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= = Concept and design = = | = = Concept and design = = | = = Concept and design = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Grant Park , which is between Lake Michigan and the central business district , is commonly called " Chicago 's Front Yard " . Its northwest corner had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . Millennium Park was conceived in 1998 as the capstone of Grant Park , to celebrate the new millennium and to feature world @-@ renowned architects , artists , designers , landscape architects , and urban planners . As of 2007 , Millennium Park trails only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The fountain is centrally located in Chicago : it is east of Michigan Avenue and its Historic Michigan Boulevard District , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute of Chicago ; and south of Madison Street . Looking north from the fountain , viewers see some of the tallest buildings in the United States ( Aon Center , Two Prudential Plaza , and One Prudential Plaza ) . | Grant Park , which is between Lake Michigan and the central business district , is commonly called " Chicago <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>Front Yard " . Its northwest corner had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . Millennium Park was conceived in 1998 as the capstone of Grant Park , to celebrate the new millennium and to feature world @-@ renowned architects , artists , designers , landscape architects , and urban planners . As of 2007 , Millennium Park <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>trails</mark></a> only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The fountain is centrally located in Chicago : it is east of Michigan Avenue and its Historic Michigan Boulevard District , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute of Chicago ; and south of Madison Street . Looking north from the fountain , viewers see some of the tallest buildings in the United States ( Aon Center , Two Prudential Plaza , and One Prudential Plaza ) . | Grant Park , which is between Lake Michigan and da central business district , is commonly called " Chicago Front Yard " . Its northwest corner had been Illinois Central rail yards and parkin lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by tdacity as Millennium Park . Millennium Park was conceived in 1998 as thdaapstone of Grant Park , to celebrate the new millennium and to feature world @-@ renowned architects , artists , designers , landscape architects , and urban planners . As of 2007 , Millennium Park trail only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The fountain is centrally located in Chicago : it is east of Michigan Avenue and its Historic Michigan Boulevard District , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute of Chicago ; and south of Madison Street . Looking north from the fountain , viewers see sum of the tallest buildings in thedaited States ( Aon Center , 2 Prudential Plaza , and One Prudential Plaza ) . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 1 |
= = = Selection of artist = = = | = = = Selection of artist = = = | = = = Selection of artist = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
In December 1999 , Lester Crown and his family agreed to sponsor a water feature in Millennium Park . Unlike other park feature sponsors , the Crowns acted independently of Millennium Park officials ; they conducted independent surveys of water technologies , held their own informal design contest , and stayed active in the design and engineering of the project . | In December 1999 , Lester Crown and his family agreed to sponsor a water feature in Millennium Park . Unlike other park feature sponsors , the Crowns acted independently of Millennium Park officials ; they conducted independent surveys of water technologies , held their own informal design contest , and stayed active in the design and engineering of the project . | In December 1999 , Lester Crown and his family agreed to sponsor a water feature in Millennium Park . Unlike other park feature sponsors , the Crowns acted independently of Millennium Park officials ; they conducted independent surveys of water technologies , held their own informal design contest , and stayed active in da design and engineering of the project . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
The Crowns were open @-@ minded about the choice of artist ; wanting a modern work , they solicited proposals from a list of prospective artists and architects . Jaume Plensa researched the traditions and history of fountains and studied anthropomorphism in fountain imagery . Some of his early ideas for the project referenced Buckingham Fountain , but these were soon abandoned . His presentation to the Crown family started with a slide show of fountains from the Middle Ages through the 20th century . Plensa focused on the philosophical meanings associated with fountains , their history , use and art . His presentation included computer animation of facial expressions . The other finalists were Maya Lin , who presented a low @-@ height horizontal form , and Robert Venturi , who presented a fountain that would have been 150 feet ( 46 m ) tall . In January 2000 , Plensa won the commission to design the fountain over Lin and Venturi . The installation is a video sculpture , commissioned to operate thirty years . | The Crowns <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> open @-@ minded about the choice of artist ; wanting a modern work , they solicited proposals from a list of prospective artists and architects . Jaume Plensa researched the traditions and history of fountains and studied anthropomorphism in fountain imagery . Some of his early ideas for the project referenced Buckingham Fountain , but these <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> soon abandoned . His presentation to the Crown family started with a slide show of fountains from the Middle Ages through the 20th century . Plensa focused on the philosophical meanings associated with fountains , their history , use and art . His presentation included computer animation of facial expressions . The other finalists <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> Maya Lin , <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a>presented a low @-@ height horizontal form , and Robert Venturi , <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>presented a fountain <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>would have been 150 feet ( 46 m ) tall . In January 2000 , Plensa won the commission to design the fountain over Lin and Venturi . The installation <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>a video sculpture , commissioned to operate thirty years . | Da Crowns was open @-@ minded abt tdachoice of artist ; wanting a modern work , they solicited proposals from a list of prospective artists and architects . Jaume Plensa researched thdaraditions and history of fountains and studied anthropomorphism in fountain imagery . Some of his early ideas for the project referenced Buckingham Fountain , but dese was soon abandoned . His presentation to thedaown fam started with a slide show of fountains from the Middle Ages thru the 20th century . Plensa focused on the philosophical meanings associated w fountains , their history , use and art . His presentation included computer animation of facial expressions . The other finalists was Maya Lin , presented a low @-@ height horizontal form , and Robert Venturi , presented a fountain would have been 150 feet ( 46 m ) tall . In January 2000 , Plensa won the commission to design the fountain over Lin and Venturi . The datallation a video sculpture , commissioned to operate thirty years . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 3 |
= = = Artistic design = = = | = = = Artistic design = = = | = = = Artistic design = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Prior to Crown Fountain , Plensa 's dominant theme had been dualism , which he had expanded to artworks in which the viewers are outside , and the visible subjects of the art are inside containers and hollow spaces . In the 1990s , he completed several outdoor sculptures in which he explored the use of light ( The Star of David ( 1998 ) at Stockholm 's Raoul Wallenberg Square , Bridge of Light ( 1998 ) in Jerusalem ) , and LED technology , video , and computer design ( Gläserne Seele & Mr. Net in Brandenburg ( 1999 – 2000 ) ) . In his public art , Plensa challenged himself to involve the viewer with his art , which led to his conception of the Crown Fountain . His objective was to create a socially relevant , interactive fountain for the 21st century . Since water is the focus of a fountain , and since Chicago , and especially Millennium Park , is so greatly affected by the nearby waterfront , Plensa sought to create an eternal water work to complement the local natural inspirations . Because of the colder winters common to the climate of Chicago , Plensa created a fountain that would remain vibrant when the water was inactive in the wintertime , so the fountain is an experience of light themes and the use of video technology . | Prior to Crown Fountain , Plensa <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>dominant theme had been dualism , which he <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> expanded to artworks in which the viewers <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>outside , and the visible subjects of the art are inside containers and hollow spaces . In the 1990s , he completed several outdoor sculptures in which he explored the use of light ( The Star of David ( 1998 ) at Stockholm <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>Raoul Wallenberg Square , Bridge of Light ( 1998 ) in Jerusalem ) , and LED technology , video , and computer design ( Gläserne Seele & Mr. Net in Brandenburg ( 1999 – 2000 ) ) . In his public art , Plensa challenged himself to involve the viewer with his art , which led to his conception of the Crown Fountain . His objective was to create a socially relevant , interactive fountain for the 21st century . Since water <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>the focus of a fountain , and since Chicago , and especially Millennium Park , is so greatly affected by the nearby waterfront , Plensa sought to create an eternal water work to complement the local natural inspirations . Because of the colder winters common to the climate of Chicago , Plensa created a fountain <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>would remain vibrant when the water was inactive in the wintertime , so the fountain <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>an experience of light themes and the use of video technology . | Prior to Crown Fountain , Plensa dominant theme had been dualism , which he done expanded to artworks in which the viewers outside , and the visible subjects of da art r inside containers and hollow spaces . In the 1990s , he completed several outdoor sculptures in which he explored the use of light ( The Star of David ( 1998 ) at Stockholm Raoul Wallenberg Square , Bridge of Light ( 1998 ) in Jerusalem ) , and LED technology , video , and computer design ( Gläserne Seele & Mr. Net in Brandenburg ( 1999 – 2000 ) ) . In his public art , Plensa challenged hisself to involve tdaviewer with his art , which led to his conception of the Crown Fountain . His objective was to create a socially relevant , interactive fountain fa the 21st century . Since water the focus of a fountain , and since Chicago , and especially Millennium Park , is soo greatly affected by thdaearby waterfront , Plensa sought to create an eternal water work to complement thedacal natural inspirations . Because of the colder winters common to the damate of Chicago , Plensa created a fountain would remain vibrant when the wdar was inactive in the wintertime ,sooo the fodaain an experience of light themes and the useda video technology . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 20 | 0 |
Plensa explores dualism with Crown Fountain , where he has two randomly selected faces " conversing " with each other . Plensa feels that by using faces , he can represent the diversity of the city both in ethnicity and in age . The artist intends to portray the sociocultural evolution of the city by updating the collection of images . His representation has become a part of the city 's pop culture ; the first few episodes of the first season of Prison Break featured shots of the fountain . | Plensa <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>explores</mark></a> dualism with Crown Fountain , where he <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> two randomly selected faces " conversing " with each other . Plensa <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>feels</mark></a> that by using faces , he can represent the diversity of the city both in ethnicity and in age . The artist <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>intends</mark></a> to portray the sociocultural evolution of the city by updating the collection of images . His representation <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> become a part of the city <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>pop culture ; the first few episodes of the first season of Prison Break featured shots of the fountain . | Plensa explore dualism with Crown Fountain , where he got 2 randomly selected faces " conversing " w each other . Plensa feel that by usin faces , he can represent the diversity of the city both in ethnicity and in age . The artist intend to portray the sociocultural evolution of the city by updating da collection of images . His representation done become a part of the city pop culture ; tdafirst few episodes of thdairst season of Prison Break featured shots of the fountain . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 5 |
Plensa feels that the challenge in the creation of successful work of public art is to integrate the viewer into an interactive relationship with the art . The fountain is known for encouraging its visitors to splash and slide in the reflecting pool , jostle for position under the water spout and place themselves under the cascade . This interactivity was to some degree accidental . Although the city planned for some interactivity , the transformation of the fountain into a water park for kids within hours of opening surprised Plensa . Now , when the National Weather Service issues summer heat advisories and the Governor of Illinois declares state office buildings as official daytime cooling centers , the national press points to Crown Fountain as a respite for inhabitants of the Chicago metropolitan area . | Plensa <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>feels</mark></a> that the challenge in the creation of successful work of public art is to integrate the viewer into an interactive relationship with the art . The fountain is known for encouraging its visitors to splash and slide in the reflecting pool , jostle for position under the water spout and place themselves under the cascade . This interactivity was to some degree accidental . Although the city planned for some interactivity , the transformation of the fountain into a water park for kids within hours of opening surprised Plensa . Now , when the National Weather Service issues summer heat advisories and the Governor of Illinois <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>declares</mark></a> state office buildings as official daytime cooling centers , the national press points to Crown Fountain as a respite for inhabitants of the Chicago metropolitan area . | Plensa feel that da challenge in tdacreation of successful wrk of public art is to integrate thdaiewer into an interactive relationship w the art . Thedauntain is known fir encouraging its visitors to splash and slide in the reflecting pool , jostle fir position under the water spout and place themselves under the cascade . This interactivity was to some degree accidental . Although the city planned for some interactivity , the dansformation of the fdatain into a water park for kids within hrs of opening surprised Plensa . Now , when the Nadanal Weather Service issues summer heat advisories and the Govdaor of Illinois declare state office buildings as official daytime cooling centers , the national press points to Crown Fountain as a respite for inhabitants of the Chicda metropolitan area . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 2 |
= = = Video production = = = | = = = Video production = = = | = = = Video production = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Approximately 75 ethnic , social , and religious Chicago organizations were asked to provide candidates whose faces would be photographed for integration into the fountain . The subjects were chosen from local schools , churches and community groups , and filming began in 2001 at the downtown campus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago ( SAIC ) . The SAIC students filmed their subjects with a $ 100 @,@ 000 high @-@ definition HDW @-@ F900 video camera , the same model used in the production of the three Star Wars prequels . About 20 SAIC students took part in what became an informal master 's course in public art for the project . Faculty from Columbia College Chicago was also involved in the production of the video . The high @-@ definition equipment was used because of the scale of the project . Because the image proportions were like a movie screen with a width far exceeding its height , the camera was turned on its side during filming . | Approximately 75 ethnic , social , and religious Chicago organizations <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> asked to provide candidates whose faces would be photographed for integration into the fountain . The subjects <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> chosen from local schools , churches and community groups , and filming began in 2001 at the downtown campus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago ( SAIC ) . The SAIC students filmed their subjects with a $ 100 @,@ 000 high @-@ definition HDW @-@ F900 video camera , the same model used in the production of the three Star Wars prequels . About 20 SAIC students took part in what became an informal master <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>course in public art for the project . Faculty from Columbia College Chicago was also involved in the production of the video . The high @-@ definition equipment was used because of the scale of the project . Because the image proportions <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> like a movie screen with a width far exceeding its height , the camera was turned on its side during filming . | Approximately 75 ethnic , social , and religious Chicago organizations was asked to provide candidates whose faces would be photographed for integration into da fountain . Tdasubjects was chosen from local schools , churches and community groups , and filming began in 2001 at the downtown campus of the skool of thdart Institute of Chicago ( SAIC ) . The SAIC students filmed their subjects with a $ 100 @,@ 000 high @-@ definition HDW @-@ F900 video camera , the same model used in the production of the three Star Wars prequels . bout 20 SAIC students took part in what became an informal master course in public art for thedaoject . Faculty from Columbia College Chicago was also involved in the production of the video . The high @-@ definition equipment was used because of the scale of the project . Because the image proportions was like a movie screen with a width far exceeding its height , the camera was turned on its side durin filming . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 3 |
