. Griffith got his start in show business working part-time as a \"super\" at the local theater in Louisville, Kentucky. It was during this time that he joined the Masons and began his acting career. By 1908 Griffith began working as a film actor for the Edison Studio in the Bronx, N.Y., and later that same year began directing films for Edison's American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.", "The Land of Oz (US, 1910), with Bebe Daniels, Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Z Leonard. Directed by Otis Turner. Part of L. Frank Baum’s Fairylogue and Radio Plays touring lecture series.", "Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Kate Bruce, George Nichols, Henry B. Walthall, Dorothy West. After her mother's death, Ruth struggles to support herself as a seamstress. While Ruth delivers shirts to the factory owner, the owner's son steals some money and Ruth is accused of the crime. She flees the ghetto of New York's Lower East Side and hides in the country where a young farmer takes her in and they fall in love. Silent with English intertitles. 16 min. DVD 1374; DVD X3235; vhs 999:2130", "Directed by D. W. Griffith. Cast: Florence Lawrence, John R. Cumpson, Gladys Egan, George Gebhardt, Guy Hedlund, Charles Inslee, Alfred Paget, Mack Sennett. In this early silent melodrama, Ruth tries to survive amidst tragedy and toil on New York's Lower East Side. her husband dies in an accident and she and her child are left destitute. When she falls ill, her little daughter wanders into a pawn shop owned by her estranged grandfather, whom she's never met. He has a change of heart and runs to help his daughter, but he is too late and decides to raise his granddaughter himself. 15 min. DVD X2073; also DVD X3232; vhs 999:2129", "Directed by D.W. Griffith. Biograph ; with Ruth Hart, Owen Moore, Mary Pickford, Kate Bruce, Arthur Johnson. A disfigured young woman with two beautiful sisters is courted by a blind man. Will he still love her when his sight is restored? 11 min. DVD X2824; vhs 999:595", "Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Dorothy Bernard, Charles West, Stephanie Longfellow, Donald Crisp A young girl working as a waitress at a resort for the wealthy is swept off her feet by a rich young gentleman, and before she knows it, she's pregnant. 17 min. DVD X2824; vhs 999:1890", "In 1910, a three-reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin. According to The Dramatic Mirror, this film was \"a decided innovation\" in motion pictures and \"the first time an American company\" released a dramatic film in three reels. Until then, full-length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred Florence Turner, Mary Fuller, Edwin R. Phillips, Flora Finch, Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell, Sr. ", "Thus Griffith strode onto the Biograph scene at precisely the right moment. His leadership abilities were self-evident, and within a year he was supervising all of the Biograph’s film production, directing the greater part of the films himself. At this time he was cranking out two one-reel films a week. Griffith formed one of film history’s great creative partnerships with his favourite cameraman, G.W. “Billy” Bitzer. Bitzer’s technical proficiency would allow Griffith the freedom to use irises, fadeouts, tracking and panning shots, close-ups, panoramic views and eventually much more.", " Griffith built a stock company of young actors and actresses that included Mary Pickford, Blanche Sweet, Mae Marsh, Lillian and Dorothy Gish, Robert Harron, Henry B. Walthall, and Lionel Barrymore. To convey his artistic vision, Griffith drew from his players a new, more restrained acting style wholly different from that of the stage. In many of his films, his actresses, for example, projected new, more assertive heroines in keeping with the aspirations of the suffragette era. ", "In Old California is a silent movie filmed in 1910 . It was... View the full answer" ]	[ 5.046875, 4.890625, 4.1328125, 1.6904296875, 1.306640625, 1.244140625, 0.79833984375, 0.7578125, -0.9287109375, -1.4560546875, -1.791015625, -2.32421875, -2.431640625, -2.447265625, -2.509765625, -2.521484375, -2.58984375, -3.07421875, -3.2265625, -3.326171875, -3.58984375, -3.65625, -3.783203125, -4.234375, -4.25, -4.6953125, -4.82421875, -5.29296875, -5.32421875, -5.37890625, -5.734375, -6.484375 ]
In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, what was the dictator's name?	[ "\"Since Adolf Hitler had the audacity to borrow his mustache from the most famous celebrity in the world -- Charlie Chaplin -- it meant Hitler was fair game for Chaplin's comedy. (Strangely, the two men were born within four days of each other.) The Great Dictator, conceived in the late thirties but not released until 1940, when Hitler's war was raging across Europe, is the film that skewered the tyrant. Chaplin plays both Adenoid Hynkel, the power-mad ruler of Tomania, and a humble Jewish barber suffering under the dictator's rule. Paulette Goddard, Chaplin's wife at the time, plays the barber's beloved; and the rotund comedian Jack Oakie turns in a weirdly accurate burlesque of Mussolini, as a bellowing fellow dictator named Benzino Napaloni, Dictator of Bacteria. Chaplin himself hits one of his highest moments in the amazing sequence where he performs a dance of love with a large inflated globe of the world. Never has the hunger for world domination been more rhapsodically expressed. The slapstick is swift and sharp, but it was not enough for Chaplin. He ends the film with the barber's six-minute speech calling for peace and prophesying a hopeful future for troubled mankind. Some critics have always felt the monologue was out of place, but the lyricism and sheer humanity of it are still stirring. This was the last appearance of Chaplin's Little Tramp character, and not coincidentally it was his first all-talking picture.\" (Robert Horton)", "In 1918, Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and starred in a World War I comedy lampooning Germany's Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II; Shoulder Arms was released just after Armistice Day. Decades later, on the eve of World War II, Chaplin made an even more ambitious film — his first \"talkie\" — about Adolph Hitler. In The Great Dictator, Chaplin parodies Hitler as a ruthless dictator named Adenoid Hynkel.", "Actor/director/producer/writer/composer Charlie Chaplin released his first \"all-talking, all-sound\" feature film, The Great Dictator (1940). Charlie Chaplin was the first to ever receive three simultaneous nominations, as producer, actor, and screenwriter for the film. Grossing about $5 million (domestic), it was the most successful film of his career. In the film, Chaplin \"spoke\" during his portrayal of Adenoid Hynkel, dictator of Tomania -- a satire on Adolf Hitler and his tyrannical rise to power.", "Chaplin's first talking picture, The Great Dictator (1940), was an act of defiance against Nazism , filmed and released in the United States one year before the U.S. abandoned its policy of neutrality to enter the Second World War. Chaplin played the role of \"Adenoid Hynkel\", [31] Dictator of Tomania, modeled on German dictator Adolf Hitler , who was only four days his junior. The film also showcased comedian Jack Oakie as \"Benzino Napaloni\", dictator of Bacteria, a jab at Italian dictator Benito Mussolini . [31]", "Chaplin used not one, but two similar-looking characters to the Tramp in The Great Dictator (released October 15, 1940); however, this was an all-talking film (Chaplin's first). The film was inspired by the noted similarity between Chaplin's appearance (most notably his small mustache) and that of German dictator Adolf Hitler. Chaplin used this similarity to create a dark version of the Tramp character in parody of the dictator. (In his book My Autobiography, Chaplin stated that he was unaware of the Holocaust when he made the film; if he had been, he writes, he wouldn't have been able to make a comedy satirizing Hitler). The barber, while having many similarities to the Tramp, is not considered a version of that character, although he does engage in several Tramp-like comedy sequences. A noticeable difference is that the barber has a streak of grey in his hair; the Tramp had always been depicted as having dark hair. Also, the barber lacks the ill-fitting clothes of The Tramp, and is clearly portrayed as having a profession. His character does share much of The Tramp's character, notably his idealism and anger at seeing unfairness.", "\"The Great Dictator\" (1940) was an act of defiance against Adolf Hitler and fascism. Chaplin played a fascist dictator clearly modeled on Hitler.", "When writing The Great Dictator in 1939, Chaplin was as famous worldwide as Hitler, and his Tramp character wore the same moustache. He decided to pit his celebrity and humour against the dictator’s own celebrity and evil. He benefited – if that is the right word for it, given the times – from his “reputation” as a Jew, which he was not – (he said “I do not have that pleasure”).", "In The Great Dictator, Chaplin's first film after Modern Times, Chaplin plays the dual role of a Hitler-esque dictator, and a Jewish Barber. Although Chaplin emphatically stated that the barber was not The Tramp, he retains the Tramp's moustache, hat, and general appearance. Despite a few silent scenes, the barber speaks throughout the film (using Chaplin's own British accent), including the passionate plea for peace that has been widely interpreted as Chaplin speaking as himself.", "In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his next film, The Great Dictator (1940), satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).", "Chaplin's film, aimed obviously and scornfully at Hitler himself, could only have been funny, he says in his autobiography, if he had not yet known the full extent of the Nazi evil. As it was, the film's mockery of Hitler got it banned in Spain, Italy and neutral Ireland. But in America and elsewhere, it played with an impact that, today, may be hard to imagine. There had never been any fictional character as universally beloved as the Little Tramp, and although Chaplin was technically not playing the Tramp in \"The Great Dictator,\" he looked just like him, this time not in a comic fable but a political satire.", "According to the 2001 documentary \"The Tramp and the Dictator,\" the Charlie Chaplin parody/satire \"The Great Dictator\" was not only sent to Hitler, but an eyewitness confirmed he did see it, twice. Chaplin has been quoted as saying, \"I'd have given anything to know what he thought of it.\"", "Brooks admitted that in lampooning Adolf Hitler he borrowed liberally from perhaps the greatest comic in movie history—Charlie Chaplin. “It’s part of my heritage. No Chaplin, no Mel Brooks. You learn from the greats of the past. In Great Dictator Chaplin plays this little Jewish barber who is mistaken for the fuhrer. He is beautiful, doing that ballet with the balloon as the globe of the world.”", "^ R. Cole, \"Anglo-American Anti-fascist Film Propaganda in a Time of Neutrality: The Great Dictator, 1940\" in Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 21 2 (2001): 137 - 152. Chaplin sat \"for hours watching newsreels of the German dictator, exclaiming: ‘Oh, you bastard, you!\"", "With a splendid sequence like the duck-shooting accident which leads to the dictator being mistaken for the humbly Jewish barber and vice versa, \"The Great Dictator\" is Chaplin's first talking movie... This time 'Charles' and not 'Charlie,' wanting to say more through his movie and not through an amusing comedy, the last in which he uses his celebrated 'Tramp Character.'", "Chaplin perfected an individual style of performing, derived from the circus clown and the mime, combining acrobatic elegance, expressive gesture, facial eloquence, and impeccable timing. His portrayal of the little tramp, a universally recognized symbol of indestructible individuality triumphing over adversity and persecution, both human and mechanical, won him critical renown as a tragicomedian. Film sound recording in the late 1920s, however, imperiled the effectiveness of the pantomime on which much of his creative imagination depended; also, he became concerned with themes of contemporary significance. In his first two films of the sound era, City Lights and Modern Times, Chaplin's little tramp remained silent. Subsequently, he abandoned the role of the tramp and relied upon specific character portrayal. The Great Dictator, which uses all the resources of sound recording, marks this transition. Chaplin's treatment of his subjects compounds satire and pathos, revealing a love of humanity and of individual freedom. He wrote My Autobiography (1964; reprinted as My Early Years,1982) and My Life in Movies (1975). Sir Richard Attenborough's biographical film Chaplin appeared in 1992.", "Chaplin portrayed social outcasts and the poor in a sympathetic light in his films from early on. His silent films usually centred on the Tramp's plight in poverty and his run-ins with the law, but also explored controversial topics, such as immigration (The Immigrant, 1917), illegitimacy (The Kid, 1921) and drug use (Easy Street, 1917).[257] Although this can be seen as social commentary, Chaplin's films did not contain overt political themes or messages until later on his career in the 1930s. Modern Times (1936), which depicted factory workers in dismal conditions, was the first of his films that was seen by critics to contain an anti-capitalist message, although Chaplin denied the film being in any way political. However, his next films, The Great Dictator (1940), a parody on Hitler and Mussolini that ended in a dramatic speech criticising the blind following patriotic nationalism, and Monsieur Verdoux (1947), which criticised war and capitalism, as well as his first European film A King in New York (1957), which ridiculed the HUAC, were more clearly political and caused controversy.", "``The Great Dictator,'' with its indelible image of the maniacal leader playing with a globe as if it were a balloon -- until, in a moment of dark forewarning, it pops -- was one of many achievements for the actor, writer, composer and director. Chaplin became one of Hollywood's biggest stars but remained known as the Little Tramp, after his frequent movie character.", "The Great Dictator is a comedy film written, directed, produced by, and starring Charlie Chaplin . First released in October 1940, it was Chaplin's first true talking picture as well as his most commercially successful film [1] , and more importantly, was the only major film of its period to bitterly satirize Nazism and Adolf Hitler .", "When interviewed about this film being on such a touchy subject, Charlie Chaplin had only this to say: \"Half-way through making The Great Dictator I began receiving alarming messages from United Artists ... but I was determined to go ahead, for Hitler must be laughed at.\" The documentary The Tramp and The Dictator provides audio of a 1983 interview with Chaplin associate Dan James, in which he reports that President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent his adviser Harry Hopkins to personally meet with Chaplin and encourage him to move ahead with the film.", "The Great Dictator is a 1940 American political satire comedy-drama film written, directed, produced, scored by and starring Charlie Chaplin, following the tradition of many of his other films. Having been the only Hollywood film-maker to continue to make silent films well into the period of sound films, this was Chaplin's first true sound film.", "* October 15 – Charlie Chaplin releases his brilliant and controversial wartime satire The Great Dictator, nine months after the Stooges' You Nazty Spy!.", "1940 - \"The Great Dictator\", a satiric social commentary film by and starring Charlie Chaplin, is released.", "In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time . [6] In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book Chaplin: A Life , wrote: \"Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic. In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler , he stayed on the job. ... It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most\". [7] George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin \"the only genius to come out of the movie industry\". [8]", "The 13th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1941, The Great Dictator was nominated for five awards, including two for Chaplin: Best Writing and Best Actor. Chaplin lost out on both counts. For writing, he lost to Preston Sturges for The Great McGinty , and for acting to James Stewart for The Philadelphia Story .", "The 13th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1941, The Great Dictator was nominated for five awards, including two for Chaplin: Best Writing and Best Actor. Chaplin lost out on both counts. For writing, he lost to Preston Sturges for The Great McGinty , and for acting to James Stewart for The Philadelphia Story .", "Years later at an industry party thrown by Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin meets and begins dating child actress Mildred Harris. Chaplin eventually becomes wealthy and profitable enough to set up his own studio and becomes \"the most famous man in the world\" all before his thirtieth birthday. Chaplin reveals to Fairbanks that he is to marry Harris as she is pregnant, but later at a party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, the pregnancy is revealed to be a hoax. At the same party, Chaplin has an uncomfortable confrontation with J Edgar Hoover about actor / directors and their responsibilities with regards to audiences, this confrontation sparks a forty year long vendetta and Hoover attempts to ruin Chaplin's reputation. ", "The film was Chaplin's first true talking picture and helped shake off criticism of Luddism following his previous release, the mostly dialogue-free Modern Times (1936), after the silent era had all but ended in the late 1920s. The Great Dictator does feature several silent scenes more in keeping with Chaplin's previous films. Some audiences had come to expect Chaplin to make silent films even during the sound era.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona \"the Tramp\" and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona \"the Tramp\" and is considered one of the most important figures of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.[5] His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin was identified with left-wing politics during the McCarthy era and he was ultimately forced to resettle in Europe from 1952.", "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best known for his work during the silent film era. He became the most famous film star in the world before the end of World War I. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s.", "In contrast to many of his boisterous characters, Chaplin was a quiet man who kept to himself a lot. He also had an \"un-millionaire\" way of living. Even after he had accumulated millions, he continued to live in shabby accommodations. In 1921 Chaplin was decorated by the French government for his outstanding work as a filmmaker, and was elevated to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1952. In 1972 he was honored with an Academy Award for his \"incalculable effect in making motion pictures the art form of the century.\" He was created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1975 New Year's Honours List. No formal reason for the honour was listed. The citation simply reads \"Charles Spencer CHAPLIN, Film Actor and Producer\"." ]	[ 5.859375, 5.8046875, 5.59765625, 4.625, 3.529296875, 2.0859375, 1.7001953125, 1.353515625, 1.2080078125, 0.1510009765625, -0.257080078125, -0.3818359375, -0.4052734375, -0.45849609375, -0.46728515625, -0.5302734375, -0.775390625, -0.88818359375, -1.0146484375, -1.345703125, -2.326171875, -2.58984375, -2.72265625, -2.7578125, -2.7578125, -3.724609375, -3.869140625, -4.34765625, -4.63671875, -4.69140625, -5.7421875, -6.72265625 ]
To which conductor did Vaughan Williams dedicate his 8th Symphony?	[ "Barbirolli is remembered as an interpreter of Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Mahler, as well as Schubert, Beethoven, Sibelius, Verdi and Puccini, and as a staunch supporter of new works by British composers. Vaughan Williams dedicated his Seventh and Eighth Symphonies to Barbirolli, whose nickname, \"Glorious John\", comes from the inscription Vaughan Williams wrote at the head of the score of the Eighth: \"For glorious John, with love and admiration from Ralph.\" Barbirolli did not disdain lighter repertoire. The music critic Richard Osborne wrote that, if all Barbirolli's recordings were to be lost except that of Lehár's Gold and Silver Waltz, \"there would be reason enough to say, 'Now, there was a conductor!'\" ", "Vaughan Williams – Symphony No.8 – ‘Live’ Recording Of The First Performance The Symphony No.8 was dedicated to Sir John Barbirolli, and, as with the ‘Antartica’ premiere, the first performance was remarkably fine, exciting the 83-year-old composer to write on the score ‘For Glorious John, with love and admiration from Ralph’.", "The “Sea” Symphony is a choral symphony but unlike most choral symphonies who, following Beethoven's example, reserve the choir for the last movement, Vaughan Williams uses it throughout. People may argue it's more a four-movement cantata than an actual symphony, but then Gustav Mahler wrote his 8th Symphony in 1906, the so-called “Symphony of a Thousand” though several hundred would be more accurate. But it wasn't premiered until September 12th, 1910, exactly one month before Vaughan Williams' “Sea Symphony” was first heard.", "The first CD in this set has performances from a concert in Lugano, in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, not far from the border with Italy, made during a tour conductor and orchestra undertook in 1961; it features the Symphony No.8 by Vaughan Williams, with the rest of the programme music obviously more familiar to the audiences, music with which they could more readily judge the orchestra from Manchester, alongside Barbirolli’s own Elizabethan Suite, which the conductor had compiled and orchestrated from music by the English Tudor composers William Byrd, John Bull, Giles Farnaby – and ‘Anon’. As with Barbirolli’s earlier Suite for Strings, arrangements of pieces by Henry Purcell, this work clearly possessed affection for the conductor-arranger, for he recorded it commercially on no fewer than three occasions throughout his career. This was followed by Rimsky-Korsakov’s Capriccio Espagnol and an encore – Chabrier’s España – works that, for the audience, were well-known and lighter in vein than the unfamiliar Vaughan Williams symphony.", "Dedicated to sibelius, Vaughan Williams’s Fifth symphony is the english symphony of your dreams: a vision of rural peace, hauntingly beautiful and aglow with the spirit of folk song. so the one thing no-one expected was his sixth: a shattering vision of a world laid waste by World War II, told in music of devastating intensity and power. Two different faces of one very British genius, both utterly unforgettable – and conductor andrew Manze loves them both. These two masterpieces are paired together with atmospheric miniatures by Vaughan Williams’s musical hero, Jean sibelius.", "“The English symphony is almost entirely a twentieth-century creation. When in 1903 Vaughan Williams began to sketch the songs for chorus and orchestra that became A Sea Symphony, Elgar had not yet emerged as a symphonist. And, extraordinary though it may seem, Elgar's First (1908) is the earliest symphony by an English composer in the permanent repertory. . . By the time Vaughan Williams had completed his Ninth [Symphony] – in 1958, a few months before his death at the age of 85 – the English symphony . . . had become a central figure of our musical revival. To say that Vaughan Williams played a major part in bringing this about is to state the obvious: throughout much of the period he was actively involved in English musical life, not only as a composer but as a teacher, conductor, organiser and, increasingly, advisor of young men.” (5)", "John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. With a career spanning over six decades he has composed some of the most popular and recognizable film scores in cinematic history, including Jaws, the Star Wars series, Superman, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, the Indiana Jones series, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, and the first three Harry Potter films. Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for the majority of his feature films. Other notable works by Williams include theme music for the Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, \"The Mission\" theme used by NBC News, the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants, and the incidental music for the first season of Gilligan's Island. Williams has composed numerous classical concerti and other works for orchestral ensembles and solo instruments; he served as the Boston Pops' principal conductor from 1980 to 1993, and is now the orchestra's laureate conductor. ", "Renowned for his interpretations of English works, Sir Adrian Boult (1889–1983) was a master of the baton and one of Britain’s leading conductors. He had a great love for and understanding of the music of Vaughan Williams, who was said to be ‘totally in favour of Sir Adrian’s approach to his music’ (John Culshaw).", "Vaughan Williams conducted a handful of recordings for gramophone and radio. His studio recordings are the overture to The Wasps, and the ballet Old King Cole (both made in 1925),Kennedy (1980), p. 189 Dona Nobis Pacem (1936),[http://www.worldcat.org/title/symphony-no-5-in-d-dona-nobis-pacem/oclc/185708738&refererbrief_results \"Vaughan Williams, Symphony No 5 and Dona Nobis Pacem\"], WorldCat, retrieved 18 October 2015 and the Fourth Symphony (1937). Live concert tapings include the Serenade to Music, and the Fifth Symphony, recorded in 1951 and 1952, respectively. There is a recording of Vaughan Williams conducting the St Matthew Passion with his Leith Hill Festival forces. In the early days of LP in the 1950s Vaughan Williams was better represented in the record catalogues than most British composers. The Record Guide (1955) contained nine pages of listings of his music on disc, compared with five for Walton, and four apiece for Elgar and Britten. ", "Birthday - British composer and conductor Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) was born in Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, England. He combined modern composition techniques with traditional English folk and Tudor music to create a uniquely British style. His major compositions include; Mass in G Minor, Fantasia on a Theme of Tallis and the opera The Pilgrim's Progress. He also composed nine symphonies, church and choral music, film and stage music and several operas.", "Birthday - British composer and conductor Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) was born in Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, England. He combined modern composition techniques with traditional English folk and Tudor music to create a uniquely British style. His major compositions include; Mass in G Minor, Fantasia on a Theme of Tallis and the opera The Pilgrim's Progress. He also composed nine symphonies, church and choral music, film and stage music and several operas.", "Vaughan Williams, R. Fantasia on a theme by Thomas Tallis (1910). 15 Bruch, M. Kol nidrei, op 47 (1881). 10 Saint-Saëns, C. Introduction and rondo capriccioso, op 28 (1870). 9 Mascagni, P. Intermezzo, from Cavalleria rusticana (1890). 3 Ravel, M. Tzigane, concert rhapsody (1924). 10 16:00 FINE MUSIC DRIVE including Arts Calendar at 5.00pm with Lloyd Capps", "Composers of the generation after Vaughan Williams reacted against his style, which became unfashionable in influential musical circles in the 1960s; diatonic and melodic music such as his was neglected in favour of atonal and other modernist compositions. In the 21st century this neglect has been reversed. In the fiftieth anniversary year of his death two contrasting documentary films were released: Tony Palmer's O Thou Transcendent: The Life of Vaughan Williams and John Bridcut's The Passions of Vaughan Williams. British audiences were prompted to reappraise the composer. The popularity of his most accessible works, particularly the Tallis Fantasia and The Lark Ascending increased, but a wide public also became aware of what a reviewer of Bridcut's film called \"a genius driven by emotion\". Among the 21st-century musicians who have acknowledged Vaughan Williams's influence on their development are John Adams, PJ Harvey, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, Anthony Payne, Wayne Shorter, Neil Tennant and Mark-Anthony Turnage. ", "Ralph Vaughan Williamsï¿½s career as a symphonist may be divided into three periods: there are the two symphonies he composed before 1914, the three between the wars, and the four between 1944 and his death in 1958 at the age Read more of 85. (The Fifth Symphony is an untidy straddler, since it was begun in 1938 but not completed until 1943; much of its music, however, belongs to the inter-war period, as we shall see.) During the first 35 years of Vaughan Williamsï¿½s life, the leading British symphonists were Stanford and Parry, both of whom were his teachers; but it would be a bold critic who could detect their influence when it comes to VWï¿½s orchestral music. We can, however, detect a general influence of Elgarï¿½The Dream of Gerontius (1900) in particular, rather than the two symphonies of 1908 and 1911ï¿½on the composer of A Sea Symphony (1903ï¿½9) and A London Symphony (1910ï¿½13).", "Vaughan Williams: Symphony No. 8 in D minor on CD, SACD, DVD & download (MP3 & FLAC) - Buy online from Presto Classical", "This lush, expansive work for string orchestra amply proves that Vaughan Williams’s focus on orchestration had paid off. He blends the instruments exquisitely, creating a rich and unmistakably British sound across a fifteen-minute duration. Interestingly, rather than simply being written for a single ensemble, the Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis is, in fact, scored for large string orchestra, slightly smaller string ensemble, and a string quartet, all playing alongside each other. It was the work that was to cement Vaughan Williams ’s reputation not just at home, but across the rest of Europe, too.", "Roy McEwan, managing director of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, said: \"Sir Charles was one of the most distinguished conductors of his generation. He had an almost unparalleled mastery of music across a huge range of styles and periods from Handel through Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Dvorak and Janacek and beyond\".", "Ralph Vaughan Williams ( 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over nearly fifty years. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a decisive break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century.", "Vaughan Williams’s compositions include orchestral, stage, chamber, and vocal works. His three Norfolk Rhapsodies (numbers 2 and 3 later withdrawn), notably the first in E minor (first performed, 1906), were the first works to show his assimilation of folk song contours into a distinctive melodic and harmonic style. His nine symphonies cover a vast expressive range. Especially popular are the second, A London Symphony (1914; rewritten 1915; rev. 1918, 1920, 1934), and the seventh, Sinfonia Antartica (1953), an adaptation of his music for the film Scott of the Antarctic (1949). Other orchestral works include the Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1910); concerti for piano (later arranged for two pianos and orchestra), oboe , and tuba; and the Romance for harmonica and orchestra (1952).", "In 1955 the authors of The Record Guide, Edward Sackville-West and Desmond Shawe-Taylor, wrote that Vaughan Williams's music showed an exceptionally strong individual voice: Vaughan Williams's style is \"not remarkable for grace or politeness or inventive colour\", but expresses \"a consistent vision in which thought and feeling and their equivalent images in music never fall below a certain high level of natural distinction\". They commented that the composer's vision is expressed in two main contrasting moods: \"the one contemplative and trance-like, the other pugnacious and sinister\". The first mood, generally predominant in the composer's output, was more popular, as audiences, preferred \"the stained-glass beauty of the Tallis Fantasia, the direct melodic appeal of the Serenade to Music, the pastoral poetry of The Lark Ascending, and the grave serenity of the Fifth Symphony\". By contrast, as in the ferocity of the Fourth and Sixth Symphonies and the Concerto for Two Pianos: \"in his grimmer moods Vaughan Williams can be as frightening as Sibelius and Bartók\". ", "For the leading cellist Julian Lloyd Webber, the popularity of Vaughan Williams is both interesting and deserved. \"He has tapped into something about the English. There is a kind of nostalgic essence there and a real interest in English folk songs, along with his friend Holst.\" He believes each live performance even of a well-known work can still be different. \"A piece like this lives and breathes in performance. It is never the same.\"", "Ralph Vaughan Williams was an English 20th Century composer who wrote symphonies, chamber music, opera, choral pieces, and film scores. He's been described as 'the most important English composer of his generation'.", " Mahler: Symphony No. 8 (Valery Gergiev, Choir Of Eltham College, Choral Arts Society of Washington, London Symphony Chorus & London Symphony Orchestra)", "One of the leading English composers of his generation, Vaughan Williams went some way towards creating a specifically English musical idiom, influenced by his interest in folk-song yet underpinned by a personal vision and language. This is nowhere better expressed than in his superb cycle of Nine Symphonies. The ‘London’ Symphony features a rich medley of thematic material that suggests the varied life of the capital city. The Lark Ascending, which concludes this disc, is one of Vaughan Williams’s most enduringly popular compositions.", "In January 1980, Williams was named nineteenth music director of the Boston Pops Orchestra, succeeding the legendary Arthur Fiedler. He currently holds the title of Boston Pops Laureate Conductor, which he assumed following his retirement in December, 1993, after fourteen highly successful seasons. He also holds the title of Artist-in-Residence at Tanglewood. Mr. Williams has composed numerous works for the concert stage, among them two symphonies, and concertos commissioned by several of the world’s leading orchestras, including a cello concerto for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, a bassoon concerto for the New York Philharmonic, a trumpet concerto for The Cleveland Orchestra, and a horn concerto for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. ", "The impact of A Sea Symphony manifests itself not only in the life of the composer (his first symphony and first work of such an immense scale), but also in the newfound support and appreciation of the English symphony and 20th century English music in general. Hugh Ottaway 's book, Vaughan Williams Symphonies presents the following observation in its introduction:", "Although he did not follow the newer trends and musical fashions of his day, Vaughan Williams created a thoroughly original style based on English folk music, 16th-and 17th-century polyphony, and informal music of his own times, including jazz. He stated his credo as a composer in his book National Music (1934): \"Music is above all things the art of the common man--the art of the humble--What the ordinary man will expect from the composer is not cleverness, or persiflage, or an assumed vulgarity--he will want something that will open to him the 'magic casements.'-- The art of music above all other arts is the expression of the soul of a nation-- any community of people who are spiritually bound together by language, environment, history and common ideals, and, above all, a continuity with the past.\"", "Ralph Vaughan Williams OM was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, writte...", "Written between 1903 and 1909, Vaughan Williams ’s first and longest symphony was first performed at the Leeds Festival in 1910, with the composer conducting it on his 38th birthday. He was 30 when he first began sketching it and the scale and sophistication of the work belies his relative youth.", "A Sea Symphony is a piece for orchestra and chorus by Ralph Vaughan Williams, written between 1903 and 1909. Vaughan Williams' first and longest symphony, it was first performed at the Leeds Festival in 1910, with the composer conducting.", "British Composers - Vaughan Williams: Symphonies / ... - Warner Classics: 5099908748423 \| Buy from ArkivMusic", "“These wonderfully affectionate recordings of the Fifth and Eighth Symphonies ...are essential listening for devotees of English music...Both are gloriously played.” The Times, 30th March 2013 **" ]	[ 3.611328125, 2.9609375, 2.427734375, -0.04656982421875, -0.32568359375, -0.58349609375, -0.64794921875, -0.87451171875, -1.5009765625, -1.6103515625, -1.6103515625, -1.859375, -2.0859375, -2.1640625, -2.310546875, -2.396484375, -2.529296875, -2.623046875, -2.79296875, -2.833984375, -3.17578125, -3.916015625, -4.015625, -4.66796875, -4.78125, -5.15625, -5.19140625, -5.390625, -5.59765625, -5.9296875, -6.1640625, -7.45703125 ]
"What did critic John Mason Brown describe as ""chewing gum for the eyes?"""	[ "So much of TV seems to be chewing gum for the eyes.... TV desperately needs more self-reliance and pride in the medium. ~John Mason Brown, January 1955, modification of an earlier statement by Henri Peyre about radio, see quoteinvestigator.com/2013/11/30/tv-gum", "John Mason Brown’s quipper-snapper: “I heard someone (a young man of 17 but of great wisdom) define many television programs as being just so much chewing gum for the eyes.”", "The critic John Mason Brown once dubbed television ''chewing gum for the eyes.'' There's little harm in chewing gum. But a narcotic that may poison the mind against real scientific adventure threatens everyone. Malcolm W. Browne", "Fred Allen called TV chewing gum for the eyes. Although many people write me after a show and thank me for educating and stimulating them, my guess is that a larger number of people want TV to be a visual Muzak, a mind deadener.", "However, I recently saw the remark credited to a drama critic named John Mason Brown. Could you explore this saying?", "Actually, chiclephobia seems more focused on the fact that used chewing gum is really, really gross, a resilient vector of diseases carried in the mouth. So all it would take is a fall on any city street resulting in eye/gum contact for terminal eye gonorrhea to take hold. Gum's final insult would be forcing you to listen to the doctors speculating on the nature of the eye-fucking that caused it.", "Many American critics applauded certain aspects of The Browning Version but were dismissive of others. John Mason Brown of the Saturday Review of Literature asserted, “Just why Mr. Rattigan chose to subject his theme to the almost inescapable compressions, hence artificialities, of the one-act mold is hard to understand. An absorbing long-play clearly lurks in his materials. Yet considering the elbow-room and scope he has elected to deny himself, I must admit Mr. Rattigan has down an expert and moving job.”", "Brown, John Mason. Dramatis Personae. NY: Viking, 1963 (Reprints three reviews on O’Neill and an essay from Upstage: The American Theatre in Performance. NY: Norton, 1930, here entitled “O’Neill and God’s Angry Eye,” pp. 39-53)", "Chewing gum is a type of confection traditionally made of chicle, a natural latex product, or synthetic rubber known as polyisobutylene, which is a non-vulcanizable form of the butyl rubber (isoprene-isobutylene) used for inner tubes or to line tubeless tires. Chewing gum was invented in 1870 by Thomas Adams , receiving a patent on February 14, 1871.", "Thank you for visiting these The critic is a man who prefers the indolence of ... by John Mason Brown.", "Some also found the darker subject material objectionable in a family film, featuring as it does depictions of death, violence, drinking, smoking, gambling, murder, demons and images of Hell. But other reviews were mostly positive, with critics praising the film's emotional qualities, humor and vibrant color palette. Roger Ebert, who was unimpressed with Bluth's previous film An American Tail, gave it three out of four stars, remarking that the animation \"permits such a voluptuous use of color that the movie is an invigorating bath for the eyes,\" and that although he preferred The Little Mermaid, which opened on the same day, he still found Dogs to be \"bright and inventive.\" More recent reviews of the film have generally been less harsh, with Box Office Mojo awarding it a B- rating. However, film critic Leonard Maltin gave it one-and-a-half out of four stars, due to \"unappealing characters, confusing storytelling, and forgettable songs.\" ", "Stephen King likened Dan Brown's work to \"Jokes for the John\", calling such literature the \"intellectual equivalent of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese\". The New York Times, while reviewing the movie based on the book, called the book \"Dan Brown's best-selling primer on how not to write an English sentence\". The New Yorker reviewer Anthony Lane refers to it as \"unmitigated junk\" and decries \"the crumbling coarseness of the style\". Linguist Geoffrey Pullum and others posted several entries critical of Dan Brown's writing, at Language Log, calling Brown one of the \"worst prose stylists in the history of literature\" and saying Brown's \"writing is not just bad; it is staggeringly, clumsily, thoughtlessly, almost ingeniously bad\". Roger Ebert described it as a \"potboiler written with little grace and style\", although he said it did \"supply an intriguing plot\". In his review of the film National Treasure, whose plot also involves ancient conspiracies and treasure hunts, he wrote: \"I should read a potboiler like The Da Vinci Code every once in a while, just to remind myself that life is too short to read books like The Da Vinci Code.\"", "Few films have raised such complicated questions about fame and fans as this metatextual doc about the cult US singer-songwriter, driven and damaged by decades of mental illness. We follow his picaresque journey through fairgrounds, MTV shows and mental hospitals. He causes a plane crash believing he’s Casper The Friendly Ghost. He hits his manager with a lead pipe. He has physical presence but, personally, he’s barely there. “The establishment think it’s heresy to say the words Daniel Johnston in the same breath as Bob Dylan,” says director Feuerzeig. “We’re picking a fight on purpose.” Victoria Segal Now watch: Benjamin Smoke (Jem Cohen, Peter Siller, 2000)", "[1995] I think the stuff I do could be accepted by the wide movie going audience if the audience weren't programmed to think in certain ways...but maybe we'd be better off if there were more films around that made you think, made you have to use your own brain to figure things out. That's why people don't read any more. They don't chew their own food. They just want to swallow it, get it fucking down then move on. [When asked if it bugs him that the Studios' sell films as 'What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)' as \"small and \"special\"]", "*Hollis Alpert of The Saturday Review wrote on March 14, 1953, \"It is the worst movie in my rather faltering memory, and my hangover from it was so painful that I immediately went to see a two-dimensional movie for relief. Part of the hangover was undoubtedly induced by the photography process itself. To get all the wondrous effects of the stereoscopic motion picture one has to wear a pair of polaroid glasses, made—so far as I could determine—from tinted cellophane and cardboard. These keep slipping off, hanging from one ear, or sliding down the nose, all the while setting up extraneous tickling sensations. And once you have them adjusted and begin looking at the movie, you find that the tinted cellophane (or whatever it is) darkens the color of the screen, so that everything seems to be happening in late afternoon on a cloudy day. The people seem to have two faces, one receding behind the other; the screen becomes unaccountably small, as though one is peering in at a scene through a window. Everything keeps getting out of proportion. Nigel Bruce will either loom up before you or look like a puppet. Sometimes there is depth and sometimes there isn't. One thing is certain: it was all horribly unreal.\" ", "Reading Rhonda's memory of Teaberry Gum (below) reminded me of my grandpa's favorite: BlackJack (licorice), and my personal preference: Clove. They tried reissuing these in the late 80s or early 90s, but they apparently didn't catch on. And, \"Yipes! Stripes!\" Beachnut Fruitstripe Gum - white and colored stripes matching the flavors lemon, lime, orange, cherry, and ? There was also some brand of orange and green apple gum that we used to fold over our front teeth and suck it into the teeth grooves so our smiles were green and orange. Havent had as much fun with gum since!", "Clearly, there's a muchness here, a flood of overwrought melodrama that we associate more with pulp fiction than with literary endeavor. Caldwell thought he was merely writing no-holds-barred realism. He wanted the novel to be, as Dan B. Miller notes in his gripping 1995 biography, Erskine Caldwell: The Journey From Tobacco Road, a rebuke to the perfumed \"moonlight and magnolias\" literature of the south. Yet it's almost impossible to not to read the most ludicrously grim passages of Tobacco Road as very black humor. It can be hard to keep a straight face when encountering bits of dialogue like this:", "[4] Hunter, Stephen. \"The Lust Picture Show: Stanley Kubrick Stumbled with his Eyes Wide Shut.\" The Washington Post, 16 July 1999, p. C5. &Nbsp; back", "Some critics have argued that Holden's character is erratic and unreliable, as he possesses many of the middle-class values that he claims to reject. Later commentators, however, have praised the wry humor of the main character, his \"technical virtuosity\" (qtd. in Davis 318), and the skilled mockery of verbal speech by Salinger. These critics have commented that the structure of the novel personifies Holden's unstable state of mind. Alastair Best remarked: \"There is a hard, almost classical structure underneath Holden's rambling narrative. The style, too, appears effortless; yet one wonders how much labour went into those artfully rough-hewn sentences\" (qtd. in Davis 318).", "What critics have trouble doing is developing their own robust, well grounded taste. \"Taste\" is an antique concept but an irreplaceable one. Most people, even cultural theorists who would not grant the concept any credence in their academic work, exercise taste all the time in their non-academic life. Just ask them about the last movie they saw, or (even better) the music their kids are listening to.", "Michael Medved was gave the film a negative review, citing it as \"an attack on religion\". Anthony Lane of The New Yorker addressed the concerns of Catholics in his film review, stating that the film \"is self-evident, spirit-lowering tripe that could not conceivably cause a single member of the flock to turn aside from the faith.\" In his Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin called the film \"a letdown in every respect.\" Director Howard noted that the overwhelmingly negative reviews were \"frustrating\" to him.", "Griffith elaborated on his idea of the human mind in another article which appeared the same month, which gets to the heart of the Aristotelian evil which underlies the media industry of Hollywood today. In praising the \"new art\" of cinema, he said that \"words, after all, are a clumsy method of conveying thought. They clog expression in so many ways...\" [fn20] He then continues to insist that human beings do not think in words, and that the form in which ideas mostly come to us is in pictures. Therefore, he concludes, movies are a direct form of expressing our basic concepts and emotions more than literary forms.", "“Excuse me for not being the world’s biggest Madonna fan.” Welcome to the pantheon, Mr. Tarantino. You know the scene. A bunch of gangsters sit around a diner table as the one with the biggest chin offers an alternative reading of a famous pop song. That’s it, really. I don’t even mean for this blurb to factor in the iconic slow-mo title shot that follows. And yeah, the pre-credit rap in “Pup Fiction” -- also featuring Tim Roth -- might be more exciting. But this right here is the portrait of an artist revealing the essence of his approach to the medium, taking an established iota of culture and making it his own, with such mania and tense sincerity that it feels like we’re, um, encountering it for the very first time. - DE", "Campbell Scott's narrative style has a unique stamp. His baseline technique in Tropic of Cancer is the dampening of his voice, joined with a masterly expressive control that emanates from this restriction. The effect is a quite strong sense of, and control over, mood and an intimate narrative connection with the individual listener. Scott's approach is suggestive of sotto voce, literarily \"under speaking\", similar to that bit of news spoken by a friend through a cupped hand in lowered tones into your ear in the Age of iPod, the narrator speaking through your earphones. Scott moves fluently from this baseline into the very lively stuff of Miller's tropes, riffs and rhetoric, and comically charmed outrages. Scott hits the marks, even as a tonal resonance of intimate communication remains constant. And Henry Miller's narrative voice? George Orwell observed, in his 1940 essay \"Inside the Whale\", \"Read him for five pages, ten pages, and you feel the peculiar relief that comes not so much from understanding as from being understood. 'He knows all about me,' you feel. 'It is as though you could hear a voice speaking to you...with no humbug in it, no moral purpose, merely an implicit assumption that we are all alike.'\"", "Aesthetically, Schlesinger relies on rapid-fire cutting, distorted wide angle shots, crudely inserted flashbacks from Joe’s childhood, and other shock effects. He uses the spurious exuberance of mass media slogans as a counterpoint to joyless real-life encounters. Most critics found the fragmented flashbacks into the cowboy’s lurid formative years to be irritatingly ambiguous and incoherent too.", "Beginning in the early 1960s, as his critical reputation waned, Salinger began to publish less and to disengage from society. In 1965, after publishing another Glass story (“Hapworth 26, 1924”) that was widely reviled by critics, he withdrew almost completely from public life, a stance he has maintained up to the present. This reclusiveness, ironically, made Salinger even more famous, transforming him into a cult figure. To some degree, Salinger’s cult status has overshadowed, or at least tinged, many readers’ perceptions of his work. As a recluse, Salinger, for many, embodied much the same spirit as his precocious, wounded characters, and many readers view author and characters as the same being. Such a reading of Salinger’s work clearly oversimplifies the process of fiction writing and the relationship between the author and his creations. But, given Salinger’s iconoclastic behavior, the general view that Salinger was himself a sort of Holden Caulfield is understandable.", "Mark Browning, a critic of King's work, observed that King's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story, which Kubrick's film lacks. Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick. King, he believes, \"feels too much and thinks too little\".", "That's from a fine essay by Eisenstein, in which he goes on to talk about the \"heard\" quality of Dickens's dialogue, the precision of his stage directions and the way his characters consequently seem to \"perform\". Eisenstein has great fun finding examples of \"cinematography\" in the novels; montage, dissolves, the close-up that widens out, the wide-shot that zooms in. DW Griffith expressly claimed to have taken his notion of \"parallel action\" from Dickens. After an argument with his producers \"… I went home, reread one of Dickens's novels and came back next day to tell them they could either make use of my idea or dismiss me.\"", " This acknowledges that the reviewer is aware that the reader might actually enjoy the film that's about to be judged harshly. Readers quickly sense a critic's preferences and tend to follow critics whose tastes they trust to be like their own.", "Thanks for this explanation. I saw the play years ago and hated it, because I did not know the plot and the singing was difficult to understand. I knew I must have missed something, because everyone I knew was ga-ga over it. So when the movie came out I watched it, and fell in love! Later I got to see a live community theater production, which was excellent, and then another which was superb! Now I have the sound track blasting in my car all the time, and the tunes rotate through my head day and night! I can’t wait for it to come back to the San Diego Civic Theatre, where I first saw it.", "British critic Gilbert Adair wrote: \"Kubrick's approach to language has always been reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic in nature. He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning, only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority, by all the whims, shades and modulations of personal expression\".", "According to Hamiltonï¿½s biography, Defense Intelligence used the services of Salinger during World War II within the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC). His time was spent mainly in the interrogation of captured Nazis. Later on, toward the end of the war, Salinger was involved in the denazification of Germany. Denazification could be taken to mean a code word suggestive of the importation of high-level Nazi spies into the highest ranks of the American Intelligence Community under the sponsorship of Project Paperclip, the top secret operation, which at the warï¿½s end, smuggled hundreds of Nazis out of Germany. These ï¿½reformedï¿½ Nazis were then given new identities, in time forming the core of the new U.S. intelligence, defense and aerospace establishments." ]	[ 2.78125, 1.853515625, 1.5224609375, 0.29931640625, -1.5166015625, -1.78125, -2.123046875, -2.982421875, -3.662109375, -4.22265625, -4.7734375, -5.42578125, -5.94921875, -6.11328125, -6.4609375, -6.59375, -6.81640625, -7.1015625, -7.3046875, -7.44140625, -7.48046875, -7.54296875, -7.64453125, -7.8671875, -7.90625, -8.203125, -8.390625, -8.6328125, -8.6484375, -8.6953125, -8.875, -9.7578125 ]
