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[ "One of the main attractions of the city is the fact that there are many areas that have resisted change over time." ]

[ "There are no quiet areas in the city as it changed long ago into a sprawling metropolis.", "The gallery and museum have a good coffee spot and restaurants.", "The woman needed no dental work.", "The bench is full of people", "The girl outside throwing a projectile.", "We were wise to go after the job.", "In order for a paella to be good, it must be tailored to every order." ]

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[ "Genius (U.S. TV series) the series. Production companies involved with the series were set to include Imagine TV, Fox 21 TV Studios, OddLot Entertainment and EUE/Sokolow. In August 2016, it was announced that Geoffrey Rush and Johnny Flynn would star in the series as Albert Einstein both as an old man and as a young adult, respectively. Additionally, it was reported that Emily Watson would also star in the series and that Michael McElhatton, Seth Gabel, Samantha Colley, Richard Topol, and Vincent Kartheiser had joined the cast. In November 2016, it was announced that Shannon Tarbet, Claire Rushbrook, and Robert Lindsay had been cast" ]

[ "Genius (U.S. TV series) Genius (U.S. TV series) Genius is an American anthology period drama television series developed by Noah Pink and Kenneth Biller that premiered on April 25, 2017 on National Geographic. The first season follows the life of Albert Einstein, from his early years, through his time as a patent clerk, to his later years as a physicist who developed the theory of relativity; the season is based on the 2007 book \"Einstein: His Life and Universe\" by Walter Isaacson. In April 2017, National Geographic renewed the series for a second season, which follows the life and artistry of Pablo Picasso and", "I.Q. (film) to you\". His life purpose has suddenly been decided by a force of nature greater than himself. Finding a watch she left at the garage, Ed travels to her address and finds himself face to face with Albert Einstein (Walter Matthau), who is Catherine's uncle. Albert—portrayed as a fun-loving genius—and his mischievous friends, fellow scientists Nathan Liebknecht (Joseph Maher), Kurt Gödel (Lou Jacobi), and Boris Podolsky (Gene Saks), quickly accept Ed as a friend and see Ed as someone who would be better suited for Catherine. The four of them bring their communal vehicle to Ed's garage to have it", "Corrado Invernizzi Marco Polo, released on 12 December 2014 and produced by Netflix and The Weinstein Company, he plays Maffeo Polo, brother of Niccolò and Marco's uncle. In 2016, he was part of the cast of Genius, the first US television series produced by National Geographic. The series was created by Ron Howard and is based on the life of Albert Einstein. He played the role of French physicist Pierre Curie. The same year he also was a protagonist of an episode of the British series Doctor Who, titled Extremis, released on May 20, 2017 on BBC One. In 2018 he co-star", "Genius (U.S. TV series) revealing human story behind Einstein's scientific brilliance.\" The second season received mixed reviews, but garnered praise for its star, Antonio Banderas. Rotten Tomatoes gave an approval rating of 59%, based on 17 reviews. Its critical consensus reads: \"An impressive performance from Antonio Banderas rescues \"Genius: Picasso\" from condensed melodrama.\" On Metacritic, the season had a score of 52 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Genius (U.S. TV series) Genius is an American anthology period drama television series developed by Noah Pink and Kenneth Biller that premiered on April 25, 2017 on National Geographic. The", "Moe Berg biographical series \"Genius\", which tells the story of Albert Einstein, Berg is seen in the ninth episode, played by Adam Garcia. Moe Berg is the subject of a documentary film by Aviva Kempner to be released in 2019. Notes Moe Berg Morris Berg (March 2, 1902 – May 29, 1972) was an American catcher and coach in Major League Baseball who later served as a spy for the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. Although he played 15 seasons in the major leagues, almost entirely for four American League teams, Berg was never more than an average player,", "Samantha Colley for her performance in the five-star show. In 2017, she starred as Mileva Marić in \"Genius\", the ten-part television series for National Geographic and Fox 21 about the life and work of Albert Einstein. Samantha Colley Samantha Colley (born March 22, 1979) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in various theatre and television productions, including the National Geographic TV series \"Genius\". Colley was born in Kent, England and raised in Devon, England. She studied at the Oxford School of Drama from 2011 to 2014, earning a diploma in professional acting. Colley made her stage debut in", "Robert Ellenstein a live \"Robert Montgomery Presents\" (1950) version of \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\"), for the same show played the lead in \"A Case of Identity\", later turned into the film \"The Wrong Man\" (1956), he was the first actor to play Albert Einstein on television. Ellenstein made his first film in 1954 (MGM's \"Rogue Cop\"), he was featured in Alfred Hitchcock's \"North by Northwest\". In 1961, he played the mobster Legs Diamond in an episode of NBC's 1920s crime drama \"The Lawless Years\" with James Gregory. Among his television appearances, Ellenstein guest starred in three episodes of \"Perry Mason\". In", "Genius (U.S. TV series) rise of fascism and the price of fame. On April 28, 2016, it was announced that National Geographic had given the production a straight-to-series order, its first ever scripted series. The series was set to be based on the biography \"Einstein: His Life and Universe\" by Walter Isaacson and adapted by Noah Pink, who was also expected to co-executive produce. Executive producers were announced to include Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Gigi Pritzker, Rachel Shane, Sam Sokolow, and Jeffrey Cooney. Anna Culp was set to co-produce alongside Melissa Rucker. Ron Howard was expected to direct the first episode of", "Albert Einstein in popular culture including his wild hairstyle, dapper mustache, and eyes. However, his accent is often confused for being German because of these similarities. Like his G1 counterpart and Einstein alike, he is one of the most intelligent members of his team, and is an accomplished scientist and inventor. However, his onscreen name \"Que\" was derived from Professor Q, a James Bond character, who also inspired Wheeljack/Que's overall character. A holographic representation of Einstein, played by Jim Norton, appeared in two episodes of \"\". He first appears to debate physics with Reginald Barclay in The Nth Degree. Norton returns in the first part", "Genius (U.S. TV series) aired from April 24 to June 19, 2018. In April 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season set to follow the life of writer Mary Shelley. The first season chronicles two periods in the life of Albert Einstein: the first as a patent clerk struggling to gain a teaching position and doctorate, the second as a scientist respected for his development of the theory of relativity. The second season chronicles two periods in the life of Pablo Picasso: the first as a young man first discovering his talent, the second as a celebrated artist struggling with the", "Sam Sokolow critical success, earning 10 Emmy nominations, including a nomination for Outstanding Limited Series. Though the original intent was to create a limited series based only on Einstein’s life, the success of the project caused National Geographic to commission the series as an ongoing anthology with a different subject each season. Season 2 followed Pablo Picasso, played by Antonio Banderas, and earned 8 Emmy nominations. Season 3 will center on Mary Shelley. Besides \"Genius\", Sokolow is currently working on a number of TV and film projects and producing a film written by his brother centered on the legacy of Chuck Taylor", "Albert Einstein in popular culture although the movie is fictionalized. An Einstein-like character appears in Nicolas Roeg's 1985 film \"Insignificance\". Set in New York in 1953, the film includes a scene in which \"The Professor\" (played by Michael Emil), the character evidently representing Albert Einstein, discusses Relativity with \"The Actress\" (Theresa Russell), a Marilyn Monroe-like character. Einstein was portrayed by Walter Matthau in the 1994 romantic comedy \"I.Q\". In the 2001 film \"\", he was portrayed as a holographic personality called Dr. Know (voiced by Robin Williams). The 2009 film \"The Nutcracker in 3D\" includes a character named Uncle Albert who resembles Einstein, speaks with", "Albert Brooks agency Dailey & Associates. His half-brother was Charles Einstein (1926–2007), a writer for such television programs as \"Playhouse 90\" and \"Lou Grant\". His grandparents emigrated from Austria and Russia. He grew up among show business families in southern California, attending Beverly Hills High School with Richard Dreyfuss and Rob Reiner. Brooks attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, but dropped out after one year to focus on his comedy career. By the age of 19, he had changed his professional name to Albert Brooks, joking that \"the real Albert Einstein changed his name to sound more intelligent\". He began a comedy", "Albert Einstein in popular culture the Beach\", and his humorous side is the subject of Ed Metzger's one-man play \"\". He features prominently in Daniel Kehlmann's play about Kurt Gödel, \"Ghosts in Princeton\" (2011). Einstein was portrayed by Ludwig Stössel in the 1947 film \"The Beginning or the End\". He was the subject (along with Arthur Eddington) of the BBC Two film \"Einstein and Eddington\", featuring David Tennant as Eddington and Andy Serkis as Einstein, and detailing Einstein's development of his theories and Eddington's attempts to prove them and in Yahoo Serious's intentionally inaccurate biography of Einstein as an Australian in the film \"Young Einstein\",", "Mel Brooks notable as being the only film that Brooks directed that is neither a parody nor a film about other films or theater. (\"The Twelve Chairs\" was actually a parody of the original novel.) In the 2000s, Brooks worked on an animated series sequel to \"Spaceballs\" called \",\" which premiered on September 21, 2008, on G4 TV. Brooks has also supplied vocal roles for animation. He voiced Bigweld the master inventor, in the 2005 animated film \"Robots\", and in the 2014 animated film \"Mr. Peabody & Sherman\" he had a cameo appearance as Albert Einstein. He returned, to voice Dracula's father,", "Genius (2016 film) Genius (2016 film) Genius is a 2016 British-American biographical drama film directed by Michael Grandage and written by John Logan, based on the 1978 National Book Award-winner \"Max Perkins: Editor of Genius\" by A. Scott Berg. The film stars Colin Firth, Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Dominic West, and Guy Pearce. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. The film is set in New York in 1929. Maxwell Perkins, a Scribner's successful editor and discoverer of talented authors such as Francis Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, lives in a cottage just outside", "Albert Einstein in popular culture singer Giorgos Lembesis has released a song titled \"Einstein\" in which he states that he always admired Albert Einstein, but now he needs his help in his relationship problems. On the seventh episode of \"Epic Rap Battles of History\", Albert Einstein (portrayed by Zach Sherwin) faced off against Stephen Hawking (portrayed by series co-founder Nice Peter). The song Portrait (He Knew) by Kansas is about Albert Einstein and his life. Albert Einstein's handwriting has been digitised as a font in an art project by typographer Harald Geisler and dancer Elizabeth Waterhouse. The font enables the user to write like Einstein", "Ania Bukstein a high-profile kidnapping that is covered by the media all over the world. In 2016, she portrayed Kinvara in the sixth season of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". In November Bukstein won Wolf for the Best Actress award in PÖFF Festival for her role in \"A Quiet Heart\" who also won the award for the Best Film. In 2017, Bukstein appeared in the American TV series \"Genius\", portraying the Russian spy Margarita Konenkova, with whom Albert Einstein had an affair after the death of his second wife. In 1998, she appeared in a children's play \"Tzav Tzav HaMelech\" (\"King", "Cranium Command \"Cranium Commando\" troops on their mission: to pilot human brains and keep the people they're in out of trouble. A bumbling little soldier named Buzzy (Scott Curtis) had been given one of the most difficult missions of all: piloting a twelve-year-old boy. When General Knowledge spoke in the pre-show and was explaining that they were different kinds of brains, he showed a picture of Albert Einstein, as the example of a person who used his brain and Ernest P. Worrell (a popular fictional character played by Jim Varney, who was appearing in series of feature films produced by Disney at", "John Milford the ABC series \"The Legend of Jesse James\", starring Christopher Jones. Throughout his career Milford continued to work in the theater. He founded the Chamber Theater at 3759 Cahuenga Blvd, pioneering Equity Waiver productions in Los Angeles, and helped launch the careers of actors such as Richard Chamberlain and Vic Morrow. Milford's \"Los Angeles Times\" obituary credits him with using his engineering background to help create the original design for the Hollywood Walk Of Fame. Milford played the part of Albert Einstein in 1996's \"Command & Conquer: Red Alert\". Milford died of skin cancer in 2000. LA Times biographical article", "Genius (2016 film) up the recipe, however, and the missteps start coming fast and furious even before Law's manic-hillbilly act wears out its welcome.\" Genius (2016 film) Genius is a 2016 British-American biographical drama film directed by Michael Grandage and written by John Logan, based on the 1978 National Book Award-winner \"Max Perkins: Editor of Genius\" by A. Scott Berg. The film stars Colin Firth, Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Dominic West, and Guy Pearce. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. The film is set in New York in 1929. Maxwell Perkins, a Scribner's", "Ed Metzger Ed Metzger Ed Metzger (born January 23, 1946) is an American actor and writer. Metzger is known for portrayals of famous men in history. He has portrayed Albert Einstein live on stage for over 30 years in his one-man show, \"\". He also portrayed Ernest Hemingway in his live on stage performances of \"\". He researched and wrote both one-man stage shows together with his wife, Laya Gelff Metzger. Metzger studied with Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio in New York, and had minor roles in a number of movies: \"Reflections in a Golden Eye\", \"Dog Day Afternoon\" and \"Car", "James Jaysen Bryhan Dwyer. In 2015, Bryhan portrayed the older Albert Einstein alongside Guy Henry detailing his life. Bryhan has since been rumoured to play the role of Ramirez, made famous by Sean Connery in the upcoming reboot of Highlander, directed by Cedric Nicolas-Troyan . Bryhan has an younger sister Paula, and a younger brother, Leon. His father Bryan died of stomach cancer in 2001. His Grandmother was diagnosed with dementia and Bryhan is a strong advocate for the fight against dementia. In 2016, Bryhan went on a charity walk for the Alzheimer's Society, A world without dementia. Bryhan is a former fusilier", "Andrew Sachs had one of the film's standout comic lines, in reply to his hostess's pointing out that the French people - instead of a language - have only a \"stupid\" accent. Sachs's response: \"She's right! We all talk like Maurice Chevalier! (demonstrates by laughing like MC)\". In 1996, Sachs portrayed Albert Einstein in an episode of the American PBS series \"NOVA\" entitled \"Einstein Revealed\". In 1997, Sachs played opposite Shane Richie in Chris Barfoot's \"Dead Clean\": in a tale of mistaken identity, Sachs plays airport window cleaner Kostas Malmatakis who is hired to assassinate a businessman by his greedy partner (Mark", "Genius (1999 film) Genius (1999 film) Genius is a 1999 Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) directed by Rod Daniel. The film stars Trevor Morgan and Emmy Rossum, and premiered on Disney Channel on August 21, 1999. In the film, Morgan portrays a genius who enrolls in college at the age of 13 and takes on a bad boy image in an attempt to gain friends. Charlie Boyle, a 13-year-old physics genius and hockey lover, enrolls in a Wisconsin college so he can work with Dr. Krickstein, a scientist he admires. Mostly Charlie is sick of being a geek and he was treated like", "Nick Kroll Power\", and \"I Love You Man\". In 2017, Kroll had a voice role as villainous mad scientist Professor Poopypants in the DreamWorks animated superhero film \"\". Although many critics only either mentioned his character in passing, some pointing out his similarities with Albert Einstein, or his \"committed\" performance, Matt Zoller Seitz took particular note of his performance, praising it as \"irrepressibly silly\" with \"an orange juice spit-take voice\". Seitz further stated that \"[t]he way Kroll savors every syllable of his alternately peevish, self-pitying and nonsensical dialogue—aided mightily by the animators, who've given the character a fireplug body and a waddling", "Walter Matthau baseball team turned-out to be a solid hit when Matthau starred as coach Morris Buttermaker in the comedy \"The Bad News Bears\" (1976). Matthau portrayed Herbert Tucker in \"I Ought to Be in Pictures\" (1982), with Ann-Margret and Dinah Manoff. During the 1980s and 1990s Matthau served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute. In a change of pace, Matthau played Albert Einstein in the film \"I.Q.\" (1994), starring Tim Robbins and Meg Ryan. Matthau narrated the \"Doctor Seuss Video Classics: How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1992) and played the role of Mr. Wilson in the film", "Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking \"Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking\" is a song and music video, performed by Zach Sherwin, Peter \"NicePeter\" Shukoff, and Lloyd \"EpicLLOYD\" Ahlquist. It is the 7th episode of the 1st season of the YouTube video series \"Epic Rap Battles of History\". The video was released on 30 March 2011 on Shukoff's YouTube channel. The video features 20th-century German-American theoretical physicist Albert Einstein (portrayed by Zach Sherwin) and English theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking (portrayed by NicePeter) facing off in a rap battle. American astronomer Carl Sagan (portrayed by EpicLLOYD) makes a brief cameo appearance. As of June 2017,", "Genius (U.S. TV series) lived a life like mine, there would be no need for novels.\" According to Hillary Busis of \"Vanity Fair\", the film shows, \"... Einstein at work ... peers into the über-genius's tumultuous love life (monogamy, he believes, is \"not natural\") ... his fraught emigration to the United States ...\". Busis quotes producer Ron Howard: \"When you move past his scientific contributions, Albert's life story—what his youth was like, who his friends were, who his enemies were, his tumultuous love life—is a story people don't know ... I think audiences are going to be riveted as we tell this ambitious and", "Great Minds with Dan Harmon Richard Korson who executive produced alongside Dan Harmon, Jay Peterson, and Kara Welker. Production companies involved with the episode included Matador Content. On February 18, 2016, it was announced that the project had been redeveloped into a short-form series set to air during a new late-night comedy programming block on History titled \"Night Class\". The panel show format was dropped in favor a more traditional narrative structure. In addition to featuring Harmon as host, the IFC pilot contained a panel including Rory Albanese as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Smigel as Albert Einstein, Bonnie McFarlane as Eleanor Roosevelt, and Seaton Smith as", "Jeff Marcus Takes On...\". As Jeffrey Marcus, he runs a respected acting class and coaches actors in Los Angeles. Jeff Marcus Jeffrey Marcus (born February 21, 1960 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.) is an American actor who stars on television, film and theater. Between 1980-1990, Marcus appeared on and off-Broadway in such plays as, \"The Survivor\" and \"Almost an Eagle\" starring James Whitmore. Jeff is best known for his television role as Albert Einstein, the Tenctonese janitor of the L.A.P.D. precinct in the cult science fiction TV series \"Alien Nation\". The show was canceled by the Fox Network after a single season, but", "Guillaume Apollinaire youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium, mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived. Apollinaire is played by Seth Gabel in the 2018 television series \"Genius\", which focuses on the life and work of Pablo Picasso. Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish-Belarusian descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the early 20th century, as well as one of the most impassioned defenders of Cubism and a forefather of Surrealism.", "Jeffrey Cooney Entertainment an independent production company. In 2017, the company produced the \"Genius\" TV series for National Geographic based on the Einstein biography Cooney had previously acquired the rights to. After the success of the first season, National Geographic announced that it would pick up the \"Genius\" series for a second season and that EUE/Sokolow would again be an executive producer for the show. Cooney was active with the JDRF and held board memberships at Destination College, the National Football Foundation and the College Football Hall of Fame. Jeffrey Cooney Jeffrey Cooney was an American television producer and director. He was", "James Walker (actor) James Walker (actor) James Walker (March 31, 1940 – February 28, 2017) was an English actor active in films and on television between 1980 and 2006. His career highlights included a season between 1992 and 1994 with the Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon – including a foreign tour with \"The Winter's Tale\" – and taking the role of Albert Einstein in Terry Johnson's play \"Insignificance\", in Harrogate in 1999. Walker was born James S. Chalton in Bournemouth, and was later brought up in Leeds in Yorkshire. He was the son of Stuart Chalton, a chartered accountant, and his wife, Alice,", "Martin Miller (actor) Martin Miller (actor) Martin Miller, born Johann Rudolph Müller (2 September 1899 – 26 August 1969) was a Czech-Austrian character actor who played many small roles in British films and television series from the early 1940s until his death. He was best known for playing eccentric doctors, scientists and professors, although he played a wide range of small, obscure rolesincluding photographers, waiters, a pet store dealer, rabbis, a Dutch sailor and a Swiss tailor. On stage he was noted in particular for his parodies of Adolf Hitler and roles as Dr. Einstein in \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" and Mr. Paravicini", "Jeff Marcus Jeff Marcus Jeffrey Marcus (born February 21, 1960 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.) is an American actor who stars on television, film and theater. Between 1980-1990, Marcus appeared on and off-Broadway in such plays as, \"The Survivor\" and \"Almost an Eagle\" starring James Whitmore. Jeff is best known for his television role as Albert Einstein, the Tenctonese janitor of the L.A.P.D. precinct in the cult science fiction TV series \"Alien Nation\". The show was canceled by the Fox Network after a single season, but Fox brought it back in the 5 TV movies. Jeff reprised his role as Albert Einstein in", "Albert Brooks is also the author of \"2030: The Real Story of What Happens to America\" (2011). Brooks was born Albert Lawrence Einstein into a Jewish showbiz family in Beverly Hills, California, the son of Thelma Leeds (née Goodman), a singer and actress, and Harry Einstein, a radio comedian who performed on Eddie Cantor's radio program and was known as \"Parkyakarkus\". His brothers are comedic actor Bob Einstein, better known as a character he created named \"Super Dave Osborne\", and for a recurring role in \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\"; and Cliff Einstein, a partner and longtime chief creative officer at Los Angeles advertising", "The Genius Club to round up seven geniuses with IQs over 200. The group consists of a casino owner (Carol Abney), a biochemist (Paula Jai Parker), a professional baseball player (Matt Medrano), a seminary student (Jacob Bonnema), an economics professor (Phillip Moon), a painter (Tricia Helfer), and a pizza delivery guy (Stephen Baldwin). The government places them in a bomb shelter and explains the group that they are there to solve the world's problems in one night; if they fail to gather a thousand points before morning, the terrorist will detonate the hidden nuclear device planted in the basement of the 'genius lair'.", "Gertrude Stein Lois Cook in that book was intended as a caricature of Stein. Stein (played by Bernard Cribbins) and Toklas (played by Wilfrid Brambell) were depicted in the playful Swedish 1978 absurdist fiction film \"Picassos äventyr\" \"(The Adventures of Picasso)\" by director Tage Danielsson, with Gösta Ekman as Picasso. Stein was portrayed in the 2011 Woody Allen film \"Midnight in Paris\" by Kathy Bates, and by Tracee Chimo in the 2018 season of the television series \"Genius\" which focuses on the life and career of Pablo Picasso. Stein is added to a list of great artists and notables in the popular", "World Science Festival, 2008 his role as Richard Feynman in Peter Parnell's play \"QED\" in a staged reading at Columbia University's Miller Theatre, and the choir of the Abyssinian Baptist Church joined Oliver Sacks in an exploration of music and science. The festival also saw the première of \"Dear Albert\", a reading for the stage written by Alda based on the letters of Albert Einstein, and starring Anthony LaPaglia as Einstein. Events for a younger audience included an examination of the science of sports (with sports scientist Tom Crawford, neuroscientist David Eagleman, and athletes such as Brevin Knight, Lisa Willis and Leilani Mitchell). For", "Mentors (TV series) Mentors (TV series) Mentors is a Canadian science fiction fantasy series that aired on Family Channel. It was aired on Discovery Kids in the United States and Latin America. It also aired in Japan on NHK where it was dubbed in Japanese. As of 2018, the series has begun airing worldwide on YouTube on the Encore+ channel. \"Mentors\" follows the adventures of 15-year-old boy genius Oliver Cates who uses his computer to bring famous historical figures such as Albert Einstein, Alexander Graham Bell, and Joan of Arc from the past into the present for 36 hours. He and his friend", "Death Is the Only Answer Death Is the Only Answer \"Death Is the Only Answer\" is a special mini-episode of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" that was first broadcast on BBC Three (as part of \"Doctor Who Confidential\") on 1 October 2011. It was written via a \"Script to Screen\" competition in which junior schools were asked to write a script including the Eleventh Doctor and an enemy of his. The competition was won by the children of Oakley CE Junior School. In the mini-episode, the Doctor's fez calls its former owner Albert Einstein (Nickolas Grace) into the TARDIS. Einstein carries a", "Buck Henry Was\" (1964–65). He was a co-creator and writer for \"Get Smart\" (1965–70), with Mel Brooks. Two of his TV projects had short runs but are fondly remembered by fans: \"Captain Nice\" (1967) with William Daniels as a reluctant superhero, and \"Quark\" (1978), with Richard Benjamin in command of a garbage scow in outer space. He also played Dr. Victor Rudman, a fractal scientist who dated Murphy, on the \"My Dinner With Einstein\" episode (1989) of \"Murphy Brown\". He appeared on the television show \"Will and Grace\" in 2005. In 2007, he made two guest appearances on \"The Daily Show\" as", "Jim Norton (Irish actor) in Letterland'). As well as Bishop Brennan in \"Father Ted\", Norton also played Albert Einstein in two episodes of \"\"; as the librarian Lieutenant James Porteous in the highly acclaimed 1970s British television drama series \"Colditz\"; Phil Harrister, a criminal involved in an intricate bank robbery in \"The Sweeney\" episode; \"Contact Breaker\", as O'Brady in \"Minder, \" episode; \"National Pelmet\" and Rory, a roguish but genteel Irishman, who is diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver in \"The Royal\" episode; \"Beggars and Choosers\". Norton has appeared in two episodes of \"Van der Valk\". On \"Babylon 5\" he appeared in a number", "Einstein and Eddington Einstein and Eddington Einstein and Eddington is a British single drama produced by Company Pictures and the BBC, in association with HBO. It featured David Tennant as British scientist Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, and Andy Serkis as Albert Einstein. This is the story of Einstein's general theory of relativity, his relationship with Eddington and the introduction of this theory to the world, against the backdrop of the Great War. It was first broadcast on BBC Two on 22 November 2008. The prelude is set in 1919 on Eddington's expedition in Príncipe to observe the solar eclipse that year, before moving", "Don Adams Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \"Get Smart\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\" (1963–66) and \"Inspector Gadget\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.", "Genius (1999 film) on MTV's list of the best DCOMs, consisting of 99 films. In May 2016, Aubrey Page of Collider ranked each DCOM released up to that point. Page ranked \"Genius\" at number 31 and wrote that the film ensured \"the reign of 1999 as a peak DCOM year\". Genius (1999 film) Genius is a 1999 Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) directed by Rod Daniel. The film stars Trevor Morgan and Emmy Rossum, and premiered on Disney Channel on August 21, 1999. In the film, Morgan portrays a genius who enrolls in college at the age of 13 and takes on a", "Super Science Friends Super Science Friends Super Science Friends is an animated series created by Brett Jubinville and broadcast worldwide on YouTube and on Cartoon Hangover's VRV Channel in the United States. The series revolves around a group of super-powered scientists, including Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla, Marie Curie, Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud and Tapputi, who are brought together by Winston Churchill to travel through time fighting super-villains. The pilot episode Episode 1: The Phantom Premise was successfully Kickstarted in late 2014, and aired on YouTube in 2016. In 2017, Neil deGrasse Tyson joined the cast for Episode 3: Nobel of the Ball as", "Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016 and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018. \"Genius by Stephen Hawking\" is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays, from May 18 to June 1, 2016. Professor Stephen Hawking challenges volunteers to think like geniuses and solve some of humanity's most enduring questions. \"What, Why, Where, are We\" (as in humanity) are covered, as well as \"Are We Alone\" and \"Can We Time", "Maximilian Schell played in London at the Old Vic. In 2007, he played the role of Albert Einstein on the German television series \"Giganten\" (Giants), which enacted the lives of people important in German history. Schell also served as a writer, producer and director for a variety of films, including the problematic documentary film \"Marlene\" (1984), with the unwilling participation of Marlene Dietrich. It was nominated for an Oscar, received the New York Film Critics Award and the German Film Award. Originally, Dietrich, then 83 years of age, had agreed to allow Schell to interview and film her in the privacy of", "Tim Blais complete. Blais' second video, \"Bohemian Gravity,\" parodied Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" to explain string theory. The video features a sock puppet portraying Albert Einstein. The work attracted the attention of Brian May, Queen's guitarist (who also holds a PhD degree in astrophysics), and May posted the video on his website. Blais' YouTube channel has covered such topics as entropic time, exoplanets, and the discovery of insulin as a treatment for diabetes. Blais has collaborated with Dianna Cowern and others. Although Blais' career in science includes previous employment at the TRIUMF particle accelerator center in Vancouver, Canada, Blais makes a living from", "Magnus Pyke called this period his 'sixth life.' In September 1975, the popular science magazine \"New Scientist\" asked its readers to name the best-known and most characteristic scientist. Pyke came third after Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. On 10 December 1975, Pyke was celebrated on \"This Is Your Life\", a Thames Television production for ITV. He won the Pye Colour Television Award for most promising male newcomer to television (1975) and the \"Multi-Coloured Swap Shop\" Star Award for expert of the year (1977-78). He received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Stirling (1974), Lancaster University (1976), and his alma mater, McGill", "Claudio Capone the Star Wars trilogy, the voice of Stephen Fry, who played Oscar Wilde in the film Wilde, Franz Joseph I of Austria in the Sissi trilogy, and Don Johnson in the programme Miami Vice. He is also famous for his narration of Rai's scientific documentary Super Quark, presented by Piero Angela and Geo & Geo. Capone died of a stroke on 23 June 2008, at the age of 55, while in Scotland on business. He had been assisting with creating a documentary at the time. Two days before his death, he became extremely ill. Because of this, he had to", "The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius on; with the final episode having aired on February 15, 2013. The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius is an American computer animated television series created by John A. Davis. It originally aired on Nickelodeon for three seasons beginning July 20, 2002, and the final episode aired on November 25, 2006. A spin-off of the 2001 film \"\", the show follows a genius 11-year-old from Retroville, James \"Jimmy\" Isaac Neutron, as he goes on adventures with his friends Carl Wheezer and Sheen Estevez. Throughout the show, various mishaps and conflicts occur on these", "Meg Ryan Albert Einstein (played by Walter Matthau). Ryan later won Harvard's Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year award, and \"People Magazine\" dubbed her one of \"the 50 most beautiful people in the world\". In 1995, critic Richard Corliss called her \"the current soul of romantic comedy\". That same year, she appeared opposite Kevin Kline in Lawrence Kasdan's \"French Kiss\", a romantic comedy that catered to her \"America's Sweetheart\" image, and Ryan was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award. (This award is given to \"outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the", "Eccentrism The Playbill promised “Eccentrism presents: operetta, melodrama, farce, movies, circuses, variety, puppetry in a single performance!” According to contemporary reviews, the two main characters, scientists Albert and Einstein, “were played by circus eccentrics Serge and Taurek”, to “the utter delight of the audience.” “Eccentrism was the principle of organization of the entire spectacle,” with the actors joined by a dancer and a crowd of marchers. In “The Future of FEKS” of 1923, Sergy Radlov announced that, from this season, “FEKS will carry on work as an independent studio within the Petroproketkul’t” the Petrograd manifestation of the new Soviet Proletkult federation", "Stu Gilliam New York City. He sometimes performed for mixed-race shows, but in Southern states was prevented from appearing onstage at the same time as white performers. Finally, the Playboy Club circuit placed him before largely white crowds, including in the South. Gilliam appeared on national television in the 1960s, including \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"Playboy After Dark\", and \"The Dean Martin Show\". He did stand-up work and TV and film appearances in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1968, he was paired with Don Adams and Robert Culp in \"Get Smart\" as Agent Samuels (really Kubacek, a double agent in deep disguise)", "Genius by Stephen Hawking Travel\". Generally three volunteers with these questions are followed as they try to find the answers to their questions. The idea is to teach the volunteers and watchers how to think like a genius. All are G-rated TV hour episodes originally aired in pairs. Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016 and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018. \"Genius by Stephen Hawking\" is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays,", "Genius at Work Genius at Work Genius at Work is a 1946 American comedy film directed by Leslie Goodwins and written by Monte Brice and Robert E. Kent. The film stars Wally Brown, Alan Carney, Anne Jeffreys, Lionel Atwill and Bela Lugosi. The film was released on October 20, 1946, by RKO Pictures. Jerry Miles and Mike Strager co-host a radio mystery series, \"Crime of the Week,\" with young Ellen Brent writing their scripts. What she writes about the kidnapping of millionaire John Saunders by someone called \"The Cobra\" is suspiciously close to the facts of the case. It turns out that the", "Steve Allen later of M*A*S*H writing fame; Herb Sargent, perhaps later on best known for his writing work on \"Saturday Night Live,\" and Bob Einstein, brother of Albert Brooks and creator and portrayer of the faux stuntman character Super Dave Osborne. From 1977 until 1981, Allen wrote, produced and hosted the award-winning show \"Meeting of Minds\", which aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The series pitted the likes of Socrates, Marie Antoinette, Thomas Paine, Sir Thomas More, Attila the Hun, Karl Marx, Emily Dickinson, Charles Darwin, and Galileo Galilei, all of whom were acting as if brought back from the past.", "Mark Nelson (actor) Mark Nelson (actor) Mark Nelson is an American actor, director and teacher. He appeared on Broadway in \"Angels in America\",\"The Invention of Love,\" \"After the Fall\" and \"Three Sisters\" at Roundabout Theatre Company, and the original casts of \"A Few Good Men\", \"Rumors\", \"Biloxi Blues\" and \"Amadeus\". For his performance as Einstein in Steve Martin's \"Picasso at the Lapin Agile\" he received the Obie, Drama League, Carbonell and San Francisco Critics Awards. He played Herr Schultz in the 2016 national tour of \"Cabaret,\" and acted off-Broadway in \"My Name is Asher Lev\" for which he received a Lortel nomination. Other", "Anthony Michael Brooks that currently holds the world record for solving the Groovik's Cube, the world's largest functioning Rubik's Cube. In July 2017, Brooks was featured on the debut season of FOX's Superhuman TV show. Brooks has served as a performer at the World Science Festival and has twice performed on stage at the Liberty Science Center's annual Genius Award Gala for recipients and guests such as Bill Nye, David Blaine, Sir Richard Branson, Garry Kasparov, Susan Sarandon, and will.i.am. He also acted as the principal performer at the Beyond Rubik's Cube exhibition's world premiere. Brooks has demonstrated speedcubing live on ABC, Bloomberg", "Gabriel Jarret broke up before any deals materialized. Gabriel Jarret Gabriel Jarret (born Gabriel Kronsberg; January 1, 1970) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as the young genius Mitch Taylor in the 1985 comedy film \"Real Genius\" in which he co-starred with Val Kilmer. Jarret's first film was \"Going Ape!\" in 1981. Other film roles include \"The Karate Kid Part III\", \"Apollo 13\", and \"Last Days\". Jarret made guest appearances in \"21 Jump Street\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Party of Five\", and \"The West Wing\". Jarret appeared as 1st Officer Chapman in \"Poseidon\". He performed in the Ron Howard", "Harald Lesch through conversations between Lesch and the Catholic theologist Thomas Schwartz. In celebration of the Year of Einstein 2005, BR-alpha aired the 8-part series The Physics of Albert Einstein, where in each episode, one single scientific finding of Einstein was introduced by Lesch, who explained its significance. Starting in August 2007, the 16-part program The 4 Elements was aired weekly, which deals with the structure of the world, and in addition to scientific aspects, also handles cultural-historical aspects. For the Pay-TV channel \"Syfy\" he differentiates scientifically based and fictional components of Star Trek in the series \"Star Trek – Science vs.", "Anthony Geary of the quietly eccentric scientist Philo (named for television pioneer Philo Farnsworth). Geary, a fan of Yankovic, went so far as to grow his hair like Albert Einstein's and stay in character as Philo when meeting the film's casting team; he immediately landed the role. In 1991, Geary returned to \"General Hospital\" as Luke's cousin and look-alike Bill Eckert, due to the actor's desire to play something other than Luke. However, due to poor feedback from the viewing public, the character was killed off and Geary resumed the role of Luke in 1993. Tony appeared in more than 50 stage", "Victor Spinetti by Frank Norman, with music by Lionel Bart), and \"Oh! What a Lovely War\" (1963), which transferred to New York City and for which he won a Tony Award for his main role as an obnoxious Drill Sergeant. He appeared in the West End in \"The Odd Couple\" (as Felix); in \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" in the West End; and as Albert Einstein in a critically lauded performance in 2005 in a new play, \"Albert's Boy\" at the Finborough Theatre. He launched his own one-man show of witty reminiscences, \"A Very Private Diary\", at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. One of", "Real Genius Genius\", through consultant Martin A. Gundersen (who played the math professor), was later cited in an academic publication which detailed the scientific basis behind the laser. Reports surfaced in September 2014 that a potential TV series was in the works, with NBC was set produce the comedy series with Sony TV, Happy Madison and 3 Arts Entertainment, however, as of December 2017 there are no updates on the production. Real Genius Real Genius is a 1985 American science fiction comedy film directed by Martha Coolidge. The film's screenplay was written by Neal Israel, Pat Proft, and Peter Torokvei. It stars", "Genius (LSD song) described the song as \"Labrinth and Sia swapping syncopated versework over a characteristically catchy hip-hop lite Diplo beat.\" \"Rolling Stone\" called it \"a distinctly Diplo synth-pop drop\". Lyrically, the song references Albert Einstein, Galileo Galilei, Stephen Hawking, and Isaac Newton. The music video, directed by Ben Jones and illustrated by Gabriel Alcala, is a surreal animated cartoon, influences to an American Pop Artist, Peter Max and Heinz Edelmann, who designed for The Beatles's animated musical film, Yellow Submarine. Characters are 2D, boldly colored caricatures of LSD members and anthropomorphic animals. Historical geniuses such as Steve Jobs and Leonardo da Vinci", "Christopher Lloyd for which he won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series; and the eccentric inventor Emmett \"Doc\" Brown in the \"Back to the Future\" trilogy for which he was nominated for a Saturn Award. In 1985, he appeared in the pilot episode of Street Hawk. In 1986, he played the reviled Professor B.O. Beanes on the television series \"Amazing Stories\". Other roles include Klingon Commander Kruge in \"\" (1984) (on suggestion of fellow actor and friend Leonard Nimoy), Professor Plum in \"Clue\" (1985), Professor Dimple in an episode of \"Road to Avonlea\" (for which he", "Get Smart the doctor on \"Love Boat\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \"Get Smart.\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \"Get Smart\" character with his catch phrase \"Would you believe...?\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \"Inspector Gadget.\" This later became a feature film in 1999", "Derek Paravicini an episode of Channel 5's \"Extraordinary People\" in an episode titled \"The Musical Genius\", which showed his journey to Las Vegas to play in a charity concert with another savant, Rex Lewis-Clack. He was interviewed twice by Lesley Stahl for \"60 Minutes\". In 2009, he was one of the subjects of the NOVA series' episode \"Musical Minds\", featuring neurologist Oliver Sacks, on PBS. He was featured a second time by \"60 Minutes\" on 14 March 2010. In 2009, he performed for the former Chancellor Alistair Darling, when he unexpectedly played \"Big Spender\". On 13 May 2010, Paravicini made legal history", "Robert Culp as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \"Get Smart\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \"I Spy\" parody episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \"I Spy\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \"The Name of the Game\" after", "Richard Mulligan 1985, he guested \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"Night of the Meek\", where he took on the role of Henry Corwin, an alcoholic department store Santa Claus who becomes the genuine article, in the remake of the 1959 Christmas episode \"The Night of the Meek\", the character that Art Carney had played in the original version. The next year, he appeared in another episode of the series, \"The Toys of Caliban\". Mulligan lent his voice to Disney's 1988 animated film, \"Oliver & Company\", as the oafish Great Dane named Einstein. His final performance was a voice over on \"Hey Arnold!\" in", "Gabriel Jarret Gabriel Jarret Gabriel Jarret (born Gabriel Kronsberg; January 1, 1970) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as the young genius Mitch Taylor in the 1985 comedy film \"Real Genius\" in which he co-starred with Val Kilmer. Jarret's first film was \"Going Ape!\" in 1981. Other film roles include \"The Karate Kid Part III\", \"Apollo 13\", and \"Last Days\". Jarret made guest appearances in \"21 Jump Street\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Party of Five\", and \"The West Wing\". Jarret appeared as 1st Officer Chapman in \"Poseidon\". He performed in the Ron Howard film \"Frost/Nixon\" as Nixon speechwriter Ken", "Real Genius Real Genius Real Genius is a 1985 American science fiction comedy film directed by Martha Coolidge. The film's screenplay was written by Neal Israel, Pat Proft, and Peter Torokvei. It stars Val Kilmer and Gabriel Jarret. The film is set on the campus of Pacific Tech, a science and engineering university similar to Caltech. Chris Knight (Kilmer) is a genius in his senior year working on a chemical laser. Mitch Taylor (Jarret) is a new student on campus who is paired up with Knight to work on the project. The film received positive reviews from critics, and grossed $12,952,019 at", "Young Einstein After spending all night preparing, he splits a beer atom (with hammer and chisel), which causes the shed to explode. Albert runs to his parents, blackened from the explosion, carrying the formula and a glass of beer with bubbles in it. His father tells him to head to the Australian mainland and patent the formula. Once arrived, he boards a train for Sydney, where he is introduced to Marie Curie (Odile Le Clezio), a Polish-French scientist studying at the University of Sydney and Preston Preston (John Howard), the pompous manager of the Sydney Patent Office. Marie is fascinated by Albert,", "Lucinda Childs 1973, Childs collaborated with the likes of Robert Wilson and Philip Glass. Childs, Glass and Wilson joined together on the opera \"Einstein On The Beach\". Childs participated as the leading performer and choreographer, and won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance. Childs also originated the role of Hubert Page in \"The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs\" Off-Broadway in 1982. Janet McTeer would later go on to receive an Academy Award nomination for playing the role opposite Glenn Close. She also appeared in a show titled \"I Was Sitting on My Patio This Guy Appeared I Thought I", "Burton Feldman book that was part fact and part historical fiction that chronicled the friendship of Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, Bertrand Russell, and Kurt Godel in their declining years. Feldman had tentatively entitled the work \"Einstein and Friends.\" Two books were published in 2007, under the supervision of Peggy Feldman and Katherine Williams, with the titles \"112 Mercer St.: Einstein, Russell, Godel, Pauli, and the End of Innocence in Science,\" and \"Einstein's Genius Club: The True Story of a Group of Scientists Who Changed the World.\" Burton Feldman Burton Edward Feldman (May 3, 1926 - January 10, 2003 was an American professor", "Albert Einstein in popular culture of \"\". The episode starts on the \"Enterprise\" with a game of poker being played by holodeck representations of Einstein, Sir Isaac Newton, and Stephen Hawking (portrayed by himself). All are programmed by Lt. Commander Data, playing as the fourth person in the game. In the television series \"Eureka\", the town of Eureka was established when President Harry S. Truman commissioned development of a top-secret lab, staffed by Albert Einstein, after World War II and it became home to the scientists and their families working there. In the \"Rick and Morty\" episode, \"A Rickle in Time\", time-traveling monsters beat up", "Death Is the Only Answer The appearance of Albert Einstein came about because the pupils had learned about him at school. The winners were selected by showrunner Steven Moffat, BBC Learning controller Saul Nassé, and \"Doctor Who\" executive producers Piers Wenger and Beth Willis. Of the judging, Moffat said, Matt Smith was impressed with the chosen script, and particularly Albert Einstein's role in the mini-episode. Smith, who had also written his own stories about Einstein meeting the Doctor, said that the story was \"brilliantly realised. They [the children] did it with aplomb.\" The winners were taken to the Upper Boat Studios complex near Cardiff in", "Fritz Haber for today's world population might be greatly diminished. A fictional description of Haber's life, and in particular his longtime relationship with Albert Einstein, appears in Vern Thiessen's 2003 play \"Einstein's Gift\". Thiessen describes Haber as a tragic figure who strives unsuccessfully throughout his life to evade both his Jewish ancestry and the moral implications of his scientific contributions. BBC Radio 4 \"Afternoon Play\" has broadcast two plays on the life of Fritz Haber. The description of the first reads: from the Diversity Website: The second play was titled \"The Greater Good\" and was first broadcast on 23 October 2008. It", "Benjamin Trinks play, \"a pact, a kiss and softy knee\". At the same time he was filming the boarding school series \"Schloss Einstein\" as Nick. Before appearing in the second series of Disney's \"Kurze Pause\" in April. The third series was shot in the Summer. In addition, Trinks took part in an on-camera master class with Nancy Bishop, a US casting director. In April he finished Shooting his role in the Berlin edition of \"Tatort\" and \" Die Stein. \" other recent projects have included hosting ARD's evening news show. On 29 November 2007, Trinks was the interview guest of Italian theatre", "Neil Patrick Harris 15, 2016, Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\", in which he stars as Count Olaf, the main antagonist. On March 31, 2017, NBC picked up Harris' game show titled \"Genius Junior\", the format will test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country. Harris will serve as host and executive producer. The series received a 10-episode order and will debut sometime in the 2017–2018 season. Harris is a fan of magic, like his character on \"How I Met Your Mother\". His character in \"\" was also a magician. Harris' \"Glee\" character", "Patton Oswalt Patton Oswalt Patton Peter Oswalt (born January 27, 1969) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and writer. He is known for roles as Spencer Olchin in the sitcom \"The King of Queens\" (1998–2007), voicing Remy in the Pixar film \"Ratatouille\" (2007), co-starring alongside Charlize Theron in \"Young Adult\" (2011) and the Koenigs on \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" (2014–2017). Oswalt has appeared in six stand-up specials and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his Netflix special \"Patton Oswalt: Talking for Clapping\" (2016). Oswalt made his", "The Bell System Science Series of Southern California who enjoyed great success as the host of \"Shakespeare on TV\" at about the same time as the Bell series was being made, and who won a Peabody Award in 1955. Baxter hosted many educational television programs in the 1950s, although perhaps none were as influential as the eight Bell series programs. He became \"a full-fledged personality of the TV age — plain-spoken, not without humor and decidedly avuncular.\" The role of Mr. Fiction Writer was played by Eddie Albert in the first film, and by Richard Carlson in the next three. While Baxter and his role", "Aaron Takahashi Engvall Show\" (2009) (as a Driver), \"Whacked\" (as a Korean Shopkeeper), \"Traffic Light\" (as a Nerdy Dad), \"Mr. Sunshine\" (as Jerry), \"ACME Saturday Night\" (as various characters), \"Community\" (as the Math Club Leader in the episode \"A Fistful of Paintballs\" Dir. Joe Russo), \"The Mentalist\" (as Tai Nguyen), \"Ben and Kate\" (as Shawn), \"Sullivan & Son\" (as Dr. Park), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (as a Scientist), \"The Millers\" (as Kevin), \"Conan\" (as various characters) and \"Dog Park\" (as Neal). Takahashi currently has recurring roles in both the Yahoo! Screen original series \"Sin City Saints\" (as social media guru Henry), and", "Thomas Wolfe popular television series \"The Waltons\", idolized Wolfe in his youth. Hunter S. Thompson credits Wolfe for his famous phrase \"Fear and Loathing\" (on page 62 of \"The Web and the Rock\"). In the film \"Genius\"—a biographical drama about Max Perkins released in the summer of 2016—Wolfe is portrayed by Academy Award–nominated actor Jude Law. Two universities hold the primary archival collections of Thomas Wolfe materials in the United States: the Thomas Clayton Wolfe Papers at Harvard University's Houghton Library, which includes all of Wolfe's manuscripts, and the Thomas Wolfe Collections in the North Carolina Collection at the University of North", "Donald Sumpter Ginger in the Children's BBC series \"The Queen's Nose\". He played Harold Chapple in \"Our Friends in the North\", and portrayed the physicist Max Planck in \"Einstein and Eddington\". He has also been seen as Kemp in the horror-drama series \"Being Human\". In seasons 1 and 2, he portrayed Maester Luwin in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". His film appearances include \"The Constant Gardener\" (2005), \"\" (2002), \"Enigma\" (2001) and \"\" (2010). Donald Sumpter Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is an English actor, known for his work in film and television since the mid-1960s. One of his early", "John Hodgman the topic of President Barack Obama as the first nerd president, and quizzed the president on his knowledge of Frank Herbert's novel \"Dune.\" Hodgman appeared in the last two episodes of the first season of \"Bored to Death,\" \"The Case of the Stolen Sperm\" and \"Take a Dive,\" as a literary reviewer who wrote a bad review that offended the main character. He returned in the second and third seasons. Hodgman voice-acted on \"The Venture Bros.\" in the episode \"Self-Medication\" as Dale Hale, an ex-boy detective in therapy following the death of his father. He has since had multiple appearances", "Robert F. Simon He appeared in \"A New Kind of Love\" (1963) starring Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward, as \"Cervantes\" in \"The Reluctant Astronaut\" (1967), and as a doctor in \"Private Duty Nurses\" (1971). He appeared in a 1970 episode of \"Love, American Style\", in a 1971 episode of \"Nichols\", starring James Garner, and a 1973 episode of \"The Partridge Family\". In 1973, he made three guest appearances as General Maynard M. Mitchell on \"M*A*S*H\". From 1969 to 1985, Simon appeared in \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\", \"The Mod Squad\", \"The Interns\", \"Barnaby Jones\", \"Hawaii Five-O\", \"Cannon\", \"Ellery Queen\", \"Columbo\", \"McCloud\", \"Quincy M.E.\", \"Eight Is", "René Auberjonois Hindenburg\" (1975), \"King Kong\" (1976), \"The Big Bus\" (1976), \"Eyes of Laura Mars\" (1978), \"Where The Buffalo Roam\" (1980), \"Walker\" (1987), \"My Best Friend Is a Vampire\" (1988), \"The Feud\" (1989), \"Inspector Gadget\" (1999), and \"Eulogy\" (2004). Auberjonois portrayed the character of Straight Hollander in the 1993 Miramax film \"The Ballad of Little Jo\". He voiced Professor Genius in \"\", Louis the Chef in the 1st and \"Little Mermaid\" films, Flanagan in \"Cats Don't Dance\", the Butler in \"\", and the concierge in \"\". In addition to having been a regular actor on three TV shows (\"Benson\", a situation comedy;", "Max Jacob former housing block which served as the internment camp known as Drancy on 5 March. First interred in Ivry, after the war ended his remains were transferred in 1949 by his artist friends Jean Cassou and René Iché (who sculpted the tomb of the poet) to the cemetery at Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire in the Loiret département. As well as his \"nom d'état civil\", or regular name, Jacob worked under at least two pseudonyms, Léon David and Morven le Gaëlique. T. R. Knight portrays Jacob in the 2018 season of the television series \"Genius\", which focuses on the life and career of Pablo", "Thad Mumford Blue\", \"Good Times\", \"Home Improvement\", the very short-lived but critcally acclaimed, Emmy Award- winning animated/live action NBC-TV sitcom series \"The Duck Factory\" in 1984 (which starred a very young Jim Carrey), \"ALF\", \"\", \"Judging Amy\", amongst other series. In 1973, Mumford won a Primetime Emmy Award for his writing in \"The Electric Company\". In 1978, a \"Sesame Street\" character was named after him (Dr. Thad in the recurring skit \"Dr. Thad and the Medications\"). Mumford also performed the voice for the character. Mumford also gained some renown working as a batboy for the New York Yankees.<ref name=\"AP/Nashua\"></ref> Mumford died after", "Maxwell Perkins exploring his professional relationship with Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Perkins is portrayed by actor Malcolm McDowell. In the 2016 biographical drama film \"Genius\", based on A. Scott Berg's biography of the man, \"Max Perkins: Editor of Genius\", Perkins is portrayed by British actor Colin Firth. Maxwell Perkins William Maxwell Evarts \"Max\" Perkins (September 20, 1884 – June 17, 1947), was an American book editor, best remembered for discovering authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe. Perkins was born on September 20, 1884, in New York City, to Elizabeth (Evarts) Perkins, a daughter of William M. Evarts, and Edward Clifford", "Bruce George (Genius Is Common) as Albert Einstein.\"-Bruce George \"It’s imperative that these spoken word artists be catapulted to the mainstream and be recognized. Finally the marriage between hip-hop and spoken word can begin the arduous task of reconciliation.\" —Bruce George George graduated from Niagara University with a B.A. degree in Psychology. Bruce George is the Founder/Managing Editor of: Bruce George (Genius Is Common) Bruce George is the Co-Founder of the award-winning \"Russell Simmons Presents, Def Poetry Jam (HBO),\" and the Founder of the rapidly growing \"Genius Is Common\" Movement. Genius is Common means that all beings have a genius in them... An example can", "Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian is a stage play that is the only show officially endorsed by the Einstein family. A quote from Albert Einstein's first cousin said that the family \"felt as though they were in the presence of their dear cousin Albert.\" The one-man show opened in 1978 written and performed by actor-writer Ed Metzger in Los Angeles, California. Since that time, he has presented it throughout the world, including the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.. The show, co-written by Metzger's wife Laya Gelff, is a portrayal is about the man as well", "Albert Brooks Albert Brooks Albert Lawrence Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein; July 22, 1947) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and director. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987's \"Broadcast News\" and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film \"Drive\". His voice acting credits include Marlin in \"Finding Nemo\" (2003) and \"Finding Dory\" (2016), and recurring guest voices for \"The Simpsons\", including Russ Cargill in \"The Simpsons Movie\" (2007). He has written, directed, and starred in several comedy films, such as \"Modern Romance\" (1981), \"Lost in America\" (1985), and \"Defending Your Life\" (1991). He", "Fritz Haber suicide, are featured prominently in the novel \"A Reunion of Ghosts\" by Judith Claire Mitchell. The characters are named Lenz and Iris Alter. Haber's life and relationship to Albert Einstein was portrayed in \"Genius\" which aired on National Geographic Channel from 25 April to 27 June 2017. Fritz Haber Fritz Haber (; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is of importance for the", "Genius (U.S. TV series) of the first season, but was instead revealed to be Pablo Picasso the day after the finale, when the network and producers did not want to divert attention away from the season finale. The second season premiered on April 24, 2018. On April 18, 2018, National Geographic renewed the series for a third season set to follow the life of writer Mary Shelley. Ken Biller is expected to return as showrunner, executive producer and writer. Also returning are executive producers Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Francie Calfo, Jeff Cooney, Sam Sokolow, Gigi Pritzker, and Rachel Shane. Anna Culp will return as", "Carlos Casagemas love for Germaine Pichot. Pichot was later one of the models depicted in Picasso's \"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon\". Robert Sheehan portrayed Casagemas in the 2018 season of the television series \"Genius\", which focuses on the life and career of Pablo Picasso. Carlos Casagemas Carles Casagemas i Coll (Carlos Casagemas in Spanish) (September 27, 1880 in Barcelona – 17 February 1901 in Paris, France) was a Catalan Spanish art student, painter and poet, best known for his friendship with Pablo Picasso. Picasso and Casagemas first met at the Barcelona café Els Quatre Gats. He is considered one of the most enigmatic art" ]

[ 12.2421875 ]

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[ "Supreme Court of India of India provided for a supreme court with a chief justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a full bench of the supreme court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the court increased and cases began to accumulate, parliament increased the number of judges(including CJI) from the original 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 (current strength). As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division" ]