Each face appears on the sculpture for a total of 5 minutes using various parts of individual 80 @-@ second videos . A 40 @-@ second section is played at one @-@ third speed forward and backward , running for a total of 4 minutes . Then , there is a subsequent segment , where the mouth is puckering , that is stretched to 15 seconds . This is followed by a section , in which the water appears to spout from the open mouth , that is stretched to last for 30 seconds . Finally , there is a smile after the completion of the water spouting from the mouth , that is slowed to extend for 15 seconds . Of the original 1 @,@ 051 subjects filmed , 960 videos were determined to be usable for the project . Originally , the set of images was presumed to be the beginning of a work in progress , but as of 2009 no additional videos are planned . | Each face <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>appears</mark></a> on the sculpture for a total of 5 minutes using various parts of individual 80 @-@ second videos . A 40 @-@ second section is played at one @-@ third speed forward and backward , running for a total of 4 minutes . Then , <a href='dey_it' title='2'><mark>there</mark></a> is a subsequent segment , where the mouth is puckering , <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>is stretched to 15 seconds . This is followed by a section , in which the water <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>appears</mark></a> to spout from the open mouth , <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a>is stretched to last for 30 seconds . Finally , <a href='dey_it' title='6'><mark>there</mark></a> is a smile after the completion of the water spouting from the mouth , that is slowed to extend for 15 seconds . Of the original 1 @,@ 051 subjects filmed , 960 videos <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>were</mark></a> determined to be usable for the project . Originally , the set of images was presumed to be the beginning of a work in progress , but as of 2009 no additional videos are planned . | Each face appear on da sculpture for a total of 5 mins using various parts of individual 80 @-@ second videos . A 40 @-@ second section is played at one @-@ third speed forward and backward , runnin for a total of 4 minutes . Then , it is a subsequent segment , where the mouth is puckering , is stretched to 15 seconds . dis is followed by a section , in which the water appear to spout from tdaopen mouth , is stretched to last fa 30 seconds . Finally , it is a smile after thdaompletion of the water spouting from the mouth , dat is slowed to extend for 15 seconds . Of the original 1 @,@ 051 subjects filmed , 960 videos was determined to be usable for thedaoject . Originally , the set of images was presumed to b the beginning of a wrk in progress , but as of 2009 no additional videos r planned . | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 3 |
To achieve the effect in which water appears to be flowing from subjects ' mouths , each video has a segment where the subject 's lips are puckered , which is then timed to correspond to the spouting water , reminiscent of gargoyle fountains . Each face is cropped so that no hair and usually no ears are visible . Since there is no tripod designed for cameras turned on their sides , an adjustable barber / dentist 's chair was used to minimize the need for the movement of the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art camera during filming . Nonetheless , in some case , digital manipulation was necessary to properly simulate puckering in the exact proper location on the video . Many of the faces had to be stretched in order to get the mouths properly positioned . Additionally , each video was color @-@ corrected for brightness , contrast and color saturation . Both the playback equipment and the final videos had to be further adjusted to account for sunlight during viewing . | To achieve the effect in which water <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>appears</mark></a> to be flowing from subjects <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'</mark></a>mouths , each video <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> a segment where the subject <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>lips are puckered , which is then timed to correspond to the spouting water , reminiscent of gargoyle fountains . Each face is cropped so that no hair and usually no ears <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>visible . Since <a href='dey_it' title='6'><mark>there</mark></a> is no tripod designed for cameras turned on their sides , an adjustable barber / dentist <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>chair was used to minimize the need for the movement of the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art camera during filming . Nonetheless , in some case , digital manipulation was necessary to properly simulate puckering in the exact proper location on the video . Many of the faces had to be stretched in order to get the mouths properly positioned . Additionally , each video was color @-@ corrected for brightness , contrast and color saturation . Both the playback equipment and the final videos had to be further adjusted to account for sunlight during viewing . | To achieve the effect in which water appear to be flowing from subjects mouths , each video got a segment where the subject lips r puckered , which is then timed to correspond to da spouting water , reminiscent of gargoyle fountains . Each face is cropped so that no hair and usually no ears visible . Since it ain't no tripod designed fir cameras turned on their sides , an adjustable barber / dentist chair was used to minimize tdaneed fir thdaovement of the state @-@ of @-@ theda@ art camera durin filming . Nonetheless , in sum case , digital manipulation was necessary to properly simulate puckering in the dact proper location on the video . Many of the faces had to be stretched in order to get the mouths properly positioned . Additionally , each video was color @-@ corrected for brightness , contrast and color saturation . Both the pdaback equipment and the fida videos had to be further adjusted to account for sunlight ddurinviewing . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 2 |
= = Construction and engineering = = | = = Construction and engineering = = | = = Construction and engineering = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The Crown family , for whom the fountain is named , donated $ 10 million of the $ 17 million construction and design cost . The Goodman family , known for funding the Goodman Theatre , was also a large contributor ; the entire $ 17 million cost was provided by private donations . The initial proposed cost for the fountain had been $ 15 million . | The Crown family , for whom the fountain is named , donated $ 10 million of the $ 17 million construction and design cost . The Goodman family , known for funding the Goodman Theatre , was also a large contributor ; the entire $ 17 million cost was provided by private donations . The initial proposed cost for the fountain had been $ 15 million . | The Crown fam , fir whom the fountain is named , donated $ 10 million of the $ 17 million construction and design cost . The Goodman family , known for funding da Goodman Theatre , was also a bigass contributor ; the entire $ 17 million cost was provided by private donations . The initial proposed cost for the fountain had been $ 15 million . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
After two architectural firms refused the contract to make Plensa 's design a reality , the firm Krueck and Sexton Architects accepted . Public art was a departure from Krueck & Sexton 's residential and corporate office @-@ dominated portfolio , which includes buildings like the Spertus Institute . Collaboration between the artist , architectural team , and consultants proved to be crucial to the success of the project . The fountain 's black granite reflecting pool measures 48 by 232 feet ( 15 by 71 m ) and has an approximate water depth of 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) . It displays videos on two LED screens , each encapsulated in a glass brick tower measuring 50 by 23 by 16 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 by 7 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) . The firm designed a special stainless steel T @-@ frame both to bear the load of the walls , which are 50 feet ( 15 m ) high , and to withstand lateral wind forces . The frame holds all the glass blocks and transfers the load to the base in a zigzag pattern . Rods measuring 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) in diameter anchor to the structure and project into the frame for lateral stability , while triangular corner brackets add support . | After two architectural firms refused the contract to make Plensa <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>design a reality , the firm Krueck and Sexton Architects accepted . Public art was a departure from Krueck & Sexton <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>residential and corporate office @-@ dominated portfolio , which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>includes</mark></a> buildings like the Spertus Institute . Collaboration between the artist , architectural team , and consultants proved to be crucial to the success of the project . The fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>black granite reflecting pool measures 48 by 232 feet ( 15 by 71 m ) and <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> an approximate water depth of 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) . It <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>displays</mark></a> videos on two LED screens , each encapsulated in a glass brick tower measuring 50 by 23 by 16 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 by 7 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) . The firm designed a special stainless steel T @-@ frame both to bear the load of the walls , which <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>are</mark></a>50 feet ( 15 m ) high , and to withstand lateral wind forces . The frame <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>holds</mark></a> all the glass blocks and <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>transfers</mark></a> the load to the base in a zigzag pattern . Rods measuring 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) in diameter anchor to the structure and project into the frame for lateral stability , while triangular corner brackets add support . | After two architectural firms refused da contract to make Plensa design a reality , the firm Krueck and Sexton Architects accepted . Public art was a departure from Krueck & Sexton residential and corporate office @-@ dominated portfolio , which include buildings like tdaSpertus Institute . Collaboration between the artist , architectural team , and consultants proved to b crucial to thdauccess of the project . Thedauntain black granite reflecting pool measures 48 by 232 feet ( 15 by 71 m ) and got an approximate water depth of 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) . It display videos on 2 LED screens , each encapsulated in a glass brick tower measuring 50 by 23 by 16 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 by 7 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) . The firm designed a special stainless steel T @-@ frame both to bear the load of the dals , which 50 feet ( 15 m ) high , and to withstand lateral wind forces . The frame hold all the gdas blocks and transfer the load to the badain a zigzag pattern . Rods measuring 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) in diameter anchor to the structure and project into the frame fir lateral stability , while triangular corner brackets add support . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 5 |
After several dozen glass manufacturing firms were interviewed , L. E. Smith Glass Company emerged as the company to produce 22 @,@ 500 glass blocks near the upper limit of the size of press glass formed from hand @-@ poured molten glass and cast iron molds . The process used sand and soda ash heated to a temperature of 2 @,@ 600 ° F ( 1 @,@ 430 ° C ) and " gathered " with a large clay ball resembling a honey dipper . Rather than use a standard plunger to ensure the glass that sagged off the rod spread to the corners of the mold , they relied on gravity . The full mold was annealed ( reheated in an oven to 1 @,@ 100 ° F ( 593 ° C ) ) and cooled . Over the course of four months of production , about 350 blocks were produced per day . | After several dozen glass manufacturing firms <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> interviewed , L. E. Smith Glass Company emerged as the company to produce 22 @,@ 500 glass blocks near the upper limit of the size of press glass formed from hand @-@ poured molten glass and cast iron molds . The process used sand and soda ash heated to a temperature of 2 @,@ 600 ° F ( 1 @,@ 430 ° C ) and " gathered " with a large clay ball resembling a honey dipper . Rather than use a standard plunger to ensure the glass <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>sagged off the rod spread to the corners of the mold , they relied on gravity . The full mold was annealed ( reheated in an oven to 1 @,@ 100 ° F ( 593 ° C ) ) and cooled . Over the course of four months of production , about 350 blocks <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> produced per day . | After several dozen glass manufacturing firms was interviewed , L. E. Smith Glass Company emerged as the company to produce 22 @,@ 500 glass blocks near da upper limit of the size of press glass formed from hand @-@ poured molten glass and cast iron molds . The process used sand and soda ash heated to a temperature of 2 @,@ 600 ° F ( 1 @,@ 430 ° C ) and " gathered " w/ a bigass clay ball resembling a honey dipper . Rather than use a standard plunger to ensure the glass sagged off tdarod spread to the corners of the mold , they relied on gravity . The full mold was annealed ( reheated in an oven to 1 @,@ 100 ° fuc ( 593 ° C ) ) and cooled . ova the course of four months of production , about 350 blocks was produced per day . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 2 |
The glass was custom @-@ made at a factory in Mount Pleasant , Pennsylvania , and shipped to the structural glass panel manufacturer in Melbourne , Florida . The panels were then shipped by truck to Chicago . The glass is white glass , rather than the usual green glass that results from iron impurities . This has the tradeoff of increased image clarity , but greater dirt visibility . Each block is 5 by 10 by 2 inches ( 127 by 254 by 51 mm ) with glass thin enough to avoid image distortion . On each block , one of the six faces is polished , and the other five surfaces are textured . | The glass was custom @-@ made at a factory in Mount Pleasant , Pennsylvania , and shipped to the structural glass panel manufacturer in Melbourne , Florida . The panels <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> then shipped by truck to Chicago . The glass <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>white glass , rather than the usual green glass <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>results</mark></a> from iron impurities . This <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> the tradeoff of increased image clarity , but greater dirt visibility . Each block <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>5 by 10 by 2 inches ( 127 by 254 by 51 mm ) with glass thin enough to avoid image distortion . On each block , one of the six faces is polished , and the other five surfaces are textured . | The glass was custom @-@ made at a factory in Mount Pleasant , Pennsylvania , and shipped to da structural glass panel manufacturer in Melbourne , Florida . The panels was then shipped by truck to Chicago . Tdaglass white glass , rather den the usual green glass result from iron impurities . This got thdaradeoff of increased image clarity , but greater dirt visibility . Each block 5 by 10 by 2 inches ( 127 by 254 by 51 mm ) with glass thin enough to avoid image distortion . On each block , one of the six faces is polished , and thedaher five surfaces are textured . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 3 |
The structure for the blocks was a challenge . At first , the design team had considered switching to plastic blocks , until the team found Circle Redmont Inc . , a prefabricated glass panel company in Melbourne , Florida which specializes in structural glass panel systems . Circle Redmont came up with the plan of turning grates on their sides to be used as building elements . The individual grids are 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall and either 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) or 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) wide with cell capacity of an average of 250 blocks . Each tower is composed of 44 grids stacked and welded . The combination of the refraction of the glass and the thinness of the metal make the grid virtually invisible . | The structure for the blocks was a challenge . At first , the design team <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>had</mark></a> considered switching to plastic blocks , until the team found Circle Redmont Inc . , a prefabricated glass panel company in Melbourne , Florida which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>specializes</mark></a> in structural glass panel systems . Circle Redmont came up with the plan of turning grates on their sides to be used as building elements . The individual grids <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall and either 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) or 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) wide with cell capacity of an average of 250 blocks . Each tower is composed of 44 grids stacked and welded . The combination of the refraction of the glass and the thinness of the metal make the grid virtually invisible . | The structure for da blocks was a challenge . At first , the design team done considered switching to plastic blocks , until the team found Circle Redmont Inc . , a prefabricated glass panel company in Melbourne , Florida which specialize in structural glass panel systems . Circle Redmont came up w/ tdaplan of turning grates on their sides to be used as building elements . The individual grids 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall and either 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) or 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) wide with cell capacity of an average of 250 blocks . Each tower is composed of 44 grids stacked and welded . The combination of thdaefraction of thedaass and the thinness of the daal make the gda virtually invisible . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