Who wrote the book on which the musical Whistle Down the Wind was based?	[ "Whistle Down the Wind is a musical with music composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, who also co-wrote its book with Patricia Knop and Gale Edwards, and its lyrics were written by Jim Steinman. It is based on the 1961 film Whistle Down the Wind, whose source novel of the same name was written by Mary Hayley Bell in 1959.", "Now, playing at the Union Theatre , is the London professional premiere of Russell Labey and Richard Taylor’s version of Whistle Down The Wind, based on Mary Hayley Bell’s book and the successful film adapted from it, upon which the moderately successful Lloyd Webber musical (which has had several incarnations) of the same name was also based.", "Andrew Lloyd's new musical Whistle Down The Wind in London featuring lyrics by Jim Steinman. Based on the original novel by Mary Hayley Bell and the film produced by Richard Attenborough and directed by Bryan Forbes from a screenplay by Keith Water house and Willis Hall. Adapted for the stage by Patricia Knop and Gale Edwards and directed by Gale Edwards with designs by Peter J. Davison. The original cast featured Lottie Mayor as 'Swallow' and Marcus Lovett as 'the Man'.", "Lloyd Webber approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his \"dark obsessive side\", but the writer/producer declined in order to fulfil his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album. The pair did eventually collaborate on Lloyd Webber's musical adaptation of Whistle Down the Wind.", "In 1998 Whistle Down the Wind made its debut, a musical written with lyrics supplied by rock legend Jim Steinman. Originally opening in Washington, Lloyd Webber was reportedly not happy with the casting or Harold Prince's production and the show was subsequently revised for a London staging directed by Gale Edwards, the production is probably most notable for the Number One hit from Boyzone \"No Matter What\" which only left the UK charts when the price of the CD single was changed to drop it out of the official top ten. His The Beautiful Game opened in London and has never been seen on Broadway. The show had a respectable run at The Cambridge Theatre in London. The show has been re-worked into a new musical The Boys in the Photograph which had its world première at The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts in April 2008.", "“Whistle Down the Wind” (1998), inspired by the film of the same name, is set in Louisiana in 1959. A collaboration with Jim Steinman, the score includes typically romantic love songs and explosive rock music. In addition to his musical theater works, Lloyd Webber has also written concert works. “Variations” also exists in a version for cello and orchestra. “Requiem” (1985), written for Lloyd Webber’s father, included the memorable duet “Pie Jesu.”", "Based on the much loved film, Whistle Down the Wind is an extraordinary and uplifting tale about the transforming power of love and was originally seen in London's West End at The Aldwych Theatre in 1998 when it played for 2½ years. This stage musical version featured the No.1 hit: No Matter What; plus Whistle Down The Wind; The Vaults of Heaven; Try Not To Be Afraid; Cold; and many more. Please note: age suitability - eight plus.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a children's novel written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow. Originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900, it has since been reprinted numerous times, most often under the name The Wizard of Oz, which is the name of both the 1902 stage play and the well-known adaptation 1939 film version, starring Judy Garland. The story chronicles the adventures of a young girl named Dorothy Gale in the Land of Oz, after being swept away from her Kansas farm home in a tornado. Thanks in part to the 1939 MGM movie, it is one of the best-known stories in American popular culture.", "Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Whistle Down The Wind premiered at the Aldwych Theatre in London on 1st July 1998.", "In 2001, Bill Kenwright produced and directed his own production of Whistle Down the Wind for a UK tour, starring Tim Rogers as The Man and Katie Rowley Jones as Swallow. He was granted a considerable amount of creative freedom as director, authorised by Andrew Lloyd Webber to make significant changes to the dramatic structure of the musical, including replacing the running parable of Annie and Charlie Christmas told to the children by The Man with a lighter-toned number called \"The Gang\" (lyrics by Don Black). This version was simpler in design and more focused on the human story than the spectacular visuals of the Aldwych production. The show toured the UK a number of times between 2001 and 2004.", "'The Wind in the Willows' is a classic of children's literature originally written by Kenneth Grahame and first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast paced, it is the story of the adventures of a group of animals who include the well-known Mr Toad along with Mole, Rat and Badger. 'The Wind in the Willows' was in its thirty-first printing when then-famous playwright, A. A. Milne, who loved it, adapted a part of it for stage as 'Toad of Toad Hall' in 1929. This version used by Bench Theatre was adapted by Alan Bennett in 1991.", "When the musical, retitled Oklahoma, opened on Broadway on March 31, 1943, it was an enormous success, both critically and popularly. Oklahoma ran for 2,243 performances in its initial Broadway engagement, and in 1944 it received a special Pulitzer Prize. The team of Rodgers and Hammerstein was a success. They produced their own work and promising works by other artists and at one time had five of the highest grossing shows running at the same time on Broadway. They followed up their success with collaborations on Carousel (1945), Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet (1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music (1960), for which Howard Lindsay and Russell Crouse wrote the book, Rodgers composed the score, and Hammerstein wrote the lyrics. South Pacific won the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music all won Tony awards for best musical. Most of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals have been adapted for the screen, with the greatest success going to Oklahoma and The Sound of Music.", "A true children's classic - a much-loved adaptation of E. Nesbit's novel about three children living with their mother in the Yorkshire countryside after their father has been sent to prison, charged with espionage. They are determined to clear his name, but at the same time become obsessed with the local steam railway, eventually helping to prevent an accident. Charmingly performed and constantly heart-warming.", "When the musical, retitled Oklahoma, opened on Broadway on March 31, 1943, it was an enormous success, both critically and popularly. Oklahoma ran for 2, 243 performances in its initial Broadway engagement, and in 1944 it received a special Pulitzer Prize. The team of Rodgers and Hammerstein was a success. They produced their own work and promising works by other artists and at one time had five of the highest grossing shows running at the same time on Broadway. They followed up their success with collaborations on Carousel (1945), Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet (1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music (1960), for which Howard Lindsay and Russell Crouse wrote the book, Rodgers composed the score, and Hammerstein wrote the lyrics. South Pacific won the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music all won Tony awards for best musical. Most of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals have been adapted for the screen, with the greatest success going to Oklahoma and The Sound of Music.", "Parker wrote the book for a stage adaptation of Bugsy Malone, using Williams' music. This premiered in the West End in 1983 at Her Majesty's Theatre and ran for 300 performances. It was directed by Michael Dolenz , and the cast featured Catherine Zeta-Jones as Tallulah. In 1997, the National Youth Music Theatre mounted an all-youth version. It was revived at the Queens Theatre in 1997, starring Sheridan Smith . [20] Another revival played in 2015 and again in 2016 at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre, [21] where it was nominated for the Olivier Award for best musical revival. [22]", "CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG (1968) was adapted from the book by Ian Fleming. The title tune was nominated for an Oscar.", "In America's Deep South a 15 year old girl discovers a mysterious man hiding out in a barn. When she asks his identity the first words he utters are 'Jesus Christ'; it's as if all her prayers have been answered. The girl and the town's other children vow to protect the stranger from the world that waits outside; meanwhile the townspeople are determined to catch a fugitive. Whistle Down The Wind's powerful all new staging combines epic storytelling with intimate emotion as the innocence of children collides with the cynicism of the adult world.", "“Wind in the Willows” is the most famous work by Kenneth Grahame, and for good reason. It presents very round characters and a winding, hilarious plot. It has been the subject for many other productions, including plays and an entertaining musical adaptation by composer Ralph Vaughn Williams and the King Singers. The recording also includes Grahame’s children’s story “The Reluctant Dragon,” about an intellectual dragon who makes friends with St. George and the local townspeople rather than being slain by the knight. Although it can hardly be classified as a children’s book, I would recommend trying to find the record somewhere. It is out of production, so it may not be easy. The book “Wind in the Willows” is made even more beloved by Ernest Shepard’s iconic illustrations.", "An instant bestseller upon its initial publication in 1908, The Wind in the Willows has become one of the beloved stories of all time. How could Ratty and Mole have known when they took to the river over one hundred years ago that they would begin a phenomenon that would produce one of the most oft-quoted lines in British literature, and inspire everyone from the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh to Pink Floyd? Drawing from more than a decade of research, Annie Gauger, one of the world’s leading experts on Kenneth Grahame and The Wind in the Willows, now presents a fascinating new annotated edition that reintroduces readers to Otter, curmudgeonly Badger, and rollicking, boastful Toad, while revealing the secrets behind this treasured classic.", "*Alexander, Arthur, Chester, Jonny and Kwayedza: \"No Matter What\" from the musical Whistle Down the Wind", "In 1930, Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows for the stage as Toad of Toad Hall. The title was an implicit admission that such chapters as Chapter 7, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\", could not survive translation to the theatre. A special introduction written by Milne is included in some editions of Grahame's novel. ", "5. Outside Over There (1981) This picture book, written and illustrated by Maurice Sendak, was a Caldecott Honor Book in 1982. The musical language and the beautifully done illustrations in this book brilliantly tell the story of a little girl who saves her baby sister from goblins by playing her wonder horn. This book acknowledges the complexity of a child’s life—the responsibilities they feel, their awareness of the complex dangers and emotions in their parents’ lives, and their own fears and emotions. Maurice Sendak creates a fantastical story that deals with real-life issues in an understated way. This darkly told story will engage readers through its beautifully done illustrations, musical language, and meaningful subject matter. (HarperCollins, 1981. ISBN: 9780060255237)", "\"I was captivated by Whistle Down the Wind. The best musical production I have seen on stage. Simply superb... Go and see it.\" — Sunderland Evening Chronicle", "Chatwin published The Songlines in 1987, and it became a bestseller in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The book was nominated for the Thomas Cook Travel Award, but Chatwin requested that it be withdrawn from consideration, saying the work was fictional. Following its publication, Chatwin became friends with composer Kevin Volans, who was inspired to base a theatre score on the book. The project evolved into an opera, The Man with Footsoles of Wind (1993). ", "The original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success, became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point (behind Rodgers and Hammerstein's earlier Oklahoma! (1943)), and has remained popular ever since. After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads, Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote several of the songs with the particular talents of their stars in mind. The piece won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. Especially in the Southern U.S., its racial theme provoked controversy, for which its authors were unapologetic. Several of its songs, including \"Bali Ha'i\", \"I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair\", \"Some Enchanted Evening\", \"There Is Nothing Like a Dame\", \"Happy Talk\", \"Younger Than Springtime\", and \"I'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy\", have become popular standards.", "Author. His best known work is \"The Wind in the Willows\", later dramatised by A.A. Milne as \"Toad of Toad Hall\".", "A Musical About Tony-Award Winning Songwriter Edward Kleban. Edward Kleban is best known for writing the lyrics for A Chorus Line. A collection of his most-loved songs was posthumously framed in a story of his life in this Broadway musical, which was nominated for five Tony Awards, including Best Musical and Best Score. The music and lyrics are charming, touching, traditional musical theatre. This songbook features 13 songs in all: Better · Broadway Boogie Woogie · Charm Song · Don't Do It Again · Follow Your Star · Light on My Feet · Mona · The Next Best Thing to Love · One More Beautiful Song · Paris Through the Window · Say Something Funny · Self Portrait · Under Separate Cover. Also includes great photos and a listing of songs by Kleban. SERIES: Vocal Selections. . Composer: Edward Kleban. EAN: 9780634038310", "1977 Tell Me a Tale: Stories, Songs and Things to Do. Jean Chapman. Illustrated by Deborah and Kilmeny Niland. Song Settings by Margaret Moore. Printed in Hong Kong. Hornsby, Australia: Hodder and Stoughton, in association with Brockhampton Press, England. See 1974/77.", "Little Red Riding Hood is also one of the central characters in the 1987 Broadway musical Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. In the song, “I Know Things Now” she speaks of how the wolf made her feel “excited, well, excited and scared,” in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship. Red Riding Hood’s cape is also one of the musical’s four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales.", " Little Red Riding Hood is one of the central characters in the Broadway musical Into the Woods (1987) by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. In the song, \"I Know Things Now\", she speaks of how the wolf made her feel \"excited, well, excited and scared\", in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship. Red Riding Hood's cape is also one of the musical's four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales. ", "It was when the curtain went up to the haunted strains of bagpipes on the night of March 13, 1947, and the mist-shrouded Scottish Highland village of Brigadoon first appeared, that the team of Lerner and Loewe also emerged as potentially legendary. The musical, which after its original 581 performances on Broadway, toured extensively and has been revived frequently, won the \"best musical\"award from the New York Drama Critics Circle the year it opened and was hailed as having \"evoked magic on Broadway.\"", "\"I Whistle a Happy Tune\" is a show tune from the 1951 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, The King and I. It is sung by Anna Leonowens to her son Louis after the curtain rises on Act One of the musical, to persuade him not to be afraid as they arrive in Siam to serve the King. It is sung by the Governess." ]	[ 8.9140625, 6.3203125, 5.953125, 1.728515625, 1.5302734375, 1.265625, 1.041015625, 0.45654296875, 0.1033935546875, -0.94580078125, -2.12890625, -2.373046875, -2.39453125, -2.5390625, -3.083984375, -3.41796875, -3.4375, -3.484375, -3.98046875, -4.1953125, -4.46484375, -4.71875, -5.58984375, -5.8203125, -5.96875, -6.3359375, -6.66015625, -7.1875, -7.2890625, -7.3515625, -8.015625, -8.8515625 ]
In what country was British choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton born?	[ "Sir Frederick Ashton, in full Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton (born September 17, 1904, Guayaquil , Ecuador —died August 18, 1988, Sussex , England ), principal choreographer and director of England’s Royal Ballet , the repertoire of which includes about 30 of his ballets.", "Hello to all Ashtons around the world. I am lloking for all genealogical information available on the ASHTON family branches of Perú, Bolivia and Ecuador, and tracing their family roots back to England. My wife is María Gracia Fonseca Ashton, great grand niece of the famous English Choreographer and ballet dancer Sir Frederick ASHTON, who was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, on September 17, 1904, and died in Sussex, England, in August 18, 1988. His parents were: George ASHTON, born in England, who died in Perú in 1922, and Georgiana Fulcher. There is some information about them in the following web page: http://members.shaw.ca/mallandaine/h21.html http://members.shaw.ca/mallandaine/h21.html", "It's easy to forget that Frederick Ashton, founding genius of English ballet, was originally South American. The youngest of four boys, he was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 17 September l904, and brought up in Lima, Peru where his sister was born. Ashton's father, a businessman and vice-consul, was British, and so was his mother, who introduced her impressionable son to the airs and graces of belle epoque Lima. Images from childhood - the languorous sensuality of tango dancers at colonial tea dances, the swaying, ritualized walk of feast day processions - stayed with Ashton, infiltrating his choreography. His Roman Catholic schooling also found expression in his ballets. The ceremony and mystical potency of high mass influenced his timing of effects and climaxes, while the ecstatic, baroque indulgence of Spanish religion is obliquely sublimated in Symphonic Variations, his greatest and most life-affirming work. More crucially, it was an epiphanic experience in Lima that decided the 13 year old Ashton's destiny. This was a performance by Anna Pavlova that not only triggered his vocation to dance, but is the palimpsest behind every ballerina role he went on to create.", "Ashton was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, the fourth of the five children of George Ashton (1864–1924) and his second wife, Georgiana (1869–1939), née Fulcher. George Ashton was manager of the Central and South American Cable Company and vice-consul at the British embassy in Guayaquil.Walker, Kathrine Sorley, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39922 \"Ashton, Sir Frederick William Mallandaine (1904–1988)\"], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 31 March 2013 In 1907 the family moved to Lima, Peru, where Ashton attended a Dominican school. When they returned to Guayaquil in 1914, he attended a school for children of the English colony. One of his formative influences was serving as altar boy to the Roman Catholic Archbishop, which inspired in him a love of ritual. Another, still more potent, influence was being taken to see Anna Pavlova dance in 1917. He was immediately determined that he would become a dancer.", "Ashton was born in Ecuador to British parents. He first saw ballet when Anna Pavlova performed in Lima in 1917, later claiming ‘from the end of that evening I wanted to dance’. In England Ashton was tutored by Leonid Massine and made his choreographic debut for Marie Rambert in 1926. After working with Rambert and Ida Rubinstein, in 1938 he was appointed principal choreographer of Vic-Wells Ballet (later The Royal Ballet) by Ninette de Valois. With De Valois Ashton played a crucial role in determining the course of the Company and The Royal Ballet School. In 1963 he took over from De Valois as Director of the Company and in addition to choreographing introduced several significant works, including Bronislava Nijinska’s Les Noces and George Balanchine’s Serenade, and commissioned Kenneth MacMillan’sRomeo and Juliet. He retired in 1970 but continued to choreograph throughout his life, producing his last major work, Rhapsody, in 1980.", "Sir Frederick Ashton was the founder choreographer of the Royal Ballet. Previously a dancer with the Ballet Rambert, Ashton started his career as a choreographer under the direction of Dame Marie Rambert, before joining the Royal Ballet as its associate choreographer when the company was founded in 1931. He created the majority of the company's early works and staged their first performance at the Royal Opera House, a production of The Sleeping Beauty in 1946. Ashton was appointed Artistic director of the Royal Ballet from 1963 to 1970, when he retired from the post. He continued to work as a choreographer internationally, with his final work being the Nursery Suite, for a gala performance by the Royal Ballet School at the Royal Opera House in 1986. His numerous ballets have since been staged by leading dance companies worldwide and feature strongly in the programming of the Royal Ballet today.", "1904–88, British choreographer and dancer, b. Guayaquil, Ecuador. He grew up in Peru and was drawn to dance after seeing (1917) a performance by Anna Pavlova there.", "Dancer and choreographer, born in London, UK. He studied with Marie Rambert, and created the celebrated Lilac Garden (1936). He formed the London Ballet (193840), then moved to New York's Ballet Theatre (now American Ballet Theatre), where Pillar of Fire (1942) and Romeo and Juliet (1943) were among his triumphs. He was director of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School, and tutored at the Juillia…", "The Royal Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, England. The largest of the four major ballet companies in Great Britain, the Royal Ballet was founded in 1931 by Dame Ninette de Valois, it became the resident ballet company of the Royal Opera House in 1946 and was granted a royal charter in 1956, becoming recognised as Britain's flagship national ballet company.", "With an oeuvre of over one hundred works - at least four of which, Symphonic Variations, Scènes de Ballet, The Dream and la Fille mal gardée, are 20th century masterpieces - Frederick Ashton is unquestionably one of the most important choreographers in the history of ballet. He was also a major figure in the cultural landscape of the day: Gertrude Stein pronounced him a genius; Yeats wanted him to direct plays at The Abbey Theatre; Matisse was inspired by the spontaneous flow of his movements; the three Sitwell siblings all sought his company. He took delight in cultivating a dazzling life outside his profession, drawn into the Bright Young set of the Twenties, and launched into English society in the l930s, by the American millionairess Alice Astor. Success in this world was Ashton's fieldwork. The aristocratic manners and mores he observed, like his ability to capture the very essence of a person and their surroundings, imbued ballets such as A Wedding Bouquet and Enigma Variations with their vividness of character and period.", "father was the artistic director of the Hungarian State Ballet and I felt if I chose acting nobody could attribute my successes to nepotism. When five years later I came to England to marry, I was sorry I had given up ballet. Instead of just putting on my pointe shoes I had to learn to speak English. My training was useful, though, for musicals, of which I did quite a few (Fiddler on the Roof in the West End, the title role in Irma la Douce, to name a few). I stopped doing classical ballet classes for 25 years and only started again when I heard about these Richmond classes, taught by the exquisite ex-principal of the Royal Ballet, Marguerite Porter (who received an MBE in this year’s New Year Honours). We all loved her classes, especially watching her showing the exercises in her inimitable way. I realised that first love was always the best and I was hooked on ballet again. A few years ago Marguerite handed over the class to a male teacher. Brian Loftus is an internationally renowned ballet master and it is his enthusiasm that makes us such devotees. In all the", "Ashton's ballets of the early 1930s included La péri (1931), The Lady of Shalott (1931), Façade (1931), Foyer de danse (1932) and Les Masques (1933). He also contributed to West End revues and musicals, including The Cat and the Fiddle (1932) for C B Cochran, and Gay Hussar (1933), in which The Manchester Guardian singled out the \"spirited and lovely choreography in the classic manner\".Vaughan, David. [http://www.ashtonarchive.com/chronlist.htm \"Chronological Index\"], Frederick Ashton and His Ballets, accessed 5 July 2013. ", "Early on a very young Margot Fonteyn caught the attention of Frederick Ashton, who began to tailor his choreography to show off her unique skills and extraordinary beauty. She, meanwhile, was taking note of resident rake Constant Lambert, who became her secret lover for several years. (Perhaps this explains Fonteyn’s immense musical sensitivity). The most important ballerina in British history, Fonteyn danced with Sadler’s Wells and then the Royal Ballet in a monumental 57 roles between 1933 and 1979. As dance critic Richard Buckle exclaimed, she supported “the honour and glory of our nation and empire on one beautiful foot!”", "Rudolph Nureyev was born in Irkutsk, Russia in 1938. He began his dancing career with amateur folk dance groups and the Ufa Opera Ballet. When he was seventeen, Nureyev entered the Leningrad Ballet School and studied with the prominent teacher Alexander Pushkin. After three years of training, he joined the Kirov Ballet as a soloist and danced full length roles in Giselle, Swan Lake, Don Quixote, The Sleeping Beauty, Gayane, The Nutcracker and La Bayadere.", "Michel Fokine, original name Mikhail Mikhaylovich Fokine (born April 23 [April 11, old style], 1880, St. Petersburg , Russia —died Aug. 22, 1942, New York City ), dancer and choreographer who profoundly influenced the 20th-century classical ballet repertoire . In 1905 he composed the solo The Dying Swan for the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. As chief choreographer for the impresario Serge Diaghilev ’s Ballets Russes from 1909 to 1914, he created L’Oiseau de feu (1910; The Firebird) and Petrushka (1911).", "Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War Ashton was offered a position in New York with what was to become the American Ballet Theatre. He declined, and returned to de Valois' company, soon renamed \"Sadler's Wells Ballet\". He created some works along more sombre lines, including Dante Sonata, which symbolised the unending struggle between the children of darkness and the children of light. In Ballet magazine, Lynette Halewood commented in 2000, \"No other work by Ashton is so disturbing and so bleak.\"", "In 1950Illuminations premiered in New York at New York City Center. With designs by Cecil Beaton, Ashton’s first ballet for a US Company was a great success and captivated American audiences.", "Of her own choreography she was the toughest of critics, yet she was responsible for making much of that early repertory very British in character. She drew on artists such as Blake, Hogarth and Rowlandson for inspiration and decor, and British compositions old and new, guided by Lambert, for music. Once Frederick Ashton joined her in 1935 as chief choreographer, she was content to delegate much of the choreographic task to him, and in all the postwar years made only one ballet for her company, the unmemorable Don Quixote - to the Roberto Gerhard score. Yet three of her principal prewar works have lived on: Job - made for the Camargo Society, that curtain-raiser to the Vic-Wells company - The Rake's Progress and Checkmate. They have lived because they are well-constructed and distinctively British items in an increasingly Catholic repertory.", "Ashton's third full-length ballet was Romeo and Juliet for the Royal Danish Ballet in 1955. It was a considerable success, but Ashton resisted attempts to present it at Covent Garden, which he thought too large a theatre and stage for his intimate treatment of the story. It was not seen in London until 1985 when it was produced by the London Festival Ballet rather than at Covent Garden. ", "Composer and conductor Constant Lambert is the third architect of the Sadler’s Wells ballet company. Son of a Russian-Australian artist, Lambert was a child prodigy and a raffish raconteur, described by ballet historian Alexander Bland as having “a face of deceptively cherubic beauty”. He achieved incredible success at just 21 when Diaghilev asked him to compose the score for Romeo et Juliette. When he became the music director at Sadler’s Wells in 1931 his fame continued to grow, as did his reputation as a scandalous alcoholic and womaniser.", "Bryan Ashbridge was born at Wellington in 1926 and educated at Auckland Grammar School, where he was prominent in various forms of sport. When he was 18 he went to London to continue his ballet studies, won the Adeline Genee Gold Medal, and was a soloist in the film Red Shoes. In 1948 he joined Sadlers Wells Ballet and in 1952 became a soloist. Five years later he became a principal male dancer and as such has danced all the male leads in full-length classical ballets and has partnered prima ballerinas, such as Margot Fonteyn, Alicia Markova, and Beryl Gray. Bryan Ashbridge has toured in every major country of the world and has been guest artist with many national ballet companies — Rumanian, Swedish, Finnish — and Munich Opera Ballet.", "Ashton was chief choreographer to Ninette de Valois, from 1935 until her retirement in 1963, in the company known successively as the Vic-Wells Ballet, the Sadler's Wells Ballet and the Royal Ballet. He succeeded de Valois as director of the company, serving until his own retirement in 1970.", "William Walton produced a 1922 musical accompaniment for which set of poems by Edith Sitwell, his music later being used in Frederick Ashton’s ballet of the same name?", "Ashton included in many of his ballets a signature step, known to dancers as \"the Fred step\". It is defined by David Vaughan as \".\" Adrian Grater has enlarged the definition to include the transitional movements; this in Benesh notation is transcribed thus:", "Ashton created over 100 original ballet works and numerous other productions, some of the most notable including:", "The Royal Ballet was one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century, and continues to be one of the world's most famous ballet companies to this day, generally noted for its artistic and creative values. The company employs approximately 100 dancers and has purpose built facilities within the Royal Opera House. The official associate school of the company is the Royal Ballet School, and it also has a sister company, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, which operates independently. The Prima ballerina assoluta of the Royal Ballet is the late Dame Margot Fonteyn.", "The founding force of the Royal Ballet, Ninette de Valois, an Irish ballistic missile, was born Edris Stannus in County Wicklow in 1898. She became a dancer who boasted of performing the Dying Swan solo “at the end of every pier in Britain”.", "[ame=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFWhl13AEuU\"]Mussorgsky - Boris Godunov. Coronation scene. Bolshoi - YouTube[/ame] in 1883 - William H Harris, composer is born.", "Sir Kenneth MacMillan (11 December 1929 - 29 October 1992) was a British ballet dancer and choreographer who was artistic director of the Royal Ballet in London between 1970 and 1977, and its principal choreographer from 1977 until his death. Earlier he had served as director of ballet for the Deutsche Oper in Berlin. He was also associate director of the American Ballet Theatre from 1984 to 1989, and artistic associate of the Houston Ballet from 1989 to 1992.", "In the decades between the world wars, Graham, Mary Wigman, and Doris Humphrey established the school of Expressionist modern dance, which was characterized by serious subject matter and highly dramatic movement. Other choreographers, such as Merce Cunningham and George Balanchine, argued that such close concern with dramatic expression could hamper the development of dance as an art form. Balanchine argued that “the ballet is such a rich art form that it should not be an illustrator of even the most interesting, even the most meaningful literary primary source. The ballet will speak for itself and about itself.” The works of these choreographers emphasized formal structure and development of choreography rather than plot, character, or emotion. Partly as a result of their influence, the “abstract,” or plotless, ballet became popular among choreographers during the decades after World War II.", "Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev , also referred to as Serge, (March 31, 1872 – August 19, 1929) was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous dancers and choreographers would later arise.Diaghilev staged Tchaikovsky’s The Sleeping Beauty in London in 1921; it was a production of remarkable magnificence both in settings and costumes, but despite being well received by the public it was a financial disaster for Diaghilev and Oswald Stoll, the theatre-owner, who had backed it. The first cast included the legendary ballerina Olga Spessivtseva. Diaghilev insisted on calling the ballet The Sleeping Princess. When asked why, he quipped, “Because I have no beauties!” The later years of the Ballets Russes were often considered too “intellectual”, too “stylish” and seldom had the unconditional success of the first few seasons, although younger choreographers like George Balanchine hit their stride with the Ballet Russes.", "The 1940s were the crucial decade for American dance in this century, crystallizing the experiments of the two previous decades and establishing the dominant forms of the medium until the 1970s. It was an age of remarkable cross-fertilization. Various forms heretofore distinct were imaginatively combined: ballet was fused with modern dance; modern dance with burlesque and vaudeville. Jazz, tap, and swing music influenced everything; popular dances and steps from Harlem nightclubs, such as the jitterbug, found their way to the performance hall and the Broadway stage. The giants of modern American dance—George Balanchine, Martha Graham, Helen Tamiris, Jerome Robbins, Agnes de Mille, Fred Astaire, and Gene Kelly—established or consolidated their reputations during the decade; classic musicals such as Oklahoma! (1943), Pal Joey (1940), Annie Get Your Gun (1946), andAnchors Aweigh (1945)." ]	[ 6.11328125, 4.546875, 3.779296875, 2.287109375, 1.1796875, -2.275390625, -3.86328125, -3.91796875, -4.01953125, -4.15625, -4.5703125, -5.06640625, -5.31640625, -5.8359375, -5.9765625, -6.00390625, -6.32421875, -6.44140625, -6.84375, -7.015625, -7.0703125, -7.27734375, -7.70703125, -7.890625, -8.1328125, -8.3203125, -8.84375, -9.375, -9.453125, -9.515625, -9.6484375, -9.6484375 ]
Which director's autobiography was called The Name Above the Title?	[ "Capra, Frank. Frank Capra: The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971, ISBN 0-306-80771-8.", "Capra's slow fade into obscurity was finally reversed in 1971 with the publication of his entertaining autobiography, The Name Above the Title. Besides keeping him busy on the lecture circuit, it marked a revival of interest in his cinema, considered too sentimental and patriotic in the turbulent sixties, when it was mockingly termed \"Capracorn.\"", "Capra’s slow fade into obscurity was finally reversed in 1971 with the publication of his entertaining autobiography, The Name Above the Title. Besides keeping him busy on the lecture circuit, it marked a revival of interest in his cinema, considered too sentimental and patriotic in the turbulent Sixties when it was mockingly termed “Capracorn.”", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE, (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as \"The Master of Suspense\". He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England's best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 and became a US citizen in 1955. ", "Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart Königsberg on December 1, 1935) is an American film director, writer, musician, actor and comedian.", "pages. From The Introduction by the author: \"In the history of the cinema, Alfred Hitchcock holds a unique position: he is the only director (with the possible exception of DeMille) whose name conjures up a specific image in the average filmgoer's mind (again excepting such actor-directors as Chaplin, whose public appeal is based on their performances rather than their work behind the camera). Today, he is the only director whose movies are sold on his name alone - a name that has become synonymous in everyone's mind with a certain kind of film. The phrase, \"a Hitchcock picture,\" has become less a noun than an adjective.\" Thought provoking questions presented to the great director in the book include: \"You never watch your films with an audience. Don't you miss hearing them scream?\"... \"Do you feel that the American film remains the most vital cinema?\"...\"How would you", "As a world champion boxer and social activist, Ali has been the subject of numerous books, films and other creative works. In 1963, he released an album of spoken word on Columbia Records titled I am the Greatest! He has appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on 37 different occasions, second only to Michael Jordan. His autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story, written with Richard Durham, was published in 1975. When We Were Kings, a 1996 documentary about the Rumble in the Jungle, won an Academy Award and the 2001 biopic Ali garnered an Oscar nomination for Will Smith's portrayal of the lead role.", " Starting with his early silent movies like The Lodger, through the classic British period of The 29 Steps and The Lady Vanishes, to the evergreen Hollywood successes of Rebecca, Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest, Psycho, and beyond, Hitchcock was unquestionably the movie public's favorite director. In later years, Hitch himself became an instantly recognizable celebrity through his own long-running TV series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the great director's birth, The Alfred Hitchcock Story presents the most lavishly illustrated celebration ever of his work, featuring an amazing collection of over 400 rare posters, movie stills, behind-the-scenes photographs, lobby cards, press books, book and magazine covers, and even board games. Film historian Ken Mogg skillfully analyzes the life and work of Hitchcock, including an incisive commentary on each and every film he directed, complete with little-known details and tales from behind the camera.", "Alfred Hitchcock is widely regarded as the great filmmaker in history. He grew up in a devoutly Catholic home in England, where he began his film career. He was already an accomplished director when he moved to Hollywood, where he would remain until the end of his career. Among his best known films are four that the American Film Institute included on their year 2000 list of \"100 Greatest Films\" ever made in this country: Psycho; The Birds; Rear Window and North by Northwest.", "Turning back to journalism, Bogdanovich struck up a lifelong friendship with the legendary Orson Welles while interviewing him on the set of Mike Nichols ' film adaptation of Catch-22 (1970) from the novel by Joseph Heller . Subsequently, Bogdanovich has played a major role in elucidating Welles and his career with his writings on the great actor-director, most notably his book \"This is Orson Welles\" (1992). He has steadily produced invaluable books about the cinema, especially \"Who the Devil Made It: Conversations with Legendary Film Directors,\" an indispensable tome that establishes Bogdanovich, along with Kevin Brownlow , as one of the premier English-language chroniclers of cinema.", "Wrote his autobiography \"Making It BIG In The Movies. Published by Reynolds & Hearne of London, England. [2002]", "This award-winning memoir about \"the hippest guy on the planet\" recollects novelist/screenwriter Terry Southern's highs and lows, his association with the Beat Generation, and his movie cult classics Dr. Strangelove and Easy Rider.", "Biography in: John Wakeman , editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985\". Pages 78-84. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988.", "Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985.\" Pages 349-356. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988.", " David Thomson was born in London, has taught film studies at Dartmouth College, and now lives in San Francisco. He is the author of several other books, including the acclaimed A Biographical Dictionary of Film, the novels Silver Light and Suspects, and Warren Beatty and Desert Eyes. He also wrote the screenplay for the documentary film The Making of a Legend: Gone with the Wind. (Bio notes as of 1992).", "Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985\". Pages 510-515. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988.", "Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985\". Pages 581-586. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988.", "Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945- 1985\". Pages 294-302. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988.", "Biography in John Wakeman, editor, \"World Film Directors, Volume One, 1890-1945,\" pp. 923-947. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987.", "Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume One, 1890- 1945\". Pages 360-369. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987.", "Gernalzick, Nadja. \"To Act Or To Perform: Distinguishing Filmic Autobiography.\" Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1-13, Winter 2006", "The veteran actor/producer displayed other talents, including musical scores he composed for many of his films. He also wrote two books, My Autobiography in 1964, and My Life in Pictures in 1974.", "Not a biography in the ordinary sense, this book arises out of the film on the same theme and with the same title. Includes extended quotations from Mother Teresa on a variety of topics, an interview, and an appendix which includes the constitution of the International Association of Co-Workers of Mother Teresa and a chronological table of Mother Teresa's life up to 1971", "1 Biographical Movie \| 3 Print Biographies \| 2 Interviews \| 9 Articles \| 2 Pictorials \| 4 Magazine Cover Photos \| See more »", "3 Biographical Movies \| 3 Print Biographies \| 4 Interviews \| 5 Articles \| See more »", "1 Biographical Movie \| 4 Print Biographies \| 2 Interviews \| 9 Articles \| 3 Pictorials \| 1 Magazine Cover Photo \| See more »", "3 Biographical Movies \| 12 Print Biographies \| 3 Portrayals \| 20 Articles \| 3 Pictorials \| 8 Magazine Cover Photos \| See more »", "1 Biographical Movie \| 3 Print Biographies \| 1 Portrayal \| 1 Article \| See more »", "A number of influential producers, including persons who are not, per-say, classified as directors, but have directed at least one or more films, have been included. This is noted under the applicable title.", "a film director, especially when thought of as the creator of a particular genre and carrying a personal stamp.", "According to the ex-president of the firm depicted in the bestselling memoir and new film, \"the book...is a distant relative of the truth, and the film is a distant relative of the book.\"", "Novelist, Film story contributor, Librettist, Person, Author, Topic, Literature Subject, Influence Node, Deceased Person, Name source" ]	[ 4.29296875, 3.6875, 3.6328125, -1.6943359375, -2.197265625, -2.4140625, -2.96484375, -3.837890625, -4.2890625, -4.88671875, -6.29296875, -6.796875, -7.0078125, -7.18359375, -7.3828125, -7.43359375, -7.4375, -7.484375, -7.57421875, -7.6796875, -8.40625, -8.7578125, -8.9921875, -9.6015625, -9.609375, -9.6640625, -9.734375, -10.0078125, -10.1484375, -10.234375, -10.3203125, -10.7734375 ]
Where was blues singer Leadbelly when he was 'discovered' musically?	[ "In 1932, Leadbelly was discovered while serving a jail term in Louisiana, when folk song expert Dr. John Lomax asked him to record prison songs. Good behavior got him released in 1934, and he showed up in New York City with a beat-up green guitar, held together by a piece of string. From then on, Leadbelly gave concerts across the country, appearing in nightclubs and concert halls, and on radio networks. One of his most famous songs was “Goodnight Irene.”", "Leadbelly 414 East 10th Street New York, New York Famed bluesman Leadbelly (Huddie Ledbetter) lived in this building throughout the 1940s. While residing here, he entertained the likes of many legendary musicians including Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger. Leadbelly had become a monumental figure in the history of folk music. He was “discovered” by the influential father-son team of folk-rock historians John and Alan Lomax while in prison in Louisiana, where he was recorded on portable equipment. It is claimed by Alan Lomax that the state governor, O.K. Allen, pardoned Leadbelly after Allen heard his recordings, which supposedly included an appeal by song directed to Allen. Leadbelly subsequently toured extensively but ended up back in prison in 1939, convicted of assault. (He served four separate prison terms for his violent behavior.) It was after this last prison term that Leadbelly moved to this apartment in 1940.", "An early associate of Blind Lemon Jefferson's, Leadbelly (Huddle Ledbetter), was born near Mooringsport, Louisiana, in January 1888, and hence was the oldest of the country blues musicians discussed here. But Leadbelly's recording career did not begin until the mid-1930s, when he was discovered by ethnomusicologists John and Alan Lomax during a 1933 field trip to record the music of inmates of southern prisons. The Lomaxes helped Ledbetter secure a pardon from Louisiana Governor O. K. Allen, and in the fall of 1934 he moved to New York, where he worked for a time as chauffeur to John Lomax. In the 1940s, Leadbelly performed widely in New York and elsewhere and made a number of important recordings for Moe Asch's Folkways label. He died on December 6, 1949, a victim of Lou Gehrig's disease. Leadbelly's fame only grew after his passing: his song \"Irene\" became a major hit in the 1950s as \"Goodnight Irene,\" recorded by artists as diverse as the Weavers, Frank Sinatra, and Ernest Tubb; before long, other Leadbelly songs were being featured by folk, country, and popular bands.", "Leadbelly, nickname of Huddie William Ledbetter, 1885–1949, American singer, b. Mooringsport, La. While wandering through Louisiana and Texas, he earned a living by playing the guitar for dances. For a time he joined with Blind Lemon Jefferson, the blues singer, who influenced his future style. Leadbelly's blues and work songs are a survival of the earliest African-American music (see jazz ). He was jailed in 1918 for murder and put on a chain gang; he was pardoned in 1925 but was again put in jail for attempted murder (1930–34) and for assault (1939–40). The folklorist John A. Lomax discovered Leadbelly in prison and used his songs for a book, Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Lead Belly (1936). In the 1940s Leadbelly made numerous nightclub appearances, accompanying himself on his 12-string guitar; in 1949 he made a concert tour in France.", "When Leadbelly was released from Angola in 1934, jobs were scarce, especially for ex-convicts. But Lomax hired him as a recording assistant and took him to New York, where Lomax was well connected with musicologists.", "Soon after arriving in New York City with the Lomaxes, Lead Belly came to national prominence through his singing and unconventional background. Despite his growing musical reputation, he continued to have problems controlling his temper and found himself briefly incarcerated for assault in 1939 on Riker's Island. Ironically, his popularity was stronger in the white folk–music scene than the black blues field. His associates included Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger, and Sonny Terry. His original songs such as \"Bourgeois Blues\" and \"Scottsboro Boys\" reflected his politics. Lead Belly's most popular composition, \"Goodnight Irene,\" achieved its greatest success when the Weavers recorded it in the early 1950s, after his death.", "It's the birthday of blues singer and songwriter Huddie \"Lead Belly\" Ledbetter (sometimes noted as January 20 or January 29), born in Mooringsport, Louisiana (1888). He's best known for his songs \"Goodnight Irene,\" \"Midnight Special,\" and \"Rock Island Line\" and for his skill in playing 12-string guitar. Ledbetter spent his early years working in the fields of the South, but he knew how to play several instruments by the age of 15. The nickname \"Lead Belly\" came from his deep bass voice. By the end of his career, Ledbetter claimed to have written over 500 songs.", "Lead Belly - Huddie William Ledbetter, (January, 1888 - December 6, 1949) was an American folk and blues musician, notable for his clear and forceful singing, his virtuosity on the twelve string guitar, and the rich songbook of folk standards he introduced. Although he most commonly played the twelve string, he could also play the piano, mandolin, harmonica, violin, concertina, and accordion. In some of his recordings, such as in one of his versions of the folk ballad \"John Hardy\", he performs on the accordion instead of the guitar. In 1949 he began his first European tour with a trip to France, but fell ill before its completion, and was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease. Lead Belly died later that year in New York City.", "Lead Belly was born Huddie William Ledbetter on the Jeter Plantation near Mooringsport, Louisiana in January 1888. His family moved to Bowie County, Texas, when Ledbetter was 5 yrs old. Lead Belly's signature instrument was the 12 string guitar but he also played the accordion, violin, piano, harmonica, mandolin, and concertina. His temper landed him in prison many times between 1915, and 1934. Ledbetter was freed from Lousiana's Angola prison in 1934 due to good behavior. \"Boll Weevil\" recording by John, and Alan Lomax inside Angola prison, 1934.", "Huddie Ledbetter, better known as Lead Belly or Leadbelly, sang spirituals, popular songs, field and prison hollers, cowboy and children's songs, dance tunes and folk ballads, as well as his own compositions throughout his career. Lead Belly was first recorded in 1933 by John and Alan Lomax when the singer was serving time in the Louisiana State Penitentiary. \"Goodnight, Irene,\" Lead Belly's best-known song, became a bestseller for the Weavers in 1950, just months after Lead Belly's death. This is the first recording of \"Irene,\" which includes some lyrics that were later changed. Selected for the 2003 registry.", "In 1944, Leadbelly headed west to Hollywood in hopes of getting work in the studios. Although he was unable to land work in movies, he made a decent living playing club circuits. He recorded for Capitol records, which used the best recording technology that he had so far encountered. But by late 1946, he had had enough of the West Coast and returned to New York.", " 1888 – Happy Birthday, Huddie Ledbetter, better known to the world as “Lead Belly,” or “Leadbelly”, American blues and folk musician . He was known as the “the King of the Twelve-String Guitar ”and Lead Belly recorded for a variety of labels, including Folkways, and performed until his death in 1949 of Lou Gehrig’s disease. He wrote and performed, Goodnight Irene, Cottonfields, House of the Rising Sun, and Midnight Special.", "By 1917, when Leadbelly was jailed for assault, the two musicians had gone their separate ways. Although Lead-belly's parents sold their land to pay for his legal defense, Leadbelly was sentenced to short-term hard labor. He escaped from the penitentiary by outrunning the prison dogs. After seeking refuge at his parents' farm, he was sent by his father to New Orleans. But he disliked that city and moved on to De Kalb, Texas, in the northeastern part of the state near Arkansas. Hoping to avoid recapture, he supported himself as a farm laborer while relatives helped him.", "When Lead Belly was released from prison, the United States was deep in the Great Depression, and jobs were very scarce. In September 1934, in need of regular work in order to avoid cancellation of his release from prison, Lead Belly asked John Lomax to take him on as a driver. For three months he assisted the 67-year-old in his folk song collecting around the South. (Alan Lomax was ill and did not accompany his father on this trip.)", "Much early blues in Shreveport was performed on acoustic instruments such as the guitar, harmonica, and piano. Leadbelly played the twelve-string guitar and used it to give his music a rhythmic drive that would rival most full electric bands. Contemporary blues, soul, and R&B in Shreveport and throughout North Louisiana tends to favor such instruments as bass, drums, electric guitar, various types of keyboards, and saxophones and/or horn sections.", "While in Connecticut, Leadbelly recorded songs for the Library of Congress archives. Lomax also made arrangements for Leadbelly to record under the label of the American Record Company. Although American released some of Leadbelly's recordings commercially, they sold poorly, the peak market for rural blues having passed some ten years earlier. But part of the problem was that the company insisted Leadbelly record blues rather than folk songs, even though most of his repertoire was folk music. As a result, Leadbelly never did sell many records while he was alive, even though there was a large interest among white audiences in his folk music.", "* One of the earliest and greatest bluesmen, Lead Belly (an orthography he repeatedly insisted upon to no avail, as \"Leadbelly\" still remains more common) Huddie Ledbetter spent much of his life in prison yet changed American music forever. His most recognizable song today is \"Where Did You Sleep Last Night\" because of the Music/{{Nirvana}} cover on MTV Unplugged. Music/KurtCobain asked [[Creator/GeffenRecords David Geffen]] if he'd buy for him an old guitar played by Lead Belly. Presumably Geffen decided he'd already sufficiently compensated Cobain for ''Nevermind'''s 25 million copies, and declined to spend $500,000 on the proposed gift.", "The first blues period spans the latter part of the 19th Century to about 1930. This period featured artists like country blues singer Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) and urban blues singer Bessie Smith. B.B. King is a leading artist of the second blues period which spans 1930 to the present.", "Twelve string guitarist and Rural Blues man Huddie “Leadbelly” Ledbetter meets Blues man Blind Lemon Jefferson in a Dallas saloon. A partnership is formed.", "318. Huddie ‘Lead Belly’ Ledbetter. One of the premier American folksingers (1888-1949), he spent years in and out of jail for murder and attempted murder, recorded ‘Goodnight, Irene,’ ‘Boll Weevil,’ ‘The Midnight Special,’ and others. Vintage 7.25 x 9.25 program photo, signed in the lower border in black ink, “Huddie Ledbetter.” In fine condition, with a vertical fold, small edge tear, and some scattered light creases. One of the rarest blues autographs, virtually nonexistent in signed photos. RR Auction COA. Starting Bid $200", "Surviving on welfare and odd jobs, Leadbelly and his wife struggled to make ends meet. Lomax's book was not selling well. Jazz and swing now dominated popular tastes. The American folk music following and Leadbelly's audiences were largely confined to members of the political Left.", "In 1939, Leadbelly was arrested for assaulting a man with a knife. He reportedly stabbed the man sixteen times. Convicted of third-degree assault, Leadbelly was sentenced to less than a year in prison. During the trial, Leadbelly made his first commercial recordings since 1935 for Musicraft, a small company with left-wing political affiliations. He received a small advance on royalties for his efforts.", "Did you know that, according to Wikipedia, \" Goodnight, Irene\" is a 20th century American folk standard, written in 3/4 time, and was first recorded by American blues musician Huddie 'Lead Belly' Ledbetter in 1932?", "The turn-of-the-century country blues tradition was not restricted to the Mississippi Delta. Blind Lemon Jefferson, who was born near Wortham, Texas, in 1897, also developed a powerful rural blues style. Jefferson employed a spare, riff-oriented guitar style behind his droning and resonant vocalizing. Although he was capable of the raspy low tones favored by many blues singers, his voice was perhaps most admired for its thin, high tones--a stylistic device that, for many listeners, stands out as the most distinctive characteristic of the early Texas blues sound. Jefferson's first records date from the mid-1920s and, like Patton's, include both religious music as well as the blues work that would generate renown for him around the South. Jefferson appears to have traveled and performed widely--although it is often difficult to separate the truth from rumor in the case of this now legendary bluesman--before his death in December 1929.", "Since the early 1950s, Willie Dixon has been the studio kingpin of Chicago blues, having written, produced, and played bass on countless classics by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Koko Taylor, and many others. Dixon has always managed to find time away from the studio to work as a performer, slapping his upright bass and singing his own tunes in a highly compelling, conversational baritone. He was working the coffeehouse circuit with pianist Memphis Slim when he cut this, his first album as a leader, in 1959. HQ-200gm.", "In 1946, King followed Bukka White to Memphis, Tennessee. White took him in for the next ten months. However, King returned to Mississippi shortly afterward, where he decided to prepare himself better for the next visit, and returned to West Memphis, Arkansas, two years later in 1948. He performed on Sonny Boy Williamson's radio program on KWEM in West Memphis, where he began to develop an audience. King's appearances led to steady engagements at the Sixteenth Avenue Grill in West Memphis and later to a ten-minute spot on the Memphis radio station WDIA. The radio spot became so popular that it was expanded and became the Sepia Swing Club. ", "\"Blues shouter\" born in Kansas City. From 1945 to 1951, made recordings with many labels before signing with Atlantic in 1951. \"Shake, Rattle, and Roll\" (1954) was his biggest rock 'n' roll record for Atlantic.", "On Cow Cow Davenport's recommendation Pinetop moved with his family to Chicago in 1928 in hopes of recording with Vocalian Records. In Chicago Pinetop met pianists Albert Ammons and Meade ‘Lux’ Lewis and lived in the same rooming house with them. Meade \"Lux\" Lewis in an interview with the Pittsburgh Courier said before Pinetop came up with the term \"Boogie Woogie\" he and Albert Ammons called their style of music \"playing the fives\".", "Veteran of the “chitlin’ circuit” Rush is a blues legend and a true entertainer. In addition to playing clubs and festivals, he is a goodwill ambassador playing for US troops abroad and in 2010 playing at the Great Wall of China. Born in Louisiana , he moved to Chicago at age 13 with his family and managed to form a band which included Freddie King, Luther Johnson, Bobby King, and Luther Allison . He also performed in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, with Boyd Gilmore, and Johnny ‘Big Moose’ Walker . He later moved to Jackson, MS and has since traveled the world.", "albert king (legendary, grammy nominated blues gtrst, opened for \"jimmy hendrix\" & \"janis joplin\" at the fillmore west in \"68, did an album w/\"stevie ray vaughn\" in early '80's/\"born under a bad sign\" w/\"booker t. and mg's\") (1992)", "First popularized during the late 1920s by Pinetop Smith, boogie-woogie experienced a strong revival during the late 1930s and early 1940s through the recordings of Meade Lux Lewis, Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson, Jimmy Yancey, Cripple Clarence Lofton, and Cow Cow Davenport. This genre had considerable influence on accompaniment styles in the popular music called rhythm & blues, as well as the beginnings of rock 'n'roll.", "in 1926 - Danny Overbea, blues adn R&B singer/songwriter and guitarist, a pioneer of rock and roll, is born." ]	[ 3.3515625, 3.28515625, 3.26171875, 1.2109375, 1.169921875, 0.7998046875, 0.73779296875, -0.133544921875, -0.60205078125, -0.6494140625, -0.75927734375, -1.0263671875, -1.1083984375, -1.3154296875, -1.3642578125, -1.7021484375, -2.0546875, -2.369140625, -2.3984375, -3.166015625, -3.623046875, -5.01171875, -5.46484375, -6.08984375, -6.25, -7.63671875, -8.15625, -8.484375, -8.6640625, -9.1015625, -9.6640625, -10.4375 ]