[ "Supreme Court of India Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and supreme court judges. According to supreme court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases. As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court, the total number of pending cases in the supreme", "Judiciary of India had its inaugural sitting on 26 January 1950, the day India's constitution came into force, and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported judgements. The Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. The proceedings of the Supreme Court are conducted in English only. The Supreme Court Rules of 1966 are framed under Article 145 of the Constitution to regulate the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court. The same is amended and presently governed by the Supreme Court Rules of 2013. There are 24 High Courts at the State level. of the Constitution of India mandates", "Supreme Court of India However, in an interview in June 2018 with NDTV, Justice Chelameswar revealed that most Supreme court judges including him work around 14 hours per day, and continue to work for an average of 7 hours per day even during vacations. He further reminded that while the Supreme court of United States delivers judgement on just 120 cases while every judge in the Supreme court of India delivers judgements on 1000-1500 cases per year. Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional", "Supreme Court of India bench)—coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise. A citizen of India not exceeding 65 years age as per of the constitution who has been is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the supreme court. In practice, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. Barely seven justices—S. M. Sikri, S. Chandra Roy, Kuldip Singh, Santosh", "Supreme Court of India court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters (miscellaneous) and 23,099 regular hearing matters. In May, 2014, former Chief Justice of India, Justice R.M. Lodha, proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year (instead of the present system of having long vacations, specially in the higher courts) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts; however, as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going", "Press Council of India which acts as a watchdog of the press. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press respectively. The Press Council is headed by a Chairman: usually, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India (except for the first chairman, Justice J. R. Mudholkar, who was a sitting judge of Supreme Court of India in 1968).It consists of a Chairman and 28 other members. Of the 28 members, 13 represent the working journalists. Of whom 6 are to be editors of newspapers and remaining 7(2members missing)", "Judiciary of India On an average about 20% of the sanctioned positions for judges are vacant, whereas the annual increase in pendency is less than 2%. If the vacancies were filled, pendencies would go down and make the justice system deliver efficiently. Traffic \"challans\", police \"challans\" and cheque bounce cases make up nearly half of all pending cases. In 2015, it was reported that there were close to 400 vacancies for judge's post in country's 24 high courts. Arrears in the Supreme Court have mounted to around 65,000. There are some 30 million cases in various courts. Budget allocation for judiciary is a", "Supreme Court of India being on 26 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. Supreme court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. The first Chief Justice of India was H. J. Kania. In 1958, the supreme court moved to its present premises. Originally, the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges; leaving it to parliament to increase", "National Commission for Backward Classes Lok Sabha in 2017, will insert Article 338B into the Constitution after Articles 338 and 338A which deal with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (ST) respectively. Section 3 of the Act provides that the Commission shall consist of five Members: a Chairperson who is or has been a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court; a social scientist; two persons who have special knowledge in matters relating to backward classes; and a Member-Secretary, who is or has been an officer of the Central Government in the rank of a", "Supreme Court of India Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles", "Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan detailed provisions for elections, meetings, its committees, disciplinary proceedings, powers and functions of the executive committee of the Bar Association etc. The SCBAP has 22 members, who are elected annually to manage the affairs and execute the functions of the SCBAP. The Executive Committee consisting of the President, Four Vice-Presidents (one from each Province), Secretary, Additional Secretary, Finance Secretary and Fourteen members elected from throughout Pakistan (at least two from each Province) by way of balloting. The Mission of the Supreme Court Bar Association is to promote professional excellence and respect for the rule of law. The objects of the", "Lokpal out of the jurisdiction of the Lokpal. The bill also keeps the CBI independent. The historic Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 was passed by Indian Parliament paving the way for establishment of a Lokpal (Ombudsman) to fight corruption in public offices and ensure accountability on the part of public officials, including the Prime Minister, but with some safeguards. Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of which 50% will be judicial members 50% members of Lokpal shall be from SC/ST/OBCs, minorities and women. Selection of chairperson and members of Lokpal through a selection committee consisting", "Judicial Commission of Pakistan the Parliamentary Committee one person, for each vacancy of a Judge in the Supreme Court, a High Court or the Federal Shariat Court, as the case may be. (9) The Parliamentary Committee, hereinafter in this Article referred to as the Committee, shall consist of the following eight members, namely: (i) four members from the Senate; and (ii) four members from the National Assembly. Provided that when the National Assembly is dissolved, the total member-ship of the parliamentary Committee shall consist of the members from the Senate only mentioned in paragraph (i) and the provisions of this Article shall, mutatis mutandis,", "Allahabad High Court water fountain to the High court. The seat of the court is at Prayagraj. Allahabad High Court maintains a permanent circuit bench at Lucknow, the administrative capital of the state. The maximum number of serving judges is 160, the highest in India. Justice Govind Mathur is the current Chief Justice of the Court. The court has a Sanctioned strength of 160 (Permanent:76, Additional:84) judges. The strength of judges in Allahabad high court as on 22.11.2018 was 109 High Court Judges. Judges elevated to the Supreme Court of India- Judges transferred from the Allahabad High Court- Private journals that report Allahabad", "Rajya Sabha representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by", "Supreme Court of India gazetted officers, 805 non-gazetted and 744 Class IV employees) Article 146 of the constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the supreme court registry. Supreme Court Rules, 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court, called advocates-on-record to appear, act and plead for a party in the court. Those advocates who are designated as 'senior advocates' by the supreme court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate-on-record. Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate-on-record. Initially the Constitution", "Supreme Court of Indonesia Judicial Commission. If the House of Representatives approves them, their appointment is then confirmed by the president. As of mid 2011, there was a total of 804 courts of various kinds in Indonesia. About 50 justices sat in the Supreme Court while other high and lower courts across Indonesia employed around 7,000 judges. Officially, the Supreme Court consists of 51 justices divided into 8 chambers. The chief justice and his or her deputy is elected by the Supreme Court justices from among the members of the court. Sometimes the process is controversial and attracts public criticism. For example, in early", "Supreme Court of India chief justice (or a judge) of the Supreme Court of India is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation that he/she Per of the constitution, President can remove a judge on proved misbehaviour or incapacity when parliament approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present. For initiating impeachment proceedings against a judge, at least 50 members of Rajya Sabha or 100 members of Lok Sabha shall issue the notice as per Judges", "Parliament of India of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than", "Judiciary of Pakistan Trust case, the government's role in judicial appointments was curtailed. Under the terms of this judgement, the Government and the President's office were bound to act on the recommendations of the Chief Justice of Pakistan. After passage of the 18th and 19th Constitutional Amendments, a new Judicial Commission (named Judicial Commission of Pakistan) and Parliamentary Committee were established for appointments. The Judicial Commission of Pakistan consists of a total of nine members: the Chief Justice of Pakistan, four senior judges of the Supreme Court, a former Chief Justice or judge of the Supreme Court nominated by the serving Chief Justice", "Joint parliamentary committee on this recommendation even after 11 years. The fifth JPC has been constituted in February 2011 to probe 2G case. It is headed by P.C. Chacko. It has 30 members. 15 opposition members belonging to BJP, JD (U), CPI, CPM, Trinamool Congress, BJD, DMK and the AIADMK in the 30-member panel accused P.C. Chacko of being \"partisan\" and demanded his removal (They submitted a memorandum to the Lok Sabha Speaker expressing their “no-confidence”) as they criticised the draft report for giving clean chit to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Finance Minister P Chidambaram. So PC Chacko agreed to amend the", "K. M. Joseph at number 42 in the All India High Court Judges’ Seniority list and there are presently 11 Chief Justices of various High Courts who are senior to him. If his name is returned, the Collegium can reiterate his name which will make it incumbent upon the government to issue a warrant for his appointment to the Supreme Court. On the same day of government’s refusal to appoint Justice Joseph as the Supreme Court Judge, the Supreme Court Bar Association moved a petition signed by 100 lawyers seeking a stay on the warrant appointing Indira Malhotra as a Supreme Court judge", "Madras High Court Constitution of India. It consists of 74 judges and a chief justice who are in charge of the general policy adopted in the administration of justice. In September 2016, the centre government forwarded names of 15 new judges to the President for his signature on their warrants of appointment. Of the 15, nine are from among lawyers and six from the subordinate judiciary. Justice V.K. Tahilramani of the Bombay High Court has been appointed as Chief Justice of Madras High Court, though she is yet to assume office, after Justice Indira Banerjee was elevated to the Supreme Court of India.", "P. V. Rao which was later enacted by the Assembly. A five-member bench of the High Court upheld the legislation. In 2001, Mala Mahanadu went to the Supreme Court the movement knocked the doors of the courts and a five-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court on Friday 7 November 2004 unanimously decided in the E V Chinnaiah vs State of A P case that such a micro-classification of scheduled castes into sub-groups was unconstitutional. The court said untouchability being the sole criterion, further classification of scheduled castes violated Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution. It thereby affected the basic structure", "Supreme Court of Pakistan not specify the number of justices to be served in the Supreme Court. Qualifications to be served as a supreme court justice are strictly imposed that are based on merit, personal intellecutualism, and experiences as a judge in the high courts. In 1947, the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan, and East Bengal. Over the several successive years, the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, leading the Supreme Court requesting the Parliament to increase the number of judges. As the number of the justices has increased,", "One Rank, One Pension that amount (Rs 27,690). 28 April 2016 Ram Jethmalani, Senior Supreme Court lawyer, while addressing armed forces veterans, on 320th day of their protest at Jantar Mantar, said, \"he will lead their legal battle in the apex court\" on a Pro bono basis. Major General (retd) Satbir Singh, who was present on the occasion said, \"case will be filed in Supreme Court in the next 3-4 days\". He added that four more cases have been filed in the armed forces tribunal, on \" rulings for Jawans, war widows, arrears since 2006, payments for honorary ranks, rounding off of disability pension,", "Member of parliament the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 7 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. As of 2018, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, 233 of which are elected indirectly by the state legislatures using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation, and 12 are appointed by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services (Art. 80 of the Constitution). Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2018, state of Uttar", "National Company Law Tribunal law for the time being in force, by the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal. The NCLT has thirteen benches, two at New Delhi (one being the principal bench) and one each at Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata and Mumbai. Justice M.M. Kumar, a retired Chief Justice of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court has been appointed as President of the NCLT The NCLT has the power under the Companies Act to adjudicate proceedings: Decisions of the NCLT may be appealed to the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT). The decisions of NCLAT may be appealed", "Madan Lokur and High Court of Andhra Pradesh from 15 November 2011 to 3 June 2012. He was elevated as Judge of the Supreme Court on 4 June 2012. Justice Lokur is known for his keen interest in Juvenile Justice. He was chairperson of Juvenile Justice Committee of Delhi High Court. Presently he is one man Juvenile Justice Committee of Supreme Court of India. In May 2012, Andhra Pradesh High Court Divisional Bench consisting of Chief Justice Madan Lokur and Justice PV Sanjay Kumar struck down Govt of India's decision to allocate 4.5% sub-quota (within the 27% Other Backward Classes quota) for", "Constitution bench (India) State of Madras, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (basic structure doctrine) and Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC reservations) etc. Constitution bench (India) Constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which consist of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India. This provision has been mandated by Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India. The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and", "Supreme Court of Nepal stakeholders of the justice sector. 11: Increase access to justice and increase public trust. 12: To strengthen institutional capacity of courts and tribunals. Supreme Court of Nepal The Supreme Court of Nepal () is the highest court in Nepal. It has appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the seven High Courts (including eleven Benches of the High Courts) and extraordinary original jurisdiction. The court consists of twenty Justices and one Chief Justice. The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice, twenty Justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. S/he is appointed", "Bombay High Court Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla. In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes. The court has a Sanctioned strength of 94 (Permanent:71, Additional:23) judges. The court has a judge to people ratio of 1 to 1.61 million. The total pending cases in High Court are about 4,64,074. The Judge to case ratio is 1:6630. The strength of judges in Maharashtra as on 01.01.2018 was 70 High Court Judges, 399 District Judges, 484 Senior Civil Judges and 1267 Junior Civil Judges against the sanctioned strength of", "Supreme Court of Nepal Supreme Court of Nepal The Supreme Court of Nepal () is the highest court in Nepal. It has appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the seven High Courts (including eleven Benches of the High Courts) and extraordinary original jurisdiction. The court consists of twenty Justices and one Chief Justice. The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice, twenty Justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. S/he is appointed from among the justices having at least three years as a Supreme Court justice. Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the", "K. T. S. Tulsi Claims Cases\" and \"Landlord & Tenant Cases\". In 1976, he was appointed as the reported of Punjab series of Indian Law reports. In 1980, Tulsi started practicing criminal law. In 1987, he was appointed as a senior advocate. Three years later in 1990, he was designated Additional Solicitor General of India. Since 1994, he is the President of the Criminal Justice Society of India. Tulsi has fought many notable cases. He has represented the Indian government more than ten times in the Supreme Court. He represented Indian government in cases like the constitutional validity of the now extinct Terrorist and", "Elections in India of India. The Prime Minister of India is elected by members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament. The Constitution of India allows for up to 552 members in the Lok Sabha, with up to 530 members representing the States. Up to 20 members represent the Union Territories. In practice, 543 members of the Lok Sabha are elected every five years. Two members are elected by the President of India to represent the Anglo-Indian community. In 1952, there were 1874 candidates vying for places in the Lok Sabha. In 1996, this number rose to 1,39,529 candidates. In 2009", "National Green Tribunal Act Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of High Court are eligible to be Chairperson or judicial member of the Tribunal. Even existing or retired judge of High Court is qualified to be appointed as a Judicial Member. A person is qualified to be an expert member if he has Master of Science with a Doctorate degree or Master of Engineering or Master of Technology and has an experience of fifteen years in the relevant field including five years practical experiences in the field of environment and forests in a reputed National level institutions. Anyone who has administrative experience of", "Chief Justice of India (for re-allocation) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges. On the administrative side, the Chief Justice carries out the following functions: maintenance of the roster; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court. It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI. The present CJI is Justice Ranjan Gogoi, and is the 46th CJI since January 1950, the year the Constitution came into effect and the", "Supreme Court of Pakistan law clerks and research associates at the Supreme Court Library. The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges. Law clerks reviews the petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions, and reported back to the supreme court's administrative registrar. As of current, the supreme court has 10 law clerks for the 2016–17 year. The Pakistan Bar Council provides qualification for senior advocates, barristers, lawyers, and selected civil court judges to be elevated as Advocate Supreme Court (ASC) based on individual experience, qualifications,", "Central Provinces Council consisted of 71 members - 53 elected members, 2 ex-officio members (members of Executive Council), and 16 official and non-official nominated members (Zamindar owners declared as backward, Depressed Classes, Europeans and Anglo-Indians). Out of the 53 elected members, 40 came from general constituencies (30 rural and 10 urban), 7 communal constituencies and 6 special constituencies (Central Provinces & Berar Mining Association, Central Provinces & Berar Commerce & Industry Association, Berar Commerce & Industry, and Central Provinces & Berar Landholders). The Indian National Congress had decided at its Calcutta Conference to boycott the elections as part of the Non-cooperation Movement,", "Judiciary of India miserly 0.2 per cent of the gross domestic product. The judge-population ratio is 10.5 to one million, which should be 50 to one million. The government has been the largest, single party litigating before the courts, and has kept adding cases to the over-burdened courts despite losing most, and then on losing, has relentlessly taken them to the next court, much of this being avoidable, according to the Law Commission The vast number of cases pending in the Supreme Court as well as the other lower courts has defeated the very purpose of the judicial system. For justice delayed, is", "Supreme Court of India judgement quashing 4.5% sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27%. Three judge bench presided by chief justice, Justice Altamas Kabir issued notice to the Centre and the Election Commission of India (EC) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online/postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad. While hearing \"T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India\", a division bench of the supreme court ruled that— These rulings were received mostly positively, and were termed as a 'major reform'. In April 2014, Justice K. S. Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the 'third gender' in Indian law, in", "Prashant Bhushan parliament on corruption charges. In 2007, the Bhushans expanded CJA to include citizens and form the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reform (CJAR). In 2009, Prashant Bhushan represented activist Subhash Chandra Agrawal, asking for the Supreme Court and High Court judges to be brought under RTI. The judges were forced to declare their assets and post it on the court websites. In a 2009 interview, Bhushan alleged that at least half of the 16 former Chief Justices in the Supreme Court were corrupt. Harish Salve filed a contempt case against him in 2010, and the Supreme Court asked Bhushan to", "Rajya Sabha from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to", "C. S. Karnan 2015, Justice Karnan publicly alleged that another judge had sexually harassed an intern in his chamber — an allegation that he has since been unable to substantiate. In late 2015, he wrote a letter to Justice Kaul saying he was going on a long leave because of the ‘dummy cases’ he was being allotted. In February 2016, the apex court transferred him to Calcutta HC. On 23 January 2017, Justice Karnan had published an open letter to the prime minister naming \"an initial list\" of 20 sitting and retired Supreme Court and High Court judges, accusing them of corruption. On", "National Green Tribunal Act rightly be called ‘special’ because India is the third country following Australia and New Zealand to have such a system. The tribunal shall consist of a full time chairperson, judicial members and expert members. The minimum number of judicial and expert member prescribed is ten in each category and maximum number is twenty in each category. Another important provision included in the law is that the chairperson, if find necessary, may invite any person or more person having specialized knowledge and experience in a particular case before the tribunal to assist the same in that case. A judge of the", "Ashok Bhan (judge) of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He was transferred to the Karnataka High Court on in 1997. He served there as Acting Chief Justice from 26 June 2000 to 20 October 2000. Justice Bhan was elevated as the Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 17 June 2001. On 8 February 2007, he was nominated in the post of Executive Chairman of National Legal Service Authority of India. Justice Bhan was retired from the post on 2 October 2008. After the retirement he became the President of National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) in New Delhi. His son", "Mujono tenure, he increased the number of justices on the Supreme court from seventeen to twenty four; in his second year of office, he increased the number to its present level of fifty one justices. Additionally, he added \"junior chairmen\" to the court: four for the jurisdictions of general, religious, military and administrative (which included housing and labor) law, and three for appeals in civil, criminal and customary law. The addition of more justices allowed Mujono to reconstruct the internal functions of the Supreme Court. Justices were organized into eight teams alphabetically organized after the names of Indonesian birds, and those", "Triple talaq in India divorce for reasons not prescribed under shariat will be socially boycotted in addition to calling for boycott of those who use triple talaq recklessly and without justification. In addition, it also stated that it should be delivered in three sittings with a gap of at least one month each. The case was called Shayara Bano v. Union of India & Others. The bench that heard the controversial Triple talaq case in 2017 was made up of multifaith members. The five judges from five different communities are Chief Justice JS Khehar, a Sikh, Justices Kurian Joseph a Christian, RF Nariman a", "Supreme Court of Justice (Austria) and with publishing appraisals of draft legislation presented to the National Council by the government. In spite of its name, the court is not a supreme court in the strict sense of the term: it has no powers of judicial review, does not adjudicate on liability claims against the Republic and its bureaucracy, does not handle impeachments of elected officials, and does not resolve demarcation conflicts. The court does not have a fixed number of members. As of the early 21st century, there are typically between fifty and sixty justices on the court; as of August 2018, the exact number", "Bangalore University Task Force with BEd colleges under the purview of the task force. This meeting was attended by 32 members, short of three members for the quorum. In his defence, Task Force Chairman H Karan Kumar said that both Academic Council and Syndicate, in their meetings in March 2006, had resolved to set the quorum for Academic Council meetings as 21 members instead of 35 members according to the existing statutes. \"The meeting in question was attended by 32 of the 42 total number members. All 32 have unanimously passed a resolution,\" he said adding that the High Court has to be apprised", "Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India using two tribunals like NCLT(National company law tribunal) and Debt recovery tribunal. Mrs. Suman Saxena former Deputy CAG of India appointed as Whole Time Member of IBBI Navrang Saini appointed as whole time member of IBBI. Mrs. Mukulita Vijayawargiya appointed as whole time member of IBBI. IBBI will have 10 members, including representatives from the Ministries of Finance and Law, and the Reserve Bank of India. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) is the regulator for overseeing insolvency \"proceedings\" and entities like Insolvency Professional Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and Information Utilities", "Comptroller and Auditor General of India are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees (PACs) and Committees on Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state legislatures. The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the affairs of which are managed by officers of Indian Audit and Accounts Service, and has over 58,000 employees across the country. The CAG is mentioned in the Constitution of India under Article 148 – 151. The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of", "Other Backward Class empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation and the National Commission for Backward Classes. Under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution, it is obligatory for the government to promote the welfare of the OBCs. A 1992 decision of the Supreme Court of India resulted in a requirement that 27% of civil service positions be reserved for members of OBCs. In August 2010 the \"Times of India\" reported that at most 7% of eligible positions in government jobs had been filled by OBCs, in", "Delhi Golf Club full voting rights. The majority of DGC members are public servants like former or serving civil servants and high officials. In addition to these permanent members, the MUD & PA has, according to the DGC rules, the right to nominate 150 civil servants posted in Delhi with the pay grade of Joint Secretary and above as tenure members. This is in addition to the 20 members that the Chief Justice of India and Chief Justice of Delhi High Court have the right to nominate; and 5 senior law officers that the Law Ministry nominates. In 2012, after the Government renewed", "Rohinton Fali Nariman lawyers of his time. After his year at Harvard, he practised Maritime Law in New York at Haight, Gardner, Poor & Havens for a year. He has been designated as a Senior Advocate at Supreme Court of India from 15 December 1993 at the young age of 37. While appointing him Chief Justice Venkatachalaiah amended the rules as Nariman was of 37 years and the minimum age for being made a senior in the Supreme Court was 45. He has been practising law for the last 30 years and has more than 500 reported Supreme Court Judgments to his credit.", "Law clerk credentials. Law clerks sit in court during hearings. In chambers, he or she assists the judge in making determinations of law, conducting research, critically proof-reading the court orders and preparing briefs etc. Law clerks serve as paid staff of the court for an extendable one-year term. The Supreme Court has 17 law clerks for the year 2017-2018. In the Lahore High Court, many civil judges with master's degrees (mostly LLM) and post-graduate research experience are appointed as research associates equivalent to law clerks to the judges of the court. They function through the Research Centre of the Lahore High Court", "Indian Law Institute by the members of the Governing Council, from among themselves. Judges of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and High Courts, prominent lawyers, Government officials and Professors of Law are represented in the Governing Council of the Institute. The Institute's Library is one of the best libraries in the country. It has more than 75000 titles. It subscribes to 270 current legal periodicals. JILI is one of the leading law journal. ASIL contains surveys of leading reported court cases in India in a year and same are analysed by academicians and practitioners. The Indian Law Institute has been granted Deemed", "Ashoke Kumar Sen written a book about Commercial Law, which was endorsed by Mr. Sen's then senior Sudhi Ranjan Das, the future Chief Justice of India. Some years later, in February 1943, Ashoke Kumar Sen married Anjana Das, his senior's only daughter. They had two sons and two daughters. Within five years of practice, Sen became regarded as one of the top lawyers in the Calcutta High Court and gained wide acclaim. He published many books and articles, and was the Editor of Calcutta Law Journal. Sen was a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, and President of the Supreme Court Bar Association", "Meenakshi Arora judges' collegium for elevation as a judge of the Delhi High Court however she later withdrew her consent from the judgeship. She was also the standing counsel for the Election Commission of India. In September 2013, full bench of Supreme Court headed by then Chief Justice of India P. Sathasivam designated her as a senior counsel/senior advocate being only the fifth woman to be designated so. She was one the members of the drafting committee which drafted the regulations The Gender Sensitisation & Sexual Harassment of Women at the Supreme Court of India (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal), Regulations, 2013 to", "Divorce The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women activists across India. Official figures of divorce rates are not available, but it has been estimated that 1 in 100 or another figure of 11 in 1,000 marriages in India end up in divorce. Various communities are governed by specific marital legislation, distinct to Hindu Marriage Act, and consequently have their own divorce laws: An amendment to the marriage laws to allow divorce based on \"irretrievable breakdown of marriage\" (as alleged by one of the spouses) is under consideration in India. In June 2010, the Union Cabinet of India", "Law Commission of India India was established in 1955 for a three-year term. Since then, twenty more Commissions have been established. The 20th Law Commission was established in 2013 under the Chairmanship of Supreme Court Judge, D.K Jain. Its tenure was fixed till 2015. The present Law Commission was established in 2015, and has tenure to 2018. The terms of reference of the Law Commission include the review and repeal of obsolete laws, the examination of existing laws & the revision of central Acts of general importance. In November 2013, the Centre appointed former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Justice Ajit Prakash Shah", "Jat reservation agitation institutes, scholarships and other areas. The communities which are included in OBC are different in different states. The OBCs have 27% reservation; in addition, there are other classes which enjoy reservation benefits: the Scheduled Castes (15%) and the Scheduled Tribes (7.5%). In all, 49.5% of the seats are reserved for these three groups. Some state governments have tried to create additional reservation quotas, but the Supreme Court of India has ruled that the reservation cannot exceed 50%. Like many other castes, the Jats have sought to get themselves included in the OBC category in order to get the reservation benefits.", "Advocate the courts. However to practise Law before the Supreme Court of India, Advocates must first appear for and qualify in the Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination conducted by the Supreme Court. Further, under the Constitutional structure, there is a provision for elevation of Advocates as judges of High Courts and Supreme Court. The only requirement is the Advocate must have a ten years standing before the High Court(/s) or before the Supreme Court to be eligible for such. (Article 217 and 124 of the Constitution of India for High Courts and Supreme Court respectively) In Bangladesh, after passing the", "Law clerk at the Supreme Court was paid a stipend of Rs 25,000 per month, which may be increased further in the next year. Till 2009–2010 each law clerk at the Supreme Court of India was being paid Rs. 20,000 per month. In addition to this, students from law colleges all over the country are given the opportunity to act as 'legal trainees' under Supreme Court judges during their vacation periods. The institution of law clerks is still a recent development in the context of the Indian judiciary. Anecdotal references indicate that some justices are hesitant to rely on 'law clerks' on", "Chief Justice of India India, as his successor. Article 124(4) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in the office until the age of 65 years. He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows: The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India (CJI) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant. When", "Government of India The supreme court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As", "Ajmal Mian passed by a 10-member bench. The 10-member bench directed Justice Ajmal Mian to discharge administrative as well as judicial functions of chief justice of the Supreme Court, including the constitution of benches as the appointment of Acting Chief Justice would take some time. Role of Mr Ajmal Mian was controversial here, as he effectively allowed a coup to occur within the supreme court of Pakistan against a sitting chief justice. The court also directed the office not to take any further orders for constituting benches from the chief justice(under restraint) and orders regarding day-to-day working and administration of the court", "Vinod Surana Germany, Japan and United States of America specializing in the areas of law, management and technology. Under his leadership and administration, his law firm conducts 14 moot court competitions annually. Benefited over 32,000 law students in the past 13 years – making it the largest exercise of its kind in the World. Several legal and academic experts including Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, Justice Dalveer Bhandari (ICJ), Justice A.R. Lakshmanan (Chairman, Law Commission of India), Justice Dipak Mishra (SCI), Justice Sirpurkar (SCI), Mr. Fali S. Nariman, Mr. D.V. Subba Rao, Prof. Moolchand Sharma, Prof. Madhav Menon, Prof. N.L. Mitra among others", "Supreme Court of India legislation was brought restoring the original age of superannuation of 58 years but providing that the benefit of new legislation would not extend to those whose reduction of age of superannuation had been upheld. In challenge to this law, Subodh Markandeya argued that all that was required was to strike down naughty “not” – which found favour with the supreme court bringing relief to over 35,000 public servants. A five member constitutional bench decriminalised homosexuality by partially striking down the Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code in September 2018. The bench led by Dipak Misra unanimously declared that criminalisation", "Supreme Court of Pakistan law, and the highest court of appeal in Pakistan. In its modern composition, the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan, sixteen justices and two \"ad-hoc\" who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister's selection based on their merited qualifications. Once appointed, justices are expected to completed a designated term and then retire at 65 years old, unless their term is terminated through resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards to the misconduct of judge(s). In their discourse judgement, the justices are", "Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 its legislative assembly, 40 members of its legislative council, 17 members of the Lok Sabha and 7 members in the Rajya Sabha. The residuary state of Andhra Pradesh would have 175 elected MLAs, 50 MLCs, 25 MPs of Lok Sabha and 11 MPs of Rajya Sabha. There would be a common High Court and its expenditure would be apportioned between the two successor states based on population ratio until a separate court was set up under Article 214 for the residuary state of Andhra Pradesh. The existing Public Service Commission would be the Public Service Commission for the residuary state", "Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria of Nigeria.<ref> Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria The Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria are members of the Supreme Court of Nigeria headed by the Chief Justice of Nigeria. The Justices are often recommended by the National Judicial Council to the President of Nigeria, who will send the names to the Senate for confirmation. Currently, there are 16 Justices of the Supreme court of Nigeria, including the Chief Justice of Nigeria. Prior to the appointment of Justice Olukayode Ariwola and Mary Odili, the wife of Peter Odili, there were 14 Justices of the Supreme Court, including the", "Judicial activism in India Allahabad High Court rejected the candidature of Indira Gandhi. The introduction of public interest litigation by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer further expanded its scope. Judicial activism in India The Supreme Court of India () is the highest judicial forum and the final court of appeal of India, established under Constitution of India, according to which the Supreme Court is the highest constitutional court and acts as the guardian of Constitution. India has an integrated and yet independent judiciary. Since independence, the judiciary has played a very active role in dispensing justice since the \"A K Gopalan vs State of Madras\"", "Basic structure doctrine basic features of the constitution were laid out by that part of the document, and thus could be represented by: The Court reaffirmed and applied the basic structure doctrine in \"Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain\", popularly known as Election case. The constitutionality of Article 329A, which had been inserted by the 39th Amendment in 1975 was challenged in this case. Shortly after the imposition of the Emergency, a bench of thirteen judges was hastily assembled to hear the case. Presided over by Chief Justice Ajit Nath Ray, the court had to determine the degree to which amendments were restricted", "Parliamentary Committees of India DRSCs replaced the earlier three Subject Committees constituted in August, 1989. The 17 Departmentally Related Standing Committees were formally constituted with effect from April, 1993. After experiencing the working of the DRSC system for over a decade, the system was re-structured in July, 2004 wherein the number of DRSCs was increased from 17 to 24. Till 13th Lok Sabha, each of these Standing Committees used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, with", "Rajendra Mal Lodha office as a judge of Rajasthan High Court on 2 February 2007. On 13 May 2008, he was elevated as the Chief Justice of Patna High Court. On 17 December 2008, Justice Lodha was sworn in as a judge of the Supreme Court of India. Lodha was appointed as the Chief Justice of India succeeding P Sathasivam on 11 April and assumed charge on 27 April 2014. Justice Lodha said that infusing greater transparency in the appointment of judges and initiating steps to bring down the backlog of 33,000,000 cases will be among his priorities. He retired on 27 September", "Chief Justice of Pakistan Chief Justice of Pakistan The Chief Justice of Pakistan (initials as CJP) is the head of the court system of Pakistan (the judicature branch of government) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Chief Justice is the senior most of 17 Senior Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. From 1947 until 1960, the chief justice and senior justices were known as \"Federal Judge\". The Chief Justice is the chief administrative officer of the country's court system and the highest judicial officer- ranking immediately above the Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court- and is responsible", "Madras High Court largest number of courts in Asia. The current Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is Hon'ble Justice Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani. it currently has 57 judges, including the Chief Justice, who exercise civil, criminal, writ, testamentary and admiralty jurisdiction. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004. The vestiges of the colonial High Court continue to characterise the premises till date. In a rare tradition which is today a distinction, Judges of the Madras High Court are still led by orderlies who bear a ceremonial mace made of silver. This is a practice so old and Anglican that most High", "Soumitra Sen judges' committee report. In 2009, 58 MPs of the Rajya Sabha moved a motion for impeachment of Calcutta High Court Judge Soumitra Sen for his involvement in financial misappropriation. Probe panel was set up by Rajya Sabha chairman Hamid Ansari in February 2009. It was headed by SC judge Justice B Sudershan Reddy and had as its members Punjab and Haryana High Court Chief Justice Mukul Mudgal and noted Jurist Fali S. Nariman. The Committee said the charges were duly proved. The report of the three-member committee, placed in both Houses of Parliament, said it was of the opinion that", "P. J. Thomas (Indian administrative officer) court's judgement on various grounds, including the constitutionality of the judgment. The basis for the request for the review petition, according to Thomas's lawyer, Wills Mathews, was that the three judges' judgement on the CVC is not legally valid because Article 145 (3) says that the minimum number of judges required for interpretation of Constitution is five, which in effect makes the Supreme Court judgement null and void. Mathews also questioned whether the court had exercised jurisdiction on an issue in which it was not having the jurisdiction. He claimed that the Supreme Court has the power to initiate the", "National Reconciliation Ordinance and Ex-Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani. The NRO was planned to be presented in the National Assembly but later due to the opposition of several major parties was not presented in the Assembly. According to State Minister for Law Afzal Sindhu in a news conference, the ordinance affected 8,041 people, including 34 politicians and 03 ambassadors. On 16 December 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared NRO unconstitutional. A 17-member bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared the ordinance null and void. The Supreme Court also said that all the cases disposed of because", "Union Public Service Commission of India. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman. Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969. The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India. He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour (only if", "Reserved political positions in India SC and ST may be in a minority in the constituency . This system was introduced by the Constitution of India in 1950 and was supposed to be in place for the first 10 years, to ensure participation in politics by these groups which were deemed weak and needing special protection . In practice, out of 543 constituencies represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament, 85 (15.47%) are reserved for SC and 48 (8.66%) are reserved for ST. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis", "2012 Indian vice-presidential election Viswanathan and V. R. Ramesh were appointed as Returning Officer and the Assistant Returning Officer respectively. The electoral college consists of, all 245 Rajya Sabha members and all 545 Lok Sabha members, a total of 790 voters. According to, the Election Commission of India's press note on 3 July detailing the process of conduct and declaration of the result of the election, the program for the election was, Thirty-four candidates had filed their nomination papers for the election. Seven of them had filed nomination papers on the deadline day. Four nomination were rejected for failing to comply with the requirement", "Bal Patil and sweep their existence under the carpet. This judgement was also criticised by many noted politions and jurists. Dr. L. M. Singhvi, Indian Jusrist noted that the judgment of three judges goes against the judgment of 11 judges and many previous judgments of larger benches on the basis of which Jains must be recognised as a distinct religious minority, distinct and reparate from the Hindus. Mr. Patil was also critical of the Supreme Court judgment and issued a press note noting that: Mr. Bal Patil took an objection to an inaccurate and misrepresentative observation made by Soli Sorabjee (former Attorney", "P. Shiv Shankar of preference) and to obtain from potential judges ‘their consent to be appointed to any other high court in the country.’ The written consents and preferences were to be sent to Shiv Shankar within two weeks In the Lok Sabha, Shiv Shankar asked if the independence of the Judiciary meant “touch-me-not”. He seemed to confirm that he sent the circular without consulting the then Chief Justice of India, Y.V.Chandrachud. What happened thereafter is history. On December 30, 1981, the Supreme Court’s seven Judge bench gave its decision in S.P.Gupta vs Union of India, in which the Court held that Shiv", "G. S. Singhvi on 28 February 2005. He was elevated to the post of Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court on 27 November 2005. He became a judge of Supreme Court of India on 12 November 2007. On 2 February 2012, a bench composed of Justice Singhvi and Justice AK Ganguly quashed 122 2G licenses issued in the year 2008 by A. Raja, then Union Telecom Minister terming them as \"unconstitutional and arbitrary\". Justice Singhvi is heading a bench of Supreme Court dealing with abuse of vehicle beacon lights. During the hearings, the bench said, \"\"A judge becomes hourable by his judgments", "Judiciary of India with laymen (\"having educational attainments\"). The 2008 Gram Nyayalayas Act had foreseen 5,000 mobile courts in the country for judging petty civil (property cases) and criminal (up to 2 years of prison) cases. However, the Act has not been enforced properly, with only 151 functional Gram Nyayalayas in the country (as of May 2012) against a target of 5000 such courts. The major reasons behind the non-enforcement includes financial constraints, reluctance of lawyers, police and other government officials. According to the World Banks, \"although India's courts are notoriously inefficient, they at least comprise a functioning independent judiciary\" A functioning judiciary", "National Commission to review the working of the Constitution changing needs of efficient, smooth and effective system of governance and socio-economic development of modern India within the framework of parliamentary democracy, and to recommend changes, if any, that are required in the provisions of the Constitution without interfering with its 'basic structure' or 'basic features'. The 11-member commission was headed by Retired Chief Justice of India Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah. The other members of the Commission were B.P. Jeevan Reddy (Chairman of the Law Commission), R.S. Sarkaria (Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India), K. Punnayya (Former Judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court), Soli Sorabjee (Attorney-General of India), K.", "Supreme Court of India India. In 2010, Justice S. H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India. In 2017, Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India. Indu Malhotra is the first women justice to be selected directly from bar. The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of supreme court judges in various ways. Per of directive principles of state policy, the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of", "Elections in India there were only 80,708 candidates. The number of votes and seats won provides a ranking of the major political parties. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament. 233 of its members are elected indirectly by the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College of the Union Territories. The President of India appoints 12 of its members. (See Wikipedia, \"Rajya Sabha\"). The 233 members are elected for a six-year term. Every two years, one-third of the members retire. The elected members are chosen by proportional representation via the single transferable vote. There are twelve nominated members", "Chief Justice of India been laid down in \"The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958\". This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commission's recommendation. Chief Justice of India The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme", "India and the United Nations Security Council. From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. Now India's Supreme Court Justice 'Justice: Dalveer Bhandari' has been appointed as the judge in International Court of Justice for a second term. Justice Dalveer Bhandari has studied at JNVU Jodhpur and served as judge in both high court and The Supreme Court in", "Prafulla Chandra Pant of Judge, Supreme Court of India on 13 August 2014. After serving over 3 years as a judge of the Supreme Court of India, He demitted the office at 29 August 2017. A judgement of a two judge bench of the Supreme Court of India, which included Justice Pant and Justice Dipak Misra, has been criticized for upholding defamation to be a criminal offense. It has been argued that the verdict strikes a blow against freedom of speech and expression in India. Justice Pant has written many books on different subjects of law, few of which includes: Prafulla Chandra Pant", "Member of parliament, Lok Sabha six months. Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Lok Sabha are; India paid to its 543 Lok Sabha members in salaries and expenses over 2015, or just over per month per member of parliament. The Salary, allowances and pension of Member of the Lok Sabha is governed by the Members of Parliament Act, 1954. The act is in pursuance to the constitutional provisions where article 106 of the Constitution of India provides that the members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by", "Judiciary of Pakistan register. The Supreme Court (SCOP), established in 1956, is the apex court in Pakistan's judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. The court consists of a Chief Justice and sixteen other judges. There is also provision for appointment of acting judges as well as ad hoc judges in the court. It has a permanent seat in Islamabad as well as branch registries in Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi. It has a number of de jure powers which are outlined in the constitution, including appellate and constitutional jurisdiction, and \"suo moto\" power to try Human Rights matters. Through", "V. Ramaswami the motion on 12 March 1991, Speaker Rabi Ray constituted a committee composed of Justice P B Sawant of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai of the Bombay High Court and Justice O Chinnappa Reddy, retired judge of the Supreme Court to investigate the affair. The committee found Ramaswami guilty of 11 out of 14 charges. The removal motion was placed in the assembly for debate and voting on 10 May 1993. Well known lawyer and a Congress politician Kapil Sibal was his defence lawyer. Of 401 members present in the assembly that day, there were 196 votes", "Standing Committee on Defence (India) the adoption of the Reports of Rules Committees of the 10th Lok Sabha by the two Houses on 29 March,1993, the way was paved for the setting up of the seventeen Departmentally Related Standing Committees(DRSCs) covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government. Formally setup in April, 1993, the committee used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, during the re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 by the 14th Lok", "Supreme Court of India constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights, contrary to the judgment in the \"Kesavananda Bharati\" case. Another important decision was of the five-judge bench in \"Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India\"; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions (Reservations in Admissions) Act, 2006 was upheld, subject to the \"creamy layer\" criteria. Importantly, the court refused to follow the 'strict scrutiny' standards of review followed by the United States supreme court. At the same time, the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2007) ()a The supreme court declared allotment", "2018 Supreme Court of India crisis claimed to have a written a letter to Dipak Misra for which they had not received a reply. On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking impeachment of Dipak Misra to the Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, with signatures from 71 parliamentarians. 2018 Supreme Court of India crisis The Supreme Court of India was in crisis after an interview given by Supreme Court judges Jasti Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan Lokur, and Kurian Joseph, in which they spoke against the Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra. Supreme Court judges Jasti Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph alleged" ]

[ 11.75 ]

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[ "Much of the gossip surrounding Kitty Kelley's love life was confirmed in his biography." ]

[ "Kitty Kelley's 1986 biography has the following title: Her Light.", "Bronchitis endpoints can't be studied because some are viral and some are environmental.", "A woman wearing a hat is looking out a door.", "I was a child the year they beat the A's.", "A lady plays an instrument.", "A man is fishing at a stream.", "The dioramas in the museum show lakeland life from 400 years ago." ]

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[ "German Shorthaired Pointer Prices The lowest price we've ever had advertised for the German Shorthaired Pointer is $125; the most expensive price is $1,500. Generally the average German Shorthaired Pointer costs around $688 to purchase." ]