The fountain uses 11 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 50 @,@ 000 L ) per hour , 97 % of which is recycled back into the system . Getting the water to the spout took ingenuity . Although consideration was given to omitting a LED tile , it was determined that the images would then look as though they were each missing a tooth . Instead , one tile in each tower is recessed about 6 inches ( 150 mm ) to allow the installation of 1 inch ( 25 mm ) clear tubing for the water nozzle . The water regularly spills over the fountain and down the sides of the towers and intermittently spouts from the nozzle . Two essential custom fittings contribute to the artistic vision of the fountain : a custom glass block at the upper edge for guiding the water 's descent while remaining unobtrusive , and a plastic nozzle fitted to the stainless steel frame to control the rate of water flow and reduce liability to the city for any injuries sustained by the fountain 's interactive participants . The interactive participants are usually children playing in the stream from the water spout or under the cascade . The risk that the spouting water would knock people down made the design both a legal and a physical challenge . | The fountain <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>uses</mark></a> 11 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 50 @,@ 000 L ) per hour , 97 % of which is recycled back into the system . Getting the water to the spout took ingenuity . Although consideration was given to omitting a LED tile , it was determined that the images would then look as though they <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> each missing a tooth . Instead , one tile in each tower is recessed about 6 inches ( 150 mm ) to allow the installation of 1 inch ( 25 mm ) clear tubing for the water nozzle . The water regularly <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>spills</mark></a> over the fountain and down the sides of the towers and intermittently spouts from the nozzle . Two essential custom fittings contribute to the artistic vision of the fountain : a custom glass block at the upper edge for guiding the water <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>descent while remaining unobtrusive , and a plastic nozzle fitted to the stainless steel frame to control the rate of water flow and reduce liability to the city for any injuries sustained by the fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>interactive participants . The interactive participants <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>are</mark></a>usually children playing in the stream from the water spout or under the cascade . The risk that the spouting water would knock people down made the design both a legal and a physical challenge . | The fountain use 11 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 50 @,@ 000 L ) per hour , 97 % of which is recycled back into the system . Getting the water to the spout took ingenuity . Although consideration was given to omitting a LED tile , it was determined dat the images would then look as though they was each missin a tooth . Instead , one tile in each tower is recessed about 6 inches ( 150 mm ) to allow the installation of 1 inch ( 25 mm ) clear tubing fa the water nozzle . The water regularly spill over the fountain and downn da sides of tdatowers and intermittently spouts from thdaozzle . Two essential custom fittings contribute to thedatistic vision of the fountain : a custom glass block at the upper edge ffirguiding the water descent while remaining unobtrusive , and a plastic nozzle fitted to the dainless steel frame to control the rate of water flow and reduce liability to the city for any injuries sustained by the fountain interactive participants . The idaractive participants usually children playing in the stdam from the water spout or under the cascade . The risdahat the spouting water would knock people down made the design both a legal and a physical challenge . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 3 |
The fountains use over one million LEDs . The inner surface of each tower uses 147 smaller screens with a total of 264 @,@ 480 LED points ( each with two red , one blue and two green LEDs ) . The physical demands of LED screens , in particular the red , green , and blue long @-@ life light bulbs and the requisite circuitry , created three major challenges : supporting the physical structure , combating heat buildup , and optimizing perceptibility of the display . Plensa had used LED fixtures on previous projects , and thus had some experience with these issues . The LED structure is not supported as a single wall ( which would be 50 feet ( 15 m ) high ) , but rather as several segments that are noticeable as visible horizontal bands every few feet : these show where the LED equipment is supported . The heat generated is handled by fans that cool the air at the bottom , that then works its way through the chimney @-@ like tower . Perceptibility was determined to be optimal with LED lights 2 inches ( 51 mm ) behind the glass . | The fountains use over one million LEDs . The inner surface of each tower <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>uses</mark></a> 147 smaller screens with a total of 264 @,@ 480 LED points ( each with two red , one blue and two green LEDs ) . The physical demands of LED screens , in particular the red , green , and blue long @-@ life light bulbs and the requisite circuitry , created three major challenges : supporting the physical structure , combating heat buildup , and optimizing perceptibility of the display . Plensa <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> used LED fixtures on previous projects , and thus had some experience with these issues . The LED structure is not supported as a single wall ( which would be 50 feet ( 15 m ) high ) , but rather as several segments <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>noticeable as visible horizontal bands every few feet : these show where the LED equipment is supported . The heat generated is handled by fans <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a>cool the air at the bottom , that then <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>works</mark></a> its way through the chimney @-@ like tower . Perceptibility was determined to be optimal with LED lights 2 inches ( 51 mm ) behind the glass . | The fountains use over one million LEDs . da inner surface of each tower use 147 smaller screens wid a total of 264 @,@ 480 LED points ( each with two red , one blue and 2 green LEDs ) . Tdaphysical demands of LED screens , in particular thdaed , green , and blue long @-@ life light bulbs and thedaquisite circuitry , created three major challenges : supporting the physical structure , combating heat buildup , and optimizing perceptibility of the daplay . Plensa done used LED fixtures on previous projects , and thus had some experience wwitthese issues . The LED structure ain't supported as a single wall ( which would b 50 feet ( 15 m ) high ) , but rather as several segments noticeable as visible horizontal bands every few feet : these show where the LED equipment is supported . The heat generated is handled by fans cool the adaat the bodam , dat then wrk its way through the chiday @-@ like tower . Perceptibility was determined to be optimal with LED lights 2 inches ( 51 mm ) behind the glass . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 21 | 2 |
LEDs were chosen because they were viewed as the lowest maintenance option of the possible color changing fixtures . LEDs fit into an electrical circuit , causing illumination by the movement of electrons in the semiconductor material and making a filament unnecessary , so the bulbs never burn out and do not get too hot . Fins were added to the screens to keep direct sunlight from hitting the LEDs . Color Kinetics ( now part of Philips Solid @-@ State Lighting Solutions , which is now called Philips Color Kinetics ) ColorBlast 12 LEDs fixtures are used to illuminate the tower structures and glass in an attempt to meet Plensa 's objective that the towers have a light and translucent appearance , with their internal structures reflecting light from behind the glass surface . The electronics were designed to be adaptable to the time of day , weather and season and to meet the desired century @-@ long longevity and dependability objectives set by the design team in response to the thirty @-@ year directive . | LEDs <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> chosen because they <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> viewed as the lowest maintenance option of the possible color changing fixtures . LEDs fit into an electrical circuit , causing illumination by the movement of electrons in the semiconductor material and making a filament unnecessary , so the bulbs never burn out and do not get too hot . Fins <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> added to the screens to keep direct sunlight from hitting the LEDs . Color Kinetics ( now part of Philips Solid @-@ State Lighting Solutions , which is now called Philips Color Kinetics ) ColorBlast 12 LEDs fixtures are used to illuminate the tower structures and glass in an attempt to meet Plensa <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>objective that the towers <a href='got' title='5'><mark>have</mark></a> a light and translucent appearance , with their internal structures reflecting light from behind the glass surface . The electronics <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> designed to be adaptable to the time of day , weather and season and to meet the desired century @-@ long longevity and dependability objectives set by the design team in response to the thirty @-@ year directive . | LEDs was chosen because they was viewed as the lowest maintenance option of the possible color changing fixtures . LEDs fit into an electrical circuit , causing illumination by the movement of electrons in da semiconductor material and wit a filament unnecessary , soo tdabulbs never burn outt and do not get too hot . Fins was added to thdacreens to keep direct sunlight from hittin the LEDs . Color Kinetics ( now part of Philips Solid @-@ State Lighting Solutions , which is now called Philips Color Kinetics ) ColorBlast 12 LEDs fixtures r used to illuminate thedawer structures and glass in an attempt to meet Plensa objective dat the towers got a light and translucent appearance , with their internal structures reflecting light from behind the glass surface . The electronics was designed to b adaptable to the time of day , weather and season and to meet the daired century @-@ long longevity and dependability objectives set by the ddagn team in response to the thirty @-@ year directive . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 4 |
The 9 @,@ 423 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 875 @.@ 4 m2 ) pool used 3 by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 by 0 @.@ 91 m ) pavers that weigh 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) . The pavers were rested on screw jack pedestals in order to be leveled and shimmed . The pavers had to be perfectly leveled for the water to work correctly because the fountain incorporates numerous sensors to regulate the flow and level of the water . | The 9 @,@ 423 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 875 @.@ 4 m2 ) pool used 3 by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 by 0 @.@ 91 m ) pavers <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>weigh 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) . The pavers <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> rested on screw jack pedestals in order to be leveled and shimmed . The pavers had to be perfectly leveled for the water to work correctly because the fountain <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>incorporates</mark></a> numerous sensors to regulate the flow and level of the water . | The 9 @,@ 423 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 875 @.@ 4 m2 ) pool used 3 by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 by 0 @.@ 91 m ) pavers weigh 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) . da pavers was rested on screw jack pedestals in order to b leveled and shimmed . The pavers had to bbperfectly leveled fa the water to wrk correctly because the fountain incorporate numerous sensors to regulate tdaflow and level of the water . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 2 |
During construction the underground parking garage remained open . An additional challenge was designing the structure to facilitate interior access for ongoing maintenance and repairs , while accommodating two levels of underground parking underneath . The challenge was solved by combining a T @-@ bar grid to absorb weight with about 150 " outriggers " , or " tiebacks " , inserted through the video wall to support the glass blocks and absorb wind loads . This design allows for the removal of individual glass blocks for cleaning or repair without disruption to the display . The filtered air inside the towers helps minimize the need for cleaning . Crown Fountain 's design not only included interior access for technical repairs , but also incorporated exemplary , non @-@ discriminatory , barrier @-@ free accessibility , because its interactivity is not limited to the able @-@ bodied . The force of the water accounts for the entire range of possible interactive visitors . | During construction the underground parking garage remained open . An additional challenge was designing the structure to facilitate interior access for ongoing maintenance and repairs , while accommodating two levels of underground parking underneath . The challenge was solved by combining a T @-@ bar grid to absorb weight with about 150 " outriggers " , or " tiebacks " , inserted through the video wall to support the glass blocks and absorb wind loads . This design <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>allows</mark></a> for the removal of individual glass blocks for cleaning or repair without disruption to the display . The filtered air inside the towers <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>helps</mark></a> minimize the need for cleaning . Crown Fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>design not only included interior access for technical repairs , but also incorporated exemplary , non @-@ discriminatory , barrier @-@ free accessibility , because its interactivity <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>not limited to the able @-@ bodied . The force of the water accounts for the entire range of possible interactive visitors . | Durin construction the underground parking garage remained open . An additional challenge was designing da structure to facilitate interior access for ongoing maintenance and repairs , while accommodating two levels of underground parking underneath . The challenge was solved by combining a T @-@ bar grid to absorb weight w about 150 " outriggers " , or " tiebacks " , inserted thru tdavideo wall to support thdalass blocks and absorb wind loads . This design allow for thedamoval of individual glass blocks for cleanin or repair w/o disruption to the display . The filtered air inside the daers help minimize the nda for cleaning . Crown Fountain design not only included interior access for technical repairs , but also incorporated exemplary , non @-@ discriminatory , barrier @-@ free accessibility , because its interactivity not limited to the able @-@ bodied . The foda of the watdaaccounts for the entidarange of possible interactive visitors . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 2 |
= = Dedication and operation = = | = = Dedication and operation = = | = = Dedication and operation = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
= = = Unveiling = = = | = = = Unveiling = = = | = = = Unveiling = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Construction of the video sculpture was completed for testing without the fountain 's water features on May 18 , 2004 . Originally , Plensa had planned to have each face appear for 13 minutes , and this continued to be the targeted duration when the testing of the sculpture occurred . Eventually , professors at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago convinced him to use only five @-@ minute videos . | Construction of the video sculpture was completed for testing without the fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>water features on May 18 , 2004 . Originally , Plensa <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> planned to have each face appear for 13 minutes , and this continued to be the targeted duration when the testing of the sculpture occurred . Eventually , professors at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago convinced him to use only five @-@ minute videos . | Construction of da video sculpture was completed fir testing w/o tdafountain water features on May 18 , 2004 . Originally , Plensa done planned to have each face appear fir 13 min , and this continued to be the targeted duration when the testing of thdaculpture occurred . Eventually , professors at the School of thedat Institute of Chicago convinced him to use only five @-@ minute videos . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Plensa 's design of Crown Fountain was unveiled to the public on July 16 – 18 , during the 2004 grand opening celebrations for Millennium Park , which was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co . At the time of the unveiling , Crown Fountain , like the nearby Cloud Gate , was incomplete because only 300 of the videos had been refined for public display . It was officially dedicated on July 24 , 2004 as part of a special private fundraising party that raised $ 3 million for the Millennium Park Conservancy fund . | Plensa <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>design of Crown Fountain was unveiled to the public on July 16 – 18 , during the 2004 grand opening celebrations for Millennium Park , which was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co . At the time of the unveiling , Crown Fountain , like the nearby Cloud Gate , was incomplete because only 300 of the videos <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> been refined for public display . It was officially dedicated on July 24 , 2004 as part of a special private fundraising party <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>raised $ 3 million for the Millennium Park Conservancy fund . | Plensa design of Crown Fountain was unveiled to the public on July 16 – 18 , during da 2004 grand opening celebrations for Millennium Park , which was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co . At the time of the unveiling , Crown Fountain , like tdanearby Cloud Gate , was incomplete because only 300 of the videos done been refined fir public display . It was officially dedicated on July 24 , 2004 as part of a special private fundraising party raised $ 3 million fa the Millennium Park Conservancy fund . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