Most of the Three Tenors come from which country?	[ "Throughout the Seinfeld episode \"The Doll\", José Carreras is repeatedly referred to as \"the other guy\", while the names of Domingo and Pavarotti are easily recalled. In the same episode, Elaine refers to him as an \"italian opera star\", which is incorrect, both Plácido Domingo and José Carreras are from Spain. In The Simpsons episode \"Homer of Seville\", Homer becomes an opera star and gives advice to Plácido Domingo, while referring to him as his \"third favorite\" of the Three Tenors. The Animaniacs cartoon Three Tenors and You're Out featured the trio performing at Dodger Stadium. The Canadian sketch comedy series Royal Canadian Air Farce parodied The Three Tenors in a sketch. In the Frasier episode \"The Perfect Guy\" Frasier attempts to impress Dr. Clint Webber by referring to an old friendship he had with Carreras but it backfires when Clint reveals Carreras is his godfather. In the original Japanese version of the anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's the main antagonists, the three emperors of Yliaster, are called Plácido, Luciano and José in reference to The Three Tenors.", "The Three Tenors were a popular operatic singing group during the 1990s and early 2000s, consisting of Spaniards Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and the Italian Luciano Pavarotti. The trio began their collaboration with a performance at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome, Italy on 7 July 1990, the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final. Zubin Mehta conducted the orchestra of Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and the orchestra of Teatro dell'Opera di Roma.", "After his operation and chemotherapy, he was never quite able to return to his full, punishing operatic schedule. He found instead a new role for himself as a populariser of opera. Most famously, as a fanatical football fan, he came up with the idea of forming The Three Tenors to mark the opening of the 1990 World Cup in Italy. He and his friends Placido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti intended the concert as a one off, but such was its popularity they ended up performing together a further 30 times, racking up colossal record sales along the way (which still hold the record for classical music).", "Pavarotti became even better known throughout the world in 1990 when his rendition of the aria \"Nessun Dorma\" from Giacomo Puccini's Turandot was taken as the theme song of BBC's TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria achieved pop status and remained his trademark song. This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert, held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time. A highlight of the concert, in which Pavarotti hammed up a famous portion of di Capua's \"O Sole Mio\" and was mimicked by Domingo and Carreras to the delight of the audience, became one of the most memorable moments in contemporary operatic history. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many well-attended outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park, which drew a record attendance of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his free performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for an estimated crowd of 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, the Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups: in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002.", "Il Divo comprises four singers, three of whom are classically trained, from four different countries: German-born Spanish baritone Carlos Marín (b. 1968), two trained classic tenors Swiss Urs Bühler (b. 1971) and American David Miller, (b. 1973), and French pop singer-songwriter Sébastien Izambard (b. 1973).", "Placido Domingo (1941-) With over 100 operas and 147 roles under his belt, Placido Domingo is a seasoned operatic star. Born in Madrid, Spain, the celebrated tenor made his operatic debut as “Alfredo” in La Triviata at Monterrey, Mexico in 1961. Just as Carreras and Pavarotti, Domingo has performed in opera houses around the world. Now in his mid-70s and understanding the changes in his voice, Domingo sings baritone roles instead. In 1993, Domingo founded a young singer competition called Operalia. The competition is open to 18-32 year olds, and is hosted in a different city every year. Out of nearly 1,000 entrants, only the top 40 are selected for the competition.", "But what The Three Tenors — who, despite their diplomatic official billing in alphabetic order, soon became enshrined in American pop culture via Seinfeld as \"Pavarotti, Domingo and that other guy \" — also ushered in was a new era in crossover music that arguably outshined even the trios' own idols from previous generations, such as Mario Lanza in the 1940s and '50s and Enrico Caruso decades before that. Caruso and Lanza were surely icons, but they were singular superstars in their own respective eras.", "The \"Three Tenors\" (Placido Domingo, José Carreras, and Luciano Pavarotti) sing Nessun Dorma [ YouTube Link ], lyrics", "Verdi's music was used in hundreds of film scores. His operas has been the staples of operatic repertoire. His canzonas \"La donna è mobile\" from opera 'Rigoletto' (1851) and \"Libiamo ne'lieti calici\" (Drinking song) from 'La Traviata' (1853) has been popular concert numbers in performances by the three tenors: Luciano Pavarotti , Plácido Domingo and José Carreras .", "The male divo does exist in Italian and it is usually reserved for the most prominent leading tenors, like Enrico Caruso or Beniamino Gigli. The Italian term divismo describes the star making system in the film industry.", "* In 2001, the Three Tenors, Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances.", "Though opera patronage has decreased in the last century in favor of other arts and media (such as musicals, cinema, radio, television and recordings), mass media and the advent of recording have supported the popularity of many famous singers including Maria Callas , Enrico Caruso , Amelita Galli-Curci , Kirsten Flagstad , Mario Del Monaco , Risë Stevens , Alfredo Kraus , Franco Corelli , Montserrat Caballé , Joan Sutherland , Birgit Nilsson , Nellie Melba , Rosa Ponselle , Beniamino Gigli , Jussi Björling , Feodor Chaliapin , and “ The Three Tenors ” ( Luciano Pavarotti , Plácido Domingo , and José Carreras ).", "Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's recordings, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day such as Enrico Caruso.Pavarotti began his professional career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses but then went to perform in Yugoslavia, Ireland and the US. He’s also famous for his performances alongside rock and pop stars such as Bon Jovi, Queen, Celine Dion, Brian Adams, the Spice Girls amongst many others.", "Enrico Caruso (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and North and South America. Caruso also made approximately 290 commercial recordings of his voice, beginning as early as 1902 in Italy and continuing from 1904 until 1920 in the United States. All of his known surviving recordings are available today on remastered CDs.", "Carreras, José Spanish operatic lyric tenor known for his rich voice and good looks. As one of the “ Three Tenors ” (together with the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti and the Spanish singer Plácido Domingo), Carreras helped find a larger popular audience for opera....", "The Three Tenors joined to conquer. When this trio of famous opera singers — José Carreras, Placido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti — gave a one-night-only show at Los Angeles' Dodger Stadium on July 16, 1994, it was a massive spectacle watched by a billion people worldwide. More than that, the Three Tenors phenomenon permanently altered how a large amount of classical music is presented, packaged and sold.", "The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian Antonio Tamburini (1800–1876). He was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozart's eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, which are the hallmarks of a bel canto singer. Tamburini's range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern \"Verdi baritone\". His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the Paris Opera between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including Guillaume Tell. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in L'elisir d'amore in 1832.", "Luciano Pavarotti was the best-selling classical singer and humanitarian known for his most original and popular performances with the 'Three Tenors' and 'Pavarotti & Friends'.", "Italian opera remains a popular form of entertainment throughout the world, with works by its most eminent composers being performed every day on a stage somewhere. The Three Tenors brought opera to the attention of the general populace, and many of us changed our minds about what this music had to offer. Whether we understand the lyrics or not, pieces like Nessun Dorma can affect us in a way that other music can't. In that moment, a long dead composer reaches across time and touches our souls.", "José Plácido Domingo Embil (; born 21 January 1941), known as Plácido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, conductor and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, German, Spanish, English and Russian in the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Although primarily a lirico-spinto tenor for most of his career, especially popular for his Cavaradossi, Hoffmann, Don José, and Canio, he quickly moved into more dramatic roles, becoming the most acclaimed Otello of his generation. In the early 2010s, he transitioned from the tenor repertory into almost exclusively baritone parts, most notably Simon Boccanegra. He has performed 147 different roles.", "The Three Tenors repertoire ranged from opera to Broadway to Neapolitan songs and pop hits. The group's signature songs included \"Nessun dorma\" from Puccini's opera Turandot, usually sung by Pavarotti, and the ballad \"O Sole Mio\", which all three tenors typically sang together. ", "Domingo has also achieved significant success as a crossover artist, especially in the genres of Latin and popular music. In addition to winning fourteen Grammy and Latin Grammy Awards, several of his records have gone silver, gold, platinum and multi-platinum. His first pop album, Perhaps Love (1981), spread his fame beyond the opera world. The title song, performed as a duet with country and folk singer John Denver, has sold almost four million copies and helped lead to numerous television appearances for the tenor. He also starred in many cinematically released and televised opera movies, particularly under the direction of Franco Zeffirelli. In 1990, he began singing with fellow tenors Luciano Pavarotti and José Carreras as part of The Three Tenors. The first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. Classical Music Magazine, volume 17, p. 39 (1994). \"And then there's the three tenors phenomenon: The London recording from the 1990 concert became the biggest-selling classical album of all time, having now topped 10-million units throughout the world.\"", "Il Divo, Italian for \"divine male performer,\" is an international operatic pop vocal group under the Sony BMG music label from United Kingdom. Il Divo is formed by singers David Miller, Sébastien Izambard, Urs Bühler, and Carlos Marín.", "Arturo Toscanini (; March 25, 1867 – January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and of the 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his photographic memory. He was at various times the music director of La Scala Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Later in his career he was appointed the first music director of the NBC Symphony Orchestra (1937–54), and this led to his becoming a household name (especially in the United States) through his radio and television broadcasts and many recordings of the operatic and symphonic repertoire.", "\"Is it good money ?\" Pavarotti once asked a reporter rhetorically about the lure of the Three Tenors billing. \"By God, it's good money.\" Each tenor was paid about $1 million plus royalties for the Los Angeles show. (That would be worth approximately $1.6 million today.) When they headed out on their worldwide tour two years later, the three singers were earning $500,000 per concert apiece — about $800,000 in today's dollars — plus a percentage of all the merchandise sales and royalties. ( James Levine , who replaced Zubin Mehta on the later tours, earned a flat $500,000 per performance.)", "\"Is it good money ?\" Pavarotti once asked a reporter rhetorically about the lure of the Three Tenors billing. \"By God, it's good money.\" Each tenor was paid about $1 million plus royalties for the Los Angeles show. (That would be worth approximately $1.6 million today.) When they headed out on their worldwide tour two years later, the three singers were earning $500,000 per concert apiece — about $800,000 in today's dollars — plus a percentage of all the merchandise sales and royalties. ( James Levine , who replaced Zubin Mehta on the later tours, earned a flat $500,000 per performance.)", "Enrico Caruso - An Italian tenor (and more) \| My Italian Family \| Family Tree, Italian Citizenship, Records & Trips", "Video note: Tenor Luigi Alva sings 'El trust de los tenorios' (1963, Alva is 36) Jose Serrano Simeon (composer) Carlos Arniches Barrera ' Enrique Garcia Alvarez (authors) Iller Pattacini (conductor)", "Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: sopranist or \"male soprano\", the haute-contre, and the castrato. The last actual castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922.", "Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's recordings featuring the popular tenors of the day. At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He took a few voice lessons at the time, but he has said they were not significant. After a normal childhood with an interest in sports, especially soccer, he graduated from the Schola Magistrale and faced the dilemma of choosing a career.", "Giuseppe Verdi's career spans three quarters of the nineteenth century. He was born in 1813 at Roncole, near Busseto, the son of a tavern-keeper, and distinguished himself locally in music. The encouragement and patronage of his future father-in-law, Antonio Barezzi, a merchant in Busseto, allowed him further study in Milan, before returning to Busseto as maestro di musica. His first venture into opera, a reasonably successful one, was in 1839 with Oberto. This was followed, however, by the failure of Un giorno di regno, written at a period when the composer suffered the death of his wife and two children. His early reputation was established by the opera Nabucco, staged at La Scala in Milan in 1842.", "Il Divo is a musical quartet operatic pop vocal group that includes singers Carlos Marin , Urs Buhler , Sebastien Izambard , and David Miller. The band is formed by Simon Cowell , »" ]	[ 2.572265625, 1.6484375, 1.1376953125, -0.85546875, -1.3076171875, -1.9013671875, -2.623046875, -2.91015625, -3.080078125, -3.1171875, -3.212890625, -3.271484375, -3.33203125, -3.3515625, -3.470703125, -3.541015625, -3.669921875, -3.9765625, -4.1640625, -4.53125, -4.5546875, -4.734375, -5.83203125, -5.95703125, -6.0625, -6.0625, -6.06640625, -7.2734375, -7.5625, -8.84375, -9.6796875, -9.921875 ]
Who is taller, Holly Hunter or Madonna?	[ "Madonna Louise Ciccone (born 16 August 1958), known simply by her first name Madonna, is an American pop singer-songwriter, record and film producer, film director, dancer, actress, author and a fashion icon.", "Madonna Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone(born August 16, 1958) is an American pop singer, dancer, songwriter, producer, actress, and author. Noted for her innovative music videos, elaborately mounted stage performances, and often controversial use of sexual and religious themes and imagery in her work, Madonna has gained worldwide fame and notoriety throughout her career.", "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone (born August 16, 1958), simply known by the stage name Madonna, is a pop singer considered by many to be the queen of popular music. She has had a long career that has been marked by success and controversy.", "Madonna (born Madonna Louise Ciccone; August 16, 1958) is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan , she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in pop groups, she released her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums in which she found immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Throughout her career, most of her songs have hit number one on the record charts, including \" Like a Virgin \", \" Papa Don't Preach \", \" Like a Prayer \", \" Vogue \", \" Frozen \", \" Music \", \" Hung Up \", and \" 4 Minutes \". Madonna has been praised by critics for her diverse musical productions while at the same time serving as a lightning rod for religious controversy.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "Madonna was born on August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, United States. Her full name is Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone and currently has 56 years old today. His hits include the song include, “Like a Virgin” from the year 1984, “La Isla Bonita” in the year 1987, “like a prayer” in 1989 and “Hung Up” in 2005), it also became actress, acting in the film, “Evita”, released in 1996. The American singer is one of the artists with greater commercial success of the last century.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone (1958 - ) An American singer, songwriter, actress and businesswoman. Some of her hit singles include \"Material Girl,\" and \"Vogue.\" She has also acted in such movies as A League of Their Own, and Evita. Born in Bay City, MI (265)", "American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman, often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop.\" Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide and is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records, having sold 64.5 million albums. Her number one hit singles include \"Like a Virgin,\" \"Into the Groove,\" \"Papa Don't Preach,\" \"Like a Prayer,\" \"Vogue,\" \"Frozen,\" \"Music\" and \"Hung Up.\"", "The renowned American singer, actress, dancer and businesswomen, Madonna Louise Ciccone was born on August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan.The Queen of Pop is the eldest daughter of Madonna Louise Fortin and Silvio Anthony Ciccone. From her childhood, Madonna wanted to become a ballet dancer and in struggle for achieving her dreams, she moved to New York City in 1978 where she started to work as a backup dancer along with working as a waitress at Dunkin’ Donuts to fulfill her financial needs. During 1981, she formed a band named “Emmy” with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray. The two recorded a few songs and after getting impressed by their work, Madonna was signed by Sire Records.", "Madonna's popularity was further enhanced by her critically successful role in film Desperately Seeking Susan (1985). However, most of her film appearances received harsh feedback. She garnered critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Evita (1996). Her other ventures include: fashion design, writing children's books, and film directing and producing. She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman, most notably after she founded entertainment company Maverick (including the label Maverick Records) in 1992 as a joint venture with Time Warner. In 2007, she signed an unprecedented US $120 million 360 deal with Live Nation.", "Holly Hunter was born in Conyers, Georgia, to Opal Marguerite (Catledge), a homemaker, and Charles Edwin Hunter, a part-time sporting goods company representative and farmer with a 250 acre farm. She is the youngest of seven children. Her parents encouraged her talent at an early age, and her first acting part was as Helen Keller in a fifth-grade play. In 1976 she went to Pittsburgh to pursue a degree in drama from Carnegie Mellon University. After graduating in 1980, she went to New York City, where she met playwright Beth Henley in a stalled elevator. Hunter went on to get roles in a number of Henley's southern gothic plays, including Crimes of the Heart and The Miss Firecracker Contest. In 1982 the actress went to Los Angeles. She landed her first starring role in the movies in the Coen brothers' Raising Arizona , a part that is said to have been written with her in mind. She gained stardom in 1987 when she played the driven TV news producer Jane Craig in James L. Brooks ' Broadcast News . In 1993 she earned an Academy Award and worldwide acclaim with her performance as a mute bride to a New Zealand planter in The Piano .", "Madonna has exactly 7 years more than Mariah Carey and she has sold more than 336 millions according to Guinness and according to Warner bros. inc. IFPI, 2005 she surpassed 380 million, just imagine now.", "Holly Hunter was born in Conyers, Georgia, the youngest of seven children whose father was a part-time sporting goods company representative and part-time farmer with a 250 acre farm. Her parents encouraged in her talent at an early age, and her first acting part was as Helen Keller in a fifth-grade play. In 1976 she went to Pittsburgh to pursue a degree in drama from Carnegie Mellon University. After graduating in 1980, she went to New York City, where she met playwright Beth Henley in a stalled elevator. Hunter went on to get roles in a number of Henley’s southern gothic plays, including Crimes of the Heart and The Miss Firecracker Contest. In 1982 the actress went to Los Angeles. She landed her first starring role in the movies in the Coen brothers’ Raising Arizona (1987), a part that is said to have been written with her in mind. She gained stardom in 1987 when she played the driven TV news producer Jane Craig in James L. Brooks’ Broadcast News (1987). In 1993 she earned an Academy Award and worldwide acclaim with her performance as a mute bride to a New Zealand planter in The Piano (1993).", "Ariana Grande was wearing heels with 1\" platforms and looked about the same height as Madonna but Grande is said to be max 5f1 so with that I think Madonna is actually 5f2 max. She was listed at that in the 80s but not sure why the bump in her height? Most celebs always seem to add an inch or two or three to their real height. lol", "To me she seems she is 5´3 or 5´3.5 When she stood next to Britney in the 2003 VMA´s she clearly was at least an inch shorter than Britney. If Britney is 5´4 I´m guessing that Madonna is 5´3 cuz she is clearly shorter than Britney.", "She solidified her reinvention as the more mature, family-friendly Madonna when she married British director Guy Ritchie in 2000. She gave birth to their son, Rocco John Ritchie, the same year. She then made the move from the big screen to the London West End stage in the play Up for Grabs (2002), and wrote her first children's book, The English Roses, in 2003. Madonna was inducted into the inaugural UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. With the release of her 2005 album Confessions on a Dancefloor, Madonna became the artist with the most gold certified singles in the U.S., beating the Beatles' long-standing record.", "I held a door open to a lady in tweeds and her friend whilst entering a bar at the Berkeley Hotel in Knightsbridge around 2003/4 and was puzzled how she made her way past the rest of us to the front of the queue and was seated and served immediately by the bar staff. After, she handed over her tweed hat and jacket I could see why - it was none other than Madonna. She was in her mid 40s and looked about 28 with good skin. It's about the only time in my life when I have been truly star-struck. Taking into account her footwear, I would put her at 5ft4.", "Fact: <p> Madonna is taking horse-riding lessons with celebrated British Olympic champion WILLIAM FOX-PITT again, despite her horrific fall last August (05). </p>", "This is definiately not what I have heard about Madonna. I heard she is tall: 5'8. Is everyone sure about this? I mean, she looks pretty tall to me!", "Madonna has always been ahead of the game and her time…Leaving Mariah Carey 5 years behind to date.", "Madonna has started in 1982 and doesn’t want to see an end until she is dead.", "Madonna entered mainstream films in 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest , a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained her U.S. number one single, \" Crazy for You \". [35] She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), a film which introduced the song \" Into the Groove \", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. [36] Although not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became seen (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. [37] The film received a nomination for a César Award for Best Foreign Film and The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985. [38] While filming the music video for the second single from Like a Virgin—\" Material Girl \"—Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn and married him on her birthday in 1985. [39]", "Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number-one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, \"Like a Virgin\", topped the Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned. ", "In December 1990, Madonna decided to leave Jennifer Lynch 's film Boxing Helena , which she had previously agreed to star in, without any explanation to the producers. [75] From late 1990 to early 1991, Madonna dated Tony Ward , a model and pornography performer who appeared in her music videos for \"Cherish\" and \"Justify My Love\". She also had an eight-month relationship with rapper Vanilla Ice . [76] Her first documentary film Truth or Dare (known as In Bed with Madonna outside North America) was released in mid-1991. The documentary chronicled her Blond Ambition World Tour and provided glimpses into her personal life. [18]", "Catherine \"Kate\" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. In 1978, at the age of 19, Bush topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single \"Wuthering Heights\", becoming the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written song. She has since released ten albums, three of which topped the UK Albums Chart. She has had 25 UK Top 40 hit singles, including the Top 10 hits \"Wuthering Heights\", \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\", \"Babooshka\", \"Running Up That Hill\" (as well as its 2012 remix), \"Don't Give Up\" (a duet with Peter Gabriel), and \"King of the Mountain\". Ocultar", "Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert \"in combining music, fashion, art and technology, Gaga evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now\", and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws: \"obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in her girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats.\" … Read More", "Fan-favourite Gambler, which Madonna doesn’t seem to be that fond of and can be very hard to track down, finishes 25th, with a sales tally of 270,000. Its sandwiched between two of Madonna’s hugely overlooked hits Dress You Up and Angel, which both reached Number 5 despite having no video! The power of Madonna in 1985 – if you'd have been able to bottle it, you'd have ruled the world.", "Fact: The famous conical bra worn by Madonna on her 1990 Blonde Ambition World Tour is to be put on display at a London exhibition celebrating the designs of French fashion mogul Jean Paul Gaultier. The Fashion World Of Jean Paul Gaultier: From The Sidewalk To The Catwalk, which was previously shown in Canada, is transferring to London's Barbican venue in 2014.", "A worker on the set of Desperately Seeking Susan said Madonna 's dalliances were no secret. \"Her trailer would be rocking back and forth like there was an earthquake or something. 'Like A Virgin' had just come out, so we all had a good laugh. But when it came to work, she was a total professional.\"", "I heard she is short but not kylie minogue short. I remember on the graham norton show she was about his height in 5 inch heels. He's about 174cm. 161cm is about right. I think she is taller than lady gaga because gaga always wears platform heels.", "Singer and novelist Marsha Hunt shot to fame when she played Dionne in the smash musical Hair and posed nude for the promotional images. Famed for her huge afro hairstyle, which provided one of the most iconic images of the 60s the former Marc Bolan and Rolling Stones muse is also renowned for her rock-chick-meets boho mix of daring leather hotpants and floaty, maxi dresses.", "Rachel Hunter (born 9 September 1969) is a New Zealand born model, actress and reality TV show host," ]	[ 7.6640625, 7.21875, 7, 6.64453125, 6.53515625, 5.59765625, 4.5625, 4.375, 1.443359375, 1.064453125, 0.16015625, -0.300537109375, -0.5439453125, -1.7275390625, -1.765625, -1.8798828125, -1.9619140625, -2.056640625, -2.08984375, -2.240234375, -3.087890625, -3.59375, -4.7109375, -4.7265625, -5.62890625, -6.0390625, -6.5234375, -6.71484375, -6.8046875, -6.89453125, -8.140625, -8.40625 ]
What is Ryan O'Neal's real first name?	[ "Charles Patrick Ryan O'Neal (born April 20, 1941), known professionally as Ryan O'Neal, is an American actor and former amateur boxer.", "Trivia Answer: Ryan O'Neal -- born Charles Patrick Ryan O'Neal, Jr. -- who turns 75. HIs daughter is Tatum O'Neal. Ryan was also known for his decades long on and off again relationship with Farrah Fawcett until her death. In June of 2009, O'Neal said he asked Fawcett again to marry him. O'Neal reported that this time she said yes, and stated that the wedding would happen \"as soon as she can say yes\". No ceremony took place before Fawcett's death on June 25th of 2009.", "Ryan O'Neal was born on April 20, 1941 in Los Angeles, California, USA as Charles Samuel Eldridge Patrick Ryan O'Neal III. He is an actor, known for Peyton Place (1964), Barry Lyndon (1975) and Paper Moon (1973). He was previously married to Leigh Taylor-Young and Joanna Moore .", "* Actors, Ryan and Kevin O'Neal, are brothers. Ryan is the father of Oscar-winning actress, Tatum O'Neal, and actor, Griffin O'Neal, by his first wife, Joanna Moore. He is the father of former actor and current sports anchor, Patrick, by former wife, Leigh Taylor-Young.", "From 1979 until 1997 Fawcett was involved romantically with actor Ryan O'Neal. The relationship produced a son, Redmond James Fawcett O'Neal, born January 30, 1985 in Los Angeles.[26] In April 2009, on probation for driving under the influence, Redmond was arrested for possession of narcotics while Fawcett was in the hospital.[citation needed] On June 22, 2009, The Los Angeles Times and Reuters reported that Ryan O'Neal had said that Fawcett had agreed to marry him as soon as she felt strong enough.", "She was born Tatum Beatrice O'Neal on November 5, 1963 in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of actors Ryan O'Neal and Joanna Moore , who had appeared in various motion pictures and television shows. Her brother, Griffin , was born in 1964. In 1967, her parents divorced and her father quickly remarried. Her father's marriage to actress Leigh Taylor-Young produced Tatum's half-brother, Patrick, but the union ended in divorce in 1973. Tatum has another half-brother, Redmond , from Ryan O'Neal's relationship with actress Farrah Fawcett . O'Neal's mother died in 1997 of lung cancer at age 63, after a career in which she had appeared in such movies as Walk on the Wild Side and Follow That Dream.", "Actor Patrick Ryan O'Neal was born on April 20, 1941, in Los Angeles, California. He was born into show business as the son of writer, Charles \"Blackie\" O'Neal, and actress Patricia Callaghan. Determined to follow his own path, O'Neal trained to become a professional boxer, competing in two Golden Gloves championships in Los Angeles in 1956 and 1957. He had an impressive amateur fighting record—18 wins to 4 losses, with 13 knockouts.", "O'Neal was in a long-term relationship with actress Farrah Fawcett until her death in 2009. He was previously married to actresses Joanna Moore and Leigh Taylor-Young; both marriages ended in divorce. He has four children: Tatum O'Neal and Griffin O'Neal (with Moore), Patrick O'Neal (with Taylor-Young), and Redmond James Fawcett O'Neal (with Fawcett; born January 30, 1985). In her 2014 memoir, Anjelica Huston claimed that O'Neal physically abused her when they were in a relationship. ", "Lived with Ryan O'Neal for 17 years. His daughter, actress Tatum O'Neal , disapproved of her father's relationship with Fawcett. However, when Fawcett passed away, Tatum had only good things to say about her.", "O’Neal is the son of screenwriter Charles O’Neal and actress Patricia Callaghan O’Neal. A California native, he spent much of his childhood living abroad.Born on April 20, 1941 in Los Angeles, California, US.", "When John McEnroe married Tatum O’Neal in 1986, the former World Number 1 tennis player was taking a year long break from his decorated career. McEnroe had already been a three time Wimbledon champion as well as a four time US Open winner. O’Neal, on the other hand, had been the youngest person ever to win an Academy Award when she was named best supporting actress at aged 10 for her role in Paper Moon. However O’Neal’s adult career had been marred by drug problems and she’d made few movie appearances in years leading up to her marriage. Still the actress appeared to be settling down and shortly after her marriage to McEnroe the couple’s first child, Kevin was born.", "Today Ryan resides in Malibu with his favorite four-legged companion Mozart. Ryan O'Neal's book , BOTH OF US: MY LIFE WITH FARRAH, will be on shelves May 1, 2012 and is available for order here . To keep up with Ryan's latest news follow him on Twitter or Facebook .", "On June 25, 2009, Fawcett succumbed to her illness. Even her funeral became a part of the O'Neal family drama. Ryan refused to allow son Griffin to attend the service because he had disparaged his father in the press. Griffin told the media that Ryan only wanted to marry Farrah for her money. Ryan also did not recognize his daughter Tatum when she came to pay her respects. Son Patrick was also in attendance.", "O'Neal also played a lot of basketball. Each summer, he would play for an AAU team, and impressed onlookers with his athleticism and his ability to handle the ball with both hands. By the time he turned 14, the 6'4\" O'Neal—now a confident guard who could drain three-pointers —entered Eau Claire High School of the Arts as a freshman in 1992. On his first meeting with basketball coach George Glymph, he made the bold promise to become the best player in the school's history. [1] While O'Neal's first season was hardly noteworthy (he even played as quarterback for the Eau Claire team) [3] things changed when he grew five inches over the next year and a half, and he was inspired to develop into a defensive powerhouse like his idol Russell. Glymph built his team's defense around O'Neal, and Eau Claire featured one of the most imposing frontcourts around. With O'Neal averaging 18 points , 12 rebounds and 9 blocks a game, Eau Claire captured its third straight 3A state title in 1995. [2]", "* Professional basketball players Steve Nash (who was an award-winning player \"MP3\" according to Ali G and unable to speak proper English due to being Canadian), Ben Wallace (who he accuses of \"playa-hating\"), Shaquille O'Neal (whom he argued with about the meaning of the NBA, Ali thinking it stood for Nationwide Basketball Society), Tim Duncan (from whom he tried to get a pair of free sneakers), Robert Horry, Dwyane Wade (who he didn't realise was an NBA player, claiming he had just \"sneaked in\" to \"hang with mah man Shaquille O'Neal\"), Richard Jefferson (whom he called Thomas Jefferson's son), Charles Barkley, Kenny Smith and Reggie Miller", "She was declared cancer free on her 60th birthday on February 2, 2007, but the good news was marred by an after-party fracas between Ryan O'Neal and his son, Griffin, in which Ryan allegedly threatened to use a gun. Prosecutors eventually declined to charge Ryan with assault with a deadly weapon.", "Jaclyn Smith Opens Up About the Court Case Between Ryan O'Neal and University of Texas via", "In coming years, O'Neal became more famous for his off-screen life than his acting work. His relationship with Fawcett was an endless source of interest for the tabloid press. The couple broke up in the late 1990s, but they remained friendly after the split. They reunited in 2001, as O'Neal faced another challenge: cancer. He was able to successfully treat the disease with medication, and entered into remission. Around that same time, O'Neal appeared on the short-lived television drama Bull. He tried again in 2003 with the romantic comedy Miss Match, playing the father of a matchmaker across from Alicia Silverstone. The show was a ratings disaster, and didn't last a full season.", "O'Neal's personal life seemed much like the soap opera he starred in. In the early 1960s, O'Neal married actress Joanna Moore. The couple had two children together: a daughter named Tatum in 1963 and son Griffin in 1964. They split up a few years later, divorcing in 1967. That same year, O'Neal married for the second time. He wed actress Lee Taylor-Young with whom he had a son Patrick. O'Neal and Taylor-Young also divorced soon after.", "A dazed and exhausted Ryan O'Neal prepares to leave the St. John Medical Center in Santa Monica after Farrah's death", "Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , on August 23, 1978, Kobe Bryant was the son of basketball star Joe \"Jellybean\" Bryant and his wife, Pamela. His parents named their son after a type of steak they had seen on a menu before his birth. When he was five years old, Bryant moved with his family to Italy, where his father played professional basketball after retiring from the NBA. Bryant and his two older sisters, Sharia and Shaya, attended parochial schools in Italy and learned to speak Italian.", "On August 15, 2012, O'Neal signed a one-year contract with the Phoenix Suns. O'Neal cited the Suns' training staff as a major factor in his decision to sign with the team. He has been considered the leader around the locker room to replace the likes of Steve Nash and Grant Hill. As a result, O'Neal became a new captain of the team along with Jared Dudley.", "O'Neal is a Christian. O'Neal's Twitter account profile says, \"Jesus is the answer!\" He also frequently tweets about his faith.", "On July 23, 2013, O'Neal signed with the Golden State Warriors. On December 13, 2013, O'Neal underwent surgery to repair a torn ligament in his right wrist. He returned to action on February 4, 2014.", "Then the show's over. But the O'Neals can't afford that.%0D %0D I predict Tatum with have a real or fake a re-lapse. Troubled brothers Redmond and Griffin (for a big fee) will make appearances. The show and the paychecks go on.", "On April 4, 2016, O'Neal was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He will be inducted in September 2016. ", "In 2006, a video of Shaquille O’Neal disparaging Vlade Divac to the tune of the Cheers Theme ringer on O'Neal's cell phone was posted on YouTube and has been viewed over 1,000,000 times.", "On September 27, 2009, Kardashian married NBA basketball player Lamar Odom, who was a member of the Los Angeles Lakers at the time. The couple were married exactly one month after they met at a party for Odom's teammate Metta World Peace. Following her marriage, Kardashian removed her middle name to include her married surname, becoming Khloé Kardashian Odom. Kardashian adopted a pet boxer named Bernard \"BHops\" Hopkins, after the famous boxer. ", "* Steve Kerr, former American professional basketball player who, according to Ali G, works on \"TMT\".", "On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards . His responsibilities with the club were to be comprehensive, as he was in charge of all aspects of the team, including personnel decisions. Less than a month later, Jordan won four ESPY Awards at the annual ceremony: Athlete of the Century; Male Athlete of the 1990s; Pro Basketball Player of the 1990s; and Play of the Decade, for the famous shot against the Lakers in the 1991 Finals in which he switched the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air.", "Los Angeles Lakers forward Odom married reality star Kardashian in 2009 after a whirlwind romance. They now star together on the E! reality show \"Khloe & Lamar\"", "Former U.S. Olympian Bruce Jenner and NBA player Lamar Odom arrive at the 2012 ESPY Awards at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live in Los Angeles, California, July 11, 2012." ]	[ 5.49609375, 5.19921875, 4.890625, 1.7958984375, 1.2861328125, 1.0322265625, 0.83935546875, -0.619140625, -1.443359375, -2.353515625, -2.583984375, -3.1796875, -3.283203125, -3.556640625, -3.87890625, -3.951171875, -4.828125, -5.22265625, -5.3984375, -5.62890625, -5.890625, -5.9375, -6.078125, -6.41015625, -6.48046875, -6.7109375, -6.71875, -7.38671875, -7.88671875, -8.1171875, -8.296875, -8.9375 ]
Who wrote the song Mad Dogs And Englishmen?	[ "\"Mad Dogs and Englishmen\" is a song written by Noël Coward and first performed in The Third Little Show at the Music Box Theatre, New York, on 1 June 1931, by Beatrice Lillie. The following year it was used in the revue Words and Music and also released in a \"studio version\". It then became a signature feature in Coward's cabaret act.", "However, if one only wanted a quick three-minute snapshot of what they were like, the famous song 'Mad Dogs and Englishmen' probably does it best. This tongue-in-cheek lampoon of the British colonial mentality was written in 1932 by perhaps Britain's finest wit, composer and theatrical bon-vivant, Noel Coward.", "Mad Dogs & Englishmen is a live album by Joe Cocker, released in 1970. The album's title is drawn from the 1931 Noël Coward song of the same name. Only four songs of the 16 on the original album were drawn from his first two studio albums. Besides the contributions of bandmate and musical director Leon Russell, it draws equally from rock (the Rolling Stones, Traffic, Bob Dylan, the Beatles) and soul (Ray Charles, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding). Accompanying Cocker is a choir, a three-piece horn section and several drummers.", "On 11 September 2015 a \"Mad Dogs & Englishmen\" tribute concert to Joe Cocker was performed at the Lockn' Festival featuring The Tedeschi Trucks Band, Chris Stainton, Leon Russell, Rita Coolidge, Claudia Lennear, Pamela Polland, Doyle Bramhall II, Dave Mason, John Bell, Warren Haynes and Chris Robinson, amongst others. In commemoration, a Joe Cocker Mad Dogs and Englishmen Memory Book was created by Linda Wolf to celebrate the event. ", "The Third Little Show - 1931. Music Box Theatre, New York. Coward wrote, 'Mad Dogs and Englishmen' sung by Beatrice Lillie and a sketch called 'Cat's Cradle' performed by Ernest Truex who also sang 'Any Little Fish' at they tryout at the Shubert Theatre, New Haven, CT on 4 May, 1931", "* Joe Cocker – Mad Dogs and Englishmen – The Complete Fillmore East Concerts – March 27–28, 1970. Six CD set released in 2006 on Hip-O Select.", "In the early 1970s \"The Mad Dogs and Englishmen\" tour and live album cemented his success. He had a big hit in 1974 with \"You Are So Beautiful,\" co-written with Billy Preston.", "After his success at Woodstock, A & M bankrolled the first US tour of Joe Cocker, called \"The Mad Dogs and Englishmen Tour\". After the tour, Denny Cordell and Cocker were not enthusiastic about issuing a record of the event, but Jerry Moss, who had a lot of A & M money invested already, hired the brilliant producer-engineer Glyn Johns to try to get a record out of the tour recordings. In four nights, Glyn selected and mixed a two-record set that Cocker and Cordell accepted, and the Mad Dogs and Englishmen album sold over a million copies.", " 1989 Ten Little Indians (performer: \"Mad Dogs And Englishmen\") / (producer: \"Mad Dogs And Englishmen\") / (writer: \"Mad Dogs And Englishmen\")", "Noël Coward was born in 1899 at the peak of the British Empire, the greatest empire in history, on which the Sun never set. \"Mad Dogs And Englishmen\" satirizes the Colonials who ran this Empire, and who in the 1930s were still administering it as if they ruled the Earth. To emphasize this he included a few bars of \" Rule, Britannia! \" The song was first performed in The Third Little Show at the Music Box Theatre, New York, on June 1, 1931, by Beatrice Lillie. Shortly it went into the revue Words And Music, and then into Coward's own cabaret act. \"Mad Dogs And Englishman\" was Prime Minister Winston Churchill's favorite Coward song.", "Cocker followed a seminal Woodstock performance with more impacting Beatles’ covers of “Something” and “She Came In Through The Window” and earned another US hit-charting album (US #11) and another UK hit single with Leon Russell’s “Delta Lady.” The Grease Band dissolved shortly thereafter. The Mad Dogs and Englishmen, lead by Leon Russell, served as Cocker’s touring band for the next few years and helped shape the more blues based sound that would become his signature. Wildly animated, sometimes uneven performances aided by heavy drinking and bouts of depression did little to stymie the tide of hits from albums like Time and Life and the live album and film Mad Dogs and Englishmen, Cocker’s first U.S. Top 10; Cocker still managed to deliver such classics as “Feelin’ Alright” (most recently used in Denzel Washington’s hit film Flight) and the Top 25 hit “High Time We Went,” from A&M Records album, Joe Cocker, in 1972. ", "The following year when Cocker kicked off his Mad Dogs & Englishmen tour with two nights at Bill Graham's Fillmore East night club in New York City, the concerts were recorded and released as an album. Leon Russell was Musical Director for the tour, and played guitar on \"Feelin' Alright\". Chris Stainton, who'd been with Cocker since 1966, played piano on this track.", "Joe Cocker also covered this song. It was included on the 2005 deluxe edition of his 1970 live album, Mad Dogs & Englishmen.", "Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 22 May 1959), professionally known only as Morrissey, is an English singer, songwriter and author. He rose to prominence as the lyricist and vocalist of the indie rock band The Smiths, which was active from 1982 to 1987. Since then, Morrissey has had a solo career, making the top ten of the UK Singles Chart on ten occasions.", "The studio version was not released until 2005, on the Deluxe Edition of the 35th Anniversary release of Mad Dogs & Englishmen. For rock pianists this was a God-send, as it allowed Leon's riffs to be heard much more clearly than on the live recording. The arrangement is the same; the piano riffs are largely the same, just more of them (because they can now be heard).", "The suggestion that Scott English wrote the song about a favorite dog is apparently an urban legend. English has said that a reporter called him early one morning asking who \"Brandy\" was, and an irritated English made up the \"dog\" story to get the reporter off his back. ", "After writing this song with Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller got married and went on a trip to Europe. He was returning on the Italian ocean liner Andrea Doria in 1956 when it was rammed by another ship in fog off Nantucket Sound and eventually sank. Stoller and his new wife abandoned ship in a lifeboat and were rescued. About 50 of the 1,500 people on board died. When Stoller arrived at the dock at New York, Leiber was there to welcome him with the news that they had their first major hit with \"Hound Dog,\" by a newcomer called Elvis Presley.", "The Rolling Stones are an English rock group that formed in London in 1962. First popular in Europe, they quickly became successful in North America during the \"British Invasion\" of the mid-60s. Since then, their worldwide sales are estimated at more than 200 million albums. In 1989, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2004, they ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Page 134 134 THE POEMS AN ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF A MAD DOG.I GOOD people all, of every sort, Give ear unto my song; And if you find it wondrous short, It cannot hold you long. In Islington there was a man Of whom the world might say, That still a godly race he ran, Whene'er he went to pray. A kind and gentle heart he had, To comfort friends and foes: The naked every day he clad, When he put on his clothes. And in that town a dog was found, As many dogs there be, Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound, And curs of low degree. I See Vicar of Wakefield, c. xvii. In the Citizen of the World, vol. ii. lett. lxvi. is a paper on the' Epidemic Terror, the dread of mad dogs, which now prevails: the whole nation is now actually groaning under the malignity of its influence.'", "New York meets Newcastle-on-Tyne. Brill Building duo Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil intended their song for the Righteous Brothers, but producer Micky Most snaffled it for the Animals. Eric Burdon and co reworked the song, making it an angry tribute to industrial Tyneside – dying, like Burdon’s broken daddy - as well as an escape call to anyone trapped in a crap town or situation (the song was a favourite among Vietnam troops). NS", "While Newmanï¿½s initial record sales were modest, his reputation among critics, fellow artists, and musicians was huge, and he enjoyed great success as a songwriter. Former Animals keyboardist Alan Price popularized his work in England and Harry Nilsson did the same in the US with his still much-admiredNilsson Sings Newman. Three Dog Night had a pop hit with ï¿½Mama Told Me (Not To Come)ï¿½; Joe Cocker scored with the hilariously lascivious ï¿½You Can Leave Your Hat On.ï¿½", "The melody is a traditional English ballad, but the song became popular as an African-American folk song. It was recorded by Texas Alexander in the 1920s, then by a number of other artists including Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie, Josh White and later Nina Simone. It was her version The Animals first heard. No one can claim rights to the song, meaning it can be recorded and sold royalty-free. Many bands covered the song after it became a hit for The Animals.", "A lot of people hated Elvis Presley’s \"Hound Dog\" when they first heard it. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, though, had a good reason: that skinny hick was ruining their song. Leiber and Stoller had both been raised Jewish, but their musical influences were always African-American. Elvis, they figured, was impinging on their role as the only white guys in r’n’b – a role they backed up by writing over fifty pop hits, including \"Yakety Yak\" for the Coasters and \"There Goes My Baby\" for the Drifters. Ultimately, of course, Leiber and Stoller were hardly the only white songwriters to break the barriers of segregation in their music. But they did it first, and with classics like \"Hound Dog,\" you could argue that they did it best.", "In a July 1997 radio interview to KROQ , one of the songs Morrissey selected to be played was \"London Calling\" by The Clash. When asked about his choice, Morrissey answered \"It's a great song. I think it's nice and British and very urban and quite violent and so forth, very west London.\"", "The Animals were the second British band to top the American charts after The Beatles with the now multi-million selling and legendary anthem, 'House of the Rising Sun'. The band subsequently achieved over twenty global Top Ten hit records, many of which gained the Number One slot in various parts of the world. In Britain alone, the band had no less than twelve chart entries. The Animals were the first British band to tour Poland and Japan.", "1943 ● Charles “Chas” Hodges → Brit country-rock Head Hands & Feet, then pop-“rockney” duo Chas & Dave, “Gertcha” (UK #20, 1979)", "The Animals performed fiery versions of the staple rhythm and blues repertoire, covering songs by Jimmy Reed, John Lee Hooker, Nina Simone, and others. Signed to EMI's Columbia label, a rocking version of the standard \"Baby Let Me Follow You Down\" (retitled \"Baby Let Me Take You Home\") was their first single. ", "The Kinks song Oklahoma U.S.A. from their 1971 album Muswell Hillbillies describes a downtrodden British worker who dreams of \"walking on the surrey with the fringe on top\" and an idyllic life in the United States.", "The Animals were a rock 'n roll band from England during the 1960s that was part of the British Invasion. Known for their blues sound and deep-voiced lead singer, Eric Burdon, they were best known by the song \"House of the Rising Sun\" which became their signature song.", " 1988 Stars and Bars (performer: \"An Englishman in New York\") / (writer: \"An Englishman in New York\")", "*The The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band song \"Mr Apollo\" is a parody that includes the lines \"Five years ago I was a four-stone apology ... Today I am two separate gorillas!\"", "1971, Three Dog Night started a six week run at No.1 on the US singles chart with ‘Joy To The World’. The group’s" ]	[ 10.28125, 6.33203125, 6.2734375, 3.671875, 2.158203125, 1.6796875, 1.189453125, 1.1484375, 0.88818359375, 0.88720703125, 0.75, -0.6884765625, -0.8388671875, -1.5517578125, -2.3125, -3.01171875, -4.33203125, -4.4140625, -4.63671875, -4.640625, -5.5703125, -5.7109375, -6.02734375, -6.3125, -7.26953125, -7.48046875, -7.95703125, -8.7421875, -8.765625, -8.8359375, -9.8125, -9.9609375 ]
Who wrote the children's classic The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?	[ "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950. It's the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956). Among all the author's books it is also the most widely held in libraries. Although it was written as well as published first in the series, it is volume two in recent editions, which are sequenced by the stories' chronology (the first being The Magician's Nephew). Like the others, it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and her work has been retained in many later editions.", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, often shortened to LWW, was written by C. S. Lewis and published in 1950. It records the adventure of four ordinary English children - Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie - who found their way into the magical land of Narnia by way of a wardrobe that they stumbled across in an old house.", "C.S. Lewis was the author of the children's classic The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Learn more about the man, the storyteller and the Christian.", "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, Aslan, and the children—Peter, Susan, and Edmond—were the creations of the literary genius C. S. Lewis. November 29 is Lewis’s birthday. Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland in the year 1898. C. S. Lewis taught at Oxford University, had a career as a broadcaster, but was best known as an author.", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949 [17] and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke ‘s house that leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books.", "The Chronicles of Narnia: the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (2005) is a fantasy tale based on the series of children's books by author C.S. Lewis (1898-1963). Two brothers and two sisters evacuated to a rural English estate during World War II discover a portal to a strange world of mythical creatures. They soon discover, however, that this new world is as embroiled in conflict as the one they left. The oppressed subjects of an evil witch greet the reluctant children as saviors. Although Chronicles of Narnia is a passable morality tale, several scenes are too violent for young children, and the Christian subtext of Lewis's original books is barely evident.", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis - review \| Children's books \| The Guardian", "Based on the beloved first volume of C. S. Lewis’s faith-inflected fairy-tale series The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe tells the story of four children swept up into a war of good and evil in a magical fairy-land, with the great Lion Aslan (voiced by Liam Neeson) versus the evil White Witch (Tilda Swinton), whose magic holds Narnia in the thrall of a hundred-year winter and whose house is full of stone statues that were once her enemies.", "A picture book retelling of C. S. Lewis's classic story, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, for the youngest fans! Introduce them to the magic of Narnia with this picture book featuring illustrations by Tudor Humphries.", "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 epic fantasy film made by Disney and Walden Media, based on the original C.S. Lewis novel . It opened in theaters on December 8, in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States.", "As with what happened to J.K. Rowling with her Harry Potter series, \"The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe\", the first book of C.S. Lewis's seven-book series \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", suffered an alteration made by American publishers. The book features a wolf named Maugrim, whose name was changed to Fenris Ulf in the American publication. The sixth book of the series is entitled \"The Magician's Nephew\" and tells how the Land of Narnia was created and discovered by Professor Digory Kirke when he was a boy.", "Theatrical productions of \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" have become popular with professional, community and youth theatres in recent years. A musical version of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe written specifically for performance by youth is available through Josef Weinberger. [68]", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967. Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each, the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing. The book was adapted again in 1979, this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children's Television Workshop, with a screenplay by David D. Connell. Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program, it was one of the first major made-for-television feature-length animated films. Many of the characters' voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors and actresses with the exception of the characters Aslan, Peter, Susan, and Lucy.", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe composer Harry Gregson-Williams began composing the sequel in December 2007. Recording began at Abbey Road Studios the following month, and finished by April 2008. The Crouch End Festival Chorus, Regina Spektors song, \"The Call\", Oren Lavies song, \"Dance Round The Memory Tree\" and Switchfoots song, \"This Is Home\", are featured on the soundtrack. Imogen Heap, who sang \"Cant Take It In\" for the first film, wrote a new song which Gregson-Williams considered too dark.", "Lewis began taking notes for the story that would eventually become The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe in 1939, when he and his household began receiving groups of schoolchildren fleeing the bombings of World War II. One refugee girl poked around a wardrobe in his home, unwittingly launching a series of beloved children’s books . But the book itself wasn’t finished until late in the 1940s, and it was published in the autumn of 1950, just in time for Christmas.", "The first novel adapted was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005. Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the film was directed by Andrew Adamson, with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus. The movie was a critical and box-office success, grossing over $745 million worldwide and ranked 38th on the list of highest-grossing films in nominal terms. Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, released in May 2008, which grossed over $419 million worldwide.", "The first novel adapted was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005. Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , the film was directed by Andrew Adamson , with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus. The movie was a critical and box-office success, grossing over $745 million worldwide. Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian , released in May 2008, which grossed over $419 million worldwide.", "British author and artist Beatrix Potter (1866 1943) wrote and illustrated many children's books in the late nineteenth century. She is best known for her enchanting tales and endearing drawings of woodland creatures in human clothes, most notably Peter Rabbit.", "Literature for children developed as a separate category of literature especially in the Victorian era. Some works became internationally known, such as those of Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually went on to publish 23 children's books and become a wealthy woman. Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professors of children’s literature at Brigham Young University, write, “Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page.” Another classic of the period is Anna Sewell's animal novel Black Beauty (1877).", "During the '50s, Lewis started to publish the seven books that would comprise The Chronicles of Narnia children's series, with The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) being the first release. The story focused on four siblings who, during wartime, walk through an armoire to enter the magical world of Narnia, a land resplendent with mythical creatures and talking animals. Throughout the series, a variety of Biblical themes are presented; one prominent character is Aslan, a lion and the ruler of Narnia, who has also been interpreted as a Jesus Christ figure. (Lewis would assert that his Narnia stories weren't a direct allegory to the real world.)", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fun adventure in fantasy. Most children will miss the allusions to the Christ imagery unless they are well versed in the Christian faith. It is a classic, a must read for every child. However, it should be read snuggled up in front of a fireplace with a steaming mug of hot chocolate or if you’re English a pot of Earl of Grey tea!", "[reviewed by Sylvain Richard] The third chapter after ï¿½The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe,ï¿½ and ï¿½Prince Caspianï¿½ -- of a fantasy series about a group of children who are drawn into a fictional fantasy world called Narnia. Peter and Susan Pevensie are visiting America whereas Lucy and Edmund are staying in Cambridge with their cousin, Eustace Clarence Scrubb. Eustace is an ill-humoured, gloomy and mean-spirited boy. When a painting of a ship in Lucyï¿½s room seemingly comes to life, the three children are drawn into Narnia and end up on the ship ( called the Dawn Treader). They are greeted on the ship by Caspian, who is now king of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund are delighted to be back in Narnia but Eustace is embittered and apprehensive especially when he meets Reepicheep, a talking mouse. Caspian is on a quest to find the seven lost lords of Narnia, to fulfil a promise he made to Aslan. Well written and enjoyable fantasy that will take its rightful place among classics of the genre such as ``Wizard of Oz`` and ``Alice in Wonderland.ï¿½ï¿½", "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia", "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews & Ratings - IMDb", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe \| Children's Books Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia", "Prolific British-American playwright and children's author Frances Eliza Hodgson was born on November 24, 1849. A writer from a young age to lift her once-wealthy family from poverty, she went on the publish twenty novels, many of which became plays, and numerous short stories.", "The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots is a British children's book written by Beatrix Potter and illustrated by Quentin Blake due to be published in 2016. The manuscript was discovered by Jo Hanks, a publisher at Penguin Random House Children's Books, in the Victoria and Albert Museum archive in 2015.", "In 2015 a manuscript for an unpublished book was discovered by Jo Hanks, a publisher at Penguin Random House Children's Books, in the Victoria and Albert Museum archive. The book The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots, with illustrations by Quentin Blake, is to be published September 1, 2016, to mark the 150th anniversary of Potter's birth. ", "I refer to the continuing glory of British children’s literature. What is the best children’s book? Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland, of course. Who is the most popular children’s writer in the world?", "The author, who lives in Oxford, has written 18 books for children and is also a screenwriter.", "She wrote or collaborated on more than 60 books of fiction for children. She was also a political activist and co-founded the Fabian Society, a socialist organisation later affiliated to the Labour Party.", "Author. His best known work is \"The Wind in the Willows\", later dramatised by A.A. Milne as \"Toad of Toad Hall\"." ]	[ 10.3359375, 10.046875, 9.8671875, 8.328125, 7.41015625, 6.828125, 6.80078125, 6.16796875, 5.52734375, 5.39453125, 3.400390625, 2.8359375, 2.01953125, 1.3994140625, 0.48291015625, 0.191650390625, 0.1240234375, -0.157470703125, -0.681640625, -0.95703125, -1.123046875, -2.119140625, -2.486328125, -2.755859375, -3.3359375, -3.44140625, -3.533203125, -4.765625, -6.01953125, -6.20703125, -6.36328125, -6.40234375 ]