[ "How Much Does an American Bully Cost? In the United States, the cost of an American Bully puppy ranges anywhere from $800 to $3,000. The cost will depend on the age, quality, its history, inclusions with the purchase, breeder and geographical location.", "- 3 Comments. Anonymous. The average cost of an Miniature Pinscher puppy from a reputable and qualified breeder is $1000.00 - $1250.00 per pup with papers. Puppies without papers will be considerably less, but then you have a possibility of buying from a back yard breeder or puppy mill.", "- 1 Comment. Anonymous. The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives.The Siberian Husky can be a good family dog and be perfectly fine with children as long as the puppy is raised with kids. Comment. Anonymous. The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives.", "- German Shepherd Puppies for Sale. 1 Ivy $795.00 Delta, PA German Shepherd Puppy. 2 Adelle $595.00 Honey Brook, PA German Shepherd Puppy. 3 Caty $650.00 Lancaster, PA German Shepherd Puppy. 4 Mitzy Jane $550.00 Kirkwood, PA German Shepherd Puppy. 5 Tara $975.00 East Earl, PA German Shepherd Puppy. 6 Wallace $975.00 Gordonville, PA German Shepherd Puppy.", "- The average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.2 Most purchases are going to fall within the $350 to $800 price tag range. The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range.", "- CONCLUSION: The best quality puppy for your dollar is purchasing one from a reputable breeder with a price between $1,400-$2,000. If you can not afford that, you should probably look for a different breed that has good qualities, but that aren't as much.500-$1400. Puppies that are between $500-$1400 are being raised in puppy mills or by backyard breeders or come from puppy brokers. Many have lost the qualities of the Havanese from poor breeding. Many are line or inbred which can lead to Health and Genetic problems.", "Weimaraner for sale price range? Where to find Weimaraner puppies for sale? Price of Weimaraner dogs imported from Germany. Prices of Weimaraner dogs imported from Germany are very high, like most of the other dog breeds imported from this country. Every fully registered Weimaraner puppy which is purchased in Germany usually costs not less than $2000, but puppy transported to the US have prices ranging from $3000 to $5000 depending on genealogy quality and characteristics of each baby.", "How much does a siberian husky puppy cost? The average cost for a dog can range from $300 all the way to $1000. Anywhere from $50 to $5000, depending on the source and the quality of the dog. Please, please don't buy a pet from a pet shop. ALL puppies in pet stores come from puppy mills, and are grossly overpriced as well.", "How Much Do German Shepherds Usually Cost? Compared to puppies from pet shops, high pedigree champions from a superior breed tend to cost more. Adult German Shepherd. The dollar amount of German shepherds oscillates between $750 and $1,200. This price normally changes to a slightly higher amount if the purchase is being made from a well known breeder.However you need to be very careful because even the reputed breeder may not be selling the best puppies around.ere you can get one from $100 to $350. Grooming Cost. Whenever you are looking at the cost of a German shepherd, you also need to look at the grooming cost. It helps in keeping the dogs healthier and free from diseases.", "- The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives. The Siberian Husky can be a good family dog and be perfectly fine with children as long as the puppy is raised with kids.", "- 1 According to the website NextDayPets.com, a wide variety of breeders have Miniature Pinschers listed for anywhere from $500 to as much as $900 for an AKC certified puppy.", "- The average cost of an Miniature Pinscher puppy from a reputable and qualified breeder is $1000.00 - $1250.00 per pup with papers. Puppies without papers will be considerably less, but then you have a possibility of buying from a back yard breeder or puppy mill. Anonymous. Average in my area is $600.00 to $900.00.", "How Much Does Mobile Dog Grooming Cost? For example, the Bichon Frise, Miniature Poodle and Maltese not having thick hair or requiring a complicated cut can see a grooming cost of about $30 to $50 while a larger breed like an afghan hound or golden retriever can average around $50 to $70 and up.", "- (Free Behavior & Training Advice). Please be aware the average cost of ownership for any German Shepherd Dog is $1,200-$1,500 a YEAR. The ASPCA estimates $1,580 annual cost for a German Shepherd Dog.", "- Find out how old your German Shorthaired Pointer is in human years! The German Shorthaired Pointer typically weighs between 45 to 70 pounds, placing it on the heavier end of dog breeds. It's typically 21 to 25 inches in height.", "- The cost for a purebred Yorkie with AKC registration varies drastically based on the many factors below, but on average, an AKC licensed breeder will charge around $1200 and $1500 and up per puppy. Additionally most breeders request a non-refundable deposit (of around $200-$300) during the application process.ne of the best ways to spot a backyard breeder is based on the price of the puppy. While reputable AKC breeders charge around $1200 – $1500 for a typical companion Yorkie, backyard breeders usually range on the lower end and are always more than willing to negotiate on price if they feel a sale is likely.", "RNA Viruses RNA Viruses. The structure of the RNA viruses is basically the same as that of the other viruses that we have described-a core of genetic material, usually contained within a protective capsid of protein, and in many cases, and lipid envelope as well.n order to copy their genetic material, RNA viruses cannot rely on the mechanisms for genetic replication already present in the cell as the the DNA viruses do. Cells have their own DNA transcriptase (an enzyme which copies DNA) which they use to replicate their own DNA.", "BMDINFO.ORG The Real Costs of a Puppy. ► Prices for Bernese Mountain Dog puppies range from around one thousand upwards to several thousand dollars. In today's market expect to pay $1500.00 - $2000.00 for a well-bred pup.", "- 1 These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups. 2 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 3 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 4 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups. 2 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 3 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 4 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end.", "- The average cost of an Miniature Pinscher puppy from a reputable and qualified breeder is $1000.00 - $1250.00 per pup with papers. Puppies without papers will be considerably less, but then you have a possibility of buying from a back yard breeder or puppy mill.", "German Shepherd Dog And any dog can be a trial to live with during adolescence. In the case of the German Shorthair, the “teen” years can start at six months and can continue until the dog is two years old. Talk to the breeder, describe exactly what you’re looking for in a dog, and ask for assistance in selecting a puppy.", "- It's a matter of ecology. In many cases, plants from other parts of the world are welcomed, manageable additions to our gardens. However, in some situations these non-native species cause serious ecological disturbances.hey are most threatening in ecosystems such as wetlands, sand dunes, fire prone areas, and serpentine barrens where rare native plants are found. Invasive plant species thrive where the continuity of a natural ecosystem is breached and are abundant on disturbed sites like construction areas and road cuts.", "- 1 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 4 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork. On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 4 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork.", "- 1 According to Vonlotta.com, a breeder online that raises and sells German Shepherds, the cost for this particular breed can range anywhere from $1,500 to $3,500 depending on their origin as well as other various factors.he average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.", "- How to Groom a German Shorthaired Pointer? How Fast can a German Shorthaired Pointer run? Temperament and Personality of German Shorthaired ... How much does a German Shorthaired Pointer Cost? Life Expectancy in German Shorthair Pointer; Litter Size of German Shorthaired Pointer; Size and Weight of German Shorthaired Pointer German Shorthaired Pointers have well build bodies and are made for endurance.There numerous abilities can never be ignored.These dogs have medium to large sized bodies that are balanced and are made for high stamina.For GSD the height range lies between 23-25 inches or 58.4-63.5 cm.", "- 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy. 2 Most purchases are going to fall within the $350 to $800 price tag range. 3 The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 4 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC.he average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.", "- Quick Answer. White Pomeranian puppies are listed on the Dogs Now website for sale in August 2014 at prices that range from $200 to $3000. PetPom.com states that an AKC-registered Pomeranian puppy should cost $500 to $1200, and breeders asking for prices outside this range should be approached with caution.", "- A puppy from proven hunting parents can cost double that. Puppies from dog sled racing lines sell for anywhere from $500 to $3000 depending where they are and how competitive the parents are. Most pointers used as sled dogs are not registered or purebred but some are.", "- Everything seems accurate with exception of the price. In the New England area most purebred Huskies from a reputable breeder that is in good health and current on vet stuff will cost $1,000-2,000 If you are paying less then $900 it is either not a purebred or it's from a puppy mill.xpect husky breeders to charge roughly $450 to $800 for a healthy, dewormed husky puppy that's had its first canine vaccinations. Though it's possible to get a new pet for considerably less at a puppy mill, these businesses don't treat their dogs ethically and place little value on the health of their animals.", "- Best Answer: Buying a quality German Shepherd should run you $800 - $2000. After that, all dogs cost about the same money to take care of. Puppy shots are another $200, then $100 a year. Annual Heartworm test and preventative medication $100. Quality food like Nutro - $30 a month.", "What Is the Average Price for a Dapple Dachshund Puppy? Quick Answer. As of May 2014, the price of dapple Dachshund puppies generally ranges from around $400 to over $1,100 each. The price of a dapple Dachshund puppy will vary depending on location, breeder and bloodline, and invariably a reputable breeder will require a $100 to $200 non-refundable deposit. Continue Reading.", "- 1 On average, a Miniature Pinscher can cost anywhere from $400 to as much as $850. 2 This is the common price range for dogs that are between the ages of 8 weeks and six months old.", "Australian Cattle Dog Availability Australian Cattle Dog breeders can be found on the internet or locally. Prices range from approximately $150 for an adult, $300-$750 for a puppy of pet quality and $1200+ for a puppy of show or breeding quality.", "How Much Does a Blue Heeler Cost? On average, a Blue Heeler puppy range anywhere from $350 for a ranch-bred puppy to over $1,500 for a trained stock dog. The costs will depend on the dog’s age, its history, the breeder, geographical location and inclusions. PuppyFind.com has listings that range anywhere from $275 to as much as $600.", "- 1 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300. 2 However, older dogs found at an adoption agency could cost anywhere from $100 to as much as $600.3 According to swairedalerescue.org, their suggested donation fees can cost $100 to $500. You can buy the puppy from a pet store or dealer, a rescue and adoption center, or from a responsible private breeder. 2 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300.", "- The average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.", "How Much Do Great Danes Cost? Many factors, including breeder history, bloodline and color, contribute to the cost of a great Dane puppy. Average prices range anywhere from $700 to $3,000, although puppies can be purchased from...", "How Much Does Portuguese Water Dog Cost? On average, a Portuguese water dog puppy is going to cost anywhere from $1,500 to as much as $3,000. At PuppyFind.com, a popular online dog classified website, had about 60 listings at the time of this writing, with prices ranging anywhere from $2,220 to as much as $3,500.", "GSD FAQ / German Shepherd FAQ Typically, a really nice German Shepherd puppy will cost anywhere between $700 and $1200 to start, depending on the lineage, appearance, and background of the dog. Always buy from a responsible breeder where you can see both parents, littermates and breeding facility.", "- 1 On average, an Australian Terrier puppy will cost you approximately $350-$500. 2 A purebred pet quality Australian Terrier should be about $1,000, while a show quality can be around $1,200 to $1,500. 3 Burkesbackyard.com notes that this breed can cost $300 to $500.", "- AKC Bi-Color German Shepherd Puppies Ready on November 07-14, 2015 7 Females and 3 Males avaliable. Price $800 - Location*** 30 Miles South of Pittsburgh, PA Place a deposit now to hold your puppy.Each deposit comes with a health contract for one year. Rear dew claws removed, dewormed, and vaccine.KC Bi-Color German Shepherd Puppies Ready on November 07-14, 2015 7 Females and 3 Males avaliable. Price $800 - Location*** 30 Mile...", "How Much Do Maltipoo Puppies Cost? How much is it? The cost will depend on the age, the parents, quality, colors, breeder and your geographical location. The average price for Maltipoo puppies can range anywhere from $400 to $1,000. A teacup Maltipoo, which is much smaller than a standard Maltipoo, can cost $600 to $1,000. Pawster.com says depending on the quality of the parent breeders, the price may be a little higher, but you should plan on spending more than $1,000 for a Maltipoo.", "- As of 2012, German Shepherds are considered the second-most popular dog in the US, and can cost anywhere between $3,000 and $24,000. A dog training institute in Germany claims to train the best rescue dogs and sells them for $24,000.ublished: Mar 27, 2014 at 10:44 am Est. A variety of factors make a breed expensive. Rare and purebred dogs tend to cost more than their mixed-breed counterparts. Predictably, a dog’s value increases immensely when it is owned by or seen in the possession of a celebrity.", "- Our puppies range in price from $600.00 to $1000.00. Girls are more expensive than boys. The smaller pups are more expensive than the slightly bigger ones in the litter. Black puggles are sometimes more expensive than fawn puggle puppies.", "- 1 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 2 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 3 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork. 4 For example, in a state such as California, the price range for this is $ 600 to $4,500. On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 4 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork.", "How much does a pure bred German Shepherd cost? Report Abuse. As a long time GSD breeder who exhibits my dogs, I charge $600.00-$750.00 pet/companion. Show/competition/breeding prospects are $1000.00-$2000.00. and must be ofa'd hip and elbows BEFORE they can be used in any breeding program.I also encourage my dog buyers to check for thyroid, pancreas, cardio function.eport Abuse. As a long time GSD breeder who exhibits my dogs, I charge $600.00-$750.00 pet/companion. Show/competition/breeding prospects are $1000.00-$2000.00. and must be ofa'd hip and elbows BEFORE they can be used in any breeding program.", "- What is the average starting price of your German Shepherd and Siberian Husky puppies? The average price for AKC German Shepherd puppies is $600 to $1000 for males and females. The average price for AKC Siberian Husky puppies is $600 to $1000 for males and females.hat is the average starting price of your German Shepherd and Siberian Husky puppies? The average price for AKC German Shepherd puppies is $600 to $1000 for males and females. The average price for AKC Siberian Husky puppies is $600 to $1000 for males and females.", "- Confidence votes 52. Maltese puppies can cost from around $800 to $6,000. I got one that costs $800, and I love her just as much as a $6,000 dollar one, maybe even more! As you can see, the prices greatly range and this is primarily due to quality.", "How much does it cost to own a GERMAN SHEPHERD? Best Answer: Buying a quality German Shepherd should run you $800 - $2000. After that, all dogs cost about the same money to take care of. Puppy shots are another $200, then $100 a year.", "- 1 According to the site, the price for teacup dogs can range anywhere from $400 to $1,500. 2 Younger puppies are also sold on this site and they can be more expensive. 3 They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. 2 Cassie’s Closet is a breeder that sells different breeds of Teacup Yorkies that are still little puppies.", "The Average Weight for a German Short Hair Dog Females should be slightly shorter, with an average height of 21 to 23 inches at the withers. Male German shorthaired pointers should weigh between 55 and 70 pounds, while females should be between 45 and 60 pounds.", "What Is the Average Price for a Dapple Dachshund Puppy? Quick Answer. As of May 2014, the price of dapple Dachshund puppies generally ranges from around $400 to over $1,100 each. The price of a dapple Dachshund puppy will vary depending on location, breeder and bloodline, and invariably a reputable breeder will require a $100 to $200 non-refundable deposit. Keep Learning.", "How many parts of speech are there? · just now. Report Abuse. Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hype... http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts...", "- 1 On average, the prices of a French bulldog can range anywhere from as little as $900 to as much as $3,200. 2 For example, the best breeders that join the National French Bulldog shows charge at least $3,000 for a female with spay contacts.3 Some male French Bulldogs may be negotiated for $2,500 to $3,000. A male French Bulldog at 5 weeks old costs $1,650 while an 11-week old male costs $2,800. 2 Allstarfrenchbulldogs.com claims that you should be prepared to spend at least $3,000 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC registered bulldog born in the USA. 3 Champion lines could cost as much as $5,000.", "- 1 Border Collies that are, indeed, registered with the AKC will cost anywhere from $600 to $1,200. 2 Keep in mind that the females will often cost 10% to 20% more than their male counterparts.3 On the popular dog classified website NextDayPets.com, the breeders have prices that range anywhere from $200 to as much as $1,200. Border Collies that are, indeed, registered with the AKC will cost anywhere from $600 to $1,200. 2 Keep in mind that the females will often cost 10% to 20% more than their male counterparts.", "How Much Does a Siberian Husky Cost? A purebred Husky from an AKC registered breeder, if you’re able to find one with all of the appropriate paperwork, is usually going to cost $1,200 to $1,600. Older dogs over two years old can often be found at various shelters and rescues and cost as little as $100.", "BMDINFO.ORG Bernese Mountain Dogs - Breed Information & Education for Puppy Buyers, Owners and Breeders. The Real Costs of a Bernese Mountain Dog Puppy. ► ► ► Total: Purchase price + $1260 to $11,855 for a healthy wellbred pup for just the first year. As much as an additional $14,465 for all of the genetic based problems.", "How Much Do Maltipoo Puppies Cost? The cost will depend on the age, the parents, quality, colors, breeder and your geographical location. The average price for Maltipoo puppies can range anywhere from $400 to $1,000. Remember, this is considered a “mutt,” so it won’t command high AKC prices.", "- Their double coat may vary in color but is most commonly tan/black or red/black. As of 2012, German Shepherds are considered the second-most popular dog in the US, and can cost anywhere between $3,000 and $24,000. A dog training institute in Germany claims to train the best rescue dogs and sells them for $24,000.", "- How much is it? 1 On average, a Maltese puppy is going to cost anywhere from $400 to as much as $5,000. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 For example, in a state such as California, the price range for this is $ 600 to $4,500. On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 4 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork.", "Miniature Schnauzer Cost â How Much for This Breed? As with any type of dog breed, the price for a Miniature Schnauzer will vary depending on several factors. These factors include the pedigree of the parents and their breed lines, the area that you are purchasing the dog in, the availability of the breed and the reputation of the kennel or breeder.UNITED STATES.ost Miniature Schnauzer puppies in the United States that are purebred and can be registered with the American Kennel Club will range in price from $350.00 to $500.00. In addition, there may be additional shipping costs or other expenses, depending on the kennel or breeder you are purchasing from.", "How Much Are Pomsky Puppies? How Much Are Pomsky Puppies? Pomskies come in a variety of prices and options. At this time most of the breeders available are selling their individual pups for as low as $1,500 to as high as $5,000. As their popularity increases, they may end up costing even more in the future.", "How much does it cost to own a GERMAN SHEPHERD? Best Answer: Buying a quality German Shepherd should run you $800 - $2000. After that, all dogs cost about the same money to take care of. Puppy shots are another $200, then $100 a year. Annual Heartworm test and preventative medication $100. Quality food like Nutro - $30 a month. Obedience classes $200 and up.", "- The German Shorthaired Pointer typically weighs between 45 to 70 pounds, placing it on the heavier end of dog breeds. It's typically 21 to 25 inches in height.", "How much should a German Shepherd cost? by admin · June 12, 2013. At 8 weeks old, German Shepherd puppies usually range from $600 to $5,000, depending on their bloodline, breed type, show potential, pedigree, etc. Older puppies with additional training from responsible breeders often cost more.’m not quite certain what adoption fees are, however whatever they are, you are basically supporting the rescue of the dog, be it $75 from an SPCA or $500 from a no-kill shelter. Some shelters specialize in rehabilitating German Shepherds, and this can take a lot of time and money.", "- 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy. 2 Most purchases are going to fall within the $350 to $800 price tag range. 3 The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 4 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range.", "- How much is it? 1 On average, a Maltese puppy is going to cost anywhere from $400 to as much as $5,000. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 For example, in a state such as California, the price range for this is $ 600 to $4,500. These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups. 2 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 3 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 4 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end.", "- Teacup Chihuahua puppies will vary in cost depending on the seller and can range anywhere from $0 to $4,000. Most teacup Chihuahua breeders will ask between $300 to $1,000 for … the puppies with the females being more expensive than the males.Answered.hey can cost 400-500 dollars or more, but some can cost around 200-400 dollars. Teacup dogs are often sold at extortionate prices just for the teacup label, many times high … er than regular sized puppies of the same breed.", "- The Cost for You. With all of the above in mind, if you are wondering how much you may pay for an AKC Pomeranian puppy, the price will range from $500 to $1200. If you see an ad for a much lower amount or a much higher amount, you will want to ask yourself if age, type of registration or location factors into this.", "- 13.012 Hydrodynamics for Ocean Engineers Reading #3 version 3.0 updated 9/8/2004 -3- ©2003, 2004 aht M 1 is taken about the x-axis. We can also calculate in a similar fashion: M 2 about the y-axis and M 3 about the z-axis.", "- The cost of any given breed of puppy will depend on the breeder, the dog's parentage, and typical costs for that breed. Some online sites show some sellers offering Boerboel puppies for roughly $1200-$1400 USD.", "How much are puppies at Petland? It varies from breed to breed. The more expensive dogs such as bulldogs can range in the thousands, while most most purebreds will range from $300-600. Mixed breeds will be a little less. However, dogs are priced at their highest point when they first arrive, and will often drop the longer the dog is there.", "What a Breeder Charges For Their Puppies and Why So Expensive Well bred dogs are expensive to breed. Even poorly bred toy dogs are not cheap to breed. The dam often needs a c-section for the birth that can cost $1,000 or more the average c-section cost approximately $1,800. Plus there is care for the dam during pregnancy and after birth. If they do it right there is health/genetic testing before breeding.", "French Bulldog For Sale: Why do They Cost So Much? French Bulldogs are a very expensive breed and if you are thinking about adding one to your family, expect to pay approximately $3,000-$4,000 for an AKC registered pup. Champion lines for show and breeding purposes are even more expensive, ranging anywhere from $3,500-$5,000 per dog. So why do these dogs cost so much?", "- Anonymous. The average cost of an Miniature Pinscher puppy from a reputable and qualified breeder is $1000.00 - $1250.00 per pup with papers. Puppies without papers will be considerably less, but then you have a possibility of buying from a back yard breeder or puppy mill.", "- 1 According to the site BurkesBackyard.com, most English setter puppies cost anywhere from $250 to as much as $500 and above. The same price range was also supported by the puppy finder site, PuppyFind.com. 2 According to this website, many breeders across the United States are selling English Setter puppies that are priced anywhere from $300 to $500 each.", "- 1 The puppy finder site PuppyFind.com features breeders who sell puppies usually from 7 to 9 weeks old. 2 The prices here range from $500 to $1,000. 3 The same price range is also supported by other puppy finder sites on the internet.", "- 1 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 2 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 3 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork. 4 For example, in a state such as California, the price range for this is $ 600 to $4,500. These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups. 2 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 3 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 4 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end.", "- 1 All Black & whites and brown and whites: $500. 2 All Tri-Color Sables: $600. 3 All Pepper X Boss Blue Merles: $800. 4 ABCA registration w/papers: $25. All puppies will be wormed twice, but not given shots.", "Parker's Precious Pomeranians Our puppy's prices vary depending on pedigree, sex, color, and full or limited AKC registration. Generally speaking puppies with the rarest, most exotic, most desirable, or most frequently requested traits are going to have a higher value. Prices range $1000-$2000 depending on the puppy.", "How Much Does an American Bully Cost? How much does an American Bully cost? In the United States, the cost of an American Bully puppy ranges anywhere from $450 for a nonpurebred to more than $2,000 for a show-quality dog coming from a great bloodline, according to the research we found on various classified websites in the United States.", "How Much Does a Great Dane Cost? How much does a Great Dane cost? The cost of a Great Dane puppy depends on the age, gender, size, color, bloodline, health history, and geographical location. On average, a Great Dane can cost anywhere from $600 to $2,000. Since this is a fairly common breed, you may be able to find an older dog or even puppy at a local rescue group for as little as $200 to $500, while your purebred, AKC certified will be within the $1,500 to $2,000 range.", "Dandie Dinmont Terrier The cost of a Cocker puppy varies depending on where the breeder lives, whether he is male or female, what titles his parents have, and whether he is best suited for the show ring or a pet home. Expect to pay between $300 and $1,000 for a puppy.", "Portuguese Water Dog How much do Portuguese Water Dog puppies cost? The cost to buy a Portuguese Water Dog varies greatly and depends on many factors such as the breeders' location, reputation, litter size, lineage of the puppy, breed popularity (supply and demand), training, socialization efforts, breed lines and much more. Review how much Portuguese Water Dog puppies for sale sell for below. The current median price for all Portuguese Water Dogs sold is $2,050.00. This is the price you can expect to budget for a Portuguese Water Dog with papers but without breeding rights nor show quality.", "- We work from a reservation list for our puppies. Once you have decided on a Wyndlair Collie puppy and you have been approved, a $200 deposit will reserve your puppy, including any requests you might have (color, sex, etc.). Your deposit is refundable up to the point that your puppy turns 2 weeks of age.et Transportation: If you have your heart set on a Wyndlair Collie, but you don’t live Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan or Iowa, no problem! We regularly ship puppies within the United States and Canada via Delta Airlines. Average shipping for a puppy ranges from $225-$300, depending on the destination.", "What is the average price of a Scottish Deerhound puppy? $1,200 to $1,500 for an AKC registered puppy from a reputible breeder. Dogs from pet shops are often less expensive ($750), but please remember that most of these dogs come fr … om puppy mills and are raised in terrible conditions.", "- The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives.", "- 1 You can buy the puppy from a pet store or dealer, a rescue and adoption center, or from a responsible private breeder. 2 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300.3 However, older dogs found at an adoption agency could cost anywhere from $100 to as much as $600. You can buy the puppy from a pet store or dealer, a rescue and adoption center, or from a responsible private breeder. 2 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300.", "Price of a husky pup? DON'T go to a pet shop or a back yard breeder both of which will sell you an inferior dog at a inflated price. A well bred pet quality Husky can be had for $500 to $700 from quality breeder (one who either works or shows their dogs) who cares more about their pups than a buck.A pet shop will sell you an inferior puppy for four times as much.ON'T go to a pet shop or a back yard breeder both of which will sell you an inferior dog at a inflated price. A well bred pet quality Husky can be had for $500 to $700 from quality breeder (one who either works or shows their dogs) who cares more about their pups than a buck.", "Takayasuâs Arteritis Takayasu’s Arteritis. Takayasu’s arteritis is a rare, chronic inflammation of the large blood vessels, usually the aorta and its branches, and including the arteries going to the brain, limbs, heart, lung and kidneys.ecause the treatments for Takayasu’s arteritis may be associated with substantial side–effects, we need more accurate means of gauging disease activity. Investigators around the world are working to identify proteins and other molecules whose presence indicates ongoing inflammation.", "- The average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.2 Most purchases are going to fall within the $350 to $800 price tag range.he average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.", "- Teacup Chihuahua puppies will vary in cost depending on the seller and can range anywhere from $0 to $4,000. Most teacup Chihuahua breeders will ask between $300 to $1,000 for … the puppies with the females being more expensive than the males.Answered.eacup Yorkies usually cost around $1000, sometimes a lot more. Prices above $1,500 are not unusual. Cheaper Yorkies can be sold as little as $500. However, The term teacu … p is a marketing tool referring to really small, and often unhealthy, dogs.", "How much should a German Shepherd cost? by admin · June 12, 2013. At 8 weeks old, German Shepherd puppies usually range from $600 to $5,000, depending on their bloodline, breed type, show potential, pedigree, etc. Older puppies with additional training from responsible breeders often cost more. or 8 week old puppies start off around $2,500 and work their way up to $4,500 depending on the pedigree and titles and awards held. Adults with Schtuzhund training and hip certifications or other titles can easily run into the $10,000 range.", "- German Shorthaired Pointer - a purebred, large dog from Germany with a typical lifespan of 14 years, height of 24 inches, and weight of 63 pounds. The #11 AKC breed. See data on personality, health, cost of ownership, and more.", "How Much Does an American Bully Cost? How much is it? In the United States, the cost of an American Bully puppy ranges anywhere from $800 to $3,000. The cost will depend on the age, quality, its history, inclusions with the purchase, breeder and geographical location.", "- 1 A purebred pet quality Australian Terrier should be about $1,000, while a show quality can be around $1,200 to $1,500. 2 Burkesbackyard.com notes that this breed can cost $300 to $500. 3 Classified ads on PuppyFind.com range anywhere from $550 to as much as $900.", "- Teacup Chihuahua puppies will vary in cost depending on the seller and can range anywhere from $0 to $4,000. Most teacup Chihuahua breeders will ask between $300 to $1,000 for … the puppies with the females being more expensive than the males.", "- 1 Comment. Anonymous. The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives. The Siberian Husky can be a good family dog and be perfectly fine with children as long as the puppy is raised with kids.", "How Much Does an Argentine Dogo Cost? How much is it? On average, a pure-bred Dogo Argentino puppy can cost anywhere from $500 to $2,500. The costs will depend on the breeder, the age, quality, its history and geographical location. PuppyFind.com has hundreds of listings that range from $500 to as much as $1,900.", "- German Shorthaired Pointer. Country of Origin: Germany. Height: Males 23 to 26 inches, females 21 to 25 inches. Weight: Males 55 to 70 pounds, females 45 to 60 pounds. Coat: Double coat with short, rough, dense, hard outercoat and dense, short undercoat.", "How Much Does a Pomeranian Cost? 1 On the website PuppyFind.com, a popular online puppy classified website, listings for Pomeranian puppies range in price from $500 to as much as $4,000. 2 However, the average listing is between $600 and $1,500.he cost of this breed will depend upon the age, the breeder, what is included with the purchase, and other factors. 1 Depending on the breed and the age of the dog, the costs of a Pomeranian will be anywhere from $400 to as much as $1,500.", "- Anonymous. The average cost for a Siberian Husky puppy from a responsible, reputable and knowledgeable breeder is between $850.00 - $1,500.00 depending on where the breeder lives. The Siberian Husky can be a good family dog and be perfectly fine with children as long as the puppy is raised with kids.", "Shetland Sheepdog - Sheltie You should expect to pay a premium for a puppy with breeding rights or even for a puppy advertised as show quality with papers. You should budget anywhere from $1,200 upwards to $6,000 or even more for a Shetland Sheepdog - Sheltie with top breed lines and a superior pedigree. The average cost for all Shetland Sheepdog Shelties sold is $600.", "Weimaraner for sale price range? Where to find Weimaraner puppies for sale? Weimaraner puppies coming from ordinary breeding farms have prices fluctuating from $1000 to $1400 per puppy. These puppies usually have normal family records, over 95 percent of breed purity, and are mainly raised as pet.", "PROTECTION AND POLICE DOGS FOR SALEpage updated: 27th of March 2018 PROTECTION AND POLICE DOGS FOR SALE. page updated: 28th of August 2017. German shepherds listed on this page are priced at $7500 and Up. All german shepherd dogs shown on this page reside at our kennel and are available for immediate pick-up or delivery to the airport of your choice. Trained german shepherd dogs have a significantly higher value than puppies because of the hundreds of hours of training they received. We have found some of the best protection dogs in the world to use in our breeding program, therefore our dogs not only have great training, but natural protective skills.", "- Our puppies range in price from $600.00 to $1000.00. Girls are more expensive than boys. The smaller pups are more expensive than the slightly bigger ones in the litter.", "Soothe back pain naturally with various essential oils The best form of aromatherapy for back pain is a massage using essential oils. Simply mix a couple of drops of your chosen oil with a carrier oil and arrange to have a professional masseur or aromatherapist massage your back for you. This serves to increase circulation and to relieve the aching and tightness.", "How much does a trained German Shepherd cost? One of the answers stated that they cost 10K-25K$, and they're right! Adopt a GSD and take him or her to training classes (usually no more than $200) By buying a GSP (German Shepherd Puppy) he'll have time to bond with you as he grows, making him loyal to you and your family, and willing to protect you.", "- 1 Younger puppies are also sold on this site and they can be more expensive. 2 They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. 3 Cassie’s Closet is a breeder that sells different breeds of Teacup Yorkies that are still little puppies. They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. 2 Cassie’s Closet is a breeder that sells different breeds of Teacup Yorkies that are still little puppies. 3 The price for the puppies would still depend on the age and gender of the dog.", "Miniature Schnauzer Cost â How Much for This Breed? Prices in the United Kingdom are comparable with the cost of Miniature Schnauzer in the United States, Australia and Canada. There are several smaller kennels in the United Kingdom that consistently produce champion dogs, and puppies from these breeders will be more costly.ost Miniature Schnauzer puppies in the United States that are purebred and can be registered with the American Kennel Club will range in price from $350.00 to $500.00. In addition, there may be additional shipping costs or other expenses, depending on the kennel or breeder you are purchasing from.", "- The cost for a purebred Yorkie with AKC registration varies drastically based on the many factors below, but on average, an AKC licensed breeder will charge around $1200 and $1500 and up per puppy. Additionally most breeders request a non-refundable deposit (of around $200-$300) during the application process.", "- 1 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300. 2 However, older dogs found at an adoption agency could cost anywhere from $100 to as much as $600.", "How much does a Norwegian Elkhound usally cost? Pet stores usually charge exorbitant prices for substandard dogs that they get from backyard breeders or puppy mills. There are well-bred puppies anywhere from $600 to $2500. And there are poorly bred puppies for $200 to $1000.You have to check out your breeder, check for references. And remember the initial cost of the puppy pales in comparison to what you are going to spend on food, vet bills, and essentials for the next 15 years. So buy a quality puppy first of all.ou have to check out your breeder, check for references. And remember the initial cost of the puppy pales in comparison to what you are going to spend on food, vet bills, and essentials for the next 15 years. So buy a quality puppy first of all.", "How much do german shorthaired pointer puppies cost German Shorthaired Pointer puppies run between $600-$2000, depending on their lines, and if they have champions in their pedigree.", "How Much Do Your Puppies Cost Yes it’s expensive to breed. There are many factors that are considered when pricing pups. Some litters can be less expensive, $1,000 or as high as $1800 – $2,000, depending on the situation.Sure, you can find less expensive salukis out there, to be sure. But mine are of the highest quality, well cared for and worth every penny I ask for them.his alone can run $2500 or more depending on the clinic. Yes, it’s happened. Feeding the Dam high quality food to keep her and the pups healthy is also expensive. Then comes the vet bills for removing the dew claws, checking out the pups and getting their first shots and health certificates.", "Yorkshire Terrier - Yorkie A Yorkie litter from an AKC licensed breeder will average around $1,250, but prices will vary onwards of up to $5,000+ per puppy. Many if not most breeders will require a non-refundable deposit between $250 onwards of up to $500.", "- Depending on the breeder, region, show potential, and other factors, a Newfoundland puppy can cost anywhere from $1,500 - $2,000. Does this seem expensive to you? Remember that a reputable breeder has a lot invested in that puppy and is unlikely to be making much if any profit on the deal.our dog may consume about 30 to 50 lbs. per month, depending on age and activity level. That’s about $20 - $30 per month, not including additional supplements. Grooming The price Newfoundland owners pay for that lovely soft, furry friend is a lot of time with the brush and comb.", "- 1 Manchester terriers are also bred as a toy puppy. 2 This variety can cost $900 to $2,000. 3 An older Manchester Terrier dogs that are 3 to 5 years old will cost $325 to $550.4 A 1 to 3 year old Manchester Terrier may cost $500 to $950. Manchester terriers are versatile dogs. 2 They can mingle with kids and can be a watch dog as well. 3 For this reason, their average price can be anywhere from $500 to $2,000. 4 For example, a Manchester terrier puppy sold in Indiana can cost $500 to $750.", "- 0 oz: 0.00 lb: 1 oz: 0.06 lb: 2 oz: 0.12 lb: 3 oz: 0.19 lb: 4 oz: 0.25 lb: 5 oz: 0.31 lb: 6 oz: 0.38 lb: 7 oz: 0.44 lb: 8 oz: 0.50 lb: 9 oz: 0.56 lb: 10 oz: 0.62 lb: 11 oz: 0.69 lb: 12 oz: 0.75 lb: 13 oz: 0.81 lb: 14 oz: 0.88 lb: 15 oz: 0.94 lb: 16 oz: 1.00 lb: 17 oz: 1.06 lb: 18 oz: 1.12 lb: 19 oz: 1.19 lb", "Are German shorthaired pointers mean? exists and is an alternate of . The average German Shorthairs can grow to be as tall as two feet and as heavy as seventy pounds.", "How Much Does a Great Dane Puppy Cost? Great Dane Cost. The price of a pure-breed Great Dane puppy stays in the range of $500 to $1600. The cost of a Great Dane puppy varies depending on the demand for these dogs in your area as well as the age of the puppy. The ideal time for a puppy to be taken to his/her new home is between 2 to 6 months of age.", "What a Breeder Charges For Their Puppies and Why So Expensive Well bred dogs are expensive to breed. Even poorly bred toy dogs are not cheap to breed. The dam often needs a c-section for the birth that can cost $1,000 or more the average c-section cost approximately $1,800. Plus there is care for the dam during pregnancy and after birth.", "- 1 For example, a Manchester terrier puppy sold in Indiana can cost $500 to $750. 2 A typical puppy will be 12 to 21 weeks old and is usually home raised, guaranteeing adaptability in another household. 3 Manchester terriers are also bred as a toy puppy.4 This variety can cost $900 to $2,000. Manchester terriers are versatile dogs. 2 They can mingle with kids and can be a watch dog as well. 3 For this reason, their average price can be anywhere from $500 to $2,000. 4 For example, a Manchester terrier puppy sold in Indiana can cost $500 to $750.", "How much do german shorthaird puppies cost? A puppy from proven hunting parents can cost double that. Puppies from dog sled racing lines sell for anywhere from $500 to $3000 depending where they are and how competitive the parents are. Most pointers used as sled dogs are not registered or purebred but some are. winterrules · 8 years ago.", "- How much is a dog from Germany. If you want to know that how much is the shepherd from Germany, then the answer is that it may cost you around $3000-$5000. Again it depends upon the fact that from whom you are buying and how much that German shepherd is trained.ow much is a German shepherd husky mix worth. If you want to know that how much is a German shepherd husky mix worth, then the answer is that it may cost you around $200. Still there are many such dogs, which cost more and less.", "- Please be aware the average cost of ownership for any German Shepherd Dog is $1,200-$1,500 a YEAR. The ASPCA estimates $1,580 annual cost for a German Shepherd Dog.", "Why are Doodles so expensive? Cost Of Breeding Stock. For a breeder to acquire Australian Breeding Stock or a higher generation American Labradoodles, price can range anywhere from $5000 -$10,000 for a non health tested puppy or as high as $20,000 for a health tested proven adult Australian Labradoodle.", "- Expect to pay around 3500/4000 for an AKC Registered *Born In the USA* French Bulldog Champion bred Puppy companion. If you'd like an AKC SHOW Puppy to show yourself from Champion lines for show/breeding purposes with full AKC expect to pay an average of 4000/5000...females are many times priced higher by breeders.", "How Much Does a Pomeranian Cost? On the website PuppyFind.com, a popular online puppy classified website, listings for Pomeranian puppies range in price from $500 to as much as $4,000. However, the average listing is between $600 and $1,500. A Pomeranian can weigh anywhere from four to seven pounds and can stand five to 11 inches tall.", "- If you plan on purchasing a German Shepherd Dog from a breeder you should expect the price range to be from 200 - 500 pounds... I presume you mean buy. Well if you got one fr … om the shelter it would only cost 100-300 pounds and breeders only generally sell puppies. GSD trained to guide the blind, for example, is worth over $30,000. Other contributors have added: It can vary from 400-600 euro. when i got my German Shepard he cost 400.", "The 10 Most Expensive Dog Breeds 4. Lowchen ($5,000 to $8,000) Löwchen means “little lion” in German, a fitting name for this small dog with an impressive mane of hair and talent for agility. The breed is often given a “lion” trim, too: clipped close to the skin at the hindquarters, with cuffs of hair around the ankles and a plumed tail.", "- 1 According to this website, many breeders across the United States are selling English Setter puppies that are priced anywhere from $300 to $500 each. 2 Most of these puppies are 3 to 12 weeks old and are current on their vaccinations.3 Dog-names.org also English Setters in their site, starting at $250 each. The same price range was also supported by the puppy finder site, PuppyFind.com. 2 According to this website, many breeders across the United States are selling English Setter puppies that are priced anywhere from $300 to $500 each.", "- Please be aware the average cost of ownership for any German Shepherd Dog is $1,200-$1,500 a YEAR. The ASPCA estimates $1,580 annual cost for a German Shepherd Dog. The lifetime financial commitent is well over $10,000. If you are not able to make that financial committment....", "- $1200-$2000 Petland marks up their pets from the puppy mills (just like all other products) so you are paying twice as much as you would going to a breeder. just now. Report Abuse. The average price is around $900 to $2000 dollars for a puppy that they PAID around ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS OR LESS FOR. They buy the puppies from puppy mill breeders and the poor puppies are sent by TRUCKS at a very young age (usually 5-7 weeks old) hundred or thousands of miles.", "Huskimo - Expressive and Devoted Costs involved in owning a Huskimo Puppies for this mixed breed cost between $800 and $1800. Some breeders include things like chips, blood tests, shots, and a start at basic training.", "Miniature Schnauzer Cost â How Much for This Breed? Most Miniature Schnauzer puppies in the United States that are purebred and can be registered with the American Kennel Club will range in price from $350.00 to $500.00. In addition, there may be additional shipping costs or other expenses, depending on the kennel or breeder you are purchasing from.", "German Shorthaired Pointer Puppies Raising German Shorthaired Pups. Although they are normally born between 12 and 24 ounces GSP pups quickly double their body weight and do so every week or so for the first 3 months. If a German Shorthair Puppy is going to be roan or white as an adult that portion of their coat is born white.nother way to tell a pup that will be roan is they will get dirty feet at 3-7 days. What you are seeing is the darker hair starting to come in. Obviously German Shorthaired Pointer Puppies eyes are closed and they are unable to stand.", "How to Email a Cover Letter to a Recruiter Step 5. Check the job posting for instructions on sending your resume. Depending on the directions, you could copy the contents of your resume and paste it a few spaces under your cover letter, or you could attach it to the message. To attach the resume to your message, click the Attachments or Attach a file button.avigate to the location where you have saved it. Click on the resume and click the Open button. Step 6. Check the job posting for instructions on the title you should type in the Subject line. If there are no instructions, type a descriptive title such as your name and the job title or job number.", "How Much Does a Pomeranian Cost? There’s a big price range for Pomeranians, and the price depends on a lot of factors. According to PuppyFind, prices can be as low as $500 and as high as $4,000.In general, though, Pomeranians cost $600-$1,500. Decide what your intentions are for getting a Pomeranian in the first place.here’s a big price range for Pomeranians, and the price depends on a lot of factors. According to PuppyFind, prices can be as low as $500 and as high as $4,000.", "- 1 Manchester terriers are versatile dogs. 2 They can mingle with kids and can be a watch dog as well. 3 For this reason, their average price can be anywhere from $500 to $2,000. 4 For example, a Manchester terrier puppy sold in Indiana can cost $500 to $750. Manchester terriers are versatile dogs. 2 They can mingle with kids and can be a watch dog as well. 3 For this reason, their average price can be anywhere from $500 to $2,000. 4 For example, a Manchester terrier puppy sold in Indiana can cost $500 to $750.", "How much is the average cost of a maltese puppy? Healthy well bred pups anywhere from $300-$1,500. The dog from down the street or pets store may be in the lower range but will most likely come with plenty of health or behavior problems due to bad breeding. First month cost of puppy will be in the $1,000 range for vet care and supplies, not including the dog. You'll have to pay monthly fees for food and replacement toys as well. Expect to pay a lot for grooming - my girl had to go in every three months and it was about $100 to get her clipped and bathed.", "- Teacup Chihuahua puppies will vary in cost depending on the seller and can range anywhere from $0 to $4,000. Most teacup Chihuahua breeders will ask between $300 to $1,000 for … the puppies with the females being more expensive than the males. Annie Pierce. 24 Contributions.", "- How much do miniature huskies cost? typically you can buy a husky puppy anywhere between 400 and 800 dollars. the prices go down the older they are, but they are very loyal dogs so sometimes it's better to … get them while they are young.their general livespan is 11-15 years.3 people found this useful.hare to: typically you can buy a husky puppy anywhere between 400 and 800 dollars. the prices go down the older they are, but they are very loyal dogs so sometimes it's better to … get them while they are young.", "- Mary Pedigree and Breeders June 22, 2014. If you are in the market for a Yorkie, it won’t take you long to discover that the Yorkshire Terrier is an expensive breed: reputable breeders can charge anywhere from $800 to $10,000 for each pup.", "- How much is it? 1 On average, an Australian Terrier puppy will cost you approximately $350-$500. 2 Burkesbackyard.com notes that this breed can cost $300 to $500. 3 Classified ads on PuppyFind.com range anywhere from $550 to as much as $900.", "- 1 The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range. 4 Older dogs that are over the age of 2 can be found for $150 to $400.he average Shepherd can weigh up to 100 pounds and can grow up to 26 inches tall. The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy.", "\"blue fawn is also called Isabel European Great Dane Puppies :)1700-1800$ *After Birth* depending on the puppy, on limited registration, to pet homes*Early-Bird Special for Blue Fawn (Isabel) and Fawn Puppies*1500$ *Pre-birth * Early Bird Special * Limited reg. for GIRL puppies1600$ *Pre-birth * Early Bird Special * Limited reg. for BOY puppies------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Merle Great Dane Puppiesblue/silver merle*Prices for 2016 for Merle Puppies *Blue/Silver Merle* Great Dane puppiesPrices for blue/silver merle (platinum merle), blue fawn merle (Isabel merle), fawn merle, black/blue merle1700-2000$ *after birth* on limited registration to pet homes*Early-Bird Special for Blue/Silver (platinum) Merle Puppies*1600$ *Pre-birth * Early Bird Special * Limited reg. for GIRL puppies1700$ *Pre-birth * Early Bird Special * Limited reg. for BOY puppies------------------------------------------------------------------------------------some pictures for side by side comparison of the different puppy colors :)Puppies pictured below are from an outside stud service from LeoPuppies pictured above are from two seperate litters: the all blue puppies are from Sheba's litter and the blue harls and blue/silver merles are from Queenie litter (Queenies litter is two weeks older:)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------below : Ruby (fawn harl with fawn inhibiting trait or a dilute harl) Skyla (blue harl) Lila (reverse point blue fawn)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3% pay-pal fee includedPlace A Puppy Deposit Now\"\"He is your friend, your partner, your dog. You are his life, his love, his leader. He will be yours, faithful and true to the last beat of his heart. You owe it to him to be worthy of such devotion.\"\"___________________________________________________________Home Gallery E-mail Back\" *Prices for 2016 for Merle Puppies *Blue/Silver Merle* Great Dane puppies. Prices for blue/silver merle (platinum merle), blue fawn merle (Isabel merle), fawn merle, black/blue merle. 1700-2000$ *after birth* on limited registration to pet homes. *Early-Bird Special for Blue/Silver (platinum) Merle Puppies*.", "- When you purchase a purebred from a dog breeder you may be paying anywhere from $500 to over $1000 for your new puppy, but often that’s all your getting for that cost.", "- 1 On average, a Maltese puppy is going to cost anywhere from $400 to as much as $5,000. 2 These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups.3 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 2 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 3 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end. 4 The lower end puppies may not have the AKC paperwork.", "- 1 A male French Bulldog at 5 weeks old costs $1,650 while an 11-week old male costs $2,800. 2 Allstarfrenchbulldogs.com claims that you should be prepared to spend at least $3,000 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC registered bulldog born in the USA. 3 Champion lines could cost as much as $5,000. A male French Bulldog at 5 weeks old costs $1,650 while an 11-week old male costs $2,800. 2 Allstarfrenchbulldogs.com claims that you should be prepared to spend at least $3,000 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC registered bulldog born in the USA. 3 Champion lines could cost as much as $5,000.", "Miniature Schnauzer Cost â How Much for This Breed? Most Miniature Schnauzer puppies in the United States that are purebred and can be registered with the American Kennel Club will range in price from $350.00 to $500.00.In addition, there may be additional shipping costs or other expenses, depending on the kennel or breeder you are purchasing from.rices in the United Kingdom are comparable with the cost of Miniature Schnauzer in the United States, Australia and Canada. There are several smaller kennels in the United Kingdom that consistently produce champion dogs, and puppies from these breeders will be more costly.", "How Much Does a Shorkie Puppy Cost? Quick Answer. Shorkie breeders charge anywhere between $350 and $1500 for puppies between 8 and 16 weeks of age, as of 2015. Alternatively, some owners offer older puppies for as little as $100. Continue Reading.", "- 1 According to the site, the price for teacup dogs can range anywhere from $400 to $1,500. 2 Younger puppies are also sold on this site and they can be more expensive. 3 They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy. 2 Cassie’s Closet is a breeder that sells different breeds of Teacup Yorkies that are still little puppies. 3 The price for the puppies would still depend on the age and gender of the dog.", "How Much Does an American Bully Cost? In the United States, the cost of an American Bully puppy ranges anywhere from $800 to $3,000. According to one forum member on GoPitBull.com, they noted that the average listing they saw was around $1,000; however, another forum member claimed that he paid $675.", "- The cost for a purebred Yorkie with AKC registration varies drastically based on the many factors below, but on average, an AKC licensed breeder will charge around $1200 and $1500 and up per puppy. Additionally most breeders request a non-refundable deposit (of around $200-$300) during the application process. Size: Although the breed standard calls for the Yorkie to be between 4-7 lbs, some breeders often try to sell smaller Yorkies for a higher price because they are in high demand.", "Border Collie Availability Border Collie breeders can be found on the internet or locally. Prices range from $100 for an adult, $300-$800 for pet quality puppies, and $1000-1500 for a show or breeding quality puppy. References Fletcher, W. R. (1977).", "The Price of Pomeranians This Pomeranian that is just so cute it makes your heart melt, was free! She was rescued by her owner Lyssa from a puppy mill. The Cost for You. With all of the above in mind, if you are wondering how much you may pay for an AKC Pomeranian puppy, the price will range from $500 to $1200.If you see an ad for a much lower amount or a much higher amount, you will want to ask yourself if age, type of registration or location factors into this.ith all of the above in mind, if you are wondering how much you may pay for an AKC Pomeranian puppy, the price will range from $500 to $1200.", "- A puppy selling for $300 is unlikely to have generations of dogs with health clearances behind it. Not only that, but you may find that the poorly bred dog may not exhibit the golden traits that you love. To answer your question, the price of a quality bred dog is the range that you stated, about $1,000-$1,500.", "How Much Does a Pekingese Dog Cost? On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $500 to $750, but dogs that have an AKC champion bloodline will be in the $1,000 to $2,500 price range. For example, on the official AKC Marketplace, one breeder had one up for adoption for $2,000 to $2,500.", "- Please be aware the average cost of ownership for any German Shepherd Dog is $1,200-$1,500 a YEAR. The ASPCA estimates $1,580 annual cost for a German Shepherd Dog. The lifetime financial commitent is well over $10,000.", "German Shorthaired Pointer Puppies Raising German Shorthaired Pups. Although they are normally born between 12 and 24 ounces GSP pups quickly double their body weight and do so every week or so for the first 3 months. If a German Shorthair Puppy is going to be roan or white as an adult that portion of their coat is born white.aising Healthy German Shorthair Pups. You can expect your Shorthair Puppy s eyes to stay closed for 10-14 days. When they open slowly from the inside corner their eyes will be blueish gray and not be fully functioning. For the first week their eyes are open they can t focus clearly on objects let alone movement.", "How Much Does a Dachshund Cost? Your typical Dachshund puppy that is AKC or CKC registered, and the owner can provide proof of the papers, will charge anywhere from $300 to as much as $750. A male Dachshund may be around the $250 to $500+ range. The cost will depend on the type, quality, age, breeder and your geographical location. If the parents aren’t registered and the breeders don’t have certified papers, the puppy can range anywhere from $50 to $200.", "How Much Will I Have to Pay in Taxes on My 401 (k) at 70 Years Old? How much tax you pay on 401(k) withdrawals is partly up to you. Even after you turn 70, you only pay tax on 401(k) withdrawals, not what stays in the account.Of course, starting at 70 1/2, you must start making required minimum withdrawals each year and pay taxes on them.our tax depends on how much you withdraw and how much other income you have. If you have a $200,000 account, you could legally withdraw it all the year you turn 70. The amount you pay on that will depend on your marginal tax rate.", "German Shepherd Puppies for Sale near Virginia Your search returned the following puppies for sale. German Shepherd prices fluctuate based on many factors including where you live or how far you are willing to travel. You should never buy a puppy based solely on price. Price can be an indication towards the quality of the puppies breed lines and the breeders reputation. The current median price of German Shepherds in Virginia is $800.00. This is the price you can expect to pay for the German Shepherd breed without breeding rights. If you require a pup with breeding rights or for show quality with a top pedigree then expect to pay from $2,700 upwards to $9,500 or even more.", "How Much Does a Pomsky Puppy Cost? A Pomsky breeder is going to sell their Pomsky puppies from between $1,000 to $5,000. In fact, we have seen prices go above $5,000 in the past. But, if you think that is all you are going to have to pay buy a new puppy you are sadly mistaken. The cost of purchasing Pomsky puppies goes much higher for the following reasons.", "Buying a Dog Cost 1 Purchasing a show quality puppy usually costs between $1,500 and $5,000 -- but can go up to $15,000 or more, depending on the breed, sex and quality. 2 A top show quality puppy should be able to be used for breeding or shows.hopping for buying a dog: 1 Tip: Purebred dogs are available from breed rescues, usually for much less than it would cost to purchase a puppy of the same breed. 2 The American Kennel Club provides a by-breed list of rescue resources.", "Size and Weight of German Shorthaired Pointer They grow slowly and it almost takes 1.5 to 2 years for a GSP to become completely grown up.For male GSP dogs the weight range lies between 55-70 lbs or 25-31.7 kg.Whereas females comparatively less in weight weighs around 50-65 lbs or 22.6-30 kg. Image Source:thecaninelife. Labels: Dogs, German Shorthaired Pointer.", "How Much Should a German Shepherd Cost? A Pure breed AKC German Shephed from a Pro Breeder that Shows, and the puppy is Show Quality will cost you around $2500. They come with Guarantees and These breeders stand by there dogs and give Lifetime Support !Some Show breeders do NOT OFA there stock.he range varies from say, $50-$2000. Frankly I want a breeder who knows what the hell they are doing and know their genetics. If I was just interested in not showing, I would go to the shelter and save one there, because you can find alot of purebreds there. Also go thru German Shepherd rescue.", "- A Lowchen puppy can cost between 4,000 to 7,000 dollars. It is a rare breed of dog that is originally from Germany. The word 'Lowchen' means little lion. A Lowchen puppy can cost between 4,000 to 7,000 dollars. It is a rare breed of dog that is originally from Germany. The word 'Lowchen' means little lion.", "How Much Do White Pomeranian Puppies Cost? A: White Pomeranian puppies are listed on the Dogs Now website for sale in August 2014 at prices that range from $200 to $3000. PetPom.com states that an AKC-registered Pomeranian puppy should cost $500 to $1200, and breeders asking for prices outside this range should be approached with caution.", "Cane Corso Mastiff The average price for an AKC registered Cane Corso puppy is between $1250.00 - $1700.00. But every breeder is different and some may sell their puppies for more or less. The blue coloration is considered harder to get in this breed, so a blue puppy will normally cost more, yes.", "Chinese Shar-Pei The cost of a Bullmastiff puppy varies depending on his place of origin, whether he is male or female, what titles his parents have, and whether he is best suited for the show ring or a pet home. The cost of well-bred Bullmastiff puppies is $1,000 to $2,000.", "- 1 The average price of a purebred Australian Silky Terrier puppy usually ranges from $750 to $1,300 depending on the geographical location and the breeder.", "- If you are looking for a great family pet, an Australian Terrier may be exactly what you need. 1 On average, an Australian Terrier puppy will cost you approximately $350-$500. 2 A purebred pet quality Australian Terrier should be about $1,000, while a show quality can be around $1,200 to $1,500.", "Huskimo - Expressive and Devoted Costs involved in owning a Huskimo. Puppies for this mixed breed cost between $800 and $1800. Some breeders include things like chips, blood tests, shots, and a start at basic training. Some do not.", "- 1 On average, the costs depends on the store, location, breeder and age of dog. 2 Most of the time, a puppy younger than six months will cost anywhere from $300 to $800.3 Some show quality dogs could fetch prices higher than $1,000. Most of the time, a puppy younger than six months will cost anywhere from $300 to $800. 2 Some show quality dogs could fetch prices higher than $1,000. 3 For instance, on PuppyFind.com, an online pet classified website, many listings range from $300 to $1,200+.", "What is roughly the yearly cost of an extra large dog [Great Dane to be specific]? $750-$1500 (pet) $1000-$3500 (show) As you can see, a great dane or mastiff puppy can easily cost over $2,500 during the first year alone (most of which will be spent in the first few months) plus the initial cost of the puppy. This can bring the grand total of puppy costs to $3,000 - $5,000.", "How much should a German Shepherd cost? This is typically what people are picturing when they hear the term “German Shepherd”. These shepherds should at a very minimum be AKC certified. They range from $200 – $800. With no paperwork, free might be acceptable if you just want to give a dog a new home.’m not quite certain what adoption fees are, however whatever they are, you are basically supporting the rescue of the dog, be it $75 from an SPCA or $500 from a no-kill shelter. Some shelters specialize in rehabilitating German Shepherds, and this can take a lot of time and money.", "Common 401k Rollover Mistakes 401k Rollover Mistake. Not following the 60-Day 401k Distribution Rule. When you have received the funds from your 401k, you have 60 days to complete the 401k rollover to another IRA or qualified plan. If have not finished the rollover within the time allowed the amount must be treated as ordinary income in the IRS's eyes.", "- 1 The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range. The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range.", "- 1 On the popular dog classified website NextDayPets.com, the breeders have prices that range anywhere from $200 to as much as $1,200. 2 While many of the less expensive Border Collies are not registered with the AKC, those that are cost more than $700. Border Collies that are, indeed, registered with the AKC will cost anywhere from $600 to $1,200. 2 Keep in mind that the females will often cost 10% to 20% more than their male counterparts.", "can you use a probiotic capsule as a rectal suppository? can you use a probiotic capsule as a rectal suppository? I am not sure if I believe that probiotic supplements ever make it past the stomach, much less into the colon. since starting Paleo low-carb and stopping caffeine, I am constipated, and fermented foods and drinks and probiotic supplements have done nothing.", "- 1 The same price range was also supported by the puppy finder site, PuppyFind.com. 2 According to this website, many breeders across the United States are selling English Setter puppies that are priced anywhere from $300 to $500 each. The same price range was also supported by the puppy finder site, PuppyFind.com. 2 According to this website, many breeders across the United States are selling English Setter puppies that are priced anywhere from $300 to $500 each.", "German Shepherd Dog In the case of the German Shorthair, the “teen” years can start at six months and can continue until the dog is two years old. Talk to the breeder, describe exactly what you’re looking for in a dog, and ask for assistance in selecting a puppy.", "- Regional Price Differences. The price of particular purebreds will vary depending on where in the country you buy one. A reputable breeder in the Northwest will charge from $500 to 800 where in the Northeast a Papillon puppy may be as much as $1500. Sometimes price is not determined by how good a breeder is but how the market is in a specific location.", "Silky CockerMaltese Spaniel Notes. 1 Puppy Price: Average price of similar sized breeds is $765 USD. 2 Food: Premium brand dry kibble. 3 Recurring Medical: Exam, vaccinations, heartworm prevention and topical flea/tick preventative. 4 Health Insurance: Insurance coverage varies: some policies cover spay/neauter, vaccinations and heartworm medication.", "MySchnauzer.net Around here (east coast) I think the average price for a well-bred mini from a breeder is about $1,200-$1,500 (with a limited registration). Of course that depends on your criteria for a breeder.tandard Schnauzers from good breeders seem to be running between one and two thousand dollars. Though Mini's are much more popular, I don't know if supply and demand will change the price of champion bloodline pups or not.", "- 1 According to Vonlotta.com, a breeder online that raises and sells German Shepherds, the cost for this particular breed can range anywhere from $1,500 to $3,500 depending on their origin as well as other various factors. The AKC show quality puppy can cost as much as $1,500 to $3,500. 2 These puppies will commonly be registered with the AKC. 3 European breeds can also fall within this higher price range.", "- 1 On average, a Maltese puppy is going to cost anywhere from $400 to as much as $5,000. 2 These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups.3 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. These puppies will range from 8 to 10 weeks old and can be male or female pups. 2 On average, most tend to spend around the $450 to $600 mark. 3 AKC/Show Maltese puppies are going to cost more because of their AKC certification. 4 Breeders that breed a higher number of puppies are going to be near the lower end.", "German Shorthaired Pointer Dog Breed Grooming: The GSP’s short, sleek coat requires only minimal care to keep it looking neat. A good rubbing with a nubbed hound glove removes dead hair and massages the skin—a double treat. Life Span: The average life span of the German Shorthaired Pointer is 12 to 15 years. Training: The German Shorthaired Pointer is an eager, responsive breed. Because he is so people oriented, he aims to please (as long as it’s interesting to him). Short, positive training sessions conducted several times a day will accomplish the best results.", "- 1 The cost of a well-bred or reared Airedale terrier puppy will be anywhere from $600 to $1,300. 2 However, older dogs found at an adoption agency could cost anywhere from $100 to as much as $600. 3 According to swairedalerescue.org, their suggested donation fees can cost $100 to $500.", "German Shorthaired Pointer Prices The lowest price we've ever had advertised for the German Shorthaired Pointer is $125; the most expensive price is $1,500. Generally the average German Shorthaired Pointer costs around $688 to purchase. Keep this in mind when you see the prices vary greatly within our listings.", "- What do saluki pups cost? A quick search online shows they are a quite expensive dog. Looks like prices vary somewhat but I'd put the 'average' as about $1500. I found them as low as $600, as high as $2500.he Salukis is a breed of sight hound. They have long slender face similar to a greyhound. One of their most striking features is the long feathering on their hanging ears and tail. Their sleek athletic bodies make them look almost delicate. They are one of the oldest domesticated dog breeds.", "Process & Cost All of our puppies are Multigeneration Australian Labradoodles. The cost of a companion puppy is $2,650.00 regardless of color, gender, or size. Please contact us for pricing on breeding quality puppies. Our breeding dogs are healthy, happy members of our family and live in our home or with a guardian family.", "- 1 According to the site, the price for teacup dogs can range anywhere from $400 to $1,500. 2 Younger puppies are also sold on this site and they can be more expensive. 3 They can cost $1,500 to $5,000 depending on the size and the age of the puppy.", "- The cost of a German Shepherd is going to greatly depend upon the breeder, the location, as well as other various factors. 1 On average, a puppy can cost anywhere from $350 to as much as $3,500 for an AKC bred puppy. 2 Most purchases are going to fall within the $350 to $800 price tag range.", "Process & Cost Labradoodle puppy All of our puppies are Multigeneration Australian Labradoodles. The cost of a companion puppy is $2,800.00 regardless of color, gender, or size. Please contact us for pricing on breeding quality puppies.", "PRICE LIST PRICE LIST 2014. Mini Pomeranians Puppy Price List. GIRLS and BOYS £2900 each for all colours except : Cream,Cream sable, or Apricot.which are £3500 each. White : £3900. Please note the white are still very rare and sought after and it is a minimum of 6-12 months on the waiting list for a white or boo colour.", "- 1 A purebred pet quality Australian Terrier should be about $1,000, while a show quality can be around $1,200 to $1,500. 2 Burkesbackyard.com notes that this breed can cost $300 to $500.", "Boykin Spaniel The cost of a Chihuahua puppy varies depending on the breeder’s locale, whether he is male or female, whether he’s longhaired or smooth, what titles his parents have, and whether he is best suited for the show ring or a pet home. Prices can range from $400 to $1,600, sometimes higher for puppies with show potential." ]

[ 1.5976599455 ]

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[ "Silvermine Bay has a bus terminal with routes going to different parts of the island." ]

[ "Buses in Silvermine Bay only go to one part of the island.", "The French side of the island allows toplessness.", "No pork is allowed to be imported from Mexico.", "They enjoy taking the long route that goes up Alma.", "With all the things going one and with the children, it would be great.", "A cat watches fish.", "The dog is laying down on the ground." ]

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[ "Vinod Adani Vinod Shantilal Shah Adani is an Indian businessman, elder brother of Gautam Adani, head of the Adani Group.", "Adani Group Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Its diversified businesses include resources, logistics, agribusiness and energy sectors. The Group is the largest port developer and operator in India with Mundra Port being a commercial port. It owns Fortune, India’s largest edible oil brand through a joint venture with Wilmar International in Singapore. The Flagship Company of the Adani group is \"Adani Enterprises Limited\". In April 2014, it added the 4th unit of 660 MW at its Tiroda Power plant, making Adani power the largest private power producer of the country. In 2015, Adani was ranked India's most trusted infrastructure brand by The Brand Trust Report 2015." ]

[ "Pen India Limited Pen India Limited is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Jayantilal Gada on 31 March 1987. Based in Mumbai, it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films.", "Vinod Rai Vinod Rai (born 23 May 1948) is an Indian economist who served as the 11th Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He assumed office on 7 January 2008 till 22 May 2013. He is the current chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Honorary Advisor to the Railways and a member of the Railway Kaya Kalp Council. He holds a master's degree in Economics from the University of Delhi, and Masters in Public Administration from Harvard University. He is widely considered as symbol of the anti-corruption movement and is credited with having turned the office of CAG into a powerful force for accountability and transparency in contemporary India.", "Incred Finance Incred Finance is a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) in India. The company focuses on Consumer Loan, Home Loan, Education Loan, and SME Lending. It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was founded by Bhupinder Singh, ex-head of the Corporate Finance division of Deutsche Bank.", "Zerodha Zerodha is an Indian financial service company (member of NSE, BSE, MCX, MCX-SX) that offers brokerage-free equity investments, retail and institutional broking, currencies and commodities trading, and mutual funds. Founded in 2010, Zerodha is known for its discount pricing model and innovative use of technology. It is headquartered in Bangalore and has physical presence in all major Indian cities. As of 2017, it is the largest discount broker in India and contributes up to 5% of retail trading volumes on Indian stock exchanges, generating daily trading turnovers crossing $2 billion.", "Enso Group Enso Group is a USD 7 Billion diversified conglomerate that has global operations across a wide range of industries. The group was founded in 2005 by creation by Chairman Vinay Maloo of a cluster of O&G companies of many oil blocks.", "Indian Bank Indian Bank is an Indian state-owned financial services company established in 1907 and headquartered in Chennai, India. It has 20,661 employees, 2594 branches and is one of the top performing public sector banks in India. It has overseas branches in Colombo and Jaffna in Sri Lanka, and in Singapore, and 223 correspondent banks in 71 countries. Since 1969 the Government of India has owned the bank.", "Andrew Yule and Company Andrew Yule & Co. Ltd. is an Indian manufacturing and industrial conglomerate, primarily owned by the Indian Government. It is the main company owned by the Yule Group. It is currently headquartered in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), and has offices in the main Indian cities. The majority of the products and services offered by the company's subsidiaries are related to heavy industry and engineering.", "Hindalco Industries Hindalco Industries Ltd., an aluminium manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business.", "NR Group NR Group is a company based in Mysore, India.", "MedPlus MedPlus (MedPlus Health Services Private Limited) is an Indian pharmacy retailer headquartered in Hyderabad, India.", "Aptech Aptech Limited is a global education and training company headquartered in Mumbai, India.", "Tata Global Beverages Tata Global Beverages Limited (formerly Tata Tea Limited) is an Indian multinational non-alcoholic beverages company headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. It is the world's second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea and a major producer of coffee.", "Escorts Group The Escorts Group is an Indian engineering company that operates in the sectors of agri-machinery, construction and material handling equipment, railway equipment and auto components. Headquartered in Faridabad, Haryana, the company was launched in 1944 and has marketing operations in more than 40 countries. Escorts Group’s management team includes Rajan Nanda as the Chairman and Managing Director and Nikhil Nanda as the Managing Director.", "Vivimed Labs Vivimed Labs Limited is an India-based global supplier of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Headquartered in Hyderabad, India, Vivimed is a manufacturer of active pharmaceutical ingredients, active ingredients for home and personal care, hair dyes, imaging chemicals and photochromics.", "M. S. Banga Manvinder Singh Banga (or Vindi Banga) is a senior partner at the private equity fund Clayton Dubilier & Rice. He was born on 31 October 1954 in Simla (then in the state of Punjab), to Jaswant and Lt Gen Harbhajan Singh Banga who was a decorated General in the Indian Army. Vindi is an advisor to the Karta Initiative, a non profit organisation seeking to widen access to world class higher education for outstanding low income talent from developing countries.", "Vijay K. Thadani Vijay K. Thadani (born 1951) is an Indian businessman who co-founded NIIT along with Rajendra S. Pawar in 1981. He is currently the CEO of the company. He is an alumnus of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.", "TTK Services TTK Services Pvt Ltd, is an Indian business conglomerate with a presence across the world, In different segments of industry including virtual assistant services and Real estate services, headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. TTK Services Pvt Ltd is a company of the TTK Group; The TTK Group was founded in 1928 as an indenting agency by Mr. T.T. Krishnamachari. The Group also has other subsidiaries like TTK Healthcare Limited, TTK Protective Devices Limited, Cigna TTK Limited and Prestige Smart Kitchen.", "Borusan Borusan Holding A.Ş. is a Turkish industrial group headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey. The company operates through the following segments: steel, distributorships, energy, and logistics.", "Rolta Rolta is a multinational company headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company focuses on IT solutions, Business Intelligence and BigData Analytics, Geospatial and Engineering.", "Aanjaneya Lifecare Limited \"Dr. Datson's Labs Ltd \"' is a pharmaceutical company based in Mumbai, India. The company has entered the Indian Capital Markets with its Initial Public Offer (“IPO” / “Issue”) of 50,00,000 Equity Shares. .Company's equity trading suspended on NSE/BSE stock exchange from 22 MAY 15.Currently company's control is in Mumbai's High Court." ]

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[ "Redmi 1S The Xiaomi Redmi 1S, code-named armani, is a smartphone released in May 2014, developed by the Chinese company Xiaomi Inc.. It is a part of the Redmi series of smartphones, and succeeded the Redmi 1. Visually similar to its predecessor, it comes with a 4.7-inch screen, a quad-core 1.6 GHz Cortex-A7 processor and runs Android version 4.3 (Jellybean), bundled with the proprietaryMIUI v5 user interface, which can be upgrated to MIUI v9 based on Android 4.4.", "Xiaomi Xiaomi Inc. (stylized as Mi) ( , , literally \"millet technology\"; or ) is a privately owned Chinese electronics and software company headquartered in Beijing. It is the world's 5th largest smartphone maker in 2017. Xiaomi designs, develops, and sells smartphones, mobile apps, laptops, and related consumer electronics." ]

[ "Miitomo Miitomo (ミートモ , Mītomo ) is a freemium social networking mobile app developed by Nintendo for iOS and Android devices. The app, Nintendo's first, allows users to converse with friends by answering various questions, and features Twitter and Facebook integration. The app was released in March 2016, launching alongside their My Nintendo service. The app can only be used when connected to Nintendo's servers. Over 10 million users have downloaded \"Miitomo\" since release.", "Tose (company) Tose Co., Ltd. (株式会社トーセ , Kabushiki-gaisha Tōse ) () (also called Tose Software) is a video game development company based in Kyoto, Japan. It is mostly known for developing Nintendo's \"Game & Watch Gallery\" series, various \"Dragon Ball\" games, as well as other Nintendo products. Tose has developed or co-developed over 1,000 games since the company's inception in 1979, but is virtually never credited in the games themselves (an exception to this is \"Game & Watch Gallery 4\" and \"The Legendary Starfy\" series, as Tose shares the copyright with Nintendo). \"We're always behind the scenes,\" said Masa Agarida, Vice President of Tose's U.S. division. \"Our policy is not to have a vision. Instead, we follow our customers' visions. Most of the time we refuse to put our name on the games, not even staff names.\" As such, Tose has gained a reputation for being a \"ghost developer\".", "Afrika (video game) Afrika is a photography and safari simulation video game for the PlayStation 3. Developed by Rhino Studios and published by Natsume, the game was first announced in a promotional video during the Sony press conference at E3 2006. \"Afrika\" has been referred to as being similar to the Nintendo 64 title \"Pokémon Snap\".", "Mobile21 Mobile21 Co., Ltd. (モバイルニジュウイチ株式会社) was a Japanese video game developer that was a 50/50 joint venture between Nintendo and Konami established on October 7, 1999. Mobile21 primarily concentrated on next-generation Game Boy Advance development, with a particular interest in mobile phone linking features.", "HexaDrive HexaDrive Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社ヘキサドライブ , Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha hekisa doraibu ) is an independent video game developer based in Osaka, Japan. Founded by former Capcom programmer Masakazu Matsushita in 2007, HexaDrive has worked on different titles for various systems, notably \"Rez HD\", a HD remastering of the title \"Rez\" exclusively for Xbox Live Arcade and \"The 3rd Birthday\" which was a collaboration between HexaDrive and Square Enix.", "Room for PlayStation Portable Room for PlayStation Portable (officially styled R∞M, in capital letters with an infinity symbol in the place of the two O's, also marketed as PlayStation Room) was a community-based social networking service that halted development on April 15, 2010. It was being developed by Sony Computer Entertainment Japan and was being beta tested in Japan from October 2009 to April 2010 for the PlayStation Portable on the PlayStation Network. The service was similar to the PlayStation 3's service, PlayStation Home.", "Ketchapp Ketchapp SARL is a French video game publisher formerly based in Paris, France, specializing in the mobile games market. Founded in March 2014 by brothers Antoine and Michel Morcos, the company first came into the public eye in 2014, through its port of the open-source game \"2048\". Many of Ketchapp's games are unlicensed variations of popular casual games by other developers. In September 2016, it was announced that Ketchapp had been acquired by Ubisoft, and was sub-organized to their existing mobile operations of the Ubisoft Paris studio in Montreuil.", "Xiaomi Mi 5c The Xiaomi Mi 5c () is a smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc. It is part of Xiaomi's high-end smartphone line, and was released in March 2017.", "QuinRose QuinRose (クインロゼ , Kuinroze ) is a Japanese games developer specialising in otome games for Windows and consoles such as the PlayStation Portable. The company also produces drama CDs, manga, light novels, and other merchandise based on their games.", "Code Mystics Code Mystics is a video game developer specializing in the emulation and remastering of older video games for modern systems.", "IOMO IOMO was a pioneering European mobile game developer and publisher based in Hampshire, England. IOMO was founded by John Chasey, Glenn Broadway and Andrew Bain in 2000. Initially a developer, the company was very successful in the early stages of the mobile game industry and worked with the majority of mobile technologies and customers across the whole value chain. This ranged from pre-installed titles developed for handset manufacturers and carriers, creation of branded titles for mobile games publishers and self-published original titles.", "Artematica Artematica Entertainment (known as Artematica) is an Italian developer of software, especially video games, established in the comune of Chiavari, near Genoa. The company develops on the platforms: Android, Apple's iOS, Facebook, Mobile phones, PC, Sony (PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PSP), Nintendo (DS, and Wii), and Web.", "FromSoftware FromSoftware, Inc. (株式会社フロム・ソフトウェア , Kabushikigaisha Furomu Sofutowea ) is a Japanese video game company founded in November 1986. The company is known primarily outside Japan for being the developers of the \"Armored Core\" and \"Souls\" series, as well as \"Bloodborne\".", "Retro Studios Retro Studios, Inc. is an American first-party video game developer and division of Nintendo based in Austin, Texas. The studio is best known for its work on the \"Metroid Prime\" series and the \"Donkey Kong Country\" series, and has contributed to several other Nintendo game projects, such as \"Metroid Prime Hunters\" and \"Mario Kart 7\".", "Line Attack Heroes Line Attack Heroes (ラインアタックヒーローズ , Rain' Atakku Hīrōzu ) is an action video game developed by Grezzo and published by Nintendo for the Wii's WiiWare service. It was first revealed at Nintendo's Conference on October 2, 2008, and released in Japan on July 27, 2010.", "Glu Mobile Glu Mobile, Inc. (also known as Glu Games, stylised as glu) is a developer and publisher of mobile games for smartphone and tablet devices. Founded in San Francisco, California, in 2001 as Sorrent, Glu offers products to multiple platforms including iOS, Android, Amazon, Windows Phone and Google Chrome.", "Square Enix Montreal Square Enix Montreal is a Montreal-based studio under video game developer Square Enix best known for creating the \"Go\" series of turn-based puzzle games for smartphones and tablets based on former Eidos Interactive intellectual properties. Founded in November 2011 as a traditional studio with plans to create a new \"Hitman\" series game for consoles and employ several hundred people, its mandate changed in 2013 when it became its parent company's choice studio to produce mobile games, beginning with the \"Hitman\" franchise. The company developed prototypes for two mobile \"Hitman\" games, which became the board game-inspired puzzle game \"Hitman Go\" (2014) and the shooter \"\" (2015). The commercial success of the latter and the critical success of the former led to two additional titles in the \"Go\" series: \"Lara Croft Go\" (2015), based on the \"Tomb Raider\" series, and \"Deus Ex Go\" (2016), based on the \"Deus Ex\" series.", "IQue iQue, Ltd. () is a Chinese company located in Suzhou. It was founded as a joint venture between Wei Yen and Nintendo in 2002. As of 2013, it is a 100% Nintendo-owned subsidiary. iQue released the iQue Player, which was the company's first product. Ever since then, the company manufactures and distributes official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market, under the iQue brand.", "Sunrise Interactive Sunrise Interactive, Inc. (株式会社サンライズインタラクティブ , Kabushiki-gaisha Sanraizu Intarakutibu ) was a Japanese video game developer and publisher. The company was founded in 1998 as a subsidiary of", "Frogwares Frogwares is an independent Ukrainian video game development studio headquartered in Kyiv with subsidiary offices in Dublin. Together with its subsidiaries, the studio is widely recognized for their adventure games created for major gaming platforms, including PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, PC and mobile." ]

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[ "We're being a bit histrionic." ]

[ "We need to wake up and act tough.", "A man catching fish in high waves of water", "This includes a 504(a)(16) in Title X restrictions.", "Automatic weapons have always been against federal law.", "A sombrero is in question.", "Atlana was picked because it is very productive.", "It's possible it couldn't." ]

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[ "I think it's really nice and you can add graphs to it as well." ]

[ "You can't do graphs on it, it's impossible because of the texture.", "The players are outside drinking lemonade.", "Environmental protection is agreed on by economists.", "A dog performs a trick for a crowd.", "The woman has blonde hair.", "The organ donation was a big impact to last nights spaghetti dinner.", "He made the comment", "?" ]

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[ "A boy is playing on a swing." ]

[ "A boy is going down a slide.", "Sections 211 and 212 are about public law.", "A child is not moving.", "The man is wearing a swimsuit.", "Everything we've seen shows that coal-fired plants can hit the goals.", "There is still a temple to Jupiter here.", "two girls were ther" ]

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[ "A dog runs" ]

[ "A dog lays in the sunshine", "The man's shoes are bright green.", "If you have kids, you'll hate the Amiga.", "A man is mowing the grass.", "The dog swims through the river.", "Subsequent jokes are biased, unpredictable and downright horrendous.", "There is a crowd watching the man on the horse." ]

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[ "الصرخة (لوحة)\nالصرخة (بالنرويجية Skrik) هي مجموعة أعمال لوحات تعبيرية قام بإنجازها الرسام النرويجي إدفارت مونك مُصوِّراً شخصية معذبة أمام سماء حمراء دموية عام 1893.[1][2][3] المعالم الظاهرة في خلفية اللوحة هي من خليج أوسلفورد الواقع في أوسلو جنوب شرقيّ النرويج." ]