= = = Operation = = = | = = = Operation = = = | = = = Operation = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The control center for the synchronization of images , water flow , and lighting color and intensity is beneath one of the towers , in a room that covers 550 square feet ( 51 m2 ) . The room houses high @-@ definition video servers and equipment temperature sensors . Hard drives contain all the individual electronic computer files of the face videos . Generally , the computer programs automatically perform tasks such as determining when the face will pucker and , if weather conditions permit , when to turn the water on and off . Using low- rather than high @-@ resolution images was both less expensive and created a better display for the average viewer . A Barco show controller selects the sequence of faces one at a time and determines a random tower lighting selection of one of eight LED colors programmed into an Electronic Theatre Controls ( ETC ) Emphasis control system . At night , the ETC system controls spotlights that illuminate the cascading water and that are dimmed by special wet @-@ use location ground fault circuit interrupters . The control room covers an area equal to 26 parking spaces in the underground parking garage , which costs the city $ 100 @,@ 000 annually in terms of the opportunity cost of lost revenue ( in 2004 dollars ) . Maintenance issues for the fountain range from kids removing the adhesive between the bricks to pipes in need of maintenance . As of 2014 , annual upkeep costs were approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 . | The control center for the synchronization of images , water flow , and lighting color and intensity is beneath one of the towers , in a room <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>covers</mark></a> 550 square feet ( 51 m2 ) . The room <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>houses</mark></a> high @-@ definition video servers and equipment temperature sensors . Hard drives contain all the individual electronic computer files of the face videos . Generally , the computer programs automatically perform tasks such as determining when the face will pucker and , if weather conditions permit , when to turn the water on and off . Using low- rather than high @-@ resolution images was both less expensive and created a better display for the average viewer . A Barco show controller <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>selects</mark></a> the sequence of <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>faces</mark></a> one at a time and <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>determines</mark></a> a random tower lighting selection of one of eight LED colors programmed into an Electronic Theatre Controls ( ETC ) Emphasis control system . At night , the ETC system <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>controls</mark></a> spotlights <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>that</mark></a>illuminate the cascading water and that are dimmed by special wet @-@ use location ground fault circuit interrupters . The control room <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>covers</mark></a> an area equal to 26 parking spaces in the underground parking garage , which <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>costs</mark></a> the city $ 100 @,@ 000 annually in terms of the opportunity cost of lost revenue ( in 2004 dollars ) . Maintenance issues for the fountain range from kids removing the adhesive between the bricks to pipes in need of maintenance . As of 2014 , annual upkeep costs <a href='uninflect' title='11'><mark>were</mark></a> approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 . | The control center for the synchronization of images , water flow , and lighting color and intensity is beneath one of the towers , in a room cover 550 square feet ( 51 m2 ) . da room house high @-@ definition video servers and equipment temperature sensors . Hard drives contain alll tdaindividual electronic computer files of thdaace videos . Generally , thedamputer programs automatically perform tasks such as determining when the dae will pucker and , if weather conditions permit , when to turn the water on and offf . usin low- rather than high @-@ resolution images was both less expensive and created a betta display fir the average viewer . A Barco show controller select the sdaence of face one at a time and determine a random tower lighting selection of one of eight LED colors programmed into an Electronic Theatre Controls ( ETC ) Emphasis control system . At nite , the ETC system control spotlights illuminate the cascading water and dat r dimmed by special wet @-@ use location ground fault circuit interrupters . The control room cover an area equal to 26 parkin spaces in the undaground parking garage , which cost the city $ 100 @,@ 000 annually in terms of the opportunity cost of lost revenue ( in 2004 dollars ) . Maintenance issues fir the fountain range from kids removing the adhesive between the brida to pipes in need of maintenance . As of 2014 , annual upkeep costs was approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 9 |
= = = = Video sculpture = = = = | = = = = Video sculpture = = = = | = = = = Video sculpture = = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The front face of each tower is animated with a continuous , dynamic exhibit of lights and electronic images . Although the screens on the towers periodically display clips of landscapes such as waterfalls , most intriguing are the display of faces of Chicago residents . About 1 @,@ 000 faces of Chicagoans are shown in a random rotation , the order determined using a Barco show controller . Each face is displayed for five minutes , with a brief period between each of these videos during which the sculpture is unlit . As a result , no more than 12 faces appear per hour during the summer . However , during the winter a version without the final one minute of puckering is shown , so the video segments then are only four minutes each . The video pattern also includes a three @-@ minute water scene every half @-@ hour and a 30 @-@ second fade @-@ to @-@ black every 15 minutes . If all the faces were shown consecutively , instead of randomly , they would each appear about once every eight days . A June 2007 article in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times reported that many of the subjects who had their images digitized for the project had yet to either see their own images or hear of anyone who had seen them . | The front face of each tower is animated with a continuous , dynamic exhibit of lights and electronic images . Although the screens on the towers periodically display clips of landscapes such as waterfalls , most intriguing <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>the display of faces of Chicago residents . About 1 @,@ 000 faces of Chicagoans are shown in a random rotation , the order determined using a Barco show controller . Each face is displayed for five minutes , with a brief period between each of these videos during which the sculpture <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>unlit . As a result , no more than 12 faces appear per hour during the summer . However , during the winter a version without the final one minute of puckering is shown , so the video segments then are only four minutes each . The video pattern also <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>includes</mark></a> a three @-@ minute water scene every half @-@ hour and a 30 @-@ second fade @-@ to @-@ black every 15 minutes . If all the faces <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> shown consecutively , instead of randomly , they would each appear about once every eight days . A June 2007 article in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times reported that many of the subjects <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>had their images digitized for the project had yet to either see their own images or hear of anyone <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>had</mark></a> seen them . | The front face of each tower is animated w a continuous , dynamic exhibit of lights and electronic images . Although the screens on the towers periodically display clips of landscapes such as waterfalls , most intriguing the display of faces of Chicago residents . About 1 @,@ 000 faces of Chicagoans r shown in a random rotation , the order determined usin a Barco show controller . Each face is displayed fir five mins , witwidbrief period between each of these videos durin which the sculpture unlit . As a result , no more than 12 faces appear per hour during da summer . However , ddurinthe winter a version without tdafinal one minute of puckering is shown , so the video segments then arrnly 4 minminch . Thdaideo pattern also include a three @-@ minute water scene every half @-@ hr and a 30 @-@ second fade @-@ to @-@ black every 15 minutesminlll thedaces was shown consecutively , instead of randomly , they would each appear about once every eight days . A June 2007 article in the dacago Sun @-@ Times reported dat many of the sdaects had their images digitized fa the project had yet to either see their own images or hear of anyone done seen them . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 2 |
The spouting water from the faces of the towers appears to be flowing from the displayed subject 's mouth from a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) nozzle located in the center of each interior face 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above the reflecting pool . Images are shown daily year @-@ round , while the water feature only operates from May 1 to approximately October 31 , weather permitting . The park is open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. | The spouting water from the faces of the towers <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>appears</mark></a> to be flowing from the displayed subject <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>mouth from a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) nozzle located in the center of each interior face 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above the reflecting pool . Images are shown daily year @-@ round , while the water feature only <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>operates</mark></a> from May 1 to approximately October 31 , weather permitting . The park <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. | Da spouting water from the faces of the towers appear to be flowing from the displayed subject mouth from a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) nozzle located in tdacenter of each interior face 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above the reflecting pool . Images are shown daily year @-@ round , while the water feature only operate from May 1 to approximately October 31 , weather permitting . Thdaark open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
Each tower is illuminated from within on three sides by approximately 70 color @-@ changing Color Kinetics LED lighting fixtures per tower , while the fourth side features opposing Barco LED display screens . At night , some of the videos are replaced by images of nature or solid colors . Also at night , the other three sides of the fountain display changing colors . The outer Color Kinetics surfaces randomly display the translucent glow of one of eight colors along with each of the inner opposing faces . As a video sculpture with a variety of cascade and water spout fountain modes , the sculpture is a fluid , dynamic evolving artwork . | Each tower is illuminated from within on three sides by approximately 70 color @-@ changing Color Kinetics LED lighting fixtures per tower , while the fourth side features opposing Barco LED display screens . At night , some of the videos are replaced by images of nature or solid colors . Also at night , the other three sides of the fountain display changing colors . The outer Color Kinetics surfaces randomly display the translucent glow of one of eight colors along with each of the inner opposing faces . As a video sculpture with a variety of cascade and water spout fountain modes , the sculpture <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a fluid , dynamic evolving artwork . | Each tower is illuminated from within on three sides by approximately 70 color @-@ changin Color Kinetics LED lighting fixtures per tower , while the fourth side features opposing Barco LED display screens . At night , sum of the videos r replaced by images of nature or solid colors . Also at night , the other three sides of da fountain display changing colors . The outer Color Kinetics surfaces randomly display the translucent glow of one of eight colors along with each of tdainner opposing faces . As a video sculpture with a variety of cascade and water spout fountain modes , the sculpture a fluid , dynamic evolving artwork . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
= = = = Fountain = = = = | = = = = Fountain = = = = | = = = = Fountain = = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Crown Fountain has both slits and a grate for drainage ( pictured above right ) to drain the 11 @,@ 520 US gal ( 43 @,@ 608 l ; 9 @,@ 592 imp gal ) of water per minute . When the videos are not on the front of the tower , water cascades down each of the facades . The water is filtered , pumped and recirculated through the fountain . Dual pump rooms below each tower draw water from a reservoir beneath the reflecting pool . There are 12 mechanical pumps that are regulated from a control room in the underground parking garage beneath the south tower of the fountain . The water in the reflecting pool has a depth of about 0 @.@ 33 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 013 in ) . | Crown Fountain <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> both slits and a grate for drainage ( pictured above right ) to drain the 11 @,@ 520 US gal ( 43 @,@ 608 l ; 9 @,@ 592 imp gal ) of water per minute . When the videos <a href='negative_concord' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>not</mark></a>on <a href='None' title='4'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='5'><mark>front</mark></a> of the tower , water <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>cascades</mark></a> down each of the facades . The water is filtered , pumped and recirculated through the fountain . Dual pump rooms below each tower draw water from a reservoir beneath the reflecting pool . <a href='dey_it' title='7'><mark>There</mark></a> are 12 mechanical pumps <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>that</mark></a>are regulated from a control room in the underground parking garage beneath the south tower of the fountain . The water in the reflecting pool <a href='got' title='9'><mark>has</mark></a> a depth of about 0 @.@ 33 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 013 in ) . | Crown Fountain have both slits and a grate fa drainage ( pictured above ryte ) to drain the 11 @,@ 520 US gal ( 43 @,@ 608 l ; 9 @,@ 592 imp gal ) of water per minute . When the videos ain't on no front of the tower , water cascade down each of da facades . The water is filtered , pumped and recirculated thru tdafountain . Dual pump rooms below each tower draw water from a reservoir beneath the reflecting pool . It is 12 mechanical pumps are regulated from a control room in thdanderground parkin garage beneath thedauth tower of the fountain . The water in the reflecting pool got a depth of bout 0 @.@ 33 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 013 in ) . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 3 |
= = Controversies = = | = = Controversies = = | = = Controversies = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Before the fountain was completed in 2004 , Art Institute of Chicago president James Wood felt the columns would be too tall and other community leaders felt that the height and scale of the project stemmed from a " pissing contest " with other park feature artists . Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by " forever open , clear and free " legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago in the 1890s to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park , and to keep it from building new ones . As a result , the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park . However , Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Pavilion , which stands 139 feet ( 42 m ) tall , were exempt from the height restriction because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . | Before the fountain was completed in 2004 , Art Institute of Chicago president James Wood felt the columns would be too tall and other community leaders felt that the height and scale of the project stemmed from a " pissing contest " with other park feature artists . Grant Park <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been protected since 1836 by " forever open , clear and free " legislation <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago in the 1890s to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park , and to keep it from building new ones . As a result , the city <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park . However , Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Pavilion , which <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>stands</mark></a> 139 feet ( 42 m ) tall , <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> exempt from the height restriction because they <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>were</mark></a> classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . | Before the fountain was completed in 2004 , Art Institute of Chicago president James Wood felt da columns would b too tall and other community leaders felt dat the height and scale of tdaproject stemmed from a " pissin contest " witt other park feature artists . Grant Park done been protected since 1836 by " forever open , clear and free " legislation done been affirmed by 4 previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued thdaity of Chicago in the 1890s to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park , and to keep it from building new ones . As a result , the city have what r termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park . However , Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Pavilion , which stand 139 feet ( 42 m ) tall , was exempt from the height restriction cuz they was classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 6 |
In November 2006 , Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when the city added surveillance cameras atop each tower . Purchased through a $ 52 million Department of Homeland Security grant to the Chicago area , the cameras were part of a surveillance system augmenting eight other cameras covering all of Millennium Park . The city said the cameras , similar to those used throughout the city at high @-@ crime areas and traffic intersections , were intended to remain on the towers for several months until permanent , less intrusive replacements were secured . City officials had consulted the architects who collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs , but Plensa himself had not been notified . Public reaction was negative , as bloggers and the artistic community decried the cameras on the towers as inappropriate and a blight . The city said that the cameras were largely for security reasons , but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt @-@ out lights . The Chicago Tribune quickly published an article concerning the cameras as well as the public reaction , and the cameras were removed the next day . Plensa supported their removal . | In November 2006 , Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when the city added surveillance cameras atop each tower . Purchased through a $ 52 million Department of Homeland Security grant to the Chicago area , the cameras <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> part of a surveillance system augmenting eight other cameras covering all of Millennium Park . The city said the cameras , similar to those used throughout the city at high @-@ crime areas and traffic intersections , <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> intended to remain on the towers for several months until permanent , less intrusive replacements <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> secured . City officials <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>had</mark></a> consulted the architects <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs , but Plensa himself <a href='been_done' title='6'><mark>had</mark></a> not been notified . Public reaction was negative , as bloggers and the artistic community decried the cameras on the towers as inappropriate and a blight . The city said that the cameras <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>were</mark></a> largely for security reasons , but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt @-@ out lights . The Chicago Tribune quickly published an article concerning the cameras as well as the public reaction , and the cameras <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>were</mark></a> removed the next day . Plensa supported their removal . | In November 2006 , Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when da city added surveillance cameras atop each tower . copped through a $ 52 million Department of Homeland Security grant to the Chicago area , the cameras was part of a surveillance system augmenting eight other cameras covering alll of Millennium Park . The city said the cameras , similar to those used throughout tdacity at high @-@ crime areas and traffic intersections , was intended to remain on the towers for several months untill permanent , less intrusive replacements was secured . City officials done consulted the architects collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs , but Plensa hisself done not been notified . Public reaction was negative , as bloggers and the artistic community decried thdaameras on thedawers as inappropriate and a blight . The city said that the daeras was largely for security reasons , but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt @-@ outt lights . The Cdaago Tribune quickly published an article concerning the cameras as well as the public reaction , and the cadaas was removed the nxtday . Plensa supported their removal . | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 5 |