The first Miss World came from which country?	[ "The Miss World originally started as the Festival Bikini Contest, but an embarrassed British media decided to call it with a more modest name, ‘Miss World’. The pageant was met with a lot of criticism in the beginning, so much so that the swim suit was replaced with more modest swim suits after the first contest. The first Miss World (originally Festival Bikini Contest) was Kerstin \"Kiki\" Håkansson from Stockholm, Sweden. She was the first and last winner to be crowned while wearing a bikini.", "In 1951, 26 women competed for the crown, with Sweden's Kiki Haakonson named the first Miss World.", "1951 The first Miss World Contest was won by Kiki Haakonson, a 21 year old from Sweden. There were 30 contestants and 25 came from Britain, although all nations could enter. The contest was devised by Mecca publicity officer, Eric Morley, as part of the Festival of Britain celebrations.", "Some winners apart from winning the crown also set some records – Sweden’s Kerstin Håkansson became the first European to win the title when she became Miss World 1951 (1st Edition) Egypt’s Antigone Costanda became the first African and the first from a Muslim-dominated country to win Miss World Title when she became Miss World 1954 (4th Edition), Venezuela’s Susana Duijm became the first Latin-American and the first from Americas to win Miss World Title when she became Miss World 1955 (5th Edition), Jamaica’s Carole Joan Crawford became the first Caribbean to win Miss World when she became Miss World 1963 (13th Edition), India’s Reita Faria became the first Asian to win Miss World Title when she became Miss World 1966 (16th Edition), Poland’s Aneta Kreglicka became the first Eastern European to win Miss World Title when she became Miss World 1989 (39th Edition), Nigeria’s Agbani Darego is the first Black African to win Miss World Title she became Miss World 2001 (51st Edition) and China’s Zhang Zilin the first Miss World of East Asian origin when she won Miss World 2007 (57th Edition).", "The Miss World is one of the oldest beauty pageants amongst the Big 4 (four) international beauty pageants. The Miss World beauty pageant started in the year 1951, the idea of Miss World beauty pageant was conceptualized by late Eric Morley, the first edition of the Miss World beauty pageant was held in United Kingdom. Miss World is one of the most publicized beauty pageants alongside Miss Universe and Miss Earth pageants.", "The Rainbow Nation has an impressive record in Miss World, with a total of 12 competitors involved in the top three spots. Penelope Coelen was South Africa’s first winner, back in 1958. Anneline Kriel won for the country in 1974, although she had initially been the first-runner up. However, Miss Kriel was promoted after that year’s winner promptly resigned her crown. Kriel later starred a cheesy martial arts film called Kill and Kill Again.", "Beauty queens from the Caribbean have impressed the Miss World judges on many occasions, but the biggest winner of the region is Jamaica. Carole Crawford was the first Jamaican Miss World, winning in 1954. The next winner was Cindy Breakspeare, who won in 1976. She went on to meet the legendary Bob Marley and is the mother of the reggae superstar’s youngest son, Damian Marley. The most recent Jamaican winner was in 1993, when Lisa Hanna claimed the crown. Hanna later became a politician, has a Master in Arts degree and is the current Jamaican Minister of Youth and Culture.", "Rosemarie Frankland from United Kingdom won Miss World 1961 pageant. Grace Li Shiu-ying from Taiwan won the First Runner-up Miss World 1961 title. Marria del Carmen Cervera Fernandez from Spain won the Second Runner-up Miss World 1961 title. Michele Wargnier from France won the Third Runner-up title. Inge Jorgensen from Denmark placed Fourth and Leone Mary Main from New Zealand placed on Fifth.", "Latino women appear to have among them some of the most beautiful women in the world, as revealed by the statistics exhibiting Venezuela as the highest ranking country in the world in terms of the number of Miss World and Miss Universe winners hailing from this country. A staggering number of 7 Miss Universe winners and 6 Miss World winners have been from the South American nation of Venezuela. Maritza Sayalero became the first Venezuelan beauty to win the Miss Universe title in 1979. Her victory brought an immense joy to her countrymen, and thereafter many parents in Venezuela even named their daughters Martiza after her own name. The other Miss Universe winners from Venezuela were Irene Sáez (1981), Bárbara Palacios (1986), Alicia Machado (1996), Dayana Mendoza (2008), Stefanía Fernández (2009), and Gabriela Isler (2013). 1955 marked an important year in Venezuela, as this was when the country got its first Miss World winner, Susana Duijm. Pilin Leon, Astrid Carolina Herrera, Ninibeth Leal, Jacqueline Aguilera, and Ivian Sarcos are the other Venezuelan beauties to win the Miss World titles, doing so in the years 1981, 1984, 1991, 1995, and 2011, respectively.", " Miss Nigeria, Agbani Darego, is crowned Miss World in Sun City, S.Af.; she is the first black African to win the international beauty pageant.", "Germany claimed its first major international title during the 1956 Miss World pageant, and 24 years later, Germany won Miss World again. However, Gabriella Brum gave up the title just 17 hours after winning it. The media reported that Brum’s boyfriend, Hollywood cameraman Benno Bellenbaum, had spoken about being unhappy with Brum’s victory since it meant being separated from his girlfriend. Furthermore, Bellenbaum revealed to reporters that he had taken nude photographs of Brum.", "There have been some winners throughout the history of the pageant, who alongside winning the main crown, have won several sub-titles too. China’s Zhang Zilin of (Miss World 2007, 57th Edition), Russia’s Ksenia Sukhinova (Miss World 2008, 58th Edition) and Philippines’ Megan Young (Miss World 2013, 63rd Edition) won Miss World Top Model. Ireland’s Rosanna Davison (Miss World 2003, 53rd Edition) and Gibraltar’s Kaiane Aldorino (Miss World 2009, 59th Edition) won Miss World Beach Beauty. China’s Yu Wenxia (Miss World 2012, 62 Edition) won Miss World Talent. Turkey’s Azra Akın (Miss World 2002, 52nd Edition) won Best World Dress Designer (Spectacular Evening Wear). Venezuela’s Astrid Carolina Herrera (Miss World 1984, 34th Edition), India’s Aishwarya Rai (Miss World, 1994, 44th Edition), Venezuela’s Jacqueline Aguilera (Miss World 1995, 45th Edition) and India’s Diana Hayden (Miss World 1997, 47th Edition), all won Miss Photogenic. India’s Diana Hayden (Miss World 1997, 47th Edition) also won Spectacular Swimwear.", "Wilnelia, Lady Forsyth-Johnson (née Merced; born October 12, 1957 in Caguas, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican actress, model and beauty queen who became in 1975 the first and to date only Puerto Rican to win the Miss World title.", "In terms of beautiful women, the United Kingdom ranks sixth in the world, gifting the world the opportunity to appreciate the stunning beauties of 5 ladies who went on to win the title of Miss World for their country. Rosemarie Frankland became the first British woman, and the seventh European one, to win the title of Miss World in 1961. Ann Sidney, Lesley Langley, and Helen Morgan also won the Miss World titles for United Kingdom in 1964, 1974, and 1983, respectively. The most recent Miss World winner from the United Kingdom was Sarah-Jane Hutt, who achieved the title in the year 1983.", "Since Miss World event does not take place on the same date every year, therefore, not all the winners get the exact same time of reign. The longest reign by a winner in the pageant’s history has been by Sweden’s Kerstin Håkansson, who won in 1951 (1st Edition) on 29 July 1951 and crowned her successor on 14 November 1952. In other words, she reigned for 1 year, 3 months, 16 days. The shortest reign so far by a winner has been by Venezuela’s Ivian Sarcos , who won in the year 2011 (61st Edition) on 6 November 2011 and crowned her successor on 18th august, 2012. In other words, she reigned for 9 months, 12 days .", "In 2002 the pageant was slated for Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria to host its final. This choice was controversial, as a northern Nigerian woman, Amina Lawal, was awaiting death by stoning for adultery under Sharia law there, but Miss World chose to use the publicity surrounding its presence to bring greater global awareness and action to Amina's plight (see Controversies section). ", "In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as \"Splash Day\" on the island. The event featured a \"Bathing Girl Revue\" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions. The event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known outside of Texas and, beginning in 1926, the world's first international contest was added, known as the International Pageant of Pulchritude. This contest is said to have served as a model for modern pageants. It featured contestants from England, Russia, Turkey, and many other nations and the title awarded at the time was known as \"Miss Universe.\" The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Belgium).", "Major international contests for women include the yearly Miss World competition (founded by Eric Morley in 1951), Miss Universe (founded in 1952), Miss International (founded in 1960) and Miss Earth (founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern). These are considered the \"Grand Slam\" or \"Big Four\" pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests. Minor contests, such as the Miss Bondi contest in Australia, are common throughout the world in the summer months. During the 1950s, pageants thrived to promote county fairs and local products. For example, some of Raquel Welch 's titles included \"Miss Photogenic\" and \"Miss Contour.\" Women from around the world participate each year in local competitions for the chance to represent their country's international title.", "The UK has a terrific track record at Miss World, with 15 competitors managing to score top three places. However, the competition was held in London from 1951 until 1989 (when Hong Kong hosted) giving British beauty queens a home-field advantage. This is evident in the dates of UK victories: 1961 (Rosemarie Frankland), 1964 (Ann Sidney), 1965 (Lesley Langley), 1974 (Helen Morgan) and 1983 (Sarah-Jane Hutt). It has been a barren 31 years for the UK, made more depressing by the fact that Morgan had to step down after it was revealed she had an infant child at the time of victory and was involved in another woman’s divorce. However, in 2012 Miss United Kingdom, Sophie Moulds, was first runner-up – could the British Isles be making a comeback?", "London (AFP) - Miss South Africa, 22-year-old Rolene Strauss, was crowned Miss World 2014 at the contest's glitzy final in London on Sunday, with an estimated billion viewers watching on television around the globe.", "She travelled widely during her reigning year and was invited to pre-civil war El Salvador by that country's government. She fell in love with England, which she would later make her home. Winning at 18 years and 39 days she is currently the youngest woman to win Miss World.", "Wilnelia Merced-Forsyth became first winner from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico won the title of Miss World 1974 contest that was held on 20th November, 1975 in London at Royal Albert Hall. It was the 25th Miss World Pageant contest.", "The beautiful queens of this place have surprised the whole globe by their beauty on different occasions. The first title of Miss globe was won by this country in 1954 by Carole Crawford. Then after some year, in 1976 the 2nd title was also won. The most recent winner of this title is in 1993 by Lisa Hanna. She was a politician and was also very educated as well. This not very famous place in the whole world have won this title for almost 3 times and was also the 2nd runner-up for 3 times that show the beauty of women at this place.", "The pageant was originally planned as a Pageant for the Festival of Britain, but Eric Morley decided to make the Miss World pageant an annual event. Morley registered the \"Miss World\" name as a trademark, and all future pageants were held under that name. However, because of the controversy arising from Håkansson's crowning in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened not to send delegates to future events, and the bikini was condemned by the Pope. Objection to the bikini led to its replacement in all future pageants with what was accepted as more modest swimwear, and from 1976 swimsuits were replaced by evening gowns for the crowning. Håkansson remains the only Miss World crowned in a bikini. In Miss World 2013 all participants wore a one-piece swimsuit plus a traditional sarong below the waist as a compromise with local culture. ", "She was crowned Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ceylon, and Pakistan, as well as taking on the role of Head of the Commonwealth. The coronation was the first ever to be televised and was also the world's first major international event to be broadcast on television.", "Title Winners: Rosemarie Frankland (Ms. World 1961), Ann Sydney (Ms. World 1964), Lesley Langley (Ms. World 1965), Valerie Susan Holmes (Ms. International 1969), Linda Hooks (Ms. International 1972), Helen Morgan (Ms. World 1974), Sarah-Jane Hutt (Ms. World 1983), Helen Fairbrother (Ms. International 1986)", "“Beauty with a Purpose” is the motto of the Miss World organization. The organization, founded in 1951 by British entertainment guru Eric Morley, faced challenges in its history as it was labeled misogynistic, chauvinistic and anachronistic. Organizers stressed the charity operations of Miss World, raising millions worldwide whilst sending the reigning Miss World to locations around the globe to bring a smile (and the press) to areas that were suffering from deprivation.", "Since beauty is said to be in the eye of the beholder, and considering that beauty certainly comes from all parts of the world, it can be difficult to assert that one nation's females' relative beauties are greater than that of another nation. However, we have made the best attempt possible to rank such physical characteristics by means of ranking countries by the sum of their title-holders in two of the world's most competitive international beauty pageants. Namely, these are Miss World and Miss Universe.", "Halle Berry is a worldwide name for both her breathtaking beauty and being the first African-American woman to win the Oscar for Best Actress. But long before the fame, the star was a contestant in the 1986 Miss World pageant.", "Title Winners: Miriam Stevenson (Ms. Universe 1954), Carol Morris (Ms. Universe 1956), Linda Bement (Ms. Universe 1960), Sylvia Hitchcock (Ms. Universe 1967), Marjorie Wallace (Ms. World 1973), Karen Brucene Smith (Ms. International 1974), Katherine Patricia Ruth (Ms. International 1978), Shawn Weatherly (Ms. Universe 1980), Christie Ellen Claridge (Ms. International 1982), Gina Tolleson (Ms. World 1990), Chelsi Smith (Ms. Universe 1995), Brook Lee (Ms. Universe 1997), Alexandria Mills (Ms. World 2010), Olivia Culpo (Ms. Universe 2012)", "Major international contests for women include the yearly Miss World competition (founded by Eric Morley in 1951), Miss Universe (founded in 1952), Miss International (founded in 1960), and Miss Earth (founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern). These are considered the Big Four pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women.", "Is the first black American in the Miss World Competition. She did not win a prize but her dress did." ]	[ 5.39453125, 4.94140625, 4.39453125, 3.22265625, 2.73046875, 2.4140625, 1.978515625, 1.83984375, 1.2919921875, 1.1328125, 0.93798828125, 0.294189453125, 0.073974609375, 0.0006222724914550781, -0.08782958984375, -0.466552734375, -1.416015625, -1.4677734375, -1.552734375, -1.6943359375, -2.095703125, -2.388671875, -2.515625, -2.791015625, -3.751953125, -3.892578125, -4.01171875, -5.4921875, -5.85546875, -5.92578125, -6.53515625, -7.86328125 ]
For which movie did Spielberg win his first Oscar?	[ "Spielberg not only won his first Oscar in 1994 for the Holocaust-based Schindler's List but won his first two Oscars that night, adding Best Picture to his Best Director Award. Although he was joyful to have won the award, he was reminded in the pressroom of his initial hesitation in making the film after buying the rights to the story.", "Steven Spielberg, the most commercially successful director in the history of American motion pictures, is the director of the movie Amistad . Spielberg's motion picture career began in 1974, with The Sugarland Express, a fairly dated chase movie of the Smokey and the Bandit flavor starring Goldie Hawn and William Atherton. He had previously directed three television movies (one -- Duel -- also a chase film) and directed for the television series Night Gallery. Commercial success came the next year, with the grandfather of all shark movies, Jaws, with Roy Scheider. Spielberg's first Academy Award nomination came for 1977's Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which did for UFOs what Jaws did for sharks. (Although the special effects of Close Encounters were well advanced for the time, it had the misfortune to be released the same year as Star Wars, which well overshadowed the gadgetry of the former.)", "The opposite of Sally Field’s gushing “You like me, you really like me” upon winning an Oscar was Steven Spielberg’s response when his first big movie, Jaws, was nominated for Best Picture but stiffed in the Best Director category. Jaws had only become the top-grossing film since The Sound of Music a decade before, and Spielberg had managed to wrangle Bruce — the production’s balky mechanical shark — into a creature of demonic intent and satanic power. The tarring of Spielberg as a maker of “just movies” would continue through Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark and E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, for which he was nominated but lost. The year of E.T., the Academy gave the Best Picture and Director prizes to Richard Attenborough’s worthy but plodding Gandhi. Spielberg had to make his only true-life epic, Schindler’s List, before he finally won an Oscar.", "Spielberg’s second film from 1993, Schindler’s List , tells the true story of a group of Polish Jews who avoided Nazi extermination camps with the aid of German industrialist Oskar Schindler during World War II . The drama—which featured notable performances by Liam Neeson , Ben Kingsley , and Ralph Fiennes —quieted many of Spielberg’s critics. It was shot with unflinching detail in black and white, and it won Spielberg his first Academy Award for best director. In addition, the film garnered six other Oscars, including best picture .", "Spielberg reached deep into his roots in 1993 when he directed Schindler's List. Based on a true story, the film depicts how a German businessman helped Jews escape certain death at concentration camps where Nazi Germans killed millions of Jews and other so-called \"undesirable\" people during World War II (1939-45). Shot in black-and-white, the film was more than three hours long, and no one expected it to become the blockbuster that it did. Schindler's List let Spielberg explore his Jewish heritage while showing people the horrors of what is known as the Holocaust. Steven Spielberg donated all the profits he made from Schindler's List to various Jewish organizations, including the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. The film earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director.", "Spielberg took home his first two Oscars, for Best Director and Best Picture, for the internationally lauded Schindler’s List, which received a total of seven Oscars. The film was also named the Best Picture of 1993 by many of the major critics organizations, in addition to winning seven BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globe Awards, both including Best Picture and Director. Spielberg also won the Directors Guild of America (DGA) Award for his work on the film.", "Spielberg, born on December 18, 1946, had his first major success as a director with 1975’s Jaws, about a killer shark that terrorizes a New England beach community. Jaws became the first movie in history to gross more than $100 million. Spielberg’s next film, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, about several humans who have life-changing run-ins with UFOs, was another huge box-office success. Spielberg scored yet another massive hit with 1981’s Raiders of the Lost Ark, which starred Harrison Ford as the adventurous archeologist Indiana Jones. The movie, co-written by George Lucas (Star Wars), was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It became a successful movie franchise, and Spielberg helmed the film’s sequels: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull (2008). Spielberg’s credits also include E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial and Jurassic Park (1993), two of Hollywood’s all-time highest-grossing movies, as well as the Academy Award-winning dramas The Color Purple (1985) and Saving Private Ryan (1998), which earned him his second Best Director Oscar. Among Spielberg’s more recent directorial credits are Minority Report (2002), with Tom Cruise; Catch Me if You Can (2002), with Leonardo DiCaprio; and Munich (2005), for which he received another Best Director Oscar nomination.", "Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan, as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—Jaws, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. He is also known for his long-standing associations with several actors, producers, and technicians, most notably composer John Williams, who has composed music for all but two of Spielberg's feature films.", "The year 1993 was very successful. Spielberg directed Jurassic Park, was the highest-grossing film in movie history, and won three Academy Awards for effects. Schindler's List, a historical drama about the Holocaust, won seven Oscars, including Spielberg's first \"Best Director\" award.", "Spielberg's first television film, \"Duel,\" was soon followed by his feature directing debut, \"The Sugarland Express,\" in 1974. Two of his early films, \"Jaws\" and \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind,\" were record-breaking box office successes. Spielberg went on to produce and/or direct eight of the twenty highest-grossing films in history, including \"Jurassic Park,\" \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" and \"Raiders of the Lost Ark.\" In addition to the aforementioned films, he has directed \"1941,\" \"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom,\" \"Always,\" \"Empire of the Sun,\" \"The Color Purple,\" \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade,\" \"Hook,\" \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\" and \"Amistad.\" He has also served as producer or executive producer on many highly successful films including \"Men in Black,\" \"Back to the Future,\" \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit?,\" \"Twister\" and \"The Mask of Zorro\" among many others.", "Steven Spielberg is an American film director, producer, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. Spielberg's films include blockbusters such as Jaws, Jurassic Park, E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, and the Indiana Jones series, as well as socially conscious works Schindler’s List, Saving Private Ryan, Lincoln, and his newest film Bridge of Spies. A three-time Academy Award winner, Spielberg is widely considered one of the most influential filmmakers in cinematic history. His films have grossed over 8.5 billion dollars worldwide. Spielberg is the co-founder of DreamWorks Studios as well as the founder of the USC Shoah Foundation, an organization dedicated to overcoming intolerance and bigotry through the use of visual history testimony.", "Spielberg, born on December 18, 1947, in Cincinnati, Ohio, was raised by Jewish parents in the suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona. There, he was dismayed to find he was the only Jew most of his classmates had ever met. He went on to study English at California State University, Long Beach, when his grades were not good enough to get him into film school. Nonetheless, he managed to land a job on the Universal Studios lot and, after starting out directing television shows, eventually moved to films. By the age of thirty, he had directed two of the highest-grossing films of all time: Jaws (1975) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Spielberg went on to become one of the most popular, prolific directors in history, with blockbuster films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), E.T. (1982), Jurassic Park (1993), and Saving Private Ryan (1998).", "Perhaps the most poignant (emotionally moving) of Spielberg's movies was the critically acclaimed Schindler's List (1993), which was filmed in black and white. It was a fictionalized account of real life instances in which German businessman Oskar Schindler (1908–1974) saved the lives of thousands of Jews who worked in his factory during World War II (1939–45; a war fought between the Axis Powers of Germany , Italy, Japan and the Allies of Great Britain , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States ). The picture won the 1993 Best Picture Academy Award and Spielberg won Best Director. In 1999 he won both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on the movie Saving Private Ryan.", "One of the industry's most successful and influential filmmakers, Spielberg has directed, produced, or executive produced some of the top-grossing films of all time, including Jurassic Park and E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial. Among his myriad honors, he is a three-time Academy Award winner, earning two Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture for Schindler's List, and a third Oscar for Best Director for Saving Private Ryan.", "In 1984, Spielberg formed his own production company, Amblin Entertainment. Under the Amblin banner, he served as producer or executive producer on such hits as “Gremlins,” “Goonies,” “Back to the Future I, II and III,” “Who Framed Roger Rabbit?,” “An American Tail,” “Twister,” “The Mask of Zorro” and the “Men in Black” films. In 1994, Spielberg partnered with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen to form the original DreamWorks Studios. The studio enjoyed both critical and commercial successes, including three consecutive Best Picture Academy Award® winners: “American Beauty,” “Gladiator” and “A Beautiful Mind.” In its history, DreamWorks has also produced or co-produced a wide range of features, including the “Transformers” blockbusters, Clint Eastwood’s World War II dramas “Flags of Our Fathers” and “Letters from Iwo Jima,” the latter earning a Best Picture Oscar® nomination, “Meet the Parents” and “Meet the Fockers” and “The Ring,” to name only a few. Under the DreamWorks banner, Spielberg also directed such films as “War of the Worlds,” “Minority Report,” “Catch Me If You Can” and “A.I. Artificial Intelligence.”", "Steven Spielberg holds Oscar he won for Best Director and Best Picture for his film \"Schindler's list\" at the 66th annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles Monday, March 21, 1994.", "Spielberg’s critically acclaimed World War II drama “Saving Private Ryan,” starring Tom Hanks, was the highest-grossing release (domestically) of 1998. The film also won five Oscars®, including the one for Spielberg as Best Director, two Golden Globe Awards for Best Picture (Drama) and Best Director, and numerous critics groups awards for Best Picture and Best Director. In addition, Spielberg won a DGA Award and a Producers Guild of America (PGA) Award. That year, the PGA also presented Spielberg with the prestigious Milestone Award for his historic contribution to the motion picture industry.", "66 year-old Steven Spielberg, a two-time Best Director winner, received his seventh directing nomination (and eighth nomination for Best Picture) for Lincoln. His 12 nominations for Lincoln tied the 12 nominations he previously received for Schindler's List (1993) , which won seven Oscars, including Best Picture and Director. [Note: Spielberg won Best Director for two other historical dramas, Saving Private Ryan (1998) and Schindler's List (1993) . Spielberg's other previous director nominations included nods for Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) , Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) , E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982) , and Munich (2005). Also, Spielberg's favored composer, John Williams, marked his 17th nomination for a Spielberg movie for Best Original Score, and it was his 48th nomination overall - the most nominations of any living person. Woody Allen was second with 23, and Walt Disney had 59 nominations.]", "From four Academy Award nominations, it won three Oscars: Best Sound, Best Original Score (composer John Williams, his first Oscar of many awards in the category), and Best Film Editing (Verna Fields, her final editing assignment before her death in 1982). Its Best Picture nomination went unrewarded. [That year, freshman director Spielberg was the only director of a Best Picture nominee that didn't receive a Best Director nomination.] This was Spielberg's and Williams' second collaboration together, following their work on The Sugarland Express (1974), and they would go on to collaborate on Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) - among others.", "Spielberg was thought to be the favorite for this category. The famed director has won twice before, 1993's \"Schindler's List\" and 1998's \"Saving Private Ryan.\"", "As a producer, he was very active in the late 90s, responsible for such films as The Mask of Zorro , Men in Black and Deep Impact . However, it was on the directing front that Spielberg was in top form. He directed and produced the epic Amistad , a spectacular film that was shorted at the Oscars and in release due to the fact that its release date was moved around so much in late 1997. The next year, however, produced what many believe was one of the best films of his career: Saving Private Ryan , a film about World War Two that is spectacular in almost every respect. It was stiffed at the Oscars, losing best picture to Shakespeare in Love .", "Duel was Spielberg's feature-length directing debut, soon after a well-received turn directing a segment of the anthology television series Night Gallery . Initially shown on American television as an ABC Movie of the Week installment, it was eventually released to cinemas in Europe and Australia, and had a limited cinema release to some venues in the United States. The film's success enabled Spielberg to establish himself as a competent film director. [2]", "In 1994, Spielberg formed a new studio, Dreamworks SKG, with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen. In 2001, he completed the science fiction film, AI: Artificial Intelligence, a project begun by Stanley Kubrick. Later films include the Academy Award-nominated Munich (2005). He also served as producer for the Clint Eastwood-directed World War II films, Flags of Our Fathers (2006) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006).", "March 21 - Film director Steven Spielberg 's film Schindler's List wins 7 Oscars , including Best Picture , at the 66th Academy Awards .", "The film was only Spielberg's second feature film as director. The pair first worked together on Spielberg's debut film The Sugarland Express (1974).", "Harold Becker and David Lean were originally to direct before Spielberg came on board, initially as a producer for Lean. Spielberg was attracted to directing the film because of a personal connection to Lean's films and World War II topics. He considers it to be his most profound work on \"the loss of innocence\". The film received critical acclaim but was not initially a box office success, earning only $22,238,696 at the US box office, but it eventually more than recouped its budget through revenues in other markets.", "Steven Allan Spielberg KBE (born December 18 , 1946 ) is a three-time Academy Award -winning American film director and producer . He is the most financially successful motion picture director of all time. He has directed and/or produced a number of major box office hits, giving him great influence in Hollywood . As of 2006 , he has been listed in Premiere and other magazines as the most \"powerful\" and \"influential\" figure in the motion picture industry, and at the end of the 20th century LIFE named him the most influential person of his generation.<ref> Template:Cite web </ref>", "The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, and Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley, and Michael D. Ford). It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. It won numerous other awards, including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People's Choice Awards. Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award. ", "In addition to his Academy Awards, Spielberg was the recipient of numerous honours. In 2015 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom .", "Director Steven Spielberg holds the record for the most Oscars wins for multiple films in the same year:", "Directed by: Steven Spielberg . Written by Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb , based on the novel by Peter Benchley .", "The first movie that Steven Spielberg ever saw. His father took him to the theater, promising him a trip to the circus. He was six years old at the time. See more »" ]	[ 6.37109375, 6.05078125, 6.0078125, 4.7734375, 4.2578125, 4.2109375, 4.17578125, 3.728515625, 3.404296875, 3.0625, 3.017578125, 2.9921875, 2.068359375, 2.025390625, 2.025390625, 1.8095703125, 1.77734375, 1.1943359375, 0.822265625, 0.7919921875, 0.40869140625, 0.19970703125, 0.091796875, -0.2413330078125, -1.1962890625, -1.4130859375, -2.76171875, -3.15625, -5.609375, -5.9375, -6.06640625, -6.109375 ]
Which part did Michael Jackson play in The Wiz?	[ "The Wiz was a hit musical with an all-black cast produced in the 1970s on Broadway; it was later made into a 1978 movie directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. One of the most recent adaptations of the novel is “Tin Man” which aired on the Scifi Channel on December 2nd – 4th 2007 in a 3 part miniseries.", "In 1978, Jackson starred as Scarecrow in the musical The Wiz.[20] The musical scores were arranged by Quincy Jones, who formed a partnership with Jackson during the film's production and agreed to produce the singer's next solo album, Off the Wall.[21] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty surgery was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and other subsequent operations.[22]", "The cast of the 1978 film version of The Wiz (from left): Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow, Nipsey Russell as the Tinman, Diana Ross as Dorothy and Ted Ross as the Cowardly Lion. ", "Michael sought to carve out a career independent of his siblings. Though he made solo albums as a child on the Motown label, it was on Epic that Michael became a superstar in his own right. He played the Scarecrow in the 1978 film The Wiz (opposite longtime friend Diana Ross in the role of Dorothy), and during the making of the film met music executive and producer Quincy Jones.", "In 1975, the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway. It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage. It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned Tony awards. The play's financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder. The play inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow.", "Jackson notably starred in the 1978 film adaptation of the musical THE WIZ. The singer played the Scarcrow alongside Diana Ross , Nipsey Russell , Ted Ross , Mabel King , Lena Horne , and Richard Pryor . The singer's work is currently represented onstage in London with \"Thriller - Live!\" a spectacular, high octane show celebrating both his career, and the Jackson 5.", "The final barrier was Joe Jackson, who wasn’t thrilled about Michael doing a project that separated himself financially from the rest of his siblings. Cohen mollified Joe by offering roughly $100,000 for Michael to play the Scarecrow. When The Wiz began filming in New York, the 27-year-old producer moved Michael and La Toya into a Manhattan apartment, and Michael was on his own for the first time. He lived a normal life, except for a strange habit Cohen happened to discover—taking baths in Perrier water.", "Michael Jackson's performance as the Scarecrow was one of the only positively reviewed elements of the film, with critics noting that Jackson possessed \"genuine acting talent\" and \"provided the only genuinely memorable moments.\" Of the results of the film, Jackson stated: \"I don't think it could have been any better, I really don't.\" In 1980, Jackson stated that his time working on The Wiz was \"my greatest experience so far . . . I'll never forget that.\" The film received a positive critique for its elaborate set design, and the book American Jewish Filmmakers noted that it \"features some of the most imaginative adaptations of New York locales since the glory days of the Astaire-Rogers films.\" In a 2004 review of the film, Christopher Null wrote positively of Ted Ross and Richard Pryor's performances. However, Null's overall review of the film was critical, and he wrote that other than the song \"Ease on Down the Road\", \"the rest is an acid trip of bad dancing, garish sets, and a Joel Schumacher-scripted mess that runs 135 agonizing minutes.\" A 2005 piece by Hank Stuever in The Washington Post described the film as \"a rather appreciable delight, even when it's a mess\", and felt that the singing – especially Diana Ross's – was \"a marvel\". ", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records , a subsidiary of CBS Records [14] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. [15] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \" Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \", \" This Place Hotel ,\" and \" Can You Feel It \". [12] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz , a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones , who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall . [16] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin , who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations. [17]", "He reteamed with Sidney Lumet in 1978, this time scoring the film The Wiz. “I hated doing ‘The Wiz,’ he remembered. “I did not want to do it. Sidney knew that, too. I didn’t like the music, you know. And I didn’t like the script.” Jones did like a few songs from the show, however, including “Home” and “Ease On Down The Road.” And as a result of working on the movie, Jones got to know the young pop star who played the Scarecrow and whom he had met years before: Michael Jackson.", "Produced by Rob Cohen and directed by Sidney Lumet, The Wiz stars Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell, Ted Ross, Mabel King, Theresa Merritt, Thelma Carpenter, Lena Horne, and Richard Pryor. The film's story was reworked from William F. Brown's Broadway libretto by Joel Schumacher, and Quincy Jones supervised the adaptation of Charlie Smalls and Luther Vandross's songs for film. A handful of new songs, written by Jones and the songwriting team of Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, were added for the film version. Upon its original theatrical release, The Wiz was a critical and commercial failure, and marked the end of the resurgence of African-American films that began with the blaxploitation movement of the early 1970s. Despite its initial failure, the film version of The Wiz became a cult classic, particularly among African-American audiences, Oz enthusiasts, and fans of Michael Jackson. Certain aspects of this film adaptation influenced the The Wiz Live!, a live television adaptation of the musical. ", "Michael Jackson’s performance in The Wiz also allows you to take a sneak peak at those classic signature MJ freestyle dance moves and bottle top spins before they became apart of a Moonwalk. You get to see mentee, lead the mentor, as Michael lovingly helped The Boss, Miss Diana Ross find her footing and get on the good foot the first time the pair “Ease On Down The Road” (the duo also share a warm, easy-going onscreen chemistry which is palpable.) And it’s really a special treat to watch Jackson inconspicuously outdance the Louis Johnson Dance Company during the all-cast musical finale of “A Brand New Day.” If you haven’t notice anything I’ve described, then you should definitely rewatch The Wiz again to bear witness to it. Michael’s only starring film performance is a unique opportunity to experience our man-child genius in the rough and on the verge.", "In The Wiz, you witness that brief young adult window in Michael’s life and career before he became the sexy R&B, suited up and bow-tied prince of 1979’s Off The Wall or bore the weight of the music world on his crown as The King of Pop (1982-2009). Jackson the actor, then age 20, was a natural; his gentle, understated portrayal of ‘The Scarecrow’ is a quiet revelation. In every scene Michael exudes a child-like wonderment, innocence and infectious joy that is contagious. Of course, as the premier song and dance man he doesn’t disappoint either. Jackson’s bluesy expressive interpretation of “You Can’t Win” is a joy to listen to, because you can actually hear his voice playfully dancing throughout every syllable of the lyrics while his carefree tenor bobs and weaves in and out of the melody (this was also before MJ’s angry signature grunts and spitting adlibs).", "The Wiz (US, 1978), with Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell, Ted Ross. Directed by Sidney Lumet. Richard Pryor plays The Wiz while Mabel King reprises her stage role of the Wicked Witch Evilene, who runs a sweatshop on the West Side while sitting on her, um, throne. Based on the book by L. Frank Baum and the musical play by Charlie Smalls.", "That same year, Motown acquired the film rights to the popular Broadway play The Wiz , an African-American reinterpretation of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Although teenage Stephanie Mills , a veteran of the play, was originally cast as Dorothy, Diana Ross convinced Universal Pictures producer Rob Cohen to have Ross cast as Dorothy, As a result, the eleven-year old protagonist of the story was altered into a shy twenty-four year old schoolteacher from Harlem, New York . Among Ross' costars in the film were Nipsey Russell , Ted Ross , and her former label mate and protégé Michael Jackson from the Jackson 5. Upon its October 1978 release, the film adaptation of The Wiz was a costly commercial and critical failure, and was Ross' final film for Motown. The accompanying soundtrack album, however, sold over 850,000 copies.", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\", \"This Place Hotel,\" and \"Can You Feel It\". In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[14] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplastywas not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.", "Perhaps the only ironic thing about Jackson in The Wiz is that even though it’s probably his most honest and revealing moment captured on film, his then surgically unaltered face is hidden for the length of movie’s entire 133-minute running time by Academy Award winning makeup artist Stan Winston’s handiwork. So even though we feel like we’re really seeing Michael, we actually never do. And that he would spend the next 30 years after The Wiz, masking his face from a combination of involuntarily— vitilago, and voluntary sources— plastic surgery and skin bleaching creams is also another sad reality not lost on audiences who’ve followed him through the decades. But in the end it never really mattered. True Michael Jackson fans could always look past all the masks theatrical and surgical, real and imagined and see Michael, as he truly was—a consummate performer and groundbreaking spirit. His lifelong work on records, in countless concerts and TV appearances, in music videos and in his only feature film role, is undeniable proof of his timeless genius and artistry. Unlike a human’s life it will never die, but like a boundless force of creative energy it will continue to dazzle and yes, ‘thrill’ audiences for generations to come.—Ronke Idowu Reeves", "Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images The cast of 'The Wiz' (L-R Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell, Diana Ross and Ted Ross) pose for a publicity shot in 1978 in New York, New York.", "The Wiz is a 1975 Broadway musical, based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, exclusively featuring African American actors.", "In 1977, Motown bought the rights to The Wiz, a script based on a Broadway hit with African-American stars putting their own spin on The Wizard of Oz. Gordy and producer Rob Cohen cast Ross, then 33, as Dorothy. The director who signed on, after a number of false starts, was Sidney Lumet, who had collaborated with a young Al Pacino on Dog Day Afternoon and Serpico. At 53, Lumet was an old Hollywood hand with fast-talking charisma, ending sentences with “darling sweetheart.” To give The Wiz an orchestral punch, Lumet sought out an old friend to request a favor.", "In 1998, following their TV-movie production of Cinderella (1997), producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron began pre-production on a TV-movie adaptation of The Wiz for The Wonderful World of Disney, which was to star a then-unknown Anika Noni Rose as Dorothy. The project fell through due to Universal still having the film rights to adaptations of The Wiz, and the production was shelved. The O.Z., a hip-hop re-adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz with an all-Black cast that was to use original music rather than adapt The Wiz, was then planned by FOX and director Chris Stokes in the early 2000s. With Queen Latifah, Patti LaBelle, Busta Rhymes, and Little Richard among its planned cast, the telefilm ultimately went un-produced; FOX instead became a co-producer on The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2004), starring Ashanti as Dorothy.", "Has movie debut as a scarecrow in The Wiz, an all-black remake of The Wizard of Oz. It co-stars Diana Ross, Lena Horne, Nipsey Russell and Richard Pryor.", "Let's be clear: The Wizard of Oz is super weird in general, no matter which incarnation you're talking about. What I loved about The Wiz, though, is how it not only embraces that established weirdness, but unapologetically amplifies it. There's even an all-but-direct drug reference when Dorothy and the Tin Man are lured into an alleyway and sprinkled with magical glitter. As in the original, the movie is anchored by Dorothy's sincerity — though Diana Ross tends to get a little Shelley-Duvall-in-The-Shining when she's acting scared or upset.", "The Wiz: The Super Soul Musical \"Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" is a musical with music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls (and others) and book by William F. Brown. It is an urbanized retelling of L. Frank Baum's classic 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in the context of modern African-American culture. It opened on October 21, 1974 at the Morris A. Mechanic Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland and moved to the Majestic Theatre with a new cast on January 5, 1975.", "Their friendship really began to blossom on the set of \"The Wiz\", and it developed into a father-and-son relationship. After \"The Wiz\" Michael called Quincy Jones and said, \"Look, I'm going to do an album - do you think you could recommend some producers?\"", "* Michael Jackson as Razamatazz - Fat Sam's personal pianist and performer at the Grand Slam Speakeasy (n.b. not Michael Jackson)", "The 1975 Broadway production won seven Tony Awards, including Best Musical. The musical was an early example of Broadway's mainstream acceptance of works with an all-black cast. The musical has had revivals in New York, London, San Diego and the Netherlands, and a limited-run revival was presented by Encores! at New York City Center in June 2009. A big-budget film adaptation of the same name was released in 1978 and has since become a cult classic. A live television production of the stage show, The Wiz Live!, was broadcast on NBC on December 3, 2015, with an encore presentation on December 19 of the same year.", "Also on August 6, 2004 , Man In The Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story debuted on VH1 starring Flex Alexander as Michael Jackson. [62]", "Lumet was harder to convince. He wanted Jimmie “J. J.” Walker, star of TV’s Good Times. “Michael Jackson’s a Vegas act. The Jackson 5’s a Vegas act,” the director told Cohen. Quincy Jones was skeptical of Jackson, too, but Cohen arranged a meeting, flying 19-year-old MJ to New York. Finally, Lumet and Jones saw the qualities that Cohen saw. “That boy is so sweet! He’s so pure!” Lumet exulted. “I want him as the Scarecrow.”", "Jackson, a Queens, New York native, has sold more than 30 millions albums worldwide and has won a Grammy Award along with a multitude of other music awards. He has starred in the movie “Get Rich or Die Tryin,” and he recently made a cameo in “Spy,” starring Melissa McCarthy and Jude Law.", "Jackson’s next album, Thriller, was a quantum leap for him both creatively and commercially. Produced by Jones, the recording spanned a number of pop genres— cannilyenlistingrockguitaridolEddieVanHalentoplay a solo on” Beat It,” for example, guaranteed access to listeners Jackson might not otherwise have reached— and fired numerous singles up the charts, notably the title track, the insinuating “Billie Jean,” and the raucous “Beat It.” The state-of-the-art videos that accompanied these singles, meanwhile, coincided with the sudden dominance of Music Television (MTV); Jackson’s distinctive “Moonwalk” and overall visual panache (combined with brilliant choreography and lavish special effects) won him an even vaster audience. Thrillerwent on to become the best-selling album of all time and garnered 5 Grammy awards; Jackson also snagged a G rammy for his participation in the E. T.: The Extraterrestrial album for children. Jackson was also a crucial player in the all-star benefit project We Are the World, which sought to combat hunger in Africa. In addition to his epochal solo work, he continued working with his brothers as part of The Jacksons; their 1984 “Victory” tour was a landmark of the decade.", "Black Entertainment : - THE WIZ AND THE WIZARD OF OZ \| Black Community Discussion Forum" ]	[ 4.11328125, 4.04296875, 3.787109375, 3.50390625, 3.029296875, 2.970703125, 2.38671875, 2.279296875, 1.7314453125, 1.2666015625, 1.2060546875, 1.1103515625, 1.09765625, 0.546875, 0.52001953125, 0.163818359375, -0.2039794921875, -0.76318359375, -1.201171875, -2.08984375, -2.666015625, -3.083984375, -3.1796875, -3.3125, -4.1953125, -5.19921875, -5.40625, -5.60546875, -5.7109375, -5.8828125, -6.5703125, -6.6875 ]
What was advertised by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner's version of It Takes Two?	[ "In 1990 \"It Takes Two\" was covered by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner and featured in a television advertising campaign for Pepsi. It was released as the lead single from Stewart's album Vagabond Heart, produced by Bernard Edwards and released in late 1990. The duet was a European hit, peaking at #5 in the UK, and becoming a Top 10 single in several European countries. It later appeared on both artists' greatest hits albums: Turner's Simply The Best (1991), and Stewart's The Very Best of Rod Stewart (2001).", "Released in 1991, the Vagabond Heart album continued Stewart's renewal and inspiration. The lead single \"It Takes Two\" with Tina Turner, was released in 1990 in advance of the full album's release, and reached number five on the UK charts, but did not chart in the US. The follow-up songs from Vagabond Heart both reached the Billboard Hot 100 in 1991, with \"Rhythm of My Heart\" peaking at No. 5 and \"The Motown Song\" peaking at No. 10. In 1991, Stewart also contributed guest lead vocals to the song \"My Town\" by the Canadian band Glass Tiger.", "Although she had been recording with husband Ike since 1960, this was Tina’s first solo hit in the UK and her first chart showing since Nutbush City Limits a decade earlier. A messy divorce from Ike in 1978 had left Tina with all sorts of legal and financial problems and a career in free fall. Rescued from cabaret by support slots with Rod Stewart and the Rolling Stones, Tina recorded two tracks for British Electric Foundation’s Music Of Quality And Distinction Vol. 1, which led B.E.F.’s Martyn Ware to produce this cover of an Al Green classic for her, while Ware’s Heaven 17 colleague Glenn Gregory provided backing vocals. A memorable appearance on Channel 4’s seminal rock show The Tube helped the single to number 6 and kick-started a twenty year run of hits.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\". Allegations of spousal abuse following her split with Turner in 1977 arose with the publication of her autobiography I, Tina. Turner rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with \"Let's Stay Together\" and the 1984 release of her album Private Dancer.", "The lead single \"It Takes Two\" with Tina Turner, was released in 1990 in advance of the full album's release, and reached number five on the UK charts, but did not chart in the US. The follow-up songs from Vagabond Heart both reached the Billboard Hot 100 in 1991, with \"Rhythm of My Heart\" peaking at No. 5 and \"The Motown Song\" peaking at No. 10. Read Less", "\"It Takes Two\" was a hit single recorded in late 1965 by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston for Motown's Tamla label.", " 1995 It Takes Two (performer: \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\") / (writer: \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\")", "On 1 July 2007, Stewart performed at the Concert for Diana held at Wembley Stadium, London, an event which celebrated the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death. On 12 December, he performed for the first time at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Coliseum in front of HRH Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall, singing another Cat Stevens number, \"Father and Son\", and Bonnie Tyler's song \"It's a Heartache\". On 22 December 2006, Stewart hosted the 8th Annual A Home for the Holidays special on CBS at 8:00 pm (PST). In 2007, Stewart's son Sean starred in the A&E television show Sons of Hollywood, in which Stewart's role as a parent is a major theme. On 1 July 2007, Rod Stewart performed \"Sailing\", \"Baby Jane\" and \"Maggie May\" at the memorial concert for Princess Diana at Wembley Stadium in London. On 11 June 2008, Stewart announced that the Faces had discussed a reunion for at least one or two concerts.", "In 2003 the song was released as a duet by English singer-songwriter Rod Stewart with American singer and actress Cher, as single from his second pop standards album, As Time Goes By: the Great American Songbook 2. It was released in 2003 by J Records. The cover also became a moderate hit on the Adult Contemporary chart in the United States, peaking at number 17.", "When We Were the New Boys, his final album on the Warner Bros. label released in 1998, contained versions of songs by Britpop acts such as Oasis and Primal Scream, and reached number two on the UK album charts. That same year, he recorded the song \"Faith of the Heart\", written by Diane Warren, for the film Patch Adams. In 2000, Stewart left Warner Bros. and moved to Atlantic Records, another division of Warner Music Group. In 2001, he released Human. The single \"I Can't Deny It\" went Top 40 in the UK and Top 20 in the adult contemporary. Stewart then signed to Clive Davis' new J Records label. The Story So Far: The Very Best of Rod Stewart, a greatest hits album compiled from his time at Warner Bros., went to the Top 10 in the UK and reached number one in 2001 in, among other places, Belgium and France.", "10.25 ITN News 10.30 Rod Stewart: Tonight He's Yours Recorded at the Los Angeles Forum last Christmas. Guest stars are Tina Turner and Kim Carnes. See page 27", "Popular versions on record include James Taylor, Dinah Shore, Sharon, Lois & Bram, Bing Crosby, Andy Williams, and Nancy Wilson. Leon Redbone sang the song in ads for the Chevrolet Geo. A version by NRBQ is included on their album Brass Tacks.", "All the Ike and Tina Turner songs used in the film were newly re-recorded versions featuring Tina Turner covering her own songs. On \"Proud Mary\", Laurence Fishburne sings Ike Turner's parts. For Tina Turner's solo recordings, the original masters were used, including the Phil Spector-produced \"River Deep - Mountain High\".", "* Rod Stewart performed the song for the 1972 orchestral version of Tommy, and it is included on several of Stewart's greatest hits compilations.", "The duet is frequently used in advertisements and films and is popular as a concert piece. It was adapted for the theme \"Aria on air\" for the British Airways \"face\" advertisements of the 1980s by music composers Yanni and Malcolm McLaren. David Usher used a sample of the record in his 2001 song \"Black Black Heart.\"", "Sam & Dave songs have been frequently used in movie & TV soundtracks and commercials, including \"Hold On, I'm Comin on the soundtrack of the 2007 hit film American Gangster. \"Hold On, I'm Comin and \"Soothe Me\" played on the radio and 8 track player (album titled: \"The Best of Sam and Dave\") in the Bluesmobile during the 1980 hit movie The Blues Brothers. \"A Place Nobody Can Find\" was used in the background of a scene in HBO's series The Wire. Jay Leno used \"Hold on I'm Comin\" while driving his AC Cobra on his 2009 Super Bowl commercial to announce his show's move to 10pm. \"Wrap it Up\" is used as a transition to commercial break for The O'Reilly Factor. \"Soul Man\" was used as the title and title track in the 1986 movie featuring C. Thomas Howell, and also the 1997–1998 television series featuring Dan Aykroyd. The movie Tapeheads, released in 1988 and starring John Cusack and Tim Robbins, featured Sam Moore and Junior Walker as a fictitious, legendary soul duo called The Swanky Modes.", "The original Mott the Hoople release had to be changed lyrically in order that it might be played on UK radio and TV. The line in the second verse: \"Wendy's stealing clothes from Marks and Sparks\" was a reference to UK retailer Marks & Spencer, also known by that colloquialism. As such, air play of the song in its original form would have breached broadcasting regulations relating to advertising in force at the time. The line was replaced with: \"Wendy's stealing clothes from unlocked cars\". Today, both versions are freely aired.", "Ike and Tina Turner recorded a number of hits in the 1960s, including the legendary single River Deep, Mountain High (with producer Phil Spector), and their signature number four hit Proud Mary (1971).", "Written by Terry Britten, Graham Lyle ● Produced by Terry Britten ● Performed by Tina Turner", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '81 DISC 11: Sheena Easton - Just Another Broken Heart; John Lennon - Give Peace A Chance (re-entry); Genesis - Keep It Dark; Tight Fit - Back To The Sixties Part 2; Bad Manners - Buona Sera; Grover Washington Jr & Bill Withers - Just The Two Of Us; Carl Carlton - She's A Bad Mama Jama; Clash - The Magnificent Seven; Polecats - John I'm Only Dancing; U2 - Fire; Sheila Hylton - The Bed's Too Big Without You; Freeez - Flying High; Polecats - Rockabilly Guy; Squeeze - Is That Love; Rex Smith & Rachel Sweet - Everlasting Love; Gillan - Nightmare; Dire Straits - Skateaway; Honey Bane - Turn Me On Turn Me Off; Duran Duran - Careless Memories; Emmylou Harris - Mr Sandman; Barry Manilow - I Made It Through The Rain; Level 42 - Love Games; Boney M - We Kill The World (Don't Kill The World); Gary Glitter - And Then She Kissed Me; Showaddywaddy - Multiplication; James Brown - Rapp Payback (Where Iz Moses?); John Foxx - Europe (After The Rain); Light Of The World - I Shot The Sheriff.", "A 1986 Song by Dr. Dave (Dave Kolin) which was released on TSR Records #852 and frequently heard on The Dr. Demento Show. A parody of “The Letter” by The Box Tops, it describes a contestant on Wheel and mentions Bankrupt, Losa A Turn, the Final Spin chimes, The Bonus Round, the home game, and shopping for prizes. The song ends with the singer/contestant expressing shock at the fact that a black-and-white 5 portable TV set costs $500. (You got ripped off, man.) A partial rewrite of the song, believed to have been performed by Gerg Barhill, was used in a 1987 promo for CBS affliate WWL-TV in New Orleans. The ad includes footage from several early season 4 episodes (one of which has the third starburst backdrops), plus an answer of NEW ORLEANS being revealed.", "In 1996, White recorded the duet \"In Your Wildest Dreams\" with Tina Turner. 1996 also saw the release of Space Jam and its soundtrack, on which White had a duet with Chris Rock, called \"Basketball Jones,\" a remake of Cheech & Chong's \"Basketball Jones\" from 1973.", "Ray Charles teams up with the Uh-Huh Girls. The slogan for Diet Pepsi is modified to \"You Got the Right One Baby, Uh-Huh!\"", "The song rose rapidly in the UK charts after the group's first appearance on Top of the Pops, which resulted in George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity making newspaper headlines. The group were only asked to appear on Top of the Pops the night before the show, after Shakin' Stevens pulled out. ", "Co-written by Iggy Pop and David Bowie, Bowie providing the music (written on a ukulele), and Pop the lyrics, the song is known for its opening drumbeat (played by Hunt Sales). The rhythm was based on the Armed Forces Network call signal, which Pop and Bowie picked up on while waiting for a broadcast of Starsky & Hutch. The drumbeat has since been imitated in numerous songs, including \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" by Jet and \"Selfish Jean\" by Travis; however, Sales's use of the rhythm was not original, as it was itself derived from \"You Can't Hurry Love\", released in July 1966 by The Supremes, and \"I'm Ready for Love\", released in October 1966 by Martha and the Vandellas.", "During the 1970s, Bacharach and then-wife Angie Dickinson appeared in several TV commercials for Martini & Rossi beverages, and even penned a short jingle (\"Say Yes\") for the spots. Bacharach also occasionally appeared on TV/variety shows, such as The Merv Griffin Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and many others.", "The band's first single of 1980 was intended to be \"Dreams of Children\", which combined bleak lyrics lamenting the loss of childhood optimism with hard-edged, psychedelic instrumental backing and production. Due to a labelling error, however, the a- and b-sides of the single were reversed, resulting in the more conventional \"Going Underground\", the single's planned flipside, getting much more airplay and attention than \"Dreams of Children\". As a result, only \"Going Underground\" was initially listed on the charts, although the single was eventually officially recognised (and listed) as a double A-side by the time the release reached No. 1 in the UK. When promoting the album in the United States, the group appeared on American Bandstand, performing \"(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave\", a cover of the hit song by the Motown girl group Martha and the Vandellas. They also appeared on the short-lived American sketch comedy series Fridays, playing the song \"Private Hell\".", "Co-host, with Lynn Hoffman , of an infomercial for TimeLife's \"Legends\" music collection. Also appearing is Lycia Naff . [2005]", "This was the second single The Hollies released after Graham Nash left the group to form Crosby, Stills, and Nash; the first was \"Sorry Suzanne.\" Nash was replaced by Terry Sylvester. >>", "Minogue released her second album Get Into You, which included the songs \"Show You the Way to Go\", \"This Is It\" and \"This Is the Way\", in October 1993. The album contained uptempo dance tracks and mature poser, but despite her past chart success, failed to make the British top fifty. In mid-1994, Minogue returned to television as a presenter, co-hosting Channel 4's morning show The Big Breakfast in the UK. In 1995, Minogue released the singles \"Rescue Me\" and \"Boogie Woogie\", a collaboration with dance act Eurogroove. Released only in Japan, both songs reached number one on the Japanese singles chart. She began recording her third album in 1995; however, Minogue and her record label, Mushroom Records, parted ways in late 1995 following a contract disagreement. ", "\"Ed Sullivan Show\" - From the Let It Be movie, two film clips are presented to the viewing audience: \"TWO OF US\" and \"LET IT BE\"", "Nimoy played the part of the chauffeur in the 1985 music video of The Bangles' cover version of \"Going Down to Liverpool\". He also appeared in the alternate music video for the song \"The Lazy Song\" by pop artist Bruno Mars." ]	[ 6.515625, -0.1859130859375, -0.57666015625, -1.302734375, -1.4775390625, -2.404296875, -3.39453125, -3.982421875, -4.16015625, -4.48046875, -4.5625, -4.61328125, -5.375, -5.46484375, -5.58984375, -5.66796875, -5.8515625, -6.078125, -6.34375, -6.81640625, -7.34375, -7.56640625, -7.64453125, -7.66015625, -8.421875, -8.546875, -8.890625, -9.1484375, -9.3046875, -9.3515625, -10.2265625, -10.8046875 ]