[ "كوارث الحرب (سلسلة)\nكوارث الحرب (بالأسبانية:Los Desastres de la Guerra)، هى سلسلة من اثنين وثمانين نقشاً انتجهم الفنان الأسبانى فرانثيسكو غويا(1810-1820). على الرغم من أن غويا لم يعلن عن نواياه من هذه النقوش إلا أن المؤرخين يعرضوهم على أنهم احتجاج مرئى ضد العنف عام (1808). انتفاضة 2 مايو، اللاحقة لحرب شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية (1808-1814) ونكسة القضية الليبرالية بعد استعادة النظام الملكى (استعادة بوربون) 1814. خلال الصراع بين الأمبراطورية الفرنسية الأولى بقيادة نابليون الأول وإسبانيا أصبح منصب غويا كرسام البلاط الملكى الأول للمملكة الإسبانية واستمر في رسم الصور الشخصية لقادة وحكام إسبانيا وفرنسا. على الرغم من أن غويا قد تأثر تأثيراً عميقاً بالحرب قد احتفظ بأفكاره الشخصية بأعماله الفنية كرد على الصراع وتوابعه. تدهورت صحته وفقد معظم صمعه في سن الاثنين وستين عندما بدأ العمل على النقوش. لم يتم نشرها حتى عام 1863 أى بعد 35 عام من وفاته. فمن المرجح أن ذلك يعد اعتبرها آمنه سياسياً كسلسلة من الأعمال الفنية التي تنتقد كلاً من الأمبراطورية الفرنسية الأولى واستعادة البوربون. لقد تم طبع أكثر من الآف النسخ من السلسلة ثم نسخ اخرى أقل جودة لاحقاً، ومعظم مجموعات غرف الطباعة تحتوى على بعض من هذه النقوش على الأقل .", "ديلاكروا\nفرديناند فيكتور أوجين ديلاكروا (فرنسي: Eugène Delacroix) (ولد 26 أبريل 1798 - وفاه 13 أغسطس 1863)، رسام فرنسي من رواد المدرسة الرومانسية الفرنسية. له العديد من اللوحات الفنية المحفوظة في متحف اللوفر وغيره. بدأ الرسم في العشرين من عمره. من أشهر لوحاته الحرية تقود الشعب التي رسمها عام 1830 ولوحة سلطان المغرب التي رسمها عام 1845 ولوحة الجزائريات التي رسمها عام 1830 ولوحة زفاف يهودي في المغرب (1839) ويبدو فيها تأثره بسفرته إلى شمال أفريقيا. ساهمت أعماله في اندفاع الفنانين الفرنسيين إلى الشرق للبحث عن مصادر الإلهام في لوحات ديلاكروا، وخاصة بعد مقولته الشهيرة عن بلاد شمال أفريقيا \" عند كل خطوة، هناك لوحات جاهزة للرسم\"", "حرية العبادة (لوحة)\nحرية العبادة هي اللوحة الزيتية الثانية من الحريات الأربع التي رسمها الفنان الأميركي نورمان روكويل. وترتكز هذه السلسلة على الأهداف المعروفة باسم الحريات الأربع التي أعلنها الرئيس ال32 للولايات المتحدة،فرانكلين روزفلت ، في خطابه في 6 يناير 1941. يعتبر روكويل هذه اللوحة و حرية التعبير الأكثر نجاحا في سلسلة الحريات الأربع. نشرت حرية العبادة في 27 فبراير 1943.", "صريع الدلاء\nصريع الدلاء شاعر مُكثِر له ديوان شعرٍ، وتأثَّر في أسلوبه بأبي الرقعمق وسلك مسلكه في الهزل والمجون، ومن أشهر أعماله قصيدة من مائة بيت يعارض بها مقصورة ابن دريد. في العصر الحديث اعتنى بشعره ميسون عمر عبد الرحيم، ونُشِر ديوانه بتحقيقه في 1988 صادراً عن جامعة الأزهر.", "عقوبة الشهوة (لوحة)\nعقوبة الشهوة  وتسمى أيضا عقوبة البذخ، هي لوحة زيتية تعود لعام 1891 للفنان جيوفاني سيغانتيني.", "أحداث الاتحادية\nبدأ عدد من الفنانين في الصباح برسم العديد من الجرافيتى والرسومات الساخرة على جدران ، منها صورة كبيرة تحمل ثلاثة أوجه هم الرئيس السابق حسني مبارك، والمشير السابق محمد حسين طنطاوي، والرئيس محمد مرسي وكتبوا عليها \"إللى كلف مماتشى، وصورة أخرى للشهيد\"جيكا وكتبوا عليها \"افتح بيبان الصمت واصرخ بصوت مسموع \"، وصورة للرئيس مرسى مكتوب أعلاها \"اغتصاب المحروسة من الدستور الإخوانى\".علق الكاتب الإسبانى ريكاردو جونزاليس بصحيفة الباييس على المظاهرات المعارضة للاستفتاء على دستور جديد قائلا: إن \"الاستقطاب السياسى المتنامى في مصر بسبب القرارات الأخيرة والمثيرة للجدل للرئيس الإسلامى محمد مرسي بإجراء استفتاء حول دستور جديد عارضه ملايين من المصريين، يهدد بتحول مصر إلى \"حمام دماء\" في الوقت الذي من المفترض أنها في طريقها للديمقراطية.", "إلياس زخورة\nإلياس زخورة (?- نحو 1350 ه‍ = ? - نحو 1931 م)، جماع تراجم، أكثرها بأقلام أصحابها. لبناني عامي هاجر إلى مصر شاباً مع يعقوب صروف وفارس نمر، في باخرة واحدة. وارتفع شأنهما وبقي هو يقصد أهل الثروات ويستكتبهم ترجماتهم ثم يقيسها على عطاياهم فان نقصت العطيةُ انقص سطور الترجمة وان زادت استعان بأحد الكتاب وزاد. صنف من هذا النوع كتباً ضمنها سير بعض العلماء والكبراء تزييناً لها بتراجمهم، فأصبحت من المراجع، وهي: \"مرآة العصر في تاريخ ورسوم أكابر الرجال بمصر\" ثلاثة أجزاء في مجلد، بدأ طبعه سنة 1897 و \"مجلد آخر\" سماه المجلد الثاني من \"مرآة العصر\" و\"السوريون في مصر\" بدأ بطبعه سنة 1927. وله أخبار طريفة مع بعض من كان يسعى للحصول على ترجماتهم وأعطياتهم. وعاش فقيراً متجملاً. ومات في القاهرة.", "هجوم العمالقة\nيمين|تصغير|302x302بك|المدينة التي اقتُبست فيها نظام الأسوار للسلسلة قبل النشر، رسم إيساياما وان شوت سنة 2006 وغير الكثير من التفاصيل وأصبحت القصة الحالية هجوم العمالقة. كان إساياما قد فكر بالفعل بأفكار الإلتفافات بالرغم من نقصها للتفاصيل وهو يعمل عليها. قرر إساياما استعمال العمالقة في السلسلة نظراً لكم هم \"مقززون\". أثناء تصميمهم، قام باستخدام نماذج متعددة مثل فنان الدفاع عن النفس يوشين أوكامي من أجل هيأة العملاق لبطل القصة إرين ييغر،[1] وكذلك بروك ليسنر من أجل العملاق المدرع.[2] يقال بأن \"سور الخوف\" قد استُلهم من قبل الثقافة اليابانية كما يرجع ذلك إلى كونهم منعزلين ومنطوين للغاية. أحاسيس البشر الداخلية إحدى أهم العوامل المؤثرة الرئيسية في السلسلة.[3] إيساياما في وقت لاحق أكّد أن الهجوم العمالقة مستوحاة جزئيا من موف-لوف فايروس، الرواية البصرية الثانية في سلسلة لوف فايروس البصرية المُبتكرة[4].", "صرخة النجدة\nحلقات ستيفن البطل من كتابة ولوحة قصة جو جونستون وجيف لو، في حين أن كي-يونغ باي وجين-هي بارك مخرجا رسوم متحركة، وجاسمين لاي مخرجة فنية.", "فرانثيسكو غويا\nالعام 1780 : عُلِق العمل بمصنع الأقمشة الملكى إبّان الحرب بين إسبانيا وإنجلترا حيث أخذت معظم وقت ومال العائلة المالكة. من خلال صِهره فرانثيسكو تمكن جويا من الإلتحاق بالأكاديمية الملكية بمدريد، وكانت اللوحة التى تقدم بها إلى الأكاديمية هى لوحة (الصَلْب) بالإسبانية: Crucifixión التى قام برسمها في ذات العام. قام جويا في نهاية العام بمرافقة صِهره فرانثيسكو إلى سرقسطة للقيام بمشروع مشترك بينهما، نظراً لكونهم غير قادرين على التعاون مع بعضهما البعض، شَهِدا خلافاً كبيراً في عملهما وعلاقتهما الشخصية.", "برنامج (صرخات عراقية)\nهدف البرنامج:\n___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\nكادر العمل\nاعدادوتقديم : حسين فؤاد\nعلاقات : ليث عبد الرزاق\nكرافيك : ارشد هيبت\nمونتاج : الله%20الحاج%20ياس عبد الله الحاج ياس\nتصوير وإخراج : سيف الجميلي", "أسطورة أراكني (لوحة)\nأما بالنسبة للالوان يستخدم فيلاثكيث لوحة أحاديَّة اللون مع طبقات رقيقة من الطلاء المخفف ،ذلك باستخدام مجموعة متنوِّعة من درجات الألوان ما بين المغرة ( الأصفر الحديدي) وأكاسيد ( النحاسي) وترابي . والتي تطبَّق على نحوٍ غير عادي في تلك الحقبة (عصره) بإستعمال فرشاة رسم ذات أعمدة طويلة ورشيقة .\nو ينفرد فيلاثكيث بإيجادته لفن التحكم بفرش الرسم ،فليده القدرة على تحديد ما يرغب في تصويره مستتعيناً في ذلك بفرش ومواد فنية بسيطة ،ومحولاً كل بقعة إلى صورة أو شكل طبقاً لمدى بعد المشاهد مستخدماً فرشاة فيها من السرعة والخفة ما يماثل تلك الأكثر تأثيراً وشهرة في القرنين اللاحقين . ومن جانبٍ آخر تعد النظرة الجويَّة واحدة من أبرز تقنيات فيلاثكيث الفنيَّة والتي تعمل على نشأة تاثير جوي مشابة لما وُجِد في لوحتهِ لاس مينيناس ( الوصيفات ) ،و هكذا تمكَّن من خلق حس التناغم بين الشخصيات مشوهاً بذلك ملامح المحيط ،واستطاع التقاط البطء المحيط بالشخصيات. كما وتظهر براعة فيلاثكيث في تسليط الضوء على الدينامية والنشاط في اللوحة مولداً بذلك احساسا ًوانطباعا ًبالحركة ,وانعكاسه في دوران عجلة حيث نعجز عن ملاحظة هيكل العجلة بسبب سرعة الدوران ,أيضا تظهر على يمين اللوحة شخصية تحيك الصوف بسرعة فيبدو الأمر كما لو كانت تمتلك ستةً من الاصابع. كما يبدو الندم واضحا غلى رأس الفتاة في المقطع الجانى على اليمين .\nتم اضافة تغييرات للوحة عندما الحقت بالمجموعة الملكية حيث تم تعريضها من جوانبها الأربع ,ولكن هذه الأجزاء المذكورة آنفاً (مثل نافذة دائرية في الجزء العلوى) لم ترسم بواسطة فيلاثكيث . ويُتوقع أن اللوحة قد تعرضت للأضرار والتلف أثنا الذي اندلع في قصر مدريد عام 1734م ,ولذلك فقد تم توسيع نطاقها آن ذاك وتركيبها فوق اطار جديد . وفي العقد 1980م خضعت اللوحة لعملية ترميم واسعة ,ذلك لأنه كانت قد اختفت بعض طبقات طلاء الرسم . وقد تقرر في هذا التدخل الحفاظ على الأجزاء الاضافية بالرغم من كونها تختفي عن أنظار الجمهور في الوقت الحالى ,فقد أُدخلت اللوحة في جدار مزدوج .", "الصرخة (لوحة)\nتصنيف:جسور في الفن", "الصخلة\nاللون الرصاصي", "صراخ قهري\nكلمة الصراخ القهري أو الكلازومانيا\" أتت من اليونانية \"كلازو\" وتعني \"يصرخ\". الكلمة قد صيغت بواسطة إل.بينيديك في 1925 عندما كان يشهد نوبات من الصراخ القهري في مريض مصاب بباركنسونية تالية لالتهاب الدماغ. وقد أخبر بان النوبات قد تستمر لعدة ساعات وتظهر كأنها خارج إدارة المريض. وكان قد وصف الصراخ بالصوت العالي للغاية التي قد تكون مقاطع صوتية، حروف أو حتى أصوات الحيوانات. بالإضافة لذلك، لقد لاحظ في طبيعة الصراخ انه قد يظهر المريض كأنه يحس بالألم، والأصوات نفسها كانت لا علاقة لها بالإحساس بعدم الراحة. بدأ المريض بالمقدرة على توقع الحادث ومن الممكن منعه بالتنفس العميق والسريع. على الرغم من ذلك، لاحظ المجهود المطلوب ليمنع الصراخ القهري الذي قد يكون متعب أكثر من كونه تحمل. قال أيضا: مع ان القلق قد يزيد تكرار الصراخ القهري، إلا انها لا تأثر على المظهر العام.", "فتاة أمام المرآة\nفتاة أمام المرآة هي لوحة رسمها بابلو بيكاسو في آذار / مارس عام 1932.[1][2] تعتبر واحدة من روائعه٬[3] كانت اللوحة معروفة على نطاق واسع بتفسيراتها المتنوعة للحبيب والمحبوبة.", "كارل بلوخ\nأول نجاح ملحوظ له كان عندما عُرضت لوحته \"Prometheus Unbound\" في كوبنهاغن عام 1865. بعد وفاة الفنان ويليام مارستراند، كان كارل قد انتهى من زخرفة قاعة التخرج في جامعة كوبنهاغن. الألم والحزن الذي عاناه إثر خسارة زوجته كان ثقيلًا عليه، وتركه وحيدًا مع أطفاله الثمانية بعد وفاتها كان صعبًا جدا عليه.", "كرم النجار\nكرم النجار هو مؤلف ومخرج مصري، خريج كلية الحقوق من جامعة الإسكندرية، كانت بدايته من خلال مسلسل (الإنسان والجبل) عام 1969، ليقدم بعدها عشرات الأعمال مابين السينما والتلفزيون، من أبرز أعماله فيلم (الصرخة) مع الفنان نور الشريف عام 1991، ومسلسلات (الرقص على سلالم متحركة، الأصدقاء، بابا نور)\nقام كرم النجار بتأليف مسلسلات وأفلام ومسرحيات منها:", "لوحة مرنبتاح\nلوحة مرنبتاح المعروفة أيضاً بـ بلوحة انتصار مرنبتاح ، وهي لوحة تذكارية لملك مصر مرنبتاح الذي حكم مصر بين 1213 - 1203 قبل الميلاد، وهي لوح سميك من حجر الجرانيت تذكر انتصار الملك أمنحتب الثالث في بلاد الشام ومن ضمنها قبائل إسرائيل. وقد اكتشفها المؤرخ \"فلندرز بيتري \" في طيبة -الأقصر حالياً- عام 1896 بعد الميلاد.[1]", "ميكيلانجيلو\nبالرغم من اعتبار رسم اللوحات من الاهتمامات الثانوية عند ميكيلانجيلو إلا أنه تمكن من رسم لوحات جدارية عملاقة أثرت بصورة كبيرة على منحى الفن التشكيلي الأوروبي مثل تصوير قصة سفر التكوين في العهد القديم على سقف كنيسة سيستاين، ولوحة يوم القيامة على منبر كنيسة سيستايت في روما. ما يُعتبر فريدا في حياة فناني عصر النهضة إن ميكيلانجيلو كان الفنان الوحيد الذي تم كتابة سيرته على يد مؤرخين بينما كان على قيد الحياة حيث قام المؤرخ جورجو فازاري بكتابة سيرته وهو على قيد الحياة، ووصف الأخير ميكيلانجيلو بذروة فناني عصر النهضة.[9] مما لا شك فيه أن ميكيلانجيلو قد أثر على من عاصروه ومن لحقوه بتأثيرات عميقة فأصبح أسلوبه بحد ذاته مدرسة وحركة فنية تعتمد على تضخيم أساليبه ومبادئه بشكل مبالغ به حتى أواخر عصر النهضة فكانت هذه المدرسة تستقي مبادئها من رسوماته ذات الوضعيات المعقدة والمرونة الأنيقة.", "صرخة أنثى (مسلسل)\nصرخة أنثى مسلسل مصري عرض في رمضان 2007 يتناول قضية التحول الجنسي من ذكر الي أنثي, بطولة داليا البحيري طارق لطفي وعلاء زينهم وحسن الأسمر وفرح وحجاج عبد العظيم وهيدي كرم والممثل الأردني اياد نصار وإخراج رائد لبيب, وتأليف محمد الغيطي وإنتاج ناهد فريد شوقي.", "إدفارت مونك\nالصرخة", "ألكسندر صاروخان\n• انتقل بعد ذلك صاروخان مع التابعي إلى \"أخبار اليوم\" فظهرت أول صورة له على الصفحة الثالثة لهذه الصحيفة في عدد السبت 27 إبريل عام 1946، وتمثل هذه الصورة موكب محرري كل من آخر ساعة وأخبار اليوم وقد اتحدوا في ركب واحد، وهكذا انضم صاروخان إلى زميله الرسام محمد عبد المنعم رخا الذي كان يرسم على صفحات أخبار اليوم منذ بداية تأسيسها. • ظل صاروخان يرسم في دار أخبار اليوم حتى وفاته في أول يناير عام 1977 تاركًا لنا حوالي عشرين ألف صورة كاريكاتيرية، وكتابين للكاريكاتير السياسي هما \"العام السياسي ١٩٣٨\"، وصدر بالقاهرة عام 1939، وكتاب \"هذه الحرب\" الذي صدر أيضًا بالقاهرة عام 1945، وهو يتناول الحرب العالمية الثانية بالكاريكاتير. • قدم شخصيتين هما \"مخضوض باشا الفزعنجي\" و\"إشاعة هانم\" وذلك إبان الحرب العالمية الثانية. وقد اختفت هاتين الشخصيتين بعد الحرب، أما الشخصية الثابتة التي قدمها صاروخان فهي \"المصري أفندي\" عام 1929 وهي من ابتكار محمد التابعي. • استخدام صاروخان للرموز والشخصيات الثابتة المتعارف عليها عالميًا مثل العم سام. ويظهر في هذا تأثره الواضح بفن الكاريكاتير الأجنبي القديم.", "غلبرت ستيوارت\nكلبرت تشارلز ستيوارت وهو رسام أمريكي من رود آيلاند ولد في يوم 3 ديسمبر 1755 في رود آيلاند في أمريكا البريطانية، يعتبر من أوائل الرسامين الأمريكان بعد تأسيس دولة الولايات المتحدة في سنة 1776، وكان أفضل عمل له لوحته الغير منتهية لجورج واشنطن وألتي تسمى The Athenaeum، حيث بدأ برسم هذه اللوحة في سنة 1796 ولم ينتهي منها أبدا ولوحته هذه لا زالت موجودة مع 130 نسخة بيعت كل منها ب100 $، كما أنه رسم لوحات أخرى تعود للقرنين الثامن عشر و التاسع عشر.", "الخروج من الحمام (لوحة)\nرُسمت اللوحة في يونيو من عام 1915 في مدينة فالنسيا حينما كانَ سورويا يجوبُ دولة أمريكا ويعود لموطنهِ إسبانيا. تُعد هذه اللوحة جزءًا من سلسلة من اللوحات البارزة للفنّان مثل لوحة \"الفتاة في الماء\" والتي رسمها في نفس السنة. ", "صقور الليل (لوحة)\nبعد الإنتهاء من رسم اللوحة في أواخر شتاء عام 1942، قام هوبر بوضعها في معرض \"رِهن\" حيث تعرض لوحاته عادةً للبيع، وبقيت هنالك قرابة شهر. وفي يوم القديس باتريك، حضر إدوارد وجو هوبر افتتاح معرض لوحات هنري روسو في متحف الفن الحديث الذي نظمه مدير معهد الفن في شيكاغو دانيال كاتون ريتش. وكان ريتش من بين الحضور إضافةً إلى مدير متحف الفن الحديث ألفريد بار. تحدث بار بحماس عن لوحة غاز البنزين (بالإنجليزية: Gas) التي رسمها هوبر قبل عام \"وأخبرته جو أن عليه فقط أن يذهب إلى \"رِهن\" ليرى لوحة صقور الليل. وقد ذهب ريتش بالفعل لرؤية اللوحة وسرعان ما رتب لعملية شرائها لشيكاغو\"، وكان سعر بيعها 3000 دولار أمريكي، وبقيت بحوزة معهد الفن منذ ذلك الحين.", "ليجييه ريشييه\n\"ليجييه ريشييه\" Ligier Richier (1500 - 1567) نحات فرنسي من القرن السادس عشر تركزت أعماله على المنحوتات الكنسية في منطقة اللورين شرق فرنسا. وأشهرها إغماءة العذراء أو \"Groupe de la Passion\" والمكونة من 13 شخص. وكذلك \"ترانسي\" ويمثل تخليداً لموت أمير أورانج في تلك الفترة \"رينيه دو شالون\".", "لوحة يوم القيامة\nتقبل ميكيلانجلو عرض البابا كليمنت السابع لرسم الصورة ، ولكن الصورة اكتملت في عهد البابا بولس الثالث.زيد رائد عبد الحفيظ", "معركة الإسكندر في إسوس\nجاءت لوحة ماتياس غرونيفالت ( 1470- 1528)، للفنان التدورفر، كأكثر لوحة معاصرة هامة. و قد لاحظ المؤرخ هورست والديمار جونسون أن لوحات هذا الفنان تظهر نفس الخيال الجامح الذي يظهر في لوحة معركة الإسكندر في إسوس. حيث تم مقارنة بعض العناصر من لوحة معركة إسوس للإسكندر _و خاصة منظر السماء في اللوحة_ بالغابات الخضراء التي توجد في الجنة و التي يوجد بجوارها العذراء و طفلها، و هذا ما يجعلها من أهم أعماله. و من أهم تأثيرات التدورفر أيضاً هو تأثيره على (1472-1553)، فقد أرتبط لوكاس بمدرسة دانوب. و وفقاً لرأى روسكيل، أعمال كراناك الفنية التي ظهرت أبتداءً من عام 1500 \"و بفضل الدور البارز الذي تلعبه المناظر الطبيعية في هذه المنطقة، فقد أستخدمها في خلفيات لوحاته من أجل تحسين الحالة المزاجية، و من أجل صور النسَاك و القديسين الحكماء\"، كما تبدو أنها تلعب \"دوراً تحضيرياً\" من أجل البدء في عهدٌ جديد يتميز بالمناظر الطبيعية النقية. و يرجع الفضل لأسلوب التدورفر، و خاصة أسلوبه في أعماله الدينية، إلى آلبرخت دورر (1471-1528)؛ حيث أوضح لارى سيلفر في إحدى كتاباته أن التدورفر يستخدم \"مزيجاً بين المناظر الطبيعية الألمانية المقنعة و المظاهر السماوية لرواياته الدينية\" و هذا يشكل \"رابط قوى\" بينه و بين أسلوب آلبرخت دورر . قام دوق بافاريا، ويليام الرابع، بتكليف جنوده للمحاربة في معركة الإكسندر في إسوس عام 1528.", "عبد السميع عبد الله\nتأثر برسوم \"صاروخان\"، وهو يمثل جيل الرواد في مدرسة فن الكاريكاتير في روزاليوسف، وكان قد عمل في بداية حياته مصمما أو رساماً في هيئة الطرق والكبارى والأنفاق، ثم بدأ في رسم الكاريكاتير في مجلة \" الشعلة \" عام 1944م والتي أصدرها محمد على حماد.\nعندما رأى الأستاذ الكبير إحسان عبد القدوس رسوم الفنان عبد السميع، انبهر بها، فطلب منه الرسم لروزاليوسف، خاصة بعد رحيل \"صاروخان\" و\"رخا\" إلى جريدة الأخبار برفقة الأستاذ محمد التابعى.\nومما يجذب الانتباه في الفنان عبد السميع هو التزامه السياسى، فقبل هذا الفنان الساخر كان بعض الرسامين، مثل عبد المنعم رخا، يرسم في خمس عشرة مجلة وصحيفة متباينة الاتجاهات السياسية، بل إن رخا كان ينتقد الوفد في \"روزاليوسف\"، ثم يخرج ليمتدحه في \"الشعلة\"، لأن فكر الكاريكاتير قبل قدوم عبد السميع إلى روزاليوسف؛ كان مبنياً على فكر رئيس التحرير، والذي كان يقوم بإمداد الرسام بالأفكار ليرسمها.\nوهذا هو نهج الأستاذ محمد التابعى في كاريكاتير روزاليوسف؛ فقد كان صاروخان ورخا ينفذان أفكاره لسنوات طويلة، لكن عبد السميع وقف يحاجى إحسان عبد القدوس، حين طلبه للعمل في \"روزاليوسف\" في عام 1946م ، واشترط، وهو الرسام المغمور، ألا يهاجم الوفد لمجرد أن ذلك الهجوم من سياسة \"روزاليوسف\"، بل إنه لم يعمد إلى هذا الهجوم إلا بعد اقتناعه شخصياً بضرورة مهاجمته لأنه أصبح حزباً تقليدياً.\nكذلك يحسب لهذا الفنان أنه سبق كلاً من صلاح جاهين، وجورج البهجورى، في تصميم غلاف مجلة روزاليوسف، المطبوع باللونين الأحمر والأسود حين بدأ ظهوره على غلافها وصفحاتها منذ عام 1946م.\nولم يكن عبد السميع مجرد رسام كاريكاتير، بل كان أقرب إلى الزعيم الشعبى المحرض، والمحرك لمشاعر وأحاسيس الموظفين البسطاء من الشعب المصرى.\nوبعد قيام الثورة في عام 1952 اتجهت رسوم عبد السميع لمهاجمة الإخوان المسلمين بقسوة؛ وهدد بالقتل، مما استدعى الأمر إلى تعيين مخبر له يتبعه ويقوم بحراسته.", "البيت الأصفر\nلوحة البيت الأصفر (بالهولندية:Het gele huis)، (بالفرنسية:Maison Jaune)، ، هو عنوان عمل فني للرسام الهولندي فينسنت فان غوخ يعود إنجازها إلى سنة 1888. أحد مؤسسي مدرسة ما بعد الإنطباعية في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، وهي جزء من عمل فني مزدوج يضم لوحة البيت الأصفر وغرفة نوم في آرل.", "رقصة الموت\nرقصة الموت (بالإنجليزية:Dance of death) هي لوحة رسمت عام 1493 من طرف الفنان ميكائيل فولغيمون. وللوحة أسماء عديدة أخرى: بالفرنسية: Dance macabre و بالإسبانية: Danza de la muerte و بالكاتالانية Dansa de la mort و بالإيطالية: Danza macabra و بالبرتغالية: Dança da morte و بالألمانية Totentanz و بالهولندية Dodendans.", "النرويج\nتجدر الإشارة بوجه خاص بالرسام إدفارت مونك وهو رسام رمزي/تعبيري أصبح شهيراً عالمياً بسبب لوحته \"الصرخة\" التي يقال أنها تمثل قلق الإنسان المعاصر. من الفنانين النرويجيين الآخرين: هارالد سولبيرغ وهو رسام مجدد رومانسي يتذكر بلوحاته مثل روروس، والرسام أود نيردروم وهو رسام رمزي حافظ على عمله ليس كفن ولكن كفن هابط.", "مارتن شونجور\nمارتن شونجور (بالألمانية: Martin Schongauer؛ 1445؟، كولمار – 2 فبراير 1491، برايزاخ)، رسام ألماني، وأحد الرسامين الألمان الأوائل. عمل فترة طويلة نحاتًا في أوروبا خلال السبعينيات والثمانينيات من القرن الخامس عشر. تركت أعماله أثرًا كبيرًا في الفنانين الشبان أمثال آلبرخت دورر، وقام بتقليده كثيرون في دول عديدة. أهم لوحات شونجور، \"عذراء الشجرة الوردية\" (1473م)، واللوحة الجدارية الضخمة \"الحكم الأخير\" (1491م تقريبًا) في برايزاخ. أشهر أعماله النحتية هي \"وفاة مريم البتول،\" و\"إغراء القديس أنطونيو\". ولد شونجور ومارس عمله في مدينة كولمار بالألزاس (في فرنسا حاليًا).", "عجوز تطهو البيض (لوحة فنية)\nدييغو رودريغث دي سيلفا إي فيلاثكيث (بالإسبانية: Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez، ولد في 5 يونيو 1599، إشبيلية، إسبانيا - توفي في 6 أغسطس 1660 في مدريد ، إسبانيا) كان رساماً إسبانياً، يعتبر واحدا من أعظم ممثلي الرسم الإسباني وكبير الرسامين في العالم. من أشهر أعماله عجوز تطهو البيض (1618) ولوحة البابا إنوسنت العاشر (1650)، واستسلام بريدا (1635)، وخادمات الشرف (1656) وأسطورة أراكني ، حيث تحتوي على تقنيات استثنائية وبراعة في استخدام الإضاءة. يعد من أشهر فناني الأسلوب الباروكي.\nقال عنه أنطونيو بالومينو الكاتب المشهور في القرن الثامن عشر: كان يميل لألوان تعطي لمعة وإضاءة في مزجه الأخضر مع الأزرق والأبيض. رسوماته الزيتية تحمل حيوية رقيقة وصادقة, علماً انه كان من شعراء النهضة الإسبانية لكن لم يعتمد في مناظره على المناظر المأخوذة من الطابع الديني وقليل من لوحاته أتت بشيء من مسرح التاريخ الماضي. سمي فيلاثكيث في بروفيسور دي إسبانيا وهو الذي اتى بأفخم القصائد. سميت ريشته في الإنارة الحقيقية والتي أعطت الناظر أبعاداً حقيقية.\nفيلاثكيث لم يترك مدرسة له تختص به بعد موته, والتلاميذ الذين ترعرعوا وتأقلموا على يد الفنان, يمكن أن نصنفهم كأفراد عائلة, وحتى البعض منهم كان من خدمه الخاص مثل الفنان خوان باوتيستا مارتينيث.وخوان دي باريجا الذي تم إثباته انه كان أيضاً من خدم القصر الملكي وتعلم الفن من فيلاثكيث.", "إيفان الرهيب وابنه إيفان\nإيفان الرهيب و ابنه إيفان (وتسمى أيضا: إيفان الرهيب يقتل ابنه، أو إيفان الرهيب وابنه إيفان يوم السادس عشر من نوفمبر لعام 1581) هي لوحة فنية للفنان الروسي الواقعي ايليا ريبين قام بإبداعها بين الأعوام 1883 و1885. تصور اللوحة حزن ولوعة إيفان الرهيب ممسكاً بابنه ذو الجروح القاتلة تساريفيتش إيفانوفيتش، ويُعتقد أن إيفان الرهيب نفسه هو من وجه تلك الضربة القاتلة لابنه. ", "صرخة روح (مسلسل)\nوفي ختام خماسيات «صرخة روح 2»، فقد حملت عنوان «أضواء وهمية»، وهي من تأليف ناديا الأحمر عن فكرة ليامن ست البنين، وإخراج تامر اسحاق، فيما أدى أدوار البطولة \nوتتحدث «أضواء وهمية» عن قصة نسرين المرأة التي ضاقت بها الحياة بمفاجأتها المخيبة لأحلامها ولمستقبلها ولواقعها القاسي، فتركت نفسها طوعاً لرياح الغيرة والحسد لتمضي بعكس مبادئها وحقيقة نفسها منبهرة بحياة شقيقتها التوأم شيرين التي كانت تعيش حياتها برفاهية وراحة مادية، وفي لحظة ضعف وانهيار تستغل نسرين الفرصة للحصول على كل تملكه شقيقتها شيرين، ولكنها تُصدم عندما تكتشف أن ما كان يبهرها وتتمناه ما هي إلا أضواء وهمية خدعتها لتجني بالنهاية خيانة روحها وجسدها، ومطارحة ألمها الأبدي.", "لوحة يوم القيامة\nاستغرق رسم الصورة أربعة أعوام بين 1536 حتى 1541 (وكان إعداد الحائط للرسم في عام 1535)كما قام ميكيلانجيلو بهذا العمل بعد 25 سنة من قيامه برسم سقف الكنيسة وكان عمره في هذا الوقت 67 سنة .", "صراخ قهري\nفي عام 1961, قام وولفارت بتقرير حالة صراخ قهري مصاحبة لنوبة شخوص بصر, ومع أعراض أخرى لمتلازمة باركنسون. ظهر في التقرير أن الصراخ القهري من الممكن أن يكون ناتجا عن استهلاك الكحول المزمن. قام باتس بتقرير حالة مريض بعمر 63 عاما قدم إلى المشفى النفسي بتاريخ سنتين من الصراخ المفاجئ. ادعى الرجل وقتها أن لا ذاكرة لديه عن تلك الحالات, والتي كانت حول الثواني من الزمن. من خصائص الصراخ الموصوفة وقتها أنه كان مثل (آآآهه) أو صراخ لطلب النجدة ولوحظ على المريض الغضب خلال تلك النوبات. في نهاية النوبة لوحظ على الرجل علامات الدهشة والاستغراب, وكان يستطيع اكمال المحادثات بشكل سليم, وكان المريض واعيا فيما بين النوبات. في العادة كانت النوبات تأتي مرة أو اثنين كل شهر, غالبا في الليل, متقدمة في السوء مع تقدم الوقت عن أول نوبة. ", "الصرخة (لوحة)\nتعتبر هذه اللوحة التعبيرية\" تجسيداً حديثاً للقلق \" وقد بيعت عند عرضها في المزاد في مايو 2012 ب 119 مليون دولار.ويقول يورون كريستوفرسن الناطق باسم متحف مونش إن لوحة الصرخة عمل فني لا يقدر بثمن وهي تمثل رجلاً يعكس وجهه مشاعر الرعب واقفاً على جسر وهو يمسك رأسه بيديه ويطلق صرخة ، على خلفية من الأشكال المتماوجة وتدرجات اللون الأحمر الصارخة.", "ألبرخت ألتدورفر\nألبرخت ألتدورفر Albrecht Altdorfer (ح. 1480 – 12 فبراير 1538)، كان رسام، حفار، معماري ألماني من عصر النهضة عمل رجنسبورگ. كان يعتبر مع لوكاس كراناك ووولف هوبر الممثل الرئيسي لما يسمى بمدرسة الدانوب التي كانت تستخدم مشاهد من الكتاب المقدس ومشاهد تاريخية على خلفيات مشاهد طبيعية بالألوان التعبيرية.\nتوفي في راتيسبون أوريجنسبورگ. لا يعرف الكثير عن نشأته، ويظن أنه ابن المصور أولريخ ألتدورفر، الذي تخلى عام 1491 عن حق المواطنة في بلدة راتيسبون، إلا أن ألبرخت استرد هذا الحق عام 1505 قبل أن يصبح في عام 1519 عضواً في مجلس المدينة الموسع. وفي عام 1526 أصبح عضواً في مجلس المدينة المصغّر وهيأه ذلك لشغل منصب مهندس المدينة في العام ذاته.\nوليس هناك ما يدل على دراسته الفنية، ولكن أعماله تنبىء بتأثير دورر ولوكاس كراناك فيه، وتعود أولى رسومه ومحفوراته الخشبية المؤرخة إلى عام 1506. أما أقدم لوحاته «الولادة» و\"القديسان فرانسوا وجيروم» و«أسرة الساتير» فمؤرخة في عام 1507.", "إصرار الذاكرة\nإصرار الذاكرة أو ثبات الذاكرة (1931) أو (بالكتلانية: La persistència de la memòria ) هي اللوحة الأكثر شهرة لسلفادور دالي.", "صرخة روح (مسلسل)\nكما أنجز المخرج إياد نحاس تصوير خماسية \" لا بأحلامك \" من مسلسل \" صرخة روح \" في موسمه الثالث في مدينة طرطوس الساحلية فيما استكمل تصوير باقي مشاهد الخماسية ضمن مدينة دمشق .\nوتجمع الخماسية التي حملت اسم \" لا بأحلامك \" الفنانة نادين سلامة مع سامر إسماعيل وخالد القيش وحلا رجب بالإضافة إلى الشاب أسامة دبور .\nوتتحدث الخماسية كما أكدت الكاتبة ناديا الأحمر في تصريح سابق لموقعنا ميديا توب عن امرأة ضائعة محطمة بعد أن هجرها زوجها وحب حياتها الأول والأخير لها , ولكن ها هي الحياة تمنحها فرصة جديدة لتحيى بها بالزواج مع شاب ينشلها من ركام روحها .\nولكن هل يستطيع الإنسان تجاوز حبه الأول وخاصة إن كان يبعد عدة خطوات عنه , يراقبه , منتظراً لحظة ضعفه ورعشة حنينه .\nيذكر أن خماسية \" لا بأحلامك \" هي الخماسية السادسة والأخيرة التي تنتجها شركة جولدن لاين من مسلسل \" صرخة روح 3 \" وهي من تأليف وسيناريو وحوار الكاتبة ناديا الأحمر.", "أخبرنا كيف حدث ذلك\nنشاهد في هذه اللوحة رجل يأخذ الحيز الأكبر منها، تبدو عضلات جسدة بارزة فكاظم حيدر يشير إلى العمال الفلاحين الذين كانوا أساس تلك الاحتجاجات وكان يطلق عليهم اسم \"الشروگية\"، يبدو الرجل وكأنه داخل صندوق في إشارة إلى حالة القمع التي يعيش فيها ويحيط به لون أسود كتعبير عن الحزن، بينما اللون الاحمر هو لون دم رفاقه في تلك الاحتجاجات، وفي الجهة اليسرى نلاحظ فراع أبيض لكن لو اقتبرنا منه أكثر سنرى مشاهد من أحداث ذلك القمع الوحشي، هذه الاحتجاجات وما تبعها من قمع وحشي كانت شرارة ساهمن في إسقاط النظام الملكي في العراق.", "الدراويش (لوحة)\nالدراويش هي لوحة فنية للفنان المصري محمود سعيد. وتم رسم هذه اللوحة في العام 1929. هذه اللوحة هي أحد أعمال محمود سعيد المبكرة تظهر ستة من دراويش المولوية بملامح متشابهة وملابس متماثلة مع فروق في وضعية كل منهم أثناء أداء الأذكار الدينية في العصور العثمانية.", "الصرخة (فيلم)\nمن خلال شخصية نور الشريف (عمر) الشاب الأبكم والأصم الأمي الذي نشأ نشأة بسيطة في القرية ومن ثم ينتقل إلى المدينة بعد آن قامت الشرطة بإخلاء المنزل بعد وفاة والده بعد احالته علي المعاش ويقرر ان يتجه لتعلم القراءة والكتابة وهناك يقع في شباك معالي زايد والتي تلعب دور شخصية باحثة في علوم الصم والبكم وتستغله في دراساتها لنيل شهادة الدكتوراه. \nيعمل (عمر) في صباغة السيارات في مهنة سمكري سيارات ويكسب مالاً كثيراً مما يغري الفتاة الاستغلالية «معزوزة» نهلة سلامة بالزواج منه طمعا في ماله . ولكن يقوم بجمع المال ويخفيه عن زوجته بغرض اجراء عملية جراحية تمكنه من استعادة سمعه.\nوبسبب ذلك تقوم زوجته بالانتقام منه بالادعاء مع صديقتها التي تحمل سفاحا من عشيقها باتهام عمر باغتصابها وهو برئ منها، وفي المحاكمة، تأتي هيئة المحكمة بخبيرة في لغة الإشارة لترجمة مايقول لهيئة المحكمة، إلا أنه يطلب معالي زايد لتكون الخبيرة ليستشهد بها حينما راودته عن نفسه في شقتها ورفض، إلا أنها متعمدة أخفت مايقول لتنقذ سمعتها ونظراً لوجود الكثير من الصم والبكم في قاعة المحكمة يفهمون ما يقول ويضجون والقاضي يأمر بأخراجهم من قاعة المحكمة.\nالمشهد النهائي هو مشهد درامي تعبيري اشبه بثورة الصم والبكم علي الاستغلاليين من الاصحاء ، حيث يخطف مجموعة الصم والبكم معالي زايد وزوجته والفتاة التي اتهم باغتصابها إلى معهد الصم والبكم ويقررون محاكمتهم والتي كانت جميع اسباب استغلالهم لهم واحد وهو ان لديهم اعاقة في السمع والنطق . ولذلك يكون جزائهم يقررون افقادهم حاسة السمع حتي يصبحون مثلهم وبعدها يصرخ عمر صرخة تعبيرا عن انتصاره .", "صرخة روح (مسلسل)\nوكان وائل أبو شعر قد أنهى مؤخراً إخراج رابع خماسيات \"صرخة روح 3\" بعنوان \"يا ضلي يا روحي\" (تأليف ناديا الأحمر) وبطولة : عبد المنعم عمايري، كندة حنا، سامر إسماعيل ، و لينا دياب.إن أحداث النص تدور حول «الطبيب حليم وهو تحت حيرة قتل عشيق زوجته الذي يقع صريع الكوما تحت يديه في المستشفى، بعد حادث سير تعرض له مع زوجته التي يتبين أنها حامل، فتزداد حيرته بين الرغبة في الانتقام والخوف من هدم حياته بخسارة زوجته وارتكاب جريمة قتل».", "ريتان (لوحة)\nلوحة ريتان أو لوحة سقوط بولندا هي لوحة زيتية للفنان البولندي يان ماتيكو، أتمَّها في العام 1866. تُصوّر اللوحة لحظة احتجاج تادوس ريتان، يظهر أسفل يمين اللوحة، ضد التقسيم الأول لبولندا خلال فترة برلمان التقسيم عام 1773. كلاهما يُصوّر لحظة تاريخية ورمزية للفترة المُحيطة بالتاريخ البولندي. تُعدُّ اللوحة واحدة من أشهر أعمال ماتيكو، وصورة أيقونية للاحتجاج العاطفي.", "غوستاف كاييبوت\nتعتبر أشهر لوحة لكايبوت في عصره وفي الوقت الحالي أيضا. بدأ برسمها في خمسينات القرن الثامن عشر وانتهى منها عام 1877. ألهمته شوارع باريس الواسعة التي بدأو بتصميمها بدلا من الشوارع الضيقة بسبب ازدياد ازدحام الشوارع بالمارة والمركبات، فرسم هذا اللوحة التي فتنت الجمهور. في هذه اللوحة مال كايبوت للواقعية خاطبا ود محبي الفن المحافظ البعيد عن التيارات المحدثة في الفن في ذلك الوقت. مايميز هذه اللوحة هو المنظور الغير معتاد. فعمود الإنارة وخط الأفق يقسمان اللوحة إلى أربعة أقسام، عامود الإنارة يفصل خلفية اللوحة عن مقدمة اللوحة بالتمام. ونرى تصاغر الأشخاص بالخلفية سريعا بدون تدرج ويكبر الأشخاص في المقدمة بدون تدرج أيضا مما يعطي اللوحة منظور عدسة عين السمكة في التصوير الفوتوغرافي الذي يجعل المواضيع القريبة إلى الكاميرا أكبر مما هي عليه في الواقع، والمواضيع البعيدة أصغر مما هي عليه في الواقع أيضا", "ألف ليلة وليلة\nقام الرسام هنري جستس فورد برسم لوحته \"التاجر والعفريت\" سنة 1898 ضمن مجموعة تحتوي على لوحات أخرى توضح الحكايات وهي منفذة بأسلوب الحفر وهي مستلهمة من حكاية تحمل نفس الاسم في حكايات «ألف ليلة وليلة».\nكما برع الفنان الأمريكي ماكسفيلد باريش في استخدام الألوان وخلق عوالم فانتازية، وفي توظيف اللون الأزرق الذي يميز لوحاته بظلاله المختلفة والمتدرجة من اللازوردي والنيلي والأزرق، وقد ظهرت رسوماته الإيضاحية في كثير من الروايات أشهرها «ألف ليلة وليلة» و«سندريلا».", "قصبة الجزائر\nألهمت قصبة الجزائر العديد من الرسامين الجزائريين والأجانب، خاصة من خلال الاستشراق الحالي. في القرن ال 19، كانت مصدر إلهام للفنانين مثل الرسام يوجين يوجين ديلاكروا. واحد من أشهر الرسامين الذين رسمو القصبة هو محمد راسم، وهو ابن القصبة. أعماله توضح الفترة الأولى من القصبة من خلال العودة إلى التقليد الشعبي الجزائري؛ هي الآن، في معظمها، محفوظة في متحف الجزائر العاصمة. لويس كومفورت تيفاني، رسام أمريكي، عرف أيضا فترة الاستشراق وزار مدينة الجزائر في عام 1875. بين عامي 1957 و 1962، رسم الرسام رينيه سينتيس القصبة. تعكس لوحاته، ولا سيما بوتت ماتين، لا مارين و كيرفيو جو الاضطرابات في مدينة الجزائر خلال ثورة التحرير الجزائرية.", "صراخة قنارية\nالصَّرَّاخَة القَنَارِيَّة هو نباتات من الصراخة، يكثر في جزر الكناري. يصل ارتفاع هذه النبتة 1,5 ، لها أزهار صفراء شاحبة وثمار برتقالية اللون.", "ميكيلانجيلو\nضمن الزاوية السفلية اليمنى من الحائط كانت قد صُوّرت جهنم بشكل مختلف، فلم يُصور الشيطان أو العفاريت كما هو مألوف فميكيلانجيلو اقتبس بدلا من ذلك مقتطفات من القصة الأسطورية: الكوميديا الإلهية للكاتب الإيطالي المشهور دانتي أليغييري، وبعد أن قام ميكيلانجيلو برفع الغطاء عن لوحته الجدارية هذه تعرّض لموجة ضخمة من النقد بسبب الرسوم العارية خصوصاً، فأصبحت حديثًا على كل لسان ولهذا السبب ربما أصبحت هذه اللوحة أحد أشهر أعمال ميكيلانجيلو خلال القرن السادس عشر.[43] استغرق العمل على اللوحة ست سنوات كاملة، وكانت هذه اللوحة تعبيرا عن المجيء الثاني للمسيح ونهاية العالم. نظم كاردينال كارافا حملة ضد ميكيلانجيلو بسبب الصور العارية في تلك اللوحة الضخمة وعُرفت الحملة \"بحملة ورقة التين\"، وتم اتهام ميكيلانجيلو بإهانة الكنيسة، وفي مفاجئة مذهلة قرر البابا إبقاء الصور كما هي وقال عبارته المشهورة: \"محكمة الفاتيكان لا صلاحيات لها في منطقة الجحيم\".[44]", "مازاتشو\nمن أعماله الأساسية الأولى لوحة متعددة المصاريع أو «الضلفات» أنجزها مازاشيو عام 1426 لكنيسة كارمين Carmine في مدينة بيزا، وقد مُزق معظمها، وفُقِدَ بعضها، واللوحة الوسطى من هذا العمل الموسومة بـ«العذراء والطفل» موجودة في الصالة الوطنية بلندن، وفيها يبدو مازاشيو أنه نجح في تطوير أسلوبه الصارم والبطولي، بعيداً عن الأسلوب القوطي العالمي، وقد تميز أسلوبه الجديد هذا بالواقعية والرزانة والاقتصاد، وبطريقة توزيعه للمساحات والضوء، فكان قريباً من الفن الإنساني humanistic والذهني intellectual، ولكنه تابع تطوره بالإفادة من دوناتلّو Donatello وبرونيلّسكي Brunelleschi، وقد عُدّ مازاشيو دوماً واحداً من مؤسّسي التصوير الحديث Modern painting. من المرجح أن مازاشيو قد أنجز بين عامي 1426- 1428 لوحة لكنيسة القديسة ماري الجديدة Sainte- Marie- Nouvelle بفلورنسا، يدور موضوعها حول الأقانيم الثلاثة، وعمله الرئيس الخالد جداريات كنيسة برانكاتشي Brancacci في فلورنسا (1427- 1428) والتي أنجزها بالتعاون مع مازولينو، ويعزى إلى مازاشيو من هذه الجداريات اللوحات الآتية: «طرد آدم وحواء من الفردوس» و«دفع الجزية» و«القديس بطرس يوزع الصدقات» و«القديس بطرس يشفي المرضى بطيفه» و«بعث ابن ملك أنطاكية إلى الحياة» و«تتويج القديس بطرس»، وهذا العمل الأخير أكمله المصور فيليبينو ليبي Filippino Lippi. وتعدّ لوحة «دفع الجزية» أشهر أعمال مازاشيو التي اقتبسها عن «إنجيل متى»، ولم يكن قد سبقه أحد إلى استخدامها في الإيقونوغرافيا iconography، وتتلخص في أن جابي الضرائب طالب تلاميذ السيد المسيح\\ بدفع الجزية عنهم وعن معلّمهم، فأمر السيد المسيح\\ بطرس أن يذهب إلى البحر، ويلقي صنارته، ثم يفتح فم أول سمكة تعلق بها؛ ليأخذ منها درهمين يدفعهما للجابي، وتصور اللوحة الجدارية القصة بمراحلها الثلاث، ففي الوسط السيد المسيح\\ وقد التف حوله تلامذته الذين أوقفهم الجابي، ومن بينهم بطرس؛ وهو يصغي إلى أمر السيد المسيح\\، وإلى اليسار وبالقرب من خط الأفق يتناول بطرس الدراهم من فم السمكة، وإلى اليمين يعطي الجباية لجابي الضرائب عند بوابة المدينة، ويذهب الناقد الفنان ڤازاري Vasari إلى أن الشخصية التي ترتدي العباءة الحمراء الفضفاضة في منتصف اللوحة هي لمازاشيو نفسه، وهكذا كان مازاشيو - على غرار جيوتو Gioto الذي سبقه بقرن من الزمان - أستاذاً من أرفع طراز يمتلك ناصية الحاسة اللمسية والقدرة على التعبير عنها، وفي ذلك يقول فازاري: «إن مازاشيو قد أضفى على أشكال شخوصه تجسيماً طبيعياً مناسباً لم يظهر في أعمال من سبقه من المصورين. كما أدرك أن الشخوص التي تبدو ثابتة الوقفة تعوزها الرشاقة والاكتمال، وأن من يصوّرها على غير هذا النحو يكشف عن جهله بأصول التضاؤل النسبي وقواعد المنظور. وإن كان جيوتو قد تناول المنظور في تصاويره؛ فإنه قد تناوله بعدّه شيئاً ثانوياً لإبراز تأثيرات معينة، على حين أن مازاشيو سعى إلى الإيحاء بالفراغ بأسلوب رياضي عقلاني». توهم جدارية الثالوث المشاهد المتلقي أنه أمام مدفن (أو قبر) حجريّ تذكاري، وإلى الأسفل منضدة مذبح altar table مع تجويف عميق فوقها Aedicula محفور في الجدار. أما المصلون المانحون في مقدمة الجدارية (الفريسك)؛ فحجمهم أصغر من الحجم الطبيعي، كما أن مجموعة الشخوص في المحراب niche أصغر حجماً. ويدل الرداء الأحمر على المانح في يسار اللوحة، وهو في الحقيقة عضو في الهيئة الحاكمة في فلورنسا. تظهر هذه اللوحة مَعْرِفَةَ مازاشيو الخاصة بمنظور برونيلسكي وتجاربه وأسلوبه المعماري.", "لوحة المجاعة\nتصف اللوحة كيف كان غضب الملك وقلقه، بسبب حالة الجفاف التي وقعت فيها مصر لسبع سنوات، حيث لم يفيض النيل خلال تلك الفترة. طلب زوسر من كهنة وزيره إمحوتب المساعدة. بحث الكهنة الأمر في معبد تحوت في هرموبوليس، وأبلغ كاهن الملك أن من يتحكم في فيضان النيل هو الإله خنوم في جزيرة إلفنتين، وأنه غاضب لذا فإنه لا يسمح للمياه بالتدفق. أمر زوسر بحمل القرابين إلى الجنوب، في محاولة لاسترضاء خنوم. في الليلة التالية، رأى الملك حلمًا يعده خنوم فيه بإنهاء المجاعة. كما أصدر الملك قرارًا يمنح معبد خنوم في ريع المنطقة ما بين أسوان وإلفنتين، وكذلك حصة من كل واردات النوبة.\nمنذ الترجمة الأولية والفحص من قبل عالم الاثار الفرنسي بول بارجيه في عام 1953، كانت لوحة المجاعة ذات أهمية كبيرة للمؤرخين وعلماء المصريات. فاللغة و الخطوط التصميمية المستخدمة في النقش تشير إلى أن العمل يمكن أن يعود إلى العصر البطلمي، وربما لعهد الملك بطليموس الخامس (205-180 ق.م) ، علماء المصريات مثل ميريام يختهايم و يرنر فيسيشل يشيرون إلى أن كهنة خنوم المحليين ألّفوا النص ، كانت الجماعات الدينية المختلفة في مصر خلال عهد أسرة البطالمة تتصارع على السلطة والنفوذ ؛ لذلك يمكن أن تستخدم قصة لوحة المجاعة كوسيلة لإضفاء الشرعية على سلطة كهنة خنوم على منطقة إلفنتين.", "لوحة المجاعة\nلوحة المجاعة هي واحدة من ثلاثة فقط من النقوش المعروفة التي تربط اسم الخرطوش زوسر (\"بمعنى : الإلهي أو المقدس\") مع اسم حورس أو سيريخ نتر-خت (\"بمعنى : الجسد الإلهي\") للملك زوسر في كلمة واحدة. وبالتالي، فإنه يقدم دليلا مفيدا لعلماء المصريات والمؤرخين الذين يشاركون في إعادة بناء التسلسل الزمني الملكي من المملكة القديمة في مصر.", "بخعة\nالصرخة أوبخعة هي إحدى القرى القلمونية الثلاث التي ما زال سكانها يتكلمون اللغة السريانية (الآرامية الغربية) لغة السيد المسيح في هذه المنطقة من سوريا. وتدل الآثار والكهوف المنتشرة في القرية ومحيطها أن الإنسان ومنذ عصور سحيقة سكن هذه المنطقة وتعود إلى العصر الحجري إضافة إلى الآثار الآرامية والبيزنطية والرومانية، وهجرت لفترة طويلة وأعيد إعمارها في القرن الثامن عشر عندما وفد إليها سكان من معلولا ومن القرى المجاورة مثل البيضاء ودنحة وعين حسين وجبارة وغيرها من القرى التي كانت منتشرة بين الشعاب والهضاب المشرفة على وادي المجر.", "صرخة 3\nصرخة 3 هو ثالث أفلام سلسلة السلاشر الأمريكية سكريم من اخراج ويس كرايفن وبطولة كورتني كوكس ، نيف كامبل و دايفد أركيت. صدر الفيلم سنة 2000.", "لوحة انطوان لوران لافوازييه وزوجته\nدفع لديفيد مبلغ 7000 يورو لرسم هذه اللوحة و ذلك في 16 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1788. [بحاجة لمصدر] ، لم يُسمح بعرض اللوحة على العامة في صالون باريس خوفًا من أن لوحة لافوازييه - و لافوازييه هو شخصية متصلة بالمحكمة الملكية و بالحكم الأترافي - قد تثير عدوانًا مضادًا للأرستقراطيين من قبل مشاهدي اللوحة . [2]", "ألف ليلة وليلة\nأما الرسام والنحات جان ليون جيروم فيعدّ أبرز المستشرقين الذين قدموا إلى الشرق في القرن التاسع عشر ومجموعة رسوماته تتناول أساطير تاريخية إغريقية وشرقية، وقد قام برحلة طويلة سنة 1868 إلى مصر وآسيا الصغرى، وزار في القاهرة الجوامع الأثرية وصور الكثير من العمارة الإسلامية، ولعل أشهر لوحاته المستلهمة من ألف ليلة لوحاته \"سوق الرقيق\"، و\"حمّام الحريم\"، و\"امرأة شرقية\"، ولوحته \"الملك كاودوليس\". كما تأثر الرسام الأمريكي روبرت سوين جيفورد بحكاية السندباد البحري عن حادثة كسر بعض التجار لبيضة الرخ الطائر الخرافي العملاق فعمل على لوحته \"بيضة الرخ\" سنة 1874، وهي بالألوان المائية على الورق ومعروضة في متحف فرانسورث للفن.", "محمود إبراهيم سلامة\nشرف بكتابة المصحف الشريف ست مرات، طبع أولها برواية قالون بليبيا عام 1983م، والثانية برواية ورش عام 1985م، والمصحفان الثالث والرابع برواية قالون عامي 1988م و 1992م، والمصحفان الخامس والسادس برواية حفص عن عاصم بخط الثلث عامي 2014م و 2016م، وهو الخطاط المصري الوحيد الذي كتب المصحف الشريف بالخط الثلث. عرف \"سلامة\" كواحد من أبرز الخطاطين العرب، حيث تضمن إنتاجه العديد من الأعمال المتنوعة، كما كتب للعديد من الصحف والمجلات المصرية، وحصد العديد من الجوائز العالمية، وقد وقع عليه الاختيار لكتابة لوحات فيلمي الرسالة وعمر المختار من قبل المخرج الراحل مصطفى العقاد.", "موشيه جرشوني\nموشيه جرشوني (11 سبتمبر 1936 - 22 يناير 2017) هو رسام ونحات إسرائيلي. اشتهر بعمله بالرسم منذ ثمانينات القرن العشرون، برسومات مختلفة عن المألوف، وبإحياء ذكرى الهولوكوست في الفن الإسرائيلي. انشأ بعمله اتصالاً بين الحرمان وشهوة المثلية الجنسية، كما انتقد بأعماله النزعة القومية الصهيونية. حصل على جائزة إسرائيل على أعماله سنة 2003، لكنها ألغيت لاحقاً، وتم حرمانه منها.", "صرخة الرعب (مسرحية)\nعبد العزيز المسلم، انتصار الشراح، عبد الإمام عبد الله, هيا الشعيبي (ولكنها اعتذرت عن مواصلة العروض) ونجم البحرين علي الغرير، عادل المسلم، علي السميري، عبد الرزاق خلف، مي البلوشي، علي الفرحان وأسماء.", "مصطفى فروخ\nمصطفى فروخ من أشهر الرسامين التشكيليين اللبنانيين في القرن العشرن. خلد الطبيعة اللبناية برسوماته. يعتبر مصطفى فروخ بين رواد الفن اللبناني الحديث وأحد الأربع الكبار الذين خطوا الطريق للفنانين اللبنانيين اللاحقين.\nهو مصطفى بن محمد بن صالح بن عبد القادر بن محمد فرّوخ، ولد في محلة البسطة التحتا في بيروت عام 1901. في سنة 1924م سافر مصطفى فرّوخ من بيروت إلى روما وقد وصف في مذكراته \"طريقي إلى الفن\" العقبات التي واجهها لحمله على العدول عن السفر فقال: \"وقد دخلت يوماً البيت فوجدت بعض النسوة من الجيران، وأنا ما كان لي علاقة بإحداهن يوماً، وقد جلسن إلى والدتي، ومنذ أن دخلت وسلمت بادرنني قائلات: شوف يا ابني أنتَ بعدك صغير ما بتعرف شو في بالدني، شو بدَّك بالسفر لبلاد ما بتعرفها، أمك مرا كبيرة، أحسن هالمُصريات ما تصرفهم بالسفر، ما إلو عازة، عمّر بيت فيهم أو شوف لك بنت حلال تزوجها ...، فأجبتهنّ بإيجاز: هذا شيء يخصني وحدي، وأنا ما كلّفت أحداً بالتدخل في شؤوني، لا سيما والمال مالي، فأنا حرّ في التصرف به، وأنا أعرف متى أتزوج ومتى أبني بيتاً\".", "فرانتس مارك\nقد تكون لوحة \"تيرشيكسيل\" (Tierschicksale) هي الأكثر شهرة بالنسبة لفرانتس مارك(والمعروفة أيضًا باسم \"مصائر الحيوانات\" أو \"مصير الحيوانات\"), والمعلقة في متحف بازل للفنون. أكمل مارك هذا العمل في عام 1913، عندما \"عم القلق من كارثة وشيكة ستحل بالمجتمع\"، مثلما ذكر أحد المؤرخين الفنيين على الجزء الخلفي للقماش، كتب مارك (\"كل ما يجري ألم مستمر\"). التحق بالتجنيد أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى، وكتب لزوجته عن الرسم، أنه \"مثل هاجس هذه الحرب الرهيبة والمحطمة. أتذكر بالكاد أني رسمتها.\"", "نقش بيستون\nقام بتوثيق النقش دارا الأول في وقت ما بين تتويجه ملكا ل الإمبراطورية الفارسية في صيف عام 522 قبل الميلاد ووفاته في خريف عام 486 قبل الميلاد، والنقش يبدأ مع سيرة ذاتية مختصرة لداريوس ، بما في ذلك أجداده والنسب. في وقت لاحق في النقش، يوفر داريوس سلسلة طويلة من الأحداث التي أعقبت مقتل قورش العظيم و قمبيز الثاني الذي كان قد خاض تسعة عشر معركة في فترة سنة واحدة (المنتهية في ديسمبر 521 قبل الميلاد) لاخماد التمرد المتعدد في جميع أنحاء الإمبراطورية الفارسية. النقش يظهر التفاصيل التى تسرد حالة التمرد ، مما أسفر عن مقتل كورش الكبير وابنه قمبيز الثاني،وقد كانت مدبرة من قبل العديد من المحتالين وعلى رأسهم المتآمرين في مختلف المدن في جميع أنحاء الإمبراطورية، كل واحد منهم كان يدعى زورا دماءا ملكية خلال الاضطرابات بعد وفاة سايروس. أعلن داريوس الكبير نفسه منتصرا في كل المعارك خلال فترة الاضطرابات، عازيا نجاحه إلى \"نعمة أهورا مازدا\".", "علي الحجار\nأصرخ", "أوسكار كوكوشكا\nلوحات", "ألبرخت ألتدورفر\nإلى جانب رافدة «سان فلوريان»، قام ألتدورفر بتنفيذ أعمال أخرى كلّفه بها الامبراطور مكسيميليان: رسوم محفورة على الخشب، ورسوم على هامش كتاب «صلوات الامبراطور»، وسبع لوحات أخرى تحكي سيرة القديس فلوريان كانت على الأرجح أجزاء من رافدة مذبح آخر وفيها يزداد تألق الألوان وتدهش الناظر بنظامها المعماري.\nفي بداية العقد الثالث من القرن السادس عشر، يظهر في أعمال ألتدورفر الموضوع الذي سيطر على فنه في هذه المرحلة وهو المنظر الطبيعي.وتعد لوحتا: «منظر العبّارة» و«الدانوب قرب راتيسبون»، أول لوحتين في تاريخ الفن الغربي اقتصرتا على موضوع المنظر.", "صرخة (فيلم 1996)\nتعيش (سيدني) الفتاة الشابة التي تسكن مع والدها ، والتي لم تلتئم أحزانها الناتجة عن قتل والدتها ، والاعتداء عليها بعد ، كما تعاني أيضا (سيدني) من الحادث الذي وقع مؤخرا في الجامعة حين اتصل قاتل مجهول بفتاة من الجامعة تدعى (كيسي) ، وبدأ بالحديث معها قبل أن يبدأ في تهديدها ، ثم قتل صديقها ، وقتلها هي شخصيا بعد ذلك ، وسرعان ما يأتي دور (سيدني) لتبدأ في تلقي مكالمات من شخص غريب ، ليبدأ في تهديدها بتصرفات مماثلة ، في نفس الوقت يسافر والد (سيدني) للخارج ليترك (سيدني) وحدها في المنزل ، فتلجأ (سيدني) لصديقها (بيللي) ليؤنس وحشتها خاصة بعد تلك المكالمات الغريبة ، حينما يبدأ القاتل في مهاجمة (سيدني) في المنزل تبدأ (سيدني) في الشك في كل من حولها .\nتأليف: كيفين ويليامسون \nمونتاج : استيفن بشريصوّر الفيلم في كاليفورنيا و سانتا روسا، كاليفورنيا، وكان مارك إروين مديرًا لتصوير الفيلم.", "مرأة عربية (لوحة مائية)\nالمرأة العربية هي لوحة مائيّة رسمها الفنانُ الأمريكي  جون سنجر سارجنت مابين أواخرِ القرن التاسع عشر وأوائلِ القرن العشرين ، وتُعد حالياً ضِمنَ مجموعة متحف المتروبوليتان للفنون.", "إيناس العباسي\n-صرخة صامتة –أنجيلا مارسونز ترجمة إيناس العباسي دار جميرا 2016", "روزي المبرشمة\nروكويل، مصور شعبي مشهور في أمريكا اليوم، استند بتشكيل 'روزي' خاصته على صورة النبي إشعياء من عمل مايكل أنجلو 1509 في سقف كنيسة سيستين.", "أليخاندرو أوريغون\nولكن في حاله هذا الفنان ، بينما كان يعمل في الثورة الجمالية ، قال انه دمجها مع واقع اللحظة. و هذا هو الحال في أعمال \"El estudiante muerto\" ؛(1957)؛و \"Luto por un estudiante\"؛ (1957) ، الذي يلمح فيه إلى الاحداث التي وقعت في حكومة الجنرال غوستافو روخاس بينيلا. الدي مشهور كرمز لدكتاتوريه العسكريةGustavo Rojas Pinilla.\nالاعمال الأخرى التي يمكن تسليط الضوء عليها هي \"Homenaje al cura Camilo\"؛ (1968) و \"Violencia\" ؛(1962) ،وهي واحده من المعالم في تاريخ الفن الكولومبي الذي يظهر واحده من أكثر الفترات دموية في القرن العشرين في كولومبيا.", "مدارس الفن التشكيلي\nوكان من أهم وأشهر فناني الرومانسية كل من (يوجيه دي لاكرواه) و(جاريكو) فقد صور لاكوروا العديد من اللوحات الفنية، ومن أشهرها لوحة الحرية تقود الشعب ،وفي هذه اللوحة عبر الفنان عن الثورة العارمة التي التي ملأت نفوس الشعب الكادح، وصور فيها فرنسا على شكل امرأة ترفع علما ومعها الشعب الفرنسي في حالة أندفاع مثير وبيدها اليسرى بندقة، وعلى يسارها طفل يحمل مسدسين، وكأنه يقول لنا أن الغضب يجتاح نفوس عامة الشعب، ومن أعماله أيضا خيول خارجة من البحر.", "ملحمة الثورة\nقام بوضع اللحن الفنان محمد الأمين وأراد له أن يكون لحناً حماسياً وذلك من خلال طبقات صوت القرار و الإيقاعات القوية بمشاركة 40 عازفا يتبعون إلى الإذاعة السودانية وتلفزيون السودان و فرقة سلاح الموسيقى التابع للقوات المسلحة السودانية وبذلك تم الجمع بين الآلات الوترية و الآلات النحاسية.وتم العمل في سباق مع الزمن وذلك لقرب موعد الإحتفال الذي ستقدم فيه الملحمة. فتتابعت التمارين لأصوات المجموعة بشكل مكثف ووصف هاشم صديق هذا العمل بأنه كان بمثابة «ورشة موسيقية».", "محمود سعيد (تشكيلي)\nفي أبريل 2010 بيعت لوحته \" الدراويش \" عن طريق صالة مزادات كريستيز العالمية بمبلغ 2.434 مليون دولار وفي وقت بيعها سجلت كأغلى لوحة رسمها فنان من الشرق الأوسط في العصر الحديث ورسمت هذه اللوحة في 1935.", "مارسيل خليفة\nطبعت أول أسطوانة له في حياته الفنية في باريس في آب/أغسطس 1976م، وتشمل أربع قصائد لمحمود درويش وقصيدة جفرا للشاعر الفلسطيني عزالدين المناصرة، ثم غنى لاحقاً في عام 1984م في ستاد الصفا في بيروت أمام مئة ألف مستمع قصيدة بالأخضر كفناه لعزالدين المناصرة أيضاً التي أصبحت نشيد الثورات العربية منذ 2011م.", "لوحة جدارية\nCarlos Almaraz Judy Baca بانكسي Arnold Belkin Freydoon Rassouli Thomas Hart Benton John T. Biggers Henry Bird Edwin Howland Blashfield Steve Bogdanoff جوتو دي بوندوني Gabriel Bracho Paul Cadmus Eleanor Coen John Steuart Curry Robert Dafford Santiago Martinez Delgado Faile Shepard Fairey صادقين بييرو ديلا فرانشيسكا Os Gemeos Richard Haas Keith Haring Albert Henry Krehbiel Rainer Maria Latzke Michelle Loughery Tom Lea Michael Macaulay John Anton Mallin Andrea Mantegna Reginald Marsh Knox Martin Peter Max ميكيلانجيلو كلود مونيه Roberto Montenegro Frank Nuderscher Aarón Piña Mora Juan O'Gorman José Clemente Orozco Michael Kirby Diego Rivera Archie Rand رفائيل Graham Rust Conrad Schmitt David Alfaro Siqueiros Frank Stella Rufino Tamayo تيتيان Alton Tobey Kent Twitchell ليوناردو دا فينشي John Augustus Walker Henry Oliver Walker Lucia Wiley Robert Wyland Isaiah Zagar", "أليكساندر بلوخ\nأليكساندر بلوخ (و. 1857 – 1919 م) كان رسام، من فرنسا، ولد في باريس، توفي في الدائرة العشرون في باريس، عن عمر يناهز 62 عاماً.", "مصطفى الحلاج\nمصطفى الحلاج فنان تشكيلي ونحات فلسطيني (مواليد يافا، عام 1938). مارس فن الغرافيك مبكرًا، وكذلك الرسم والتصوير والطباعة الفنية وفن الملصق (البوستر). اهتمّ بقراءة الجذور الكنعانية والمصرية في رسوماته الغرافيكية وابتكر خطوطه وحفرياته الخاصّة، وله أطول لوحة جدارية في العالم، هي لوحة \"ارتجالات الحياة\" التي يبلغ طولها 114 متراً وعرضها 36 سم. تنقل في الشتات وعاش في مدن عربية مختلفة. توفّي في دمشق في العام 2002.\nولد مصطفى عام 1938 في قرية سَلَمة في قضاء يافا، وانتقلت عائلته إلى مدينة اللّد في العام 1948. درس المرحلة الإعدادية في القاهرة ودرس الثانوية في فاقوس – محافظة الشرقية بمصر، وحصل على الثانوية العامة سنة 1957. ثمَّ التحق بكلية الفنون الجميلة بالقاهرة. وتخرّج في قسم النحت عام 1963. ثمّ التحق بقسم الدراسات العليا بمراسم الأُقصر . وقـد ساهم في معظم الفروع التشكيلية ( النحت – سيراميك – خزف – حفر في الخشب – رسم بالزيت والأواريل ).", "صراخ قهري\nاثنان من زملاء إل.بينيديك، هم: إي. فون ثروزو وتي.كاتونا، سجلوا مثالين إضافيين للصراخ القهري في عام 1927.\nاضافوا على ملاحظات بينيديك الأولية، وصف الوجه المتورد الغاضب لمريض، والضجر والاهتياج. ولاحظوا بعدئذ ان المريض يعتذر للحادثة، مما يدل على الوعي المريض للتصرفات. بناءً على ذلك، ثروزو وكاتونا اقترحوا انه لا وجود لفقدان الوعي خلال نوبات الصراخ القهري وأن المصابين يظلوا واعيين بشكل كامل لما يدور حولهم.  ", "لوحة البشارة\nلوحة البشارة أو \"البشارة\" هي لوحة رسمت بواسطة ليوناردو دا فينشي مع أندريا دل فروكيو في حوالي العامين 1472-1475.\nالأجنحة تم إضافتها لاحقاً ورسمت بواسطة فنان آخر.", "أوقات اليوم الأربعة\nتعد \" أوقات اليوم الأربعة\" هي السلسلة الأولي من النقش المطبوع والتي تم رسمها بعد لوحتي \" تقدم الماجنة\" و \" تنامي المجون\". وأيضاً تفردت بمكانتها إلا أن تم طبع لوحة \" الحالة الزوجية\" في عام 1745، ولهذا تعد هذه اللوحة من اللوحات التي تميزت بالسبق التاريخي. وعندما سمع الناشر جورج فولكنر، كتب من دبلن بإعطاء الأولوية لهذه اللوحة وحجز خمسين مقعداً. ووجد أن تلك المجموعة افتقرت إلي القيم المثلي والمبادئ السامية علي عكس مجموعته الفنية \" الحالة الزوجية\" والتي زخرت بمحيط عميق من النبل الفني والمثالية الهادفة. هناك أيضاً الآراء التي سلمت بضعفها ونقص المعاني العميقة مثل غياب تصوير فكرة الأسنان، الأمر الذي أدي إلي تصنيفها كمجموعة قصصية لم تحقق النجاح المنشود. وعلي الرغم من ذلك الضعف الفني المصاحب لها ، إلا أنها تعد واحدة من أعظم السلاسل الفنية التي قامت بتجسيد المجتمع في هذه الآونة، وبهذا حظيت بمكانة كبيرة في ذلك الوقت. وفي المزاد العلني عام 1745، عُرضت لوحات \" أوقات اليوم الأربعة \"و \" تنامي المجون\" و \"الليل \" والتي قد تعد أسوء اللوحات التي تم عرضها والتي تنسب إلي الفنان هوغارث. وارتفع سعر لوحة \" أوقات اليوم الأربعة \" ارتفاعاً ملحوظاً، حتي حققت أكبر نسبة في البيع. وعلق \"كانينغهام\" ساخرا \" وبعد أن حظيت هذه اللوحة بالمكانة المنشودة، فماذا يعتقد الفنانين الأوائل من أهميتها وعنوانها \". في حين أشاد \"هوراس والبول\" بعظم هدف \" مأوي إرتداء الممثلات للملابس \"، والتي تعد أرقي اللوحات المعروضة. وأضاف رؤيته في لوحة \" أوقات اليوم الأربعة \"، حيث وجد أنها لم تضيف شيئاً ذو أهمية مقارنة بأعماله الأخرى.\nاستقر كلاً من مشهدي الصباح والليل في مؤسسة التراث القومي وأيضاً كمجموعة فنية نادرة في البيت الثقافي في وارويكشاير. فقد تم جمع تلك المجموعة عن طريق نبيل المملكة وأحد هواة جمع التحف الفنية، وتم إعطائها إلي متحف التحف الفنية بجانب القصر الملكي. وفي عام 1948 ،احتلت هذه الزمرة الفنية وخاصة مشهدي الظهيرة والمساء المكانة المرموقة لدي انكاستر في قلعة جريمسروب بالمقاطعة \" لينكونشير\".", "سيدة مع قاقم (لوحة)\nسيدة مع قاقم هي لوحة للرسام الإيطالي ليوناردو دا فينشي، تم رسمها بين عامي 1489 و 1490 للميلاد. المرأة التي في الصورة غلب الظن أنها سيسيليا غاليراني ويعتقد أن اللوحة تم رسمها عندما كانت عشيقة لودوفيكو سفورزا دوق ميلان الذي كان ليوناردو يعمل في خدمته.", "ميكائيل فولغيمون\nميكائيل فولغيمون( بالألمانية: Michael Wolgemut)أو Wohlgemuth. ولد عام 1434 في نورنبيرغ، و توفي عام 1519 و هو رسام ألماني. كان يدير ورشة كبيرة للفنون. من تلامذته الرسام ألبرشت دورر و من لوحاته رقصة الموت.\nعرف القليل عن حياته الشخصية.", "أوجست رينوار\nانتج الفنان رينوار آلاف اللوح وتم بيعها في كل أنحاء العالم واقبل عليها كل متذوقى الفن عامة ومتذوقى الانطباعية خاصةً.\nوأخر ما تم بيعة من لوحات الفنان في المزاد العلنى كانت لوحتين احدهما بال أو مولا دو لاغاليت، حي مونمارتر ووصل سعرهما إلى 78.1 مليون دولار وكان ذلك عام 1990.\nبعد مرحلة أولى كان فيها متأثرا بأعمال آنْغْرْ (سنوات 1884-1887 م)، أصبح له اهتمام أكثر بتصوير المشاهد الحِسية، وتشهد له بذلك اللوحات النسائية أو العارية (فتيات أمام البيانو، 1892 م؛ غابرييل صاحبة الوردة، 1911 م؛ المستحمات، ح. 1918 م، متحف أورساي).", "ليوناردو دا فينشي\n• لوحة البشارة 1472-1475 رسمها على لوح خشبي مستخدمًا الألوان الزيتية والمائية وهي توجد في معرض أوفيتسي في فلورانسا.", "كونشيرتو دي آرانخويث\nكونشيرتو دي آرانخويث أو \"حفل آرانخويث\" (بالإسبانية:Concierto de Aranjuez)هي مقطوعة موسيقية مكونة من عزف للغيتار والأوركسترا.[1][2][3] ألفها الملحن الإسباني خواكين رودريغو. قام بكتابتها في العام 1939 وغالبا تعد من أروع أعمال رودريغو الموسيقية وأكثرها شهرة على الإطلاق، كما أن نجاحها جعل من خواكين رودريغو واحدا من أكثر الملحنين الإسبان شهرة في القرن العشرين.", "صرخة أنثى (مسلسل)\nوقد قامت سالي محمد عبد الله -أول امرأة مصرية تقوم بعملية جراحية للتحول من الجنس الذكري للأنثوي- برفع دعوى قضائية ضد مؤلف ومخرج ومنتج المسلسل للمطالبة بوقف عرض المسلسل، الذي اعتبرته مقتبساً من كتابها الذي يحمل عنوان المسلسل نفسه، وأكدت أنها كانت بطلة هذه القضية", "الصرخة (لوحة)\nويقول الدكتور شاكر عبد الحميد في كتابه عصر الصورة الصادر عن سلسلة عالم المعرفة 311 يناير 2005 \" إن لوحة الصرخة الشهيرة لإدفار مونش مثلاً التي رسمها عام 1893 ، قد وجهت لتصوير ذلك الألم الخاص بالحياة الحديثة ، وقد أصبحت أيقونة دالة على العصاب والخوف الإنساني . في اللوحة الأصلية تخلق السماء الحمراء شعوراً كلياً بالقلق والخوف وتكون الشخصية المحورية فيها أشبه بالتجسيد الشبحي للقلق . ومثلها مثل كثير غيرها من اللوحات الشهيرة فقد تم نسخ الصرخة وإعادة إنتاجها في بطاقات بريد وملصقات إعلانية وبطاقات أعياد الميلاد وسلاسل مفاتيح ، واستخدمت كذلك كإطار دلالة في فيلم سينمائي سمي الصرخة ظهر عام 1996 وتجسدت اللوحة في أقنعة بعض الشخصيات في الفيلم ، حيث كان القاتل يرتدي قناعاً مستلهماً منها . الجدير بالذكر أن هذه اللوحة التي وصل ثمنها إلى مئة وعشرين مليون دولار قد سرقت من متحف مدينة أوسلو في النرويج خلال شهر أغسطس 2004 على رغم وجود كاميرات تصوير متعددة ضد السرقة داخل المتحف وخارجه \" .", "حلم (لوحة)\nالحلم (بالإنجليزيةLe Rêve) ، هي لوحة زيتية رسمها بابلو بيكاسو عام 1932 (130 × 97 سم)، تصور عشيقته ماري-تريز والتر وهي في الثانية والعشرين من عمرها. اللوحة تصور مشهد مسائي، في 24 يناير 1932. \nيلاحظ المحتوى الإباحي في اللوحة، حيث رسم پيكاسو قضيب منتصب، يُفترض أنه قضيبه، أعلى وجه المرأة.\nفي 26 مارس 2013، نشرت نيويورك پوست خبر شراء المليادير الأمريكي ستڤن كوهن للوحة، مقابل 155 ماليون دولار.", "صرخة فيلهلم\nتم إحياء صرخة فيلهلم من خلال مصمم المؤثرات الصوتية بين بورت الذي اكتشف التسجيل الأصلي (والموجودة في الأستوديو وعليها ملصق \"الرجل الذي يأكله التمساح\") ووضعها في لقطة من فيلم \"حرب النجوم 4\": أمل جديد حيث يقوم لوك سكايووكر بإطلاق النار على أحد الجنود فيقع هذا الجندي ويصرخ، وسمى بورت الصرخة على الجندي ويلهلم وهو جندي صرخ نفس الصرخة في فيلم الهجوم على نهر فيذر عام 1953. وبدأ بورت بوضع هذه الصرخة في الأفلام التي عمل بها وأغلبها مع جورج لوكاس وستيفن سبيلبرغ، وتبنى مهندسون صوتيون هذا النظام أيضا وأصبح تقليدا بين مجتمع مهندسي الصوت.", "صرخة في الليل (فيلم)\nصرخة في الليل هو فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1940، من إخراج إبراهيم لاما، وبطولة بدر لاما ورجاء عبده.", "صرخة الرعب (سلسلة)\nصرخة الرعب سلسلة روايات رعب ألفها الكاتب الأمريكي أر.أل ستاين وترجمت إلى 13 لغة من بينها العربية وتوكيلها من دار نشر scholasticالتي إصدرتها شركة نهضة مصر حيث اشرف على تحريرها الكاتب المصري محمود سالم وترجمتها نجوى علام ورجاء عبد الله واشراف داليا إبراهيم تقدم هذه الكتب صورة حية لحياة المراهقين الأمريكين عن طريق عرض ما يتعرضوا له من مغامرات في مدارسهم وبيوتهم واجازاتهم.. اعتمد الكاتب على اسلوب التشويق واضفى لمسات من الرعب وتميز بقصر الفصول حيث يتألف الفصل الواحد من صفحتين أو ثلاثة.", "عايدة أبو نوار\nكما قامت بكتابة وتلحين بعض الأغاني، منها (صرخة)، التي قامت بغنائها الفنانة (سهير عودة)", "الصرخة (لوحة)\nمؤخرا كشفت جريدة ستريت جورنال الأمريكية أن الملياردير الأمريكي ليون بلاك هو الذي اشترى لوحة الفنان النرويجي الراحل الصرخة والتي بيعت في مزاد في نيويورك بمبلغ 120 مليون دولار.", "سقف كنيسة سيستينا\nزخرفة سقف كنيسة سيستينا يعتبر من الأعمال الفنية الضخمة للفنان مايكل آنجلو قام برسمها بين 1508 و1512 ويعتبر إحدى قمم فن عصر النهضة. عندما توقف العمل على قبر يوليوس الثاني بدأ بمشروع ضخم آخر لا يقل عن نظيره تم بتكليف من يوليوس نفسه وهو زخرفة سقف كنيسة سيستينا في روما. خلال الفترة الواقعة بين سنة 1508 و1512. قام مايكل أنجلو بإبداع إحدى أجمل المخططات الرسومية التمهيدية لزخرفة سقف الكنيسة البابوية في الفاتيكان. من خلال رسومه المتشابكة وزخارفه المعقدة استطاع تصوير قصة سفر التكوين لدى الإنجيل بدءاً من فصل الظلام عن النور (فوق المذبح) مروراً بقصة آدم وحواء منهياً بقصة نوح. وخلال الزوايا وزع عدة مشاهد تتناول العديد من القصص الدينية.", "الصرخة (فيلم)\nالصرخة، فيلم مصري انتج عام 1991 من بطولة معالي زايد ونور الشريف ومجموعة من الممثلين منهم الصم والبكم ومن أخراج محمد النجار، الفيلم من الأفلام المصرية القليلة التي تناولت قضايا الصم والبكم.", "عجوز تطهو البيض (لوحة فنية)\nورسمت اللوحة بالألوان الزيتية على القماش، وتظهر غرفة في قصر الملك فيليب الرابع[1]، حيث تبدو ابنته الصغيرة مارغريتا تيريزا برفقة وصيفاتها في حضور قزمين وحارس وكلب جالس، فيما يبدو دييغو فيلازكيز وهو يقوم بالرسم، اللوحة رسمت من زاوية نظر الملك فيليب الرابع، بحيث يبدو لمشاهد اللوحة أن الشخصيات المرسومة هي التي تموضعت كي يتم رسمها من زاوية الملك[2] والذي كان جالسا برفقة زوجته ماريانا (1634-1696)، حيث يبدو الجزء العلوي من بدني الملك والملكة في منظر يكاد يختفي في مرآة صغيرة في وسط اللوحة. ووفق معظم المحللين فقد اعتبرت اللوحة لقطة تصويرية واقعية.\nاعتبرت هذه اللوحة من أروع ما رسم فيلازكيز[3] ومن أهم اللوحات الفنية في التاريخ.[4] وأطلق عليها الرسام الإنجليزي توماس لورنس \"فلسفة الفن\"." ]