= = Updating = = | = = Updating = = | = = Updating = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
In 2014 , the hardware and software behind the fountain 's operation were replaced . At the time there were plans to replace LED lighting with incandescent bulbs on each of the non @-@ video display surfaces and to replace the video surface LEDs . Plensa , who maintained control of the video faces for the first two years of the fountain 's operation , understands that future generations may wish to update the faces used in the rotation of videos to reflect changes in humanity going forward . In 2014 , an additional 1000 faces were anticipated for 2016 . | In 2014 , the hardware and software behind the fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>operation <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> replaced . At the time <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> plans to replace LED lighting with incandescent bulbs on each of the non @-@ video display surfaces and to replace the video surface LEDs . Plensa , <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a>maintained control of the video faces for the first two years of the fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>operation , <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>understands</mark></a> that future generations may wish to update the faces used in the rotation of videos to reflect changes in humanity going forward . In 2014 , an additional 1000 faces <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>were</mark></a> anticipated for 2016 . | In 2014 , the hardware and software behind the fountain operation was replaced . At the time it was plans to replace LED lighting with incandescent bulbs on each of the non @-@ video display surfaces and to replace the video surface LEDs . Plensa , maintained control of the video faces fir da first two years of tdafountain operation , understand dat future generations may wish to update thdaaces used in the rotation of videos to reflect changes in humanity going forward . In 2014 , an additional 1000 faces was anticipated for 2016 . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 4 |
= = Critical reception = = | = = Critical reception = = | = = Critical reception = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Crown Fountain , Trevi Fountain , and Buckingham Fountain , as well as natural water features such as Old Faithful , are examples of the ability of water to attract people and hold their attention . Crown Fountain has more interactivity than other Chicago fountains , such as Buckingham Fountain and Lorado Taft 's Fountain of the Great Lakes and Fountain of Time ( all but the last are in Grant Park ) . These other Chicago fountains are traditional in that they discourage viewer touching ; Buckingham Fountain is surrounded by a fence , and Taft 's fountains are surrounded by moats . In contrast , Crown Fountain provides an open invitation to play in the fountain 's water . | Crown Fountain , Trevi Fountain , and Buckingham Fountain , as well as natural water features such as Old Faithful , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>examples of the ability of water to attract people and hold their attention . Crown Fountain <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> more interactivity than other Chicago fountains , such as Buckingham Fountain and Lorado Taft <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Fountain of the Great Lakes and Fountain of Time ( all but the last are in Grant Park ) . These other Chicago fountains are traditional in that they discourage viewer touching ; Buckingham Fountain is surrounded by a fence , and Taft <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>fountains are surrounded by moats . In contrast , Crown Fountain <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>provides</mark></a> an open invitation to play in the fountain <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>water . | Crown Fountain , Trevi Fountain , and Buckingham Fountain , as well as natural water features such as Old Faithful , examples of the ability of water to attract people and hold their attention . Crown Fountain got more interactivity than other Chicago fountains , such as Buckingham Fountain and Lorado Taft Fountain of the Great Lakes and Fountain of Time ( all but the last are in Grant Park ) . dem other Chicago fountains r traditional in dat they discourage viewer touching ; Buckingham Fountain is surrounded by a fence , and Taft fountains are surrounded by moats . In contrast , Crown Fountain provide an open invitation to play in da fountain water . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
U.S. News & World Report describes the fountain as an exemplary feature of the city 's numerous urban parks . Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin , who is pleased with the sculptures ' verticalness , says the fountain helps appropriately depict the modern 21st @-@ century urban park . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times describes the fountain as " eye @-@ catching , crowd @-@ friendly ... high @-@ tech [ and ] ... contemporary " . The New York Times calls the fountain an " extraordinary art object " . Frommer 's describes the fountain as public art at its best . The beauty of the fountain is , as the San Francisco Chronicle explains , that it is high @-@ concept art for all to enjoy . The Financial Times refers to the fountain as a " techno @-@ fountain " . The fountain is praised for its technical features by industry magazines and has won various awards . The project won the 2006 Bombay Sapphire prize for its design work with glass . Critical reviews were not unanimous in their praise . One Chicago Tribune critic was not impressed with JumboTron @-@ like art , although he conceded the participatory element reminded him in a positive way of the jungle gym element of the Chicago Picasso . | U.S. News & World Report <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>describes</mark></a> the fountain as an exemplary feature of the city <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>numerous urban parks . Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin , <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>pleased with the sculptures <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'</mark></a>verticalness , <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>says</mark></a> the fountain <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>helps</mark></a> appropriately depict the modern 21st @-@ century urban park . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>describes</mark></a> the fountain as " eye @-@ catching , crowd @-@ friendly ... high @-@ tech [ and ] ... contemporary " . The New York Times <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>calls</mark></a> the fountain an " extraordinary art object " . Frommer <a href='null_genetive' title='10'><mark>'s</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='11'><mark>describes</mark></a> the fountain as public art at its best . The beauty of the fountain is , as the San Francisco Chronicle <a href='uninflect' title='12'><mark>explains</mark></a> , that it is high @-@ concept art for all to enjoy . The Financial Times <a href='uninflect' title='13'><mark>refers</mark></a> to the fountain as a " techno @-@ fountain " . The fountain is praised for its technical features by industry magazines and <a href='been_done' title='14'><mark>has</mark></a> won various awards . The project won the 2006 Bombay Sapphire prize for its design work with glass . Critical reviews <a href='negative_concord' title='15'><mark>were</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='16'><mark>not</mark></a>unanimous in their praise . One Chicago Tribune critic was not impressed with JumboTron @-@ like art , although he conceded the participatory element reminded him in a positive way of the jungle gym element of the Chicago Picasso . | U.S. News & World Report describe the fountain as an exemplary feature of the city numerous urban parks . Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin , pleased with the sculptures verticalness , say the fountain help appropriately depict the modern 21st @-@ century urban park . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times describe da fountain as " eye @-@ catchin , crowd @-@ friendly ... high @-@ tech [ and ] ... contemporary " . TdaNew York Times call thdaountain an " extraordinary art object " . Frommer describe the fountain as public art at its best . Thedaauty of the fountain is , as the da Francisco Chronicle explain , dat it is high @-@ concept art for all to enjoy . The Financial Times refer to the fountain as a " techno @-@ fountain " . The fountain is praised for its technical features by industry magazines and done won various awards . The pdaect won the 2006 Bombay Sapphire prize fir its design work with glass . Critical reviews ain't unanimous in their praise . One Chicago Tribune critic was not impressed with JumboTron @-@ like art , although he conceded the participatory element reminded him in a positive way of the jungle gym element of the Chicago Picasso . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 27 | 10 |
The fountain is featured on the cover of Philip Jodidio 's 2005 book , Architecture : Art . Although Plensa is considered to be a conceptual artist , according to Jodidio , Plensa created a work whose architectural aspects are paramount . Its location juxtaposed with the Historic Michigan Boulevard District 's skywall highlights these aspects . Jodidio considers the work to be a modernization of the gargoyle theme , and feels that the scale of the enlarged faces humanize the work and challenges the architecture . The towers are an integral part of the skyline that have achieved rare permanence for contemporary art . | The fountain is featured on the cover of Philip Jodidio <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>2005 book , Architecture : Art . Although Plensa is considered to be a conceptual artist , according to Jodidio , Plensa created a work whose architectural aspects <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>paramount . Its location juxtaposed with the Historic Michigan Boulevard District <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>skywall highlights these aspects . Jodidio <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>considers</mark></a> the work to be a modernization of the gargoyle theme , and <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>feels</mark></a> that the scale of the enlarged faces humanize the work and <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>challenges</mark></a> the architecture . The towers <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>are</mark></a>an integral part of the skyline <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='9'><mark>have</mark></a> achieved rare permanence for contemporary art . | The fountain is featured on da cover of Philip Jodidio 2005 book , Architecture : Art . Although Plensa is considered to be a conceptual artist , according to Jodidio , Plensa created a work whose architectural aspects paramount . Its location juxtaposed w/ tdaHistoric Michigan Boulevard District skywall highlights dese aspects . Jodidio consider the wrk to be a modernization of thdaargoyle theme , and feel that thedaale of the enlarged faces humanize the wwrkand challenge the architecture . The daers an integral part of the skyline done achieved rare permanence for contemporary art . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 18 | 3 |
= Canning Dam = | = Canning Dam = | = Canning Dam = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource for the city of Perth , Western Australia . The dam is situated on the Darling Scarp and is an impoundment of the Canning River . It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design that was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at the time of construction . The Canning Dam was Perth 's primary water supply up until the 1960s when other sources of fresh water were tapped . Currently the dam supplies approximately 20 percent of Perth 's fresh water . Inflow into the Canning Reservoir is estimated to be 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) and has a storage capacity of 90 @,@ 352 megalitres ( 3 @,@ 190 @.@ 8 × 10 ^ 6 cu ft ) . | The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource for the city of Perth , Western Australia . The dam is situated on the Darling Scarp and <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>an impoundment of the Canning River . It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at the time of construction . The Canning Dam was Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>primary water supply up until the 1960s when other sources of fresh water <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> tapped . Currently the dam <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>supplies</mark></a> approximately 20 percent of Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>fresh water . Inflow into the Canning Reservoir is estimated to be 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) and <a href='got' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> a storage capacity of 90 @,@ 352 megalitres ( 3 @,@ 190 @.@ 8 × 10 ^ 6 cu ft ) . | The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource fir the city of Perth , Western Australia . The dam is situated on da Darling Scarp and an impoundment of the Canning River . It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at tdatime of construction . The Canning Dam was Perth primary water supply up until thda960s when other sources of fresh water was tapped . Currently thedam supply approximately 20 percent of Perth fresh water . Inflow into the daning Reservoir is estimated to b 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) and got a storage capacity of 90 @,@ 352 megalitres ( 3 @,@ 190 @.@ 8 × 10 ^ 6 cu ft ) . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 3 |
Since its completion in 1940 , the Canning Dam has contributed to a wide range of environmental and ecological problems in surrounding regions , problems include more common algal blooms , habitat loss and sedimentation . Despite these issues , Canning Dam and the adjacent parks and forests provide a variety of recreational activities for the public such as bushwalking , historic walks and picnic facilities . | Since its completion in 1940 , the Canning Dam <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> contributed to a wide range of environmental and ecological problems in surrounding regions , problems include more common algal blooms , habitat loss and sedimentation . Despite these issues , Canning Dam and the adjacent parks and forests provide a variety of recreational activities for the public such as bushwalking , historic walks and picnic facilities . | Since its completion in 1940 , da Canning Dam done contributed to a wide range of environmental and ecological problems in surrounding regions , problems include more common algal blooms , habitat loss and sedimentation . Despite these issues , Canning Dam and tdaadjacent parks and forests provide a variety of recreational activities for the public such as bushwalking , historic walks and picnic facilities . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
= = History = = | = = History = = | = = History = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Development of the Canning River as a source of water for Perth was first proposed in a report of the first Metropolitan Water Works Board of Perth in 1896 . Investigation of the site began in 1897 when engineer Thomas Hodgson surveyed and proposed the dam 's current location as a possible site . However , despite the recommendations of further inquiries , and an extreme shortage of water in some years , government funds were not allocated for the construction of a dam until the Great Depression in the 1930s . | Development of the Canning River as a source of water for Perth was first proposed in a report of the first Metropolitan Water Works Board of Perth in 1896 . Investigation of the site began in 1897 when engineer Thomas Hodgson surveyed and proposed the dam <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>current location as a possible site . However , despite <a href='None' title='2'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>recommendations</mark></a> of further inquiries , and an extreme shortage of water in some years , government funds <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> not allocated for <a href='None' title='5'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>construction</mark></a> of a dam until the Great Depression in the 1930s . | Development of the Canning River as a source of water for Perth was first proposed in a report of the first Metropolitan Water Works Board of Perth in 1896 . Investigation of the site began in 1897 when engineer Thomas Hodgson surveyed and proposed da dam current location as a possible site . However , despite no recommendations of further inquiries , and an extreme shortage of water in sum yrs , government funds was not allocated for no construction of a dam until the Great Depression in the 1930s . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
In 1924 a small pipehead dam was built 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) downstream from the present Canning Dam . It was only intended as a quick fix to the water supply problem and it soon became apparent that a major reservoir was needed , although it would be nine years before work on the current Canning Dam would begin . The new dam was completed in 1940 at a cost of AU £ 1 @.@ 1 million . Engineer Russell Dumas designed the dam and directed most of its construction . | In 1924 a small pipehead dam was built 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) downstream from the present Canning Dam . It was only intended as a quick fix to the water supply problem and it soon became apparent that a major reservoir was needed , although it would be nine years before work on the current Canning Dam would begin . The new dam was completed in 1940 at a cost of AU £ 1 @.@ 1 million . Engineer Russell Dumas designed the dam and directed most of its construction . | In 1924 a small pipehead dam was built 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) downstream from the present Canning Dam . It was only intended as a quick fix to da water supply problem and it soon became apparent that a major reservoir was needed , although it would be nine years before wrk on tdacurrent Canning Dam would begin . The new dam was completed in 1940 at a cost of AU £ 1 @.@ 1 million . Engineer Russell Dumas designed the dam and directed most of its construction . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