Which brothers bought Shepperton movie studios in 1994?	[ "The British film director brothers Ridley and Tony Scott bought Shepperton film studios yesterday for £12m. The deal is expected to give a big boost to the British film industry.", "In 1984, Shepperton Studios changed hands yet again, coming under the control of brothers John and Benny Lee, who renovated the studios but soon lost control as a result of the \"Black Monday\" of 1987, the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike and internal issues within their company, Lee International. Bankers Warburg Pincus acquired the studios, which became busy with the filming of TV shows as well as such films as Franco Zeffirelli's Hamlet (1990), Kevin Reynolds' Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) and Nicholas Hytner's The Madness of King George (1994). In 1995, the studios were purchased by a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott, which led to an extensive renovation of the studios as well as the expansion and improvement of its grounds.", "The Scott brothers, Ridley and Tony, acquired Shepperton in January 1995. In 2001, Pinewood Studios, famed for its James Bond movies, bought Shepperton studios to enable the joint company to attract big-budget film-makers. The two studios continue to retain their individual trading identities despite the merger but will be under common ownership and management.", "Andrew Patrick, chief executive of the British Film Commission, said: \"It's obviously good news to have attracted people of the stature of the Scott brothers. Buying Shepperton is a vote of confidence in the UK.\"", "When the brothers announced their intention to buy the studio in September, Ridley Scott admitted: \"I've been shooting there for 27 years. The sale is almost nostalgic, but I don't want it to be a nostalgic relationship. I want it to be a business relationship.\"", "Pinewood-Shepperton Limited is the result of the merger of Britain's two leading film and television production studios, Pinewood and Shepperton into a single company. Pinewood was built in the l930s by J. Arthur Rank and was the home of many \"classic\" British films. It is Europe's leading production facility and has been at the front of international production for over 60 years, presently providing studio facilities for producers of feature films, commercial and television programmes. Shepperton has also been in operation since the 1930s and over 600 films have been made here, including many British \"classics\". It is the second largest production studio in Britain, hosting high profile television programmes and providing facilities and stages for hundreds of commercials a year.", "The brothers' film contacts will also help to generate business at Shepperton. They jointly own RSA, the London-based television commercial production company, and a Hollywood production company.", "Excellent films continued to be made at Shepperton during the 1980s such as The Elephant Man (1980) , The Missionary (1982), The Company Of Wolves (1984), Passage To India (1984) and Kenneth Branagh ‘s first film production, Henry V (1989) . Also among the 1980s productions at the studios were Privates On Parade (1982) and Michael Radford’s film of the George Orwell novel 1984 (1984). The 1990s saw Neil Jordan’s Oscar winner, The Crying Game (1992) ; Louis Matte’s Damage (1992); Kenneth Branagh ï¿½s Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1994) and Nicholas Hytner’s award winning The Madness of King George (1994) , Lord Attenborough’s Chaplin (1992) and Shadowlands (1993) .", "Nigel Sinclair, of Intermedia, one of the companies involved with the Scotts in the takeover, said yesterday: \"This is a cutting-edge deal. British film-makers who have achieved top success in Hollywood are bringing their expertise back to the UK's most venerable studio.\"", "The film was financed by Mirisch Film Ltd, a company owned by the Mirisch Corporation set up in Britain in order to qualify for Britain's Eady Levy film funding. The Mirisch Corporation was owned by brothers Walter, Marvin and Harold Mirisch and had an agreement in which United Artists would distribute their films, but the Mirisch Corporation would finance their films themselves. United Artists later purchased the Mirisch Corporation and gained ownership of their characters, including those in The Pink Panther.", "Speaking at Bath Literature Festival, Sisman said that the film rights had been bought by The Ink Factory, the production company owned by le Carré’s own sons, Stephen and Simon Cornwell (the novelist’s real name is David Cornwell).", "MGM held on to their Marx Brothers films longer than Paramount did. In 1986, media mogul Ted Turner bought MGM outright. But after amassing huge debts, Turner sold the studio, but kept the pre-1986 MGM library for his own company, Turner Entertainment. Today, Turner Entertainment is a subsidiary of Time Warner, with Warner Bros. handling sales and distribution.", "Filmed in Shepperton Film Studio in Surrey, the film was a Romulus Films production and was distributed internationally by Columbia Pictures.", "Miramax has been bought by Doha's Al Jazeera Network spin-off beIN Media Group, which acquired the indie left behind by its founders, Bob and Harvey Weinstein , when they left Disney in 2005 to start anew. Disney sold the company and its rich library of 700 titles with such Oscar winners as ' Pulp Fiction ,\" “ The English Patient ,” “ No Country for Old Men ,” \"Chicago\" and \" The Crying Game \" for $660 million in 2010. Now the consortium of investors that bought Miramax , led by Qatar Investment Authority and Colony Capital, have turned the company over to a new owner. At the beginning Miramax was determined to maximize the value of the library, but in recent years under executive Zanne Devine they have returned to production. She says that Miramax projects like Kevin Hart comedy hit \" The Wedding Ringer \" ( Screen Gems ) and \" Mr. Holmes ,\" the Ian McKellen Roadshow Attractions specialty breakout, will continue. Four films in the »", "Twenty three years on, it is intriguing to note that in the year of the first performance (and three months before Jason Donovan was born), the copyright on JOSEPH was sold by Andrew and Tim to Novello & Co. for 50 guineas each. Novello & Co. was subsequently purchased by Filmtrax, who continue to own the copyrights until 21st April 1989, when the Really Useful Group purchased it for £1 million.", "In 1999, JK Rowling sold the rights to the first four movies to Warners for around £1 million (given how much dosh the resulting films have made, that seems like a great deal these days).", "Principal photography took place from 11 July to 9 September 1994. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and on location at:", "After Thames lost its ITV franchise to Carlton Television, which took over in 1993, the studio became independent. Without a major broadcaster or studio group owning the studios, their future was questioned (as Carlton was going to commission most of its entertainment programming from independent producers), but it survived and stayed independent for 13 years, when in 2005, the Pinewood Studios Group bought the complex for £2.7m. Teddington was also the home of British TV Casino show Smart Live Casino until they moved to Picadilly Studios.", "* In 2005, HBO Films and New Line Cinema formed Picturehouse, a worldwide theatrical distribution company for high-quality independent films. The company was shut down in 2008 as part of the consolidation of New Line with its sister studio Warner Bros. Entertainment (Picturehouse CEO Bob Berney would later resurrect the studio as an independent entity from Time Warner).", "Scott quit the BBC in 1968 and established a production company, Ridley Scott Associates, working with Sir Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Hugh Johnson and employing his younger brother, Tony. Having cut his teeth on UK television commercials in the 1970s — most notably the 1974 Hovis advert, \"Bike Round\" (New World Symphony), which was filmed in Shaftesbury, Dorset — he graduated to Hollywood , where he produced and directed a number of top box office films. His first feature, The Duellists , was produced in Europe and won a jury medal at the Cannes Film Festival but made limited impact in the US.", "* Five major film studio complexes, Pinewood Film Studios, Denham Film Studios, Ealing Studios, Lime Grove Studios and Islington Studios. (The studios at Lime Grove were sold to the BBC in 1949.)", "Scott left the BBC in 1968 and established a production company, Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), working with Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Hugh Johnson and employing his younger brother, Tony. After making television commercials in the UK during the 1970s, including most notably the 1974 Hovis advert, \"Bike Round\" (New World Symphony), which was filmed in Shaftesbury, Dorset, he moved to Hollywood, where he produced and directed a number of top box office films.", "In January 1994, Mary Archer, then a director of Anglia Television, attended a directors' meeting at which an impending takeover of Anglia Television by MAI, which owned Meridian Broadcasting, was discussed. The following day, Jeffrey Archer bought 50,000 shares in Anglia Television, acting on behalf of a friend, Broosk Saib. Shortly after this, it was announced publicly that Anglia Television would be taken over by MAI. As a result the shares jumped in value, whereupon Archer sold them on behalf of his friend for a profit of ï¿½77,219. The arrangements he made with the stockbrokers meant he did not have to pay at the time of buying the shares .", "MGM purchased 20% of Cablevision Systems for $825 million in 2001. MGM attempted to take over Universal Studios in 2003, but failed, and was forced to sell several of its cable channel investments (taking a $75-million loss on the deal). ", "Heyman's enthusiasm led to Rowling's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million (US$2,000,000). A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British, allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors, such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such. Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she \"didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story\" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author-written sequels. ", "In 2006, as mentioned earlier, Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks SKG. Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in the live-action films released through September 16, 2005, the latest film in this package was Just Like Heaven . The remaining live-action films through March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control.", "In 2006, Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks SKG. Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in the live-action films released through September 16, 2005, the latest film in this package was Just Like Heaven. The remaining live-action films through March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control.", "Hamleys was bought by the Icelandic investment company Baugur Group in 2003 but was taken over by Baugur's main investor, the Icelandic bank Landsbanki when the group defaulted. In 2012, the French toy retailer Groupe Ludendo bought the business for £60 million. In October 2015 it was reported that Groupe Ludendo was negotiating the sale of the toy retailer, possibly to a Hong Kong company owned by a relative of the owner of department store House of Fraser. ", "In December 1993, Cohen completed a four-year term as President and Chief Operating Officer of Largo Entertainment, the joint venture between JVC/Victor Company of Japan Ltd. and Hollywood producer Lawrence Gordon. Cohen advised JVC on the creation of Largo and under his tenure, Largo produced several major box office hits including Point Break, Unlawful Entry, and Timecop as well as the critically acclaimed film Malcolm X, which it co-financed with Warner Bros.", "The film series was first released as a DVD box-set 1 September 2008 by ITV Studios Home Entertainment. Five years later 7 October 2013 it was re-released with smaller packaging. All the movies contained in the collection are also available to buy individually.", "In the late 90s he opened the Freemans Park Odeon Cinema at his home town of Leicester. 'The Lost World Jurassic Park' was the first film to be shown.", "The Masters of Cinema Series is now a wholly owned label of Eureka Entertainment Ltd, London." ]	[ 5.76953125, 5.69140625, 5.29296875, 3.205078125, -0.9091796875, -1.2314453125, -2.17578125, -2.18359375, -2.685546875, -3.365234375, -3.84375, -3.931640625, -4.03125, -5.22265625, -5.9609375, -6.5703125, -7.03515625, -7.12109375, -7.390625, -7.4140625, -7.53125, -7.69921875, -8.0703125, -8.171875, -8.3046875, -8.34375, -8.6328125, -9.484375, -9.515625, -9.7734375, -10.1796875, -10.546875 ]
Which studios did the Rank Organization open in 1936?	[ "In 1933, J. Arthur Rank, who had started by making religious films, founded British National. In 1935, he went into partnership with C.M.Woolf to take over Pinewood Studios, 20 miles west of London and found the Rank Organisation. At the same time, Oscar Deutsch was building up the Odeon chain of cinemas. But by 1937, the boom turned into a slump.", "Rank and his partners made their next move in 1935, becoming owner-operators of Pinewood Film Studios, which had only recently been created as a potential rival to the Hollywood studios. Then in 1936, Rank made a bold move to improve his distribution, by removing the middlemen who controlled 80% of the British film industry, and clogged the theatrical pipeline with American movies. He began by forming a partnership with filmmaker C.M. Woolf, for the purpose of creating the General Cinema Finance Corporation (GCFC). They then used that company to buy out General Film Distributors, the UK distributors for Universal Pictures. Distribution problems solved.", "In 1937 J. Arthur Rank began to consolidate his movie interests in both the Pinewood Film Studios and the Denham Film Studios and other interests within a new company called the Rank Organisation . In 1938 the Rank Organisation bought the Odeon cinema chain. In 1938 the Rank Organisation bought Amalgamated Studios in Elstree and in 1941 it absorbed the Gaumont-British Picture Corporation who owned 251 cinemas and the Lime Grove Studios (which the Rank Organisation later sold to BBC Television .) It also bought the Paramount cinema chain so that by 1942 the Rank Organisation owned 619 cinemas. He was succeeded as Chairman by Sir John Davis , upon his retirement. A more complete history is found under the Rank Organisation from 1937 to 1996 and The Rank Group Plc which absorbed the Rank Organisation in 1996.", "The Rank Organisation was a British entertainment conglomerate founded by industrialist J. Arthur Rank in April 1937. It quickly became the largest and most vertically integrated film company in Britain, owning production, distribution and exhibition facilities. It also diversified into the manufacture of radios, TVs and photocopiers (as one of the owners of Rank Xerox). The company name lasted until February 1996 when the name and some of the remaining assets were absorbed into the newly structured the Rank Group Plc and in recent years asset stripping and streamlining of the business has left it a shadow of its former self, with all their remaining operating interests now in gambling.", "and Jaro Records (a jazz subsidiary). In 1961, Top Rank was taken over by EMI, and in 1962 they replaced it with Stateside Records. Rank Audio Visual was created in 1960, bringing together Rank’s acquisitions in multimedia, including Bell and Howell (acquired with Gaumont British in 1941), Andrew Smith Harkness Ltd (1952) and Wharfedale Ltd (1958). Subsequent acquisitions included Strand Electric Holdings (1968) and H.J. Leak & Co. (1969).", "From about 1930 five major Hollywood movie studios from all over the Los Angeles area, Paramount, RKO, 20th Century Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros., owned large, grand theaters throughout the country for the exhibition of their movies. The period between the years 1927 (the effective end of the silent era) to 1948 is considered the age of the \"Hollywood studio system\", or, in a more common term, the Golden Age of Hollywood. In a landmark 1948 court decision, the Supreme Court ruled that movie studios could not own theaters and play only the movies of their studio and movie stars, thus an era of Hollywood history had unofficially ended. By the mid-1950s, when television proved a profitable enterprise that was here to stay, movie studios started also being used for the production of programming in that medium, which is still the norm today.", "Paramount Pictures Corporation (commonly known as Paramount Studios or simply Paramount, and formerly known as Famous Players-Lasky Corporation) is an American film studio, television production company and motion picture distributor, consistently ranked as one of the \"Big Six\" film studios of Hollywood. It is a subsidiary of U.S. media conglomerate Viacom. Paramount is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). ", "J. Arthur Rank, born in Kingston upon Hull, UK, was already a wealthy industrialist through his father's flour milling business, Joseph Rank Ltd, when he made his somewhat unlikely start in film-making, financing short religious subjects in line with his Methodist beliefs. From these modest origins, the British film company emerged in 1937 as Rank sought to consolidate his film-making interests.", "According to Warner's autobiography, prior to US entry in World War II, Philip Kauffman, Warner Bros. German sales head, was murdered by the Nazis in Berlin in 1936. Harry produced the successful anti-German film The Life of Emile Zola (1937). After that, Harry supervised the production of more anti-German films, including Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939), The Sea Hawk (1940), which made King Phillip II an equivalent of Hitler, Sergeant York, and You're In The Army Now (1941). Harry then decided to focus on producing war films. Warners' cut its film production in half during the war, eliminating its B Pictures unit in 1941. Bryan Foy joined Twentieth Century Fox. ", "Once the largest, most glamorous, and most revered film studio, MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures and Louis B. Mayer Pictures. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California. It is one of the oldest film studios.", "Smaller studios operated simultaneously with \"the majors.\" These included operations such as Republic Pictures, active from 1935, which produced films that occasionally matched the scale and ambition of the larger studio, and Monogram Pictures, which specialized in series and genre releases. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the minor studios filled the demand for B movies and are sometimes collectively referred to as Poverty Row.", "William Hanna and Joseph Barbera were part of Rudolf Ising’s film production unit at the MGM cartoon studios in the late 1930s. MGM hoped to become rivals to the established Leon Schlesinger Productions (under Warner Brothers) and Max Fleischer Studios (with Paramount Pictures) and capitalize on the newly rediscovered interest in animated shorts films. Despite having acquired Friz Freleng from Schlesinger Productions, their first project entitled The Captain and the Kids did very poorly and the studio was forced to streamline the department to save costs. Joseph Barbera, a storywriter and character designer, was paired with William Hanna, a production director, in the hope that working so closely together would prove more cost effective. In their first production meeting, Barbera suggested they try a cat and mouse scenario, and they sketched out the characters they would need to produce Puss Gets The Boot, released February 10, 1940.", "Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studio's early productions were low-budget short subjects: \"Screen Snapshots\", the \"Hall Room Boys\" (the vaudeville duo of Edward Flanagan and Neely Edwards ), and the Chaplin imitator Billy West . [7] The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywood's famously low-rent Gower Street . Among Hollywood's elite, the studio's small-time reputation led some to joke that \"CBC\" stood for \"Corned Beef and Cabbage\". [5]", "During the 1930s the Warners acquired the Stanley Company of America, which controlled 250 cinema buildings. This guaranteed them an outlet for all their films. They set the scale for film musicals with the lavish Gold Diggers series and films built around \"headline\" news, such as G-Men (1935) and China Clipper (1936), and spectacles such as A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). They also used the screen for presenting social issues such as The Life of Emile Zola (1937) and The Black Legion (1937), which involved racial and religious bigotry.", "20th Century Fox ï¿½ film studio formed in 1935 following the merger of William Fox's Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures.", "During the 1940s, J Arthur Rank produced some of the finest films ever made in Great Britain , including: The Red Shoes , Hamlet , Henry V , A Matter of Life and Death , Black Narcissus , The Rake's Progress , The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp and many more.", "Hammer Film Productions Limited — киностудия основанная в 1934 году в Великобритании. В 1975 году заявила о банкротстве. Наиболее известна своим производством различных фильмов ужасов, самые известные и популярные из которых объединены в Классическую серию фильмов ужасов студии Hammer. Первым фильмом студии является фильм Тайна Мари Целест вышедший в 1936 году. Одними из звёзд студии были Питер Кашинг и Кристофер Ли. Студия «оживила», со времён классической серии фильмов ужасов студии Universal, таких известных персонажей как: Дракула, Франкенштейн, Мумия, Оборотень, Джекил и Хайд.", "1934-1936 Variant: We see a mountain shooting above a cloud deck below. A ring of 19 or 24 stars, similar to the one seen on the Paramount blue mountain logo are seen. In an unusual font, we see the words \"A Paramount Picture\".", "Hammer Film Productions Limited — киностудия основанная в 1934 году в Великобритании. В 1975 году заявила о банкротстве. Наиболее известна своим производством различных фильмов ужасов, самые известные и популярные из которых объединены в Классическую серию фильмов ужасов студии Hammer. Первым фильмом студии является фильм Тайна Мари Целест вышедший в 1936 году. Одними из звёзд студии были Питер Кашинг и Кристофер Ли.", "Beginning in December of 1980, under the new leadership of Robert A. Daly and Terry Semel, Warner Bros. made artistic and box-office history with such films as the Academy Award-winning Chariots of Fire, The Right Stuff, The Killing Fields, The Color Purple, The Mission, The Accidental Tourist, Dangerous Liaisons, the Police Academy films, Arthur, Private Benjamin, The World According to Garp, the National Lampoon's Vacation movies, Empire of the Sun, Full Metal Jacket, The Witches of Eastwick, Stand and Deliver and Bird, as well as such worldwide phenomena as Superman II, Superman III, Lethal Weapon, Lethal Weapon 2 and Batman (which spawned one of the most lucrative franchises in movie history and the establishment of Warner Bros. Consumer Products). In the ‘80s, Warner Bros. Television launched some of its most-popular and most-acclaimed programming ever, including Murphy Brown, Life Goes On, China Beach, Growing Pains, Spenser: For Hire, Scarecrow and Mrs. King and Head of the Class.", "The PCA also engaged in political censorship. When Warner Bros. wanted to make a film about concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the production office forbade it—citing the above-mentioned prohibition on depicting \"in an unfavorable light\" another country's \"institutions [and] prominent people\"—with threats to take the matter to the federal government if the studio went ahead. This policy prevented a number of anti-Nazi films being produced. In 1938, the FBI unearthed and prosecuted a Nazi spy ring, subsequently allowing Warner to produce Confessions of a Nazi Spy, with the Three Stooges' short subject You Nazty Spy! (January 1940) being the first Hollywood film of any sort to openly spoof the Third Reich's leadership. ", "In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America (RCA), which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming, NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series.", "By 1908, the Warners had acquired 200 film titles, distributing films throughout western Pennsylvania (as the Duquesne Film Exchange) and, later, opened new exchanges in Norfolk, Virginia and Atlanta, Georgia. Realizing, however, that the large profits from movies would come not just from distribution and exhibition, but also from production, the Warners moved to California and established a small production base at 18th and Main Streets in Culver City.", "In 1936, he appeared as himself in the film âThe Big Broadcast of 1937â. After its success, he made several films himself like âThe Hollywood Hotelâ, âSyncopationâ and âSweet and Low-Downâ.", "Technically, New York-based American Communist Party (CPUSA) cultural commissar V.J. Jerome was his superior but in the Hollywood hierarchy, Lawson arguably was second only to Gerhart Eisler in authority. Eisler was the \"boss\" in his role as an agent of the Moscow-controlled Comintern, and thus outranked Lawson, who was not a member of the secret quasi-military organization. Like Eisler, he was unquestionably under the discipline of Moscow, and thus, in essence, answerable to Joseph Stalin , the spider at the center of the web. When the party wanted a member to come to heel, Lawson enforced the ukase. (Eisler's brother, film composer Hanns Eisler -- a good friend of \"Hollywood 19\" member Bertolt Brecht , was deported from the United States after his own 1947 HUAC testimony. On his part, Brecht willingly testified before HUAC, told them nonsense, then decamped for East Germany, where he lived out the rest of his life under the aegis of the Warsaw Pact.)", "The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. The logo appeared at the start of many cartoons. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were \"Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade.\"", "The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were \"Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade.\"", "1936: Squadrone bianco by Augusto Genina (Coppa Mussolini for the best Italian film); Der Kaiser von Kalifornien (Germania) by Luis Trenker (Award for the best foreign film)", "In October 1940, Stewart was drafted into the United States Army but was rejected for failing to meet the weight requirements for his height for new recruits—Stewart was five pounds (2.3 kg) under the standard. To get up to 143 pounds, he sought out the help of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's muscle man and trainer Don Loomis, who was noted for his ability to help people add or subtract pounds in his studio gymnasium. Stewart subsequently attempted to enlist in the Air Corps, but still came in underweight, although he persuaded the enlistment officer to run new tests, this time passing the weigh-in, with the result that Stewart enlisted and was inducted in the Army on March 22, 1941. He became the first major American movie star to wear a military uniform in World War II.", "Later in 1940, Stewart was drafted into the United States Army but was rejected for failing to meet height and weight requirements for new recruits - Stewart was five pounds under the standard. To get up to 148 pounds he sought out the help of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's muscle man, Don Loomis, who was noted for his ability to add or subtract pounds in his studio gymnasium. Stewart subsequently attempted to enlist in the Army Air Corps , but still came in under the weight requirement, although he persuaded the AAC enlistment officer to run new tests, this time passing the weigh-in, [28] with the result that Stewart successfully enlisted in the Army in March 1941. He became the first major American movie star to wear a military uniform in World War II .", "The onset of US involvement in WWII also brought a proliferation of movies as both patriotism and propaganda. American propaganda movies included Desperate Journey, Mrs. Miniver, Forever and a Day and Objective Burma. Notable American films from the war years include the anti-Nazi Watch on the Rhine (1943), scripted by Dashiell Hammett; Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Hitchcock's direction of a script by Thornton Wilder; the George M. Cohan biopic, Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), starring James Cagney, and the immensely popular Casablanca, with Humphrey Bogart. Bogart would star in 36 films between 1934 and 1942 including John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), one of the first movies now considered a classic film noir.", "The country was in the midst of World War II, and many of the awards (and the themes of the films of 1942) reflected the country's pre-occupation with the war or the conflict. Some of the nominated 1942 films with propagandistic war themes included Mrs. Miniver," ]	[ 2.853515625, 2.34765625, 2.30078125, 1.7255859375, -3.404296875, -3.712890625, -4.66796875, -4.8125, -4.98046875, -5.46875, -6.0078125, -6.703125, -6.74609375, -6.81640625, -6.82421875, -6.89453125, -6.9453125, -7.03125, -7.28125, -7.70703125, -8.078125, -8.5546875, -8.6328125, -9.1640625, -9.2578125, -9.625, -9.6875, -10.1640625, -10.4609375, -10.6328125, -10.6640625, -10.875 ]
Who made the film Renaldo and Clara with Bob Dylan?	[ "Renaldo and Clara is a 1978 American film directed by Bob Dylan and starring Bob Dylan, Sara Dylan, and Joan Baez. Written by Dylan and Sam Shepard, the film incorporates three distinct film genres: concert footage, documentary interviews, and dramatic fictional vignettes reflective of Dylan's song lyrics and life.", "Renaldo and Clara was written by Bob Dylan and Sam Shepard. Most of the performers are musicians or members of Dylan's inner circle; the only professional actors in the cast are Sam Shepard, Harry Dean Stanton, Helena Kallianiotes, and Ronee Blakley.", "Bob Dylan’s epic 1978 film Renaldo and Clara—a four-hour fever dream of concert footage, documentary, narrative pieces co-written by Sam Shepard—is nearly as legendary as the Rolling Thunder Revue concert tour that fueled it, excessive in every way, doomed by critical consensus as an impossible-to-sit-through failure.", "Renaldo And Clara was hit hard by critics, but was a true testimont that Bob Dylan (Robert Zimmerman) is the true modern leader of entertainment, and learder of social change.", "If Dylan had released a straightforward visual showcase of this band, we might be speaking of Renaldo & Clara as one of the great concert films of the rock era. Alas, the elements described above take up just about an hour of Renaldo & Clara’s running time – the film isn’t called The Rolling Thunder Revue, after all. No, much of Renaldo & Clara is devoted to semi-improvised dramatic scenes that suggest an unholy collaboration between Sam Peckinpah and John Cassavetes. (That description that might whet the appetites of cinephiles, but trust me, it’s nowhere near that good.) These barely-written, clumsily edited scenes, mainly featuring Dylan’s then-wife Sara, playwright/actor Sam Shepard, Joan Baez and Dylan himself, are made of the flimsiest of materials, and it shows. The actors (or, in most cases, non-actors) don’t seem to have been given much in the way of guidance, and they painfully grope for something, anything, that might lead to a meaningful exchange. “I need you,” Shepard tells Sara Dylan at one point. “Need me for what?” she asks. “I need you to perform certain magical things with me, that’s all,” Shepard responds. It’s a fairly typical moment.", "Sara Dylan (Wilmington, Delaware, 25 de octubre de 1939), nacida como Shirley Marlin Noznisky, fue la primera mujer del músico estadounidense Bob Dylan y madre de cuatro de sus hijos, incluyendo el también músico Jakob Dylan. Contrajo matrimonio con Dylan en noviembre de 1965 y se divorció de él en junio de 1977. Interpretó el papel de Clara en la película Renaldo and Clara, dirigida por Dylan, descrita por un biógrafo del músico como «en parte un tributo a su mujer».", "THERE'S an insolence about \"Renaldo and Clara,\" the four-hour film written and directed by Bob Dylan and featuring members of his Rolling Thunder Revue, that is not easily ignored. Mr. Dylan, who has a way of insinuating that any viewer who doesn't grasp the full richness of his work must be intellectually deficient or guilty of some failure of nerve, has seen fit to produce a film that no one is likely to find altogether comprehensible. Yet for anyone even marginally interested in Mr. Dylan—and for anyone willing to accept the idea that his evasiveness, however exasperating, is a crucial aspect of his finest work — \"Renaldo and Clara\" holds the attention at least as effectively as it tries the patience.", "Wiki Info - Sara Dylan (born October 25, 1939 as Shirley Marlin Noznisky), is the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. In 1959, Noznisky was wed to magazine photographer Hans Lownds, during which time she was known as Sara Lownds. Sara married Bob Dylan during a secret ceremony in November 1965, and the couple had four children together. Their marriage is often cited by music writers as the inspiration for many of Dylan's songs created throughout the 1960s and 70s, including \"Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands,\" \"Love Minus Zero/No Limit\", and \"Sara\". The 1975 album Blood on the Tracks has been cited by many as Bob's account of their disintegrating marriage; their son Jakob Dylan has notably said that the lyrics of the album are \"my parents talking.\" The pair finally divorced in June 1977. Sara Dylan played the role of Clara in the movie Renaldo and Clara, directed by Dylan, and the film was described by a Dylan biographer as \"in part a tribute to his wife\".", "All of which brings us to Renaldo & Clara, made a decade later, again in collaboration with Howard Alk and again using raw tour footage to illustrate the shadowy recesses of Dylan’s mind. The tour in question this time was the Rolling Thunder Revue of late 1975, which saw Dylan taking a motley crew of musicians (including Roger McGuinn, Ronee Blakely, Joan Baez, Ramblin’ Jack Elliott, Bob Neuwirth, T-Bone Burnet, and Joni Mitchell) on a trip through the northeastern United States and Canada. Much of the non-musical documentary material in Renaldo & Clara is devoted to demystifying the rock tour experience, using techniques that anticipate (and perhaps influenced) later films like Radiohead’s Meeting People Is Easy and Wilco’s I Am Trying to Break Your Heart : the audience is treated to long sequences of roadies setting up equipment in empty arenas, awkward media meet ‘n’ greets, stoned rap sessions with fans and groupies, and interminably long train and car rides. It’s all pretty boring – which is probably the point.", "Bob Dylan made this concert film that chronicles a 1975/1976 performance of his Rolling Thunder Revue. In between songs he, his wife Sara Dylan, along with Joan Baez, Allen Ginsberg, and other counterculture figures perform philosophically based improvisational pieces. During the skits, Dylan plays the ambiguous Renaldo, while Ronnie Hawkins and Ronee Blakely play Dylan and his wife. Songs include \"Isis, I Want You,\" \"It Ain't Me Babe,\" \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door,\" \"Hurricane,\" \"Romance in Durango,\" \"One Too Many Mornings,\" \"One More Cup of Coffee,\" \"Sara,\" \"Patty's Gone to Laredo,\" \"Just Like a Woman,\" \"A Hard Rain's Gonna Fall,\" \"Sad-Eyed Lady of the Lowland,\" \"When I Paint My Masterpiece,\" (Bob Dylan), \"Chestnut Mare\" (Roger McGuinn), \"Diamonds and Rust\" (Joan Baez), \"Suzanne\" (Leonard Cohen), \"Need a New Sun Rising\" (Ronee Blakely), \"Salt Pork West Virginia\" (Jack Elliott), \"Kaddish\" (Allen Ginsberg), \"Cucurrucucu Paloma\" (Tomas Mendez), and \"Time of the Preacher\" (Willie Nelson).", "Dylanologists rejoice! I've heard from a semi-reliable source that Renaldo and Clara, a much-discussed and little-seen 1978 epic film by Bob Dylan, will soon be finally released on DVD.", "The fall 1975 tour with the Revue also provided the backdrop to Dylan's three hour and fifty-five minute film Renaldo and Clara, its sprawling, improvised and frequently baffling narrative mixed with striking concert footage and reminiscences. Released in 1978, the movie received generally poor, sometimes scathing reviews, and had a very brief theatrical run. Later in that year, Dylan allowed a two-hour edit, dominated by the concert performances, to be more widely released.", "But \"Renaldo & Clara\" is a very different sort of film. It runs nearly 4 hours and chronicles a concert tour, \"The Rolling Thunder Revue.\" It is filled with interesting people, good music and impromptu dialogue. Even with so much situational dialogue, Dylan shared writing credits with the distinguished playwright Sam Shepard. Perhaps the thing that makes it such a valuable cinematic document is that it bridges the gap in American cultural history between the \"Beat Generation\" and the emerging post-modern movement.", "Elliott appeared in Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue concert tour and played \"Longheno de Castro\" in Dylan's movie Renaldo and Clara. In the movie, he sings the song \"South Coast\" by Lillian Bos Ross and Sam Eskin, from whose lyric the character's name is derived. ", "It's not clear whether Dylan has refused to release this film since the 1970s only to spite the critics or for other reasons. The crash-landing of Renaldo and Clara coincided with Dylan and Sara's divorce, after which the always enigmatic folk-rocker released a brilliant, Kafkaesque album called Street-Legal, then disappeared for several months and reemerged as a born-again Christian. Renaldo and Clara, though an artistic failure in several ways, captures the heat of an artist in a creative frenzy. It probably also captures something about the 1970s as a whole.", "In late July 1972, Dylan saw the Rolling Stones perform at Madison Square Garden. According to Arthur Rosato, the soundman on Renaldo and Clara, their 1972 world tour reignited his interest in playing live, and also had a large influence on Dylan's return to the concert circuit. ", "August 2007 saw the unveiling of the award-winning film I'm Not There, written and directed by Todd Haynes, bearing the tagline \"inspired by the music and many lives of Bob Dylan\". The movie uses six distinct characters to represent different aspects of Dylan's life, played by Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Marcus Carl Franklin, Richard Gere, Heath Ledger and Ben Whishaw. Dylan's previously unreleased 1967 recording from which the film takes its name was released for the first time on the film's original soundtrack; all other tracks are covers of Dylan songs, specially recorded for the movie by a diverse range of artists, including Eddie Vedder, Stephen Malkmus, Jeff Tweedy, Willie Nelson, Cat Power, Richie Havens, and Tom Verlaine.", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, painter and poet. He has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was at first an informal chronicler, and later an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" became anthems for the civil rights and anti-war movements. His early lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social and philosophical, as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres, exploring numerous distinct traditions in American song â€“ from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll and rockabilly, to English, Scottish and", "In August 2007, the award-winning film biography of Dylan I'm Not There , written and directed by Todd Haynes , was released—bearing the tagline \"inspired by the music and many lives of Bob Dylan\". [232] [233] The movie uses six distinct characters to represent different aspects of Dylan's life, played by Christian Bale , Cate Blanchett , Marcus Carl Franklin , Richard Gere , Heath Ledger and Ben Whishaw . [233] [234] Dylan's previously unreleased 1967 recording from which the film takes its name [235] was released for the first time on the film's original soundtrack ; all other tracks are covers of Dylan songs, specially recorded for the movie by a diverse range of artists, including Eddie Vedder , Mason Jennings , Stephen Malkmus , Jeff Tweedy , Karen O , Willie Nelson , Cat Power , Richie Havens , and Tom Verlaine . [236]", "I'm Not There is a 2007 biographical musical drama film directed by Todd Haynes and co-written with Oren Moverman, inspired by the life and music of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Six actors depict different facets of Dylan's public personas: Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Marcus Carl Franklin, Richard Gere, Heath Ledger, and Ben Whishaw. A caption at the start of the film declares it to be \"inspired by the music and the many lives of Bob Dylan\"; this is the only mention of Dylan in the film apart from song credits, and his only appearance in it is concert footage from 1966 shown during the film's final moments.", "No Direction Home: Bob Dylan; A Martin Scorsese Picture is a documentary film by Martin Scorsese that traces the life of Bob Dylan, and his impact on 20th-century American popular music and culture. The film focuses on the period between Dylan's arrival in New York in January 1961 and his \"retirement\" from touring following his motorcycle accident in July 1966. This period encapsulates Dylan's rise to fame as a folk singer and songwriter, and the controversy surrounding his move to a rock style of music. The title is taken from a lyric of Dylan's 1965 hit single, \"Like a Rolling Stone\".", "Mr. Dylan has always been elusive; that's no mean part of his charm. But his best work, like the \"Blood on the Tracks\" album released a couple of years ago, has derived its momentum from alternating currents of passion and restraint, from conflicting impulses to repress and to reveal. \"Renaldo and Clara\" addresses this apparent contradiction so passively, even cold-bloodedly, that it seldom has the urgency it needs. The film is full of connections to be made and riddles to be solved, but it approaches these things so dispassionately that the viewer has little choice but to follow suit.", "\"Renaldo and Clara\" is a hotchpotch ;it's hard to imagine a non Dylan buff sitting through these four hours.", "Don’t get me wrong, I’m not any Bob Dylan expert, I’ve never written a scholarly article about him . But what I am—if you haven’t guessed already—is a massive fan. Not much music has ever meant more to me than his, and particularly that 1971-81 run (yes, I’m including the Christian stuff; I think Shot of Love is one of the greatest albums of all time, but that’s for another article). Then, for me, Renaldo and Clara is an absolute joy, a journey through the wild dreamworld mythology of one of my favorite artists of all time, a land where poets and gods and bandits go stalking down the road, seeking after your soul. I’m grateful for all two hundred thirty-two bizarre, wonderful, frustrating minutes.", "Bob Dylan, No Direction Home (2005, Paramount). Acclaimed, lengthy Martin Scorsese documentary focuses on the 1961-66 years, with plenty of vintage clips, interviews with associates, and interviews with Dylan himself.", "2008: Odetta Holmes (77) African-American singer, guitarist, songwriter, and human rights activist, often referred to as \"The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement\". She performed American folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals. An important figure in the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, she was influential musically and ideologically to many of the key figures of the folk-revival of that time, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and Janis Joplin. In 1961, Martin Luther King Jr. anointed her \"The Queen of American folk music\". In 1976, she performed in the U.S. Bicentennial opera \"Be Glad Then America\" by John LaMontaigne, as the Muse for America. Many time Grammy Award nominee, on Sept 29, 1999, President Bill Clinton presented her with the National Endowment for the Arts' National Medal of Arts. In 2004, she was honored at the Kennedy Center with the \"Visionary Award\", and in 2005, the Library of Congress honored her with its \"Living Legend Award\"", "No Direction Home, Martin Scorsese's acclaimed film biography of Dylan, was first broadcast on September 26–27, 2005, on BBC Two in the UK and PBS in the US. The documentary focuses on the period from Dylan's arrival in New York in 1961 to his motorcycle crash in 1966, featuring interviews with Suze Rotolo, Liam Clancy, Joan Baez, Allen Ginsberg, Pete Seeger, Mavis Staples, and Dylan himself. The film received a Peabody Award in April 2006 and a Columbia-duPont Award in January 2007. The accompanying soundtrack featured unreleased songs from Dylan's early career.", "* Bob Dylan's album Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, soundtrack of the 1973 film by Sam Peckinpah.", "Bob Dylan's album Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, soundtrack of the 1973 film by Sam Peckinpah.", "Hard Rain, a.k.a. Bob Dylan TV Special (Streaming Eagle Productions/NBC, 1976). Dir Bob Dylan. (60 min, U-matic video)", "1972: Bob Dylan starting filming his role in the film ‘Pat Garrett and Billy The Kid.’", "The movie \"Festival\" covers several of the Newport Folk Festivals of the 1960's, and features Dylan infamous first 'electric' performance, with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band." ]	[ 7.58203125, 5.25390625, 4.37109375, 2.06640625, 1.6162109375, 1.56640625, 1.5185546875, 1.2978515625, 0.703125, 0.59326171875, 0.155517578125, -0.78857421875, -1.0234375, -1.267578125, -1.73046875, -2.044921875, -2.607421875, -2.68359375, -2.71875, -2.732421875, -2.8125, -3.0625, -3.173828125, -3.302734375, -3.8203125, -3.869140625, -4.12890625, -6.5, -7.03515625, -7.30078125, -7.875, -9.21875 ]
Which British composer wrote the theme music for the film Murder on the Orient Express?	[ "Richard Rodney Bennett's score for the Sidney Lumet adaptation of Agatha Christie's whodunit Murder on the Orient Express is a complicated, various orchestral work reflecting the shifting tones and large cast of characters in the movie. Things are always changing in the music, just as they do onscreen, as viewers try to make sense out of the unusually broad panorama of suspects investigated by master detective Hercule Poirot on a snowbound train in Yugoslavia in the 1930s. Bennett uses what he, in his liner notes to the 2003 reissue, calls a \"trashy main theme\" that sounds like it was borrowed from one of those classically influenced pop songs of the '40s, and he concludes with a sweeping waltz, but in between the music cues respond to the contours of the convoluted plot, which makes this the sort of score that works well while one is watching the movie, but that sounds schizophrenic when listened to simply as an aural work. Nevertheless, it is full of entertaining juxtapositions and traditional elements twisted just enough to give them an unusual feel, a tone that is true to a movie both steeped in its genre and, ultimately, able to move beyond that.", "Other notable British composers, including Henry Purcell, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten, Gustav Holst, William Byrd, Thomas Tallis, Henry Wood, John Taverner, John Blow, Arthur Sullivan, William Walton, John Stafford Smith, Henry Bishop, Ivor Novello, Malcolm Arnold, Michael Tippett, Sir George Martin and John Barry have made major contributions to British music, and are known internationally. Living composers include Thomas Ades, Harrison Birtwistle, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Oliver Knussen, Harry Gregson Williams, Mike Oldfield, John Rutter, James MacMillan, Joby Talbot, John Powell, David Arnold, Anne Dudley, Trevor Horn, John Murphy, Henry Jackman, Brian Eno, Clint Mansell, Craig Armstrong and Michael Nyman.", "Agatha Christie's Murder On the Orient Express (Original Sound Track) by Richard Rodney Bennett on Apple Music", "Murder on the Orient Express is a 1974 British mystery film directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Albert Finney as Hercule Poirot, and based on the 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie.", "Richard Rodney Bennetts Orient Express theme has been reworked into an orchestral suite and performed and recorded several times. It was performed on the original soundtrack album by the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden under Marcus Dods. The piano soloist was the composer himself.", "Also in the film were segments from two of Antonio Carlos Jobim 's classic bossa nova songs, \" The Girl From Ipanema \" and \" Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars \". These songs were played during the \"breakfast scenes\" with V and Deitrich and were one of the ways used to tie the two characters together. Beethoven's Symphony No.5 also plays an important role in the film, with the first four notes of the first movement signifying the letter \"V\" in Morse code . [21] [22] Gordon Deitrich's Benny Hill -styled comedy sketch of Chancellor Sutler includes the \" Yakety Sax \" theme. Inspector Finch's alarm clock begins the morning of November 4 with the song \"Long Black Train\" by Richard Hawley , which contains the foreshadowing lyrics \"Ride the long black train... take me home black train.\"", "The film also incorporates a major traditional work: \"Jerusalem\", sung by a British choir at the 1978 funeral of Harold Abrahams. The words, written by William Blake in 1804-8, were set to music by Parry in 1916 as a celebration of England. This hymn has been described as \"Englands unofficial national anthem\", concludes the film and inspired its title. A handful of other traditional anthems and hymns and period-appropriate instrumental ballroom-dance music round out the films soundtrack.", "Which English composer was responsible for film scores including Laurence Olivier’s Shakespearean trilogy of 'Henry V', 'Hamlet' and 'Richard III' between 1944 and 1955?", "\"007 Theme\", not to be confused with the \" James Bond Theme \", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 for the Bond film, From Russia with Love . [2] \"The John Barry Seven\" had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein 's theme to The Magnificent Seven that featured seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the \"007 Theme\".", "John Barry Prendergast, (; 3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of film music. He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the \"James Bond Theme\" to the first film in the series, 1962's Dr. No. He wrote the Grammy and Academy Award-winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa, as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders!, in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999, he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music.", "\"007 Theme\", not to be confused with the \"James Bond Theme\", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 for the Bond film, From Russia with Love.[http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/frwl_music.php3?tmi6&s", "Though the \"James Bond Theme\" is identified with John Barry's jazz arrangement, parts of it are heard throughout Monty Norman's score for Dr. No in non-jazzy guises. Barry's arrangement is repeated (\"tracked\") in various scenes of the first Bond film. This is consistent with the account given by Barry and some of the film makers, contained in supplementary material on the DVD release of Dr. No: Barry was called in to make an arrangement of Norman's motif after Norman had completed the score. There is no information about the distinctive ostinati, countermelodies, and bridges introduced by Barry that are juxtaposed with Norman's motif in order to flesh out the arrangement. These added musical figures have become as recognizable to listeners as Norman's motif, which is probably responsible for the controversy over the authorship of the \"James Bond Theme\" as listeners have come to know it.", "The \"Bond Music Style\" is so familiar to people, that it sometimes seems as though it was always there. But in fact it took a lot of effort to establish all the recognisable facets of this style. Monty Norman had scored most of the first movie \"Dr. No\" but neither he nor the film-makers were completely satisfied that they had captured the essence of Bond. John Barry was brought in and orchestrated one of Norman's songs on electric guitar, and the unmistakeable Bond Theme had arrived. Barry was asked to score the next film \"From Russia with Love\" which had a theme tune and incidental music incorporating elements of the Bond theme and its style. The theme song for the next film Goldfinger was written to be larger than life and Shirley Bassey was asked to sing it in her powerful voice.", "He also composed some film music and incidental music for plays such as the 1941 production of Mikhail Lermontov’s Masquerade. The cinematic quality of his music for Spartacus was clearly seen when it was used as the theme for a popular BBC drama series, The Onedin Line, during the 1970s. Since then, it has become one of the most popular of all classical pieces for UK audiences. Joel Coen’s The Hudsucker Proxy also prominently featured music from Spartacus and Gayane (Sabre Dance included) mixed with the original compositions by Carter Burwell. He was also the composer for the state anthem of the Armenian SSR, whose tune is one of the five current choices to become the next state anthem of Armenia. The climax of Spartacus’ second movement was also used in Ice Age: The Meltdown.", "From Russia with Love is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. The theme song, \"From Russia with Love\", was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and sung by Matt Monro, although the title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune (segueing into the \"James Bond Theme\"). Monro's vocal version is later played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles.", "Ron Goodwin wrote the theme for coverage of the London Marathon. Goodwin was a noted composer, having won three Ivor Novello awards . The theme is called 'The Trap', and was originally written for a 1966 film starring Oliver Reed. Goodwin scored major Hollywood films for nearly fifty years, including Where Eagles Dare and Battle of Britain, as well as composing music for popular artists.", "The \"James Bond Theme\" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years. In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from the British paper The Sunday Times, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.", "The theme tune of The Archers' is called \" Barwick Green \" and is a maypole dance from the suite My Native Heath, written in 1924 by the Yorkshire composer Arthur Wood . An alternative arrangement, played by The Yetties , is used to introduce the Sunday omnibus . In 1992, having used the same recording for many years, the theme was re-recorded in stereo . The original orchestral arrangement was used, but the slightly different mixing and more leisurely tempo led many listeners to consider the new version inferior.[ citation needed ]", "Besides fulfilling the prime duties of a film composer, creating atmosphere, building a sense of continuity and heightening mood, Goodwin pleased his producers by fashioning some of the screen's most popular title themes. Among his most familiar pieces are the stirring theme he wrote for 633 Squadron (recently used for an insurance commercial in which pigs are seen flying in fighter formation) and the playfully jaunty music he wrote to accompany the sleuthing of Miss Marple in the series that starred Margaret Rutherford.", "Later John Altman provided the music for the tank chase in St. Petersburg. Serra's original track for that sequence can still be found on the soundtrack as \"A Pleasant Drive in St. Petersburg\". Serra composed and performed a number of synthesiser tracks, including the version of the James Bond Theme that plays during the gun barrel sequence, while Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music. ", "30 Q Born in Oldham in 1902, who composed the music for Laurence Olivier’s three Shakespeare films (Henry V, Hamlet, and Richard III)?", "He also wrote scores for Of Human Bondage (1964), Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965), Alfred Hitchcock’s 1972 film Frenzy (for which he replaced Henry Mancini), and two movies featuring Morecambe and Wise, as well as Norman Wisdom films, including The Early Bird. He composed the music Lancelot and Guinevere (1962). He composed for the four Miss Marple movies, starring Margaret Rutherford, Murder, She Said (1961), Murder at the Gallop (1963), Murder Most Foul (1963) and Murder Ahoy 1964. The ‘Miss Marple tune’ was released as a single in 1966 and the music from the four films was released on CD in 1992, along with music from Lancelot and Guinevere and Force 10 from Navarone.", "The soundtrack to The Spy Who Loved Me was composed by Marvin Hamlisch , filling in for veteran Bond composer John Barry who was unable for work in the United Kingdom due to tax reasons. The soundtrack, in comparison to other Bond films of the time, was more disco -oriented and included a new disco rendition of the James Bond Theme entitled \"Bond 77\".", "Carey Blyton (1932-2002) was variously a music editor, lecturer and professor of music at Trinity College of Music, and a freelance composer, primarily of songs and short works for small ensembles and particularly noted for his music for brass. He scored several international films, wrote music for adverts and for several television productions. For Doctor Who he wrote the music for \"The Silurians\", \"Death to the Daleks\" and (with Peter Howell) \"Revenge of the Cybermen\". His Doctor Who music is remembered mainly for his use of unusual instruments and its sometimes whimsical melodies. Though much of his music for \"The Silurians\" was dramatic in nature, he used medieval instruments to mirror the antiquity of the Silurian race, including the crumhorn with its odd slightly comical sound, and he composed a satirical March for the Brigadier's officious character.", "Born 1886. Died 1972. Distinguished conductor. He wrote much film music dating from between the Wars. He reportedly composed, arranged and conducted for the first British film to have its own score. More details would be appreciated.", "Lyricist and composer Lionel Bart created the delightful '60s hit musical Oliver! and wrote the theme song for the 1963 James Bond movie From Russia With Love. Bart is credited with helping to revive the English musical.", "I am a lover of both Tom Jones and Sir Paul McCartney but if I had to choose between the two, it would be Paul. Tom Jones sang the theme song for the movie \"Thunderball\" (1965). But I liked the Oscar-nominated \"Live and Let Die\" song so much, it made me forget that there had been other male singers chosen to perform Bond theme songs. It's true!", "Why It's Great: Tim Rice, award-winning lyricist of countless unforgettable Disney soundtrack hits, was responsible for this 1983 gem, marking his first time working on a Bond theme. Tim Rice was bummed producers weren't cool with him writing a song called \"Octopussy\" in the title track tradition that Bond themes followed.", "1909-65. Apart from his activities in recording extracts from others film music he was active as a band and orchestra leader during the heady days of British light music popularity. He also scored a number of films: Woman to Woman (1947), Code of Scotland Yard (1948), No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948), Dark Secret (1950), Story of Shirley Yorke (1950), The Gamma People (1956), Odongo (1956).", "Eric Coates is a good example of a composer of Light Music. His piece \"By the Sleepy Lagoon\" became the signature tune of a radio programme called Desert Island Discs . Arthur Wood 's \"Barwick Green\" became the theme of The Archers .", "He co-wrote \"Distant Hills\", which was used as the theme tune to the television series Crown Court, and wrote the music for the 1972 ITV mystery quiz Whodunnit?, \"Cross Country Go\", a \"B\" movie made by British Movietone News in 1974, and incidental music for the wartime TV series Danger UXB. He also composed music for the De Wolfe music library, some of which was used in films such as Eskimo Nell (1975), and composed the score for the film Nutcracker (1982).", "Oliver! transferred to Broadway in 1963 to tremendous acclaim. He wrote the theme song for the second James Bond film, From Russia With Love." ]	[ 3.720703125, 1.5703125, 1.2265625, 0.72021484375, -0.8681640625, -1.2119140625, -1.56640625, -1.708984375, -1.7548828125, -1.8359375, -3.09765625, -3.365234375, -3.41796875, -3.974609375, -4.61328125, -4.67578125, -4.69140625, -4.73046875, -4.9296875, -4.98828125, -4.99609375, -5.140625, -5.2734375, -5.5625, -5.70703125, -6.171875, -6.609375, -6.66796875, -6.859375, -6.98828125, -7.1640625, -7.39453125 ]