[ 11.9375 ]

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[ "There is a car driving" ]

[ "There is a car not moving", "Let's do it tomorrow. Tommy kept reading his paper.", "A woman is working.", "The men wore helmets while they worked on the road.", "The lady is throwing away food.", "A man is wearing a yellow vest.", "Oh, that is awesome." ]

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[ "Here is the reason college credit is a good idea." ]

[ "I don't think college credit is a good idea.", "Some people have difficulty communicating their thoughts effectively.", "The Church never had a meeting in 1545.", "They considered a world where money moved independently of what the authorities wanted.", "Oh no, my father is not like that.", "a cat is purring", "The dog is sleeping on a bed." ]

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[ "Digestion that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small" ]

[ "Milk chugging vomit reflex that swiftly empties the stomach. Moreover, drinking a gallon of milk is more difficult than drinking a gallon of water. The fat and protein in milk each inhibit the stomach from releasing its contents into the small intestine, forcing more of the liquid to remain in the stomach. In turn, the action of gastric acid and proteases in the stomach cause proteins in the milk to unravel and expand the liquid into a thick semi-solid substance, further reducing the amount of fluid that can be held in the stomach without being regurgitated. It is often claimed that the", "Gastric acid Gastric acid Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids. Gastric acid is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach, which are coupled in feedback systems to increase acid production when needed. Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate, a base, to buffer the fluid, ensuring", "Digestion Digestion Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the", "Digestion cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation. The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and", "Gastric acid gastric acid, verifying that acid played a crucial role in digestion. Gastric acid Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids. Gastric acid is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach, which are coupled in feedback systems to increase acid production when needed. Other cells in", "Digestion by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the", "Insect morphology saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source. Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of", "Human digestive system vitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein. The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum. The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food. This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml. The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that", "Human digestive system its surface. If the taste is agreeable, the tongue will go into action, manipulating the food in the mouth which stimulates the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands. The liquid quality of the saliva will help in the softening of the food and its enzyme content will start to break down the food whilst it is still in the mouth. The first part of the food to be broken down is the starch of carbohydrates (by the enzyme amylase in the saliva). The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a ligamentous band called the frenum", "Rumination syndrome mechanisms that cause the regurgitation, which is a unique symptom to this disorder. While no theory has gained a consensus, some are more notable and widely published than others. The most widely documented mechanism is that the ingestion of food causes gastric distention, which is followed by abdominal compression and the simultaneous relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This creates a common cavity between the stomach and the oropharynx that allows the partially digested material to return to the mouth. There are several offered explanations for the sudden relaxation of the LES. Among these explanations is that it is", "Digestion small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. It also contains rennin in case of infants and toddlers. As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions", "Insect morphology consumes. Most of this food is ingested in the form of macromolecules and other complex substances like proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules like amino acids and simple sugars before being used by cells of the body for energy, growth, or reproduction. This break-down process is known as digestion. The main structure of an insect's digestive system is a long enclosed tube called the alimentary canal, which runs lengthwise through the body. The alimentary canal directs food in one direction: from the mouth to the anus. It has", "Digestion gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body. In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires", "Cat anatomy acid and other digestive enzymes to break down food. Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with bile, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body. The pancreas doesn't produce starch processing enzymes because cats don't eat a diet high in carbohydrates. Since the cat digests low", "Extracellular digestion the digestive tract or subjected to physical fragmentation. This fragmentation may occur through the chewing action of teeth (in the mouth of many vertebrates) or the grinding action of pebbles (in the gizzard of earthworms and birds). Chemical digestion then occurs, breaking down the larger food molecules of polysaccharides and disaccharides, fats, and proteins into their smallest sub-units. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules—primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids—from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any", "Chiton digested by enzymes from a pair of large pharyngeal glands. The oesophagus, in turn, opens into a stomach, where enzymes from a digestive gland complete the breakdown of the food. Nutrients are absorbed through the linings of the stomach and the first part of the intestine. The intestine is divided in two by a sphincter, with the latter part being highly coiled and functioning to compact the waste matter into faecal pellets. The anus opens just behind the foot. Chitons lack a clearly demarcated head; their nervous system resembles a dispersed ladder. No true ganglia are present, as in other", "Insect physiology which must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules (i.e. amino acids, simple sugars, etc.) before being used by cells of the body for energy, growth, or reproduction. This break-down process is known as digestion. The insect's digestive system is a closed system, with one long enclosed coiled tube called the alimentary canal which runs lengthwise through the body. The alimentary canal only allows food to enter the mouth, and then gets processed as it travels toward the anus. The alimentary canal has specific sections for grinding and food storage, enzyme production, and nutrient absorption. Sphincters control the", "Food and diet in ancient medicine applies his knowledge of anatomy. According to Galen, digestion begins in the mouth because this where food comes into contact with the saliva. The chewed food is then pulled into the stomach where the heat of the stomach cooks the food into chyle. The chyle is then carried to the liver where the nutrients are converted to blood and transported throughout the body. With this understanding of the humours as being dynamic, and his knowledge of anatomy, Galen was able to categorize illnesses as hot, cold, dry or moist and attribute the causes of these illnesses to specific types of", "Malabsorption enzymatic breakdown of food. Mechanical processes include chewing, gastric churning, and the to-and-fro mixing in the small intestine. Enzymatic hydrolysis is initiated by intraluminal processes requiring gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions. The final products of digestion are absorbed through the intestinal epithelial cells. Malabsorption constitutes the pathological interference with the normal physiological sequence of digestion (intraluminal process), absorption (mucosal process) and transport (postmucosal events) of nutrients. Intestinal malabsorption can be due to: There is no single, specific test for malabsorption. As for most medical conditions, investigation is guided by symptoms and signs. A range of different conditions can produce malabsorption", "Digestion the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2", "Medieval cuisine as a continuation of the preparation initiated by the cook. In order for the food to be properly \"cooked\" and for the nutrients to be properly absorbed, it was important that the stomach be filled in an appropriate manner. Easily digestible foods would be consumed first, followed by gradually heavier dishes. If this regimen were not respected it was believed that heavy foods would sink to the bottom of the stomach, thus blocking the digestion duct, so that food would digest very slowly and cause putrefaction of the body and draw bad humours into the stomach. It was also of", "Digestion size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours. Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach.", "Enteric coating the intensely acidic pH found in the stomach, but breaks down rapidly at a higher pH (alkaline pH). For example, they will not dissolve in the gastric acids of the stomach (pH ~3), but they will in the alkaline (pH 7–9) environment present in the small intestine. The time required for an enteric-coated dosage form to reach the intestine mostly depends on the presence and type of food in the stomach. It varies from 30 minutes up to 7 hours, with an average time of 6 hours. Although some studies indicated that larger sized dosage forms may require additional time", "Human digestive system on the microvilli. The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals. Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the", "Pepsin one of the first enzymes to be crystallized when John H. Northrop crystallized it using dialysis, filtration, and cooling. Pepsin is expressed as a zymogen called pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids. In the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. The hormone gastrin and the vagus nerve trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested. Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment, which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an", "Iranian traditional medicine into smaller units and converting them into a substance suitable for absorption, happens. Afterwards the substances move towards the liver and will be processed again (called the second digestion in traditional medicine) which form the four liquid humors called: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. So the gastrointestinal tract, also known as digestive tract, plays an important role in one's health and that's why it is said that all diseases begin in the gut. The four aforesaid humors, or \"Akhlat\", are supposed to supply the cells and the body organs with necessary nutrients. Therefore, the healthier the humors are", "Digestion they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled. Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent \"soup\". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a", "Globules of fat within the cell, blood and tissue spaces due to its insolubility. Globules of fat are emulsified in the stomach into small droplets by bile salts during food digestion, speeding up the rate of digestion by the enzyme lipase later on. Bile salts possess detergent properties that allow them to emulsify fat globules into smaller emulsion droplets, and then into even smaller micelles. This increases the surface area for lipid-hydrolyzing enzymes to act on the fats. Micelles are roughly 200 times smaller than emulsion droplets, allowing them to facilitate transport monoglycerides and fatty acids across the surface of the enterocyte, where", "Gastric lavage during the operation due to its high risk of shock and hyponatremia. Gastric lavage is used infrequently in modern poisoning treatment. Some authorities have actually suggested that it not be used routinely, if ever, in poisoning situations. Lavage should only be considered if the amount of poison ingested is potentially life-threatening and the procedure can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion. Lavage is also the initial treatment for duodenal atresia in newborns, a condition where the small intestine is closed distal to the stomach, causing food and fluid to accumulate in the stomach. When the body temperature rises above", "Human digestive system the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end. Gastric acid (informally \"gastric juice\"), produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes. Pepsinogen is a precursor enzyme (zymogen) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins. As these two chemicals would damage the stomach wall, mucus is", "Fish physiology food is further digested and, in many fish, processed in finger-shaped pouches called pyloric caeca, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. In most vertebrates, digestion is a four-stage process involving the main structures of the digestive tract, starting with ingestion, placing food into the mouth, and concluding with the excretion of undigested material through the anus. From the mouth, the food moves to the stomach, where as bolus it", "Insect morphology pharynx, esophagus, and Crop and proventriculus (any part may be highly modified), which both store food and signify when to continue passing onward to the midgut. Here, digestion starts as partially chewed food is broken down by saliva from the salivary glands. As the salivary glands produce fluid and carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (mostly amylases), strong muscles in the pharynx pump fluid into the buccal cavity, lubricating the food like the salivarium does, and helping blood feeders, and xylem and phloem feeders. From there, the pharynx passes food to the esophagus, which could be just a simple tube passing it on to", "Gastric acid enzymes for protein breakdown (inactive pepsinogen, and in infancy rennin). Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis. In addition, many microorganisms have their growth inhibited by such an acidic environment, which is helpful to prevent infection. A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily. Gastric acid secretion happens in several steps. Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi. Gastric acid is then secreted into the lumen", "Bile to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic the longer a person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH. As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as bactericides, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food. In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy. Steatorrhea can", "Digestion separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream. The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a", "Parietal cell is formed in the following manner: As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions, the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly-acidic environment. The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding (or denaturing) of ingested proteins. As proteins unfold, the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed. Gastric HCl simultaneously cleaves pepsinogen, a zymogen, into active pepsin, an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now-exposed peptide bonds, a process known as proteolysis. Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli: Activation of histamine through H receptor causes increases", "Liquid diet Liquid diet A liquid diet is a diet that mostly consists of liquids, or soft foods that melt at room temperature (such as ice cream). A liquid diet usually helps provide sufficient hydration, helps maintain electrolyte balance, and is often prescribed for people when solid food diets are not recommended, such as for people who suffer with gastrointestinal illness or damage, or before or after certain types of medical tests or surgeries involving the mouth or the digestive tract. A clear liquid diet, sometimes called a \"surgical liquid diet\" because of its perioperative uses, consists of a diet containing exclusively", "Amoebiasis eating and digesting bacteria and food particles in the gut, a part of the gastrointestinal tract. It does not usually come in contact with the intestine itself due to the protective layer of mucus that lines the gut. Disease occurs when amoeba comes in contact with the cells lining the intestine. It then secretes the same substances it uses to digest bacteria, which include enzymes that destroy cell membranes and proteins. This process can lead to penetration and digestion of human tissues, resulting first in flask-shaped ulcerations in the intestine. \"Entamoeba histolytica\" ingests the destroyed cells by phagocytosis and is", "Protein (nutrient) Acid Score. Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract. Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine. Before the absorption in the small intestine, most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids. Absorption of the", "Monogastric the food enters the mouth. Saliva moistens the food and begins the digestive process. (Note that horses have no (or negligible amounts of) amylase in their saliva). After being swallowed, the food passes from the esophagus into the stomach, where stomach acid and enzymes help to break down the food. Bile salts are stored in the gall bladder (note that horses do not have a gall bladder and bile is directly secreted into the small intestine) and secreted once the contents of the stomach have reached the small intestines where most fats are broken down. The pancreas secretes enzymes and", "Gastroparesis Gastroparesis Gastroparesis (GP also called delayed gastric emptying) is a medical condition consisting of a paresis (partial paralysis) of the stomach, resulting in food remaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time. Normally, the stomach contracts to move food down into the small intestine for additional digestion. The vagus nerve controls these contractions. Gastroparesis may occur when the vagus nerve is damaged and the muscles of the stomach and intestines do not properly function. Food then moves slowly or stops moving through the digestive tract. The most common symptoms of gastroparesis are the following: Other symptoms include the following:", "Octopus made of chitin. Food is broken down and is forced into the oesophagus by two lateral extensions of the esophageal side walls in addition to the radula. From there it is transferred to the gastrointestinal tract, which is mostly suspended from the roof of the mantle cavity by numerous membranes. The tract consists of a crop, where the food is stored; a stomach, where food is ground down; a caecum where the now sludgy food is sorted into fluids and particles and which plays an important role in absorption; the digestive gland, where liver cells break down and absorb the", "Lagomorpha break down. Despite this, lagomorphs have developed a way of extracting maximum nourishment from their diet. First they bite off and shred plant tissues with their incisors and then they grind the material with their molars. Digestion continues in the stomach and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. After that, certain food remains get diverted into the caecum, a blind-ended pouch. Here, they are mixed with bacteria, yeasts and other micro-organisms that are able to digest cellulose and turn it into sugar, a process known as hindgut fermentation. Other faecal matter passes along the colon and is excreted in the", "Gastric distension Heart Association suggest that people suffering gastric distension be turned on their sides and the stomach be compressed gently to push out the air bloating the stomach. By turning the individual on their side into what is known as the recovery position, the stomach contents will often continue past the opening of the lungs and drain out the mouth, thus sparing the victim lung damage or the internal drowning which can be caused by large volumes of stomach material getting into the lungs. Gastric distension Gastric distension is bloating of the stomach when air is pumped into it. This may", "Maceration (food) organic byproducts. The macerated substance, which can be described as a protein-rich slurry, is often used for animal feed, fertilizer, and co-digestion feedstock in biogas plants. Maceration (food) In food preparation, maceration is softening or breaking into pieces using a liquid. Raw, dried or preserved fruit or vegetables are soaked in a liquid to soften the food and/or absorb the flavor of the liquid into the food. In the case of fresh fruit, particularly soft fruit such as strawberries and raspberries, they are often just sprinkled with sugar (and sometimes a small amount of salt) and then left to sit", "Human digestive system secreted by innumerable gastric glands in the stomach, to provide a slimy protective layer against the damaging effects of the chemicals on the inner layers of the stomach. At the same time that protein is being digested, mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach, is an acidic lipase, in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase. This breaks down", "Human digestive system a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus to enter the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric acid until it passes into the duodenum where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands. Digestion is helped by the chewing of food carried out by the muscles of mastication, by the", "Gastric dilatation volvulus and hypertonic saline or a colloidal solution such as hetastarch, and emergency surgery. The stomach is initially decompressed by passing a stomach tube, or if that is not possible, trocars can be passed through the skin into the stomach to remove the gas, alternatively the trocars may be inserted directly into the stomach following anaesthesia in order to reduce the chances of infection. During surgery, the stomach is placed back into its correct position, the abdomen is examined for any devitalized tissue (especially the stomach and spleen). A partial gastrectomy may be necessary if there is any necrosis of the", "Forensic toxicology her stomach contents did not match the limited menu of the restaurant, leading investigators to conclude that she had eaten at some point after being seen in the restaurant. The investigation led to the apprehension of a man whom the victim knew, and with whom she had shared her actual final meal (Dickison, 2000). Time since death can be approximated by the state of digestion of the stomach contents. It normally takes at least a couple of hours for food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine; a meal still largely in the stomach implies death shortly after", "Gastric balloon Gastric balloon A gastric balloon, also known as stomach balloon, is an inflatable medical device that is temporarily placed into the stomach to reduce weight. It is marketed to provide weight loss when diet and exercise have failed and surgery is not wanted or not recommended. The balloon limits the amount of food the stomach can hold and creates thereby an early feeling of fullness and satiety. Less intake of food will result in weight loss. After up to six months (or up to twelve months with some newer devices), the device is removed using endoscopy again. Longer stay of", "Horse colic case of strangulating obstruction or enteritis, since both of these cause excessive secretion of fluid into the intestine, leading to fluid back-up and distention of the stomach. Nasogastric intubation also has the benefit of providing pain relief resulting from gastric distention. Fluids are commonly given, either orally by nasogastric tube or by intravenous catheter, to restore proper hydration and electrolyte balance. In cases of strangulating obstruction or enteritis, the intestine will have decreased absorption and increased secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen, making oral fluids ineffective and possibly dangerous if they cause gastric distention and rupture. This process of", "Digestive enzyme a major role in digestion, both in a mechanical sense by mixing and crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic sense, by digesting it. The following are enzymes produced by the stomach and their respective function: Hormones or compounds produced by the stomach and their respective function: Of note is the division of function between the cells covering the stomach. There are four types of cells in the stomach: Secretion by the previous cells is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Distention in the stomach or innervation by the vagus nerve (via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous", "Digestion proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate", "Human digestive system doesn't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or \"gall\". Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse. The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive", "Bariatric surgery its greater curve is resected. The stomach is \"tubulized\" with a residual volume of about 150 ml. This volume reduction provides the food intake restriction component of this operation. This type of gastric resection is anatomically and functionally irreversible. The stomach is then disconnected from the duodenum and connected to the distal part of the small intestine. The duodenum and the upper part of the small intestine are reattached to the rest at about 75–100 cm from the colon. This procedure where a device similar to a heart pacemaker is implanted by a surgeon, with the electrical leads stimulating the", "Anorexia nervosa tests, diarrhea, acute pancreatitis, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and, rarely, superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Delayed stomach emptying, or gastroparesis, often develops following food restriction and weight loss; the most common symptom is bloating with gas and abdominal distension, and often occurs after eating. Other symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The symptoms may inhibit efforts at eating and recovery, but can be managed by limiting high-fiber foods, using liquid nutritional supplements, or using metoclopramide to increase emptying of food from the stomach. Gastroparesis generally resolves when weight is regained. Anorexia nervosa increases the risk of sudden cardiac", "Haptocorrin affinity for its molecular structure. Coupled together vitamin B and haptocorrin create a complex. This Haptocorrin-B complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum. In the duodenum pancreatic proteases (a component of pancreatic juice) cleave haptocorrin, releasing vitamin B in its free form. The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B is absorbed. Intrinsic factor", "Triglyceride the bond and \"releasing\" the fatty acid. In triglyceride form, lipids cannot be absorbed by the duodenum. Fatty acids, monoglycerides (one glycerol, one fatty acid), and some diglycerides are absorbed by the duodenum, once the triglycerides have been broken down. In the intestine, following the secretion of lipases and bile, triglycerides are split into monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids in a process called lipolysis. They are subsequently moved to absorptive enterocyte cells lining the intestines. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. These are excreted from the", "Chyle Chyle Chyle (; from the Greek word χυλός \"chylos\", \"juice\") is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs). It is formed in the small intestine during digestion of fatty foods, and taken up by lymph vessels specifically known as lacteals. The lipids in the chyle are colloidally suspended in chylomicrons. A chyle fistula occurs when defect(s) of lymphatic vessel(s) result in leakage of lymphatic fluid, typically accumulating in the thoracic (pleural) or abdominal (peritoneal) cavities, leading to a chylous pleural effusion (chylothorax) or chylous ascites, respectively. Diagnosis of a chyle fistula may", "Tablet (pharmacy) in a convenient portable package, and can be designed to protect unstable medications or disguise unpalatable ingredients. Colored coatings, embossed markings and printing can be used to aid tablet recognition. Manufacturing processes and techniques can provide tablets with special properties, for example, sustained release or fast dissolving formulations. Some drugs may be unsuitable for administration by the oral route. For example, protein drugs such as insulin may be denatured by stomach acids. Such drugs cannot be made into tablets. Some drugs may be deactivated by the liver when they are carried there from the gastrointestinal tract by the hepatic portal", "Gastric acid network (called canaliculi) from which the hydrochloric acid is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, the acidity being maintained by the proton pump H/K ATPase. The parietal cell releases bicarbonate into the bloodstream in the process, which causes a temporary rise of pH in the blood, known as an alkaline tide. The highly acidic environment in the stomach lumen causes proteins from food to lose their characteristic folded structure (or denature). This exposes the protein's peptide bonds. The gastric chief cells of the stomach secrete", "Cattle absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the \"many plies\". The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the \"true stomach\". Cattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants. While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process. The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called", "Gizzard \"gigeria\", meaning giblets. Birds swallow food and store it in their crop if necessary. Then the food passes into their glandular stomach, also called the proventriculus, which is also sometimes referred to as the true stomach. This is the secretory part of the stomach. Then the food passes into the gizzard (also known as the \"muscular stomach\" or \"ventriculus\"). The gizzard can grind the food with previously swallowed stones and pass it back to the true stomach, and vice versa. In layman's terms, the gizzard 'chews' the food for the bird as it does not have teeth to chew food", "Gastric acid that it does not become too acidic. These cells also produce mucus, which forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach. The pancreas further produces large amounts of bicarbonate and secretes bicarbonate through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum to completely neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive tract. The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory", "Dysentery amoebae. Amoebic dysentery is particularly common in parts of the world where human feces are used as fertilizer. After entering the person's body through the mouth, the cyst travels down into the stomach. The amoebae inside the cyst are protected from the stomach's digestive acid. From the stomach, the cyst travels to the intestines, where it breaks open and releases the amoebae, causing the infection. The amoebae can burrow into the walls of the intestines and cause small abscesses and ulcers to form. The cycle then begins again. Dysentery may also be caused by shigellosis, an infection by bacteria of", "Horse colic both diagnostically and therapeutically. A long tube is passed through one of the nostrils, down the esophagus, and into the stomach. Water is then pumped into the stomach, creating a siphon, and excess fluid and material (reflux) is pulled off the stomach. Healthy horses will often have less than 1 liter removed from the stomach; any more than 2 litres of fluid is considered to be significant. Horses are unable to vomit or regurgitate, therefore nasogastric intubation is therapeutically important for gastric decompression. A backup of fluid in the gastrointestinal tract will cause it to build up in the stomach,", "Baleen whale any mammal, measuring in diameter, as opposed to human's blood corpuscles. When sieved from the water, food is swallowed and travels through the esophagus where it enters a three-chambered-stomach. The first compartment is known as the fore-stomach; this is where food gets ground up into an acidic liquid, which is then squirted into the main stomach. Like in humans, the food is mixed with hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes. Then, the partly digested food is moved into the third stomach, where it meets fat-digesting enzymes, and is then mixed with an alkaline liquid to neutralize the acid from the fore-stomach", "Feeding tube tube surgically or endoscopically inserted through the abdomen and into the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). Feeding tube A feeding tube is a medical device used to provide nutrition to people who cannot obtain nutrition by mouth, are unable to swallow safely, or need nutritional supplementation. The state of being fed by a feeding tube is called gavage, enteral feeding or tube feeding. Placement may be temporary for the treatment of acute conditions or lifelong in the case of chronic disabilities. A variety of feeding tubes are used in medical practice. They are usually made of polyurethane", "Fish physiology a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth. One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is that sharks have much shorter intestines. This short length is achieved by the spiral valve with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when", "Liver bile (a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver also produces insulin-like growth factor 1, a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults. The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products. It", "Gastric bypass surgery be eaten very slowly and carefully, to avoid increasing discomfort or vomiting. Food is first churned in the stomach before passing into the small intestine. When the lumen of the small intestine comes into contact with nutrients, a number of hormones are released, including cholecystokinin from the duodenum and PYY and GLP-1 from the ileum. These hormones inhibit further food intake and have thus been dubbed \"satiety factors\". \"Ghrelin\" is a hormone that is released in the stomach that stimulates hunger and food intake. Changes in circulating hormone levels after gastric bypass have been hypothesized to produce reductions in food", "Protein metabolism Protein metabolism Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids, and the breakdown of proteins (and other large molecules) by catabolism. Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract. These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination, which", "Extracellular digestion down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid by special molecules called enzymes. Then the newly broken down nutrients can be absorbed by the cells nearby. Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use. Although fungi do not have a digestive tract like humans, they still use extracellular digestion. Fungi and other decomposers utilize nutrients derived from breaking down the substrate they grow on. Another example of extracellular digestion being", "Hairball the gastrointestinal system) formed from the ingestion of hair. Trichobezoars are often associated with trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling). Trichobezoars are rare, but can be fatal if undetected. Surgical intervention is often required. Although uncommon in humans, some hairballs have been reported. These hairballs occur when hair strands collect in the stomach and are unable to be ejected as a result of the friction on the surface of the gastric mucosa. Hairballs are often seen in young girls as a result of trichophagia, trichotillomania, and pica. In 2003, a 3-year-old girl in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada had a grapefruit-sized hairball surgically", "Bird anatomy the original dietary protein. The gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen) are mixed with the stomach contents through the muscular contractions of the gizzard. The gizzard is composed of four muscular bands that rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard. The gizzard of some species of herbivorous birds, like turkey and quails, contains small pieces of grit or stone called gastroliths that are swallowed by the bird to aid in the grinding process, serving the function of teeth. The use of gizzard stones is a similarity found between birds and", "Carl Anton Ewald remembered for investigations of gastric secretions, and the introduction of intubation as a medical aid in gastric analysis. The eponymous \"Ewald tube\" is named after him, a device that serves as a gastric tube for emptying the contents of the stomach. With Ismar Isidor Boas (1858–1938), he developed a standard \"test meal\" for gastric analysis. This involved a process in which various foods were given to a patient, and followed by analysis of gastric juices at scheduled intervals. Among his published works are \"The Diseases of the Stomach\" and \"Lectures on Digestion\", two books that have been translated into English.", "Dumping syndrome the type of gastric surgery performed previously. However, surgery to correct dumping syndrome often has unsuccessful results. Dumping syndrome Dumping syndrome occurs when food, especially sugar, moves too quickly from the stomach to the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine—in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This condition is also called rapid gastric emptying. It is mostly associated with conditions following gastric or esophageal surgery, though it can also arise secondary to diabetes or to the use of certain medications; it is caused by an absent or insufficiently functioning pyloric sphincter, the valve between the stomach and the duodenum. Dumping", "Digestion 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes. Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food", "Fish protein powder have a residual moisture content in the 4-8% range. Any animal that consumes a whole protein must break down and digest the protein order to absorb the nutrients. For humans this begins with chewing and the addition of saliva enzymes, followed by acid and protease enzyme digestion in the stomach, whereby the end result is a peptide or amino acid fraction ready for uptake into the blood stream via the small intestine. Research has confirmed that most animals have more Peptide receptors in the gut and lower intestine than they do free amino acid receptors - as such the peptide", "Extracellular digestion initial components of the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth and the pharynx, which is the common passage of the oral and nasal cavities. The pharynx leads to the esophagus, a muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach, where some preliminary digestion occurs; here, the digestion is extracellular. From the stomach, food passes to the small intestine, where a battery of digestive enzymes continue the digestive process. The products of digestion are absorbed across the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream. What remains is emptied into the large intestine, where some of the remaining water and minerals are absorbed;", "Esophagus of food to enter. Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus. These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth, and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself. Along with peristalsis, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. The stomach produces gastric acid, a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion. Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters help to prevent reflux (backflow) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus, protecting the", "Human digestive system layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder", "Gastric dilatation volvulus particles less than in size also may increase the risk of GDV. One study looking at the ingredients of dry dog food found that while neither grains, soy, nor animal proteins increased risk of bloat, foods containing an increased amount of added oils or fats do increase the risk, possibly due to delayed emptying of the stomach. The stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as \"volvulus\". Gas distension may occur prior to or after the stomach twists. The most common direction for rotation is clockwise, viewing the animal from behind. The stomach can rotate", "Phytobezoar associated with ingestion of unripe persimmons, which contain a soluble tannin called shibuol that polymerizes into a coagulative cellulose-protein compound in the acid environment of the stomach, to form the bezoar. In addition to their presence in human stomachs, phytobezoars have been documented in the stomachs of slaughtered plant-eating animals. Gastric phytobezoars are a form of intestinal blockage and are seen in those with poor gastric motility. The preferred treatment of bezoars includes different therapies and/or fragmentation to avoid surgery. Phytobezoars are most common and consist of undigested lignin, cellulose, tannins, celery, pumpkin skin, grape skins, prunes, raisins, vegetables and", "Regurgitation (digestion) as bones and feathers. It is in most animals a normal and voluntary process unlike the complex vomiting reflex in response to toxins. Honey is produced by a process of regurgitation by honey bees, which is stored in the beehive as a primary food source. In humans it can be voluntary or involuntary, the latter being due to a small number of disorders. Regurgitation of a person's meals following ingestion is known as rumination syndrome, an uncommon and often misdiagnosed motility disorder that affects eating. It may be a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In infants, regurgitation - or", "Gastrointestinal tract gastric ATPase ATP4A and gastric intrinsic factor GIF, expressed in parietal cells of the stomach mucosa. Specific proteins expressed in the stomach and duodenum involved in defence include mucin proteins, such as mucin 6 and intelectin-1. The time taken for food or other ingested objects to transit through the gastrointestinal tract varies depending on many factors, but roughly, it takes less than an hour after a meal for 50% of stomach contents to empty into the intestines while total emptying takes around 2 hours. Subsequently, 50% emptying of the small intestine takes between 1 and 2 hours. Finally, transit through", "Stomach disease the stomach. The food that is not digested travels to the large intestine and colon in liquid form. These organs begin to absorb the water turning the food into a more solid form. Different viruses or bacteria can increase the amount of liquid that is secreted and moves too quickly through the digestive tract for the water to be absorbed. Diarrhea comes in two types: acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea. The acute diagnosis can last for a few days up to a week of time. Chronic diarrhea lasts for several days or longer periods of time lasting a few weeks.", "Gastrointestinal tract calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP), and are used to make goldbeater's skin. Other uses are: Many birds and other animals have a specialised stomach in the digestive tract called a gizzard used for grinding up food. Another feature not found in the human but found in a range of other animals is the crop. In birds this is found as a pouch alongside the esophagus. Other animals including amphibians, birds, reptiles, and egg-laying mammals have a major difference in their GI tract in that it ends in a cloaca and not an anus. Gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional", "Zymogen n-terminal extensions of the enzyme or a “prosegment” often aid in the stabilizing and folding of the enzyme they inhibit. The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesised. Enzymes like pepsin are created in the form of pepsinogen, an inactive zymogen. Pepsinogen is activated when chief cells release it into the gastric acid, whose hydrochloric acid partially activates it. Another partially activated pepsinogen completes the activation by removing the peptide, turning the pepsinogen into pepsin. Accidental activation of zymogens can happen when the secretion duct in the pancreas", "Feeding tube placed into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. These types of tubes are used for individuals who are unable to tolerate feeding into the stomach, due to dysfunction of the stomach, impaired gastric motility, severe reflux or vomiting. These types of tubes must be placed in a hospital setting. A gastric feeding tube (G-tube or \"button\") is a tube inserted through a small incision in the abdomen into the stomach and is used for long-term enteral nutrition. One type is the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube which is placed endoscopically. The position of the endoscope can be", "Coprophagia the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. After excretion of the soft cecotrope, it is again eaten whole by the animal and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables these animals to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrients are derived from the food they eat. This process", "Gastrointestinal physiology example of this is pepsin, which is secreted in the stomach by chief cells. Pepsin in its secreted form is inactive (pepsinogen). However, once it reaches the gastric lumen it becomes activated into pepsin by the high H+ concentration, becoming an enzyme vital to digestion. The release of the enzymes is regulated by neural, hormonal, or paracrine signals. However, in general, parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion of all digestive enzymes. Mucus is released in the stomach and intestine, and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins", "Human digestive system chewing pieces of food into smaller and smaller pieces. This results in a much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. The teeth are named after their particular roles in the process of mastication—incisors are used for cutting or biting off pieces of food; canines, are used for tearing, premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding. Mastication of the food with the help of saliva and mucus results in the formation of a soft bolus which can then be swallowed to make its way down the upper gastrointestinal tract to the stomach. The digestive enzymes in", "Stomach carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This allows the brain to link nutritional value of foods to their tastes. A series of radiographs can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a barium swallow. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an endoscope. A gastric emptying scan is considered the gold standard to assess gastric emptying rate. A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of peptic ulcers, and gastritis, in humans are caused by \"Helicobacter pylori\" infection, and an association has been seen with the development", "Bloating no cure for the disease. Symptoms include burping, abdominal and stomach bloating, along with pain and discomfort. Heavy meals, lying down or bending over after eating should be avoided to help prevent reflux from occurring. The stomach bloating experienced with reflux is intense and will remain until the food is digested all the way. Postmortem bloating occurs in cadavers, due to the formation of gases by bacterial action and putrefaction of the internal tissues of the abdomen and the inside of the intestines. Conditions that are related to bloating include constipation, lactose intolerance, and acid reflux disease. All of these", "Gallbladder enters the digestive tract, it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct, eventually draining into the duodenum. The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts, and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin, a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body. The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is", "Human digestive system development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the \"cystic diverticulum\", that will eventually develop into the gallbladder. Each part of the", "Prandial mg/dl. Other uses of \"postprandial\" include: In the postprandium, there is digestion of food in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by uptake and various metabolic processes, mainly anabolic ones (building organic molecules from smaller units). The postprandium is characterized by an increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, putting the body in a state of \"rest and digest\". Prandial Prandial relates to a meal. Postprandial (noun form: \"postprandium\") means after eating a meal while preprandial is before a meal. The term \"postprandial\" is used in many contexts. Refers to activities performed after a meal, such as drinking cocktails or smoking. A", "Retroperistalsis of humans are weak compared with those of most other mammals. In cud-chewing animals, such as cows, reverse peristalsis can occur so that the food is brought back from the stomach to the mouth for rechewing. When the stomach is filled, peristaltic waves are diminished. The presence of fat in a meal can completely stop these movements for a short period until it is diluted with gastric juices or removed from the stomach. Peristaltic waves start as weak contractions at the beginning of the stomach and progressively become stronger as they near the distal stomach regions. The waves help to", "Flatulence the closely related cumin, coriander, caraway, fennel and others such as ajwain, turmeric, asafoetida (hing), epazote, and kombu kelp (a Japanese seaweed). Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch. Some legumes also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. On the other hand, fermented bean products such as miso are less likely to produce as" ]

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[ "X光显示 左上颚窦增高 鼻窦增高术 3D图解 上颚窦底部增高术 (也称为鼻窦提升术、鼻窦移植术、鼻窦增高术或鼻窦手术)是一种外科手术,目的是透过提升下史奈德氏膜(鼻窦膜)并放置骨移植物来增加上颚后牙区(上颌骨)、前臼齿和臼齿区的骨量。当牙齿缺失时,齿槽骨开始重新塑造。空齿槽在愈合时塌陷,留下一个无牙区域,称为脊。这种塌陷会导致周围骨头的高度和宽度损失。此外,当上颚臼齿或前臼齿缺失时,上颚窦会在此区域气室化,进一步减少了底层骨头的厚度。总体而言,这会导致可用于植入牙科植体的骨体积减少,而牙科植体依靠骨整合来替换缺失的牙齿。鼻窦增高术的目的是将额外的骨头移植到上颚窦之中,如此一来就有更多的骨头来支撑牙科植体。\n虽然上颚后牙区需要更多骨量可能有许多原因,但在现代牙科治疗规划中最常见的原因是为将来放置牙科植体做好准备。当鼻窦底部离放置牙科植体的区域太近时,就会进行鼻窦增高术(鼻窦提升)。执行这项手术是为了确保植体有足够的空间,同时也保护鼻窦。鼻窦下降可能由以下原因引起:长期缺牙未治疗、牙周病、外伤。患有以下疾病的患者可能是进行鼻窦增高术的最适候选人。* 上颚后牙区缺少一颗以上的牙齿 * 上颚后牙区骨量严重流失 * 因遗传或先天缺陷导致缺牙 * 缺少大部分上颚牙齿,需要一个坚固的鼻窦底部来进行多次植牙 目前还不清楚,在牙齿/植体植入后一年内,采取鼻窦增高术是否比使用短的植体更能成功地减少假牙或植体失败的数量。\n软组织的切口如图所示。2) 翻开软组织皮瓣,露出左上颚窦下面的侧壁。3) 用压电仪器取出骨头,露出其下的史奈德氏膜,这是上颚窦腔的内衬。4)透过细心的仪器操作,从鼻窦腔内部小心地剥离鼻窦膜。5)鼻窦膜从下鼻窦腔的内部显现;现在可以看到鼻窦腔的骨头底部,没有内衬膜(注意:鼻窦内的三角形骨脊,称为鼻窦中隔)。6) 在鼻窦骨腔内新形成,位于完整膜下方的间隙,植入取自尸骨的同种异体骨。鼻窦的底部将比以前高出大约10公厘左右,提供足够的空间将植体植入无牙区。在进行鼻窦增高术之前,先诊断判定患者鼻窦的健康状况。拍摄环口放射线摄影以勾勒出患者的上颚和鼻窦。在特殊的情况下,锥状射束电脑断层扫描更适合测量鼻窦的高度和宽度,并且排除任何鼻窦疾病或异常状态。鼻窦增高术有几种不同的方法。进行鼻窦增高术有多种方法。手术从患者口腔内进行,医生在牙龈上做一切口。切开后翻起牙龈组织,露出鼻窦的外侧骨壁。接著在骨壁上切出一个「窗口」,让史奈德氏膜露出。将膜与骨头分离,把骨移植物放置到新创建的空间中。然后缝合牙龈,让移植物愈合4-12个月。所使用的移植物材料可以是自体移植物、同种异体移植物、异种移植物、异质移植物(注入生长因子的胶原蛋白基质)、合成变体或其组合。研究指出,根据引导骨再生术的原理,仅仅提升鼻窦膜、创造一个空间和血块形成就可能产生新骨头。该术式的长期预后成功率估计为94%。作为替代方案,可以透过侵入性较小的骨凿增高术来增高鼻窦。此种术式有几种改良版本,皆源自于Tatum博士的技术,由Boyne博士和James博士于1980年首次发表。Robert B.Summers博士讲述了一种通用常在需要提升的鼻窦底部小于4公厘时进行的技术。这项技术是透过翻开牙龈组织并在距离鼻窦膜1-2公厘处,在骨头中造出一个凹槽,然后利用骨锤轻敲骨凿进而推动鼻窦底部将其提升。骨凿增高术能达到的鼻窦提升通常小于侧窗术。牙科植体通常放置在鼻窦增高术时所形成的凹槽之中,等待与骨头结合,骨整合通常持续4-8个月。此步骤的目的是刺激骨头生长并且形成较厚的鼻窦底部,以支撑替换牙齿的牙科植体。鼻窦的大小和形状大大地影响了由齿脊处提升鼻窦底部后新骨头的形成:透过此种术式,只有在狭窄的鼻窦腔中,可以预期达到大量新骨再生的结果。在术前规划时,选择由齿脊处提升鼻窦底部这项治疗时,颊颚鼻窦宽度(bucco- palatal sinus width)应被视为一个重要的因素。Bruschi 博士和Scipioni博士 讲述了一种类似的技术(鼻窦底部的局部管理或称L.M.S.F.),此种技术以半层瓣手术为基础。这项技术增加了齿脊的可塑性,并不使用鼻窦正下方的骨头,而是内侧壁上的骨头,因此可以用于通常需要用到侧壁技术治疗的更极端骨吸收案例,愈合期缩短至1.5-3个月。近来也引进一种电子槌 ,以简化该技术和类似技术的应用。\n鼻窦增高的主要风险是鼻窦膜可能被穿孔或撕裂。如果出现这种情况,补救措施包括缝合撕裂处或在其上贴上补丁;在某些情况下,手术会完全停止,让伤口有时间愈合,通常是3-6个月。鼻窦膜通常会变得更厚更强韧,让第二次手术更容易成功。虽然少有记述,但当第一次手术只有增高鼻窦膜没有放入额外材料时,这种二次干预也可以很成功。除了鼻窦膜撕裂之外,进行鼻窦增高术时还其他风险。特别是鼻窦增高处和鼻窦复合体(sinonasal complex)的密切关联可诱发鼻窦炎,有可能演变成慢性鼻窦炎引起严重症状。根据Felisati分类,由上颚窦增高术引起的鼻窦炎为第一类鼻窦炎并发症,应采用鼻内视镜和耳内手术联合治疗。除了鼻窦炎之外,其他与手术相关的风险包括:感染、发炎、疼痛、搔痒、过敏反应、组织或神经损伤 疤痕形成、血肿、移植失败、口腔鼻窦相通/口腔鼻窦瘘管、植体倾斜或松动、出血。\n大约需要3-6个月,鼻窦增高术后的新生骨才能成为患者本身鼻窦底部骨头的一部分。在尝试植入植体之前,有时需要长达6个月的愈合时间。然而有些医生会同时间进行鼻窦增高和植体种植,以避免两次手术的必要性。\n1974年,Oscar Hilt Tatum,Jr.实施了第一个上颚窦底部增高术。1974年,Hilt Tatum Jr.博士在准备进行鼻窦移植的过程中首次实施了鼻窦增高术。1975年2月,Tatum在阿拉巴马州欧佩莱卡的李县立医院进行了第一次鼻窦移植,随后植入并成功修复了两个骨内膜植体。1975-1979年间,大部分鼻窦内衬提升都是使用充气导管完成的。在此之后,已经开发出适合的仪器来处理鼻窦中遇到的不同解剖表面的内衬提升。1976年,Tatum在阿拉巴马州伯明罕举行的阿拉巴马州植牙大会上首次提出此一概念,并在之后每一年多场研讨会中介绍了技术的发展,直到1986年他发表了一篇文章讲述这项手术。1977年或1978年,Tatum在美国植牙学会年度会议上发表鼻窦移植的演讲,邀请Philip Boyne博士参与讨论并向他介绍此一手术。1980年,Boyne和James首次将这项技术发表出版,他们发表了将自体骨植入鼻窦并经过六个月愈合的病例报告,随后再植入刀片式植体。1994年,Boyne在阿拉巴马州植牙大会的与会者面前证实了此一程序。\n与经齿槽脊的鼻窦增高术相比,侧窗鼻窦增高术的有效性(植体存活率)稍微高些,但成本却高更多。从患者的角度来看,侧窗手术较高的侵入性也是一项重要的决策标准。然而,对于植牙部位骨质大量减少的病例,经齿槽脊的鼻窦增高术可能不太有效。\n" ]