A further improvement was made in 1951 when a concrete @-@ lined channel was constructed to divert stream flow from the nearby Kangaroo Gully catchment . The Canning Dam and reservoir was Perth 's primary source of water until the boom growth of the city in the 1960s and the completion of Serpentine Dam in 1961 . In 1975 the reservoir was connected to Perth 's Integrated Water Supply Scheme by the Canning Tunnel . Prior to its opening water had flowed through the Canning Contour Channel to Gosnells . | A further improvement was made in 1951 when a concrete @-@ lined channel was constructed to divert stream flow from the nearby Kangaroo Gully catchment . The Canning Dam and reservoir was Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>primary source of water until the boom growth of the city in the 1960s and the completion of Serpentine Dam in 1961 . In 1975 the reservoir was connected to Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Integrated Water Supply Scheme by the Canning Tunnel . Prior to its opening water <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>had</mark></a> flowed through the Canning Contour Channel to Gosnells . | A further improvement was made in 1951 when a concrete @-@ lined channel was constructed to divert stream flow from the nearby Kangaroo Gully catchment . da Canning Dam and reservoir was Perth primary source of water until tdaboom growth of the city in thda960s and thedampletion of Serpentine Dam in 1961 . In 1975 the reservoir was connected to Perth Integrated Water Supply Scheme by the daning Tunnel . Prior to its opening water done flowed through the Cdaing Contour Channel to Gosnells . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
The Canning Dam and reservoir still supplies approximately 20 percent of Perth 's drinking water requirements and plays an important role in the context of the development of Perth . | The Canning Dam and reservoir still <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>supplies</mark></a> approximately 20 percent of Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>drinking water requirements and <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>plays</mark></a> an important role in the context of the development of Perth . | The Canning Dam and reservoir still supply approximately 20 percent of Perth drinkin water requirements and play an important role in da context of the development of Perth . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
The Canning reservoir is also used to store water from the newly completed Kwinana Desalination Plant . Treated water can be pumped from the plant to the reservoir through the new Forrestdale Pumping Station . | The Canning reservoir is also used to store water from the newly completed Kwinana Desalination Plant . Treated water can be pumped from the plant to the reservoir through the new Forrestdale Pumping Station . | Da Canning reservoir is also used to store water from the newly completed Kwinana Desalination Plant . Treated water can be pumped from the plant to tdareservoir through the new Forrestdale Pumping Station . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
= = Hydrology = = | = = Hydrology = = | = = Hydrology = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The Canning Dam Catchment lies within the Darling Scarp which forms part of an Archaean Shield composed largely of granite with some invaded linear belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks . | The Canning Dam Catchment <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>lies</mark></a> within the Darling Scarp which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>forms</mark></a> part of an Archaean Shield composed largely of granite with some invaded linear belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks . | Da Canning Dam Catchment lie within the Darling Scarp which form part of an Archaean Shield composed largely of granite with sum invaded linear belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
The dam wall is situated in a narrow gorge running east and west , with rock sides sloping upward from the river bed . Behind the dam wall , the south branch of the Canning River joins the main stream , with the impounded water forming a lake which stretches back in three major arms to the east south @-@ east and south . | The dam wall is situated in a narrow gorge running east and west , with rock sides sloping upward from the river bed . Behind the dam wall , the south branch of the Canning River <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>joins</mark></a> the main stream , with the impounded water forming a lake which <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>stretches</mark></a> back in three major arms to the east south @-@ east and south . | Da dam wall is situated in a narrow gorge running east and west , wid rock sides sloping upward from the river bed . Behind the dam wall , the south branch of tdaCanning River join the main stream , with thdampounded water forming a lake which stretch back in three major arms to the east south @-@ east and south . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 |
The catchment has an area of 804 square kilometres ( 310 sq mi ) . The reservoir is at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) AHD and the highest point of the catchment , Mount Cooke is at 582 metres ( 1 @,@ 909 ft ) AHD . | The catchment <a href='got' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> an area of 804 square kilometres ( 310 sq mi ) . The reservoir is at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) AHD and the highest point of the catchment , Mount Cooke is at 582 metres ( 1 @,@ 909 ft ) AHD . | Da catchment got an area of 804 square kilometres ( 310 sq mi ) . The reservoir is at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) AHD and tdahighest point of thdaatchment , Mount Cooke is at 582 metres ( 1 @,@ 909 ft ) AHD . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
Climatically , the area receives about 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) of rainfall per annum with most of this falling between May and September . There is widespread variability of rainfall across the catchment however , from between 700 and 1 @,@ 300 millimetres ( 28 and 51 in ) . | Climatically , the area <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>receives</mark></a> about 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) of rainfall per annum with most of this falling between May and September . <a href='dey_it' title='2'><mark>There</mark></a> is widespread variability of rainfall across the catchment however , from between 700 and 1 @,@ 300 millimetres ( 28 and 51 in ) . | Climatically , the area receive bou 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) of rainfall per annum w most of dis falling between May and September . It is widespread variability of rainfall across the catchment however , from between 700 and 1 @,@ 300 millimetres ( 28 and 51 in ) . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
Since 1975 long @-@ term average rainfalls at the dam wall have decreased by 20 percent and streamflow into the catchment by approximately 60 percent — the average annual inflow between 1948 and 1974 was 52 gigalitres ( 1 @.@ 8 × 109 cu ft ) which had reduced to 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) between 1975 and 2004 . | Since 1975 long @-@ term average rainfalls at the dam wall <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> decreased by 20 percent and streamflow into the catchment by approximately 60 percent — the average annual inflow between 1948 and 1974 was 52 gigalitres ( 1 @.@ 8 × 109 cu ft ) which <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>had</mark></a> reduced to 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) between 1975 and 2004 . | Since 1975 long @-@ term average rainfalls at the dam wall done decreased by 20 percent and streamflow into da catchment by approximately 60 percent — the average annual inflow between 1948 and 1974 was 52 gigalitres ( 1 @.@ 8 × 109 cu ft ) which done reduced to 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) between 1975 and 2004 . | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
= = Construction = = | = = Construction = = | = = Construction = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The construction of Canning Dam ended a long period during which Perth 's water supply was generally unsatisfactory in quality ( either due to salinity or bacterial pollution or both ) and in quantity . The project , the biggest public works program of the decade , stimulated significant growth in the local economy and provided desperately needed work for around five hundred men . | The construction of Canning Dam ended a long period during which Perth <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>water supply was generally unsatisfactory in quality ( either due to salinity or bacterial pollution or both ) and in quantity . The project , the biggest public <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>works</mark></a> program of the decade , stimulated significant growth in the local economy and provided desperately needed work for around five hundred men . | The construction of Canning Dam ended a long period during which Perth water supply was generally unsatisfactory in quality ( either due to salinity or bacterial pollution or both ) and in quantity . The project , the biggest public work program of the decade , stimulated significant growth in the local economy and provided desperately needed wrk for around five hundred men . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
Several innovative design concepts and construction methods which were new to Australia were introduced on the project , while others which were used on the nearby Wellington Dam , were improved upon at the Canning dam site . | Several innovative design concepts and construction methods which <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> new to Australia <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> introduced on the project , while others which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> used on the nearby Wellington Dam , <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> improved upon at the Canning dam site . | Several innovative design concepts and construction methods which was new to Australia was introduced on the project , while others which was used on the nearby Wellington Dam , was improved upon at the Canning dam site . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
At the Canning Dam and indeed all dams , care had to be taken to prevent water seepage between the foundation rock and the structure of the dam . At the Canning in addition to cutting back the foundation to solid unfractured rock , a cut @-@ off trench was sited near the upstream face of the dam , down stream which a rock filled drain containing open jointed pipes was provided to intercept any seepage between the rock face and the concrete of the dam . The inclusion of an internal drainage system was considered innovative at the period . Near vertical tubular 8 in ( 200 mm ) cut @-@ off drains were provided at five @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) intervals along the dam to relieve internal seepage through the concrete . | At the Canning Dam and indeed all dams , care had to be taken to prevent water seepage between the foundation rock and the structure of the dam . At the Canning in addition to cutting back the foundation to solid unfractured rock , a cut @-@ off trench was sited near the upstream face of the dam , down stream which a rock filled drain containing open jointed pipes was provided to intercept any seepage between the rock face and the concrete of the dam . The inclusion of an internal drainage system was considered innovative at the period . Near vertical tubular 8 in ( 200 mm ) cut @-@ off drains <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> provided at five @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) intervals along the dam to relieve internal seepage through the concrete . | At da Canning Dam and indeed all dams , care had to b taken to prevent water seepage between tdafoundation rock and the structure of the dam . At the Canning in addition to cutting bacc the foundation to solid unfractured rock , a cut @-@ off trench was sited near the upstream face of thdaam , down stream which a rock filled drain containing open jointed pipes was provided to intercept any seepage between thedack face and the dacrete of the dam . The inclusion of an internal drainage system was considered innovative at the pdaod . Near vertical tubular 8 in ( 200 mm ) cut @-@ offf drains was provided at five @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) intervals along the dam to relieve internal seepage through the concrete . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
While state of the art materials @-@ handling methods were used , in some instances labour @-@ saving machinery worked beside operations intended to maximise the labour content . Sustenance workers were employed chiefly for on @-@ site preparation , road construction , foundation excavation , clearing timber from the reservoir basin , and on some concreting operations . Skilled workers were required on the dam for fixing the formwork where the concrete was poured . These workers were probably employed at normal day labour rates , the main employment method used on the project . Bulk handling of cement was also used for the first time in Australia , this saw a significant saving as opposed to bagged cement which was the standard practice of the day . | While state of the art materials @-@ handling methods <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> used , in some instances labour @-@ saving machinery worked beside operations intended to maximise the labour content . Sustenance workers <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> employed chiefly for on @-@ site preparation , road construction , foundation excavation , clearing timber from the reservoir basin , and on some concreting operations . Skilled workers <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> required on the dam for fixing the formwork where the concrete was poured . These workers <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> probably employed at normal day labour rates , the main employment method used on the project . Bulk handling of cement was also used for the first time in Australia , this saw a significant saving as opposed to bagged cement which was the standard practice of the day . | While state of the art materials @-@ handling methods was used , in some instances labour @-@ savin machinery worked beside operations intended to maximise the labour content . Sustenance workers was employed chiefly for on @-@ site preparation , road construction , foundation excavation , clearing timber from da reservoir basin , and on some concreting operations . Skilled workers was required on tdadam for fixing thdaormwork where the concrete was poured . These workers was probably employed at normal day labour rates , thedain employment method used on the project . Bulk handling of cement was also used for the dast time in Australia , this saw a significant saving as opposed to bagged cement which was the sdadard practice of the day . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 |
Generally construction work proceeded smoothly and from an engineering point of view there were few setbacks . However , one did occur in the early stages of construction . In March 1934 there was a violent storm bringing 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 12 in ) of rain in less than two days . As a result , the river rose rapidly which flooded the dam foundation workings . Pumps had to be installed and work resumed three days later . | Generally construction work proceeded smoothly and from an engineering point of view <a href='dey_it' title='1'><mark>there</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> few setbacks . However , one did occur in the early stages of construction . In March 1934 <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> was a violent storm bringing 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 12 in ) of rain in less than two days . As a result , the river rose rapidly which flooded the dam foundation workings . Pumps had to be installed and work resumed three days later . | Generally construction work proceeded smoothly and from an engineering point of view it was few setbacks . However , one did occur in the early stages of construction . In March 1934 it was a violent storm bringin 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 12 in ) of rain in less den two dayz . As a result , the river rose rapidly which flooded da dam foundation workings . Pumps had to b installed and work resumed three days later . | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 |
The dam was completed in September 1940 . When built it was the longest concrete gravity dam in Australia , and also the second highest after the Burrinjuck Dam in New South Wales . As of 1997 of the 90 large concrete and masonry gravity dams in Australia the Canning Dam is still the fifth highest and the sixth longest . It is the largest concrete dam in Western Australia in terms of length of crest and volume of concrete . | The dam was completed in September 1940 . When built it was the longest concrete gravity dam in Australia , and also the second highest after the Burrinjuck Dam in New South Wales . As of 1997 of the 90 large concrete and masonry gravity dams in Australia the Canning Dam <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>still the fifth highest and the sixth longest . It <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>the largest concrete dam in Western Australia in terms of length of crest and volume of concrete . | Da dam was completed in September 1940 . When built it was the longest concrete gravity dam in Australia , and also the second highest after the Burrinjuck Dam in New South Wales . As of 1997 of the 90 bigass concrete and masonry gravity dams in Australia the Canning Dam still the fifth highest and the sixth longest . It tdalargest concrete dam in Western Australia in terms of length of crest and volume of concrete . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
The final cost of the dam was significantly less than had been originally budgeted for , and the work was completed on schedule to a date that was calculated seven years previously . | The final cost of the dam was significantly less than <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>had</mark></a> been originally budgeted for , and the work was completed on schedule to a date <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>was calculated seven years previously . | The final cost of da dam was significantly less den done been originally budgeted fir , and the work was completed on schedule to a date was calculated seven yrs previously . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
= = = Remedial works = = = | = = = Remedial works = = = | = = = Remedial works = = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Recently the Canning Dam has been subjected to considerable cracking of the upper parts of the dam and upper gallery . Investigations have shown that cracking was due to strong AAR ( alkali aggregate reactivity ) in the concrete . AAR results in swelling of the concrete , which may cause secondary compressive stresses , localised map cracks , and , ultimately structural cracks . In addition , the concrete tensile strength and elasticity significantly decreases . Many old concrete dams are known to suffer from AAR , including Fontana Dam in Tennessee and Pian Telessio dam in Italy among others . | Recently the Canning Dam <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been subjected to considerable cracking of the upper parts of the dam and upper gallery . Investigations <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> shown that cracking was due to strong AAR ( alkali aggregate reactivity ) in the concrete . AAR <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>results</mark></a> in swelling of the concrete , which may cause secondary compressive stresses , localised map cracks , and , ultimately structural cracks . In addition , the concrete tensile strength and elasticity significantly <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>decreases</mark></a> . Many old concrete dams are known to suffer from AAR , including Fontana Dam in Tennessee and Pian Telessio dam in Italy among others . | Recently the Canning Dam done been subjected to considerable cracking of the upper parts of the dam and upper gallery . Investigations done shown that crackin was due to strong AAR ( alkali aggregate reactivity ) in da concrete . AAR result in swelling of the concrete , which may cause secondary compressive stresses , localised map cracks , and , ultimately structural cracks . In addition , the concrete tensile strength and elasticity significantly decrease . Many old concrete dams r known to suffer from AAR , including Fontana Dam in Tennessee and Pian Telessio dam in Italy among others . | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 |