The expression Great White Hope was used to describe which black boxer's opponents?	[ "The search for a Great White Hope was not, of course, newly created by Vietnam-era basketball fans. The original “Hope” was James J. Jeffries who, on July 4, 1910, challenged legendary African American pugilist and world heavyweight champion Jack Johnson to a boxing match seen by Americans as a battle of the races—black versus white. 5 Johnson’s assertive victory over Jeffries—and, indeed, over a number of subsequent “Hopes”—flipped the dominant sports discourse of the era endorsing the physical inferiority of African American athletes. Elements of the “White Hope” narrative remained even after Johnson lost the title to white boxer Jess Willard in 1915, but it became increasingly anachronistic in the 1940s and 1950s. Debuting in 1968, a Broadway play titled The Great White Hope, a fictionalized account of Johnson’s life, starring James Earl Jones in the lead role, repopularized use of the phrase. The next year, boxing had another Great White Hope—Jerry Quarry—challenging a dominant black boxer—in this case, Joe Frazier—for the [End Page 372] heavyweight title. Once reintroduced to the American lexicon, the notion of a Great White Hope took root—particularly in sports like basketball, once ruled by white athletes and now succumbing to African American dominance.", "In addition to The Game (as well as The Call of the Wild, White Fang and other novels), London’s credits include his coining of the phrase “Great White Hope”, a label permanently affixed to Jim Jeffries and often attached to subsequent white boxers. Paradoxically, some black boxers got stuck with a version of the phrase as well. The 1910 fight between Jeffries and the first black heavyweight champion, Jack Johnson—an event freighted with symbolic weight—inaugurated American boxing writing, according to Kimball. “The coverage of its predecessors had borne even less resemblance to the often brilliant prose the sport would inspire over the next hundred years than did Johnson-Jeffries, contested under the Queensberry Rules, to the bare-knuckle, eye-gouging contests that prevailed as ‘boxing’ for most of the nineteenth century”, he writes in his introduction to At the Fights.1", "This is a 19th century catchphrase from the world of boxing, a useful sentiment for the underdog. It is often attributed to the boxer 'Ruby' Robert Fitzsimmons (1862-1917), but what he actually said, when faced with a match against James J. Jeffries in 1900, was 'You know the old saying \"The bigger they are, the further they have to fall\"', so he was not claiming to have invented the expression. The saying was particularly appropriate in this context, for Fitzsimmons, who had already lost his world heavyweight championship to Jeffries the previous year and was to lose to him again, was light enough to have boxed and won the world championship at both middleweight and light-heavyweight, and weighed only 170 pounds. Jeffries, nicknamed 'The Boilermaker' and later known as the Great White Hope , was 6 foot 2ï¿½ tall and weighed 220 pounds. It was a real David and Goliath match, but this time Goliath won. Fitzsimmons was British-born, but spent much of his fighting life in the USA, and the saying still has strong American associations. As a catchphrase, the expression was particularly popular among troops in the First World War.", "After Johnson’s victory over Burns, racial animosity among whites ran so deep that it was called out for a “Great White Hope” to take the title away from Johnson.[8] As title holder, Johnson thus had to face a series of fighters each billed by boxing promoters as a “great white hope,” often in exhibition matches. In 1909, he beat Frank Moran, Tony Ross, Al Kaufman, and the middleweight champion Stanley Ketchel. The match with Ketchel was originally thought to have been an exhibition, and in fact it was fought by both men that way, until the 12th round, when Ketchel threw a right to Johnson’s head, knocking him down. Quickly regaining his feet, and very annoyed, Johnson immediately dashed straight at Ketchell and threw a single punch, an uppercut, a punch for which he was famous, to Ketchel’s jaw, knocking him out. Several of Ketchell’s teeth were also knocked out with some sticking in Johnson’s glove. The filmed fight shows Johnson wiping the teeth off his glove with a smirk. His fight with Philadelphia Jack O’Brien was a disappointing one for Johnson: though weighing 205 pounds (93 kg) to O’Brien’s 161 pounds (73 kg), he could only achieve a six-round draw with the great middleweight.", "Boxing matches of the early 20th century often traded on ethnic and racial animosities to promote fights. This dimension of boxing worked to catapult Jack Johnson to fame, when he became the first black man to become the heavyweight champion of the world in 1908. As soon as Johnson won the title, America began a frantic search for find a “great white hope” to dethrone him. Johnson picked off several potential “hopes” before facing undefeated heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries. Jeffries declared that he had come out of retirement “for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a Negro.” The fight, advertised as “the ultimate test of racial superiority,” proved a dark day for white supremacists.", "The Great White Hope (1970) / Twentieth Century Fox. Beverly Hills, Calif. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004. 1 DVD videodisc (102 min.) PS3537.A156 G7 2004 VideoDVD : \"Based on the life of boxer Jack Johnson, this fictional account of his rise to fame chronicles the battles that the flamboyant champion fought in and out of the ring\". Based on the 1970 film. Cast : James Earl Jones, Jane Alexander. Want more info? Try Movie Review Query Engine .", "Having secured the most impressive victory yet in his career, Louis was now regarded as the standout young fighter in the division and was instantly adopted by African Americans as their most beloved athlete of the era. Next up on Louis's boxing schedule was King Levinsky , another experienced ring veteran who had faced some of the division's best. Though regarded as a hard puncher himself, Levinsky appeared obviously frightened of this young marauder from Detroit. He had to be practically shoved out of his corner to fight and was annihilated in less than a round. This dominance of yet another quality opponent only served to strengthen Louis's status as the \"great black hope\" in the imaginations of many.", "While the mainstream press was beginning to embrace Louis, many still opposed the prospect of another black Heavyweight Champion. In September 1935, on the eve of Louis’ fight with the former title holder Max Baer , Washington Post sportswriter Shirley Povich wrote about some Americans’ hopes for the white contender; “They say Baer will surpass himself in the knowledge that he is the lone white hope for the defense of Nordic superiority in the prize ring.” [19] However, the hopes of white suprematists would soon be dashed.", "From the very start, then, modern boxing writers contemplated individual fighters’ characters and considered the sport’s mental side (with its problems and solutions) as well as its physical side, but they did so seeking insights into racial and national identity. Many fights, like Johnson-Jeffries, confirmed that they could reflect and affect the society that staged them. “The White Man must be rescued”, London pleaded after Johnson won his title in 1908 and, from certain perspectives, threatened the entire social order. At the urging of London and others, Jeffries returned from retirement “for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a Negro.” In the clashing celebrations and riots that followed Johnson’s forceful rebuttal to such assertions, several black Americans were killed. Other bouts that caused less blood to flow outside the ring ropes, such as Joe Louis’s defeat of German Max Schmeling in 1938 and almost any event involving Muhammad Ali, gave writers much to mull beyond statistics.", "The mantra \"twice as good to get half as much\" is one black achievers have heard far too often. You have to be stronger than your white counterparts. Ali, because he's a trained fighter, decimates Superman in the ring. His skill comes from training, from pushing himself to be the best — Superman's skill is a privilege he was born into. When you're white, there's always an extra ability to put your opponent asunder, whether it be through racist use of the Mann Act against boxer Jack Johnson or stripping Ali of his title for a refusal to participate in the Vietnam War. When Ali was the world heavyweight champion, Rocky Balboa ruled the box office and the Academy Awards because boxing demanded an unassailable white face. Superman was molded into the purview of all things white, but when stripped to his core he became putty in the hands of America's greatest fighter — a man who worked hard to become a champion, not one who was imbued with their nobility by the sun that rotates the Earth.", "Around the time that Johnson began to develop as a fighter, there were other noted black pugilists: Joe Walcott, who was welterweight champion from 1901-1904; Joe Gans, who was lightweight champion from 1902-1904 and again from 1906-1908, and George Dixon, featherweight champion from 1890-1897 and 1898-1900, and bantamweight champion from 1890-1892. But the most prestigious title in boxing, the one that claimed the greatest admiration of both the fans and the general public was heavyweight champion. The rest of it was small potatoes. Blacks were not permitted to fight for this title, as they were shut out of fair competition with whites in most other sports.", "Sugar Ray Robinson, arguably the best pound for pound boxer in history, was the next fighter to captivate boxing fans until his last title win in 1955. Though Robinson was prolific, he never quite became a cultural institution the way Dempsey or Louis had. And after his career declined, boxing once again hit a stagnant period. These doldrums were broken by the “Poet and Pedagogue,” Cassisus Clay. Whether you loved him or loathed him, Clay was handsome, charismatic, and exciting to watch in the ring. His penchant for bravado, prophesy, and poetry charmed many a fan back into the boxing fold. Clay’s transformation into Muhammad Ali, his affiliation with the Nation of Islam, and his refusal to serve in Vietnam made him a hero of liberal blacks and whites alike. Conservative boxing fans meanwhile gravitated to Ali’s rival, Joe Frazier.", "(1949– ) boxer; born in Marshall, Texas. Coming from a broken home, he joined the Job Corps (1965–67) while training and boxing as an amateur. He won the gold medal as a heavyweight at the 1968 Olympics, then turned professional in 1969. He held the world heavyweight championship (1973–74) until he was defeated by a resurgent Muhammad Ali in Zaire, Africa. He became an ordained minister in 1977 and devoted his money and energies to community work among poor African-Americans in Texas. Needing more money for his projects, he made a comeback as a heavyweight (1987) that was noted less for his being a serious threat and more for his becoming everyone's favorite boxer. In 1994 he knocked out Michael Moorer in a fight sanctioned by two of the three main boxing organizations to become the oldest heavyweight champion in history.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American Olympic and professional boxer and activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century. From early in his career, Ali was known as an inspiring, controversial and polarizing figure both inside and outside the ring. ", "Ernie Terrell was once the WBA World Heavyweight champion in the early 1960s. Oscar Bonavena was one of the best boxers to ever come out of Argentina from that same period. Both men are remembered most for the same thing: Refusing to call Muhammad Ali by his new name (referring to him by his former name of Cassius Clay) and Ali beating the brakes off of both of them in response. Terrell claimed that he knew Ali as Clay from the amateur circuit, so that's the name he was used to and used. Bonavena had no such excuse: He called Ali a \"black kangaroo\" and mocked him as a draft dodger. He did this after the Terrell beating.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer,philanthropist and social activist.Considered a cultural icon, Ali has both been idolized and vilified.", "A picture taken September 30 1974 in Kinshasa of the fight opposing former world heavyweight boxing champion the American Muhammad Ali (R) and his compatriot and titleholder George Foreman (L). Ali won and got back his title. (AFP/Getty Images)", "The popular crooner Robert Goulet sang The Star Spangled Banner before Ali entered the ring to the sound of booing. His youthful brashness had earned disapproval from white and black alike, but this was a reaction to his decision to embrace Islam, announced the morning after the first fight. His opponent, by contrast, was greeted with cheers: however intimidating he may have seemed, he represented a more familiar and even comforting archetype. “Sonny Liston – very popular with the folks here in Lewiston, Maine, no kidding about that,” the US commentator said, with a note of surprise in his voice.", "Despite these close calls, Ali became the top contender for Sonny Liston’s title. Despite his impressive record, however, he was not widely expected to defeat the champ. The fight was scheduled for February 25, 1964 in Miami, Florida, but was nearly canceled when the promoter, Bill Faversham, heard that Ali had been seen around Miami and in other cities with the controversial Malcolm X. At the time, The Nation of Islam — of which Malcolm X was a member — was portrayed as a “hate group” by most of the media. Because of this, news of this association was perceived as a potential gate-killer to a bout where, given Liston’s overwhelming status as the favorite to win (7-1 odds), had Ali’s colorful persona and nonstop braggadocio as its sole appeal.", "Clarence : Oh there they go. There they go, every time I start talkin 'bout boxing, a white man got to pull Rocky Marciano out their ass. That's their one, that's their one. Rocky Marciano. Rocky Marciano. Let me tell you something once and for all. Rocky Marciano was good, but compared to Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano ain't shit.", "On June 11, 1982, Holmes defended his title against Gerry Cooney, the undefeated #1 contender and an Irish-American. The lead up to the fight had many racial overtones. Holmes said that if Cooney wasn't white, he wouldn't be getting the same purse as the champion (Both boxers received $10 million for the bout). Although Cooney tried to deflect questions about race, members of his camp wore shirts that said \"Not the White Man, but the Right Man.\"", "Azumah Nelson (born 19 July 1958) is a Ghanaian former professional boxer. Widely considered the greatest African boxer of all time, he held the WBC featherweight title once and the WBC super featherweight title twice.", "8. What informal boxing term arose from Muhammad Ali's defeat of George Foreman in 1974, in which Ali covered up against the ropes, causing Foreman's exhaustion from sustained ineffectual punching?", "Boxing legend – Azumah Nelson (left) is a Ghanaian boxing legend, often described as the best fighter to come out of the African continent.", "Joe fought through the greatest heavyweight boxing generation of all time. The fighters and personalities who fought then will be remembered as the golden years of the sport.", "Furthermore, the legend urged the up-and-coming boxers to give an ear to whatever their coaches tell them.", "Ali's bouts defined the golden era of heavyweight boxing. Here's a look at just a few of them, in chronological order:", "This was an interesting article. He was a crazy boxer that didn’t let his problems get in the way. Kinda inspirational.", "Here's how Cooke began for his listeners back home: \"Let's turn to... the only sort of conflict which gets settled once for all - a heavyweight boxing championship. And the kind of conflict which never gets settled at all - that's between the white man's world and the rest.\"", "His inspirational words will see the three-time champion remembered for more than just boxing.Here are, arguably, his top 10 quotes:", "Boxing’s image also suffers from a long-running reputation for corruption. Criminal elements were attracted to the sport as boxing grew into a big-money business during the 20th century. In the past boxers were often more vulnerable than other athletes to criminal influence because of the individualistic nature of the sport combined with the fact that many fighters grew up in poverty and will do almost anything to escape from that life.", "“A fighter goes into the ring with one thing on his mind…to beat the ** out of the other guy before he beats the ** out of him.”" ]	[ 4.453125, 4.0859375, 3.865234375, 2.470703125, 1.775390625, 1.0302734375, -0.60400390625, -0.86328125, -2.447265625, -2.931640625, -3.470703125, -3.509765625, -3.77734375, -3.89453125, -4.0078125, -4.6328125, -4.6953125, -5.140625, -5.45703125, -5.5859375, -6.12109375, -6.203125, -6.58984375, -7.6953125, -8.734375, -9.1328125, -9.59375, -9.71875, -9.8046875, -9.8671875, -10.1796875, -10.390625 ]
Which Dallas actress was born on exactly the same day as singer / songwriter Stephen Stills?	[ "Stephen Arthur Stills was born in Dallas, Texas on January 3, 1945. He is a guitarist and singer/songwriter best known for his work with Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 ï¿½ February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all time. Her list of awards includes two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, and 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. Houston was also one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide. Inspired by prominent soul singers in her family, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and her godmother Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing with New Jersey church's junior gospel choir at age 11.[ After she began performing alongside her mother in night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification.", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American R&B/pop singer, actress, and former fashion model. Houston is the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records, and her list of awards include 2 Emmy Awards, 6 Grammy Awards, 16 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. Houston is also one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums and singles worldwide.", "Kathleen Doyle \"Kathy\" Bates (born June 28, 1948) is an American actress and director. After appearing in several minor roles in film and television during the 1970s and the 1980s, Bates rose to prominence with her performance in Misery (1990), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress; she also received a Golden Globe. She followed this with major roles in Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) and Dolores Claiborne (1995), before playing a featured role as Molly Brown in Titanic (1997), which was at the time the highest grossing film of all time.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll\". Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of hits including \"River Deep, Mountain High\" and the 1971 hit \"Proud Mary\". Allegations of spousal abuse following her split with Turner in 1977 arose with the publication of her autobiography I, Tina. Turner rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with \"Let's Stay Together\" and the 1984 release of her album Private Dancer.", "Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946 ) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, author, businesswoman, and humanitarian, known primarily for her work in country music. Parton is the most honored female country performer of all time. Achieving 25 RIAA certified gold, platinum, and multi-platinum awards, she has had 25 songs reach No. 1 on the Billboard Country charts, a record for a female artist. She has 41 career top 10 country albums, a record for any artist, and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years. All-inclusive sales of singles, albums, hits collections, and digital downloads during her career have topped 100 million worldwide. She has garnered eight Grammy Awards, two Academy Award nominations, ten Country Music Association Awards, seven Academy of Country Music Awards, three American Music Awards, and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year Award. Parton has received 46 Grammy nominations, tying her with Bruce Springsteen for the most Grammy nominations and placing her in tenth place overall. ", "Sharon Marguerite Gless (born May 31, 1943) is an American character actress of stage, film and television, who is best known for her roles as Maggie Philbin on Switch (1975–1978), as Sgt. Christine Cagney in the police procedural drama series Cagney & Lacey (1982–1988), as Debbie Novotny in the Showtime cable television series Queer as Folk (2000–2005), and as Madeline Westen on Burn Notice (2007–2013). Gless has won two Emmy Awards and has received 10 Emmy nominations. She has won two Golden Globe Awards (in 1986 and 1991) and has received seven Golden Globe nominations. Gless received her own Star on the Walk of Fame in 1995. ", "During its fourteen-year run, Dallas saw several actors appearing in supporting roles. Among the most notable are Mary Crosby (seasons 3–4 and 14) as Sue Ellen's scheming sister Kristin Shepard (also portrayed by Colleen Camp for two season 2 episodes), who has an affair with J.R. and is revealed to be the one who shot J.R. in the \"Who shot J. R.?\" storyline; Jared Martin (seasons 3–6, 8–9, and 14) as Sue Ellen's cowboy lover, and Clayton's foster son, Steven \"Dusty\" Farlow; Leigh McCloskey (seasons 4–5, 8 and 12) as medical student Mitch Cooper, Lucy's husband; Audrey Landers (seasons 4–8 and 12–13) as Mitch's sister Afton Cooper, an aspiring singer and Cliff's longtime fiancée; stage actress Priscilla Pointer (seasons 4–6) as Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, Pam's and Cliff's estranged mother; Morgan Brittany (seasons 5–8 and 11) as Rebecca's daughter, Katherine Wentworth, Cliff's and Pam's crazy half-sister who falls madly in love with Bobby; John Beck (seasons 6–7 and 9) as Mark Graison, Pam's beau after her first divorce from Bobby; William Smithers (seasons 3–13) as Rival Oil Baron and CEO of WestStar Oil, Jeremy Wendell; Miss USA winner Deborah Shelton (seasons 8–10) as model Mandy Winger, longtime mistress of J.R.; Jenilee Harrison (seasons 8–10) as Jack Ewing's sister and Cliff's wife Jamie Ewing Barnes; and Andrew Stevens (seasons 11–12) as Casey Denault, a young hustler who works for J.R., romancing Lucy in order to get to her money.", "Norah Jones (born Geetali Norah Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Throughout her career, Jones has won numerous awards and has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was 60th on Billboard magazine's artists of the 2000–2009 decade chart.", "Drew Blythe Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an American actress, author, director, model and producer. She is a descendant of the Barrymore family of well-known American stage and cinema actors, and is a granddaughter of actor John Barrymore. Barrymore first appeared in an advertisement when she was eleven months old. In 1980, she made her film debut in Altered States. In 1982, she starred in her breakout role as Gertie in Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and quickly became one of Hollywood's most recognized child actresses, going on to establish herself in mainly comic roles.", "Debbie Reynolds (born April 1, 1932) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress, singer, and dancer. Height: 5' 2\" (1.57 m) Early life Reynolds was born Mary Frances Reynolds in El Paso, Texas, the second child of Raymond Francis Reynolds (1903-1986), a carpenter for Southern Pacific Railroad, and Maxine N. (nï¿½e Harman; 1913-1999). Reynolds was a Girl Scout and a troop leader. A scholarship in her name is offered to high-school age Girl Scouts. Her family moved to Burbank, California, in 1939. While a student at John Burroughs High School, at age sixteen, Reynolds won the Miss Burbank Beauty Contest, a motion picture contract with Warner Brothers, and acquired her new first name. Career Reynolds regularly appeared in movie musicals, most notably Singin' in the Rain, during ...", "Liza May Minnelli (; born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award.", "Cher ( born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American pop singer-songwriter, actress, director and record producer. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globe Awards and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.", "Simple English: Cheryl Sarkisian LaPierre (better known as Cher) (born on May 20, 1946) is an American actress , singer , songwriter , author and entertainer. She has won an Academy Award , a Grammy Award , an Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards . She is well known for her deep contralto vocal range.", "Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress, model, and pop singer. Lohan started in show business as a child fashion model for magazine advertisements and television commercials. At 11, she made her motion picture debut in Disney's 1998 remake of The Parent Trap.", "90 - Doris Day (born April 3, 1924) is an American actress, singer, and animal rights activist. Day's entertainment career began in her late teens as a big band singer. In 1945 she had her first hit recording , \"Sentimental Journey\", and, in 1948, appeared in her first film, Romance on the High Seas. During her entertainment career, she has appeared in thirty-nine films, recorded more than six-hundred-fifty songs, received an Academy Award nomination, won a Golden Globe and a Grammy Award, and, in 1989, received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.", "According to ex- Dallas (1978) co-star, Charlene Tilton , after his death, she said in an interview, while she was a teenager, she lived with her single mother, before Hagman came in to become her surrogate father, while starring in Dallas (1978), who taught her how to behave professionally.", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny’s Child. Managed by her father Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world’s best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé’s debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide; it sold 12 million copies, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles “Crazy in Love” and “Baby Boy”.", "Mary Elizabeth \"Sissy\" Spacek (; born December 25, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She began her career in the early 1970s and first gained attention for her role in the film Badlands (1973). Her career-defining role came in 1976 when she played the title character of Carrie White in Brian De Palma's horror film Carrie, based on the first novel by Stephen King, for which she earned an Oscar nomination. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Loretta Lynn in the 1980 film Coal Miner's Daughter, and also earned a Grammy nomination for the song \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" from the film's soundtrack. She went on to receive further Oscar nominations for her roles in Missing (1982), The River (1984) and Crimes of the Heart (1986). Coal Miner's Daughter and Crimes of the Heart also won her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy.", "Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress and singer. Born in Brooklyn, New York and brought up in Millburn, New Jersey, Hathaway was inspired to act by her mother and as a high school student, was nominated for the Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Award for Best Performance by a High School Actress for her performance in Once Upon a Mattress. She made her professional screen debut in the short-lived Fox television series Get Real (1999-2000), before landing the lead role of Mia Thermopolis in the Disney comedy film The Princess Diaries (2001), for which she won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy. Hathaway went on to become a widely praised \"role model for children\" for her roles in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004), and Hoodwinked! (2005).", "Now known simply as Mary, she was born September 14, 1959. Passing the Level One Red Cross swimming test at age 2, Mary was a precocious child. She graduated from high school at 15 and dropped out of college a year later to work on acting, a love she had since getting her equity card at age 3, accompanying her mother on stage. Her first dramatic role on television was on a 1967 episode of The Danny Thomas Theater in which she appeared alongside her father in the drama, The Demon Under the Bed. Landing a guest role on the popular TV program “Dallas”, she now jokingly refers to herself as “simply the answer to the trivia question: who shot J.R.?” In addition to her family’s appearances on the annual Crosby Christmas television specials, she’s appeared in a number of television programs and films, most recently sharing the screen with her mother, Kathryn, in Queen of the Lot. Mary, her husband, and their two sons live in California.", "Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, actress, author, and philanthropist, best known for her work in country music.", "Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of musician-actor Elvis Presley and actress and business magnate Priscilla Presley, and is Elvis' only child. Sole heir to her father's estate, she has conducted a long career in the music business and has issued several albums and videos. Her work as a vocalist and lyricist has ranged across rock, country, blues, and folk.", "/ˈlaɪzə mɪˈnɛli/; born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. She is considered both an American icon and a gay icon.", "HEATHER LOCKLEAR – American actress (September 25th 1961) famous for roles including Sammy Jo Carrington on Dynasty and Officer Stacy Sheridan in T.J.Hooker. She has one daughter Ava Elizabeth Sambora (born in 1997) with ex-husband Bon Jovi guitarist Ritchie Sambora.", "Judy Garland (born June 10, 1922, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, USA – died June 22, 1969, Chelsea, England) was an American actress and singer. Garland attained international stardom as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist and on the concert stage. Her career spanned 45 years and she received numerous awards, including a Juvenile Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award for her work in films, Grammy Awards and a Tony Award.", "Kentucky, 1948, Sissy Spacek as singer Loretta Lynn, age 16, visiting the doctor after informally separating from her husband Doolittle Lynn (Tommy Lee Jones), whom she encounters outside, in Michael Apted's celebrated bio-pic Coal Miner's Daughter, 1980.>", "Morning Trivia: She's a singer-songwriter. She joined the band she's a famous part of at the end of 1974. Her solo career began in 1981. The two between them, have produced over forty Top 50 hits and sold over 140 million albums. After the release of her first solo album, Rolling Stone deemed her The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll. Having overcome cocaine addiction and dependency on tranquilizers, she remains a popular solo performer. As a solo artist, she has garnered eight Grammy Award nominations and, with her band, has a further five nominations. As a member of her band, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. Who is she?", "Douglas, best known for playing Elly May Clampett on the television series The Beverly Hillbillies, died of pancreatic cancer in January at the age of 82. The actress appeared in small roles in Twilight Zone and Eye of the Beholder, before getting her big break as Elly May. Following the end of The Beverly Hillbillies, Douglas made her only starring feature film appearance opposite Elvis Presley in the 1966 film, Frankie and Johnny. She then went on to work in real estate and also frequently performed as a gospel singer, recording several albums from 1982 to 1989.", "Spacek, whose scary-as-hell turn in the 1976 horror film, Carrie, earned her an Oscar nomination, was spotted by Lynn in a photograph — minus the pig's blood — after which the outspoken singer told Tonight Show host Johnny Carson that Spacek would be playing her. The actress, however, wasn't sold. On her way to tell Lynn she was taking another film role, Spacek suddenly heard \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" on the car radio and needed no further convincing.", "A Cuban-American who studied at New York City's High School for the Performing Arts, Peï¿½a displayed a curious mixture of sensuality and tenderness in almost every part: That's what enabled her to play both alluring troublemakers (see \"Down and Out in \" and her voice work in \"The Incredibles\") and warm-hearted matrons (see \"Tortilla Soup\" and \"Nothing Like the Holidays\"). In arguably her best role, as a widow rekindling things with her onetime boyfriend (Chris Cooper) in John Sayles' \"Lone Star,\" those seeming contradictions played beautifully off one another.", "Carey was one of several musicians who appeared in the independently produced Damon Dash films Death of a Dynasty (2003) and State Property 2 (2005). Her television work has been limited to a January 2002 episode of Ally McBeal . Carey had a cameo appearance in Adam Sandler 's 2008 film You Don't Mess with the Zohan , playing herself." ]	[ 4.12109375, -2.70703125, -2.962890625, -3.1796875, -3.33203125, -3.3359375, -3.611328125, -3.634765625, -3.890625, -3.908203125, -4.1796875, -4.18359375, -4.390625, -4.4140625, -4.484375, -4.5390625, -4.80078125, -4.890625, -4.99609375, -5.171875, -5.4296875, -5.48828125, -5.5, -5.671875, -5.8984375, -6.5390625, -8.109375, -9.0078125, -9.1953125, -9.375, -9.453125, -10.3984375 ]
Who was the German soldier in Rowan and Martin's Laugh In?	[ "Arthur Stanton Eric \"Arte\" Johnson (born January 20, 1929) is an American comic actor who was a regular on television's Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. His best-remembered character was that of a German soldier with the catchphrase \"Verrrry interesting\", sometimes followed by, \"but stupid\" or \"but not very funny.\"", "Johnson is best known for his work on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, an American television series broadcast from 1967 to 1973. He played various characters including \"Wolfgang,\" a smoking World War II German soldier, still fighting the war, who scouted the show from behind a bush. He would then invariably comment on the preceding sketch with the catchphrase \"Very interesting ...\", followed by either a comic observation or misinterpretation, or simply \"but stupid!\" Often toward the show's close, he (as the Nazi) would offer words of affection to 'Lucy and Gary' (Lucille Ball and her second husband, Gary Morton). THE LUCY SHOW was on CBS in direct competition with NBC's LAUGH-IN on Monday night. LAUGH-IN was a full hour show while Lucy was a traditional 30 minute sitcom. Lucy was pretty much the only show that could survive airing opposite LAUGH-IN.", "*Lieutenant Anton Lehr (Grahame Mallard) - Lieutenant Lehr is the first Security Officer of Colditz, but in the fourth episode is posted to the front. He is easygoing and cheerful most of the time, although he gets the job done with apparent competence. He is not upset at the posting, and looks forward to fighting for his country. In reality Paul Priem was the first Security Officer. Pat Reid described Priem as, \"the only German with a sense of humour\".", "The officious captain of a seaside town's home guard platoon tries to maintain the reputation and morale of his troops as the Second World War draws to a close. He finds himself dealing with the hunt for a German spy as well as a female journalist sent to report on the exploits of the brave but bumbling soldiers. Comedy based on the TV series, starring Toby Jones, Bill Nighy and Catherine Zeta-Jones.", "This series is set in 1917, on the Western Front in the trenches of the First World War. Another \"big push\" is planned, and Captain Blackadder 's one goal is to avoid being killed, so he plots ways to get out of it, but his schemes always land him back in the trenches. Blackadder is joined by his batman Private S. Baldrick (Tony Robinson) and idealistic Edwardian twit Lieutenant George ( Hugh Laurie ). General Melchett (Stephen Fry) rallies his troops from a French château thirty-five miles from the front, where he is aided and abetted by his assistant, Captain Darling (Tim McInnerny), pencil-pusher supreme and Blackadder's nemesis, whose name is played on for maximum comedic value.", "This series is set in 1917, on the Western Front in the trenches of the First World War . Another \"big push\" is planned, and Captain Blackadder 's one goal is to avoid getting shot, so he plots ways to get out of it. Blackadder is joined by his batman Private S. Baldrick (Tony Robinson) and idealistic Edwardian twit Lieutenant George ( Hugh Laurie ). General Melchett (Stephen Fry) rallies his troops from a French mansion thirty-five miles from the front, where he is aided and abetted by his assistant, Captain Darling (Tim McInnerny), pencil-pusher supreme and Blackadder's nemesis, whose name is played on for maximum comedy value.", "One episode featured a man who pretended to be the Mouth of Sauron for Nazi leader Martin Bormann through use of a dummy he took care to not allow anyone else to get too close to and pre-recorded speeches. The team took him down by having Rollin impersonate a Bormann who had recovered enough from his injuries to leave his quarters and mingle with his officers for the evening and started undermining his lieutenant's authority, who couldn't prove that Rollin wasn't the real Bormann without admitting that he knew this because there was no real Bormann.", "Which of the following were regulars on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In? (Select all that apply, if any.)", "Directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. Cast: Roger Livesey, Deborah Kerr, Anton Walbrook, Roland Culver, Harry Welchman, Arthur Wontner, Albert Lieven. Based on cartoonist David Low's parody of the old-fashioned British professional soldier, set in his ways and unable to adapt to the brutality of modern war. This story follows the career of Clive Candy, at first an idealistic, young Boer War hero, then a brigadier general, serving honorably in World War I. Finally, by World War II, he has become a bald, overweight, querulous old man, angry that his age and military experience are held in contempt, and bewildered that his lifelong code of gentlemanly conduct has become an anachronism in a world threatened by a monster like Hitler. 163 min. DVD 1648", "Spike Milligan - (1918-2002) Born in India during the Raj and brought up in Poona and then Rangoon in Burma, whilst his father served in the British colonial army. During WW2 he served in the Royal Artillery as a gunner, in North Africa and Sicily, and was wounded by a mortar, suffering from shellshock and a damaged leg. In peacetime he became a leading comedian and writer, including the amusing book Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall. VIEW YOUTUBE CLIP & ANOTHER", "The series also features comedy veteran Geoffrey Palmer as the aloof and clueless Field Marshall Haig, as well as Ade Edmondson as the Red Baron – arch-nemesis of Lord Flashheart (who is of course played by Edmondson's long-term collaborator Rik Mayall). And if you really want to show off to your mates, you can point out that one of the soldiers in Blackadder's firing squad is the acclaimed alternative comedian Jeremy Hardy.", "William Joyce replaced Mittler in 1939. Joyce was American-born and raised in Ireland and as a teenager he was an informant to the British forces about the IRA members during the Irish War of Independence. He was also a senior member of the British Union of Fascists and fled England when tipped off about his planned internment on 26 August 1939. In February 1940, the BBC noted that the Lord Haw-Haw of the early war days (possibly Mittler) was now rarely heard on the air and had been replaced by a new spokesman. Joyce was the main German broadcaster in English for most of the war, and became a naturalised German citizen; he is usually regarded as Lord Haw-Haw, even though he was probably not the person to whom the term originally referred. He had a peculiar hybrid accent that was not of the conventional upper class variety. His distinctive pronunciation of \"Jairmany calling, Jairmany calling\", which could be described as a \"nasal drawl\", may have been the result of a fight as a schoolboy that left him with a broken nose. ", "A Nazi by Any Other Name : Lister as Voter-Colonel Sebastian Doyle in \"Back to Reality\". \"Vote Fascist for another glorious decade of total law enforcement!\"", "“PG Wodehouse's Second World War broadcasts from Germany, about the time he spent in an internment camp, led to a shameful stain on the character of one of the great comic novelists. Vilified as a traitor, he never returned to his beloved England. Nigel Williams has drawn on this episode to create a superb drama in which Wodehouse's foolish apolitical equivocation sees him used as a pawn of the Nazi propaganda machine to try to delay the Americans joining the war. Even Wodehouse fans certain of his innocence will feel unsettled seeing their hero naively doing the Nazis' bidding.\"", "Monty relaxing with Rommel (his pet dog) and laughing at George Formby: WWII snaps show hero of El Alamein on and off-duty", "After hospitalisation, Milligan drifted through a number of rear-echelon military jobs in Italy, eventually becoming a full-time entertainer. He played the guitar with a jazz and comedy group called The Bill Hall Trio, in concert parties for the troops. After being demobilised, Milligan remained in Italy playing with the trio but returned to Britain soon after. While he was with the Central Pool of Artists (a group he described as composed \"of bomb-happy squaddies\") he began to write parodies of their mainstream plays, which displayed many of the key elements of what would later become The Goon Show (originally called Crazy People) with Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine.", "Rowan Sebastian Atkinson, CBE (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his work on the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. Atkinson first came to prominence in the sketch comedy show Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979–82), and via his participation in The Secret Policeman's Ball from 1979. His other work includes the Bond movie Never Say Never Again and the sitcom The Thin Blue Line (1995–1996).", "starring John Mills and Eric Portman. In 2005, ITV 1 screened a new two-part drama with the same title and based loosely on events at Colditz Castle. It starred Damien Lewis, Sophie Myles and Tom Hardy. Buy this series on DVD at Amazon.com", "Billy Connolly was born and raised in Glasgow, Scotland. He left school to work in the shipyards becoming a welder and joined the Territorial Army (in the parachute regiment) at around the same time. He developed an interest in folk music, eventually becoming an accomplished banjo player and a member of the band Humblebums with Gerry Rafferty (later of Baker Street fame). The jokes he told between songs eventually took over his act and he became a full-time comedian. Already a big star in Scotland, he became a household name in the UK after appearing on Parkinson (1971) in the early seventies. Billy has released many recordings and videos of his concert performances over the years. He has expanded his repertoire to include acting, appearing in a number of television dramas and films, most recently in the USA. In the 90s he made two documentary series for the BBC, about Scotland and Australia respectively, and in 1997 he starred in the award winning film Mrs Brown (1997). He is one of the UK's top comedian.", "One of the first appearances of Rolf Harris , who caricatures the sergeant-major live on screen. See more »", "Towards the end of the 1930s he began appearing in films, making his debut on the big screen in 13 Men and a Gun (1938). He appeared frequently in several early drama productions on the BBC's fledgling television service, featuring in such roles as Mr Wickham in Pride and Prejudice (1938) and Le Bret in Cyrano de Bergerac (1938). The onset of World War II interrupted his acting career, and he joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers in 1940. He served with the regiment until 1946, by which time he had attained the rank of major.", "Foyle's War: Sam Stewart, inspired by the feisty Ms FitzGerald, with Foyle, played by Michael Kitchen and Milner, played by Anthony Howell", "Captain Patrick R. Reid, who successfully escaped from Colditz in 1942, wrote two detailed books about the living conditions and various escape attempts at Colditz from 1940 to 1945: The Colditz Story and The Latter Days at Colditz. In the early 1970s, these were made into a BBC television series starring David McCallum, Edward Hardwicke and Robert Wagner.", "Actor best-known for playing the irascible, bald-headed bigot Alf Garnett in the television comedy series Till Death Us Do Part", "In the British sitcom Dad's Army, Lance Corporal Jones repeatedly tells tales of when he served under \"Lord Kitchener\" against the \"Fuzzy Wuzzies\" and mentions his involvement in the Battle of Omdurman in the episode, The Two and a Half Feathers. The rumours about Kitchener's sexuality are briefly touched upon in the episode Number Engaged, when Pike asks why Jones always puts his hand on his hip in a somewhat flamboyant manner when imitating Kitchener. Jones replies that he does not want to go into it.", "In an episode of the BBC Comedy Goodnight Sweetheart in a scene set in WWII a British soldier originally from an unspecified country in continental Europe is suggested to take the name Robert Maxwell when becoming a naturalized citizen. The character turns out to be a con man.", "It was whilst in the Army that Norman had the chance to play in various Army shows and appeared with such future stars as Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe. Leaving the army Norman then went to Australia and spent two years working in variety. On returning to Britain he started to appear in variety shows as a comedian and compere, it would be as a compere Norman would be remembered.", "The British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart paid tribute to Dad's Army in episode one of its second series in 1995, \"Don't Get Around Much Any More\". Here, lead character Gary Sparrow – a time-traveller from the 1990s – goes into a bank in 1941 and meets a bank manager named Mainwaring and Wilson, his chief clerk, both of whom are in the Home Guard. When he hears the names Mainwaring and Wilson, Gary begins singing the Dad's Army theme song.", "His experience of serving in the British Navy during the Second World War inspired him to conceive the popular BBC radio comedy \"Navy Lark, The\". He was a star of the series for many years and provided the voices for many of the diverse characters.", "26 Give the real or character name of the only actor in ‘Dad’s Army‘ who saw active service in both world wars", "The actor and novelist Stephen Fry called him \"the great grand-daddy of post-war British comedy. He allowed the British to be silly. Everything he touched he made Milliganesque\"", "A fictionalised version of the Operation Bernhard story was the topic of a comedy drama serial Private Schulz (starring Michael Elphick and Ian Richardson ) broadcast on BBC Two in 1981." ]	[ 5.5, 4.16015625, -3.716796875, -4.7109375, -5.23046875, -5.53515625, -5.55859375, -5.6171875, -5.83984375, -5.99609375, -6.32421875, -7.0078125, -7.24609375, -7.3828125, -7.41796875, -7.5078125, -7.546875, -7.58203125, -7.6640625, -7.89453125, -7.9375, -8.0078125, -8.53125, -8.578125, -8.59375, -8.9453125, -8.9453125, -9.8515625, -9.9453125, -10.40625, -10.4609375, -10.4765625 ]