[ "鼻咽癌患者康复指导 鼻咽癌在我国是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,为耳鼻咽喉科最常见的恶性肿瘤。鼻咽癌是指发生于鼻咽粘膜的恶性肿瘤,常发生于鼻咽顶后壁的顶部,其次为侧壁,发生于前壁及底壁者极为少见,发病年龄大多为中年人,亦有青少年患病者。下面是一些鼻咽癌的康复指导。 口腔卫生指导 1.1、张口训练每日做最大幅度张口训练,再练习咀嚼、鼓腮、微笑、屏气5次d~6次d,5min次~15min次。可以咀嚼口香糖3次d~5次d。练习伸舌、后缩、卷动等每日数次,并配合头向左右侧弯、旋转,动作宜缓慢,幅度不宜过大。告诉患者及家属出院后继续住院期间的康复训练。 1.2、口腔保洁告诉患者及家属口腔保洁的重要性。具体措施:晨起、睡前、饭后用软毛刷刷牙,饭前用清水或生理盐水漱口。告诉患者口干时用1%甘草液漱口或用麦冬、金银花、胖大海泡服。告诉患者及家属2a~3a内不宜拔牙,可以补牙。以后如需拔牙,应向牙医提供放疗既往史,医生常规在拔牙前后3d~7d给予抗生素,以预防放射性骨髓炎的发生。 2、用药指导告诉患者及家属放疗期间随时与医生联系,多数患者会出现恶心、呕吐,轻者可根据医嘱给予健胃、镇静药,症状重者要及时与医生联系,必要时根据医嘱给予补液治疗。教会家属掌握wbc、rbc、ptl的正常值,放疗期间每周查血象一次,如有异常及时与医生联系,必要时停止放疗或遵医嘱给予升白治疗。 3、心理指导肿瘤患者身心承受了较大的痛苦与磨难,存在着不同程度的恐惧心理,对治疗失去信心,因此护士应具备高尚的同情心和责任感,关怀尊重患者,取得患者的信任。了解每一个患者的心理状态及家庭环境,帮助患者尽快适应医院环境,增强生活能力,达到最佳康复状态。 4、复诊指导嘱咐患者要定期检查,一般前3年每2个月~3个月复查一次,如3a内无复发,以后可延长至6个月复查一次。5a未复发的可每年复查一次。如出现原有症状加重,应及时来医院复查,以免延误病情。积极预防和防治感冒及头部感染,以免诱发急性蜂窝组织炎。婚育育龄妇女要避孕2a~3a,待病情稳定,3a后再考虑婚育问题。 5、饮食指导由于鼻咽癌患者受其疾病的影响,心理负担重,食欲差,抵抗力低,所以要指导家属鼓励患者进食,且给予高蛋白、高维生素、低脂肪、易消化的食物。如豆类、牛奶、木耳、胡萝卜等。告诉患者戒烟酒、忌生冷和硬食、忌辛辣、忌食霉变食物。同时指导家属要为患者创造一个清洁、舒适的进食环境,注意色香味,为患者提供可口的食品,为患者提供丰富的营养。 6、休息活动告诉患者及家属可根据体质恢复情况,参加适宜的活动。如练气功、散步以增强体质,使身体保持最佳状态。但要循序渐进,量力而行,同时注意多休息,不宜过度劳累,并保持乐观情绪。体质好的可参加轻工作和学习,指导家属为患者提供适当的活动、锻炼机会。 7、保持局部皮肤的完整性告诉患者及家属,放疗结束后局部皮肤仍需保护至少1个月。指导家属用温水或软毛巾轻轻沾洗,禁用肥皂擦洗,忌用酒精、碘酒、胶布、膏药等刺激。告诉患者禁止剃毛,宜用电剃须刀,防止损伤造成局部感染。嘱咐患者外出时防止日光直射,应予以遮挡。告诉患者及家属局部皮肤不要抓挠,可以轻轻拍打。 目前治疗鼻咽癌的有效方法为\"三联平衡疗法\"治疗,\"三联平衡疗法\"被公认的除手术、放疗和化疗治疗肿瘤之外的第四种方法,与前三者相比,其优点主要为:能增强患者的免疫力,防止肿瘤的转移和复发,对病人机体的损伤小,是21世纪未来肿瘤治疗的趋势！", "鼻翼缩小整形术 鼻翼过低可表现为前部、后部或全部鼻翼缘下垂，侧面观可遮住鼻小柱，形成假性小柱内陷畸形。鼻翼肥厚多见于黄色人种及黑色人种，往往伴有鼻翼下垂。美莱可以通过鼻翼缩小术进行改善，做鼻翼缩小本身条件与期望效果差别很大，这就需要细致的把鼻头分为深筋膜组织、鼻翼软骨、鼻小柱、鼻中隔的综合手术。鼻翼缩小整形术的出现拯救了无数个大鼻子，它能够有效解决鼻翼过宽、过大的问题，矫正鼻部缺陷，塑造完美鼻形。 一、沿鼻翼软骨内侧脚和外侧脚的前缘，作鼻孔边缘切口。 二、通过切口，将皮肤和下面的鼻翼软骨分离。 三、修整鼻翼软骨表面的脂肪组织，然后将鼻翼软骨的上部和外侧部的大部分切除，仅保留中间和边缘的一条“┴”形软骨。 四、缝合切口。 1、鼻翼不太宽时可插入鼻小柱内辅助柱,鼻尖行软骨移植术,鼻尖就会挺上去,鼻翼幅度就会缩小,不需要动别的手术.所以需不需要缩小鼻翼必须在行挺立鼻尖的手术后再评价判断. 2、鼻翼切除术主要适用于东方人或黑人,是鼻底太宽或鼻孔太大时缩小鼻翼的方法.鼻翼宽时大多是因为鼻翼皮肤多余,应切除鼻翼下边皮肤后缝合切口缩小鼻翼,可使鼻孔显得长.切口留在鼻翼和颊的界线,疤痕很不显眼. 3、鼻翼宽大合并鼻孔宽大者,可谨慎地施行鼻翼基底部分切除、鼻孔缩小术.设计切口位于鼻翼基底及鼻翼沟下部,局麻下适当切除部分鼻翼基底全层组织,然后内旋推进,缩小鼻孔,分层间断缝合.术后可见瘢痕长度一般不超过1CM. 4、鼻翼缘宽大者,可部分切除鼻翼之游离缘,修整后切口缝合至鼻翼内面. 5、鼻孔不大、鼻翼过厚或鼻翼沟上部过于丰满者,可沿鼻翼软骨外侧脚的前缘做鼻孔缘皮肤切口,将皮肤与其下面的鼻翼软骨潜行剥离,将软骨表面的臃肿软组织剪除,再将鼻翼软骨的上部、外部适当切除部分；然后,于鼻孔内,于鼻翼基底的内侧面切除一块菱形的前庭皮肤和鼻粘膜,并将多余的脂肪组织剪除,最后,将鼻孔边缘的切口和鼻翼基部内侧面的切口缝合.术后可见瘢痕长度一般不超过1CM. 1、鼻翼缘宽大者，可部分切除鼻翼之游离缘，修整后切口缝合至鼻翼内面。 2、鼻鼻孔不大、鼻翼过厚或鼻翼沟上部过于丰满者，可沿鼻翼软骨外侧角的前缘做鼻孔缘皮肤切口。 3、鼻翼宽大合并鼻孔宽大者，可谨慎地施行鼻翼基底部分切除、鼻孔缩小术。设计切口位于鼻翼基底及鼻翼沟下部，缩小鼻孔，分层间断缝合。术后可见瘢痕长度一般不超过1cm。 a、实施手术之前，应常规检查凝血功能，对疾病所致鼻子畸形应先行治疗疾病，消除病原。鼻局部有感染者也应先治疗。 b、手术最好在患者成年后实施，因修补太早，面部发育后，修补之鼻还可能再为畸形。 c、塌鼻严重者皮肤及软组织向上凹缩，遇此情形，必分期手术，先将鼻部分离，移至正常位置，再植入填补物。 d、手术时灭菌必须严格，如有感染，填充物将坏死脱出。 e、置入填充物之前，应注意分离层次及腔穴大小，对称性，分离后所成腔隙应适于填充物之安置，不可太紧，也不可过松。 f、根据鼻梁等塌陷处的形状、大小，置入适当填充物，然后缝合伤口，固定鼻外形。手术后应注射青霉素预防感染。 1、有高血压和糖尿病的患者，应在初诊时向鼻翼整形医生告知病情，以便医生确认鼻翼整形方案； 2、鼻翼整形术前不要化妆； 3、男性鼻翼整形受术者要提前戒烟一周； 4、鼻翼整形术前两周内，鼻翼整形受术者勿服用含有阿斯匹林的药物，整形专家解释，因为阿司匹林会使得血小板凝固的功能降低； 5、鼻翼整形术前应确定受术者身体健康，无传染性疾病或其他身体炎症； 6、女性鼻翼整形受术者应避开月经期。 口服抗生素5-7天，术后5-7天拆线，拆线前伤口勿沾水。1周后即进入消肿期，至1个月时基本消肿，3-6个月后可以达到最佳效果。鼻翼缩小手术后一个月内避免碰撞鼻部。", "颅内动静脉畸形栓塞术 脑动静脉畸形是一种先天性局部脑血管发育异常。在动、静脉之间存在异常的瘘道，血液即直接由动脉流入静脉，形成短路。由于没有正常小动静脉之间的毛细血管网，故血流阻力减少，流量增大，供应动脉逐渐扩张以适应增加的血流量。颅内动静脉畸形栓塞术 脑AVM栓塞术；脑动静脉畸形栓塞术；先天性颅内动静脉畸形栓塞术；Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations；Embolization of Congenital Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations；Embolization of Arteriovenous Malformation of the Brain 神经外科介入神经外科治疗 39.7201 脑动静脉畸形是一种先天性局部脑血管发育异常。在动、静脉之间存在异常的瘘道，血液即直接由动脉流入静脉，形成短路。由于没有正常小动静脉之间的毛细血管网，故血流阻力减少，流量增大，供应动脉逐渐扩张以适应增加的血流量。远侧静脉郁滞而曲张形成侧支循环，并逐渐扩张加入到病变区来，形成管径不等的曲张的动脉和静脉错综集簇的血管团。可发生蛛网膜下腔、脑内或脑室内出血，甚至形成脑内血肿，偶见硬脑膜下血肿。出血可造成脑组织损害，产生相应神经功能缺失症状和后遗症，严重者甚至危及生命。约30%的病人发生癫痫。本病诊断的主要依据是脑血管造影，出血后病情稳定时应尽早进行。最好行经股动脉穿刺插管选择性全脑血管造影，应用数字减影及放大技术，以便更好地显示病变的范围、供应动脉、引流静脉、盗血情况。还要进行经微导管的超选择性脑血管造影，对病变的血管结构进行分析，分清畸形血管团的供血方式是终末供血或穿支供血，是否存在有直接的动静脉瘘，伴有动脉瘤或静脉瘤，以及动静脉循环时间等，为选择栓塞治疗的适应证、栓塞材料及注射方法提供依据。 对位于重要功能区的病变，通过超选择到位的微导管进行区域性功能闭塞试验，方法是从微导管注入含50mg阿米妥钠的生理盐水5ml，观察病人是否出现一过性神经功能障碍，如偏瘫、肢体无力、麻木、失语等。 治疗以手术将病灶全切除为理想的根治方法，但病变广泛深在或位于重要功能区者难以切除。近年来微导管血管内治疗技术的发展，为本病的治疗开辟了新的途径。 颅内动静脉畸形栓塞术适用于： 1.病变广泛深在，不适宜直接手术者。 2.病变位于脑重要功能区，如运动区、言语区和脑干，手术后会产生严重并发症和后遗症者。 3.高血流病变、盗血严重、手术切除出血多或手术后可能发生过度灌注综合征者，可先行部分畸形血管团或供血动脉栓塞，再行手术切除。 1.病变为低血流者，供血动脉太细，微导管无法插入，或微导管不能到达畸形病灶内，不能避开供应正常脑组织的穿支动脉者。 2.超选择性脑血管造影显示病灶为穿支供血者，区域性功能闭塞试验产生相应神经功能缺失者。 3.严重动脉硬化，动脉扭曲，导引管无法插入颈内动脉或椎动脉者。 1.病人准备 ①详细了解病史，进行全面体检与系统的神经系统检查。②有癫痫病史者，术前给抗癫痫药物治疗。③术前根据病情行CT平扫加增强扫描，MRI、MRA检查。④术前进行血、尿常规，出血、凝血时间，肝、肾功能，胸部透视，心、脑电图等检查。⑤术前禁食，碘过敏试验，穿刺部位（如会阴部）备皮，留置导尿管。⑥用布带约束四肢。 2.特殊器材和器械准备 ①16G或18G穿刺针1根；②直径0.89mm，长40cm导丝1根；③6F导管鞘1个；④5F脑血管造影导管1根；⑤6F导引管1根；⑥带三通软连接管1根；⑦Y形带阀接头1个；⑧加压输液袋2套；⑨Magic 3F1.8F、3F1.5F、3F1.2F或Magic 3F1.8F、3F1.5F、3F1.2FMP导管1～2根；⑩二通开关2个，1ml注射器5副；？栓塞材料NBCA、碘苯酯、3-0或5-0真丝线段；？眼科弯镊1把，直剪刀1把。 1.病人仰卧于血管造影台上。 2.凡能合作病人均采用神经安定麻醉加穿刺部位浸润麻醉，以便于术中观察病人意识状态、语言功能、肢体运动等。对不能合作的小儿及特殊病人采用气管插管全身麻醉。 3.术中请麻醉师监护病人生命体征并记录。 一般多采用经股动脉穿刺插管入路。 1.会阴及两侧腹股沟常规消毒，铺无菌巾。 2.用1%或2%利多卡因在右（或左）侧腹股沟韧带下2～3cm，股动脉搏动明显处逐层进行浸润麻醉，并给病人神经安定麻醉。 3.用16G或18G穿刺针穿刺右（或左）侧股动脉，采用Seldinger法循序插入6F导管鞘，导管鞘侧臂带三通连接管与动脉加压输液管相连，排净管道内气泡，调节加压输液袋速度缓慢滴入，并用消毒胶布固定导管鞘。 4.将6F平头导引管末端在开水蒸气壶上塑成110°角呈钩形，导引管尾端装二通开关，内充满造影剂。经6F导管鞘插入6F导引管，在电视监视下将其依次插入左、右颈内、外动脉，左、右椎动脉进行选择性全脑血管造影（造影剂注入速度和用量：颈内动脉6mls，总量8ml；颈外动脉4mls，总量6ml；椎动脉5mls，总量7ml）。了解病变部位、范围、供血动脉、畸形血管团、引流静脉、盗血现象及动静脉循环时间等。明确诊断后，将导引管插入病变侧颈内或椎动脉，导引管末端达第2颈椎平面。 5.在插入微导管前，给病人实施全身肝素化，按1mgkg静脉注射，一般成年人首次剂量为50mg，2h后如继续治疗，则按0.5mgkg体重追加，成年人给25mg静脉注射，以此类推。 6.将6F导引管尾端二通开关去掉，与一Y形带阀接头连接，Y形带阀接头侧臂与带三通连接管相连，再连接于动脉加压输液袋输液管，排净管道内气泡后，调节加压输液袋速度缓慢滴入。再将Magic或Magic-MP微导管经Y形带阀接头阀臂端插入导引管内，待微导管前部软而可弯曲的部分插入后扭紧阀，抽出微导管内不锈钢导丝。微导管型号的选择视病变部位、大小、供血动脉粗细及供血动脉弯曲度而定，一般病变靠近主干血管、大病灶、供血动脉粗且较直，选用Magic 1.8或1.5F微导管；如病灶位于颅内末梢血管、病灶较小、供血动脉较细且弯曲度较多，则选用Magic 1.2或1.5F微导管。 如微导管前端不带开孔球囊，则待微导管内有血液溢出并排净空气后，可在尾端接一1ml注射器。如微导管末端带开孔球囊，可在微导管尾端接一1ml注射器间断推入生理盐水，将微导管内空气排至导引管内，将Y形带阀接头侧臂打开，利用导引管内动脉血压力将空气泡从Y形带阀接头侧臂排空。待排净空气后，再将与动脉加压输液袋输液管相连的带三通连接管接于Y形带阀接头侧臂，在电视监视下，将微导管继续沿导引管送入，直至送出导引管。利用血流自然冲击力，从导引管内注入生理盐水加大血流冲击力，改变血流动力学方向，轻轻充盈球囊，利用微导管末端塑型以及体外捻转导管导向方法，将微导管送至病变供血动脉，而后再将微导管前端送入AVM病灶内。 7.经微导管对病变进行超选择脑血管造影（用高压注射器注入造影剂按1mls，总量3ml），对病变的血管结构进行分析，决定对动静脉畸形是否行血管内栓塞治疗，并选择栓塞材料及注射方法。 8.如病变为非重要功能区，单支动脉终末型供血，则宜首选NBCA栓塞。操作方法和要求：①根据病变血流情况和动静脉循环时间，将NBCA调制成17%～25%的混合液。②请麻醉师观察病人情况，对高血流病人实施控制性低血压，把病人血压降至基础血压的23水平。③用5%葡萄糖溶液反复冲洗微导管并充满微导管。④请投照技术人员准备好X线机。⑤直接注射时，用1ml注射器抽吸NBCA混合液，连接Magic导管尾端，启动机器后，在电视监视下将NBCA直接注入，等病变血流变慢或引流静脉端有NBCA时立即停止注射，手术者与助手配合，一起将微导管连同导引管从病人体内抽出。或采用“三明治”注射技术（sandwich technique），用1ml注射器先抽入5%葡萄糖0.5ml，再抽吸NBCA混合液（其量视病变大小而定），接于充满5%葡萄糖溶液的微导管末端，（使NBCA夹于5%葡萄糖中间，在体外不与血液直接接触），在电视监视下将其注入，并很快抽出微导管。⑥如需行病变第二支供血动脉及病灶栓塞时，再插入第二根Magic微导管。一般一次治疗只栓塞2支供血动脉。 9.如病变位于重要功能区或病变深在而广泛，不适于用NBCA栓塞时，可采用真丝线段栓塞。操作方法与要求：①根据病变血流高低及供血动脉大小，将3-0或5-0真丝医用缝合线制成0.5～2.5cm等不同规格，一般高血流量，供血动脉较粗者选用较长者，反之则选用短者。②用1ml注射器抽吸注射用生理盐水0.8ml左右，用眼科镊将真丝线段送入1ml注射器内，将注射器连接于微导管尾端，利用盐水冲击经微导管将真丝线段推入病灶内。真丝线段推注量视病变大小不同而异。③在推注真丝线段过程中，不断推注40%非离子造影剂监视病变栓塞情况，如见病变血流变慢或畸形血管团消失时即应停止推注，同时间断推注每毫升含1mg的罂粟碱1～2ml，以预防血管痉挛。④在推注真丝线段过程中观察病人神志、语言功能、肢体运动情况等，如有异常立即停止治疗。如无异常，可将微导管插入另外一支供血动脉进行栓塞治疗，直至将病灶完全栓塞。 10.栓塞完毕，尽快了解病人病情变化，注意有无不良反应及并发症出现，并做相应处理。如病人情况良好，可通过导引管进行与栓塞前同样条件的脑血管造影，了解病变栓塞结果，并与栓塞前比较。 11.治疗结束时，先酌情静脉注入鱼精蛋白（按1ml含鱼精蛋白10mg，可中和肝素1000U计算），再拔出导引管、导管鞘。穿刺部位压迫15～20min，待无出血时，局部盖无菌纱布，用沙袋压迫5～6h。 1.本手术成败的关键在于微导管超选择插管是否到达病变供血动脉，进入畸形血管团，并避开供应正常脑组织的穿支血管，这样行血管内栓塞治疗才不致引起并发症和后遗症。高血流病变插管到位一般困难不大，而在病变体积小、血流量不高、又位于颅内末梢血管的畸形血管团则往往插管到位困难。因此应借助：①加大血流动力学，如从导引管内推注生理盐水；②改变血流动力学方向，如欲使微导管避开血流量较大的大脑中动脉而进入血流量较低的大脑前动脉，可让助手在台下压迫对侧颈内动脉，增加大脑前动脉血流量促使微导管到位；③微导管末端塑形成一定弯曲度；④不断充盈球囊；⑤体外旋转导管改变微导管在颅内的前进方向，千方百计把微导管插到病灶内。 2.经微导管超选择脑血管造影，对脑动静脉畸形的血管结构学分析至关重要，因它可精确提供畸形血管团的供血方式，对选择栓塞的适应证、选择栓塞材料以及注射方法提供重要参考依据，因此，一定要做此项检查，尤其在选用NBCA作为栓塞剂时。 3.手术要在全身肝素化下进行，如用真丝线段作为栓塞剂，要间断经微导管注入罂粟碱溶液，以预防血管痉挛导致拔管困难。 4.操作要在质量良好的DSA下进行，并有一组由神经外科医师、放射医师、麻醉师、技术人员和导管室护士组成的训练有素、配合默契的专业技术队伍。 1.严密观察病情变化，尤其注意病人意识状态，语言功能，肢体运动，有无癫痫发作，生命体征变化，穿刺部位出血，穿刺侧足背动脉搏动及肢体血循环等，并作相应处理。 2.应用抗生素防治感染。 3.应用脱水剂（如20%甘露醇或易思清）及肾上腺皮质激素防治脑水肿。 4.术前有癫痫病史或病灶位于致癫区者，应进行抗癫痫治疗。 5.对高血流病变，或有可能发生过度灌注综合征者，酌情采用控制性低血压。 6.对术后有可能发生脑血管痉挛者，应用血管解痉药，如尼莫同、罂粟碱等。 7.如微导管断于颅内者，术后应用肝素化治疗，持续3～5天。 脑动静脉畸形血管内栓塞治疗的主要并发症有：误栓正常脑供血动脉、引流静脉或静脉窦致神经功能缺失、过度灌注综合征、颅内出血、导管断于脑血管内和脑血管痉挛等。 1.误栓塞的主要原因有 ①微导管插管不到位，没有避开供应正常脑组织的穿支；②脑动静脉畸形的供血方式不是终末供血，而是穿支供血，栓塞时无法避开供应正常脑组织的穿支，为避免这种并发症，一定要将微导管送到位，且如果不能避开供应正常脑组织的穿支时不能实施栓塞治疗。③引流静脉或静脉窦栓塞，多见于高血流病变，动静脉循环时间短，应用NBCA栓塞时浓度调配不当，NBCA很快流入回流静脉或静脉窦将其栓塞，而供应动脉、畸形血管团尚未栓塞，会立即发生颅内出血。为预防此种并发症，在高血流病变应用NBCA栓塞时，一定要根据动静脉循环时间来调配好NBCA的浓度，或改用真丝线段栓塞，或先用真丝线段、GDC或Liquid coil部分栓塞病变，待其血流由高变低时再用NBCA栓塞。 2.过度灌注综合征主要发生在高血流病变栓塞时，尤其应用NBCA栓塞时，由于在瞬间将动静脉短路堵塞，原被病变盗去的血液迅速回流向正常脑血管，因正常脑血管长期处于低血流状态，其自动调节功能失调，不能适应颅内血流动力学的变化，将会出现过度灌注，致严重脑水肿、脑肿胀甚至发生不可控制的颅内出血。为预防此种情况发生，对高血流的巨大病变栓塞时，应逐渐闭塞动静脉短路，每次只能栓塞病变体积的13或14；同时在栓塞时，甚至栓塞后酌情采用控制性低血压措施，将病人血压降至基础血压的23水平；或采用真丝线段栓塞逐渐闭塞动静脉短路，慢慢改变颅内血流动力学。对老年人、动脉粥样硬化与高血压病人更应慎重。 3.颅内出血的原因，除见于误栓引流静脉与静脉窦和过度灌注综合征外，也见于以下情况：①微导管进入病变内，用NBCA栓塞导管粘住病变，拔管时牵拉出血；②用真丝线段栓塞时，因导管在血管内停留时间较长，加之推注线段时的刺激，使脑血管痉挛牵住微导管，用力牵拉时将病变血管拉破致出血。为预防脑血管痉挛，在推注真丝线段过程中，应间断从微导管内推注罂粟碱溶液。 4.导管断于脑血管内的原因有 ①用NBCA栓塞时微导管与病变粘住；②用真丝线段栓塞时，因脑血管痉挛致导管不能拔出，牵拉时将微导管拉断；③导管材料存在的质量问题。", "国字脸 “国字脸”又称方脸，有长方脸，短方脸之分，长方脸比较靠近长形脸型。一般典型的国字脸都是指短方脸，短方脸在形成上主要是下颌骨侧方的下颌角肥大，粗壮所致，同时伴有其上所附着咬肌肥厚，咬牙时极为明显。短方国字脸的特色是整体脸型较短，前额和下颚宽阔并且转角弧度较小（几乎直角）。 此种脸型在发育期逐渐出现，也可能与咬肌活动过强有关，成年后基本定型。生活中男人具有国字脸型，通常被认为有坚毅、刚强、果敢的性格。而女人具国字面型，则被认为缺乏秀丽柔美之感。拥有一部分“国字脸”的人都因为咀嚼过多坚硬的食物，例如果仁、鱿鱼干、肉类和高纤维蔬菜等，令咀嚼肌增生和下颚增大。而一成人的“国字脸”是由于遗传因素。此外，个人习惯，例如经常咬紧牙齿亦会导致形成“国字脸”。亚洲“国字脸”的女性特别多。方脸型：又称国字脸，特征为方额头，方下巴，脸较宽。发型设计要设法 从视觉上拉长脸型。男性明显更适合短发，对于女士来说最好是剪成不对称式中长发，既一边头发多、一边头发少，或者一边长一边短。把头发多的一边往上往前吹风，形成大波浪以柔和脸的曲线。还有一种方法是剪两边对称的短发，把两边的发梢往前拉到腮帮，以遮盖方下巴，造成椭圆型脸型的视觉效果。一部分由于生活饮食习惯导致的国字脸是下颌骨侧方的下颌角肥大，粗壮所致。可以采取下颌角整形的方式来矫正。 临床上肥大下颌角整形修复有两种方法 1.肥大下颌角整形术；主要针对的下颌缘升支过长，造成角度小于120，严重的成直角。可通过切除过大的“角”，使角度回归120°，曲线流畅。手术时间短。 2.肥大下颌角整形瘦脸术；主要针对肥大下颌骨，将下颌角升支（骨外板）磨除，使正面看宽大的下颌变得尖瘦，具有瘦脸效果,脸型流畅.。 下颌角整形之建议性手术方案 过度肥大影响外观者，建议用肥大下颌角整形术，恢复到正常脸型。 中度肥大想瘦脸者，建议用肥大下颌角整形瘦脸术，真正达到明星 瓜子脸的效果。 轻度肥大颅骨偏小者，建议用下颌角整形磨骨方法就行，因为不用去太多的骨头，修一下型就可以了。当然要考虑每个人的五官协调性，不能一味追求瘦脸，还要考虑颧弓之间的距离。 【手术切口的选择】 1、口外切口：是在下颌角处做一个3-5厘米的切口切除下颌角。优点：手术是在直视下进行，比较安全；不需要复杂的设备、器械，可以同时将咀嚼肌部分切去。 2、耳后切口：是在耳后做一个3-4厘米切口切除下颌角。优点：切口相对隐蔽，操作相对简单。 3、口内外联合切口：应用口腔内3厘米～4厘米切口和下颌下两个0.5厘米～0.8厘米大小切口，非常方便地去除肥大的下颌角，同时可以切除或磨削下颌骨外板和下颌缘，切除部分咬肌。优点：手术非常方便，许多初学者均采用该方法。下颌下的微切口经过一段时间恢复，痕迹将不明显。 4、下颌下微切口：就是应用口内外联合切口插入电锯的0.5厘米～0.8厘米微小切口完成所有的手术过程，切口在下颌的下面，3～6个月后该切口将不明显。优点：该方法口内没有切口，因此手术创伤小、术后恢复快。 5、完全口内切口：是目前最好的手术方法。是应用口腔内3厘米～4厘米切口弧形截除肥大下颌角，同时可以切除或磨削下颌骨外板和下颌缘，可以切除部分咬肌。优点：因为整个手术只有口内切口，体表不会遗留任何手术疤痕，手术创伤相对于口内外联合切口要小的多，恢复也明显加快。 下颌角肥大的成因 一是下颌骨角部的骨性肥大 二是咬肌的过度发育凸出于两侧腮部。具体到每个病人，两部分病因所起的影响可能不一样，骨性为主或肌性为主都有可能，但从临床经验来看，两者往往同时伴发。也有一部分病人是由于遗传引起，追溯其父母或亲属往往也有下颌角肥大。 1.饭后和睡觉前，用专用漱口液（生理盐水等）清洁口腔，1周。 2.手术后3~4天进流质、4~7天进半流质。避免食用较热的食物或有刺激的食物，请用柔软、温热的食物。7-10日后可以像平常一样用餐。 3.一个月之内避免张大嘴或大声唱歌等行动，最好避免激烈的运动或过度按摩手术部位。尽可能要避免低着头长时间地工作或讲很多话。", "herstory制造美人:亚洲人想要深目高鼻也不是梦 整容术与西式审美 外科整容术在西方具有悠久的历史,早在中世纪时期,残酷的冷兵器战争令许多士兵失去了鼻子。为了修补外鼻缺失造成的外貌缺陷,从身体的其他部位\"剜肉补疮\"成为西方外科手术的一大发端。现代整形术传入中国初期,多用于病理疾患的矫畸治疗,如面部凹陷、斜视、大小眼、五官缺失等生理性病变,因此整容术的施行多集中于民国各大医院之中。 随着电影产业的发展与女性意识的觉醒,时尚女性不仅懂得用华服珠宝化妆品让自己变得更美,尤其是从事演艺行业的女性更加注重五官及皮肤的保养。对于电影女明星来说,她们期望在大银幕上展现最完美的面容,但\"开麦拉\"(镜头)会无限放大脸部的缺点,因此如何修饰镜头前暴露的缺点成为每位女明星的难题。在这一需求的推动下,出现了一批以改造和制造美人为职业的群体-美容医师,他们开设专门的美容院和整容院,为追求美丽的女性提供专门的整形手术,旨在让美人变得更美。原本作为修补残缺相貌的医术日渐进化为让女人变美的捷径。 《古代的外科整容术》,《沙漠画报》,1939年第2卷第4期。 既然已有改良容貌的先进科技,那么怎样的五官才称得上美丽？一位电影评论者道出了心中最佳女星的样貌:\"如果(女演员)有一副玲珑深沉的大眼睛,一个挺秀的鼻子,一张端正的嘴巴,一个富于表情的面庞,那么在演技的发挥上她将有更多的方便。\"在最能代表西方想象的新感觉派的作家笔下,隆直的希腊式的鼻子、嘉宝型的眉、大而立体的眼睛、丰腻而红润的嘴唇,这些反复出现的细节描述让现代摩登女郎呈现出一种泛欧化的美感,而双眼皮和高鼻梁成为美女的标准配置。据说上海\"平剧皇后\"言慧珠素喜拍照,每每以其双眼皮为傲。一次在虹口吴淞路新开的一家摄影室照相,由于摄影角度不同竟将言慧珠拍成了单眼皮和塌鼻子,气的言慧珠大骂岂有此理,将照片原样退回。此后一段时间都要与拍照记者事先声明,生怕再次\"谋杀\"了她美丽的双眼皮。那么,如何使天生五官扁平的东方女性获得如好莱坞明星一般精致而立体的五官呢？对于那些天生丹凤眼但却渴望获得双眼皮、高鼻梁的女性来说,\"治疗双眼皮术\"和\"骨质高鼻术\"的出现无异于天降福音。如同时人所说,\"如古来美人所应具有之双眼皮、高鼻等美的要素,亦可藉整容术以作之成\"。 好莱坞女星葛丽泰· 嘉宝(greta garbo)、\"平剧皇后\"言慧珠,图片来源于网络。 \"割双眼皮\"与\"高鼻术\" 如果要盘点民国最受欢迎的整容项目,则非双眼皮术莫属。整容医师们不遗余力地宣传整容术的奇妙,声称只需\"注射一点麻药,使用一番小手术\"再经过几日调养,就能够拥有理想中永久的双眼皮。通过夸张的对比照,美容院以化妆术和表情变化极力宣扬割双眼皮对女性影响之巨,这一改变不仅体现在容貌上,更重要的是对于自信和气质的提升。 医术整容:单眼皮改造双眼皮之比较,《时代》,1937年第116期。 据说当时的单眼皮明星为了上镜,让眼睛看起来更大更有神,几乎都会选择割双眼皮扩大眼睛。留日归来的杨树荫以其自创的\"杨氏双眼皮术\"闻名全市,他自称是\"与沪上女明星最为有缘\"的美容医师。他的\"美眼整容医院\"坐落于繁华的南京路哈同大楼内,这里曾经接待过蓝兰、貂斑华、夏霞、舒绣文等多位电影女演员和京剧名角。相比于这些非著名\"明星\",出演《弹性女儿》走红的路明可算是大腕儿了。据说路明的双眼皮也是诞生于此。记者采访路明问她开刀痛不痛时,她表示\"一点也不痛\",并且对新的容貌十分满意,之后还介绍了两位太太成为杨医师的新顾客。也许是杨树荫对这一杰作也是十分得意,在相当长的一段时间内,路明的照片一度成了杨树荫美容院的广告招牌出现在大大小小的报刊上。 未改造双眼皮之前的路明,改造以后,当有另一个面目了。《青青电影》,1939年第4卷第25期。 \"高鼻术\"是第二大整容项目。民国时期通常采取两种高鼻方法,其一称为\"骨质高鼻术\",即用象牙片填入塌鼻部位；第二种\"肉质高鼻术\"则是以药液注射,使塌陷部位的结缔组织增厚隆起,从而达到增高鼻子的目的。为了保持效果,医师通常建议采取开刀填充的方法。对于顾客存在开刀留下疤痕的疑虑,医生解释是在鼻管内动手术,不会在面部留下痕迹。老牌明星徐琴芳为了再次翻红,特地去做了\"肉质高鼻术\",为了配合希腊式的高鼻子,在医师的建议下又做了加厚太阳穴的手术。为了取信于顾客,医师还特意提醒观众,如果在银幕上再次见到徐琴芳,一定要注意她凹陷的太阳穴变得丰满立体、更加上镜了,这正是美容医师妙手回春之功劳。 骨质高鼻术,《一四七画报》,1947年第15卷第10期。 由于医疗美容刚刚起步,加之花费不菲,多数女性对这一技术持观望态度。《玲珑》信箱的编辑陈珍玲向想割双眼皮的读者李倩瑛表达了双眼皮手术的质疑,并举出女明星胡萍去美容院治疗双眼皮花费三百元无功而返的例子,奉劝读者不要以身犯险。 美人也是\"美人制造者\" 作为第一批吃螃蟹的美人,一些女明星并不避讳整容,对于后天努力得到的美丽并不以为耻,反而认为这是依靠先进科技所取得的\"人工美丽\",甚至还亲力亲为地宣传,与今日女星谈整容而色变的情状截然不同。美容医师也乐于借助女明星的名气为自己打出活广告,如此这般成就了美容院和女明星的和谐共处。在医患关系之外,一些女明星还与私人医师还生出了一层师生关系,拜美容医生为师,学成之后自立门户,其中最为著名的当属沪上红星王汉伦。 民国著名电影女明星\"悲剧徐娘\"王汉伦,图片来源于网络。 女明星王汉伦是最早的中国电影女明星之一,以苦情戏最为出名。靠着红遍东南亚的影片《女伶复仇》,王汉伦赚到一笔丰厚的退休金,加之厌倦了电影圈的浮华,从此退出影坛。由于长期在镁光灯下拍戏,王汉伦的眼睛被严重灼伤,幸在美容医学博士李却得氏(richter)精心医治下方得康复。息影后的王汉伦投入李博士门下潜心研习医术,学成之后即在霞飞路上开办了汉伦美容院。作为沪上时尚风潮的引领者,王汉伦自然深谙摩登女郎们的美颜需求,她抓住中国女性对于无暇美肌的渴求,主打技术门槛最低的项目-电疗术修整面部肌肤。王声称自己远赴法国,所学习之美容术与一般平常之法不同,\"以欧美最新研制美容术,能够有效祛除面疱、皱纹、斑点、肉刺等面部恶疾\"。美容院还提供常规的皮肤保养,据说能将普通人的面容修理得美若天仙。 王汉伦在美容院中亲自为顾客实施整容术,《大亚画报》,1931年第298期。 凭借着多年明星生涯所积攒的人气与保养得宜的美貌,许多顾客为一睹汉伦的芳容慕名而来,一时间美容院蜚声沪上。王汉伦则亲自操刀为顾客整容、画眉、修指甲,虽然舆论戏谑她从女明星沦落到服务员,但她丝毫不以为意,自称是\"牺牲色相为社会服务\"。随着生意蒸蒸日上,王汉伦的美容院不但越开越起劲,她还亲自调制名为\"汉伦艳容\"的化妆品与护肤品,采用不含有害物质的化学物质吸引顾客购买。据说电影新人白云也效仿汉伦转行做了美容院老板娘。早在出道前,她就由杨树荫亲自操刀做了割双眼皮、打高鼻子和修改下颊的整容套餐,甚是满意,一来二去白杨二人成了莫逆挚友。白云觉得靠容色吃饭的演员之路不能长久,因此提出拜在杨树荫门下修习整容医术,最后成为杨的助手。 女明星的美容院还为客户传达了一种观念,即美容是现代社交彼此尊重的需要。王汉伦试图告诉顾客美容可以作为一种日常习惯,想要在社交中不被人排挤嘲笑,就必须在美容事业上投入精力与金钱,通过提高自己的美貌,而得到自信,并受到他人的欢迎。对于\"王汉伦们\"而言,她们以美貌和才艺换得的财富为资本创造了一座连接美人与造美术之间的桥梁,从被审美的对象华丽转身,成为制造美人的操控者。 \"变美人\"也是高消费 美是女人的第二生命,\"假如她没有了可爱的容貌,到处就不能受人欢迎了。在无形中受到不少的痛苦\"。在一些极端强调美貌的人看来,拥有美丽等于拥有了一切:\"美丽是所有人幸福的基础,女子想得到美满的丈夫、富足的生活,或是男子想得到俊俏的妻子,愉快的家庭,共享一生的幸福,均非具有美的成分不可。\"想要通过整容术获得美丽进而改变命运,自然需要付出金钱的代价。 随着整容观念逐步被大众所接受,至1940年代末,上海的美容院虽然逐渐增多,但资质参差不齐,技艺精湛的更是凤毛麟角。在技术上可靠、经验丰富的资深整容院收费极为高昂。光顾杨树荫整容院的顾客不是演艺界的明星,就是非富即贵的名媛淑女,整容可视为奢侈消费,工薪阶层根本无力负担。一位曾经试图找杨树荫做双眼皮的银行女职员在咨询过价格后,直接以\"有钱能使磨推鬼\"来形容整容的天价。王汉伦的美容院收费也颇为不菲,连普通的美容护理也需要高额的长期投入,顾客多为演艺圈内的女演员和上流社会的阔太太。以1947年春季上海一家中等水准的整容院收费为例,割双一次眼皮的手术费大约需要一千五百万到二千万法币,矫正斗鸡眼需要三、四千万元,最贵的整容手术-全脸除皱则需要法币一亿元,完成一次面部除皱几乎需要一个普通公司职员半年的薪水。美丽的定义以及追逐美丽的手段如同身体一样,有阶级之分,有地域之别,有贫富之距。 民国时期上海著名八大女明星合影,1931年《良友》刊。 美国华纳影片公司新招募之八大女明星合影,《号外画报》,1936年7月10日。 作为女明星,改善容貌能够在职业发展中获得更多的机会。普通女孩则能够通过整容术提升自信。国华公司的电影女演员徐天任就是通过整容术争取到了更好的发展机会。在签约国华电影公司之后,她曾经在辣斐剧场演出过《日出》的女配角受到观众好评,然而很快便沉寂下去。名气平平的她渴望通过改善容貌改变三流演员的命运,便选择做了双眼皮手术。新形象为其美貌加分不少,她也因此获得了出演新片女主角的机会。 从选择美丽的意义上来说,这些上层社会的女性通过选择最为主流社会所认可的相貌,她们不仅成为时代潮流的引路人,同时也成了践行自我建构的先行者。求仁得仁,求美得美,无论她们是否得到了梦寐以求的美丽,在这场永无止境的旅途中,这些身先士卒的女性无疑是其中当之无愧的主角。 参考文献: 汤嘉:《美人制造:民国女性身体之美的塑造》,华东师范大学硕士论文,2016年。 张鸿声:《物质与消费意义的国际风格-早期海派的上海想象》,《文学中的上海想象》,北京:人民出版社,2011年。 曾越著:《社会· 身体· 性别:近代中国女性图像身体的解放与禁锢》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2014年。", "治疗扁桃体方法? 治疗扁桃体方法？ 治疗扁桃体方法？【泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院】【咨询电话:0595-】泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院元旦期间举办大型特惠活动,活动期间耳鼻喉疾病患者只花1元钱就可享受德国strorz内窥镜检查、血常规、显微喉镜、耳显微镜、过敏源筛查等项目。微创技术治疗费用免除30%,让患者彻底摆脱耳鼻喉疾病的困扰。 = 【泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院】【咨询电话:0595-】泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院作为创建26年的平价医疗单位,为慰问辛勤工作一年的劳动者们,独家发起\"大型公益活动\", 缓解百姓看病贵问题,只需1元,就可享受五项高端设备检查疾病。 = 【泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院】【咨询电话:0595-】泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院作为创建26年的平价医疗单位,为慰问辛勤工作一年的劳动者们,独家发起\"大型公益活动\",提醒人们关注自身耳鼻咽喉健康,防止小病久拖不治、久治不愈造成恶化,从而留下终生遗憾。值元旦之际,微创技术治疗费用免除30%,只需1元,就可享受五项高端设备检查疾病。 = 【泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院】【咨询电话:0595-】为了让被耳鼻咽喉疾病困扰的患者能够在岁末年初这段时间,及时得到专业快速的彻底治疗,以健康的身体迎接新年的到来。值元旦之际,微创技术治疗费用免除30%,只需1元,就可享受五项高端设备检查疾病。泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院是一所集医疗、科研、预防、康复为一体的知名耳鼻喉特色专科医院,医院始终以:\"一切为了患者的健康\"为经营理念,紧紧追寻国际医学前沿。 治疗扁桃体方法？ 权威专家指出,扁桃体炎是喉科的一种常见症状,如果炎症反复发作,则可转化成慢性。慢性扁桃体炎的症状不很明显,主要是咽痛。咽干、咽部不适、有口臭等表现。那么,我们该如何选择扁桃体治疗方法呢？ 扁桃体切除手术需慎重: 专家指出,扁桃体在儿童期是个活跃的免疫器官,它具有各个发展阶段的淋巴细胞,具有重要的体液免疫作用,能产生各种免疫球蛋白,同时也具有一定的细胞免疫功能。青春期后扁桃体组织本身逐渐缩小,其免疫功能也逐渐减弱。 福建泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院专家表示,扁桃体由于位于呼吸道和消化道的门户,是一个免疫器官,对机体具有保护功能,因此对扁桃体的切除手术一定要慎重了。 有什么治疗方法不需要切除扁桃体？依然可以达到预期的治疗效果。 扁桃体炎需要治疗吗？它会给患者带来哪些危害呢？权威专家指出,扁桃体炎若不及时治疗,机体抵抗力就会下降,炎症就可向周围组织扩散,并可经血液播散至其他器官,使之发生炎症。 扁桃体炎会给患者带来哪些危害？ 扁桃体炎危害1、扁桃体反复发炎,易引起周围器官局部并发症。如:咽炎、喉炎、气管炎、肺炎；中耳炎；鼻炎、鼻窦炎,淋巴结炎等。 扁桃体炎危害2、扁桃体的病原体,最易使免疫系统功能紊乱而引起全身并发症。如风湿热、皮肤病、心肌炎、肾病、肾炎、哮喘、糖尿病、血液病等难治性疾病。 那种方法治疗扁桃体炎效果最好,首推\"hifu净离子技术\" \"hifu净离子技术\"是指依靠高强度的超声聚焦能量,直接作用于病变组织,使其凝固坏死,并彻底清除,是hifu净离子设备进行无创局部治疗的方式。净离子通过准确聚焦,在靶组织处产生瞬态效应、机械效应和空化效应,使筛前神经、翼管神经及病灶组织产生失去增殖、浸润和感染能力,从而达到完成由体外对体内病变组织的非介入性\"净化\"目的,且此技术治疗扁桃体炎只要800,且是在不切除扁桃体炎的情况下。 为庆祝春节,网络预约长庚享受手术费用低30%= 泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院为庆祝2013春节的到来即日起至2013-1-31期间,凡网络预约的享受1元全套耳鼻喉检查,微创手术费用减免30%,免专家挂号费,如果是治扁桃体炎,则一次性治愈扁桃体炎只需rbm800. =泉州治疗耳鼻喉第一品牌泉州长庚耳鼻喉专科医院== 【联系方式】tel:0595- qq 【官方网站】 【医院地址】泉州市田安北路兰台路大明花苑1号楼(泉州市人才大厦旁) 【乘车路线】市区乘17路、19路、27路、37路车至坤如玛丽医院站下车往南走100米即到 鲤城‖丰泽‖洛江‖泉港‖晋江市‖石狮市‖南安市‖惠安‖安溪‖永春‖德化‖金门(待统一)均在我院的服务范围。", "阿司匹林不耐受三联症 定义: 阿斯匹林不耐受三联症(aspirin intolerance triad)或称wiolal综合征(wielals syndrome),是一种原因不明的呼吸道高反应性疾病。此类患者常伴有鼻息肉和支气管哮喘。阿斯匹林,消炎痛等非类固醇抗炎药物,常可诱发鼻炎(喷嚏、流涕),哮喘发作,还可伴有荨麻疹、血管性血肿等症状。流行病:发病率 本病多见于成年人,由于患者常依据自己的症状分别到内科和耳鼻喉科就诊,各家报告的流行数字不尽一致。poole等(1985)为耳鼻喉科提供一组数字,鼻息肉患者中约有20-28%对阿斯匹林不耐受,鼻息肉伴有哮喘者则为30%~40%对阿斯匹林不耐受,未经选择的哮喘患者为10%。发病机理:经过免疫学实验研究和临床检查证实,本病与变态反应无关。现在普遍推测,细胞膜花生四烯酸代谢发生偏移,产生过多的白三稀(le kobriene,lts),是发生本病的主要环节。阿斯匹林、消炎痛等非类固醇抗炎药可使花生四烯酸代谢发生偏移。lts既是很强的支气管平滑肌收缩因子,又是生物活性很强的炎性介质,其中lt4对嗜酸性粒细胞有高度趋化活性。lts在呼吸道规程可导致局部粘膜水肿,并使嗜酸细胞大量浸润,后者释放的细胞毒物质(主要为碱性蛋白)不仅可致粘膜上皮损伤使其敏感性增强,还可破坏鼻粘膜小血管壁上的神经支配,使小血管扩张,通透性增加,加剧组织水肿,有助于息肉的形成。诊断:1.凡遇鼻息肉患者皆应询问有否哮喘病史和解热镇痛药耐受情况。 2.对哮喘患者行鼻腔检查应视为常规。在哮喘病人中可发现25%~30%有鼻息肉(molone,1977),如发现鼻息肉则应高度怀疑本病。3.鼻分泌物中有较多嗜酸细胞。4.放射线检查显示鼻窦炎征象。我国谢永明(1987)报告,阿斯匹林哮喘患者x线平片有鼻窦炎改变者为89.8%。5.食物如糕点、香肠、罐头、糖果等可诱发哮喘发作者,应进一步检查。6.阿斯匹林口服激发试验,因此法可引起较重呼吸道反应,故检查应遵循下述原则: ①应在患者哮喘缓解时进行。②由有经验的呼吸科医师在有应急条件下进行。 ③激发剂量从3mg开始,每隔3小时数量,直到650mg,每天3次。每次激发后均应测量肺功能,fev下降25%以上时不再激发。④对已提供明确阿斯匹林不耐受病史者,不应再施行此项检查。鉴别诊断:一般无须鉴别。根据临床表现,本病有如下特点:①常有反复发作的鼻窦炎；②鼻息肉术后极易复发；③哮喘程度较重且常为肾上腺皮质激素依赖性；④食物色素添加剂(酒石黄,tartiazine)和防腐剂(苯甲醇)也常引起哮喘发作和使鼻息肉加重。治疗:1.对鼻息肉和哮喘发作者,避免使用解热镇痛药和食用有色素添加剂或防腐剂的食品。2.对严重哮喘者可先予口服强的松30mgd,哮喘控制后改用二丙醇氯地米松气雾剂雾吸,每日3次,每次一喷,每日总量为400mg。3.鼻内有息肉较大者,可先口服强的松30mgd,连服一周,待体积缩小后再改为鼻内滴用曲安缩松滴鼻液或用二丙醇氯地米松气雾剂鼻内雾吸。4.鼻息肉体积较大造成鼻塞明显,经上述治疗仍不见改善者,可考虑手术切除。但术前仍应全身使用肾上腺皮质激素1~2周,之后改为鼻内应用。janhi-alanko等(1989)报告,59%患者术后哮喘改善,12%哮喘加重。为了防止手术期哮喘发作,予以万托林气雾剂术中术后备用。并发症极少数病人可发生严重反应,如胸闷、喉梗塞,甚至发生休克与死亡。", "低鼻整形 低鼻整形是指通过手术材料根据美学标准改善鼻部整体外观。低鼻是指鼻尖、鼻背、鼻根部比较低，面部像平原，缺乏应有的立体结构，眼距显宽。可进行隆鼻手术加以矫正，增强面部立体感，以达到挺拔鼻子的目的。低鼻整形手术这个栏目会详细介绍低鼻的各种情况，各种低鼻整形手术，以及低鼻整形手术的术前和术后护理方法。低鼻矫正标准效果1、斜位来看，从眉毛或眉弓起，向下延伸至鼻背、鼻尖，再转向下方的鼻小柱，止于鼻小柱与上唇的结合部，形成一个光滑的“S”形曲线。2、从正面看，鼻两侧的轮廓线起自眉弓，沿鼻骨、鼻侧软骨、鼻翼外缘，经鼻翼沟，止于鼻翼与上唇的结合点时向内略倾斜，亦形成一个光滑的“S”曲线； 鼻部美学标准 3、而由鼻嵴两侧的曲线与鼻尖轮廓线相连，又形成一向上开口较小的“U”形曲线；而鼻尖部的曲线为一中线对称的“海鸥翅”形曲线。4、从侧面看，以额、鼻根、鼻背、鼻尖、鼻尖与鼻小柱结合处、鼻小柱基底为连线的“s”曲线充分表现了鼻的立体形象。5、在鼻根部，通过光线的调节，我们可获得一个“H”形边缘样的曲线，“H”的中间横线相当于鼻根部的位置，是最低点。 低鼻整形低鼻矫正手术方法 低鼻--鼻尖低平低鼻，如果是鼻尖低平的话，可以用以下几种方法来矫正治疗 1.软骨移植法,在鼻孔内做鼻缘切口,或做软骨内切口,显露鼻翼软骨和鼻侧软骨,视情况切除鼻翼软骨的头侧部分或鼻侧软骨的尾侧部分.切取下来的软骨,切削成形后,缝在穹窿的顶部,抬高了鼻尖,也可切取耳甲软骨做移植之用.2.鼻翼基底楔形切除法,如鼻尖形态较好,仅是略低时,在双侧鼻翼基底切除一块楔形的全厚组织,使鼻孔内收、穹窿部上突,即抬高鼻尖.3.双侧鼻翼软骨内脚靠拢法,做双侧鼻小柱侧面切口,显露鼻翼软骨内侧脚和穹窿部,切除两内侧脚之间的软组织,然后在其近上、下端处各做褥式缝合一针,即将双内侧脚靠拢.此法可抬高鼻尖2-3mm.低鼻--鼻梁低平1、自体软骨,在整形医学界,公认的最为合理的低鼻整形材料当属自体的软骨,鼻尖低平的话,可以使用耳软骨和鼻中隔软骨,而鼻梁低平则需要用到肋软骨；2、膨体,近几年低鼻整形用的比较多的是膨体,从医学角度讲膨体材料是目前最为理想的生物组织代用品,以前主要用于人体器官移植时的血管再造。 低鼻整形低鼻矫正术前准备 1、受术者与医生应作全面深入的术前交谈，了解手术的大小步骤痛苦程度、恢复的快慢、可能达到的效果、可能存在的风险。医生应了解患者面部的情况手术的动机、对手术的期望是否符合实际等。2、身体健康状况的检查：除外可能存在的心肺肝血液等内科疾病，既往的手术史用药史过敏史等。3、手术前一周停止饮酒停用阿司匹林维生素E及其他扩血管药物。4、术前3天每天洗头一次，术前一夜可适当服用安眠药物。术前半小时酌情应用镇静止痛药，根据麻醉术式决定是否需要禁食。 低鼻整形禁忌症 1、鼻腔或鼻窦有急性炎症，需炎症消退2周后才能手术。 2、急性中耳炎、急性咽喉炎发作期。 3、全身性疾病，如血液病、梅毒、糖尿病、肺结核等。 4、年龄在18岁以下，鼻部发育未完全者。 低鼻整形低鼻矫正术后保养 1、术后的疼痛调理.蒜头鼻整形手术术后的24小时内经常会出现眼鼻酸肿的状况。术后尽量不要服用止痛类的药物，由于止痛类药物会加重手术部位的出血。2、蒜头鼻整形手术后短时期内,由于器官的肿胀，还有鼻部的包扎，单纯靠鼻孔来呼吸时格外困难的。术后患者要尽量用口来进行呼吸。由于人的口鼻眼是互相牵连的，所以术后一周内眼部会出现酸痛的情况。一般来说，肿胀的部位在两周后就会有消退的现象。3、术后鼻部的包扎格外复杂，鼻腔内部都要进行包扎，格外情况下还用夹板进行固定。4、蒜头鼻整形手术后，患者要尽量少打喷嚏，尽量用口来进行呼吸。由于术后鼻腔内会塞有很多纱布棉布等，因此这些东西都可能在打喷嚏的时候一同喷出来。 词条图册 更多图册", "根尖周囊肿 根端囊肿(radicular cyst)是由于牙根尖部的肉芽肿，慢性炎症的刺激，引起牙周膜内的上皮残余增生，增生的上皮团块中央发生变性与液化，周围组织不断渗出，逐渐形成囊肿，因围绕牙根端周围，故亦称为根尖周囊肿(periapical cyst)。如果根尖肉芽肿在拔牙后未予处理而继续残留于颌骨内而发生的囊肿，则称为残余囊肿(residual cysts)。多见于该区常有残冠、残根或死髓牙，囊肿较小时常不易被发现，多数由于拍摄X线牙片时偶然发现；较大的囊肿可使唇颊侧骨壁受压变薄膨隆，扪及乒乓感；少数可在其根尖区黏膜上出现窦道口，X线检查可见根尖区有圆形或卵圆形的均匀透射阴影，一般小于2.0cm，边缘整齐，周围可见明显的白色阻射影，病源牙牙根突入囊腔中，其牙周膜及骨硬板影像消失；邻牙可被推移位；当囊肿较大时，邻牙牙根也可突入囊腔中。手术完整刮除为其根治方法。采用口内入路，局麻下于口内前庭沟处根端的牙龈上作弧形或八字切口，切透黏骨膜，翻开黏骨膜瓣后凿除或用骨钳咬除部分囊肿表面牙槽骨，显露囊壁，完整剥离出囊肿；如囊肿较大可在剥离出部分囊壁时，抽出部分囊液后继续剥离剩余部分囊壁，完整摘除之。病牙如无保留价值时可同时拔除；如能保留，则应同时作根管治疗并切除根尖，作倒充填。根尖周囊肿刮除术。切口通常采用：1.弧形切口 主要适用于病变范围小，病牙可保留者，但需作根管治疗、根尖切除术。2.梯形切口 适用于病牙不能保留，病变较大的颌骨囊肿。囊肿与上颌窦穿通或上颌窦本身有炎症时，则应同时作上颌窦根治术，将囊壁与上颌窦整个黏膜一并刮除，填入碘仿纱条，并行下鼻道开窗术。碘仿纱条引出，口腔切口严密缝合，填塞纱条在3～5天内抽出完毕，每次剪除一段，直至完全抽出。无特殊。根尖周囊肿，是由于牙根尖部的肉芽肿，慢性炎症的刺激，逐渐形成囊肿。1.根尖周肉芽肿(periapical granuloma) 根尖组织受到轻度感染刺激产生的炎性肉芽组织。X线表现：根周膜消失，形态规则1cm，密度均匀呈软组织低密度影，边界清楚，无致密骨壁线，外周骨无改变。2.根尖周脓肿(periapical abscess) X线表现：根周膜消失，形态规则或不规则，密度呈不均匀低密度影，边界清楚，无致密骨壁线，外周骨小梁增生。3.根尖周囊肿(radicular cyst) 常由肉芽肿变性、坏死、液化而来。X线表现：根周膜消失，形态规则，密度均匀呈囊性低密度影，边界清楚，有致密骨壁线，外周骨无改变。实验室检查：囊壁的囊腔面有复层鳞状上皮衬里，囊壁内常有炎性细胞浸润，主要为淋巴细胞、浆细胞，也可混有中性粒细胞以及在根尖肉芽肿内可见到的其他成分。上皮衬里厚薄不均，有上皮钉突形成，部分囊壁内有胆固醇晶体聚积，囊液内含低浓度蛋白和少许角质，呈微嗜酸染色。其他辅助检查：X线检查可见根尖区有圆形或卵圆形的均匀透射阴影，一般小于2.0cm，边缘整齐，周围可见明显的白色阻射影，病源牙牙根突入囊腔中，其牙周膜及骨硬板影像消失；邻牙可被推移位；当囊肿较大时，邻牙牙根也可突入囊腔中。根尖部的肉芽肿，慢性炎症的刺激，引起牙周膜内的上皮残余增生，增生的上皮团块中央发生变性与液化，周围组织不断渗出，逐渐形成囊肿，因围绕牙根端周围，故亦称为根尖周囊肿。", "眶距过宽征 眶距过宽征(orbital hypertelorism)是指由各种原因引起的两眼眶间骨性距离过宽而导致外形和功能异常的一种疾病。正常成年人的眼眶间距(interorbital distance，IOD)在30mm左右(一般来说，西方人的IOD较东方人为小)。眶距过宽征作为一种独立的临床症状，可由多种与颅面部畸形有关的疾病引起。最常见的为颅面裂(以Tessier 0～14、1～13号裂多见)，其次为额鼻部发育不良、颅缝早闭(包括Crouzon、Apert综合征等)、额鼻筛型脑膜脑膨出、额眶部骨纤维异常增生症、骨瘤、严重额眶部外伤后畸形等。国内学者报道的44例眶距过宽征中，颅面裂占43.2%(19例)，颅缝早闭症占13.6%(6例)。眶距过宽征的患者两眼眶之间的距离较正常人为宽，面中部分及梨状孔变得短而宽，同时可伴有外斜视、小眼球、小角膜、或有部分视神经萎缩等。颅面裂患者鼻根部可有骨质凹陷和软组织的外形异常，如睑裂、睑缺损、球结膜囊肿等。脑膜脑膨出患者可有额鼻部的突出肿块或伴有脑积水、眼球突出和脑畸形等。在各类引起眶距过宽征的病因中，以颅面裂所致的畸形最为严重，眶距增宽可达Ⅲ度。颅缝早闭症、脑膜脑膨出等大多为中度眶距增宽，有时也可为单侧眼眶的过宽伴眼眶水平位置的上移(如单侧冠状早闭的斜头畸形)。外伤所致的眶间距增宽严重程度不一，可为单侧发生，也可为双侧发生，其特点为整个眼眶的位置和纵轴没有异常，而是由于眶壁的破碎或塌陷导致眶间距的过宽。眶距过宽征的诊断除了其明显的颅面部外形异常以外，主要依据为眶间距的测量。眶间距(IOD)是指两眼眶内壁之间骨性的宽度，即眼眶骨性标志点泪嵴(Dacryon点)间的距离。眶间距(IOD)的值通常从头颅X线正位片(后前位)上测得。在西方人中，刚出生婴儿的眶间距平均为16mm，以后逐渐增加，女性至13岁时基本稳定，男性则要到21岁时才稳定下来。正常成人，女性眶间距平均为25mm，男性眶间距平均为28mm。1972年，Tessier按疾病的严重程度确立了眶距过宽征的3度分类标准，即Ⅰ度的眶间距在30～34mm，Ⅱ度的眶间距大于34mm(35～39mm)，Ⅲ度的眶间距大于40mm并可伴有筛板下垂、眼球及眶的纵轴分开、外眦至外耳道的距离减少。东方人中，眶间距较西方人稍宽，一般IOD在30～32mm尚属正常。以Tessier颅内外联合径路的眶周矢状截骨后内移眼眶的手术为典型的眶距过宽征矫正术。手术包括冠状切口，额颅部开颅，取下额骨板，在颅内硬脑膜外的直视下进行眶上壁的截骨，继之在颅外行眶内壁、眶外壁和眶下壁的截骨，从各个方向将眼眶向中央靠拢，眼眶骨和移位后的骨间隙植骨和固定(图1)。颅内外联合径路适于较为严重的眶距过宽征(图2，3)。对于中度的眶距过宽征，可以选择颅外法U型截骨术和Mustarde(1971)内眶壁截开移位术。一些轻度的眶距过宽征或伴有内眦过宽的患者，根据病情及其要求，可进行内眦成形术或重睑术以改善外形(图4)。1、多以清淡食物为主，注意饮食规律。2、根据医生的建议合理饮食。本病暂无有效预防措施，注意生活细节，早发现早诊断是本病防治的关键眶距过宽征作为一种独立的临床症状，可由多种与颅面部畸形有关的疾病引起。最常见的为颅面裂(以Tessier 0～14、1～13号裂多见)，其次为额鼻部发育不良、颅缝早闭(包括Crouzon、Apert综合征等)、额鼻筛型脑膜脑膨出、额眶部骨纤维异常增生症、骨瘤、严重额眶部外伤后畸形等。实验室检查：其他辅助检查：头颅X线正位片(后前位)。头颅CT断层扫描可以较为精确地测量眶间距的值。另一方面，头颅CT水平扫描的断层片上测定视神经的交叉夹角，用以作为估计眶距过宽征严重程度的参考。眶距过宽征的患者可伴有外斜视、小眼球、小角膜、或有部分视神经萎缩等。颅面裂患者鼻根部可有骨质凹陷和软组织的外形异常，如睑裂、睑缺损、球结膜囊肿等。脑膜脑膨出患者可有额鼻部的突出肿块或伴有脑积水、眼球突出和脑畸形等。", "肢端肥大症(垂体瘤)的诊断及治疗效果评估 肢端肥大症的概念 垂体生长激素(gh)腺瘤(或与其它激素混合的混合腺瘤)患者gh过度分泌,临床出现手脚、头颅、胸廓及肢体进行性增大,手足掌肥厚,手指增粗、远端呈球形,前额隆起,眼眶、颧骨及下颌明显突出,牙缝增宽,牙咬合不正,口唇变厚,鼻梁宽而扁平,耳廓变大(帽子、鞋袜、手套经常更换大号)；皮肤粗糙、松垂、多油多汗、色素沉着,睡眠呼吸暂停,高血压,糖尿病,结肠息肉以及皮肤赘生物等表现,临床上将此组表现称为肢端肥大症。虽然肢端肥大症诊断不困难,但许多患者是在症状出现7~8年后才到医院就诊。肢端肥大症患者如不接受治疗会过早死亡,死因大多为心血管疾病。因此,及早就诊、明确诊断并尽早接受治疗是降低疾病风险和早期死亡率的关键。而降低早期死亡风险的方法就是尽快将血中gh的水平降至正常。 肢端肥大症的诊断 gh过高可引起血清胰岛素样生长因子(igf-1)水平升高,而且在口服葡萄糖(糖耐量试验)后血清gh水平没有足够下降。血清igf-1水平与患者的年龄和性别相关。gh的分泌和血清igf-1的浓度随年龄增长而下降,女性高于男性。 igf-1水平测试是筛查肢端肥大症疑似患者的有效方法。垂体gh腺瘤早期可能肢端肥大症表现不明显,但可能会同时产生过多的泌乳素,表现为溢乳、月经紊乱和高泌乳素血症,对此类青年女性要排查肢端肥大症。 肢端肥大症的确诊指标为:igf-1浓度上升,口服75g或100g葡萄糖后血清gh水平仍1.0ngml( gl)(2.5mul)。口服糖耐量试验:摄取葡萄糖前及开始后的2小时内每半小时测一次血gh水平(5份血样)。 患者在明确gh增高后,应行垂体mri检查。大部分肢端肥大症患者存在垂体大腺瘤,一些患者为微腺瘤。 肢端肥大症的治疗 肢端肥大症的首先治疗是由富有垂体手术经验的神经外科医生手术切除腺瘤,手术的效果取决于神经外科医生的经验和专业知识。虽然垂体大腺瘤,尤其是肿瘤侵袭海绵窦或骨结构时,几乎不可能仅仅通过手术方法治愈,但仍需手术切除部分病变以缓解视路压迫避免视力丧失,为下一步放化疗创造条件。 手术治愈率50%~70%。相当一部分患者仍需其它辅助治疗。 术后评估 因gh半衰期很短(仅19 min),因此可在术后早期(1周内)行口服糖耐量试验,查看血gh水平是否( gl)(2.5mul)。 而igf-1浓度下降迟缓,须3个月后测定才准确可靠。如果血igf-1水平达到与正常年龄、性别相匹配的水平是治疗的最理想结果。 药物治疗 当前有用的药物治疗包括多巴胺激动剂和生长抑素类似物。溴隐亭(15~40mgd,口服,不是对所有患者有效；溴隐亭敏感试验:gh下降大于50%者疗效较好)等多巴胺激动剂可使90%患者症状缓解,但只有20%不到的患者血igf-1将到正常范围。生长抑素只有在连续静脉给药时起效。生长抑素类似物可在皮下注射或肌内注射时起效,包括奥曲太、善龙(20mg28d,肌注)等。此类药物不但能使90%的患者症状改善,而且能使50%~60%的患者血gh和igf-1降到正常水平。但药物价格昂贵。 新近研发的一种gh拮抗剂:pegvisomant。有报道,20mgd,患者自己皮下注射,112名患者中89%的血igf-1被抑制到正常水平。另有报道,在疗程超过12个月的90名患者中,90%的患者血清igf-1浓度达到正常。用药后,血gh水平上升,并在6个月左右达到平稳水平。此项研究中,2例患者垂体腺瘤增大,其余肿瘤大小无改变。目前此药最有效。 放射治疗 垂体放射治疗应作为术后残余病变的辅助治疗方法。因放射治疗通常需要数月到数年时间才能将gh和igf-1降到正常水平,在等待放疗生效期间应给予患者药物治疗。近几年报道,伽玛刀治疗效果较普通放疗效果好。放疗的副作用有:进行性垂体功能低下,部分或全垂体激素的分泌减少；最早也是最普遍缺乏的是促性腺激素(lh,fsh)及继发性性腺功能减退。有报道,随访4年,促性腺激素缺乏占67%,acth缺乏占67%,tsh缺乏占55%。 接受垂体放射治疗的患者应定期随访(至少每6个月一次),行激素水平测试,必要时替代治疗。 总之,从治疗的角度出发,首先考虑手术治疗,经蝶窦手术是首选方法。神经内镜下的单鼻孔经蝶窦手术较常规手术显微镜下的经蝶窦手术更具优势:创伤更小,恢复更快,肿瘤切除更安全彻底,病人术后不适更轻微,而且并不增加治疗费用。作者强烈推荐内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体瘤治疗肢端肥大症。当然手术有适应证,也有禁忌证,具体细节参见本网站相关内容。", "[转载]头部结构分析 原文地址:头部结构分析作者:flytofar 头部骨骼 头部骨骼分为颅骨部分和颜面部分。颅骨部分包括:额骨(1块)、顶骨(2块)、枕骨(1块)、颞骨(2块)、蝶骨(左右外部露出两块,实际为相连的一块骨骼)；颜面部分:鼻骨(2块)、颧骨(2块)、上颌骨(2块)、下颌骨(1块)。 1.额丘 位置:额骨正面、眉弓上方,靠近头顶的两个高点。 结构意义:是额头的正面高点,从这两点向上逐渐向头顶过度。男性这两点突出,女性额骨的中心可能高过这两点。 2.颞线 位置:眉弓外侧、颧骨上端,贯穿额骨两侧。 结构意义:眉弓在额骨下方隆起,下面是深陷的眼眶,是额头和眼窝的交界结构,往往和眉毛重叠。 3.鼻骨高点 位置:两个鼻骨高点在鼻子中间偏上,下边是软骨组织。 结构意义:标志着鼻梁的高度、宽度,也能标志出鼻梁正面、侧面的转折点。 4.颧突 位置:颧骨的高点 结构意义:是面部正面、侧面、侧面下部和上部的重要转折点,标志着面部正面的宽窄、颧骨的高矮。 5.下颌结节 位置:正面下巴上的左右高点。 结构意义:是面部下巴上,正面、侧面、底面的重要转折,标志着下巴的宽度。 6.下颌角 位置:下颌骨后方下端角。 结构意义:标志着下颌骨的长短、宽窄和下巴的角度。 7.顶盖隆起 位置:头顶中线上的高点。 结构意义:标志着头顶中线的位置和头颅的基本型。 8.顶骨隆起 位置:在顶骨上,沿颞线向后延伸。 结构意义:此隆起是头部侧面和顶面的转折线。 9.颞骨颧突 头部侧面的最高点。 面部肌肉 面部肌肉在造型上远没有头骨起的作用大,但对面部的表情起了至关重要的作用。 1.额肌 位置:额骨正面、眉弓上方。 作用:向上提拉眼眶上的皮肤和肌肉。 2.降眉间肌 位置:眉心、鼻骨上部。 作用:向下拉动额头表面皮肤向下。 3.皱眉肌 位置:眼眶上沿、靠近眉心。 作用:向中心拉动眼眶皮肤运动。 4.颞肌 位置:颞骨两侧。 5.眼轮匝肌 位置:眼缝周围。 作用:只闭眼、不睁眼。 6.鼻肌 位置:鼻孔上部鼻侧。 作用:扩大缩小鼻孔。 7.颧肌 位置:颧骨到嘴角。 作用:提拉上唇、嘴角。 8.上唇方肌 位置:分内眦头、眼眶下头和颧骨头三股,成放射状分布于鼻子左右的面部。 作用:提拉上唇等。 9.口轮匝肌 位置:口缝周围。 作用:闭嘴和各种嘴的动作。口轮匝肌内圈收缩时,能紧闭口裂做抿嘴表情；外圈收缩时,并在颏肌作用下,做撅嘴表情。 10.下唇方肌 位置:口轮匝肌下方到颏结节外侧。 作用:下拉下嘴唇、嘴角。 11.颏三角肌 位置:嘴角到颏结节外侧。 作用:下拉嘴角。 12.颏肌 位置:下巴颏上边。 作用:上提颏部皮肤、前送下唇。 13.咬肌 位置:下颌角至颧骨。 作用:咬紧牙齿。 14.颊肌 位置:嘴角外,口轮匝肌和咬肌之间。 作用:吸允吹奏。 15.笑肌 位置:口角外侧、颊肌上面。起于咬肌筋膜,部分起自鼻唇沟的皮肤,集中止于口角的皮下,同颏三角肌混在一起。 作用:拉口角向外侧,产生微笑表情。并且有人能呈现出笑臼。 16.外耳肌 位置:耳上肌,位于耳廓上方,起于帽状腱膜,止于耳廓软骨上,成三角形；耳前肌,起于帽状腱膜,止于耳廓软骨前；耳后肌,起自颞乳突,止于耳廓软骨后。 作用:使耳廓产生上下、前后的运动。 17.鼻唇沟和颏唇沟 口的周围有两条变化的曲线,称作\"鼻唇沟\"和\"颏唇沟\"。对表情变化作用很大。 鼻唇沟:由上唇方肌和颧骨上颌突构成。其走向,是从鼻翼上缘的鼻沟,绕至颧骨结节前,与口角外口轮匝肌相切,逐渐消失在颏三角肌上缘。 颏唇沟:由下唇方肌和颏隆突构成。其走向,是由下唇下边缘向颏结节上缘逐渐消失。 总结:一般来说,人的面部表情的变化和形成并非某一块面部表情肌的作用,而是由多块表情肌不同程度的收缩形成的,其往往受心理活动支配,心理活动的复杂性,决定了面部表情变化的复杂性。 五官结构 1.眼睛 眼睛由眶部、眼球、眼睑三部分构成。 (1)眶部:构成眼外形的造型基础。由眶上缘、眶下缘、眶内缘、眶外缘构成。 眶上缘,眶的上部,其上部是突出的额平面,呈由外向内斜上的前突状,称\"眉弓前突\"。白种人的\"眉弓前突\"十分明显。 眶下缘,眶的下部,是隆起球面颧骨上缘部。 眶外缘,上部为突起、呈锐角三角形的额颧突,下部急转于颞窝侧面。 眶内缘,眶的内侧部,上方有向下倾斜、成三角形平面的额鼻突,同突起的眶上缘内侧缘构成一个深陷的内眼窝。 眶的四缘中,唯有眶内缘成钝角圆,其他三缘骨线较为明显,骨面转折显得锐利。 (2)眼球:一个空心体,主要由内膜、中膜、外膜三层组织构成。 内膜,为视网膜,是视神经生长的地方,不显于眼部外形。 中膜,由虹膜和瞳孔构成。虹膜由环状的括约肌和放射状的开大肌构成。虹膜因含色素不同,有黄、绿、蓝不同人种的变化。瞳孔在虹膜中央,由双凸透镜状的晶体构成。虹膜和瞳孔在外形上,俗称眼球。 外膜,由白色不透明的坚韧带巩膜和透明的角膜构成。巩膜俗称\"眼白\",在外形上占眼球表面的56。在虹膜前,有一曲度较大的透明体,并附有神经末梢,占眼球表面积的16,像一个钟罩扣在虹膜上,称角膜。在虹膜和角膜的连接处,有一个环状的巩膜静脉窦组织,能影响眼球的外形造型。 (3)眼睑:分为上、下眼睑,分别包围着眼球的外侧部。眼睑同眶上缘相连接的为上眼睑、同眶下缘连接的为下眼睑。上、下眼睑同上、下眶缘的连接处,皆成沟状。上眼睑覆盖眼球外部结构的34面积,下眼睑仅占14面积。一般来讲,眼睑的闭合是由上眼睑完成的。 上下眼睑中间的缝隙称眼裂。眼裂处形成上、下眼缘,下眼缘较宽。眼缘上长有睫毛。在眼裂内侧有个半圆形的泪囊,称为\"内眼角\"；在眼裂外侧,为上眼睑包含下眼睑的组织结构,称为外眼角。 2.眉毛的外形结构 眉的结构分为上下两列,生长在眶上缘周围。但眉毛内侧大部分生长在眶下部,眉外侧13在眶外侧生长。眉的内端称为眉头；眉的外端称为眉梢。上、下两列眉毛的相交处成嵴状,称眉嵴。眉内侧略直,外侧成弓状。 3.鼻的外形结构 鼻主要由鼻软骨和鼻骨构成。鼻软骨包括,一对鼻侧软骨、一对大翼软骨和小翼软骨及中间的一块鼻隔板。鼻外形可分为鼻根、鼻梁、鼻背、鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻孔、鼻底等部分。 鼻梁上端为鼻骨全长,下端为鼻隔板全长；鼻背主要由鼻背板软骨构成；鼻翼由小翼软骨构成；鼻尖,由鼻翼两侧大翼软骨和鼻隔板下部构成；鼻底是由小翼软骨、鼻隔板同颜面相接的部位构成；鼻孔,由鼻软骨下部围成,并且成孔状。 4.口的外形结构 口的外形主要由口唇和牙齿决定。但上、下颌骨外形结构是口的造型基础。上颌骨为弓形隆起,成突起的椎体结构,所以上唇形成了曲面的形态。下颌骨前面较平,下唇成平面状。两口角位于两侧的尖齿之间。 (1)口唇外形 上唇,位于鼻底之下、左右鼻唇沟之间至上唇缘的部分,中间有一凹下的结构,称为人中。上唇在外形结构上可分为上唇结节和两翼。下唇,为下唇缘至颏唇沟部分。下唇结构外形,可分为下唇沟和两叶。上、下唇交合处称口裂。 (2)牙齿外形 牙齿生长在上下颌骨的牙齿床上。成人有32颗恒牙,其排列为切齿、侧切齿、尖齿(犬齿)、前磨牙、后磨牙。当开口时,一般只能外露切齿至尖齿。 人的上、下两列牙齿正常咬合时,应上列切齿至尖齿扣着下列切齿至尖齿。由头部侧面观,鼻尖、上、下唇和颏隆突应该在一条斜线上,但也有个体呈后错咬合、前错咬合的畸形。 5.耳的外形结构 耳分为内耳、外耳两部分。外耳显于外形的部分称\"耳廓\"。耳廓位于头侧中部,耳廓外形主要表现在耳孔周围。耳廓的主要外形结构为:耳轮、耳窝、耳垂三部分。耳廓突起的部分又可以分为耳轮、对耳轮、耳屏、对耳屏等结构组织,并且形成了耳廓前侧的突起结构。耳廓凹下的部分称耳窝,包括耳舟、三角窝、耳甲艇、耳甲腔,形成了耳廓前侧凹进的结构。 耳廓的位置,应在头侧12处稍后,这是因为耳孔恰位于头侧12处。再有,从后面看耳轮并非平面,而是呈回旋状的造型特点。耳廓后,由于耳窝在前的凹凸,呈贝壳状,称为耳壳。耳廓的外形由于个体的不同,存在很大的差异。俗称的\"迎风耳\"、\"垂肩耳\"等不论特征如何,都表现在耳轮、耳垂上。", "介入激活阻断术 “介入激活阻断术”是目前治疗甲状腺疾病的创新技术，属国际领先。“介入激活阻断术”治疗甲状腺疾病，是超声医学发展的新阶段，是介入医学的重要组成部分，是21世纪医学发展的新方向，是特殊临床医学研究的新课题，当今世界是 医学科技含量最高的学科之一，虽应用时间不长，但应用范围甚广，疗效极好!它与介入放射医学相比较，无X射线损伤，无造影剂过敏，具有操作简便，导向准 确，实时显示，灵敏度高，费用低廉等许多优点。介入激活阻断术。“介入激活阻断术”是目前治疗甲状腺疾病的创新技术，属国际领先。“介入激活阻断术”治疗甲状腺疾病，是超声医学发展的新阶段，是介入医学的重要组成部分，是21世纪医学发展的新方向，是特殊临床医学研究的新课题，当今世界是 医学科技含量最高的学科之一，虽应用时间不长，但应用范围甚广，疗效极好！它与介入放射医学相比较，无X射线损伤，无造影剂过敏，具有操作简便，导向准 确，实时显示，灵敏度高，费用低廉等许多优点。介入激活阻断术 甲亢是一种高代谢性疾病，是由甲状腺激素过多式自身免疫功能亢进引发的内分泌功能失调所致T3、T4增高的甲状腺功能亢进症。中医属“痿瘤”范畴。引起甲亢的病因比较多，由于生活节奏和欲念的改变，近年患甲亢、甲状腺疾病的患者不断增多。介入激活阻断术是全国治疗甲亢最好的方法,这种甲亢的治疗方法已经申请了国家专利,并且经过临床数千人的使用证明,介入激活阻断术是最好的甲亢治疗技术。现湖南军区医院开展临床治疗。 甲亢患者 由于甲状腺的解剖生理特点，甲状腺组织在人体的位置表浅，采用介入激活阻断术治疗能对腺体直接发挥作用，腺体内药物浓度高，用量少，维持时间长，消肿率高，疗效确切，无明显的副作用。并且在治疗过程中操作简单，无痛苦，患者乐于接受。 介入激活阻断术可有效抑制甲状腺组织的增生，故通过1-2个疗程的治疗后可使肿大的甲状腺组织迅速缩小，约有23的患者可恢复正常，13的患者明显缩小，因而也就大大降低了疾病的复发率。据有关统计资料介入疗法对甲亢病的治愈率可达93%--98%. 介入激活阻断术通过对2000例多甲亢患者治疗的临床实践证实，甲状腺介入疗法是一种十分安全的治疗方法，它对患者的肝、肾功能及血、尿常规等均无影响，既不会产生像口服药物后引起的白细胞减少和药物过敏等不良反应，也不会发生像放射性碘(同位素)治疗以及手术治疗后出现的甲状腺功能减退等并发症。 介入激活阻断术可有效调节甲状腺功能与免疫功能，是T3 (三碘甲状腺原氨酸)及T4 (四碘甲状腺原氨酸即甲状腺素)及TGAb(甲状腺球蛋白抗体)、TMAb(甲状腺微粒体抗体)等免疫指标一月后开始转阴，尤其是对顽固性及复发性甲亢病的治疗，甲状腺功能恢复正常所需的时间比口服药物治疗明显缩短。 目前，甲亢的增长率仅次于糖尿病，而通过介入激活阻断术获益的甲亢患者大部分受益，仅美国，每年就有约14万患者通过介入激活阻断术获得康复。 随着医生和患者对手术的科学认知，激活阻断术会使更多甲亢患者重拾健康！ 甲亢病人在基础代谢率高亢的情况下，手术危险性很大。因此，充分而完善的术前准备及其重要。 1.首先要做好病人的思想工作，消除病人的顾虑和恐惧心理。精神紧张、不安和失眠者可给与镇静剂和安眠药。已发生心力衰竭者，应给与毛地黄制剂；伴有心房颤动者，可给与心得安或奎尼丁治疗。 2.术前检查：除全面的体格检查外，还应包括：①测定基础代谢率，T3T4检查及131碘吸收试验。在有增高的病人须定期复查。②喉镜检查，确定声带功能。③心电图检查，并详细检查心脏有无扩大，杂音或心律不齐等。④有胸骨后甲状腺肿时，应做颈部X线摄片，并让患者同时咽下显影剂，以确定气管和食管的受压程度。 3.药物准备：降低基础代谢率是术前准备的重要环节。①如病人基础代谢率高，可用硫氧嘧啶类药物(甲基或丙基硫氧嘧啶、他巴唑等)。此类药物能阻止碘的有机化过程，使氧化碘不能与酪氨酸结合。另外，其本身亦是甲状腺过氧化酶的酶解物，能有效地阻止甲状腺素的合成，并且对甲状腺淋巴细胞有重要免疫作用，由于硫氧嘧啶类药物能使甲状腺肿大和动脉性充血，手术时易发生出血，增加了手术的困难和危险。