Extensive remedial works were undertaken between 1999 & 2001 to strengthen the dam wall . This work involved removing the top 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) of the existing dam wall and drilling / blasting through the dam wall plus up to a further 70 m ( 230 ft ) into the bedrock below . The top section of the wall was then rebuilt using reinforced concrete . Finally , permanent , re @-@ stressable ground anchors were then installed through the formed and drilled holes from the crest to be stressed and grouted into the foundation rock . At time of completion , these were the largest capacity and longest permanent ground anchors ever installed in the world . | Extensive remedial works <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> undertaken between 1999 & 2001 to strengthen the dam wall . This work involved removing the top 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) of the existing dam wall and drilling / blasting through the dam wall plus up to a further 70 m ( 230 ft ) into the bedrock below . The top section of the wall was then rebuilt using reinforced concrete . Finally , permanent , re @-@ stressable ground anchors <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> then installed through the formed and drilled holes from the crest to be stressed and grouted into the foundation rock . At time of completion , these <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> the largest capacity and longest permanent ground anchors ever installed in the world . | Extensive remedial works was undertaken between 1999 & 2001 to strengthen the dam wall . This wrk involved removing the top 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) of da existing dam wall and drilling / blastin through tdadam wall plus up to a further 70 m ( 230 ft ) into thdaedrock below . The top section of the wall was then rebuilt using reinforced concrete . Finally , permanent , re @-@ stressable ground anchors was then installed thru thedarmed and drilled holes from the dast to be stressed and grouted into the fdadation rock . At time of completion , these was the ladast capacity and longest permanent ground anchors ever installed in the world . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 3 |
An innovative drilling and blasting technique called Penetrating Cone Fracture ( PCF ) was used in the remedial works process . PCF was chosen over conventional drilling and / or blasting techniques due to the reduced risk of damage to the existing structure from vibration , as well as lower noxious fume and dust levels . | An innovative drilling and blasting technique called Penetrating Cone Fracture ( PCF ) was used in the remedial works process . PCF was chosen over conventional drilling and / or blasting techniques due to the reduced risk of damage to the existing structure from vibration , as well as lower noxious fume and dust levels . | An innovative drilling and blasting technique called Penetrating Cone Fracture ( PCF ) was used in da remedial works process . PCF was chosen over conventional drilling and / or blastin techniques due to the reduced risk of damage to tdaexisting structure from vibration , as well as lower noxious fume and dust levels . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
= = Environmental issues = = | = = Environmental issues = = | = = Environmental issues = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Since the construction of the Canning Dam , among other drinking water supply dams , water flow into the Canning River has been reduced by up to 96 % . A number of freshwater fish species which are endemic to the south @-@ west of Western Australia are found in the Canning River system , however studies of fish and fish habitats in the area have shown that fish numbers are low due to a loss of habitat and a loss of linkage between breeding areas due to low flows , preventing fish migrating upstream and reaching important breeding and nursery grounds . Stagnant water caused by a lack of water flow has provided a suitable habitat for successful breeding of an introduced pest , the mosquitofish . | Since the construction of the Canning Dam , among other drinking water supply dams , water flow into the Canning River <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> been reduced by up to 96 % . A number of freshwater fish species which <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>endemic to the south @-@ west of Western Australia are found in the Canning River system , however studies of fish and fish habitats in the area <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> shown that fish numbers are low due to a loss of habitat and a loss of linkage between breeding areas due to low flows , preventing fish migrating upstream and reaching important breeding and nursery grounds . Stagnant water caused by a lack of water flow <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> provided a suitable habitat for successful breeding of an introduced pest , the mosquitofish . | Since the construction of da Canning Dam , among other drinkin water supply dams , water flow into the Canning River done been reduced by up to 96 % . A number of freshwater fish species which endemic to the south @-@ west of Western Australia are found in the Canning River system , however studies of fish and fish habitats in tdaarea done shown dat fish numbers are low due to a loss of habitat and a loss of linkage between breeding areas due to low flows , preventing fish migrating upstream and reaching important breeding and nursery grounds . Stagnant water caused by a lack of water flow done provided a suitable habitat fa successful breeding of an introduced pest , the mosquitofish . | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
Damming of the Canning caused dramatic flow reductions that significantly altered downstream aquatic macroinvertebrate communities . The lack of water flow has also resulted in a poor flushing effect below the dam wall . An excessive amount of nutrients from fertilizers and animal waste has caused algal blooms and eutrophication . | Damming of the Canning caused dramatic flow reductions <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>significantly altered downstream aquatic macroinvertebrate communities . The lack of water flow <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> also resulted in a poor flushing effect below the dam wall . An excessive amount of nutrients from fertilizers and animal waste <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> caused algal blooms and eutrophication . | Damming of da Canning caused petty flow reductions significantly altered downstream aquatic macroinvertebrate communities . The lack of water flow done also resulted in a poor flushing effect below the dam wall . An excessive amount of nutrients from fertilizers and animal waste done caused algal blooms and eutrophication . | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 2 |
Many river pools which are an important summer refuge and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna have been lost due to sedimentation and modification of the flow regime caused by impoundments in the Canning River . | Many river pools which <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>an important summer refuge and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> been lost due to sedimentation and modification of the flow regime caused by impoundments in the Canning River . | Many river pools which an important summer refuge and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna done been lost due to sedimentation and modification of the flow regime caused by impoundments in da Canning River . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Periodic flooding of the Canning River from the dam is required to disperse seed , stimulate germination and ensure seedlings survive , recharge shallow groundwater tables that are important during periods of drought and to discourage and prevent weed growth . However , during times of low rainfall periodic flooding is reduced . | Periodic flooding of the Canning River from the dam is required to disperse seed , stimulate germination and ensure seedlings survive , recharge shallow groundwater tables <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>important during periods of drought and to discourage and prevent weed growth . However , during times of low rainfall periodic flooding is reduced . | Periodic flooding of da Canning River from the dam is required to disperse seed , stimulate germination and ensure seedlings survive , recharge shallow groundwater tables important during periods of drought and to discourage and prevent weeed growth . However , durin times of low rainfall periodic flooding is reduced . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
= = Recreation = = | = = Recreation = = | = = Recreation = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A number of recreation activities occur in and around the dam and catchment area . Canning Dam features a number of picnic areas ( with gas barbecues ) , look outs and historic walks – many with disabled access . Bushwalking occurs throughout the catchment , particularly along the Bibbulmun Track , which passes through the catchment about 10 km upstream of Canning Dam . Several mountain bike trails run either through the Canning National Park or adjacent State Forest areas . | A number of recreation activities occur in and around the dam and catchment area . Canning Dam <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>features</mark></a> a number of picnic areas ( with gas barbecues ) , look outs and historic walks – many with disabled access . Bushwalking <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>occurs</mark></a> throughout the catchment , particularly along the Bibbulmun Track , which <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>passes</mark></a> through the catchment about 10 km upstream of Canning Dam . Several mountain bike trails run either through the Canning National Park or adjacent State Forest areas . | A number of recreation activities occur in and around da dam and catchment area . Canning Dam feature a number of picnic areas ( witt gas barbecues ) , look outs and historic walks – many wit disabled access . Bushwalking occur throughout tdacatchment , particularly along the Bibbulmun Track , which pass through thdaatchment about 10 km upstream of Canning Dam . Several mountain bike trails run either thru thedanning National Park or adjacent State Forest areas . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 |
The Canning Reservoir , Canning River and tributaries are illegally fished for marron , especially during summer . Boating , fishing and swimming are prohibited in the reservoir for health and hygiene reasons . Unauthorised camping ( including overnight stays and / or outside of designated areas ) and unauthorised trail establishment occur more and more frequently in the Canning catchment . | The Canning Reservoir , Canning River and tributaries are illegally fished for marron , especially during summer . Boating , fishing and swimming are prohibited in the reservoir for health and hygiene reasons . Unauthorised camping ( including overnight stays and / or outside of designated areas ) and unauthorised trail establishment occur more and more frequently in the Canning catchment . | The Canning Reservoir , Canning River and tributaries r illegally fished fa marron , especially during summer . Boating , fishing and swimmin are prohibited in the reservoir for health and hygiene reasons . Unauthorised camping ( including overnight stays and / or outside of designated areas ) and unauthorised trail establishment occur more and more frequently in da Canning catchment . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
= = Gallery = = | = = Gallery = = | = = Gallery = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
= Midge ( Barbie ) = | = Midge ( Barbie ) = | = Midge ( Barbie ) = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Midge Hadley is a fictional doll character in the Barbie line of toys by Mattel that was first released in 1963 . Midge was created , along with Skipper , to counteract criticism that claimed Barbie was a sex symbol . She was marketed as Barbie 's best friend . No Midge dolls were sold for the rest of the vintage years after the 1960s . | Midge Hadley <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a fictional doll character in the Barbie line of toys by Mattel <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>was first released in 1963 . Midge was created , along with Skipper , to counteract criticism <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>claimed Barbie was a sex symbol . She was marketed as Barbie <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>best friend . No Midge dolls <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> sold for the rest of the vintage years after the 1960s . | Midge Hadley a fictional doll character in da Barbie line of toys by Mattel was first released in 1963 . Midge was created , along with Skipper , to counteract criticism claimed Barbie was a sex symbol . She was marketed as Barbie best friend . No Midge dolls was sold for the rest of the vintage yrs after the 1960s . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 |
Midge was re @-@ introduced in 1988 as part of the play line , though two vintage reproduction dolls were made specifically for collectors in 1993 and 1998 . The dolls sold in this time period usually had red hair , often with freckles , and her eye color was usually blue . Also in the period , Wedding Day Midge was sold , with the groom being Alan Sherwood , who had been marketed as Midge 's boyfriend in the vintage years . Midge and Alan had three children introduced named Ryan , Nikki , and Cassandra . They also had twins who were never introduced . This was known as the Happy Family line , and in the set , Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki as a newborn baby . The Happy Family product became the subject of controversy when some parents disliked the " pregnant " Midge toy because they believed that Midge was too young to have children . | Midge was re @-@ introduced in 1988 as part of the play line , though two vintage reproduction dolls <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> made specifically for collectors in 1993 and 1998 . The dolls sold in this time period usually had red hair , often with freckles , and her eye color was usually blue . Also in the period , Wedding Day Midge was sold , with the groom being Alan Sherwood , <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>had</mark></a> been marketed as Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>boyfriend in the vintage years . Midge and Alan had three children introduced named Ryan , Nikki , and Cassandra . They also had twins <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> never introduced . This was known as the Happy Family line , and in the set , Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki as a newborn baby . The Happy Family product became the subject of controversy when some parents disliked the " pregnant " Midge toy because they believed that Midge was too young to have children . | Midge was re @-@ introduced in 1988 as part of the play line , though 2 vintage reproduction dolls was made specifically for collectors in 1993 and 1998 . da dolls sold in dis time period usually had red hair , often wit freckles , and her eye color was usually blue . Also in tdaperiod , Wedding Day Midge was sold , with thdaroom being Alan Sherwood , done been marketed as Midge bae in the vintage years . Midge and Alan had three children introduced named Ryan , Nikki , and Cassandra . They also had twins was never introduced . This was known as the Happy Family line , and in thedat , Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki as a newborn baby . The Happy fam product became the subject of controversy when some parents disliked the " pregnant " Midge toy cuz they believed dat Midge was too young to have children . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 2 |
In 2013 Mattel decided to revamp Midge 's history , reintroducing her as a best friend of Barbie 's , but unmarried , without children , and with no connection to Alan . | In 2013 Mattel decided to revamp Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>history , reintroducing her as a best friend of Barbie <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>, but unmarried , without children , and with no connection to Alan . | In 2013 Mattel decided to revamp Midge history , reintroducing her as a best homie of Barbie , but unmarried , w/o children , and wid no connection to Alan . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
= = Vintage years = = | = = Vintage years = = | = = Vintage yrs = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
When Barbie first came out , she was the subject of a lot of criticism , some of which that claimed Barbie was too mature @-@ looking for children . Midge was the first same @-@ size friend of Barbie ever sold , and was created to oppose these controversies aimed at Barbie . She had a fuller , gentler face mold that was less sexually intimidating , although her body proportions were the same as Barbie and they both stood at 11 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 290 mm ) tall . This allowed the two dolls to be able to share clothes and accessories . Her head mold was stamped " 1958 " , the same as Barbie . When Midge arrived , the markings on the straight leg body mold they shared changed to include both her and Barbie . Midge had shoulder @-@ length hair that flipped at the ends . Buyers had an option of buying a doll with one of three different hair colors : red , blond , or brunette . Her face was usually brushed with freckles . The dolls that were sold without freckles had a longer hair style and are now hard to find . Depending on the doll 's hair color , the color of her two @-@ piece swimming suit varied . If Midge had red hair her swimsuit was yellow and orange , for blond hair it was in two shades of blue , and if she was brunette it was pink and red . The first vintage Midge dolls had a value of $ 175 MIB ( Mint In Box ) in 2007 . | When Barbie first came out , she was the subject of a lot of criticism , some of which <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>claimed Barbie was too mature @-@ looking for children . Midge was the first same @-@ size friend of Barbie ever sold , and was created to oppose these controversies aimed at Barbie . She had a fuller , gentler face mold <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>was less sexually intimidating , although her body proportions <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> the same as Barbie and they both stood at 11 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 290 mm ) tall . This allowed the two dolls to be able to share clothes and accessories . Her head mold was stamped " 1958 " , the same as Barbie . When Midge arrived , the markings on the straight leg body mold they shared changed to include both her and Barbie . Midge had shoulder @-@ length hair <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>that</mark></a>flipped at the ends . Buyers had an option of buying a doll with one of three different hair colors : red , blond , or brunette . Her face was usually brushed with freckles . The dolls <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> sold without freckles had a longer hair style and <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>are</mark></a>now hard to find . Depending on the doll <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>hair color , the color of her two @-@ piece swimming suit varied . If Midge had red hair her swimsuit was yellow and orange , for blond hair it was in two shades of blue , and if she was brunette it was pink and red . The first vintage Midge dolls had a value of $ 175 MIB ( Mint In Box ) in 2007 . | When Barbie first came out , she was the subject of a lot of criticism , some of which claimed Barbie was too mature @-@ looking fir children . Midge was the first same @-@ size friend of Barbie eva sold , and was created to oppose dese controversies aimed at Barbie . She had a fuller , gentler face mold was less sexually intimidating , although her body proportions was the same as Barbie and they both stood at 11 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 290 mm ) tall . dis allowed the 2 dolls to be able to share clothes and accessories . Her head mold was stamped " 1958 " , the same as Barbie . When Midge arrived , da markings on the str8 leg body mold they shared changed to include both her and Barbie . Midge had shoulder @-@ length hair flipped at tdaends . Buyers had an option of buyin a doll with one of three diff hair colors : red , blond , or brunette . Her face was usually brushed wit freckles . The dolls was sold without freckles had a longer hair style and now hard to find . Depending on thdaoll hair color , thedalor of her two @-@ piece swimming suit varied . If Midge had red hair her swimsuit was yellow and orange , for blond hair it was in two shades of blue , and if she was brunette it was pink and red . The dast vintage Midge dolls had a value of $ 175 MIB ( Mint In Box ) in 2007 . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 22 | 2 |