Who had a 1980s No 1 hit with Shakedown?	[ "\"Shakedown\" is a song recorded by Bob Seger, from the soundtrack of the film Beverly Hills Cop II. The music was written by Harold Faltermeyer, who also wrote the score for the film, and Keith Forsey, with lyrics by Seger. The song became a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, Seger's only such top mark singles-wise, as well as the Album Rock Tracks chart, where it became his second number-one hit, spending four weeks at the top. In Canada, it went to number one as well, topping the RPM 100 national singles chart on August 1 of the same year. ", "Glenn Frey was the first choice to record \"Shakedown\", after having a hit with \"The Heat Is On\" from Beverly Hills Cop. Frey did not like the lyrics and then came down with laryngitis, so the song was given to Seger. After the song went to number one, Frey called to congratulate Seger, saying \"At least we kept the money in Michigan!\" ", "So, “Shakedown” was the temporary shot in the arm that Seger needed. But it was temporary. After staying at the top of the chart for one week in August 1987, the song slowly slipped from the upper reaches of the Top 40 – and so did Bob Seger. In the 26 years since it reached No. 1, Seger has had only one other charting single, 1991’s “The Real Love,” which stalled at No. 24.", "Also, \"On My Own\" (recorded by Patti LaBelle and Michael McDonald) became the #1 R&B song for that year, and that Grammy nominee was #4 for 1986. Other 1980s hits include \"Love Power,\" one of the Bacharach-Sager songs produced and written for Warwick's \"Reservations For Two\" album; \"Everchanging Times,\" recorded by Siedah Garrett for the film, \"Baby Boom\" (and later by Aretha Franklin and a number of singers in the U.K.); \"Over You,\" by Natalie Cole and Ray Parker, Jr.; \"Love Always,\" by El DeBarge, and \"They Don't Make Them Like They Used To\" (recorded by Kenny Rogers for the film, \"Tough Guys\"), the country hit nominated for a Golden Globe.", "1981 - Scottish singer Sheena Easton made it to the top spot on the pop music charts for her first -- and only -- time. Morning Train (Nine to Five) knocked Kiss on My List, by Daryl Hall and John Oates, out of the top of the music charts. Morning Train pulled into the top spot for a two-week stay. Easton had been an actress, appearing as a singer in the 1980 BBC TV documentary, The Big Time; and this time she made it to the big time, winning the 1981 Best New Artist Grammy Award. On U.S. TV, she is remembered as Sonny Crockettï¿½s wife in five episodes of Miami Vice in the 1980s and for singing the title song in the James Bond flick, For Your Eyes Only. Easton scored 14 hits on the charts between 1981 and 1991. Seven of those hits made it to the top ten. The Lover in Me in 1988 was the closest she ever came to having another number one hit. It stopped climbing at number two. Once again, the countdown continues...", "The music of the 70s also had a salacious side with \"The Streak\" (Ray Stevens), \"Afternoon Delight\" (Starland Vocal Band), \"Lady Marmalade\" (LaBelle), \"Lovin' You (Minnie Riperton), and \"My Ding-A-Ling\" (Chuck Berry). The decade ended with a bang with the Knack's energetic power pop ballad, \"My Sharona\" (1979). Other number one songs from 1979 that also helped to usher in the 1980s were \"Pop Muzik\" by M and ï¿½Heart Of Glassï¿½ by Blondie.", "Michael Barratt (born 4 March 1948) better known by his stage name Shakin' Stevens or Shaky to his adoring fans, is a platinum-selling Welsh rock and roll singer and songwriter who was the UK's biggest-selling singles artist of the 1980s.His recording and performing career began in the late 1960s, although it was not until 1980 that he saw commercial success in his native land. In the UK alone, Shakin' Stevens has charted 33 Top 40 hit singles.", "1986 – CHART TOPPERS – “Say You, Say Me” by Lionel Richie, “Party All the Time” by Eddie Murphy, “Alive & Kicking” by Simple Minds and “Have Mercy” by The Judds all topped the charts.", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '83 DISC 6: Wham! - Wham Rap; Madness - Tomorrow's (Just Another Day); Bananarama - Cruel Summer; Michael Jackson - Wanna Be Startin' Something; Herbie Hancock - Rockit; Funk Masters - It's Over; Shalamar - Dead Giveaway; John Cougar Mellencamp - Pink Houses; Journey - Separate Ways; Thompson Twins - Love On Your Side; Big Country - Chance; Stranglers - European Female; Tracie - The House That Jack Built; Black Lace - Superma (Gioca Jouer); Status Quo - Ol' Rag Blues; Culture Club - I'll Tumble 4 Ya; Lionel Richie - Running With The Night; Rick Springfield - Affair Of The Heart; Eurythmics - Right By Your Side; Big Country - Fields of Fire (400 Miles); Bucks Fizz - When We Were Young; UB40 - Please Don't Make Me Cry; Level 42 - The Sun Goes Down (Living it Up).", "\"Beat It\" is a song written and performed by American singer Michael Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones (with co-production by Jackson). It is the third single from the singer's sixth solo album, Thriller (1982). Eddie Van Halen played the song's distinctive overdriven guitar solo. While Van Halen was prevented by his record label from appearing in the music video, he did appear on stage with Jackson in Dallas during the Jackson brothers Victory Tour. Following the successful chart performances of the Thriller singles \"The Girl Is Mine\" and \"Billie Jean\", \"Beat It\" was released on February 3, 1983 as the album's third single. The song was promoted with a short film that featured Jackson bringing two gangs together through the power of music and dance.", "The start of the 1980s found him working with others. Connecting with Stevie Nicks for a track on her Bella Donna record, the pair enjoyed a smash with 1981's \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around.\" That year he also produced Del Shannon's comeback, Drop Down and Get Me. In 1982, \"You Got Lucky\" (Number 20) from Long After Dark, reiterated the veteran strengths of the Heartbreakers, but they suffered a bump in the road with bassist Ron Blair departure. It made room for the arrival of ex–John Hiatt sideman Howie Epstein. They instantly began work on a new disc. Three years in the making, Southern Accents was hard going; frustrated by the creative process, Petty punched a wall in the studio and broke his left hand. The album, coproduced by Eurythmics' Dave Stewart, found Petty achieving a new lyrical maturity and, with neo-psychedelic \"Don't Come Around Here No More,\" scoring a Number 13 hit.", "That’s right, Mr. Miami Vice also had a burgeoning music career throughout the ridiculous 1980’s. His song “Heartbeat” was a top 5 hit at one point, but years later had the distinction of being voted MTV’s #1 most lame video of all time. Poor guy.", "Chubby Checker (born Ernest Evans, October 3, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. He is widely known for popularizing the twist dance style, with his 1960 hit cover of Hank Ballard's R&B hit \"The Twist\". In September 2008 \"The Twist\" topped Billboard's list of the most popular singles to have appeared in the Hot 100 since its debut in 1958, an honor it maintained for an August 2013 update of the list. He also popularized the Limbo Rock and its trademark limbo dance, as well as various dance styles such as the fly.", "1983: Michael Jackson’s ‘Beat It’ (with Eddie Van Halen’s guitar solo) is the #1 song in the U.S. It has a 3-week stay at the top.", "Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 [6] . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988 [6] . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart [7] and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart [6] . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart.", "The result was the album Back in Black, which was released in July that year. It was a worldwide success and went on to become the second best-selling album of all time. Their next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You in 1981, also sold well. The raw, self-produced albums Flick of the Switch and Fly on the Wall were not as commercially successful as the previous two albums with Johnson. Who Made Who, released in 1986, was the soundtrack for the horror film Maximum Overdrive and brought back AC/DC's mainstream popularity. In 1986, Johnson appeared returned to Tyneside in the controversial music video for \"You Shook Me All Night Long\", and the video received significant airplay on MTV. ", "\"Beat It\" was released on February 14, 1983, following the successful chart performances of \"The Girl Is Mine\" and \"Billie Jean\". Frank DiLeo, the vice president of Epic Records, convinced Jackson to release \"Beat It\" whilst \"Billie Jean\" was heading towards No. 1. Dileo, who would later become the singer's manager, predicted that both singles would remain in the Top 10 at the same time. \"Billie Jean\" remained atop the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks, before being toppled by \"Come On Eileen\". The Dexys Midnight Runners' song stayed at No. 1 for a single week, before Jackson reclaimed the position with \"Beat It\". ", "It is ranked No. 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time. [8] At the 1989 Grammy Awards , \"Don't Worry Be Happy\" won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance .", "Some of his countless hits are \"Piano Man\" (1973), \"She's Always a Woman\" (1978), \"My Life\" (1979), \"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\" (1980, first US #1) \"Allentown\" (1982), \"Uptown Girl\" (1983, first UK #1), \"Tell Her About It\" (1983, US #1), \"The Longest Time\" (1983), \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" (1989), \"Leningrad\" (1989), \"The Rivers of Dreams\" (1993) and \"All About Soul\" (1993).", "By the eighties, hits like 'Baby Jane' were becoming the exception rather than the rule. With only three Top Ten hits between 1982 and 1988, his chart slump allowed greater focus on his string of blonde girlfriends and wives, like Britt Ekland, Alana Hamilton and Rachel Hunter.", "There were both bad and good times for Dee Dee in the early 1980s. In 1980, Sharp divorced Gamble, but maintained good visibility via television, tours, concerts, and club dates that took her around the world. In 1981 she scored a #1 dance hit on the Hot Dance Club Play Chart with \"Breaking and Entering\"/\"Easy Money\" from her album \"Dee Dee\". Sharp also appeared in films, including \"Desperately Seeking Susan\", \"Don't Knock The Twist\", \"Hairspray\", \"Sister Act\", and \"Troop Beverly Hills\".", "\"Tighten Up\" was a 1968 song by Houston, Texas based R&B vocal group Archie Bell & the Drells. It reached #1 on both the Billboard R&B and pop charts in the spring of 1968. It is ranked #265 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of \"the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" and is one of the earliest funk hits in music history.", "The remaining sisters continued on as a trio with June returning to the group and then found huge success, hitting the Top 10 with a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Fire\" (1978), then following that with \"He's So Shy\" (1980), and \"Slow Hand\" (1981). They then would release what would be their biggest album to date, 1983's Break Out, which included the hits \"Automatic\"; \"Jump (for My Love)\"; a re-release of \"I'm So Excited\", which became a bigger hit than when originally released in 1982; and Neutron Dance\". Other hits from follow up albums included \"Dare Me\" \"Freedom\" and \"Goldmine\". June is notable for being the lead singer of \"He's So Shy\", \"Jump (For My Love)\", \"Baby Come And Get It\" and \"Dare Me\" among others. The group eventually would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "C&C Music Factory had a #1 hit in 1991 with \"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)\". While the group had two other top 5 hits afterwards (\"Here We Go\" and \"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm....\") they are remembered today almost exclusively for the formermost song.", "* Shakin' Stevens - \"Love Attack\", \"This Ole House\" (Was a hit for Shaky in March 1981)", "Another 1981 single \"Chemistry\" released in August (UK number 15, IE Nº11, AU Nº51) was drawn from the album Portrait. This would become the group's second Top 10 UK album, reaching number 7 in 1982 (Australia number 54), and was also the source of their final UK Top 20 single \"Don't Love Me Too Hard\" released February 1982 (UK number 14, Ireland number Nº17). A third single from the album \"Crashing Down\" was released in May 1982. Anne rejoined the group in late 1982, making it a five-piece line up.", "The 1980 single ‘Let’s Do Rock Steady’ was the title of the only Top 40 hit for an all-female group on the 2 Tone label – what were they called?", "Solocareer, including work as a vocalist, songwriter, producer, video artist, and actor, 1972—, recorded first solo album, Got to Be There, 1972, made songwriting debut with “Shake Your Body (Down to the Grave)” on the Destiny album, 1978, with later credits including “Beat It,” “Billie Jean,” and “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’,” co-produced Thriller album, 1982, established himself as a significant video artist with the Thriller videos, 1983, made first solo concert tour, 1987.", "The follow-up album, 1981's For Those About to Rock We Salute You, also sold well and was positively received by critics. The album featured two of the band's most popular singles: \"Let's Get It Up\" and the title track, \"For Those About to Rock\", which reached No.13 and No.15 in the UK, respectively. The band split with Lange for their self-produced 1983 album, Flick of the Switch, in an effort to recover the rawness and simplicity of their early albums. ", "This is a video showing all of the songs that hit #1 on the billboard hot 100 in 1989, in the order of the date they hit. Each song also is accompanyed by a clip of its respective music video.", "Influential in the indie/dance crossover of late 80s and early 90s which still resonates today. Best known for hits 'Right here, Right Now' and 'International Bright Young Thing'.", "What country movement/style is associated with the early 1980s that blends disco-ized country songs and electronic rodeos?" ]	[ 4.37109375, 3.076171875, 2.671875, -2.423828125, -3.158203125, -3.283203125, -4, -4.41796875, -4.43359375, -4.83203125, -4.85546875, -4.9453125, -5.25, -5.60546875, -5.63671875, -5.69140625, -5.7109375, -5.71875, -5.74609375, -6.06640625, -6.34765625, -6.59765625, -6.7265625, -7.28125, -7.96484375, -8, -8.3046875, -8.703125, -8.7421875, -8.9296875, -9.03125, -10.7421875 ]
On whose life was the short-lived musical Winnie based?	[ "Winnipeg, or Winnie, (1914 – 12 May 1934) was the name given to a female black bear that lived at London Zoo from 1915 until her death in 1934. Rescued by cavalry veterinarian Harry Colebourn, Winnie is best-remembered for inspiring A. A. Milne's character, Winnie-the-Pooh.", "Adapted from a collection of Milne’s stories, which were first published in magazines such as Punch, the story follows Christopher Robin’s teddy bear as he adventures in the Hundred Acre Wood with his friends Piglet, Owl, Rabbit and Eeyore. The book has been translated into many languages, including Latin (Winnie ille Pu) in 1958, and, thanks in large part to a rights deal with Disney, the character of Winnie is now worth £500 million a year. The Silly Old Bear, with his friends in Hundred Acre Wood, is more than a British institution. A.A. Milne created a life philosophy with the trials, triumphs and tiddley-poms of the honey-loving, always kind-hearted Pooh.", "Winnipeg the Bear (or Winnie) was an American black bear given to the zoo in 1914 by a Canadian lieutenant, Harry Colebourn. A. A. Milne visited with his son Christopher Robin, and the boy was so enamoured with the bear Milne wrote the famous series of books for him entitled Winnie-the-Pooh. A 2004 film A Bear Named Winnie is based on the story of Winnie the bear, with Michael Fassbender playing Harry Colebourn. ", "* Winnie-the-Pooh, small cast musical version \| Dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, Music by Allan Jay Friedman, Lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, Additional Lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1992", "AA Milne 1882�1956 known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. He created the characters of Kanga & Roo, In \"Vespers\" he wrote, \"Hush, hush, whisper who dares, Christopher Robin is saying his prayers\"", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956), was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work.", "* The Center for Contemporary Opera in New York presented the world premiere of a new opera by Michael Dellaira (music) and J D McClatchy (libretto), at the Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College on 18 March 2011. Amy Burton sang Winnie, Scott Bearden sang Verloc. It had its European premiere at the Armel International Opera Festival on 14 October 2011 in Szeged, Hungary, where the opera was broadcast live on the Arte Channel, and named the festival's \"Laureat.\" Adrienn Miksch sang Winnie, Nicolas Rigas sang Verloc. The same production was reprised on 18 April 2012 at L'Opéra-Théâtre d'Avignon in Avignon, France. All productions were directed by Sam Helfrich and conducted by Sara Jobin.", "By the time Christopher Robin was born, Alan Milne, who was then already 42, was also a well-known playwright and novelist as well as a humorist and satirist. He and Dorothy – always known as Daphne – lived in Chelsea.", "The stage had beckoned since childhood. John Inman was born in 1935 in Preston, Lancashire, where his parents owned five hairdressing shops. The family moved to Blackpool when they closed the business and decided to live by the sea. His mother ran a boarding-house there and the young Inman frequently went to local shows. As a child, he enjoyed dressmaking and idolised Betty Grable. His favourite performer was the Northern comedian Frank Randle, who told blue jokes and wore no dentures on stage. This gave the young Inman a yearning to become an entertainer. (In 1995, he would play Randle in the VE Day concert Call Up the Stars, broadcast on television.)", "From this low spot, Porter made a conspicuous comeback, in 1948, with Kiss Me, Kate . It was by far his most successful show, running for 1,077 performances in New York and 400 in London.[96] The production won the Tony Award for best musical (the first Tony awarded in that category), and Porter won for best composer and lyricist. The score includes “Another Op’nin’, Another Show”, “Wunderbar”, “So In Love”, “We Open in Venice”, “Tom, Dick or Harry”, “I’ve Come to Wive It Wealthily in Padua”, “Too Darn Hot”, “Always True to You (in My Fashion)”, and “Brush Up Your Shakespeare”.[97]", "It has sustained its popularity to the present day, and for many years was the standard musical performed by UK schools. The original stage production, which starred Ron Moody and Georgia Brown, contained such song hits as \"As Long As He Needs Me\" and \"Consider Yourself\" and is also notable for featuring Australian satirist Barry Humphries in his first major stage role as Mr Sowerberry and future rock stars Steve Marriott (later the lead singer of The Small Faces and Humble Pie) and Phil Collins (of Genesis fame) as The Artful Dodger.", "The musical is freely based on the novel by Wilkie Collins and has book and lyrics by Charlotte Jones (Humble Boy) and David Zippel (City of Angels). Trevor Nunn ( Cats ) directed, and Simon Lee was musical director.", "Cats is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber , based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot , and produced by Cameron Mackintosh . The musical tells the story of a tribe of cats called the Jellicles and the night they make what is known as \"the Jellicle choice\" and decide which cat will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life. Cats also introduced the song standard \" Memory \".", "Cats is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot, and produced by Cameron Mackintosh. The musical tells the story of a tribe of cats called the Jellicles and the night they make what is known as \"the Jellicle choice\" and decide which cat will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life. Cats introduced the song standard \"Memory\". The first performance of \"Cats\" was in 1981.", "She also played Nancy in the first UK tour of Oliver! where she met and befriended the show's Assistant Stage Manager Cameron Mackintosh, who was to become one of the most prominent musical theatre producers in the world. Lionel Bart, the show's composer and lyricist, saw it numerous times whilst the production was in Manchester, where he was working on the notorious flop, Twang!. When it returned to the West End Phil Collins, who later achieved fame with Genesis and had been one of the original Dodgers, rejoined the production to play Noah Claypole. ", "1957 – West Side Story, a musical written by Arthur Laurents, Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim and based loosely on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, made its debut on Broadway.", "Bricusse is no stranger to stage musicals, having collaborated on Jekyll & Hyde; Stop the World — I Want to Get Off; The Roar of the Greasepaint — The Smell of the Crowd and Victor/Victoria, but generations of people know his hit songs from being exposed (as kids) to such family-friendly movies as \"Doctor Dolittle\" (in which Rex Harrison sang \"Talk to the Animals\"), \"Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory\" (which included \"The Candy Man\"), \"Scrooge\" (known for the haunting \"You\" and joyous \"Thank You Very Much\") and the Peter O'Toole-Petula Clark remake of \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\" (which offered the romantic ballad \"You and I\"). With John Barry, he wrote \"Goldfinger,\" and penned a collection of other hits with other writers.", "But then he teamed up again with writers Bella and Sam Spewack to create a new musical. It was called Kiss Me Kate. The show was Cole Porter's masterpiece and triumphantly re-established him as one of the greatest of American songwriters. It opened on December 30, 1948, starring Alfred Drake, Patricia Morison, Lisa Kirk, and Harold Lang, and ran on Broadway for 1,077 performances. The amazing score, written while Cole was recovering from his 21st operation after his accident, includes, \"Another Op'nin', Another Show\", \"Why Can't You Behave\", \"Wunderbar\", \"So In Love\", \"We Open In Venice\", \"Tom, Dick, Or Harry\", \"I've Come To Wive It Wealthily In Padua\", \"Were Thine That Special Face\", \"Too Darn Hot\", \"Where Is The Life That Late I Led?\", \"Always True To You (In My Fashion)\", \"Bianca\", and \"Brush Up Your Shakespeare\". Kiss Me, Kate is constantly, and rightfully, being revived all over the world, and is currently running again on Broadway in a hit revival.", "By 1919, having completed one book and several plays, Milne finally achieved financial independence. His play, Mr. Pim Passes By, previously staged in London, was produced by the Theatre Guild in New York City. It was as great a success there as it had been on the London stage. Milne was now well established as a witty and fashionable London playwright. In 1920, Christopher Robin Milne was born, an event that was to change the history of children's literature. In 1923, during a rainy holiday in Wales, Milne began work on a collection of verses for children. The result was When We Were Very Young, published in 1924.", "The seven-month-long 1990 American tour acknowledged the ending of the Cold War. The tour starred Carolee Carmello, John Herrera, and Stephen Bogardus and was staged by Des McAnuff. Playwright Robert Coe worked with McAnuff on revising the show, mostly using the Nelson script and restoring most of the original song order from the British version of the musical and deleting the new songs written for the American version. A UK tour starring Rebecca Storm and mostly based on the London production, was a bigger success.", "Many of Mr. Sendak’s books had second lives on stage and screen. Among the most notable adaptations are the operas “Where the Wild Things Are” and “Higglety Pigglety Pop!” by the British composer Oliver Knussen, and Carole King’s “Really Rosie,” a musical version of “The Sign on Rosie’s Door,” which appeared on television as an animated special in 1975 and on the Off Broadway stage in 1980.", "Cats is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot. It introduced the song standard \"Memory\".", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, also known as Chitty the Musical, is a stage musical based on the 1968 film produced by Albert R. Broccoli . The music and lyrics were written by Richard and Robert Sherman with book by Jeremy Sams .", "The first musical she saw was Lionel Bart's Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be as some of her fellow students were performing in it. The school would send students for auditions regularly, which led to an audition for the original London production of Bye Bye Birdie, although she wasn't offered a role. She also auditioned for Oscar Hammerstein II for The Sound of Music, but being overcome by shyness, spoke very quietly. She wasn't cast in the show.", "The Broadway musical Coco, music by André Previn, book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, opened 18 December 1969 and closed 3 October 1970. It is set in 1953–1954 at the time that Chanel was reestablishing her couture house. Chanel was played by Katharine Hepburn for the first eight months, and by Danielle Darrieux for the rest of its run.", "In 1980 Tom Foolery, a revue of his songs created and produced by Cameron Mackintosh, was a hit on the London stage. Although not its instigator, Lehrer eventually gave the stage production his full support and updated several of his lyrics for the show (such as \"Who's Next\", in which Neiman-Marcus [or in the San Francisco production, J.C. Penney], not Alabama, gets the bomb). Tom Foolery contained 27 songs and led to more than 200 productions, including an Off-Broadway production at the Village Gate, which ran for 120 performances in 1981. ", "The musical's 1956 Broadway production was a momentous hit, setting a record for the longest run of any major musical theatre production in history. It was followed by a hit London production, a popular film version, and numerous revivals. It has been called \"the perfect musical\". ", "His most high-profile work was directing the 1969 Broadway revue about sex, Oh! Calcutta!, which was devised by Kenneth Tynan and had contributions from writers as diverse as Sam Shepard , David Newman, John Lennon, Jules Feiffer and Leonard Melfi. He directed the 1976 revival, as well, which stacked up 5,959 performances to become one of the longest-running shows in Broadway history. Mr. Levy also contributed songs to the show.", "Image caption Davy Jones hit the big time when in America with the cast of the musical Oliver!", "Born in Canada, Lillie had a wicked way with dialogue, a mastery of physical buffoonery, and a knack for spoofing pompous people and/or situations. She got her start trouping in Canadian variety and British music halls before making her legit debut in the intimate London revues of Andre Charlot . In 1920, she married Robert Peel, who inherited his peerage soon afterward -- making her a bona fide British \"Lady.\" Charlot brought Lillie to New York in several 1920s revues, where she kept audiences howling. Lillie continued to dazzle on both sides of the Atlantic for the next four decades. Her Broadway hits included The Third Little Show (1931), At Home Abroad (1935) Seven Lively Arts (1944) and Inside USA (1948). Her most memorable songs include Noel Coward 's \"Mad Dogs and Englishmen\" and \"Marvelous Party,\" the Schwartz & Dietz showstopper \"Paris,\" and the wry \"There Are Fairies At The Bottom of Our Garden.\"", "in 1958 - Vic Damone was at No.1 on the UK singles chart with 'On The Street Where You Live.' The song was from the hit musical 'My Fair Lady'.", "A native of Peru, Ind., Porter wrote his first song at age 10 and went on to create 23 Broadway shows, including Anything Goes (1934), Kiss Me Kate (1948) and Can-Can (1953). Hit songs include “You’re The Top” and “Night and Day.”" ]	[ 0.80029296875, 0.30908203125, -0.19970703125, -1.279296875, -2.884765625, -3.53125, -4.87109375, -5.59375, -6.33203125, -6.44921875, -6.609375, -6.73828125, -7.0859375, -7.3671875, -7.5078125, -7.5234375, -7.53125, -7.65625, -8.15625, -8.1640625, -8.3515625, -8.578125, -8.8125, -8.8203125, -8.828125, -9.1953125, -9.3203125, -9.4765625, -9.5, -9.5546875, -9.671875, -10.765625 ]
How many Gilbert & Sullivan operas are there?	[ "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). Together, they wrote fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance , and The Mikado are among the best known. [1]", "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and the composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. [1]", "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. [1]", "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and the composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900) and to the works they jointly created. The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known.", "Was a big fan of Gilbert and Sullivan' operas. They wrote fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, and The Mikado are among the best known.", "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan ( May 13, 1842 – November 22, 1900) was an English composer best known for his operatic collaborations with librettist W. S. Gilbert. His artistic output included 23 operas, 13 orchestral works, 8 choral or oratorio works, 2 ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, parlour ballads, part songs, carols, and piano and chamber pieces.", "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer, of Irish and Italian descent, best known for his operatic collaborations with librettist W. S. Gilbert , including such continually popular works as H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance , and The Mikado . Sullivan's artistic output included 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, parlour ballads, part songs, carols, and piano and chamber pieces.", "In 1875, Richard D'Oyly Carte , who was then managing the Royalty Theatre for Selina Dolaro , brought Gilbert and Sullivan together to write their second show, a one-act opera entitled Trial by Jury . [1] This proved a success, and in 1876 D'Oyly Carte assembled a group of financial backers to establish the Comedy Opera Company, which was devoted to the production and promotion of family-friendly English comic opera. [2] With this theatre company, Carte finally had the financial resources, after many failed attempts, to produce a new full-length Gilbert and Sullivan opera. [3] This next opera was The Sorcerer , which opened in November 1877. It too was successful, running for 178 performances. [4] Sheet music from the show sold well, and street musicians played the melodies. [5]", "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer, of Irish and Italian descent, best known for his operatic collaborations with librettist W. S. Gilbert, including such continually-popular works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, and The Mikado. Sullivan's artistic output included 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, parlour ballads, part songs, carols, and piano and chamber pieces.", "Gilbert died in 1911, and Richard's son, Rupert D'Oyly Carte , took over the opera company upon his step-mother's death in 1913. His daughter, Bridget , inherited the company upon his death in 1948. The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured nearly year-round, except for its many London seasons and foreign tours, performing exclusively the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, until it closed in 1982. During the 20th century, the company gave well over 35,000 performances. [79] [80]", "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. His works comprise 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. The best known of his hymns and songs include \"Onward Christian Soldiers\" and \"The Lost Chord\".", "Ruddigore; or, The Witch's Curse, originally called Ruddygore, is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. It is one of the Savoy Operas and the tenth of fourteen comic operas written together by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was first performed by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy Theatre in London on 22 January 1887.", "Ruddigore, (initially spelled Ruddygore)or The Witch's Curse, is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. It is one of the Savoy Operas and the tenth of fourteen comic operas written together by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was first performed by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy Theatre in London on 22 January 1887. The production received mixed reviews from media and the public and ran for a total of only 288 performances.", "Ruddigore; or, The Witch's Curse, originally called Ruddygore, is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert . It is one of the Savoy Operas and the tenth of fourteen comic operas written together by Gilbert and Sullivan . It was first performed by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy Theatre in London on 22 January 1887.", "Utopia, Limited (1893), their penultimate opera, was a very modest success, and their last, The Grand Duke (1896) was an outright failure. [77] Neither work entered the \"canon\" of regularly performed Gilbert and Sullivan works until the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company made the first complete professional recordings of the two operas in the 1970s. Gilbert had also offered Sullivan another libretto, His Excellency (1894), but Gilbert's insistence on casting Nancy McIntosh , his protege from Utopia, led to Sullivan's refusal, and His Excellency was instead composed by F. Osmond Carr . [78] Meanwhile, the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, in between new pieces, and D'Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory.", "Sullivan's next collaboration with Gilbert, The Sorcerer (1877), ran for 178 performances, a success by the standards of the day, but H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), which followed it, turned Gilbert and Sullivan into an international phenomenon. The bright and cheerful music of Pinafore was composed during a time when Sullivan suffered from excruciating pain from a kidney stone. Pinafore ran for 571 performances in London, the then-second-longest theatrical run in history, and more than 150 unauthorised productions were quickly mounted in America alone. Among other favourable reviews, The Times noted that the opera was an early attempt at the establishment of a \"national musical stage\" ... free from risqué French \"improprieties\" and without the \"aid\" of Italian and German musical models. The Times and several of the other papers agreed, however, that while the piece was entertaining, Sullivan was capable of higher art, and frivolous light opera would hold him back. This criticism would follow Sullivan throughout his career.", "Today, numerous professional repertory companies, [80] small opera companies, amateur societies, churches, schools and universities continue to produce the works. [81] The most popular G&S works also continue to be performed from time to time by major opera companies, [82] and professional recordings of the operas, or songs from the operas, continue to be released. [83] Since 1993, a three-week long International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has been held every August in Buxton, England , with some twenty performances of the operas given in the opera house, and several dozen related \"fringe\" events given in smaller venues. [77] [84]", "In 1875, Richard D'Oyly Carte, who was then managing the Royalty Theatre for Selina Dolaro, brought Gilbert and Sullivan together to write their second show, a one-act opera entitled Trial by Jury. This proved a success, and in 1876 D'Oyly Carte assembled a group of financial backers to establish the Comedy Opera Company, which was devoted to the production and promotion of family-friendly English comic opera. With this theatre company, Carte finally had the financial resources, after many failed attempts, to produce a new full-length Gilbert and Sullivan opera. This next opera was The Sorcerer, which opened in November 1877. It too was successful, running for 178 performances.Ainger, p. 157 Sheet music from the show sold well, and street musicians played the melodies. ", "Sir William Schwenck Gilbert and Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan were a Victorian duo who together wrote a number of hugely popular and influential comic operas, which served as forerunners of The Musical (most people today think of them as musicals), Gilbert writing the book and lyrics (what's known as a librettist, because he writes the libretto), and Sullivan the scores. Their most famous works are the so-called Savoy operas (from the Savoy Theatre where their operas were produced by entrepreneur Richard D'Oyly Carte), stretching from Trial By Jury in 1871 to The Gondoliers in 1889. The partnership then broke up, partly because of the legendary irascibility of Gilbert, partly because Sullivan ( encouraged by none other than Queen Victoria (!)), wished to devote himself to serious music, mostly over a carpet. Two later works, Utopia, Ltd. and The Grand Duke, came after the reunion of the team; they have not generally been considered successes.", "Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961. Michael Joseph. Also, five supplements, privately printed.", "Utopia, Limited (1893), their penultimate opera, was a very modest success, and their last, The Grand Duke (1896) was an outright failure. Neither work entered the canon of regularly performed Gilbert and Sullivan works until the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company made the first complete professional recordings of the two operas in the 1970s. Gilbert had also offered Sullivan another libretto, His Excellency (1894), but Gilbert's insistence on casting Nancy McIntosh, his protege from Utopia, led to Sullivan's refusal, and His Excellency was instead composed by F. Osmond Carr. Meanwhile, the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, in between new pieces, and D'Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory.", "Today, numerous professional repertory companies, small opera companies, amateur societies, churches, schools and universities continue to produce the works. The most popular G&S works also continue to be performed from time to time by major opera companies, and professional recordings of the operas, and albums of songs from the operas, continue to be released. Since 1994, a three-week-long International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has been held every August in England, with some two dozen or more performances of the operas given on the main stage, and several dozen related \"fringe\" events given in smaller venues. The Festival sells both professional and amateur videos of its most popular productions. In connection with the 2009 festival, a contemporary critic wrote, \"The appeal of G&S’s special blend of charm, silliness and gentle satire seems immune to fashion.\" There continue to be hundreds of amateur companies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide. ", "Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961. Michael Joseph. OCLC 504581419 . ", "Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world. Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century. The operas have also influenced political discourse, literature, film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humorists. Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration. He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works—which came to be known as the Savoy Operas—and he founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted their works for over a century.", "Walbrook, H. M. (1922). Gilbert & Sullivan Opera, A History and a Comment . F. V. White & Co. Ltd. http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/books/walbrook/index.html . Retrieved 24 June 2009. ", "Here is a summary from the online Gilbert & Sullivan Archive (do a Google search and you'll find it):", "The Complete Gilbert & Sullivan - D'Oyly Carte Opera Company \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic", "A classic performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's classic comic opera. Bursting with brilliant acting, spectacular costumes and beautiful music, this stellar production will delight afficionados and opera novices alike. A family curse haunts a young lord Amazon.com Ruddigore , a ...", "Bradley, Ian (ed.) (1952). The Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan, Vol. 1. Harmondsworth, Midlesex, England: Penguin Books, Ltd. ", "The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to G&S, [89] who were admired by and copied by early authors and composers such as Ivan Caryll , Adrian Ross , Lionel Monckton , P. G. Wodehouse , [90] [91] Guy Bolton , Victor Herbert , and Ivor Novello , and later Irving Berlin , Jerome Kern , Oscar Hammerstein II , and Andrew Lloyd Webber . [92] Gilbert's lyrics served as a model for such 20th-century Broadway lyricists as Cole Porter , [93] Ira Gershwin , [94] and Lorenz Hart . [7] Noël Coward wrote: \"I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously. The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age. My father sang them, my mother played them, my nurse, Emma, breathed them through her teeth.... My aunts and uncles... sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation....\" [95]", "In 1875 Richard D’Oyly Carte, manager of the Royalty Theatre, owner of a thriving operatic, lecture and concert agency, and himself a composer of operetta, needed a new piece for his theatre. By luck, Gilbert came to see him with an idea for a short operetta based on a broken-hearted fiancée suing her husband for ‘breach of promise of marriage’. By then Gilbert had become a successful playwright and Sullivan was writing choral music.", "British team Gilbert and Sullivan were immensely popular in What category of entertainment does their work fall?" ]	[ 4.78515625, 4.26953125, 3.9765625, 2.59375, 2.400390625, 0.53662109375, 0.38037109375, 0.1767578125, 0.1273193359375, 0.0469970703125, 0.006237030029296875, -0.9697265625, -1.0166015625, -1.080078125, -1.1201171875, -1.3505859375, -1.45703125, -1.7099609375, -1.8447265625, -1.8583984375, -2.150390625, -2.45703125, -2.837890625, -3.6015625, -4.01953125, -4.51171875, -4.71875, -4.96484375, -5.1875, -5.34375, -6.51171875, -6.9609375 ]
"Who said, ""Middle age is when your age starts to show around your middle?"""	[ "Middle age is when your age starts to show around your middle. - Bob Hope - BrainyQuote", "377. Middle age is when your age starts to show around your middle. ~ Bob Hope.", "731. Middle age is the awkward period when Father Time starts catching up with Mother Nature. ~ Harold Coffin.", "At middle age the soul should be opening up like a rose, not closing up like a cabbage. - John Andrew Holmes", "Perhaps the greatest adventure in life is that period between the ignorance of knowledge and the knowledge of ignorance, called Middle Age. In the latitude of forty, human beings become human for the first time, and realise the impotence of being earnest. Having suffered the youthful pains of Age they enjoy the soothful pæans of agelessness.... They make up for the time lost in being young by being young, although no longer young. They are neither young nor old, callow nor sallow, foolish nor mulish, puerile nor senile, half-baked nor fully cooked. They pause in their flight, and for a moment call a strike against the tyrant Time. They are for the nonce as ageless as Julius Caesar's unformed thoughts and their emotions are as piquant as a pickled pin-cushion. Middle-age is neither muddle-age nor fuddle-age—it is the age of reason defying \"reason\"; the age when man sees himself as mothers see him; thin on top and plump beneath, slightly gone in wind and teeth, caring naught for looks or \"lacks,\" out to show that \"tacks is tacks.\" ~Kenneth Alfred Evelyn Alexander (c.1890–1953), \"The I.O.U.'s Have It,\" in The New Zealand Railways Magazine, 1931 June 1st", "“I was putting on my makeup one day, and I was going, ‘Oh, it’s too late, sweetheart, you are going to be sixty next year and you are still single after all these years, and you are still overweight and you are still not rich,’ “ she told me. “I was depressed for a few days, and then I remembered the quote.” The possibility that George Eliot hadn’t actually said the words did not diminish their resonance. “We tend to like wisdom when it comes from famous people,” Gallagher said. “But even if it was just George Eliot’s next-door neighbor, who was a seamstress, it’s still valid.”", "Taking a leaf from Aries's book, Patricia Cohen has argued (in In Our Prime: The Invention of Middle Age, 2012) that \"middle age\" is likewise a social construction. She notes that before the middle of the 19th century, people were identified by life markers such as marriage and parenthood, but not by age per se. Even the US Census didn't ask people their exact birth date until 1900.", "There's a sore trial in middle life.... Hearts grow cold with care, and the life He gives, too often seems buried, because of the load of earthly thought above it; and then we appear to ourselves to live to this world, whilst the things of this world crowd upon us.... But where the will is stedfast, and sin withstood, the true life springs forth again as the earthly tabernacle decays. Old age is a blessed time. It gives us leisure to put off our earthly garments one by one, and dress ourselves for Heaven. ~Elizabeth Missing Sewell (1815–1906), The Experience of Life, 1852 [Spoken by Aunt Sarah.", "«The 40s–70s» The same truth may be more broadly expressed by saying that the first forty years of life furnish the text, while the remaining thirty supply the commentary; and that without the commentary we are unable to understand aright the true sense and coherence of the text, together with the moral it contains and all the subtle application of which it admits. ~Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), \"The Ages of Life,\" Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit, translated by T. Bailey Saunders, 1891", "«Mid-40s» A man can speak of his age without regret, when he is only in the mid-forties. ~Max Nordau (1849–1923), \"The Art of Growing Old,\" How Women Love and Other Tales (Soul Analysis), translated from the German by an unnamed translator, 1896", "\"From BIRTH to age 18, a girl needs good parents. From 18 to 35, she needs good looks. From 35 to 55, she needs a good personality. From 55 on, she needs good cash.\" Biographer Michael Freedland is one among many who have attributed this saying to Sophie Tucker (1884-1996). According to Bartlett's the singer said these words when she was sixty-nine. But in 1948, when Tucker was sixty-four, this saying ran without attribution in a newspaper's humor column. Other versions have been credited to novelist Kathleen Norris (1880-1966).", "\"At fifty, everyone has the FACE he deserves.\" The last words George Orwell wrote in his notebook, on April 17, 1949, were \"At fifty, everyone has the face he deserves.\" Orwell was hardly the only one to whom this thought had occurred. Some think Lincoln thought we were responsible for our face after the age of thirty, or forty (there is no evidence that he did). The Viking Book of Aphorisms attributes \"A man of fifty is responsible for his face\" to Lincoln's war secretary, Edwin Stanton. A century later, Albert Camus wrote in The Fall (1960), \"Alas, after a certain age every man is responsible for his face.\" Nearly three decades after that, in The American Ambassador (1987), novelist Ward Just wrote of a character, \"If at forty everyone has the face he's earned...\"", "«Age 55» [T]he very prime of life; that is, about fifty-five years of age,—the flowering time of existence, when real enjoyment of life begins. ~Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Idiot, 1868, translated from the Russian by Frederick Whishaw, 1887", "The middle age has hardly changed over the centuries. Middle age is the time when men have settled down. Kids, family, and career have taken precedence over personal indulgences. Age brings wisdom and a sense of peaceful acceptance of realities of life. Idealistic values get pushed behind, while practical considerations become important. While the middle aged man of today has more options to further his personal or professional interests, perhaps the medieval middle aged man had fewer such options.", "What's even more important than aging naturally is aging happily. “I don't know what the big deal is about old age,\" Parton once said . \"Old people who shine from the inside look 10 to 20 years younger.” In honor of Parton's 67th birthday on Saturday, let's take a look back at the many looks of the world's most shining woman.", "«Age 40» If we had breathing space, we should take the occasion to modify and adjust; but at this breakneck hurry, we are no sooner boys than we are adult, no sooner in love than married or jilted, no sooner one age than we begin to be another, and no sooner in the fulness of our manhood than we begin to decline towards the grave. It is in vain to seek for consistency or expect clear and stable views in a medium so perturbed and fleeting.... [W]e cannot even regard ourselves as a constant; in this flux of things, our identity itself seems in a perpetual variation; and not infrequently we find our own disguise the strangest in the masquerade. In the course of time, we grow to love things we hated and hate things we loved.... It is decidedly harder to climb trees, and not nearly so hard to sit still.... All our attributes are modified or changed; and it will be a poor account of us if our views do not modify and change in a proportion. To hold the same views at forty as we held at twenty, is to have been stupified for a score of years, and take rank, not as a prophet, but as an unteachable brat, well birched and none the wiser. ~Robert Louis Stevenson, \"Crabbed Age and Youth,\" in The Cornhill Magazine, March 1878 [Credited R.L.S.", "Fanny Burney in 1780 thought her ‘a really noble-looking woman; I never saw age so graceful in the female sex yet; her whole face seems to beam with goodness, piety, and philanthropy’ (Boswell, Life, 4.275), but Betsy Sheridan described her in 1785 as ‘rather fat and not very striking in appearance’ (Betsy Sheridan's Journal, ed. W. LeFanu, 1986, 40). Most of the known portraits were made after Epictetus had brought her fame and do indeed depict her as ‘rather fat’ (despite a lifetime of energetic walking), but beaming with the goodness and nobility appropriate to a translator of Greek philosophy.", "[M]any appear to best advantage in old age, when their character assumes a gentler tone, as becomes men who have seen the world and take life easily. ~Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), \"The Ages of Life,\" Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit, translated by T. Bailey Saunders, 1891", "«The 40s» I was cursed or blessed with a prolonged adolescence; I arrived at some seeming maturity when I was past thirty. It was only in my forties that I really began to feel young. By then I was ready for it. ~Henry Valentine Miller (1891–1980), \"On Turning Eighty\"", "\"'Tis not by the gray of the hair that one knows the age of the heart,\" answered De Mauléon, in another paraphrase of Italian proverb... ~Edward Bulwer, The Parisians, 1872", "There is a slow-growing beauty which only comes to perfection in old age.... I have seen sweeter smiles on a lip of seventy than I ever saw on a lip of seventeen. There is the beauty of youth, and there is also the beauty of holiness—a beauty much more seldom met; and more frequently found in the arm-chair by the fire, with grandchildren around its knee, than in the ball-room or the promenade. ~Alexander Smith, \"An Essay on an Old Subject\"", "'\\n With enough time, money, and sweat, can you achieve an ideal body? Amy Wallace answers that all-too-burning question. \\n\\n Story comes courtesy of Los Angeles Magazine \\n\\n By Amy Wallace \\n\\n In exactly four weeks I will turn 50 years old. Looking down the barrel of that mythic half-century mark, the one that comes with a humbling letter from the AARP, I find Iâm less troubled by it than I am by another number -- the one on my driverâs license, the one I havenât weighed for at le...", "Dorothy : So you're five years older. So am I, so is Blanche. All right, so you have a few more wrinkles. So do I, so does Blanche. OK, so you're a little thicker around the middle. So is Blanche.", "I agree in general. But from time to time she would thin down and BLAM she was stunning again.%0D %0D I saw her once in person at the restaurant Elaine's in Manhattan- small grey dress, belted waist- early 40s- tiny, little or no makeup and one of if not the most spectacular women I have ever seen. Her eyes where like lamps, her mouth and nose perfection, and she was so small- tiny waist and huge top in proportion.%0D %0D At about age 54 she thinned down again and ran around with Malcolm Forbes for a while- again she was stunning.%0D %0D She battled her fatty self most of her life. One of the appealing things about her is that she didn't care that much about it. A little bit of vulgarity, a little bit of earth mother, lots of partying, and essentially someone who was not paying a lot of attention to expectations. She never took herself seriously. I like that a lot in any person.%0D %0D Sometimes plump she was spectacular- as in Cleopatra and Taming of the Shrew- but most of the time it robbed her great beauty. %0D %0D She did go through some fat stages in her 30s, 40s in particular, and 50s where she looked like a Scarsdale matron- too tan with too much black hair and tacky clothes- including caftans.", "Now that I have made a brief reference to dancing, I think it may be well to correct a legend which has grown up about my age, and which usually turns up [52] when we have been encored a first or a second time for a dance or some boisterous number, especially in \"Iolanthe\" or \"The Mikado.\" \"Isn't it a shame?\" I know some dear kind friends say, \"making him do it again. Poor old man! He's well over seventy.\" Others declare, \"Isn't he a marvel for sixty-five?\" Well, if a man is as old as he feels, then my age must still be in the thirties, and certainly there is no intention on my part of retiring just yet. But if we have to go by the calendar, and if it is necessary that there should be \"no possible shadow of doubt\" in the future as to my age, I had better put on record the fact that I was born in London on January 3rd, 1867. The rest, a small matter of arithmetic, may be left to you. At all events I am still some distance from the patriarchal span.", "“I’m just reaching middle age. I’m getting older - that’s what happens. I’m actually quite pragmatic about it.”", "Late in her life, Elizabeth wrote, \"I can say that the happiest period of my life has been since I emerged from the shadows of superstitions of the old theologies, relieved from all gloomy apprehensions of the future, satisfied that as my labors and capacities were limited to this sphere of action, I was responsible for nothing beyond my horizon, as I could neither understand nor change the condition of the unknown world. Giving ourselves, then, no trouble about the future, let us make the most of the present, and fill up our lives with earnest work here.\" [\"The Pleasures of Age,\" in The Boston Investigator,", "\"It is ... common to hear both sexes repine at their change [Marriage], relate the happiness of their earlier years, blame the folly and rashness of their own choice, and warn those whom they see coming into the world against the same precipitance and infatuation. But it is to be remembered, that the days which they so much wish to call back, are the days not only of celibacy but of youth, the days of novelty and improvement, of ardour and of hope, of health and vigour of body, of gaiety and lightness of heart. It is not easy to surround life with any circumstances in which youth will not be delightful; and I am afraid that, whether married or unmarried, we shall find the vesture of terrestrial existence more heavy and cumbrous the longer it is worn.\"", "More World’s Useless Factsnose Between the ages of 30 and 70, you nose may lengthen and widen by as much as half an inch. Credit: AP", "Older Than They Look : The author, albeit mitigated considerably by a bushy beard in recent years.", "\"Nobody grows old merely by living a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.\"", "“I look forward to being older, when what you look like becomes less and less an issue and what you are is the point.”" ]	[ 6.08203125, 5.81640625, 1.583984375, -0.9677734375, -1.2294921875, -1.7978515625, -1.9443359375, -2.068359375, -2.162109375, -2.201171875, -2.609375, -2.841796875, -3, -3.43359375, -3.443359375, -3.5, -3.513671875, -3.529296875, -3.828125, -3.841796875, -4.140625, -4.5234375, -5.32421875, -5.87109375, -6.05078125, -6.39453125, -6.6015625, -8.2421875, -8.28125, -8.3046875, -8.9375, -9.0859375 ]
"About whom did Kenneth Tynan say, ""What one sees in other women drunk, one sees in... sober?"""	[ "While not comparing himself to all the “masters” he cited, he felt he might “go a couple of rounds” with Charles Lamb. The pieces that follow—on writer Tom Stoppard, actor Ralph Richardson, television star Johnny Carson, silent-film actress Louise Brooks, and comedian Mel Brooks—tackle high and low culture with equal verve, in each case mapping out the contours of a distinctive terrain. Tynan’s profiles vary in tone and orientation—here, for example, the Louise Brooks piece is a kind of homage to a forgotten star and personal idol, the Mel Brooks piece delves into the relationship of comedy, fear, and ambition, and the Stoppard article is an extended musing on writing, style, and political commitment. But, while all include many examples of “vintage” Tynan, in his reportage of personal encounters (performances, dinner parties, interviews, letters), such elements are subtly worked into a widening and deepening perspective. A profile often begins obliquely, by virtue of apparently unrelated anecdotes or random information; then essential biographical information is lightly introduced, and thereafter the portrait is built up incrementally, as a shape and thesis emerge. The profile is rounded out by quotations from others on the subject and the deployment of a battery of cultural references. The most marked contrast with the shorter writings is the cooler, analytical quality that emerges in a more measured pace; the sprinting, dazzling prose is calmed by direct, yet always elegantly written, exposition and by pertinent, well-grounded comment.", "(17) “I may be drunk, Miss, but in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly.” Winston Churchill apparently said this to both Bessie Braddock and Lady Astor.", "Braddock: \"Winston, you are drunk, and what's more you are disgustingly drunk.\" Churchill: \"Bessie, my dear, you are ugly, and what's more, you are disgustingly ugly. But tomorrow I shall be sober and you will still be disgustingly ugly.\"[4][5]", "Kenneth Peacock Tynan (2 April 1927 - 26 July 1980) was an English theatre critic and writer. Making his initial impact as a critic at The Observer (1954-1958, 1960-63), he praised Osborne's Look Back in Anger (1956), and encouraged the emerging wave of British theatrical talent. In 1963, Tynan was appointed as the new National Theatre Company's literary manager. An opponent of theatre censorship, he was the first person to say 'fuck' on British television, which was very controversial at the time. Later in his life he settled in California where he resumed his writing career. - Wicki", "Credited with this exchange with Bessie Braddock : \"Winston, you are drunk, and what's more, you are disgustingly drunk\"; \"Bessie, my dear, you are ugly, and what's more, you are disgustingly ugly. But tomorrow I shall be sober, and you will still be disgustingly ugly\".", "When sober, he is more philosophical. “You’ve got the pressure of being on the road and living with each other and seeing each other at their worst,” he told me the morning after the night before. “Chris saw me at my worst one time too many. I drink too much and when I’ve drunk too much, a personality comes out. It’s not very pleasant to be around. And bless her heart, Chris said, ‘I don’t want to be around this person.’ It was awful. You’re told by someone you adore and love that they don’t want you in their life any more.”", "Lady Astor, \"You are drunk.\" Churchill, \"I may be drunk, miss, but in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly.\"", "Dylan's legacy as the \"doomed poet\" was cemented with the publication of Brinnin's 1955 biography Dylan Thomas in America, which focuses on his last few years and paints a picture of him as a drunk and a philanderer. Later biographies are critical of Brinnin's view, especially his coverage of Thomas's death. David Thomas in Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas? claims that Brinnin, along with Reitell and Feltenstein, were culpable. FitzGibbon's 1965 biography ignores Thomas's heavy drinking and skims over his death, giving just two pages in his detailed book to Thomas's demise. Ferris in his 1989 biography includes Thomas's heavy drinking, but is more critical of those around him in his final days and does not draw the conclusion that he drank himself to death. Feltenstein's role and actions have been criticised by many sources, especially his incorrect diagnosis of delirium tremens and the high dose of morphine he administered. Dr B. W. Murphy and Dr C. G. de Gutierrez-Mahoney, the doctors who treated Thomas while at St. Vincents, concluded that Feltenstein's failure to see that Thomas was gravely ill and have him admitted to hospital sooner, \"was even more culpable than his use of morphine\". ", "I remember meeting an Irish poet who had just come from Georgie Yeats’s funeral, and was still drunk, though he had also just flown from Ireland to the United States. He was furious and maudlin because Georgie, who outlived her husband by thirty years, died only weeks after she had given all her husband’s manuscripts to the Irish State, manuscripts she could have sold to an American university for millions of dollars; she did this because she had no money, was an alcoholic, and very much afraid in a moment of weakness she would break down and sell the manuscripts after all; the thought of such a betrayal she could not bear, so she gave the papers to the Irish State, died a few weeks later, and had a three-hundred-mile funeral cortege with only six people present—the poet who told me this was one of them—and not a single representative of the Irish State was among them.", "The devil of absinthe, the “Green Lady,” as they call her, may be the muse of the poor poet. She gives him inspiration for his rich rhymes; she pours out emeralds for him, so he says. She bears him away to his fantastic paradise—but he does not stop to feel his pulse enroute. When his little intoxication is over and finished—that is to say, within an hour or so—he does not make himself disgraceful. This is the difference between Parisian intoxication and the Anglo-Saxon idea of a big spree. In Paris this limited kind of drunkenness is widely spread.", "Langworth thinks that Churchill was more likely tired than drunk on this occasion, but perhaps played along for the sake of a good zinger. If so, his rejoinder almost certainly was derivative. In the 1934 W. C. Fields movie It's a Gift (whose screenplay was written by Jack Cunningham, based on the Broadway revue The Comic Supplement by J. P. McEvoy, and a story by Charles Bogle), when told \"You're drunk,\" Fields's character responds, \"Yeah, and you're crazy. But I'll be sober tomorrow, and you'll be crazy for the rest of your life.\"", "“An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with his fools.” – Hemingway", "Randolph, spoiled by his father, began drinking heavily in his late teens, under the influence of Lord Birkenhead. Thereafter he had a lifelong reputation for a serious drinking problem and for rude, boorish behaviour. Evelyn Waugh, who restored friendly relations with Randolph in the spring of 1964 after years of enmity, nonetheless could not resist a jibe later that year. On hearing that a recently removed lung growth was not malignant, Waugh said \"It was a typical triumph of modern science to find the one part of Randolph which was not malignant and to remove it.\" ", "But Omar Repentant was not a Temperance Movement poem. Rather it seems to have been born out of Le Gallienne’s personal battle with the demon drink. He once said of himself, “I am, by sad inheritance, a drunkard” (34a) , elsewhere referring to his problem as “that old troublesome family devil of mine…you know what I mean…let us call him Omar Khayyam!” (34b) ; and on at least one occasion went into what we would now call “rehab” in a doctor’s house which he dubbed “The House of Ramadan” (34c) Perhaps his attitude to Omar is best summed up by the title of one of his summer lectures of 1901: “Omar Khayyam – an Appreciation and a Warning” (34d)", "Una speaks with Susan and the audience learns that Susan in a pub with a priest home from the foreign missions (McGuinness 63). Una shows great stress that Susan is out and about drinking with a priest. It shows the difficulty the women will go through in separating themselves from the needs of the world to overcome the injustices of the company.", "okay, so Dylan Thomas was a poet, but he happens to be my favorite drunk death. it was at the White Horse Tavern in the village of new york city. his last words were, “I’ve had eighteen straight whiskies, I think that’s the record . . .”", "You have missed 2 of the Greatest Drunk American Writers: Rico Austin in “My Bad Tequila” with the quote “You’ll see the true reflection of me when the Tequila bottle is empty,” I shouted out to the wind as I tossed the sad, angry bottle shaped mirror to the sea.” Hunter S. Thompson should be added to this list as well.", "Susan: "A real woman could stop you from drinking." Arthur: "It'd have to be a real BIG woman." Arthur (1981)", "Forget A Red, Red Rose, Rabbie Burns' ode to romantic love - the thistle is responsible for one of the finest and influential poems in the Scottish literary cannon, Hugh MacDiarmid's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, an epic, stream-of-consciousness poem that touches on everything from the state of the nation and the mysteries of the universe to the wondrous joy that is whisky.", "What does Ovid say are the advantages of pretending to be drunk? His toast \"to the fellow she sleeps with\" is ambiguous, of course: the listeners think he is speaking of her husband, she knows he is speaking of the lover.", "\"Not everyone who drinks is a poet. Some of us drink because we're not poets...\" - From 'Arthur' as quoted by Dudley Moore. Truer words were never spoken", "[on Katharine Hepburn ] She talks at you as though you were a microphone. She lectured the hell out of me on temperance and the evils of drink. She doesn't give a damn how she looks. I don't think she tries to be a character. I think she is one.", "In 1998, not long after she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, Iris Murdoch disconcerted friends by asking, \"Who am I?\", a question she almost at once answered herself, \"Well I'm Irish anyway, that's something.\" As the mind of the brilliant novelist and philosopher faded, she still clung to a deep identification with Ireland. Her Irish connection was reflected in a lifetime's intellectual and emotional engagement and - before her illness - transformed her from a romantic, Marxist nationalist to a hardline Unionist and defender of the politics of Ian Paisley. Born in Dublin to a father from Belfast, she was always proud that she carried within her so many different Irish traditions, and she set three fictions in Ireland: the novels The Unicorn (1963) and The Red and the Green (1965), and the short story Something Special (1958).", ""You see, the world looks so dirty to me when I'm not drinking. Joe, remember Fisherman's Wharf? The water when you looked too close? That's the way the world looks to me when I'm not drinking." Kristen describes why she continues to drink in Days of Wine and Roses (1962)", "It's hard to imagine now. Today, the woman who used to spend many evenings downing considerable quantities of sauvignon at venues around Soho who wrote a poem called \"Loss\", which equates the disappearance of the corkscrew with the disappearance of her lover sips a carrot-and-orange juice. \"I don't go to parties.\" she says in \"Being Boring\", a poem in If I Don't Know, a collection published in 2001, seven years after her discovery of domestic happiness, \"Well, what are they for,/ If you don't need to find a new lover?/ You drink and you listen and you drink a bit more/ And you take the next day to recover.\"", "The profusion of “recovery memoirs” in the last ten years has been so abundant as to make a person ask where the genre has been all this time. The modern concept of addiction, as distinct from mere sinfulness or deficiency of willpower, has been around for two hundred years. For nine-tenths of that time the subject received almost no extended autobiographical treatment. Then, in the last few decades, alcoholic memoirs suddenly proliferated like weeds.", "\"When things go wrong and will not come right, Though you do the best you can, When life looks black as the hour of night-- A PINT OF PLAIN IS YOUR ONLY MAN . . .\" --Flann O'Brien, \"At Swim-Two-Birds\"", "“When you are lying drunk at the airport you’re Irish. When you win an Oscar you’re British.”", "What do we learn of Jenny's father? What are some of the results of his drunkenness? Her reaction? (243)", "In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse.", "LOTS of us will remember Flann O’Brien’s poem from At Swim Two Birds proclaiming the virtues of the pint. It’s not really appropriate for a column on healthy living, but I can’t resist quoting a couple of verses: “When things go wrong and will not come right, And you do the best you can, When life looks black as the dark of night, A pint of plain is your only man. When money’s tight and hard to get And your horse is an also ran, When all you have is a heap of debt – A pint of plain is your only man.”", "ER [actor]: But Prohibition seems to have changed that to a certain extent. So that the average girl of today faces the problem of learning, very young, how much she can drink of such things as whiskey and gin and sticking to the proper quantity." ]	[ -1.455078125, -2.138671875, -2.49609375, -2.953125, -3.384765625, -3.669921875, -4.05078125, -5.6796875, -5.69140625, -6.04296875, -6.6171875, -6.765625, -6.93359375, -6.94140625, -6.99609375, -7.046875, -7.09375, -7.1953125, -7.63671875, -8.109375, -8.21875, -8.34375, -8.34375, -8.8515625, -8.859375, -9.3359375, -9.484375, -9.671875, -9.6796875, -9.84375, -9.96875, -10.1796875 ]