因此，服用硫氧嘧啶类药物后必须加用碘剂。②在甲亢症状基本控制后，即可改用口服碘液溶液(lugol氏液)，每日3次口服，从3滴开始，每日每次增加1滴，至16滴止，维持此量3～5日。碘剂对增生状态的甲状腺的作用在于在最初24～48小时内阻滞正常碘的有机化环节，阻滞甲状腺球蛋白水解，从而抑制甲状腺素的释放，使滤泡细胞退化，甲状腺血运减少、脆性降低。腺体因此缩小变硬，从而有利于手术切除甲状腺。③对于常规应用碘剂或合并应用抗甲状腺药物不能耐受或不起显著作用的病例，可使用碘剂与心得安合用术前准备，心得安使用剂量每6小时给药一次，口服、每次40～60毫克。心得安半衰期3～6小时。因此，最末一次口服心得安要在术前1～2小时；术前不用阿托品，以免心动过速。术后继服心得安4～7日。心得安是一种β受体阻滞剂，可选择阻滞靶组织的β受体对儿茶酚胺的作用，抑制肾上腺素能活力增进，降低周围组织对甲状腺素的效应，使甲亢症状得到改善。心得安不能抑制甲状腺素释放。 近年来，有人主张完全单用心得安作甲亢的术前准备。优点是：一方面可缩短术前准备时间，另方面并不影响甲状腺功能，术后立即能了解甲状腺残留部分的功能状态。但多数学者认为：应用心得安的适应症仍应限于上述病例，也就是对碘剂不起显著作用的病例，且仍应与碘剂联合应用，完全单用心得安仅适用于高功能腺瘤病人的术前准备。 经上述药物准备2-3周后。甲亢症状得到基本控制(病人情绪稳定、睡眠好转、体重增加)，脉率稳定在每分钟90次以下，早、中、晚脉率波动不超过10次分,基础代谢率在+20%以下或T3T4值在正常范围。腺体缩小变硬，血管杂音减少，便可进行手术。 需要说明，“适当的手术时机”诚然一般以基础代谢率接近正常与否来决定，但亦不完全以此为标准，应同时参考全身情况，尤其是循环系统的改善情况。脉率的降低，脉压的恢复正常等，常是适当手术时机的重要标志。 1.麻醉：局部麻醉在绝大多数病例效果良好，且可随时了解声带功能，避免喉返神经损伤。如果气管严重受压或较大的胸骨后甲状腺肿，为了保证手术中呼吸道通畅，减轻心脏负担，则应考虑气管内麻醉。 2.手术操作应轻柔、细致，认真对待每一步骤。①离胸骨上缘两横指处做切口，横断或分开舌骨下诸肌，进入甲状腺外层被膜和固有膜间隙，即可分离出甲状腺体。②充分显露甲状腺腺体。结扎、切断甲状腺上动静脉应紧贴甲状腺上极，以避免损伤喉上神经，如要结扎甲状腺下动脉，要尽量离开腺体背面，靠近颈总动脉结扎甲状腺下动脉主干。这样，不但可避免损伤喉返神经，且使甲状腺下动脉的分支仍与喉部、气管、咽部、食管的动脉分支相互保持吻合，不致影响切除后甲状腺残留部分和甲状旁腺的血液供应。③切除腺体的多少，应根据甲状腺大小和甲亢程度而定，通常需切除腺体的80～90%，每侧残留腺体以如成人拇指末节大小为恰当。腺体切除过少容易引起复发，过多又易发生甲状腺功能低下。另外，必须保留腺体的背面部分，这样既能避免喉返神经损伤，又能避免甲状旁腺的损伤。甲状腺峡部亦需予以切除。④术中要严密止血，对较大血管(如甲状腺上动、静脉，甲状腺中、下静脉)应分别采取双重结扎，以防滑脱出血。切口应置通畅引流24～48小时，以便及时引流出渗血，颈部的空间小，少量的积血，亦可压迫气管。 3.加强术后观察和护理，密切注意病人呼吸、体温、脉搏、血压的变化。术后继续服用复方碘化钾溶液，每日3次，从16滴开始，逐日逐次减少1滴。如术前合用心得安作术前准备，术后继服心得安4～7日。病人应取半卧位，以利呼吸及切口引流。帮助病人排痰，床旁放置气管切开包及手套,以备万一病人窒息时及时做气管切开。 1.术后呼吸困难和窒息：这是术后最危急的并发症，多发生在术后48小时内。常见原因为①切口内出血压迫气管。主要是手术时止血不彻底，或因血管结扎线滑脱引起。②喉头水肿。主要是由于手术操作创伤或气管插管损伤所引起。③术后气管塌陷。是气管壁长期受压，发生软化，术后失去周围组织支撑所引起。 临床表现为进行性呼吸困难、烦躁、发绀以至窒息。如因出血所引起者，尚有颈部肿胀，引流口渗出鲜血等。如发生上述情况，应立即在床旁拆除缝线，敞开伤口，去除血肿；如情况仍无改善，应立即做气管切开，待病人情况好转后，再送手术室做进一步检查处理。 2.喉返神经损伤：主要是手术操作直接损伤引起，如切断、缝扎、挫夹或牵拉过度；少数是由于血肿压迫或疤痕组织牵拉而引起。前者在术中立即出现症状，后者在术后数天才出现症状。如完全切断或缝扎喉返神经，损伤是永久性的，挫夹、牵拉或血肿压迫所致的损伤多为暂时性，经针刺、理疗等治疗后，一般可在3～6个月内逐渐恢复。一侧喉返神经损伤所引起的声嘶，可由声带过度地向患侧内收而好转，术后喉镜检查虽仍见患侧声带外展，但病人并无明显声嘶。两侧喉返神经损伤会发生两侧声带的麻痹，引起失音或呼吸困难，需做气管切开。 1、甲状腺肿大、突眼、甲亢性心脏病、甲亢危象。 2、甲亢对消化系统的损害：甲亢会导致肝脏功能受损、肝细胞坏死变性、转氨酶升高、肝肿大、胆汁淤积性黄疸、胃肠功能紊乱、极度消瘦等并发症； 3、甲亢对造血系统的损害：甲亢会导致白细胞减少、贫血、血小板减少； 4、甲亢对生殖系统对损害：甲亢会导致男性导致性欲减退、阳痿、精子数量减少、不育及乳房发育。甲亢会引起月经紊乱、闭经及不孕等表现，即使怀孕后也易产生胎儿发育不良、早产、流产、胎儿发育不良及死胎。 湖南军区甲亢医院即湖南军区机关医院，医院作为国家军队卫生医疗系统的核心成员，秉承中国人民解放军的优良传统，医院思想红、作风硬、技术精。在传承军医大学的百年历史和底蕴基础上，借鉴湖南国际化医疗的卓越品质、优秀管理和广泛的国际合作，在为军队提供医疗卫生保障的同时，加强对本地民众的健康服务，各项工作成绩突出，连续多年获评“拥军爱民先进单位”、“全国百姓放心示范医院”、“市物价诚信建设单位”，铸就五十年辉煌医疗史。 我们坚信\"人无我有、人有我优、人优我新\"，融医疗、预防、保健于一体，使之成为国内外着名的重点甲状腺治疗医院。 服务宗旨 一个中心：以病人为中心 两个至上：患者至上，医德至上 三个原则：最优质的服务，最合理的收费，最良好的效果。 四个特色：不断创新的特色医疗技术、不断提高的特色护理水平、不断优化的特色就医环境、不断完善的特色管理模式。 行医宗旨： 诚信医疗、科技兴院 服务理念： 尊重、理解、关爱 经营理念： 以科技为先导、以人才为基础、以疗效为根本、以服务求生存、以创新塑品牌。 发展理念： 医疗规范化、品牌专业化、服务人性化、创新持续化 管理理念： 现代化、制度化、规范化、人性化", "武汉市看长高好的医院【长高妙招】 武汉华蓝增高长高研究院_电话:027-_武汉市看长高好的医院【长高妙招】 为社会提供优质,高效,方便,低成本,努力使病人的痛苦,麻烦,费用降低到最小程度,为全国患者的身心健康作出不懈的努力。武汉华蓝增高长高研究院是一所环境优美、技术力量雄厚、医疗设备精良,品质优越的三级甲等综合性医院,集医疗、科研、教学、预防为一体。 全国免费增高长高咨询:027-。 武汉华蓝增高长高研究院就诊:侏儒症,男性增高,矮小症,生长发育迟缓,女性增高,青少年增高,骨龄测试。 武汉华蓝增高长高研究院-华中地区最好的增高长高治疗医院 发现孩子身材矮小家长应避免的误区 1.家长盲目等待:有些孩子生长不高,家人只是盲目认为孩子晚长,并不是从科学角度来判断,把治疗最佳的时间耽误了。 2.家长盲目听信市场上增高产品的宣传,选择和服用市场上所谓的增高药,等到效果不佳时,才去找专科医生就诊,不仅浪费金钱,而且还加速骨骼的闭合,错过了最佳治疗时机。 3.家长盲目就诊:很多家长不知道应该去哪看病,常常去找一些非正规医院,非专科医生处就诊,这样造成误诊,和错误的用药,耽误了时间,甚至带来了不良的后果。因此,有生长缓慢或者身材矮小的孩子,应该及时到大医院儿童的生长发育专科,或者内分泌专科进行咨询检查,及时治疗 高跟鞋增高等于慢性自残 1、扁平足和拇外翻 长期穿着高跟鞋,由于身体的力量集中在脚掌的某些部位,而不是平分于整个脚掌,使行走姿势不良造成足肌无力,进而发展为痉挛性平足症。 2、甲真菌病和鸡眼 如果趾甲受挤压、反复外力冲击伤,容易导致嵌甲和细菌感染引发甲沟炎。长时间穿着高跟鞋可通过鞋对脚趾的过度挤压、摩擦和压迫\"招来\"甲真菌病。 3、足趾畸形 长期穿高跟鞋还会导致趾头变形,常表现为锤状趾、拇囊炎、拇趾外翻、小趾内翻等症状。由于趾骨关节的骨头向内侧凸出,长时间穿尖头高跟鞋会使前足骨骼受压,影响附着于拇趾部位的肌肉,导致拇趾沿着其余脚趾方向移动。如果女性穿高跟鞋不系鞋带、加上鞋子比较小,更容易导致足部脚趾挤压出现拇指外翻或小趾变形的现象。 激活生长激素分泌促进软骨窗口开放再生 开启骨骼快速生长 第一原因调查: 青少年内分泌状况原因排除,可以解除一部分因为这个原因导致的生长停滞的枷锁。我们以内分泌因子予以持续治疗或者改善性激素,甲状腺素的影响。在治疗方案上有内分泌,脑垂体的自然刺激刺激疗法--经络离子介入疗法、核磁光波导入因子辅助治疗(hgh肽能生长因子作用原理,非激素疗法)。 第二、三原因方案: 就是在治疗方法上与第一原因的矮小人群会有明显的区别,因为内分泌疗法的应答迟钝(66.7%),或者不应答(32.8%),所以治疗成年增高,骨龄检测及骨骺线未闭合患者,可以使用内分泌刺激疗法达到生长目的；而闭合的则要重新开启骨骺线,实现再生疗法。这种情况下要实现再长高必须利用医学的科学方法综合治疗才能实现。同时未闭合的矮小人群同样可以采用核磁光波导入因子治疗、经络离子介入治疗等。 闭合的人群可根据骨骺线的判断,制定出可发育、可开启、骨骺线开窗、不能开封4类判断与治疗方案:可发育的我们根据第一原因,内分泌结合经络离子介入,在营养充分的前提下最大限度让脑垂体自然作用发挥极致。可开启则运用hgh肽能生长因子开启骨骺线打开程序,软骨再生长实现增高的生长发育,对于排除一切原因后不能实现骨骺开窗、开封的人群治疗中心会有明确的告知行为,以目前治疗水平和时机不合适做增高治疗(占总体的比例约有7%)。 第四原因治疗方案: 解除病症困扰,是解除矮小的最好方法,同样适合如下疗法,可以成功追赶因为疾病原因耽误的骨骼发育基准线,加速内分泌作用,提高骨骼再次发育几率。", "心脏搭桥手术（手术） 心脏搭桥俗称冠脉搭桥术，是国际上公认的治疗冠心病最有效的方法。心脏搭桥手术可分为：心脏不停跳搭桥手术和心脏停跳下搭桥手术两种。冠心病的冠状动脉狭窄多呈节段性分布。且主要位于冠状动脉的近中段，远段大多正常。冠状动脉搭桥术就是在冠状动脉狭窄的近端和远端之间建立一条通道，使血液绕过狭中位而到达远端。心脏日夜不停地泵出血液，将营养成分输送到全身各器官组织中去。但是，作为泵的心脏自身的肌肉组织也需要氧气和养料，这是由冠状动脉系统来提供。如果冠状血管粥样硬化造成管腔狭窄或闭塞，就会导致这段冠状动脉供应的心肌缺血，严重的发生心肌梗死。心脏搭桥手术有两种，一种是心脏不停跳搭桥手术。一种是心脏停跳下搭桥手术。搭桥手术顾名思义，是取病人本身的血管（如胸阔内动脉、下肢的大隐静脉等）或者血管替代品，将狭窄冠状动脉的远端和主动脉连接起来，让血液饶过狭窄的部分，到达缺血的部位，改善心肌血液供应，进而达到缓解心绞痛症状，改善心脏功能，提高患者生活质量及延长寿命的目的。这种手术称为冠状动脉旁路移植术，是在充满动脉血的主动脉根部和缺血心肌之间建立起一条畅通的路径，因此，有人形象地将其称为在心脏上架起了“桥梁”，俗称“搭桥术”。所用的材料不是钢筋水泥，而是患者自己的大隐静脉、乳内动脉、胃网膜右动脉、桡动脉，是将小腿或大腿上的大隐静脉取上，一端与冠状动脉狭窄远端吻合，一端与升主动脉吻合，也可同时在一根静脉上开几个侧孔分别与几支冠状动脉侧侧吻合，这就是所谓的序贯搭桥或蛇形桥。用大隐静脉搭桥，手术损伤小些，简单一些，但远期效果比动脉搭桥差些，因此适用于年龄大的病人。用动脉搭桥损伤大，技术要求高，手术更难，但远期效果较大隐静脉好，适用于年轻病人。一般情况下，80岁以上老人可单独使用大隐静脉搭桥，55岁以下可考虑全用动脉搭桥，其他年龄可用一根乳内动脉加上大隐静脉。手术通常在全身麻醉低温、体外循环、心脏停止跳动的情况下进行，一般需要2-3小时。简单的病例也不用体外循环，在心脏跳动的情况下手术。（心脏不停跳搭桥手术可以不使用体外循环）。心脏不停跳搭桥的历史20世纪90年代以来，非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术由于可以避免传统体外循环手术所致损伤，有利于保护心肺功能，减少心律失常、低心输出量综合征、肺部及脑部等并发症，减少手术输血，已成为心脏外科医师探索的方向。而手术器械的改进和技术的提高使得在心脏跳动时进行血管吻合成为可能。不停跳冠脉旁路术（opcab）是多年来发展起来的新项目由于不在体外循环下手术减少了与体外循环相关的并发症故对于高龄重要脏器功能不良的患者是非常好的手术方式。心脏停跳搭桥和心脏不停跳搭桥的区别一、而心脏停跳搭桥是心脏停止跳动状态下的搭桥，需要体外循环。 心脏不停跳搭桥是心脏跳动下手术，固定器固定局部靶血管。二、非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术指征与传统体外循环搭桥术相同。特别是合并有体外循环禁忌证者，如曾发生过脑血管意外、血液系统疾病、肾功能衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等，则更适合在非体外循环下手术。禁忌证为大心脏、心肌桥、冠状动脉直径1.13mm、合并心内病变等。心脏不停跳搭桥的特点以往，冠心搭桥术在停跳的情况下治疗的，如今采用不停跳冠心搭桥术，有很多好处：不停跳冠心搭桥术不用体外循环，避免了因心肌缺血导致的再灌注损伤，使得心外科手术的风险降低；不停跳冠心搭桥术创伤小，术后康复快，能有效地减少各种并发症，如术后心肌梗死、心律失常发生率明显下降等：不停跳冠心搭桥术扩大了手术适应症，使一些伴有其他疾病的高龄冠心病患者同时也能接受不停跳冠心搭桥术。同时与传统的停跳的冠心搭桥术相比，患者住院时间缩短，同时也减轻了患者经济负担。适合心脏搭桥的人群左主干病变：按照国内外的指南，外科手术是左主干病变的首选。因为左主干一旦发生堵塞或再狭窄，可能会致命。为了缩小风险，最好选择搭桥。三支病变：病变血管较多，如果选择介入治疗，要放很多支架，这会使再狭窄、发生血栓的几率大大增高。而且，患者的经济负担也较重。伴有心功能不全：这类患者需要完全性的血运重建以促进缺血心肌的恢复，介入很难做到。伴有糖尿病的患者：普通支架对糖尿病患者的再狭窄率较高，而药物支架问世时间较短，还没有明确证据表明介入治疗会比搭桥有更好的疗效。冠心病心肌梗死后并发症患者：心室破裂、室间隔穿孔、二尖瓣关闭不全等都必须选择外科搭桥手术治疗。由于支架需要患者服用抗血小板药物，对此药物过敏的患者也应考虑搭桥手术。然而，如果患者有呼吸系统的疾病，接受全面麻醉可能会有危险，不适合接受常规体外循环搭桥，而应选择介入治疗。适合不停跳心脏搭桥的人群1、左主干病变。2、左主干加三支病变。3、急性心肌梗死6~8小时内，血管解剖适合接收冠脉搭桥术。4、性心肌梗死出现乳头肌断裂、心室游离壁决裂等并发症。5、急性心肌梗死出现顽固性心律失常，积极内科医疗无效，血管解剖适合接收冠脉搭桥术。6、PCI诊断或医疗出现夹层、心脏或血管决裂、心包填塞等择期冠状动脉旁路移植术(心脏搭桥手术)的适应症。7、累及左前降近端的大多数双支和三支血管病变。8、并有意义的瓣膜病、室壁瘤等病变。9、合并有糖尿病的多支血管病变。10、慢性完整闭塞的部分单支和双支病变。心脏搭桥手术风险心脏搭桥术涉及到绕行被堵塞的动脉以改善对心脏的血液和氧气供应，这类手术有可能会影响患者的记忆和心智功能，以至于大约有13的患者在手术五年后仍然表现于可被检测出的心智功能障碍。为了减少和降低危险性，必须使心脏搭桥术的嫁接段保持通畅，减少重复做心脏搭桥手术的需要。在刚做完心脏搭桥术的病人中，抑郁可引起手术第一年内三倍的心脏病危险。适应征：1、心绞痛严重而丧失工作能力，经内科系统治疗无效者。2、经冠状动脉造影检查，冠状动脉主干血管狭窄超过50%、分支血管管腔狭窄超过75%、狭窄远段血管管径在1.5mm以上并且通畅。　3、心肌梗死后，经冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉主干有明显狭窄者。4、心绞痛并发左心室壁瘤、室间隔缺损、瓣膜损害者。禁忌征：1、左心室功能低下，左心室射血分数小于0.2，左心室舒张末压大于3kPa(20mmHg)者。2、慢性心力衰竭、心肌病变严重，呈不可逆改变者。3、全身性疾病如严重糖尿病、高血压、肾功能或肺功能不全者。4、一般年过65岁者应慎重考虑。手术方式：1、升主动脉-冠状动脉-大隐静脉旁路移植术2、胸廓内动脉-冠状动脉旁路移植术美国前总统克林顿在纽约的一家医院成功地接受了心脏搭桥手术，媒体的连续报道使冠心病和搭桥手术成为人们关注的热点。记者从北京安贞医院了解到，冠心病全称为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病，如今已成为西方国家的第一号杀手，冠心病在中国的发生率也相当高，而且有逐步增高的趋势。冠状动脉搭桥术是如今国际上公认的治疗冠心病最有效的方法，已有三十多年的历史。北京的多家医院多年来广泛开展了冠脉搭桥手术，并积累了丰富的临床经验，取得了很好的效果。但是，大多数人对此手术并不十分了解，对手术存有或多或少的畏惧心理。安贞医院心外科专家黄方炯说，除去麻醉、体外循环等术前准备时间，医生搭一个“桥”只需要6—7分钟时间。许多患者在接受冠状动脉搭桥术后几天便能上下楼梯。若恢复良好，一周后便能上街。60%—70%的患者术后能保持十年的血管畅通。当然，他们同时更要注意合理饮食和适量运动。饮食习惯据医生介绍，冠心病是冠状动脉硬化使心脏的血液供应减少，因此，冠心病又称缺血性心脏病。当冠状动脉管腔狭窄超过50%-70%时，导致心肌供血不全，才出现明显症状：包括心绞痛、心律失常、急性心肌梗死、心室颤动和心脏骤停（猝死）。心外科专家临床发现，冠心病患者的饮食习惯是爱吃大鱼大肉、油炸食品，不爱吃粗粮蔬菜；口重、爱吃咸菜、炒菜猛放酱油；爱喝酒、吸烟及喝甜饮料。饮食建议医生建议，主食米面之外，适当搭配杂粮及豆类。瘦肉（包括鸡、鱼）每日2-3两，不吃或少吃肥肉，少吃动物内脏，但也不要绝对化，不时吃点肝还是有益的。做菜要用植物油，不用或少用动物油。青菜水果多吃有益，西红柿可以天天吃，但不要加太多糖，还有豆制品、花生米、核桃仁等也可常吃。少盐：虽然盐是每天不可少的，但如吃得过量则钠摄入过多，是高血压的一个危险因素。成人日摄入食盐5-6克就可保持正常需要。如今北京人日均食盐量在12克左右，所以大体上减半为好。虽然这并不是一个独立的发病因素，但盐过量是高血压的一个重要因素。市场上售的低钠盐是值得提倡的。控酒：喝酒过量有害，酒的热量高，烈酒不可常喝，黄酒、葡萄酒也要有节制地喝。饮料：最方便有益的饮料是白开水和茶，含糖多的饮料不可多喝。冠心病病情轻时仅在剧烈活动后出现心前区发闷，左臂或上腹部阵发性疼痛，即心绞痛。严重时就连吃饭、穿衣等轻微活动也受到限制，还可发生心肌梗死和猝死。一般来说，冠状动脉管狭窄低于50%时，对血流的影响不大，狭窄达到75%时就会明显影响血流的通畅而产生心绞痛。因此，凡是单支冠状动脉狭窄达75%或两支以上狭窄大于50%时，均需行冠状动脉搭桥手术，许多接受过冠脉成形治疗并在冠状动脉内安装支架的病人（俗称PTCA），一旦再发生心绞痛也需及时行搭桥手术。这样不但可以消除心绞痛，使病人能够正常生活和工作，而且还可以预防心肌梗死和猝死。冠状动脉搭桥手术是取一段位于腿部的自体大隐静脉或其他血管，在主动脉和冠状动脉堵塞病变的远端之间做一主动脉与冠状动脉的搭桥，从而使主动脉的血液通过移植的血管供应到冠状动脉的远端，以恢复相应心肌的血液供应，改善心肌缺血、缺氧状态，解除心绞痛等症状。简单地说，就是在冠状动脉狭窄的近端和远端之间建立一条通道，使血液绕过狭窄部位而达远端，利用的是自身的大隐静脉、乳内动脉、胃网膜右动脉、桡动脉、腹壁下动脉等。用大隐静脉搭桥手术损伤小些，相对简单，但远期效果比动脉搭桥差，适用于年龄大的病人。而用动脉搭桥损伤大，技术要求高，手术相对难一些，但远期效果较大隐静脉好，适用于年轻病人。一般情况下，80岁以上的老人可单独使用大隐静脉搭桥，55岁以上可考虑全用动脉搭桥，其他年龄可用一根乳内动脉加大隐静脉。手术通常在全身麻醉低温、体外循环、心脏停止跳动的情况下进行，一般需要2-3小时，简单的病例也可不用体外循环。冠脉搭桥手术效果立竿见影冠状动脉搭桥手术是一种非常复杂、病人损伤大的高难度手术。手术前必须做冠状动脉、左心室和乳内动脉造影检查，以明确冠状动脉狭窄的部位和程度，据此决定搭桥的数目和准确的位置。同时，还需要做超声心动图、心电图、血生化；肺、肝、肾功能及大小便常规等检查，了解全身各脏器的功能状况。手术前要严格控制感染，病人要练习腹式呼吸，停止使用阿司匹林等药物，避免精神过度紧张，这容易引起冠状动脉痉挛，产生心肌梗死而增加手术危险性。三十年的冠脉搭桥史已证实其对缓解心绞痛症状的有效性，用“立竿见影”来形容术后效果是最为恰当的。许多患者在接受冠状动脉搭桥术后几天便能上下楼梯。若恢复良好，一周后便能上街。术后1-2个月一般能胜任轻便工作。3-4个月后基本能复原。如今安贞医院已成功完成800多例这样的手术，成功率达98%。影响术后恢复的因素影响术后恢复好坏的一个重要因素是术前的心功能状况。冠心病患者只要有心绞痛症状就应尽早到医院就诊，以免因广泛心肌梗死、太多的心肌细胞坏死给手术后的恢复带来困难。许多患者关心的问题是心脏上搭的桥能维持多少年？一般认为，用静脉搭桥，其10年的通畅率约为60%-70%。而用动脉桥的远期通畅率会更好，但由于人体的动脉有限，而且有些动脉材料容易痉挛或者管腔太细，甚至动脉本身也有病变或狭窄，因此，并不是所有患者都适合采用动脉搭桥。“桥”需要时刻保护术后第一次运动要格外小心冠状动脉搭桥术后若不注意饮食结构的改善、不注意生活习惯调整、不注意长期合理用药，所搭的“桥”时刻会面临再堵的危险。术后早期以及后续恢复期应适当活动，这对于全身体力的恢复以及“桥”的通畅都是有益的。术后长期合理用药对保证“桥”的通畅至关重要。术后应保持平稳的血压，血压过高会增加心脏的负担，而血压偏低又妨碍桥内血液的通畅。若没有抗凝禁忌，应尽可能延长服用阿司匹林和潘生丁的时间。一般认为至少要服一年，这样可不同程度地防止“桥”内血栓形成，从而防止“桥”的堵塞。专家强调，搭桥手术后患者第一次从事体育运动时必须测量脉搏，运动要严格按运动处方进行，既不“保守”也不“激进”。同时，要循序渐进，持之以恒。活动前要做好准备活动，避免运动突然开始或突然停止。如果在运动中出现胸闷、胸痛、憋气、头晕、心跳加快等不适症状，应立即停止活动，并及时到医院就诊。患者随身携带硝酸甘油等急救药品，出现心绞痛症状时可及时使用。饭前饭后不要立即运动。阴雨天、闷热或寒冷天气时，应减少活动量或暂停活动。运动后应休息20分钟后进行温水淋浴。专家特别提醒，体育运动不能完全取代药物治疗，除了改变生活方式和饮食习惯外，不能自行变更心脏病药物的使用剂量或方法。当然，保证情绪的稳定也很重要。另外，“桥”的通畅性尚需监测，患者术后应定期到医院复查，如做心电图、同位素甚至于冠状动脉造影，以便尽早发现可能出现的问题。总之，“桥”的通畅性同患者自己的精心、用心和大夫的关心是密不可分的。锻炼方式最初可以在室内和房子周围走动，走动时要扶着东西。然后，感觉没有困难时，可以开始散步，这是一个很好而且有效的锻炼方法，这个方法可以改善血液循环，增加肌肉和骨骼的力量，开始行走的速度、步伐以感觉舒适为标准。以后，逐渐加快步伐。以增加心率和呼吸频率，可以每天三次，每次五分钟，从舒适的散步开始，然后逐渐增加散步的时间和距离，以自己能够耐受为准，一天多散步几次，比一次长距离散步更有益一些，坚持每天散步，并且把每天的散步距离逐渐增加，只要能够耐受，可以慢慢的上楼梯，上小山坡，在运动和锻炼的过程中，如果出现胸疼，就应立即停止，出现气短、哮喘和疲劳，也应立刻停止，如果这些症状消失了，可以较慢地速度继续活动，然后逐日增加。在完全恢复体力之前，疲劳是不可避免的，活动时您会感到自己的心脏跳动非常强,但只要心跳规则不特别快，这是正常的，不要有顾虑。少数情况下，有人感到心脏突然失控或跳数过快，可能感到轻度头晕、乏力、脉搏不规则，如果有以上情况，请和你的医生联系。 以下是训练推荐。第一个星期(第一周)：每天二次，每次五分钟散步。第二个星期(第二周)：每天二次，每次十分钟散步。第三个星期(第三周)：每天二次，每次二十分钟散步。第四个星期(第四周)：应该增加到每天散步一公里。在冬季或炎热的夏天，可能无法在户外散步，如果这样，你可以租用或买一个室内自行车或健身器，每天锻炼二次，每次30分钟，可以代替你在户外的运动，你可以在你的慢步机(健身器)上慢步。心脏搭桥与支架介入之利弊心导管支架介入是如今治疗冠心病一项很时髦的方法，广东省人民医院心导管专家陈纪言主任及中山一院杜志民教授就冠心病治疗中的几种方法进行了一番比较。两位专家介绍，治疗冠心病主要有药物治疗、手术及支架介入三种方式，三种方式各有长短。服药并不能改变血管狭窄的状况，但药物仍是冠心病治疗的基础及重要手段。过去在心脏血管发生严重狭窄的情况下，就要考虑做心脏搭桥手术。而如今当冠状动脉血管存在严重狭窄（70%以上）或闭塞的时候，可以考虑支架介入治疗。优势：心脏搭桥手术是场“大仗”，可以解决严重的冠状动脉病变，但需要全身麻醉，气管插管，体外循环，手术时间长，住院时间长。而支架介入治疗只需局部麻醉，只要在大腿股动脉穿刺即可。一位刚刚进行介入治疗两天的中年男性已经行动自如，他说：“手术时和医生聊着天就过去了，全部时间大约一个小时左右。明天就出院了。”当然，并不是所有冠心病患者都适宜进行支架介入，杜教授说，血管弯曲、完全闭塞，分叉口、左主干狭窄做介入就比较困难。支架介入也存在自身的缺点，比如说再狭窄的问题。陈纪言主任告诉记者，介入治疗有三个里程碑。第一个是气囊扩张技术，其血管再狭窄率达30%～40%；第二个就是普通支架，它的早期成功率高，引起并发症的几率低，而且简单易行，效果突出，但缺点是，在六个月的周期时，差不多有30%的再狭窄率；第三个就是涂药支架技术，将再狭窄率降到了5%左右。劣势：介入治疗的再狭窄原因，是脂肪沉淀物的再次堆积或者是动脉血管壁伤口处组织细胞的过度生长。涂药支架就是在支架上涂抹适当药物来达到防止细胞再生的目的，所携带的药物能够维持一个月的时间，术后第一个月正是细胞生长的时间窗，此时内控制细胞的生长，再狭窄的可能就很微小。陈主任建议，再狭窄的高危人群最好选择涂药支架（CYPHER）。易发生再狭窄的高危人群是指有糖尿病、小血管（血管内直径小于等于2.5毫米）、长段狭窄及血管开口、分叉地方狭窄的人。总体注意方面“心脏搭桥”是治疗冠心病的理想治疗方法，心脏搭桥后患者康复中应注意哪些事项呢？1、伤口勤护理2、科学安排饮食3、少量饮酒和严禁吸烟4、多多休息5、适当参加活动6、注意记忆力和视力的改变7、注意心理的负面影响8、术后不可拨火罐。已经有人因为这样导致支架被吸倒了而死亡。心脏搭桥术后护理须知1、伤口勤护理：心脏搭桥术的胸部切口不同于普通外科切口，不仅要切开皮肤，而且还要锯开胸骨。胸骨的愈合时间至少需要6个月，如果是老年人则时间更长，所以必须细心护理伤口。出院时伤口处有轻微的发红、疼痛、肿胀，有时甚至会持续几个月，这是正常现象。回家后要经常检查伤口，若发现有感染迹象（如红肿疼痛较剧烈，有脓液流出），应及时去医院检查。伤口处每日要用清水或抗菌皂冲洗，渗液区域要用无菌敷料覆盖。术后脚踝部可能会肿胀数星期，可以穿弹力袜或在休息时将患肢抬高，以减轻肿胀。回家后可以淋浴，用水或用抗菌皂轻轻擦拭伤口，但不宜用护肤油、爽身粉等涂伤口，以免引起伤口感染；出院2星期后才能泡澡。2、科学安排饮食：手术后早期胃口可能不好，但一般会逐步改善。良好的膳食对于伤口愈合和身体健康是必不可少的。每天应保证摄入适量的水果和蔬菜，多吃蛋白质含量高的食物（如肉类、蛋类等）和含不饱和脂肪酸的食物（如玉米油、橄榄油、芝麻油、葵花子油、杏仁等），少吃饱和脂肪酸含量高的食物（如巧克力、动物油、黄油、椰子油、棕榈油、奶油、蛋黄等）。3、少量饮酒和严禁吸烟：术后应少量饮酒，最好不饮酒，必需社交者每天不能多于50亳升。在服用镇痛药、镇静剂和催眠药物时，不宜饮用含酒精的饮料。吸烟可以收缩血管、增快心率、升高血压，是导致心脏病的重要危险因素，长期吸烟还可损害肺脏，故应严禁吸烟。4、多多休息：在术后4～6星期的恢复期内，要多休息，每天要保证8～10小时睡眠。所有活动应该安排在充足睡眠之后，活动量以不感觉劳累为宜。客人来访虽然能调节情绪，但出院后2星期内应尽量减少，以避免劳心费神。出院6星期内前可参加一些轻度的活动，如玩纸牌、看电影、做针线活等，6星期后可参加游泳、打保龄球等娱乐活动。5、适当参加运动：出院后，可制定一个切实可行的运动计划。开始时运动量不宜过大，要循序渐进。先可早晚各散步10分钟，数天后逐步提高速度，并延长距离。2星期后能用20分钟走完1公里，6星期后用40分钟能走完2公里。如果不能达到上述目标，可慢慢增加运动量。在增加运动量过程中，若有轻微头痛、身体不适、疲劳、出汗、全身酸痛等症状是正常现象；随着时间的推移，上述症状会逐步改善。若在运动（如散步、游泳、骑自行车等）时心绞痛发作，应立即舌下含服硝酸甘油。若含化2～3片硝酸甘油后仍不缓解，或伴有气急、大汗、疼痛超过15分钟，应尽快到医院就诊。夏天锻炼时宜选择在早晨或傍晚天气凉爽时，冬天可选择在体育馆内。上楼是一种中、重度体力活动，家住楼上的患者，可以自行缓慢上楼。一旦出现气急、乏力等症状，表明心脏供血供氧不足，应立即就地休息，以后可改为上几层楼梯休息一下的方法。当感到自己精力充沛时，可以做一些轻微的家务，如打扫卫生、做饭、洗菜等。要避免抬举重物，如搬家具、擦地板、举重物等，因为抬过重的物体会造成对胸骨的过度牵拉，引起疼痛，甚至损伤胸骨愈合过程中产生的“骨痂”。术后4～6星期内避免牵拉胸部的动作，包括抱小孩、手提箱子、用力旋瓶盖、推移重物、开车等。6、注意自己记忆力和视力的改变：手术中使用人工心肺机等装置易引起大脑轻微缺氧损害，所以手术后还可能会出现记忆力暂时下降、注意力不集中。但这种情况并不多见，通常在几星期内可以恢复正常。术后一般都有轻微的视力改变，但6个月后都能恢复至术前视力。因此，患者刚动完手术若出现视力下降不必急于配戴眼镜。", "颅面部介入诊断学 《颅面部介入诊断学》定名为《口腔医学精粹》，是为了鞭策和督促编写者们能尽最大努力做到精心选材、精心构思、精心组织和精心撰写。但也应当看到，“精粹”的东西毕竟是少数，不可能字字精、段段新，为了书籍的完整性，也不可能只介绍新的理论和技术，而丝毫不涉及传统的、经典的理论和技术。读者阅读后如果能感觉到有一些（或不少）新鲜的东西，目的就应该达到了。 由于这是一种尝试，肯定还有不足甚至错误之处，还望读者不吝赐教，以便再版时更正。 任何书籍往往在出版之后感到尚遗留有不少遗憾，我想《颅面部介入诊断学》同样如此，只望遗憾愈少愈好。 在构思出版本丛书时，恰逢上海市口腔临床医学中心在上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院成立（2001）。愿以本丛书的出版作为这一中心建设的考绩，也希望它能有益于临床口腔医务人员业务水平的提高，以造福于广大口腔颌面疾病患者。作者：范新东 (编者), 毛青 (编者) 出版社: 中国出版集团公司，世界图书出版公司； 第1版 (2011年6月1日) 外文书名: Interventional Extracranial Radiology 丛书名: 口腔医学精粹丛书 精装: 253页 正文语种: 简体中文 开本: 16 ISBN: 9787510032325 条形码: 9787510032325 产品尺寸及重量: 28 x 21.2 x 2.4 cm ； 1.1 Kg《颅面部介入诊断学》定名为《口腔医学精粹》，是为了鞭策和督促编写者们能尽最大努力做到精心选材、精心构思、精心组织和精心撰写。但也应当看到，“精粹”的东西毕竟是少数，不可能字字精、段段新，为了书籍的完整性，也不可能只介绍新的理论和技术，而丝毫不涉及传统的、经典的理论和技术。读者阅读后如果能感觉到有一些（或不少）新鲜的东西，目的就应该达到了。 由于这是一种尝试，肯定还有不足甚至错误之处，还望读者不吝赐教，以便再版时更正。 任何书籍往往在出版之后感到尚遗留有不少遗憾，我想《颅面部介入诊断学》同样如此，只望遗憾愈少愈好。 在构思出版本丛书时，恰逢上海市口腔临床医学中心在上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院成立（2001）。愿以本丛书的出版作为这一中心建设的考绩，也希望它能有益于临床口腔医务人员业务水平的提高，以造福于广大口腔颌面疾病患者。《颅面部介入诊断学》是“十一五”国家重点图书出版规划项目之一。第一章 概述 第一节 发展史 第二节 一般原则 第三节 麻醉、监护及监视设备 第四节 肝素化 第五节 插管技术 一、动脉穿刺和血管造影 二、微导管技术 第二章 颅面部血管内治疗的应用解剖 第一节 颈总动脉 一、颈段颈总动脉的毗邻关系 二、颈总动脉的解剖变异 三、颈总动脉的侧支循环 四、颈总动脉的分支 第二节 颈内动脉 一、颈内动脉颈段 二、岩骨段颈内动脉 三、颈内动脉海绵窦段 四、颈内动脉脑段 第三节 颈外动脉 一、甲状腺上动脉 二、舌动脉 三、面动脉 四、咽升动脉 五、枕动脉 六、颌内动脉 七、颞浅动脉 八、耳后动脉 九、脑膜的血供 第四节 椎动脉 一、椎动脉的颅外分支 二、椎动脉的颅内分支 三、椎动脉的变异 第五节 甲状颈干的应用解剖 第六节 “危险”血管和“危险”吻合 第三章 颅面部介入材料学 第一节 输送材料 一、穿刺针 二、导管鞘 三、造影导管 四、导丝 五、导引导管（Guidingcatheter） 六、微导管 七、微导丝 八、其他辅助用品 第二节 栓塞材料 一、栓塞材料分类 二、颗粒（微粒） 三、弹簧圈（coil） 四、可脱性球囊 五、液体栓塞剂 第四章 颅面部介入常用的诊疗技术 第一节 颈动脉血管造影术 第二节 微导管（Direct microcatheter）插管技术 一、导引导管置位及灌注与灌注系统的建立 二、导引微导管（Direct microcatheter）插管技术 三、漂浮微导管（Flow directed microcatheter）插管技术 第三节 经导管动脉栓塞术 第四节 NBCA栓塞技术 一、微导管置位 二、超选择性血管造影 三、注射NBCA技术 第五节 无水乙醇介入栓塞技术 第六节 颞浅动脉逆行插管栓塞术 第七节 暴露结扎颈外动脉后穿刺插管栓塞术 第八节 颏孔径路静脉栓塞技术 第九节 股静脉径路下牙槽静脉栓塞技术 第十节 经皮直接穿刺栓塞技术 第十一节 可脱球囊栓塞技术 一、穿刺插管基本工具 二、栓塞材料 第十二节 颈动脉血管内支架术 第十三节 弹簧圈脱卸技术 第十四节 经导管动脉内药物灌注术 第十五节 颞浅动脉逆行插管化疗 第五章 颅面部软组织动静脉畸形 第一节 概述 一、发病情况 二、临床表现 三、组织病理学特征 四、发病机制 五、动静脉畸形的治疗 第二节 头皮动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、治疗方式选择 四、介入栓塞技术 五、疗效评估和注意事项 六、并发症及其处理 第三节 额部、眼睑和鼻背部的动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、治疗方式选择 四、介入栓塞技术 五、疗效评估和注意事项 六、并发症及其处理 第四节 耳部动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、治疗方式选择 四、介入栓塞技术 五、疗效评估和注意事项 六、并发症及其处理 第五节 面颊及唇部动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、治疗方式选择 四、介入栓塞技术 五、疗效评估和注意事项 六、并发症及其处理 第六节 口底、舌根和咽侧壁动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、治疗方式选择 四、介入栓塞技术 五、疗效评估和注意事项 六、并发症及其处理 第六章 颌骨高流速血管畸形 第一节 概述 第二节 下颌骨动静脉畸形 一、临床表现 二、影像学表现 三、下颌骨动静脉畸形的介入治疗 四、介入栓塞的疗效评估 五、并发症及其处理 六、下颌骨动静脉畸形介入治疗常见的误区 第七章 颈外动脉结扎后颅面部动静脉畸形的介入治疗 第八章 颈动脉假性动脉瘤 第九章 颅面部高血循肿瘤的辅助性介入栓塞 第十章 颅面部动静脉瘘 第十一章 头颅部恶性肿瘤的动脉灌注化疗 第十二章 颅面部静脉畸形的介入硬化治疗 第十三章 颈动脉阻断耐受性评估", "鼻炎治疗的最佳阶段 海南耳鼻喉医院提倡全新服务理念,为患者创造舒适就医环境。将患者利益放在首位,充分尊重患者的人格尊严、个人隐私与知情同意权。实行\"一医、一患、一诊室\"充分体现对患者的尊重、理解和关怀。为患者就诊提供最大方便,实行\"无假日门诊\",失眠内科专家轮流坐诊,保证从周一到周日患者都能享受最高质量专家服务。 南京机关医院耳鼻喉提倡全新服务理念,为患者创造舒适就医环境。将患者利益放在首位,充分尊重患者的人格尊严、个人隐私与知情同意权。实行\"一医、一患、一诊室\"充分体现对患者的尊重、理解和关怀。为患者就诊提供最大方便,实行\"无假日门诊\",失眠内科专家轮流坐诊,保证从周一到周日患者都能享受最高质量专家服务。 鼻炎治疗的最佳时期？海南耳鼻喉医院科专家表示:我院采用\" 美国dnr 40℃低温等离子无创康复术\",开辟鼻炎治疗无创时代。患者可随时来我院治疗。有了这个技术、设备打破了鼻炎治疗有最佳治疗期的神话。 专家提醒:鼻炎的治疗千万不要错过最佳时期--早发现、早治疗效果更佳 我院的耳鼻喉科专家说,不管是什么病,越早治疗越好。鼻炎同其他的疾病一样,早发现早治疗。生活中有很多人发现自己患有鼻炎,但是迟迟不去治疗,或是治疗过一次两次效果不好,也就作罢不再治疗,人气自生自灭,其实这是不对的,这样只会使您的症状一步步加深,错过鼻炎治疗的最佳时期。 治疗一般的慢性鼻炎,我院采用\"美国dnr 40℃低温等离子无创康复术\",在智能内窥镜下,运用等离子低温射频对鼻部炎症进行的的低温消融,治疗过程短,无需住院。治疗过敏性鼻炎采用筛前神经联合阻断术,通过低温等离子对筛前神经和蝶腭神经同时进行阻断,降低鼻腔黏膜及粘膜下组织副交感神经的兴奋度,达到彻底治疗目的。 鼻炎治疗的最佳时期？教您三招呵护鼻子的健康: 一、擤鼻涕的正确手法:有鼻涕需清除时,切忌用强力两侧同时猛擤的做法,宜以轻柔手法,先擤一侧再擤另侧,以防因反作用致鼻涕进入咽鼓管和鼓室,继发急性中耳炎。 二、洗脸用冷水:无论何季节,提倡洗脸均用冷水,并每日用食指在鼻翼外侧\"迎香\"穴位及鼻腔周围皮肤作数十次以上的来回按摩,以改善鼻内血液循环,提高抗冷御寒能力,减少伤风,适当运动,增强体质,有利于鼻炎、鼻窦炎的早日康复。 三、经常清洁鼻腔远离鼻部疾病:专家介绍,刷牙洗脸是人们日常生活中必不可少的卫生习惯,而鼻子的清洁往往容易被人们忽视,成为被遗忘的\"角落\"。其实,鼻子是顺畅呼吸的第一器官,最易受到细菌的感染,一定保护鼻腔的清洁,能够远离鼻部疾病。 我院的特色疗法:美国dnr 40℃低温等离子无创康复术,开辟鼻炎治疗无创时代 美国dnr 40℃无创康复术利用等离子高频产生的能量迅速分解蛋白,特别是针对鼻炎的治疗,在局部病灶消融、凝固、止血方面具有独创性。其治疗主要是利用电极发出等离子高频离子电流,使病变组织升温,达到40℃,水分蒸发,蛋白变性坏死,快速有效杀死病变组织细胞,使周围的血管组织收缩封闭、凝固,通过不同的手术方法及配合治疗,可有效治疗各类鼻炎。美国dnr 40℃低温等离子无创康复术具有以下几个优点: 1、无须住院,随治随走,不影响饮食。 2、精确治疗,无药物依赖,无副作用:通过内窥镜辅助,能充分而精确地缩小肥厚的鼻甲组织；无需药物辅助治疗,避免了对药物的依赖性以及毒副作用。 3、无创治疗,不损伤正常组织,不复发:手术过程利用低温消融技术,对鼻部正常组织损伤降低为0,且治疗彻底,复发可能性极低。 4、不开刀,时间短、见效快,无痛出血少:通过低温等离子瞬间对引起鼻炎的增生组织进行消融,无痛,术中出血量极少。术后即刻见效,2-4周可彻底康复。 为了患者的方便就医海南解放军187医院耳鼻喉诊疗中心已开通网上业务,患者可以在网上免费咨询专家了解病情也可以拔打咨询热线0898-进行了解。", "十三届亚太整形美容国际会议 首届自体脂肪（干细胞）移植首届面部微创抗衰老首届国际整形美容人才交流会议举办主办单位：广和尹医生整形亚太美容外科学会（APACS）中国医师协会美容整形医师分会承办单位：香港君焯医疗管理顾问有限公司深圳市君焯信息咨询有限公司会议时间：2012.10.27-28会议地点：深圳市华侨城威尼斯酒店（五星）。首届自体脂肪（干细胞）移植 首届面部微创抗衰老 首届国际整形美容人才交流主办单位： 广和尹医生整形 亚太美容外科学会（APACS） 中国医师协会美容 整形医师分会 承办单位： 深圳市君焯信息咨询有限公司 会议时间：2012.10.27-28 会议地点：深圳市华侨城威尼斯酒店（五星）大会主席：尹卫民 上海医科大学整形美容外科硕士； 南方医科大学整形美容外科博士； 亚太美容外科学会会长（APACS）大中国区理事长； 亚州美容外科学会会员（ASACS）； 日本美容外科学会会员（JSAS）； 东南美容专修学院教授； 中国医师协会美容与整形医师分会委员； 中华医学会医学美学与美容学分会，学科建设组成员； 第七届中国医师协会美容与整形大会“中国优秀医师奖 名誉主席：李世荣 中国医师协会常务理事 中国整形美容协会常务理事 中国医师协会美容与整形医师分会会长 泛亚洲太平洋地区面部整形美容外科学会中国主席 亚太整形外科学会主席：Cora Collantes-JoseDr.David Daehwan Park M.D 韩国 不满意上睑的原因分析与矫正 Dr.Kamol Wattanakrai Dr 泰国 重睑过高或者不平整的矫正技巧 陆峰博士 中国 SVF辅助自体脂肪注射移植提高成活率的临床研究 Dr.Kotaro Yoshimura 日本 自体脂肪干细胞注射移植隆乳 尹卫民 博士 中国 自体脂肪注射的关键步骤讨论 Dr.Donald Ng 新加波 自体脂肪干细胞注射移植隆乳术 Dr.Teresita Ferrariz 菲律宾 PRP及PRP在皮肤年轻化中的应用 Dr.Corazon Collantes-Jose M.D 菲律宾 应用Tumescent技术结合注射器吸脂的面部提升术 Dr.Tsutomu Mizuno 日本 利用颞筋膜瓣的下眼睑睑缘增厚（“卧蚕”）术 Dr.John Cenica 菲律宾 不同静脉曲张的硬化治疗Dr.Young Sil Kim M.D 韩国 面部轮廓的重塑：悬吊术和脂肪移植术 Dr.Agnes Espinoza-Thaebtharm M.D 菲律宾 离心或不离心处理自体游离脂肪移植于手背的超生对比研究 Dr.Nikolay Serdev M.D 保加利亚 Serdev Suture Lift（21种缝线悬吊技术） 眼部整形特别讨论 郝治华博士 中国台湾 自体脂肪移植的细胞生物学 赵正博士 杨乐桐博士 中国 亚洲人复方左旋肉碱溶脂60例报告黄金龙博士 中国 新兴的除皱方法：脂肪干细胞局部注射应用研究 Dr.Mantack Ro.M.D 韩国 如何提高吸脂术的效率和效果 Dr.Jungwoon kang M.D 韩国 脂肪移植长期存活的长期随访观察病例报告 王志军教授 中国 无痕的腰腹部环形吸脂术；大量脂肪颗粒移植丰乳术 Dr.John Cenica 菲律宾 不同静脉曲张的硬化治疗 Dr.Jungho Kwon M.D 韩国 射频经皮选择性神经切除治疗严重皱眉（皱纹） 战长蔚博士中国 自体干细胞培养后的脂肪移植隆乳术 宋建星博士中国 中国注射美容现状与本人6年的经验总结 Dr. Jaeho Ha M.D 韩国 自体组织瓣的鼻件整形 吴溯帆博士中国 皮肤充填剂的临床应用与并发症的诊断与治疗 Dr.Konrad Aguila 菲律宾 应用自体耳软骨的鼻整形术 董帆教授 中国 利用乳晕双三角真皮瓣充填行重度乳头凹陷矫正术 Dr.Raynald Torres 菲律宾 聚四氟乙烯假体与自体耳软骨隆鼻的个人体会 Dr.Vincent Ray-Ran Lao 菲律宾 CO2 激光皮肤年轻化治疗 李勤博士 中国 联合应用激光与注射方法的面部年轻化 于国东 中国 WAKIKI技术在眼部美容手术中的应用 Dr.InDr InBae Kim M.D 韩国 韩国老年人的面部除皱术 杨东运博士 中国 保留部分疤痕组织的改良瘢痕切除术 Dr.Leonardo Abogado M.D 菲律宾 乳头乳晕重建战长蔚（中国） 日本京都大学医学部整形美容博士 日本美容外科学会会员 独创多点式微创除皱技法，比常规拉皮除皱方法康复时间缩短一半，除皱成效立竿见影 曾为武汉多位影视明星实施面部除皱，被称为“缔造明星的明星” 重庆天妃整形美容医院名誉院长 四川米兰美容外科医院特邀专家 王志军（中国） 美莱医学美容华南旗舰院吸脂专家 云南华美美莱美容医院专家团队成员 日本美容外科学会会员 亚洲太平洋美容外科学会委员 国际美容外科学会中国事务局局长 世界抽脂外科学会中国事务局局长 国际美容外科学会医师训练中心教授 南京中西医结合学会医学美容专业委员会秘书 董帆（中国） 日本美容外科学会会员 日本美容外科学会会员中国学术联络人 中国保健科技学会医学美容教育家协会常务理事 上海中华医学会整形外科专业会员 上海中华医学整形与美容学会会员 吴溯帆（中国） 中华医学会整形外科学分会委员 中华医学会医学美学与美容学分会委员 中华医学会激光医学分会委员 中国医师协会美容与整形分会常务委员 中国康复医学会修复重建委员会委员 浙江省医学会整形外科学分会主任委员 国际美容外科协会（ISAPS）会员 宋建星（中国） 国际重建美容整形外科学会会 中华医学会整形外科学会委员 全军显微外科专业委员会委员 澳大利亚整形美容外科学会委员 香港医学美容医生学院理事会理事 中国医师协会美容与整形医师分会常委 中华医学会上海整形外科学会委员兼秘书 中华医学会医学美学与美容学会美容专业委员 李勤（中国） 云南华美美莱美容医院专家团队成员 广州军区总医院激光整形中心主任 全军整形外科专业委员会常委 广州军区整形外科专业委员会主任委员 广东省中西医结合学会医学美容专业委员会副主任委员 中国修复重建外科专业委员会委员 中国美容与整形医师分会全国委员 广东省医学美容学分会副主任委员 广东省整形外科学分会常委 郝治华（中国台湾） 台湾著名消脂减肥专家 世界消脂协会中国事务局局长 台湾美容医学会秘书长 Corazon Collanes-Jose M.B Philippine Young Sil Kim M.D PH.D Korea Kotaro Yoshimura Japan Donald Ng M.B Singapore", "枕髁 枕髁位于枕骨（后脑垫枕处）大孔两侧，舌下神经管位于枕髁中后1/3处。本词条由“科普中国”百科科学词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。 解剖结构 枕骨 位于颅的后下方，呈瓢状，中央的大孔称枕骨大孔，颅腔与椎管经孔相通。枕骨大孔的前方为基底部，两侧为侧部，后方为枕鳞。基底部向前上与蝶骨体相接。侧部的外面有卵圆形隆凸称枕髁与寰椎组成寰枕关节。髁的上方有舌下神经管，有舌下神经通过。枕鳞组成颅后窝的下部，它的外面正中的后下方有枕外隆凸，由此向两侧延伸为上项线，这里是斜方肌附着处。 颅骨为组成脑颅腔的骨骼，由额骨、枕骨、蝶骨、筛骨和成对的顶骨、颞骨相互连接而成。颅骨以枕外粗隆、上项线、乳突根部、颞下线、眶上缘之间的连线分成颅盖和颅底两部分。颅盖是膜化骨，颅底是软骨化骨。 颅骨内骨板有骨膜被覆，为硬脑膜外层。内骨膜在颅盖部分与内骨板结合不紧密而在颅底时结合紧密，因此外伤引起颅骨骨折时在颅盖部分多出现硬膜外血肿，而在颅底多为硬脑膜撕裂而产生脑脊液漏。 颅盖骨由内、外骨板和两者间的骨松质(板障)构成，具有一定弹力，因此在遭受打击时，可以损伤其深面的脑而不发生骨折。由较厚肌保护的颅骨与其他部分相比较薄。 颅盖外面外骨板可见锯齿状骨缝，其中冠状缝把额骨与两顶骨分开，矢状缝在正中线上分开两侧的顶骨，人字缝将枕骨与顶骨、颞骨分开，鳞状缝将颞鳞与顶骨、蝶骨大翼分开。约有8%的人，在正中线上两额骨之间有一额缝，其他人约在5岁时此缝即愈合。偶尔在顶骨与枕骨之间有一分离的骨化小区称缝间骨(Worm骨)，这有可能引起放射线学上的误诊。 颅盖内面由于颅内组织压迫而凹凸不平，在正中线有矢状窦沟，在两侧有树枝状的脑膜中动、静脉压迹。 颅盖骨板障是成人骨髂中始终保持红骨髓的地方之一。在板障中有树状或网状的血管分支，即板障静脉，其壁由海绵骨质构成并衬以内皮，管径不能缩小，所以外伤或手术时出血严重，需用特殊止血法。颅盖骨板障共有额、枕、颞前和颞后4对板障静脉，之间有分支吻合成网。颅盖骨内尚有导静脉(即导血管)，是穿过颅骨直接连接颅内各静脉窦与颅外静脉的静脉，其中也有与大脑表面浅静脉相连。导静脉也可以起自板障静脉而与颅外静脉相连。导静脉内无瓣膜。 人字缝尖是人字缝与矢状缝的连接点(婴儿的后囟)。囟点是矢状缝与冠状缝的连接点(婴儿的前囟)。骨缝在颅盖内侧面呈直线状。初生时呈四边形的前囟和呈三角形的后囟都相当大。正常前囟在1～2岁时才关闭。关闭之前，可在正中线上经前囟穿刺至深部的上矢状窦进行采血，或将针斜插到侧脑室内抽取脑脊液。在囟门未闭合时，脑易遭到外力损伤。所以要小心保护这些地方，尤其是其中最大的前囟。初生儿的面颅与脑颅之比要比成人的小，因为牙发育未全和鼻窦尚未发育。 影像解剖 枕骨颏顶位：整个颅底影呈类圆形，最前突出部分为鼻部及上牙槽，稍后为颏部及额面部结构的重叠影像，其两旁为颧骨弓。鼻中隔与筛骨垂直板相续并位于中线前部，两旁结构对称。中部的透亮影为蝶窦及鼻后孔，其后为蝶骨体部。蝶窦的透亮影明显，窦壁清晰，两侧壁旁紧邻磨牙，呈人字形的致密影为翼突内、外板。翼突板的后方有卵圆孔，后外方较小呈圆形者为棘孔。颞骨岩部呈八字形致密影，位于枕骨大孔的前外方，左右对称呈轴位影像。岩骨前缘颈内动脉管外口呈圆形透亮影，岩尖部不规则透亮影为破裂孔，由岩尖部、蝶骨与枕骨共同围成。岩骨中部有内、外耳道及耳蜗、半规管，内耳道开口于岩骨后侧中部，呈一较短的横行管状透亮影。颏顶位后部枕大孔显影清晰，寰椎显影于枕大孔周围，其中前弓显示清晰，枢椎齿状突投影于枕骨大孔中央。 额枕位：即Towne位，主要用于观察枕骨鳞部、顶骨后部、枕大孔及部分颞骨岩部，颅盖骨上的人字缝、冠状缝及矢状缝显示清晰。中部显示完整的枕骨鳞部，其中央十字形稍致密影为枕内粗隆，两侧为横窦影，上、下分别为上矢状窦和枕窦。蝶鞍鞍背和后床突显示于枕骨大孔中央。从枕骨大孔两侧斜向外上方的致密影为颞骨岩部，其外上方透亮影为鼓窦。岩骨嵴内上缘横行短管状透亮影为内耳道开口。 蝶鞍侧位： 蝶鞍的形态。根据前后径与深径的比例关系蝶鞍可分为卵圆型、扁平型和圆型3种类型，前两者前后径大于深径，后者前后径与深径大致相等。儿童多为圆形，成人多为卵圆形。", "阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征简称osas,是由于某些原因而致上呼吸道阻塞,睡眠时有呼吸暂停,伴有缺氧、鼾声、白天嗜睡等症状的一种较复杂的疾病。好发于肥胖、老年人。上呼吸道任何一个部位的阻塞性病变都可致osas。 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstr ctivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,osahs)是一种病因十分复杂而又尚未完全阐明的病理状态,属睡眠中呼吸调节紊乱。这种病理状态不仅有睡眠打鼾(snoring)和日间极度嗜睡(excessivedaytimesleepiness,eds),还由于低通气或呼吸暂停引起反复发作的低氧高碳酸血症,可导致心肺和其他重要生命器官并发症,甚至发生猝死。因此osahs是一种有潜在致死性的睡眠呼吸紊乱性疾病。 睡眠呼吸暂停的定义是睡眠中口鼻气流中止超过10s以上。根据呼吸暂停的不同原因和表现分为: ①阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停,即在睡眠中因上气道阻塞引起呼吸暂停,表现为口鼻腔气流停止而胸腹呼吸动作尚存在。 ②中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停,即口鼻腔气流和胸腹呼吸动作同时停止。 ③混合性睡眠呼吸暂停,即上述两者并存,以中枢性呼吸暂停开始,继之表现为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停。睡眠中潮气量减小,即呼吸气流降低超过正常气流强度的50%以上,伴血氧饱和度下降4%以上称为呼吸不全或低通气(hypopnea)。 目前国际上多数学者认为osahs的定义是:睡眠时口鼻气流停止≥10s,每小时呼吸暂停加低通气5次以上,即睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(respiratorydist rbanceindex,rdi)5,或每晚7h呼吸暂停加呼吸低通气达30次以上者。 osahs的患病率在1%~4%,65岁以上患病率高达20%~40%,男性发病明显高于女性,约5∶1。osahs的直接发病机制是上气道的狭窄和阻塞,但osahs的发病并非简单的气道阻塞,还有呼吸中枢神经调节因素障碍。引起上气道狭窄和阻塞的原因很多,包括鼻中隔弯曲、息肉、鼻甲肥大、扁桃体肥大、扁桃体增生、软腭过长、腭弓低平、下颌弓狭窄、下颌后缩畸形、小颌畸形、颞下颌关节强直,尤其是两侧关节强直继发的小颌畸形,舌体肥大、巨舌症,舌骨后移等。此外,肥胖、上气道组织黏液性水肿,以及口咽或下咽部肿瘤等也均可导致osahs。其病理解剖部位可在整个上气道,但以口咽部最为多见。应用多导睡眠图仪检查(polysomnograph,psg)发现,osahs患者睡眠中颏舌肌肌电活动下降,睡眠时咽肌活动突然消失,造成气道上部狭窄,甚至突然闭塞。由于呼吸暂停,使肺泡血气交换障碍,造成低氧血症和高碳酸血症,由此诱发一系列全身症状,严重者血氧饱和度常在50%以下,动脉氧分压仅在3.73kpa(28mmhg)以下,这些可导致患者在睡眠中猝死。关于osahs的真正病因和发病机制,还待进一步研究。 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(osa)的发病主要是由于上气道解剖上的狭窄和呼吸控制功能失调而造成。咽气道缺少骨性结构的支持,是一种肌肉组成的软性管道,具有可塌陷性。引起咽气道关闭的主要力量是咽气道内的负压,它由膈肌及其他呼吸肌在吸气时的收缩运动产生；以颏舌肌为主的咽扩张肌的活动是对抗咽腔内负压、维持上气道开放的主要力量。研究发现,osa患者在睡眠时呼吸中枢驱动降低,咽扩张肌张力明显下降,难以克服吸气时所出现的咽腔负压状态,使咽气道软组织被动性塌陷。加上患者咽气道本身的解剖上的缺陷,使阻塞进一步加重,出现osa。在osa发生过程中,血氧逐渐降低、二氧化碳分压逐渐升高、咽腔内负压增加,它们均通过刺激相应的化学及压力感受器,兴奋脑干网状激活系统而引起短暂觉醒,气流恢复,osa结束。 关于osa患者呼吸中枢的敏感性在睡眠时降低,其原因可能不尽相同,有的系原发(与遗传因素有关),有的系继发于某些因素,均将对睡眠呼吸暂停产生影响,使其发作频繁并延长呼吸暂停的时间,加重缺氧。 临床表现和症状主要来自上呼吸道狭窄、阻塞和由此造成的血氧饱和度下降。主要临床表现有: ①打鼾。睡眠中打鼾是由于空气通过口咽部时使软腭振动引起。打鼾意味着气道有部分狭窄和阻塞,打鼾是osahs的特征性表现,这种打鼾和习惯性打鼾不同:音量大,十分响亮；鼾音不规则,时而间断,此时为呼吸暂停期。 ②日间极度嗜睡。osahs患者表现为日间发生困倦或嗜睡感,患者可立即入睡,而无法控制,有时在开会时入睡,工作时也可入睡,相互交谈时入睡,进食时入睡,甚至骑自行车时可入睡而摔倒。 ③睡眠中呼吸暂停发生异常行为和症状。患者常常惊醒,甚至突然坐起,大汗淋漓,有濒死感。在睡眠中常发生类似拍击样震颤样四肢运动以及梦游症等。 ④夜间遗尿症。 ⑤头痛。 ⑥性格变化包括急躁、压抑、精神错乱、幻觉、极度敏感、敌视、好动,易发生行为失当、嫉妒、猜疑、焦虑沮丧、智力和记忆力减退以及性功能障碍等,严重者可伴发心血管系统和其他重要生命器官的疾病表现。 由于颌骨畸形造成的osahs还有相应的口腔颌面部症状,如下颌后缩、下颌后移、下颌畸形、紊乱以及开口困难等。 诊断前需确认睡眠中气道阻塞的存在及阻塞发生的部位以及严重程度,并且对全身重要生命器官作出评估。 详细的询问病史 包括疾病发生的时间,尤其是打鼾、日间极度嗜睡和其他症状是否存在,持续时间,既往诊治情况,全身系统性病史等。 临床检查 除一般常规的全身检查外,应着重对上呼吸道和上消化道作全面检查,最好立位和卧位分别检查,以了解上呼吸道阻塞情况,其次是颅颌面发育是否异常的检查。如下颌形态和位置,咬合情况以及口咽部、鼻咽部的情况等。特别要注意排除鼻咽、口咽部、舌根部是否有肿块存在。 x线头影测量 为了间接了解气道,以及检查气道阻塞部位,并且对osahs作出初步诊断,x线头影测量很重要。用于测量气道和相关的数值包括: ①∠sna,表示上颌骨对颅底的相对位置。 ②∠snb,表示下颌骨对颅底的相对位置。 ③∠anb,代表上下颌骨相对位置关系。 ④pns-p,后鼻嵴点(pns)到软腭末端腭垂(p)的长度,代表软腭长度。 ⑤pas,为舌根至咽后壁间的距离,代表后气道间隙,又称生命间隙。 ⑥mp-h,下颌平面至舌骨最前最上点(h)的距离,代表舌骨的位置。 ⑦spd,代表软腭外形最宽距离,表示软腭的厚度。 根据卢晓峰和邱蔚六等的研究报道,rdi与pas成显著负相关关系。当pas≥9.12mm时,rdi的值95%可能小于5；而pas≤4.61mm时,则相反,rdi的值95%可能大于5。伊彪和张震康等的研究报道,osahs患者的sna角基本正常,表明上颌位置正常；snb角明显减小,表示下颌明显后缩；anb角明显增大,表明下颌骨相对上颌骨明显处在后缩位置；pas明显减小,下咽部气道狭窄；mp-h增大,表明舌骨低于低位；pns-p大部分正常。 多导睡眠图仪(psg)监测是诊断osahs最权威的方法,它不仅可判断其严重程度,还可全面定量评估患者的睡眠结构,睡眠中呼吸紊乱、低血氧情况,以及心电、血压的变化。特别是籍助食道压检测,还可与中枢性和混合性睡眠呼吸暂停相鉴别。单纯依靠少数指标或者患者描述的症状来诊断osahs是不全面的。每一位患者在治疗前、术前和术后,以及治疗后都至少应进行1次psg检查。psg检查应在睡眠呼吸实验室中进行至少7h的数据监测。psg检测的项目包括脑电图、眼电图、颏肌电图、胫前肌电图、心电图、胸腹壁呼吸运动、膈肌功能、口鼻气流以及血氧饱和度等。psg应得出以下指标: ①睡眠总时间,睡眠分期、惊醒、肌痉挛和脑电情况； ②阻塞性、中枢性、混合性睡眠呼吸暂停的次数和低通气发生的次数； ③血氧饱和度降至89%~80%、79%~70%、69%以下段的次数和其最低点； ④rdi值。 鼻咽纤维镜检查 上述x线头影测量是在静态下对气道情况作出诊断,而鼻咽纤维镜则偏重于动态诊断。应在局麻下,在立位和卧位分别检查患者鼻咽、口咽及下咽和喉的情况,包括软组织情况,气道阻塞部位和程度,临床气道及周围有无肿物和肿块；并通过嘱患者做某些动作以观察气道组织的变化,如有无气道组织内陷等。 osahs的诊断,应在全面而详细的病史,多学科的全身针对性体检,颅颌面局部的检查,x线头影测量,psg,鼻咽纤维镜的研究基础上,进行综合分析,以做出正确的诊断。国际上多数学者认可的osahs诊断标准为:睡眠时口鼻气流停止≥10s,但胸腹肌电均存在活动；rdi5。 即使如此,也还应和一些疾病相鉴别,如原发性或良性打鼾、慢性低通气综合征、上气道阻力综合征(the pperairwayresistancesyndrome)、肥胖低通气综合征(obesityhypoventilationsyndrome)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等。但也有人认为上述疾病是osahs发展的不同阶段。此外,应鉴别的是甲状腺功能减低、发作性睡眠病(narcolepsy)、肌无力症、肢端肥大症、癫痫、胃液食管反流以及肾功能衰竭等。 osahs的治疗除戒烟酒,肥胖者减肥和控制饮食外,分为非手术治疗和手术治疗2类。非手术治疗 1.经鼻持续气道正压呼吸(nasalcontin o spositiveairwaypress re,ncpap)。此法是目前治疗osahs最有效的非手术治疗方法,cpap犹如一个上气道的空气扩张器,可以防止吸气时软组织的被动塌陷,并刺激颏舌肌的机械感受器,使气道张力增加。可单独作为一种疗法,也可和外科手术配合使用,但一般患者难以长期坚持。 2.各种矫治器。睡眠时戴用专用矫治器可以抬高软腭,牵引舌主动或被动向前,以及下颌前移,达到扩大口咽及下咽部,改善呼吸的目的,是治疗鼾症的主要手段或osahs非外科治疗的重要辅助手段之一,但对重症患者无效。 3.吸氧以及各种药物治疗。如神经呼吸刺激剂安宫黄体酮等,也是辅助的治疗方法之一。 手术治疗 手术是治疗osahs的基本方法,手术治疗的目的在于减轻和消除气道阻塞,防止气道软组织塌陷。选择何种手术方法要根据气道阻塞部位、严重程度、是否有病态肥胖及全身情况来决定。常用的手术方法有以下几种。 1.扁桃体、腺样体切除术。这类手术仅用于青春期前有扁桃体、腺样体增生所致的儿童患者。一般术后短期有效,随着青春发育,舌、软腭肌发育后,仍然可复发。 2.鼻腔手术。由于鼻中隔弯曲、鼻息肉或鼻甲肥大引起鼻气道阻塞者,可行鼻中隔成形术,鼻息肉或鼻甲切除,以减轻症状。 3.舌成形术。由舌体肥大、巨舌症、舌根后移、舌根扁桃体增大者,可行舌成形术。 4.腭垂、腭、咽成形术( v lopalatopharyngoplasty,uppp)。此手术是切除腭垂过长的软腭后缘和松弛的咽侧壁黏膜,将咽侧壁黏膜向前拉紧缝合,以达到缓解软腭和口咽水平气道阻塞的目的,但不能解除下咽部的气道阻塞,因此一定要选好适应证。 5.气管造口术。气管造口术是一种永久性气管切开术,在20世纪70年代也是惟一的有效治疗方法。但气管造口术存在的一系列问题:终生繁琐护理、感染、语言能力丧失、生活质量下降、工作能力和社会交往困难等,目前已极少采用。 6.正颌外科。20世纪70年代以来,正颌外科治疗牙颌面畸形的技术日趋成熟,应用正颌外科治疗因颌骨畸形造成的口咽和下咽部气道阻塞的osahs已成为有效的方法之一。常用的方法有以下4种。 (1)下颌前徙术:这类手术可缓解下颌发育不良、下颌后缩引起的osahs。由于下颌前移,使颏舌肌、颏舌骨肌也相应前移,牵引舌根前移,从而扩大咽部气道。下颌前徙术一般多采用双侧下颌支矢状劈开术。 (2)颏前徙术:这类手术适用于无明显颏后缩的osahs。手术为保留下颌下缘,在颏部截骨似\"抽屉状\"连同颏舌肌一起被牵引向前。令截骨块旋转90°固定。 (3)颏部前徙、舌骨下肌群切断悬吊术:这类手术为除上述颏前徙术外,同时切断所有舌骨下肌群在舌骨体及舌骨大角上的附着,使舌骨也同时向前,向上移位,然后用自体阔筋膜悬吊在下颌骨上。这类手术对扩大口咽及下咽腔有很大好处,同时不改变关系,不需要颌间固定,可以作为单独手术,也可以作为其他手术的辅助性手术。 (4)双颌前徙、颏前徙和舌骨前徙术:这类手术包括标准的上颌骨leforti型截骨术和下颌支矢状劈开截骨术,使上、下颌骨前移,并同期行颏部截骨前徙,舌骨肌群切断和悬吊术。这种手术不仅可充分前移上、下颌骨,改善气道,面形和关系亦获改善。由于手术如此广泛,因此要严格掌握手术适应证,尤其要鉴别中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,以及混合性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,因这2类综合征单纯用手术治疗不能治愈。对高龄患者、重度肥胖、有全身脏器功能不良者,手术危险性很大,故应非常谨慎。 患阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(osas)时,由于反复发作的低血氧、高碳酸血症,可致神经功能失调,儿茶酚胺、内皮素及肾素-血管紧张素系统失调,内分泌功能紊乱及血液动力学改变,造成全身多器官多系统损害,严重影响人体健康。其危害主要表现在以下几个方面。 1、对心血管的影响 (1)高血压病:资料表明,osas是高血压发生和发展的重要因素,至少30%的高血压患者合并osas,45%~48%的osas患者有高血压。这种高血压失去正常昼夜节律的变化,多表现为早晨醒来时血压高,用药物不易控制,治疗osas后多可恢复正常。 (2)冠心病:经冠状动脉造影显示有单支或多支冠状动脉狭窄的冠心病患者,有35%合并osas,此类患者心绞痛多在夜间发作,服用硝酸甘油类药物不能缓解,而治疗osas后能缓解。 (3)心力衰竭:osas可引起或加重心脏病患者的心力衰竭,主要原因为呼吸暂停造成心肌缺血、缺氧和胸腔内压力改变,使心脏负荷加重,心输出量下降。有患者因反复发生急性左心衰住院治疗,后经多导睡眠图检查,诊断为重度osas,经持续正压通气治疗后,心功能很快恢复。 (4)心律失常:约80%的osas患者有明显的心动过缓,57%~74%的患者出现室性早搏,10%的患者发生二度房室传导阻滞。这种心律失常是引起患者猝死的主要原因。故对心律失常者,应想到是否患有osas。曾有一位45岁男性病人,因三度房室传导阻滞,心率为35次分钟,拟安装心脏起搏器。后经冠状动脉造影等检查,未发现器质性病变,而多导睡眠图检查,诊断为osas。经持续正压通气治疗1周,房室传导阻滞消失,心率也恢复了正常。 2、对肾脏的损害 osas可以合并蛋白尿或肾病综合征,引发肾功能损害的原因是由于患者上气道关闭,胸腔负压增高,右心回流增加,缺血,肺血管收缩,右心负荷加大,导致右心房扩张,刺激心房利钠因子分泌增加,肾近端肾小管钠重吸收率降低,尿渗透压和肾小管浓缩功能降低。其临床表现为夜尿增多和浮肿,严重者可出现肾功能不全的一系列表现。病理改变表现为肾小球增大,少量局灶性硬化,故蛋白尿早期是功能性的,随osas的治疗好转或痊愈,蛋白尿可减少或消失,临床症状也可以好转或消失。 3、对神经系统的影响 随血氧饱和度降低,脑电图常出现觉醒图形,表现为非快速眼动睡眠,而快速眼动期睡眠减少等睡眠结构紊乱导致睡眠效率降低。可有入睡前幻觉、无意识行为,入睡后肢体抽搐、痉挛等。由于缺氧和循环障碍引起的脑损害可造成智力减退、记忆力下降和性格改变等。 4、对精神系统的影响 (1)认知功能障碍:病人的认知功能全面受到影响,其中以注意力、集中力、复杂问题的解决能力和短期记忆损害最为明显。osas病人的警觉性降低,增加了机动车事故的发生率。osas患者中的大多数人在驾驶时有睡着现象,54%在驾驶中睡着发生车祸。这些患者自诉在开车时经常打盹,有时撞在树上,有时撞在墙上,或撞伤行人,常常不得不把车停下来清醒一会,而且在高速公路上开车更易打瞌睡。一般来说,osas病情越重,发生车祸的危险越高,因此应及时治疗。 (2)精神障碍:其中以抑郁、焦虑、疑病等症状为著。有人对osas病人应用明尼苏达多相人格调查表(mmpi)进行测试,发现56%的病人有抑郁,38%有疑病,29%有转换性癔病。也有个别病人表现有单纯型类偏执狂精神病、躁狂性精神病等。行为异常也不少见,如睡眠中不安稳,手脚乱动,有时还会出现梦游现象。 5、对血液系统的影响 血氧过低可刺激肾脏,分泌红细胞生成素,引起继发性红细胞增多症,导致血黏度增加,血流缓慢,脑血栓的机会增多。另可加速动脉粥样硬化,使血管性疾病发生增加。 6、对内分泌系统的影响 垂体前叶分泌的生长素主要是在快速眼动睡眠期间释放出来,患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的病儿,由于快速眼动睡眠的减少,生长激素的释放有不同程度减少,是影响病儿生长发育缓慢的因素之一。 7、对性功能的影响 睡眠呼吸暂停患者可出现性功能障碍,原因有以下几个方面: ①低氧血症和高碳酸血症使大脑功能损伤,中枢兴奋性下降,性活动受抑制； ②该病患者反应能力、注意力、观察力均下降,在性交时难以达到高潮,持续时间短； ③引起性器官缺氧和雄性激素生成障碍。 肥胖者上气道软组织的脂肪沉淀,管腔小,上气道的肌肉组织内脂肪浸润,可引起肌肉组织连接松弛,导致上气道顺应性增加,致气道塌陷,呼吸不畅。有资料报道,肥胖者发生osas的几率比正常人大三倍。我们反复阐明肥胖对健康的危害性,和家属一起协助患者减肥。应用饮食、运动、心理护理,纠正患者饮食、生活习惯和行为疗法,让患者自觉控制饮食,在规定时间内降低体重的5%~10%.本组病例中,72%患者嗜烟酒,酒精和镇静剂可降低上呼吸道周围肌肉的运动,增加睡眠呼吸障碍的发生,让患者避免这些致病因素,劝其戒除烟酒,睡眠前避免使用镇静剂。观察发现,患者平卧睡眠时,呼吸障碍加重,致舌根后坠造成气道阻塞。我们教会患者控制睡眠姿势,避免仰卧位,以缓解症状 osas在人群中的患病率较高,约为2%~4%,男女发病比率为6.3:1左右,常见于40~70岁的肥胖者,65岁以上患病率可达20%~40%。儿童期由于扁桃体和腺样体肥大,也是此综合征的高发年龄组。osas是一组有潜在危险的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病,易并发心律失常、高血压、甚至呼吸衰竭或猝死。有人估计全世界每天有3000人死于本病。thorpy对269例患者随诊,7年内死亡43例,占16%,其中71%死于心血管疾病。据报道未治疗的患者,5年病死率为11%~13%,呼吸暂停指数20者,8年死亡率为37%,而呼吸暂停指数20者,死亡率仅4%。partinen回顾分析198例患者,仅做减肥治疗的127人,5年死亡率达11%,71例气管切开者无1例死亡。因此有效治疗可以提高患者的生活质量,延长生命。" ]