For the first two years that Midge was sold , she had " straight legs " that could not bend at the knee . A rare Midge with teeth was sold the first year and is now sought after by collectors . One year later , in 1964 the dolls that were sold had slightly longer hair . Midge 's boyfriend Allan arrived as well . Early in 1965 , Wigs Wardrobe Midge was sold , and consisted of a Midge head with short molded hair and three wigs . This was the Midge counterpart of the Fashion Queen Barbie . Since she came with only a head , another doll had to provide for the body . In 1965 Midge with bendable legs was introduced . She had shorter " bobbed " hair , like the American Girl Barbie , with a blue headband . Her swimming suit was different as well , and was now one @-@ piece and striped . | For the first two years <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>Midge was sold , she had " straight legs " <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>could not bend at <a href='None' title='3'><mark>the</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>knee</mark></a> . A rare Midge with teeth was sold the first year and is now sought after by collectors . One year later , in 1964 the dolls <a href='null_relcl' title='5'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> sold had slightly longer hair . Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>boyfriend Allan arrived as well . Early in 1965 , Wigs Wardrobe Midge was sold , and consisted of a Midge head with short molded hair and three wigs . This was the Midge counterpart of the Fashion Queen Barbie . Since she came with only a head , another doll had to provide for the body . In 1965 Midge with bendable legs was introduced . She had shorter " bobbed " hair , like the American Girl Barbie , with a blue headband . Her swimming suit was different as well , and was now one @-@ piece and striped . | Fir the first two years Midge was sold , she had " str8 legs " could not bend at no knee . A rare Midge w/ teeth was sold da first year and is now sought after by collectors . One year later , in 1964 the dolls was sold had slightly longer hair . Midge bby Allan arrived as well . Early in 1965 , Wigs Wardrobe Midge was sold , and consisted of a Midge head with short molded hair and three wigs . This was tdaMidge counterpart of the Fashion Queen Barbie . Since she came wiwidnly a head , anotha doll had to provide for the body . In 1965 Midge witwitndable legs was introduced . She had shorter " bobbed " hair , like the American gurl Barbie , with a blue headband . Her swimmin suit was diff as well , and was now one @-@ piece and striped . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 18 | 1 |
= = Return = = | = = Return = = | = = Return = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
From her introduction to until 1967 , Midge was marketed as Barbie 's original best friend , but no dolls were sold for about 20 years until 1988 , when California Dream Midge was sold as part of a beach line , which used the " Steffie " mold . The same " Steffie " mold was used for Cool Times Midge in 1989 . In 1990 , she began to use the " Diva " mold for All Stars Midge and The Beat Midge . In 1991 she was married to Allan ( now spelled " Alan " ) . Before and after the Wedding Day Midge doll was sold , many Midge play line dolls were produced . Before Wedding Day Midge , Midge dolls still had freckles , but up until Hawaii Midge was sold in 1999 , the dolls lacked freckles . Most of the dolls were red @-@ haired with blue or green eyes , but some dolls were brunette . The most commonly used head mold for Midge in this period was the " Diva " mold , stamped 1985 . | From her introduction to until 1967 , Midge was marketed as Barbie <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>original best friend , but no dolls <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> sold for about 20 years until 1988 , when California Dream Midge was sold as part of a beach line , which used the " Steffie " mold . The same " Steffie " mold was used for Cool Times Midge in 1989 . In 1990 , she began to use the " Diva " mold for All Stars Midge and The Beat Midge . In 1991 she was married to Allan ( now spelled " Alan " ) . Before and after the Wedding Day Midge doll was sold , many Midge play line dolls <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> produced . Before Wedding Day Midge , Midge dolls still had freckles , but up until Hawaii Midge was sold in 1999 , the dolls lacked freckles . Most of the dolls <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> red @-@ haired with blue or green eyes , but some dolls <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> brunette . The most commonly used head mold for Midge in this period was the " Diva " mold ,<a href='been_done' title='6'><mark></mark></a> stamped 1985 . | From her introduction to till 1967 , Midge was marketed as Barbie original best homie , but no dolls was sold fa bou 20 years until 1988 , when cali Dream Midge was sold as part of a beach line , which used the " Steffie " mold . da same " Steffie " mold was used ffirCool Times Midge in 1989 . In 1990 , she began to use the " Diva " mold ffirAll Stars Midge and TdaBeat Midge . In 1991 she was married to Allan ( now spelled " Alan " ) . b4 and after thdaedding Day Midge doll was sold , many Midge play line dolls was produced . Befob4ding Day Midge , Midge dolls still had freckles , but up until Hawaii Midge was sold in 1999 , thedalls lacked freckles . Most of the dolls was red @-@ haired w/ blue or green eyes , but some dolls was brunette . The dat commonly used head mold ffirMidge in this period was the "dava " mold , done stamped 1985 . | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 4 |
A 35th anniversary Midge reproduction doll was sold in 1998 for collectors , made to look like the vintage Midge dolls . She had red hair , was dressed in her original orange and lime two @-@ piece swimming suit , and came with a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit from 1964 – 1965 as well as a reproduction of the box the Midge dolls originally came in . Earlier in 1993 , for Midge 's 30th anniversary , a Midge reproduction doll was also produced , but she did not possess a reproduction of her original swimsuit or the original box . Like the later version , she came in a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit . | A 35th anniversary Midge reproduction doll was sold in 1998 for collectors , made to look like the vintage Midge dolls . She had red hair , was dressed in her original orange and lime two @-@ piece swimming suit , and came with a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit from 1964 – 1965 as well as a reproduction of the box the Midge dolls originally came in . Earlier in 1993 , for Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>30th anniversary , a Midge reproduction doll was also produced , but she did not possess <a href='None' title='2'><mark>a</mark></a><a href='negative_concord' title='3'><mark>reproduction</mark></a> of her original swimsuit or the original box . Like the later version , she came in a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit . | A 35th anniversary Midge reproduction doll was sold in 1998 fir collectors , made to look like da vintage Midge dolls . She had red hair , was dressed in her original orange and lime two @-@ piece swimming suit , and came with a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit from 1964 – 1965 as well as a reproduction of the box tdaMidge dolls originally came in . Earlier in 1993 , for Midge 30th anniversary , a Midge reproduction doll was also produced , but she did not possess no reproduction of her original swimsuit or the original box . Like the later version , she came in a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
In 2013 , Midge appeared on the webseries Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse where it is revealed that she has moved to Malibu . With this , her canon has been changed extensively , and she is a teenager who is retro at heart and still uses old @-@ fangled terms . The whole ' Happy Family ' canon has been dropped altogether due to controversy . Two Midge dolls will be released in 2013 - one is as part of a collectors set with Barbie , and the other on her own in the Life in the Dreamhouse doll line . | In 2013 , Midge appeared on the webseries Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse where it is revealed that she <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> moved to Malibu . With this , her canon <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> been changed extensively , and she <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a teenager <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>retro at heart and still <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>uses</mark></a> old @-@ fangled terms . The whole ' Happy Family <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'</mark></a>canon <a href='been_done' title='8'><mark>has</mark></a> been dropped altogether due to controversy . Two Midge dolls will be released in 2013 - one is as part of a collectors set with Barbie , and the other on her own in the Life in the Dreamhouse doll line . | In 2013 , Midge appeared on da webseries Barbie : Life in the Dreamhouse where it is revealed that she done moved to Malibu . With dis , her canon done been changed extensively , and she a teenager retro at heart and still use old @-@ fangled terms . The whole ' Happy fam canon done been dropped altogether due to controversy . 2 Midge dolls gon be released in 2013 - one is as part of a collectors set with Barbie , and the other on her own in the Life in the Dreamhouse doll line . | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 4 |
= = " Happy Family " line = = | = = " Happy Family " line = = | = = " Happy fam " line = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
The year after Midge and Alan were married , a picture of the couple with twin babies was shown in a pamphlet , but the dolls were never produced . However , in 2003 , she and Alan were re @-@ introduced with a family consisting of them and three different kids , three @-@ year @-@ old Ryan , and newborn baby Nikki . This was known as the " Happy Family " line , and was similar to the discontinued Heart Family line of the 1980s . The dolls came in both European American and African American versions . This was the first time an African American Midge was ever produced . | The year after Midge and Alan <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> married , a picture of the couple with twin babies was shown in a pamphlet , but the dolls <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> never produced . However , in 2003 , she and Alan <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> re @-@ introduced with a family consisting of them and three different kids , three @-@ year @-@ old Ryan , and newborn baby Nikki . This was known as the " Happy Family " line , and was similar to the discontinued Heart Family line of the 1980s . The dolls came in both European American and African American versions . This was the first time an African American Midge was ever produced . | The year after Midge and Alan was married , a picture of the couple with twin babies was shown in a pamphlet , but da dolls was never produced . However , in 2003 , she and Alan was re @-@ introduced with a family consisting of them and three diff kids , three @-@ year @-@ old Ryan , and newborn baby Nikki . This was known as the " Happy Family " line , and was similar to the discontinued Heart Family line of the 1980s . The dolls came in both European American and African American versions . This was the first time an African American Midge was ever produced . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 |
Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki , who was a tiny baby inside Midge 's magnetic removable womb . This led to some controversy with some consumers saying that the doll was inappropriate for children , or that it promoted teen pregnancy . Another cause for this controversy was that Midge did not initially have a wedding ring , but this was later fixed . She also was packaged without Alan . Customers complaining about the doll led to Wal @-@ Mart pulling the Happy Family line off their shelves . A new version of this Midge was produced for Wal @-@ Mart , this time not pregnant and with a cardboard cut @-@ out display of Alan and Ryan standing next to her inside the box . The Happy Family Line included everything from a talking house , a backyard swimming pool , neighborhood market , and playground . | Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>was a tiny baby inside Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>magnetic removable womb . This led to some controversy with some consumers saying that the doll was inappropriate for children , or that it promoted teen pregnancy . Another cause for this controversy was that Midge did not initially have <a href='None' title='3'><mark>a</mark></a>wedding <a href='negative_concord' title='4'><mark>ring</mark></a> , but this was later fixed . She also was packaged without Alan . Customers complaining about the doll led to Wal @-@ Mart pulling the Happy Family line off their shelves . A new version of this Midge was produced for Wal @-@ Mart , this time not pregnant and with a cardboard cut @-@ out display of Alan and Ryan standing next to her inside the box . The Happy Family Line included everything from a talking house , a backyard swimming pool , neighborhood market , and playground . | Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki , was a tiny baby inside Midge magnetic removable womb . dis led to sum controversy wit ssumconsumers sayin that da doll was inappropriate for children , or that it promoted teen pregnancy . anotha cus fir this controversy was dat Midge did not initially have wedding no ring , but tdiswas later fixed . She also was packaged w/o Alan . Customers talkn abt the doll led to Wal @-@ Mart pulling the Happy fam line off their shelves . A new version of thdisidge was produced for Wal @-@ Mart , thidisme not pregnant and with a cardboard cut @-@ out display of Alan and Ryan standing nxt to her inside tdabox . Thdaappy Family Line included everything from a talkin krib , a backyard swimmin pool , neighborhood market , and playground . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 0 |
Later , around Nikki 's first birthday , Midge was " pregnant " again with another child , who wasn 't named or given a specific gender , as the gender was a surprise when the owner opened the doll 's box . Midge 's new baby was later named Cassandra . Midge has two known parents who are simply called " Grandpa " and " Grandma " . At first , the grandparent dolls were sold together as part of a big set consisting of the dolls and a kitchen play set , but for Nikki 's first birthday they were sold separately . Midge , Alan , and Ryan gave Nikki a dog for her birthday . They too came in both Caucasian and African American versions . They use different body molds , to reflect their age . | Later , around Nikki <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>first birthday , Midge was " pregnant " again with another child , <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>wasn 't named or given a specific gender , as the gender was a surprise when the owner opened the doll <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>box . Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>new baby was later named Cassandra . Midge <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> two known parents <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>who</mark></a>are simply called " Grandpa " and " Grandma " . At first , the grandparent dolls <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>were</mark></a> sold together as part of a big set consisting of the dolls and a kitchen play set , but for Nikki <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>first birthday they <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>were</mark></a> sold separately . Midge , Alan , and Ryan gave Nikki a dog for her birthday . They too came in both Caucasian and African American versions . They use different body molds , to reflect their age . | Later , around Nikki first birthday , Midge was " pregnant " again with anotha child , wasn 't named or given a specific gender , as da gender was a surprise when the owner opened tdadoll box . Midge new baby was later named Cassandra . Midge got two known parents r simply called " Grandpa " and " granny " . At first , thdarandparent dolls was sold together as part of a big set consisting of the dolls and a kitchen play set , but fa Nikki first birthday they was sold separately . Midge , Alan , and Ryan gave Nikki a dog ffirher birthday . They too came in both Caucasian and African American versions . They use diffrent body molds , to reflect their age . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 3 |
= = Head Molds = = | = = Head Molds = = | = = Head Molds = = | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Midge 's first appearance was made with her own headmold , Vintage Midge | Midge <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>first appearance was made with her own headmold , Vintage Midge | Midge first appearance was made w/ her own headmold , Vintage Midge | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Later , we have Midge using DIVA ( by Barbie and the Rockers ) headmold | Later , we have Midge using DIVA ( by Barbie and the Rockers ) headmold | Later , we have Midge using DIVA ( by Barbie and the Rockers ) headmold | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Before Teresa made her debut , Midge used Steffie headmold | Before Teresa made her debut , Midge used Steffie headmold | Before Teresa made her debut , Midge used Steffie headmold | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Subsets and Splits