Michael Jackson's Will You Be There came from which movie?	[ "\"Will You Be There\" is a song by Michael Jackson which was released in 1993. The song is the eighth single from the 1991 album Dangerous. The song also appeared on the soundtrack to the film Free Willy, of which it is the main theme.", "Even by Jackson’s wildly ambitious standards, the theme song for the 1993 movie Free Willy, and the eighth single from Dangerous, was one of his most grandiose recordings. Written while sitting in his “Giving Tree” at Neverland Ranch, “Will You Be There” begins with a long orchestral prelude from Beethoven, performed by the Cleveland Orchestra, interweaving hosannas from the Andraé Crouch Singers and climaxing with a tearful spoken monologue. It’s a gospel song that continues a theme of his career: from “I’ll Be There” to “Got to Be There” to “Will You Be There,” summing up a journey from boundless confidence to fear and solitude.", "Will You Be There is a single from the Dangerous album. Recorded in 1991 and later released as a single in 1993. It is featured on the Free Willy motion picture and its soundtrack album. Michael Jackson also contributed a song to the sequel ( Childhood ).", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut onto the professional music scene in 1968 at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the \"King of Pop\"[2] in subsequent years, his 1982 album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time[3] and four of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).", "The music video for \"Do the Bartman\", a Simpsons song co-written by Jackson, was broadcast ahead of an episode rerun of The Simpsons on June 28. It featured a title card paying tribute to Jackson. The 1991 Simpsons episode that Jackson guest starred in under the name of John Jay Smith, \"Stark Raving Dad\", was broadcast on Fox on July 5. The episode had been broadcast on the Dutch Comedy Central the day after his death, and was dedicated to Jackson's memory. His 1978 film The Wiz (in which he co-starred alongside Diana Ross and Richard Pryor) was briefly re-released in a rare 35mm format and was shown at the Hollywood Theater in his honor. It was also re-released a week prior to the release of Michael Jackson's This Is It in select cities. Madonna opened the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards with a speech about Michael Jackson. Janet Jackson made an appearance at the VMAs to pay musical tribute to her late brother and honor his career. He was honored with a posthumous lifetime achievement award during the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. Jackson, who had an acting role in the 1978 film The Wiz, was featured in the 82nd annual Academy Awards ceremony's \"In Memoriam\" tribute. ", "The same year, The Jackson 5's Saturday morning cartoon show started appearing over network televison. Michael's first real involvement with films came when he sang the title song for the movie \"Ben\" in 1972. The song went to number one and is still a favorite of Michael. At only 13 years of age, Michael won a Golden Globe Award for his performance and later even got his first Academy Award nomination.", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records, and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and pursue a solo career. The Jacksons continued to tour internationally, and released six more albums between 1976 and 1984. Michael, the group’s lead songwriter during this time, wrote hits such as “Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)” (1979), “This Place Hotel” (1980), and “Can You Feel It” (1980). Jackson’s work in film began in 1978, when he starred as the Scarecrow in The Wiz, a musical directed by Sidney Lumet that also starred Diana Ross, Nipsey Russell, and Ted Ross. The film was a box-office disaster. While working on the film Jackson met Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film’s musical score, and Jones agreed to produce Jackson’s next solo album, Off the Wall. In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson’s second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.", "Today in 1972, Michael Jackson went to No.1 on the US singles chart with \"Ben.\" The song was written for the 1972 film of the same name (the sequel to the 1971 killer rat film Willard). \"Ben\" won a Golden Globe for Best Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1973; the song was Jackson's first U.S. #1 solo hit.", " 2015 The 10 Faces of Michael Jackson (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Ben\" (uncredited), \"Rock With You\" (1979), \"Thriller\" (1983), \"Billie Jean\" (uncredited), \"Bad\" (1987), \"Smooth Criminal\" (1988), \"Man in the Mirror\" (1988), \"Black or White\" (1991), \"You Are Not Alone\" (1995), \"Earth Song\" (uncredited), \"You Rock My World\" (2001)) / (writer: \"Billie Jean\" (uncredited), \"We Are the World\" (1985), \"Bad\" (1987), \"Smooth Criminal\" (1988), \"Black or White\" (1991), \"Earth Song\" (uncredited), \"You Rock My World\" (2001))", "On July 24, 1985 it was announced that Michael Jackson will star in a 3-D science-fiction musical film, \"Captain EO\", to be shown exclusively at Disneyland and Disney World. Michael: \"I'Captain EO' came about because the Disney Studios wanted me to come up with a new ride for the parks.\"", "\"Ben\" is a song written by Don Black and composed by Walter Scharf for the 1972 film of the same name (the sequel to the 1971 killer rat film Willard ). It was performed in the film by Lee Montgomery and by Michael Jackson over the closing credits. Jackson's single, recorded for the Motown label in 1972, spent one week at the top of the U.S. pop chart . [1] Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1972. [2] It also reached number-one on the Australian pop chart , spending eight weeks at the top spot. [1] The song also later reached a peak of number seven on the British pop chart . [1]", "As the tour concluded, Jackson lent guest vocals to several collaborations, including Shaggy's \"Luv Me, Luv Me\", used for the film How Stella Got Her Groove Back, as well as \"Girlfriend/Boyfriend\" with Teddy Riley's group Blackstreet, and \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" with Busta Rhymes. The latter two music videos are both among the most expensive music videos ever produced, with \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" becoming a number-one hit on the Billboard Hip-Hop Singles and Hot Rap Tracks charts, reaching the top three of the Hot 100. Jackson also contributed the ballad \"God's Stepchild\" to the Down in the Delta soundtrack. Jackson recorded a duet with Elton John titled \"I Know the Truth,\" included on the soundtrack to Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida. At the 1999 World Music Awards, Jackson received the Legend Award for \"outstanding contribution to the pop industry\". Billboard ranked Jackson as the second most successful artist of the decade, behind Mariah Carey. ", "In connection with the release of Michael Jackson's \"HIStory\" album--a compilation of his greatest hits which spans the decades of his diverse, spectacular pop career, this release features Jackson's ten most famous short music films. Along with being one of the most successful pop stars of all time, Jackson also helped to revolutionize the music video art form, hiring Hollywood film directors like John Landis and Martin Scorsese to direct what are essentially short narrative films. Included are the videos for \"Billie Jean,\" \"Thriller,\" and \"Bad.\"", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\", \"This Place Hotel,\" and \"Can You Feel It\". In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[14] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplastywas not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.", "In addition to the album, Jackson released \" Thriller \", a 14-minute music video directed by John Landis , in 1983.[79] It \"defined music videos and broke racial barriers\" on the Music Television Channel ( MTV ), a fledgling entertainment television channel at the time.[44] In December 2009, the Library of Congress selected the \"Thriller\" music video for inclusion in the National Film Registry . It was one of 25 films named that year as \"works of enduring importance to American culture\" that would be \"preserved for all time.\"[80][81] As of 2009, the zombie-themed \"Thriller\" is the only music video to have been inducted into the registry.[79][81][82]", "Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his Estate was titled \"This Is It\" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide. Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits. The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled \"Planet Earth\". At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26", "Jackson’s first posthumous song released entirely by his Estate was titled “This Is It” which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson‘s This Is It was released. Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide. Jackson’s estate received 90% of the profits. The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson‘s hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled “Planet Earth”. At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.", "The short film and single “Thriller” was released on 2nd December 1983. For the 14 minute short film, John Landis was hired to direct and Rick Baker for special effects make up. The film cost an estimated $1 million of Michael’s own money. To re-coup some of the budget costs, John Landis negotiated a deal with Showtime, MTV and Vestron to fund a 60 minute documentary on the making of the short film. Making Michael Jackson’s Thriller was aired in 1984 and sold on video tape. It became the biggest selling music video of all time, with estimated sales of 9 million as of 2006.", "Michael Jackson died unexpectedly June 25, 2009 at the age of 50 less than three weeks before the first London concert was scheduled to take place. A public memorial service included performances of his songs by a wide range of top recording artists. A feature film built around rehearsal footage from the planned concert tour titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released in October 2009. A posthumous studio album titled Michael was released in December 2010. Michael Jackson earned a posthumous Grammy Award nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal for the song \"This Is It.\" In 2014 a second posthumous album with previous unreleased material titled Xscape appeared under the direction of L.A. Reid. It included the top 10 pop hit \"Love Never Felt So Good.\"", "Michael Jackson alludes to the song in The Jackson 5 song \"I'll Be There\", singing \"just look over your shoulders, honey.\"", "While “Billie Jean” was still at the top of the charts, the album’s third single was released; “Beat It”, on March 5, 1983. The short film for “Beat It” was paid for and conceptualised by Michael Jackson himself. It was directed by Bob Giraldi and co-choreographed by Michael Jackson and Michael Peters. The cast included 100 members of real street gangs and cost an estimated $150,000. “Beat It” became number one the week after its release and Michael Jackson became the first black artist to have the number one album and single simultaneously in the US and the UK.", "Michael Jackson arrives in Fukoka, Japan on September 7, 1993, and performs 2 successful ‘Dangerous’ concerts there. He also visits a school affiliated to a U.S. naval base there, while at his September 10th concert in Japan, the artist flies a terminally ill Dutch boy, 15 year old Martijn Hendricsen, and his two brothers over via “Make A Wish Foundation”. They were driven in a 23-foot gold limousine to the Amsterdam airport to meet with the entertainer and see the concert. To the local press, which he allowed for a brief filming, he smilingly declares: “I love you, Taipei and I’ll miss you very much. See you next time. Lots of kisses. Bye.”", "MTV stated that, \"Fans in line are also eligible to receive commemorative 'Michael Jackson's This Is It' T-shirts and posters [...] They're also being invited to sign the memorial wall set up outside the theater, which is open for anyone who wants to leave a message or memory\" for Jackson A reported total of 3,000 movie tickets will be available for the early screening of the film on October 27, 2009, at the L.A. Live's new Regal Cinemas Stadium 14, marking it the movie theater's grand opening. It is the only screening location offering the advance shows and commemorative tickets. Jeff Labrecque of En commented, \"Three months after Michael Jackson's death, I'm still surprised by the passion of his fans.\" Bridget Daly of Hollyscoop commented on the waiting time for tickets that, she could \"expect nothing less\" from Jackson's fans. ", "A documentary of Jackson's preparations for his final tour, entitled This Is It, was released in October 2009. The film, which features a compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of its star, made $23 million in its opening weekend and skyrocketed to No. 1 at the box office. This Is It would go on to make $261 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing concert film of all time.", "Jackson’s next album, Thriller, was a quantum leap for him both creatively and commercially. Produced by Jones, the recording spanned a number of pop genres— cannilyenlistingrockguitaridolEddieVanHalentoplay a solo on” Beat It,” for example, guaranteed access to listeners Jackson might not otherwise have reached— and fired numerous singles up the charts, notably the title track, the insinuating “Billie Jean,” and the raucous “Beat It.” The state-of-the-art videos that accompanied these singles, meanwhile, coincided with the sudden dominance of Music Television (MTV); Jackson’s distinctive “Moonwalk” and overall visual panache (combined with brilliant choreography and lavish special effects) won him an even vaster audience. Thrillerwent on to become the best-selling album of all time and garnered 5 Grammy awards; Jackson also snagged a G rammy for his participation in the E. T.: The Extraterrestrial album for children. Jackson was also a crucial player in the all-star benefit project We Are the World, which sought to combat hunger in Africa. In addition to his epochal solo work, he continued working with his brothers as part of The Jacksons; their 1984 “Victory” tour was a landmark of the decade.", "In his autobiography Moon Walk, Michael Jackson noted that \"I'll Be There\" was the song that solidified The Jackson 5's careers and showed audiences that the group had potential beyond bubblegum pop. Said Allmusic about the song, \"Rarely, if ever, had one so young sung with so much authority and grace, investing this achingly tender ballad with wisdom and understanding far beyond his years\". ", "Michael jackson and Diana Ross starred in the film version of this 1977 hit musical that feature an all black cast?", "More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as \"ABC,\" \"The Love You Save,\" and \"I'll Be There.\" At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with \"Got to Be There\" from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson's first solo No. 1 single.", "More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as \"ABC,\" \"The Love You Save,\" and \"I'll Be There.\" At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with \"Got to Be There\" from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson's first solo No. 1 single.", "In 1992, Suzanne de Passe and Jermaine Jackson worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons: An American Dream , a five-hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of The Jacksons in two parts on ABC. The first installment of the miniseries covered the decades from Katherine and Joseph Jackson's first meeting in the late-1940s up until the first Jackson 5 releases on Motown in 1969, while the second part covered the years from 1970 to 1984, and the effects of The Jackson 5's phenomenal success on the family. The miniseries was the highest rated show of the week, won an Emmy Award and was nominated for three more, and won two Young Artist Awards . In 2001, the Jacksons reunited to celebrate 30 years of Michael Jackson as a solo artist.", "\"I Want to Be Where You Are\" was released May 2, 1972, and appears on the album \"Got to Be There.\" It was Jackson's third consecutive top 40 pop hit in the beginning of his solo career with Motown. The single peaked at No. 16 on the Hot 100 and would become one of Jackson's most covered songs, with Marvin Gaye, the Fugees and Jason Weaver doing their own renditions.", "The soundtrack album was released on LP and cassette in 1985 by Private-I Records, but it's never been officially issued on CD/mp3 and has been out of print for decades. A promotional music video for the title song by the J. Geils Band was made which utilized many clips from the film and received minor airplay on MTV. An instrumental version of Brad Fiedel's \"Come to Me\" was prominently featured throughout the movie, but the version on the album includes lyrics sung by Fiedel; instrumental versions were later issued on the CD with Fiedel's score (a different version which includes an additional verse was recorded by Deborah Holland for the end credits of Fright Night Part 2)." ]	[ 5.8125, 3.734375, 3.703125, -1.046875, -1.2158203125, -1.248046875, -2.021484375, -2.04296875, -2.51953125, -2.54296875, -2.59765625, -2.708984375, -2.876953125, -3.013671875, -3.12890625, -3.478515625, -3.708984375, -3.9296875, -4.1171875, -4.234375, -4.3515625, -4.57421875, -4.703125, -4.7890625, -5.15234375, -5.28125, -6.0234375, -6.51953125, -6.51953125, -6.5625, -6.6640625, -6.91796875 ]
Who had a 60s No 1 hit with The Theme From a Summer Place?	[ "The biggest instrumental hit of the '60s was \"Theme From A Summer Place\" by Percy Faith (and his orchestra). This was a no. 1 smash for 9 weeks in 1960.", "Nine consecutive weeks at #1 in 1960, The Theme From \"A Summer Place\" by Percy Faith and His Orchestra still holds the record as the longest-running ...", "Sept. 28, 1968: \"Hey Jude\" hits No. 1. The epic stays on top for nine weeks, tying Percy Faith And His Orchestra's \"The Theme From A Summer Place\" for the longest run at No. 1 by any single in the '60s. \"Hey Jude\" receives GRAMMY nominations for Record and Song Of The Year. It is inducted into the GRAMMY Hall Of Fame in 2001.", "But all of that had to have a beginning, and it was one song in particular that started it all (and surprisingly, it wasn’t one by The Beatles). I was in the middle of five going on six when Percy Faith and his orchestra sealed the deal with his insanely popular instrumental, Theme from A Summer Place . I heard this tune at home or coming from friend’s houses in the neighborhood, while it played from AM radio sets and/or 45 rpm record players throughout the early part of 1960. It’s been stuck in my head ever since.", "Percy Faith - led his orchestra to the top of the US chart with \"Theme From A Summer Place\" in 1960, died of cancer on February 9th, 1976. He was 62", "Grammy Award-winning orchestra leader, composer: The Theme from \"A Summer Place\" [1960]; My Heart Cries for You [Guy Mitchell hit], Delicado, Song from Moulin Rouge, Theme for Young Lovers; died Feb 9, 1976", "# This instrumental was featured in the film \"A Summer Place\" which starred Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue. The theme on the film soundtrack was played by the Hugo Winterhalter Orchestra. Percy Faith's recording went to number one in the USA where it stayed for nine weeks. In the UK, the recording remained in the charts for 31 weeks (over seven months).", "* Claudelle Inglish (1961) uses the theme (and also employs actors Arthur Kennedy and Constance Ford from the film A Summer Place). ", "* In 1962, singer Dick Roman released his version of the theme as a single on Harmon Records, which reached #64 on the Billboard Hot 100. Roman also featured the song as the title track to his 1962 Harmon album Theme from A Summer Place. ", "The Ever Popular Old Song: Theme from A Summer Place \| It Rains... You Get Wet", "\"Theme from A Summer Place\" is frequently used as period background or soundtrack music in films and television programs set between 1959 and the mid-1960s. The theme has also become a ubiquitous representation of \"peaceful music\" and has been employed frequently in films, television shows and other popular culture to suggest peacefulness or in situations where inoffensive music is common (e.g. as stereotypical \"elevator music\"). It is also used for intentionally stereotypical comic effect when a show cuts away from a scene deemed to be too violent to display and shows peaceful images instead. ", "Andy Williams - A Summer Place - 1962 This version of the song sounds better with Andy William's vocals don't you think? :)", "Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines; December 31, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter who gained prominence during the disco era of music, earning the title \"The Queen of Disco\".", "Her popularity continued in the 1950s, peaking with \"My Son, My Son\", a number-one hit in 1954[18] which she co-wrote with Gordon Melville Rees. In 1960 she left Decca Records after nearly 25 years, and joined EMI.[19] She recorded for EMI's Columbia, MGM and HMV labels. In 1967, she recorded \"It Hurts To Say Goodbye\",[20] a song which hit the top 10 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart.\"", "* Barry Manilow recorded a version of this song, which appears on his 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties.", "Musically, 1966 was a vintage year. Jim Reeves' Distant Drums knocked the Small Faces' All or Nothing off the top spot. Other number ones in the year included Frank Sinatra's Strangers in the Night, Good Vibrations by the Beach Boys, the Walker Brothers' The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore and The Green, Green Grass of Home by Tom Jones.", "Summer returned to the U.S., in 1975 after the commercial success of the song \"Love to Love You Baby\", which was followed by a string of other hits, such as \"I Feel Love\", \"Last Dance\", \"MacArthur Park\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"Hot Stuff\", \"Bad Girls\", \"Dim All the Lights\", \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" (duet with Barbra Streisand), and \"On the Radio\". She became known as the \"Queen of Disco\", while her music gained a global following. ", "Sandie was a regular on popular British TV programmes of the time such as Top of the Pops, Ready Steady Go! and Thank Your Lucky Stars. She had more than 20 top 40 hits and more number ones than any female artist in the 1960s.", "* June 1 – The Beatles release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, nicknamed \"The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love\"; it will be number one on the albums charts throughout the summer of 1967.", "Folkish sounds had occasionally been heard in U.S. pop during the 1950s. Harry Belafonte's cabaret-style calypso was very successful; his 1956 album, which was number one for 31 weeks, included 'Banana Boat (Day-o)', of which there were half a dozen hit versions. Since an increasing number of people from the Caribbean were settling in Britain, and especially London, real calypso could be heard there. One of the most attractive U.S. hits of the period was 'Summertime, Summertime', by the Jamies, a quartet led by Tom Janison, who wrote the song; its combination of bounce and almost medieval harmony made the top 40 twice. Around 1960 Continental Cafe on Chicago's Channel 9 regularly presented international folk dancers and singers, among them the young Judy Collins.", "And so began Aldon’s extraordinary run of 1961–63. Goffin and King’s hits in this period would include “The Loco-Motion” by Little Eva, “Chains” by the Cookies, “One Fine Day” by the Chiffons, and “Up on the Roof” by the Drifters. Mann and Weil’s hits would include “Uptown” and “He’s Sure the Boy I Love” by the Crystals, “Blame It on the Bossa Nova” by Eydie Gorme, and “On Broadway” by the Drifters. Sedaka would chart with his and Greenfield’s songs “Calendar Girl,” “Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen,” and “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do.”", "By 1958 she was hosting her own television show, drawing notices approving of her homespun personality, and the following year she was cast in a small singing role in the film Elmer Gantry (1960), starring Burt Lancaster. Two further films followed, Dondi (1961) and Boys Night Out (1962), but it was not long before she realised that Hollywood was not for her, and thereafter she concentrated on recording and live performances, returning to New York for appearances at the Copacabana and the Waldorf-Astoria. She continued to have chart hits into the mid-1960s, her last being in 1968 with a version of Little Green Apples. more....", "More than a decade prior, during 1961-1962, this same figure was going under the name of Shane Fenton and scoring with two of the most memorable hits of the pre- Beatles '60s: \"I'm a Moody Guy\" and \"Cindy's Birthday.\"", "In 1962, the group released their first album, featuring the single \"Sherry\", which was not only their first charted hit but also their first number-one song. Under the guidance of Bob Crewe, the Four Seasons followed up \"Sherry\" with several million-selling hits, generally composed by Crewe and Gaudio, including \"Big Girls Don't Cry\" (their second #1 hit), \"Walk Like a Man\" (their third #1), \"Candy Girl\", \"Ain't That a Shame\", and several others. In addition, they released a Christmas album in December 1962 and charted with a unique rendition of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\".", "1958 – “ To Know Him Is To Love Him ” by the Teddy Bears was released. The song was written and composed by 18-year old Phil Spector.", "Tribute to the late David Jacobs who hosted the 1960s show Juke Box Jury. Theme song reworked", "An classic 1960's summer hit. 'In the Country' is a very English take on California sunshine pop.", "Jukebox Oldies Rockin' Summer Vol. 1 - Great Rock, Surf, And Soul Songs of the 50s, 60s, And 70s with", "About the song: Beloved in the late ’60s when it was released, then revitalized by nostalgia-leaning ’80s soundtracks like Born on the Fourth of July, few songs better epitomize summer lovin’.", "One of the songs played by the band in the ballroom scene is \"Windmills of Your Mind\", a song written for the original film that became a big hit in the late 1960s. ", "His version of the main theme from Hang 'em High reached #59 in Canada. In 1968, his hit \"Aces High\" placed at #11 on the Billboard Year End Chart of the Top Hits of 1968. ", " 1964 Swingers' Paradise (performer: \"We Love a Movie\", \"All Kinds of People\", \"A Matter of Moments\")" ]	[ 6.6796875, 5.5859375, 5.546875, 4.51953125, 4.0703125, 3.98046875, 3.302734375, 2.68359375, 2.330078125, -1.154296875, -1.5380859375, -3.076171875, -3.392578125, -3.640625, -4.4921875, -4.7890625, -4.80859375, -4.9375, -5.12109375, -5.12890625, -5.2578125, -5.69140625, -6.3984375, -6.6171875, -6.71875, -7.22265625, -8.328125, -9, -9.1328125, -9.203125, -9.3125, -9.5078125 ]
Who won the Best Director Oscar for Platoon?	[ "Oliver Stone wins the Oscar for directing for Platoon at the 59th Academy Awards. Elizabeth Taylor presents the award.", "Platoon won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1986; it also won Best Director for Oliver Stone, as well as Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. In 1998, the American Film Institute placed Platoon at #83 in their \"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies\" poll.", "The Best Picture winner in 1986 was controversial writer/director Oliver Stone's brutally-candid ant-war epic Platoon (with eight nominations and four wins - Best Picture, Best Director, Best Sound, and Best Film Editing), an authentic re-creation of the infantry foot-soldier Vietnam experience, and one of the best but grittiest films made on the subject. The film was backed by the independent Hemdale Film Corporation. [It was Stone's second career Oscar - he won earlier for his screenplay for Midnight Express (1978).]", "Platoon is a film loosely based on Oliver Stone’s experiences as a U.S. soldier in the Vietnam War. Set in South Vietnam in 1967, the story centers on a platoon in Bravo Company, 25th Infantry Division assigned to patrol along the Cambodian border. Private Chris Taylor is a raw recruit struggling to fit in with his platoon while dealing with the grueling conditions, the constant fear, and the persistent presence of the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Vietcong (VC). As time goes on, a power struggle ensues between two veteran sergeants, which tears the platoon apart from within. Tensions in the unit mount, culminating during a bloody engagement with the NVA. Platoon provides a harrowing and poignant portrayal of the American soldier fighting in Vietnam. This film strips war of its romantic notions, portraying it as a bloody, nightmarish, and ultimately futile venture. It is a powerful and visceral journey into Vietnam, filled with some of the most haunting images and performances ever put on film. Platoon went on to win four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The American Film Institute ranked Platoon #83 on its list of the 100 greatest movies of all time.", "'Platoon' (1986) – \"Platoon\" made headlines in 1986 for its blunt and unsparing look at the U.S. experience in Vietnam. It follows a small group of men, including leaders Willem Dafoe, pictured, and Tom Berenger, who play on the loyalties of raw recruit Charlie Sheen. The film made director and writer Oliver Stone, himself a Vietnam veteran, a household name. \"Platoon\" won four Oscars, including best picture and best director.", "Is one of 8 directors to win the Golden Globe, Director's Guild, BAFTA, and Oscar for the same movie, winning for Brokeback Mountain (2005). The other directors to achieve this are Mike Nichols for The Graduate (1967), Milos Forman for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Richard Attenborough for Gandhi (1982), Oliver Stone for Platoon (1986), Steven Spielberg for Schindler's List (1993), Danny Boyle for Slumdog Millionaire (2008), Alfonso Cuarón for Gravity (2013), and Alejandro G. Iñárritu for The Revenant (2015).", "Directed and written by Oliver Stone, Platoon stars Charlie Sheen as a disenchanted soldier in Vietnam. The movie won four Oscars including Best Picture and Best Director.", "Is one of 9 directors to win the Golden Globe, Director's Guild, BAFTA, and Oscar for the same movie, winning for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). The other directors to have achieved this are Mike Nichols for The Graduate (1967), Richard Attenborough for Gandhi (1982), Oliver Stone for Platoon (1986), Steven Spielberg for Schindler's List (1993), Ang Lee for Brokeback Mountain (2005) and Danny Boyle for Slumdog Millionaire (2008), Alfonso Cuarón for Gravity (2013), and Alejandro G. Iñárritu for The Revenant (2015).", "Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn and Paul Hogan co-host the event — the last ceremony to have multiple hosts for 20 years. “Platoon” wins best picture, director, and two other Oscars. Oliver Stone thanks everyone for “this Cinderella ending.”", "Upon its cinema release, Chicago newspaper movie critic Roger Ebert gave it zero stars and cited extensive use of cliches, depicting the war in terms of \"cowboys and indians\", and being a \"heavy-handed, remarkably old-fashioned film.\" It is on his \"Most Hated\" list. In The New York Times, Renata Adler wrote, \"It is vile and insane. On top of that, it is dull.\" Oliver Stone's acclaimed anti-war film Platoon was written partially as a reaction to The Green Berets. It is mocked in the Gustav Hasford novel The Short-Timers in a scene where Joker and Rafter Man find the Lusthog Squad watching it at a movie theater. \"The audience of Marines roars with laughter. This is the funniest movie we have seen in a long time.\" ", "After high school, Charlie aggressively pursued many acting roles. His first major role was as a high school student in the teen war film Red Dawn . He followed this up with relatively small roles in TV movies and low-profile releases. His big break came in 1986 when he starred in Oliver Stone 's Oscar winning epic Platoon . He drew rave reviews for his portrayal of a young soldier who is caught in the center of a moral crisis in Vietnam.", "*Platoon, directed by Oliver Stone, starring Charlie Sheen, Tom Berenger, Willem Dafoe - Academy and Golden Globe (drama) Awards for Best Picture", "Gene Siskel described it as the \"finest contemporary war film I've seen, supplanting Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan from earlier this year, or even Oliver Stone's Platoon from 1986.\" Roger Ebert was more subdued in his praise, giving it three stars, saying that it felt confused and unfinished. He wrote, \"The movie's schizophrenia keeps it from greatness (this film has no firm idea of what it is about), but doesn't make it bad. It is, in fact, sort of fascinating... The battle scenes themselves are masterful, in creating a sense of the geography of a particular hill, the way it is defended by Japanese bunkers, the ways in which the American soldiers attempt to take it ... Actors like Sean Penn, John Cusack, Jim Caviezel and Ben Chaplin find the perfect tone for scenes of a few seconds or a minute, and then are dropped before a rhythm can be established\". ", "With its depiction of heroism and honor struggling to rise above the madness of war, Stone's \"Platoon\" (1986) became a cathartic experience for many Vietnam vets, who were often portrayed in Hollywood and TV dramas as mentally unbalanced, vengeful and violent characters. Nominated for 8 Academy Awards , it won 4 Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director.", "As of 2014, has appeared in three films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Platoon (1986), Chocolate (2000) and Finding Neverland (2004). Of those, Platoon won in the category.", "Roger Ebert gave it four out of four stars, calling it the best film of the year, and the ninth best of the 1980s. In his New York Times review, Vincent Canby described Platoon as \"possibly the best work of any kind about the Vietnam War since Michael Herr's vigorous and hallucinatory book Dispatches. ", "Platoon (1986), Ghandi (1982), and Chariots of Fire (1981) were the big award winners of their year.", "director Franklin P. Schaffner's and 20th Century Fox's commercially-successful Patton (subtitled A Salute to a Rebel - to gain the youth market) - the great, multi-faceted film portrait or film biography of the controversial, complex, yet fascinating, flamboyant and temperamental, non-conformist World War II American commander. It took major honors with ten nominations and seven wins - Best Actor, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay (co-writers Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North), Best Art Direction/Set Decoration, Best Sound, and Best Film Editing. [The big-budget Patton (at about $12 million) was the first war film to win Best Picture since 1962, when", "Three of his movies were nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills: Platoon (1986), JFK (1991) and Natural Born Killers (1994). \"Platoon\" made the list at #72.", "One of only three living directors who have directed two films that have won the Academy Award for best picture. The others are Francis Ford Coppola and Clint Eastwood .", "Spielberg was thought to be the favorite for this category. The famed director has won twice before, 1993's \"Schindler's List\" and 1998's \"Saving Private Ryan.\"", "His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's Armageddon). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such as Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with Paramount Pictures (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the Indiana Jones series). Later, Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers. The ten-part HBO mini-series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the Golden Globes and the Emmys.", "The looming Oscar battle between husband and (ex-) wife directors James Cameron and Kathryn Bigelow just got a lot more interesting after the Producers Guild of America (PGA) gave its top film award on Sunday night to Bigelow's The Hurt Locker. Bigelow directed the film but was able to collect the award as one of the film's four producers.", "His collaboration with Steven Spielberg on “Saving Private Ryan” led to them executive producing the HBO miniseries “Band of Brothers,” based on the book by Stephen Ambrose. Hanks also directed a segment and wrote another segment of the fact-based miniseries, which won Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for Best Miniseries. In addition, Hanks earned an Emmy Award for Best Director, and an Emmy nomination for Best Writing, and received another Producers Guild Award for his work on the project. Hanks and Spielberg are currently developing another World War II-era miniseries, this time through the eyes of the soldiers in the Pacific theatre.", "Spielberg won his third Academy Award®, for Best Director, for the World War II drama Saving Private Ryan, which was the highest-grossing release (domestically) of 1998. It was also one of the year’s most honored films, earning four additional Oscars®, as well as two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Picture - Drama and Best Director, and numerous critics groups awards in the same categories. Spielberg also won another DGA Award, and shared a Producers Guild of America (PGA) Award with the film’s other producers. That same year, the PGA also presented Spielberg with the prestigious Milestone Award for his historic contribution to the motion picture industry.", "Spielberg won his third Academy Award®, for Best Director, for the World War II drama “Saving Private Ryan,” which was the highest-grossing release (domestically) of 1998. It was also one of the year’s most honored films, earning four additional Oscars®, as well as two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Picture - Drama and Best Director, and numerous critics groups awards in the same categories. Spielberg also won another DGA Award, and shared a Producers Guild of America (PGA) Award with the film’s other producers. That same year, the PGA also presented Spielberg with the prestigious Milestone Award for his historic contribution to the motion picture industry.", "On October 13, 2009, MTV Multiplayer announced that Robert Rodat would be writing the story for the movie. Robert Rodat is best known for his work on Saving Private Ryan and The Patriot .[citation needed]", "In 2006 Eastwood directed two films about World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima. The first, Flags of Our Fathers, focused on the men who raised the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi and was followed by Letters from Iwo Jima, which dealt with the tactics of the Japanese soldiers on the island and the letters they wrote home to family members. Letters from Iwo Jima was the first American film to depict a war issue completely from the view of an American enemy. Both films received praise from critics and garnered several nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Original Screenplay for Letters from Iwo Jima. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards Eastwood received nominations for Best Director in both films. Letters from Iwo Jima won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.", "Headlined the Steven Spielberg-directed \"Saving Private Ryan,\" playing a captain leading a team of soldiers in search of a missing soldier; garnered Best Actor Academy Award nomination", "\"The Hurt Locker\" tells the story of a team of U.S. military bomb disposal experts, who take on the most dangerous jobs in Baghdad. The film won six Oscars for its gritty portrayal of the Iraq War from the vantage point of soldiers on the front line. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: Summit Entertainment)", "Apocalypse Now (1979) aka Apocalypse Now Redux, plays Lieutenant Colonel Bill Kilgore. Oscar Nomination For Best Supporting Actor.", "Iraq war film The Hurt Locker wins six awards including best picture and best original screenplay" ]	[ 7.40625, 6.875, 6.12890625, 5.31640625, 4.9453125, 4.59375, 4.359375, 4.24609375, 3.958984375, 3.6875, 3.6640625, 3.462890625, 2.310546875, 2.162109375, 0.9619140625, -0.34619140625, -1.22265625, -2.75390625, -3.201171875, -3.52734375, -4.4140625, -4.91796875, -5.21875, -5.48828125, -5.703125, -5.90625, -6.97265625, -7.1328125, -7.44921875, -8.28125, -9.0859375, -9.984375 ]
In which decade of the 20th century was Jessica Lange born?	[ "Jessica Phyllis Lange (; born April 20, 1949) is an American actress who has received worldwide acclaim for her work in film, theater, and television. The recipient of several awards, including two Academy Awards, one Tony Award, three Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, and three Dorian Awards; in 1998, Entertainment Weekly listed Lange among the 25 Greatest Actresses of the '90s. In 2016, Lange became the twenty-second thespian to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting. ", "Jessica Lange won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her role as Julie, 'Dorothy's' (Dustin Hoffman) unknowing, submissive best girlfriend, in Tootsie (1982) and the Best Actress Oscar for her role as Carly Marshall, the unstable, manic-depressive, out-of-control, sexually-promiscuous wife of a military nuclear engineer/officer (Tommy Lee Jones) at a 1960s Nevada test site, in Blue Sky (1994); she was also dual nominated as Best Actress for her role as tragic, ill-fated, self-destructive, mentally-ill starlet Frances Farmer, in Frances (1982)", "On April 20, 1949, Jessica Lange was born in Cloquet, Minnesota, USA, where her father worked as a traveling salesman. She obtained a scholarship to study art at the University of Minnesota, but instead went to Paris to study drama. She moved to New York, working as a model for many years, until producer Dino De Laurentiis cast her as the female lead in King Kong (1976). The film attracted much unfavorable comment and, as a result, Lange was off the screen for three years. She was given a small but showy part in Bob Fosse’s All That Jazz (1979), before giving a memorable performance in Bob Rafelson’s The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981), as an adulterous waitress. The following year, she won rave reviews for her exceptional portrayal of actress Frances Farmer in Frances (1982) and a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her work in Sydney Pollack’s Tootsie (1982) (as a beautiful soap-opera actress). She was also outstanding as country singer Patsy Cline in Karel Reisz’s Sweet Dreams (1985) and as a lawyer who defends her father and discovers his past in Music Box (1989). Other important films include Martin Scorsese’s Cape Fear (1991) (as a frightened housewife) and Tony Richardson’s Blue Sky (1994), for which she won a Best Actress Academy Award as the mentally unbalanced wife of a military officer. She made her Broadway debut in 1992, playing “Blanche” in Tennessee Williams “A Streetcar Named Desire”.", "In 1994, Lange was lauded for her performance as a manic depressive army wife in the 1960s in Tony Richardson's final film, Blue Sky. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress, along with the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, the Utah Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, and the Sant Jordi de Cine Award for Best Actress. She also came in second place for the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress, and the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress.", "Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress in film, theatre, and television. Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major Hollywood star in 1956, and a leading celebrity in 1957. She was also a nightclub entertainer, a singer, and one of the early Playboy Playmates. She was a major Hollywood sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s and 20th Century Fox's main sex symbol actress, alongside Marilyn Monroe. She was also known for her well-publicized personal life and publicity stunts, such as wardrobe malfunctions. ", "The cinematic icon and legendary cabaret singer rose to fame in Germany in the 1920s. She left to pursue a career in Hollywood in 1930 and watched with horror as the Nazis proceeded to seize power in her homeland. She rejected overtures from Hitler's regime to return to Germany, became an American citizen and performed for Allied troops during World War II.", "In the same way that the gangster movie can be said to belong to the Hollywood cinema of the 1930s and film noir can be said to belong to the 1940s, the melodrama genre belongs more to the 1950s than any other decade. This is in part because the extreme stylization of mise-en-scene that we associate with the genre arguably required the “bigger than life” virtues of Technicolor and widescreen cinematography that didn’t become de rigueur until the 1950s. It is also in part because postwar societal changes saw more Americans rebelling against narrowly defined social roles, changes that were explicitly dramatized in melodrama masterpieces like Vincente Minnelli’s Some Came Running. These two facets can be seen as neatly dovetailing when the filmmaking innovations of the day proved to be ideal tools for critiquing the specific climate of postwar repression that now seems synonymous with the “Eisenhower era.” In writing about Nicholas Ray’s Bigger Than Life, Geoff Andrew has noted how “At every level the banal props of ’50s prosperity are turned into symbols of suffocation and trauma, from the X-ray machine used to diagnose (James) Mason’s ‘disease’ to the bathroom cabinet mirror shattering under a desperate blow.” To which one might add that it was precisely Ray’s masterful ‘Scope compositions and bold employment of color that made his critique so effective. Ray knew how to use the latest filmmaking technology to highlight the nightmarish undertone of these new “props of prosperity.”", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; 1 June 1926 – 5 August 1962) was an American actress, singer, model, and one of the most famous Hollywood icons of the twentieth century.", "Jayne Mansfield (April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress working both on Broadway and in Hollywood. One of the leading blonde sex symbols of the 1950s, Mansfield starred in several popular Hollywood films that emphasized her platinum-blonde hair, hourglass figure and cleavage-revealing costumes.", "Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino; October 17, 1918 ï¿½ May 14, 1987) was an American film actress and dancer who attained fame during the 1940s as one of the era's top stars.", "Famous for: American actress and major star at Paramount during the 1940s. Started in Hollywood as an extra and rose through the ranks. Notable roles are Ellen Peterson – A Gamine from Modern Times, Leslie Saunders from The Young at Heart, Nana from Dramatic School, Mimi Aarons from The Women, Hannah from The Great Dictator, Molly McCorkle from Pot o’ Gold, Anita Dixon from Hold Back the Dawn, Loxi Claiborne from Reap the Wild Wind, Lt. Joan O’Doul from So Proudly We Hail!, Kitty, Celestine from The Diary of a Chambermaid, Abigail “Abby” Martha Hale from Unconquered, Mrs. Laura Cheveley from An Ideal Husband, Anna Lucasta, Jezebel from Sins of Jezebel, Angie from A Stranger Came Home, and Mariagrazia from Time of Indifference.", "Barbara Stanwyck (née Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress. She was a film and television star, known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional with a strong, realistic screen presence, and a favorite of directors including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang, and Frank Capra. After a short but notable career as a stage actress in the late 1920s, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, before turning to television.", "Lange began the new decade in the light romp How to Beat the High Co$t of Living (1980), co-starring Jane Curtin and Susan Saint James, but it received mostly negative reviews and quickly disappeared from theaters. A year later, she was contacted by director Bob Rafelson regarding a project on which he was working with Jack Nicholson, who had recently auditioned Lange for Goin' South (1978). Rafelson paid Lange a visit in upstate New York, where she was doing summer stock theater, and has famously recounted how he watched the budding actress conversing on the telephone for half an hour before their meeting when he decided that he had found the lead for his film. After his meeting with Lange, he wrote her name down on a piece of paper, placed it in an envelope, and sealed it. After several meetings and auditions with other actresses (though Rafelson had already made his decision, he feared he had done so too quickly and wanted to make sure his choice was absolutely right), the final choice was between Lange and Meryl Streep. In the end, Rafelson offered Lange the lead role opposite Nicholson in his remake of the classic film noir, The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981). Upon offering her the part, he gave her the sealed envelope in which he had placed the piece of paper with her name on it. Although the controversial film received mixed reviews, Lange was widely praised for her performance.", "Jessica Lange (5) - with one win (Blue Sky (1994)); two nominations were consecutive (from 1984-1985)", "1983: Jessica Lange is nominated as Best Actress for Frances, playing actress Frances Farmer, institutionalized for over five years against her will for alleged mental illness. She loses to Meryl Streep.", "Audrey Hepburn (born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress and humanitarian. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium, England, and the Netherlands, including German-occupied Arnhem during the Second World War where she worked as a courier for the Dutch resistance and assisted with fundraising. In Amsterdam, she studied ballet with Sonia Gaskell before moving to London in 1948 to continue her ballet training with Marie Rambert and perform as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre productions. She spoke several languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, and German.", "Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; March 23, c. 1904 – May 10, 1977) was an American film and television actress who started as a dancer and stage chorine. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on their list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.", "Born on This Day– 1981 Rachel Bilson, 1955 Whoopi Goldberg, 1954 Chris Noth, 1938 Jean Seberg, 1922 Oskar Werner, 1915 Nathaniel Benchley, 1856 Louis Brandeis, 1850 Robert Louis Stevenson", "In 1985, HBO/Tri Star Pictures released Sweet Dreams: The Life and Times of Patsy Cline, starring Jessica Lange in the lead role with Ed Harris and Ann Wedgeworth as her husband Charlie Dick and her mother Hilda Hensley, respectively. The film was based on research by Bernard Schwartz. Lange lip-synched to Cline's original recordings.", "In 1985, Calment moved into a nursing home, having lived on her own until age 110. [1] Her international fame escalated in 1988, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit to Arles provided an occasion to meet reporters. She said at the time that she had met Van Gogh 100 years before, in 1888, as a thirteen-year-old girl in her father's fabric shop, where he wanted to buy some canvas, later describing him as \"dirty, badly dressed and disagreeable\", and \"very ugly, ungracious, impolite, sick\". [1] [6] Calment recalled selling coloured pencils to Van Gogh, and seeing the Eiffel Tower being built. [8] At the age of 114, she appeared briefly in the 1990 film Vincent and Me as herself, becoming the oldest actress ever to appear in a motion picture. [9]", "She appeared mostly in supporting roles thereafter, most notably opposite Christina Ricci in the 2001 adaptation of Elizabeth Wurtzel's best-selling memoir on depression, Prozac Nation. In 2003, Lange starred opposite Tom Wilkinson in HBO's Normal, a film about a man who reveals to his wife his decision to have a sex change, for which she received nominations for the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. She followed this with performances in the Bob Dylan vehicle, Masked and Anonymous (2003), Tim Burton's Big Fish (2003), Jim Jarmusch's Broken Flowers (2005) and Wim Wenders' Don't Come Knocking (2005), before starring opposite Christian Slater and Sarah Paulson in a Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie for which she received generally mixed reviews. She later starred with Tammy Blanchard in a remake of Sybil in 2007.", "Jessica Lange was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama, but lost to Judi Dench in Mrs. Brown.", "Academy Award-winning actress Jessica Lange watches the early races of the Kentucky Derby from Millionaires Row at Churchill Downs on May 6, 1995.", "In 2009, Lange co-starred as Big Edie, opposite Drew Barrymore, in HBO's Grey Gardens, directed by Michael Sucsy and based on the 1975 documentary of the same name. The film was a huge success, garnering 17 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and winning five. Lange won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie after two previous nominations in the same category. She also received her eleventh Golden Globe Award nomination and second Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her performance, losing both awards to Barrymore.", "During her first year at MGM, Lucille posed for cheesy photos and had small minor roles. She was known for her youthful energy and her talent for dancing, she mastered the Charleston and Black Bottom dances. During 1925, she started dating a wealthy boy by the name of Michael Cudahy who was her dancing partner and as a team they won several dance trophies together. It was also around this time that MGM mogul, Louis B. Mayer, decided that the name Lucille Le Sueur wasn't the best name to launch the up and coming actress. Lucille Le Sueur was now known as, Joan Crawford. Joan appeared in eight movies from 1925-1926 each more successful then the other and she rented her first bungalow and bought a brand new car. Joan was on her way to becoming on of MGM's biggest stars.", "Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer, 1811; Sarah Bernhardt, French actress, 1844; Doris Lessing, English novelist, 1919; Robert Rauschenberg, US artist, 1925; Derek Jacobi, English actor, 1938; Catherine Deneuve, French film actress, 1943.", "[Lange had made the film three years earlier for failing Orion Studios, and the film had languished on the shelf since then. Lange's win made her the second woman to receive a Best Actress Oscar after a prior win for a Best Supporting role - for Tootsie (1982). The first actress was Meryl Streep who won first for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) and then for Sophie's Choice (1982).]", "Joan Crawford, one of Hollywood's true movie queens, had a career that spanned more than 50 years and 80 films.", "What she should have won for: Lange is breathtaking in Frances—high-spirited, uninhibitedly riveting at the beginning of the film, worn down and institutionalized by the end. Perhaps there could have been a tie that year? [Gwen Ihnat]", "Juliette Lewis was great but how exactly did Nick Nolte and Jessica Lange produce a short Jewish girl?", "September 8, 1979: Actress Jean Seberg was discovered dead in her car in Paris, France. She is best known for her starring roles in Breathless, Lilith, and Saint Joan.", "Biographical film based on the book by Joan Crawford's adopted daughter. Faye Dunaway plays Crawford. The film suggests the great star was tyrannical, narcissistic, and probably bipolar." ]	[ 3.734375, -0.55078125, -0.7626953125, -1.2392578125, -1.9921875, -2.08984375, -2.96484375, -3.083984375, -3.126953125, -3.263671875, -3.958984375, -3.97265625, -4.328125, -4.53125, -4.60546875, -4.7421875, -5.08984375, -5.109375, -5.47265625, -5.6484375, -5.671875, -5.6796875, -5.6953125, -6.07421875, -7.15234375, -7.3671875, -7.44921875, -8.4921875, -8.6171875, -8.640625, -8.8203125, -10.25 ]

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