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[ "On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyoncé and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row—earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyoncé was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition." ]

[ "Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.", "PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\", where it was criticized for being \"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to \"take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and — within the space of a year — turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet\", but added that despite its problems the system has \"untapped potential\". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was \"more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does\".", "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.", "This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.", "But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.", "The Portuguese language is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. The city has six international schools: American School of Brasília, Brasília International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School. August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia. Brasília has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.", "Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status." ]

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[ "Davide di Lernia Davide di Lernia (born November 1978, in Milan, Italy) is a film director, producer and editor. During his career, he worked for three important Italian radios: Radio Monte Carlo, Radio 105 Network and Virgin Radio.", "Radio Monte Carlo Radio Monte Carlo (RMC) is the name of radio stations owned and managed by several different entities:" ]

[ "ADN Radio Chile ADN (In English: DNA) (acronym: \"Actualidad, Deportes, Noticias\", In English: \"Sports, News\") is a Chilean radio station of informative cut located in the 91.7 MHz of the FM dial in Santiago of Chile. It also transmits for the whole country in channel 669 (with D-Box) of the cable operator VTR and via internet in the rest of the country and the world.", "David Hamilton (broadcaster) David Hamilton (born David Pilditch on 10 September 1938) is a British radio presenter. Since his broadcasting career began in 1959, Hamilton has hosted over 12,000 radio shows and more than 1,000 TV shows. He is usually known as 'Diddy David Hamilton' which was a name given to him by the successful British comedian Ken Dodd.", "Auxiliary-field Monte Carlo Auxiliary-field Monte Carlo is a method that allows the calculation, by use of Monte Carlo techniques, of averages of operators in many-body quantum mechanical (Blankenbecler 1981, Ceperley 1977) or classical problems (Baeurle 2004, Baeurle 2003, Baeurle 2002a).", "Massimo Marchese Massimo Marchese (born (1965--)31 1965 in Savona, Italy) is an Italian musician, lutenist, theorbist and recording artist.", "Con la musica alla radio \"Con la musica alla radio\" (English: \"With the Music Playing on the Radio\") is a single released on 25 September 2009 by Italian singer-songwriter Laura Pausini. The track is the first single from \"Laura Live World Tour 09\", her third live album (fourteenth overall), released in November 2009.", "Narsai David Narsai Michael David (born June 26, 1936) is an author, radio and television personality in the Bay Area.", "Il Divo Il Divo (] ) is a multi-national classical crossover vocal group. The male quartet originated in the United Kingdom in December 2003, bringing together singers Urs Bühler (Switzerland), Carlos Marín (Spain), David Miller (USA), and Sébastien Izambard (France).", "The Radio \"The Radio\" is a song by Italian electronica/dance DJ Mario Fargetta under the guise of Get Far, with vocals by British singer/rapper H-Boogie. The single was released in May 2010 and reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Airplay chart in August 2010. It also reached number one in the Czech Republic and peaked at number 4 in Slovakia. The song borrows quotes from \"Il Giocatore Di Biliardo\" by Branduardi.", "Opéra de Monte-Carlo The Opéra de Monte-Carlo is an opera house, which is part of the Monte Carlo Casino located in the Principality of Monaco.", "Radio Sole Radio Sole, formerly known as Radio Daisy International, is an Independent Local Radio station based in Galatina (Lecce), Southern Italy.", "International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo, known as \"Festival International du Cirque de Monte-Carlo\" in French, is an annual festival held since 1974 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.", "Il Popolo del Blues Il Popolo del Blues is an Italian radio program founded in 1995, created and led by the Italian journalist Ernesto De Pascale (RAI, Jam, La Nazione, Rolling Stone Italia, Record Collector, Popolare Network), named by the BBC “the Italian John Peel”. The radio show is broadcast every Saturday 8 p.m. on Controradio (in Tuscany, Italy) and every Sunday 9 p.m. on Popolare Network (nationwide).", "Des Lynam Desmond Michael \"Des\" Lynam, {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 17 September 1942) is an Irish-born British television and radio presenter based in the UK. In a broadcasting career spanning more than 40 years, he has hosted television coverage of many of the world's major sporting events, presenting \"Grandstand\", \"Match of the Day\", \"Wimbledon\", \"The Grand National\", \"Sportsnight\", the \"FIFA World Cup\" and the \"Olympic Games\", as well as presenting other non-sporting programmes such as \"Holiday\", \"How Do They Do That?\" and \"Countdown\". He also presented programmes on BBC Radio.", "Monte Carlo methods in finance Monte Carlo methods are used in finance and mathematical finance to value and analyze (complex) instruments, portfolios and investments by simulating the various sources of uncertainty affecting their value, and then determining the distribution of their value over the range of resultant outcomes. This is usually done by help of stochastic asset models. The advantage of Monte Carlo methods over other techniques increases as the dimensions (sources of uncertainty) of the problem increase.", "Inside Science Inside Science is a science programme broadcast on BBC Radio Four. It is normally broadcast from 4: 30 to 5 p.m. on Thursday, and is repeated 9 to 9: 30 p.m. on Thursday. It is normally presented by Adam Rutherford, but may occasionally be presented by a different presenter, such as Gareth Mitchell. Any branch of science, physics, chemistry or biology, may be discussed on the programme. The programme normally features the presenter interviewing several people who are specialists in different areas of science.", "Demon algorithm The demon algorithm is a Monte Carlo method for efficiently sampling members of a microcanonical ensemble with a given energy. An additional degree of freedom, called 'the demon', is added to the system and is able to store and provide energy. If a drawn microscopic state has lower energy than the original state, the excess energy is transferred to the demon. For a sampled state that has higher energy than desired, the demon provides the missing energy if it is available. The demon can not have negative energy and it does not interact with the particles beyond exchanging energy. Note that the additional degree of freedom of the demon does not alter a system with many particles significantly on a macroscopic level.", "The Martin and Lewis Show The Martin and Lewis Show was a radio comedy-variety program in the United States starring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. It was broadcast on the NBC Radio Network beginning April 3, 1949, and ending July 14, 1953.", "The David Lee Roth Show The David Lee Roth Show is a former short-lived American radio show that aired from January 3 to April 21, 2006, hosted by rock musician David Lee Roth. It was the replacement of \"The Howard Stern Show\" following its departure from terrestrial to Sirius Satellite Radio. It was simulcast on seven stations across the United States owned by CBS Radio, who launched the show as part of its Free FM radio format. Notably different from Howard Stern's program, or corporate \"morning zoo\" and \"shock jock\" formats which dominated morning radio at the time, Roth's show sounded similar to pirate radio, featuring ethnic and non-commercial rock music integrated with personal stories, occasionally uncomfortable debates on intellectual matters, and interviews with people Roth admired, such as guitarist Brian May, baseball player Johnny Damon, and Roth's uncle, Manny Roth.", "Davide Salvado Davide Salvado is a Galician Traditional music and World music singer from Galicia, Spain.", "Dave Carlock David Walter \"Dave\" Carlock is an American record producer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist." ]

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[ "For a ghost you're able to do a lot!" ]

[ "For a zombie you move pretty fast!", "A young man trying to kick his opponent.", "There is a man looking at a motorcycle", "The limitation questions the validity of statutes under the Constitution.", "A lone person sitting in a gaming chair, with no one on the right hand side.", "Quit talking, we know what happened.", "The cat is holding a toy." ]

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[ "There are a long line of people outdoors." ]

[ "There is a long line of people at the grocery store.", "The boy is on a bike.", "Hotel d'Assezat has an art gallery inside.", "You can always guess exactly how a film will do.", "Holding one of the variables constant and integrating only its effect into the constant.", "What would happen if Apple had a browser monopoly.", "Two dogs." ]

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[ "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze write a new film adaptation, set in the pulps' native time of the 1930s, for Original Film and Sony Pictures. Philip José Farmer. \"\" (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1975). Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze is a 1975 American action film starring Ron Ely as pulp hero Doc Savage. This was the last film completed by pioneering science fiction producer George Pal. It was directed by Michael Anderson, who had previously directed another big-budget adventure film, \"Around the World in 80 Days\". In 1936, Doc Savage (Ron Ely) returns to New York City", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze box office, opening in June to be buried by Steven Spielberg’s \"Jaws\"...\" Lester Dent's widow, Norma, said, \"... I thought my heart would burst with pride. I saw the movie three times that day. I cried when I heard Ron Ely deliver the Doc Savage code - he said it as he meant every word of it. It was wonderful.\" \"Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze\" received the 1974–1975 Golden Scroll for Best Fantasy Film from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. \"Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze\" was initially released by Warner Home Video in a", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze is a 1975 American action film starring Ron Ely as pulp hero Doc Savage. This was the last film completed by pioneering science fiction producer George Pal. It was directed by Michael Anderson, who had previously directed another big-budget adventure film, \"Around the World in 80 Days\". In 1936, Doc Savage (Ron Ely) returns to New York City following a visit to his Arctic hideaway, the Fortess of Solitude. He learns that his father has died under mysterious circumstances while exploring the remote interior of the Central American", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze turn-of-the-century composers, and their music was not contemporaneous to the period that these 1930s nostalgia films were set. The credit acknowledging Sousa's score has the letters \"USA\" in his last name highlighted in red, white, and blue. A sequel, \"\", was announced at the conclusion of \"The Man of Bronze\". Based on a screenplay by Joe Morhaim, and according to contemporary news accounts, it had been filmed in the Lake Tahoe area simultaneously with the principal photography for the first Doc Savage. However, people associated with the production of the film have said only some publicity shots were taken at", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze the movie. Pal and Joe Morhaim wrote the screenplay based on \"The Man of Bronze\", the first Doc Savage adventure, with additional story elements from other Doc Savage adventures, such as the November 1938 novel \"The Green Death\" and the January 1935 novel \"The Mystic Mullah\". The villainous Captain Seas, played by Paul Wexler, was based on the flamboyant and brutal Captain Flamingo — unrelated to the Canadian television character of that name — from the February 1936 pulp novel \"Mystery Under the Sea\". \"Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze\" was fairly faithful to the novels and characters, which included", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze as to who was responsible for the camp content of \"Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze\", the studio or George Pal and his production team. Among the many examples of over-the-top camp include Don Rubio Gorro (Bob Corso) rocking himself to sleep in an adult-sized baby crib, with \"Beautiful Dreamer\" as its musical cue, the animated twinkle in the eye of Doc Savage (Ron Ely) at the beginning of the film and later when Doc tells Mona (Pamela Hensley) that she was a brick. \"La Cucaracha\", played by a flute was used in an up-tempo musical cue, during the attempted", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze such elements as: Other aspects of the Doc Savage mythos were modified for the movie. For example, The film takes place in 1936, but the original pulp novel was published in March 1933. Most Doc Savage chronologies place the events in \"The Man of Bronze\" in early 1931 prior to the official opening of the Empire State Building, the implicit location of Doc's 86th floor penthouse headquarters. The film does not mention that Doc's father, Professor Clark Savage, Sr., was instrumental in raising his son from the cradle to become the supreme adventurer under the tutelage of a blue-ribbon group", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze escape of Captain Seas' henchmen from the Valley of the Vanished, and finally, an applause soundtrack was added following Doc's recitation of his personal code. The film is also remembered for its theme song arranged by Frank De Vol, based on John Philip Sousa's \"The Thunderer\". Sousa’s music was intended to evoke a patriotic theme for \"Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze\" and attempted to emulate the success that director George Roy Hill and composer Marvin Hamlisch had achieved when they used the ragtime music of Scott Joplin for the 1975 caper film \"The Sting\". Both Sousa and Joplin were", "Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze and Bill Todman announced the intention to produce a Doc Savage film to cash in on the popularity of the re-issued pulp novels by Bantam Books and the James Bond craze sweeping the movies. The film would be based on the July 1934 pulp novel \"The Thousand-Headed Man\", with Chuck Connors as Doc, for a 1966 release. Unfortunately, the producers and Condé Nast Publications, the new copyright owner of the Doc Savage brand, failed to secure the film rights from the estate of Lester Dent. By the time the legal issues had been resolved, the production team and cast had" ]

[ "The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes () is a German mystery comedy of 1937, directed by Karl Hartl. Detective Morris Flynn (Hans Albers) and his assistant Macky McMacpherson (Heinz Rühmann), masquereading as Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, investigate two attractive sisters, Mary and Jane Berry, and the theft and forgery of valuable postage stamps. \"Lexikon des Internationalen Films\" calls it a swinging, lively comedy. Albers and Rühmann have been two longtime major stars of German cinema and are still known for the main song in this movie, \"Jawohl, meine Herr'n\". \"The Man Who Was", "Bronze Man Bronze Man Bronze Man is a fictional comic-book superhero in comics published by Fox Feature Syndicate. He first appeared in \"Blue Beetle\" #42 (July/August 1946). Bronze Man was originally U.S. Army Air Force flying ace Randy Ronald. Ronald was declared M.I.A. after being shot down over enemy territory. Unknown to the authorities, he had been captured by the enemy, who tortured and disfigured him before he could escape. Once free, he vowed to exterminate brute force and injustice. He took his name from the bronze mask he wore to hide his injuries. Bronze Man exhibited some level of superhuman strength.", "The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes\" was released on DVD on 24 March 2009. The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes () is a German mystery comedy of 1937, directed by Karl Hartl. Detective Morris Flynn (Hans Albers) and his assistant Macky McMacpherson (Heinz Rühmann), masquereading as Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, investigate two attractive sisters, Mary and Jane Berry, and the theft and forgery of valuable postage stamps. \"Lexikon des Internationalen Films\" calls it a swinging, lively comedy. Albers and Rühmann have been two longtime major stars of German cinema and are still known for the main song", "Bronze Age of Comic Books would also lead to the appearance of new independent comic book publishers in the early 1990s - such as Image Comics, with titles like \"Spawn\" and \"Savage Dragon\" which also boasted a darker, sarcastic and more mature approach to superhero storylines. Writers Artists Bronze Age of Comic Books The Bronze Age of Comic Books is an informal name for a period in the history of American superhero comic books usually said to run from 1970 to 1985. It follows the Silver Age of Comic Books, and is followed by the Modern Age of Comic Books. The Bronze Age retained many", "Bronze Age of Comic Books Bronze Age of Comic Books The Bronze Age of Comic Books is an informal name for a period in the history of American superhero comic books usually said to run from 1970 to 1985. It follows the Silver Age of Comic Books, and is followed by the Modern Age of Comic Books. The Bronze Age retained many of the conventions of the Silver Age, with traditional superhero titles remaining the mainstay of the industry. However, a return of darker plot elements and storylines more related to relevant social issues, such as racism, drug use, alcoholism, urban poverty, and environmental pollution,", "Bronze Man In one adventure, he stopped a car from going off a cliff by holding it with his legs while hanging from a tree branch with his arms. No origin was given for his power. Bronze Man Bronze Man is a fictional comic-book superhero in comics published by Fox Feature Syndicate. He first appeared in \"Blue Beetle\" #42 (July/August 1946). Bronze Man was originally U.S. Army Air Force flying ace Randy Ronald. Ronald was declared M.I.A. after being shot down over enemy territory. Unknown to the authorities, he had been captured by the enemy, who tortured and disfigured him before he", "It Was I Who Drew the Little Man of the school world during social transformations\". In the mid-nineties the animated film is released on videotapes in collections of the best Soviet animated films Studio PRO Video and a videostudio \"Soyuz\". In 2003 the animated film is released in the collection \"Hi, school!\" Soyuz studio on VHS and DVD. It Was I Who Drew the Little Man It Was I Who Drew the Little Man (; tr.: Chelovechka narisoval ya) is a 1960 Soviet cel-animated feature film directed by the \"grandmothers of the Russian animation\", Brumberg sisters, and Valentin Lalayants. It was produced at the Soyuzmultfilm studio in Moscow.", "Bronze Age of Comic Books to become a serious market contender against Marvel, as happened before. This time frame also includes the company's release of the highly acclaimed works, \"Watchmen\" by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, and \"\" by Frank Miller, which redefined the superhero genre and inspired years of \"grim and gritty\" comic books. At Marvel Comics, the commonly used milestone marking the end of the Bronze Age is \"Secret Wars\", although this could be extended to 1986 which saw the cancellation of \"Defenders\" and \"Power Man and Iron Fist\", as well as the launch of the New Universe and \"X-Factor\" (extension of the", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man The Man Who Was Almost a Man \"The Man Who Was Almost a Man\" also known as \"Almos' a man\", is a short story by Richard Wright. It was published in 1961 as part of Wright's compilation \"Eight Men\". The story centers on Dave, a young African-American farm worker who is struggling to declare his identity in the atmosphere of the rural South. The story begins with the protagonist Dave Sanders walking home from work, irritated with the way he has been treated. Dave works for a farmer on a cattle farm and as he walks across the fields he", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man it simply symbolized his struggle to achieve such goals. The Man Who Was Almost a Man \"The Man Who Was Almost a Man\" also known as \"Almos' a man\", is a short story by Richard Wright. It was published in 1961 as part of Wright's compilation \"Eight Men\". The story centers on Dave, a young African-American farm worker who is struggling to declare his identity in the atmosphere of the rural South. The story begins with the protagonist Dave Sanders walking home from work, irritated with the way he has been treated. Dave works for a farmer on a cattle", "The Man Who Never Was The Man Who Never Was The Man Who Never Was is a 1956 UK Second World War film, produced by André Hakim, directed by Ronald Neame, that stars Clifton Webb, Gloria Grahame and Robert Flemyng. It is based on the book of the same name by Lt. Cmdr. Ewen Montagu and dramatises actual events. The film's storyline concerns Operation Mincemeat, a 1943 British Intelligence plan to deceive the Axis powers into thinking Operation \"Husky\", the Allied invasion of Sicily, would take place elsewhere in the Mediterranean. \"The Man Who Never Was\" was entered into the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. Nigel", "The Man Who Was Thursday story ever written plus every story dreamed of but never written. Among the latter is \"The Man Who Was October\" by G. K. Chesterton, which is supposedly a sequel to his \"Thursday\". Also, the metaphysical being known as \"Fiddler's Green\" manifests in a physical form resembling Chesterton. In Kim Newman's \"\", the Council of Days, led by Sunday, exists and is plotting to overthrow Dracula during the tenth anniversary of his rule over Britain. The Council includes Gabriel Syme, Peter the Painter (Friday), and Newman's recurring character Kate Reed. The Man Who Was Thursday The Man Who Was Thursday: A", "Thin Man Films Thin Man Films Thin Man Films is a British film production company, based in London. It was founded in 1988 by director Mike Leigh and producer Simon Channing Williams to produce Mike Leigh's films. They chose the company name because both founders were the opposite of it. Following Channing Williams' death from cancer in 2009, producer Georgina Lowe, who had assisted in the production of all Mike Leigh films since 1993, became the company's main producer, and in 2011 Mike Leigh made her his new company partner. Thin Man films shares its offices in London's Greek Street with Potboiler Production,", "The Man Who Was Thursday The Man Who Was Thursday The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare is a novel by G. K. Chesterton, first published in 1908. The book is sometimes referred to as a metaphysical thriller. In Edwardian era London, Gabriel Syme is recruited at Scotland Yard to a secret anti-anarchist police corps. Lucian Gregory, an anarchistic poet, lives in the suburb of Saffron Park. Syme meets him at a party and they debate the meaning of poetry. Gregory argues that revolt is the basis of poetry. Syme demurs, insisting the essence of poetry is not revolution but law. He antagonises Gregory by", "The Man Who Never Was the film, although the character did not appear in \"The Goon Show\" adaptation. The Man Who Never Was The Man Who Never Was is a 1956 UK Second World War film, produced by André Hakim, directed by Ronald Neame, that stars Clifton Webb, Gloria Grahame and Robert Flemyng. It is based on the book of the same name by Lt. Cmdr. Ewen Montagu and dramatises actual events. The film's storyline concerns Operation Mincemeat, a 1943 British Intelligence plan to deceive the Axis powers into thinking Operation \"Husky\", the Allied invasion of Sicily, would take place elsewhere in the Mediterranean. \"The", "The Man Who Was Never Born the idea, and it had [in it], as I remember, a lot of what I was feeling at the time. I always liked romantic stories, and this was a chance to do something that you really don’t get to do very often in television. I gravitated toward that. \"Q: Did Stefano, the show’s producer, contribute to the script of “The Man Who Was Never Born”?\" A: Not much to that. [...] The Man Who Was Never Born \"The Man Who Was Never Born\" (original title: \"Cry of the Unborn\") is an episode of the original \"The Outer Limits\" television show.", "Bronze Age of Comic Books Falcon\") or a very popular character with a guest star of the month (\"Marvel Team-Up\" and \"Marvel Two-in-One\"). Even DC combined two features in \"Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes\" and had team-up books (\"The Brave and the Bold\", \"DC Comics Presents\" and \"World's Finest Comics\"). Virtually all such books disappeared by the end of the period. Marvel and DC worked out several crossover titles the first of which was \"Superman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man\". This was followed by a second Superman and Spider-Man, \"Batman vs. the Incredible Hulk\" and the \"X-Men vs The New Teen Titans\". Another title, \"The", "Bronze Age of Comic Books X-Men franchise). After the Bronze Age came the Modern Age of Comic Books, alternatively referred to as the Dark Age of Comic Books. According to Shawn O'Rourke of PopMatters, the shift from the previous ages involved a \"deconstructive and dystopian re-envisioning of iconic characters and the worlds that they live in\", as typified by Frank Miller's \"\" (1986) and Alan Moore's and Dave Gibbons' \"Watchmen\" (1986–1987). Other features that define the era are an increase in adult oriented content, the rise of the X-Men as Marvel Comics' \"dominant intellectual property\", and a reorganization of the industry's distribution system. These changes", "The Man Who Never Was (book) The Man Who Never Was (book) The Man Who Never Was is a 1953 book by Ewen Montagu about the World War II Operation Mincemeat. Montagu played a leading role in the 1943 scheme to deceive the Germans about the planned Allied invasion of Sicily. Montagu's work formed the basis for a 1956 film by the same title. The scheme entailed releasing a dead body just off the coast of Spain, where strong currents caused it to drift ashore in an area where a skilled German secret agent was known to operate. The corpse was to appear to be the", "The Man Who Was Never Born The Man Who Was Never Born \"The Man Who Was Never Born\" (original title: \"Cry of the Unborn\") is an episode of the original \"The Outer Limits\" television show. It was first broadcast on October 28, 1963, during the first season. An astronaut returning to Earth is flung into the distant future, where he finds the mutated remnants of humanity living on a ruined Earth. Having accidentally travelled through time, astronaut Joseph Reardon lands on Earth in the year 2148 A.D. to find it a desolate realm. He meets Andro, a mutated human stricken with a disfiguring disease for which", "The Man Who Never Was (book) U\", his wartime autobiography which gave further details of Mincemeat, among other operations. The Man Who Never Was (book) The Man Who Never Was is a 1953 book by Ewen Montagu about the World War II Operation Mincemeat. Montagu played a leading role in the 1943 scheme to deceive the Germans about the planned Allied invasion of Sicily. Montagu's work formed the basis for a 1956 film by the same title. The scheme entailed releasing a dead body just off the coast of Spain, where strong currents caused it to drift ashore in an area where a skilled German secret", "The Man Who Liked Funerals villain. It was one of 15 films selected by Steve Chibnall and Brian McFarlane in \"The British 'B' Film\", their survey of British B films, as among the most meritorious of the B films made in Britain between World War II and 1970. They describe it as \"fresh and gently funny\", \"consistently amusing, its plot worked out with some wit\" and add that \"its cast, amiably led by Phillips at the start of his starring career, enters into the spirit of the joke\". The Man Who Liked Funerals The Man Who Liked Funerals is a 1959 British comedy film starring", "The Man Who Japed The Man Who Japed The Man Who Japed is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1956. Although one of Dick's lesser-known novels, it features several of the ideas and themes that recur throughout his later works. The \"jape[s]\" or practical jokes of the novel begin with a statue's unconventional decapitation. \"The Man Who Japed\" was first published by Ace Books as one half of Ace Double D-193, bound dos-à-dos with \"The Space Born\" by E. C. Tubb. \"The Man Who Japed\" is set in the year 2114. After a devastating twentieth century limited", "A Man Who Was Superman calculating Soo-jung to awaken to what's truly important in life. \"A Man Who Was Superman\" was released in South Korea on 31 January 2008, and on its opening weekend was ranked fourth at the box office with 206,858 admissions. As of 31 March 2008 it had received a total of 559,867 admissions, and as of 17 February 2008 had grossed at total of $3,848,034. A Man Who Was Superman A Man Who Was Superman () is a 2008 South Korean film directed by Jeong Yoon-chul. The film applies techniques of Magical realism to problems arising from the Narcissism of small", "Bronze Tiger and the Black Panther (Marvel). Bronze Tiger appeared in Year Five of the comic based on the video game of the same name. He is seen with Tweedledum and Tweedledee, Black Mask, Scarecrow, Man-Bat, and Mad Hatter who gang up on Damian Wayne and uses his skills to knock him out. Deadman then possesses Bronze Tiger to knock out the rest of the criminals as well as himself. Bronze Tiger Bronze Tiger (Ben Turner) is a fictional character, a supervillain and antihero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Michael Jai White portrays Bronze Tiger in the second", "Bronze Age of Comic Books the stories, but also something that the books loudly proclaimed on their covers to promote sales. The Spider-Man drug issues were at the forefront of the trend of \"social relevance\" with comic books noticeably handling real-life issues. The above-mentioned \"Green Lantern/Green Arrow\" series dealt not only with drugs, but other topics like racism, income inequality, political corruption, and environmental degradation. The X-Men titles, which were partly based on the premise that mutants were a metaphor for real-world minorities, became wildly popular. Other well-known \"relevant\" comics include the \"Demon in a Bottle\", where Iron Man confronts his alcoholism, and the socially", "The Man Who Was Thursday in Latin, and a title given to Jesus. (Usually a title given to the Virgin Mary.) \"The Man Who Was Thursday\" inspired the Irish Republican politician Michael Collins with the idea \"if you didn't seem to be hiding nobody hunted you out\". Martin Gardner edited \"The Annotated Thursday\", which provides a great deal of biographical and contextual information in the form of footnotes, along with the text of the book, original reviews from the time of the book's first publication and comments made by Chesterton on the book. A less thorough annotation was done for the edition of the novel", "The Man Who Never Was radio to expect a message from him in an hour, unless British counterintelligence comes for him. Montagu almost makes this very mistake, but realises in time why O'Reilly left his address and, with some difficulty, convinces his superiors not to order O'Reilly to be arrested. O'Reilly then sends a \"Martin genuine!\" radio message, and the Nazis transfer most of their Sicily-based forces to Greece, making the Allied deceit successful. After the war, Montagu leaves a medal he was awarded at the grave of \"the man who never was\". Operation \"Mincemeat\" involved the acquisition and dressing up of a human cadaver", "The Man Who Never Was of the proposed plan. It was described by Ben Macintyre in \"Operation Mincemeat\" as a \"surreal\" moment when the real Montagu addressed his fictional persona, played by Webb. The film earned an estimated $1.1 million in North American rentals in 1956. The \"Radio Times\" wrote, \"the picture may appear overly reverent by today's standards. But this is still a crucial wartime spy tale that is well worth watching.\" The BBC's popular radio comedy show, \"The Goon Show\", made a send-up of the story of \"The Man Who Never Was\" (based on the book) and incorporated most of the regular \"Goon", "Bronze Age of Comic Books began to flourish during the period, prefiguring the later Modern Age of Comic Books. There is no one single event that can be said to herald the beginning of the Bronze Age. Instead, a number of events at the beginning of the 1970s, taken together, can be seen as a shift away from the tone of comics in the previous decade. One such event was the April 1970 issue of Green Lantern, which added Green Arrow as a title character. The series, written by Denny O'Neil and penciled by Neal Adams (inking was by Adams or Dick Giordano), focused on", "Bronze Age of Comic Books The murder of Spider-Man's longtime girlfriend, Gwen Stacy, at the hands of the Green Goblin in 1973's \"Amazing Spider-Man\" #121-122 is considered by comics scholar Arnold T. Blumberg to be the definitive Bronze Age event, as it exemplifies the period's trend towards darker territory and willingness to subvert conventions such as the assumed survival of long-established, \"untouchable\" characters. However, there had been a gradual darkening of the tone of superhero comics for several years prior to \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", including the death of her father in 1970s \"Amazing Spider-Man\" #90 and the beginning of the Dennis O'Neil/Neal Adams", "It Was I Who Drew the Little Man with all of Fedya's toys and the heroes of his favourite books to teach him a lesson. At the end of the film, Fedya admits to his mistake. This full-length scenario corresponds to Mikhail Volpin and Nikolai Erdman's initial scenario offered for statement in 1947 and from the very beginning broken into two parts (perhaps, because of installation of the minister of cinematography I. G. Bolshakov on short animated films). The first part was quickly started in production, and the second is met by the negative review: \"the scenario department doesn't satisfy not only for the formal reasons (it is", "Bronze Age of Comic Books Comics' answer to X-Men's character-based storytelling style, \"The New Teen Titans\" by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez, which became a highly successful and influential property in its own right. Wolfman would associate himself with the title for sixteen years, while Perez established a large fan base and sought-after pencilling style. A successful cartoon based on the Titans of the Bronze Age of Comics was launched in 2003, and lasted for four years. During the Silver Age, comic books frequently had several features, a form harkening back to the Golden Age when the first comics were anthologies. In 1968, Marvel graduated", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man man without a gun,” on his way home from work he struggles with finding a way to prove to everyone that he was no longer a boy, feeling that the buying of a gun was the only way to get his point across to those who have been doubting him. In purchasing the gun Dave feels he has acquired masculinity, giving him a newfound sense of independence. With the gun Dave feels invincible, like no one can pass judgment upon him, tell him what to do, or harm him in any way. In the scene in which Dave kills Jenny,", "The Man Who Never Was (TV series) The Man Who Never Was (TV series) The Man Who Never Was is a 1966 ABC-TV 20th Century Fox Television television series starring Robert Lansing and Dana Wynter. It has no connection with the more well known earlier 20th Century Fox book and film of the same name, and ran for only one season of 18 episodes between September 7, 1966, and January 4, 1967. It was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, was filmed in Europe with the pilot episode being filmed in Berlin and Munich. John Newland produced and directed most of the episodes. The original television pilot", "Thin Man Films a production company started by Simon Channing Williams and producer Gail Egan in 2000, which produced seven films before Channing Williams died, among them Douglas McGrath's \"Nicholas Nickleby\" and Fernando Meirelles' Oscar-winning \"The Constant Gardener\". Gail Egan has also been involved in the production of Mike Leigh's films since 2004. Thin Man Films Thin Man Films is a British film production company, based in London. It was founded in 1988 by director Mike Leigh and producer Simon Channing Williams to produce Mike Leigh's films. They chose the company name because both founders were the opposite of it. Following Channing Williams'", "The Man Who Laughs (1928 film) gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, offering similar praise towards Veidt's performance, as well as the film's cinematography. It is among the films with a 100% rating at review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews. \"The Man Who Laughs\" had considerable influence on later Universal Monsters films. Pierce continued to provide the makeup for Universal's monsters; comparisons to Gwynplaine's grin was used to advertise \"The Raven\". Hall's set design for \"The Man Who Laughs\" helped him develop the blend of Gothic and expressionist features he employed for some of the most important Universal horror films of", "The Man Who Never Was (TV series) episodes together, \"The Spy with the Perfect Cover\" and \"Danger Has Two Faces\". Both have the final scene from the last episode, but one version of it was re-filmed with the same dialogue. The Man Who Never Was (TV series) The Man Who Never Was is a 1966 ABC-TV 20th Century Fox Television television series starring Robert Lansing and Dana Wynter. It has no connection with the more well known earlier 20th Century Fox book and film of the same name, and ran for only one season of 18 episodes between September 7, 1966, and January 4, 1967. It was", "The Man Who Knew Love The Man Who Knew Love The Man Who Knew Love (Spanish: \"El hombre que supo amar\") is a 1976 Spanish biographical film based on the life of San Juan de Dios (Saint John of God). It was directed by Miguel Picazo, an acclaimed Spanish director of the '60s, and stars Timothy Dalton, Antonio Ferrandis, José María Prada, and Victoria Abril. The film marked Picazo's return to making feature films after few years of working for television. It was shot in summer 1976 but wasn't released until two years later (on August 10, 1978). \"The Man Who Knew Love\" was financed", "The Man Who Never Was target of Sicily. Time is short, but the impatient Montagu is finally given approval to carry out the mission: Operation Mincemeat. On the advice of a medical expert, Montagu procures the body of a man who died of pneumonia (so that he will seem to have drowned) from the grieving father. Then, after proper preparations, he and his assistant, Lt. Acres (Robert Flemyng), take the corpse (concealed in a canister packed with dry ice) to a waiting submarine. The submarine travels to the Mediterranean, along the way evading a depth-charge attack, before surfacing at night to release the body. As", "Bronze Age of Comic Books the \"DC Explosion\" where the standard line of books increased in page count and 50 cent price. Many of these titles added backup features with various characters. However, DC greatly overestimated the appeal of so many new titles at once, sales dropped severely during the harsh 1978 winter and it nearly broke the company and the industry, including Charlton Comics; this event has been called the \"DC Implosion\". Marvel eventually gained 50% of the market and Stan Lee handed control of the comic division to Jim Shooter while he worked with their growing animation spin-offs. As the Bronze Age began", "The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein Shelley as shown by several letters. \"The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein\" includes a favorable review of \"Shelley's Fiction\" (1998) by Phyllis Zimmerman, a book in which Zimmerman argues for Percy Bysshe Shelley's authorship of \"Frankenstein\", and a short bibliography of books and articles about Percy Bysshe Shelley and \"Frankenstein\". Lauritsen praises poet Edmund Blunden's \"\" (1946), calling it the best short biography about Percy Bysshe Shelley. \"The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein\" was first published in 2007 by Pagan Press. \"The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein\" was praised by the critic Camille Paglia, who wrote in \"Salon\" that \"Lauritsen assembles an overwhelming", "Who Is the Man? of the film having been seen after its original cinema release. The British Film Institute has been unable to locate a print for inclusion in the National Archive, and has included it on the \"BFI 75 Most Wanted\" list of missing British feature films. Who Is the Man? Who Is The Man? (1924) is a British silent film drama directed by Walter Summers. The film was based on the successful French play \"Daniel\" by Louis Verneuil and is notable as the first screen appearance of John Gielgud. Daniel Arnault (Gielgud), an impecunious sculptor, is in love with the beautiful Genevieve", "The Bronze God of Rhodes is rapidly becoming his private literary preserve. ... For the discriminating minority of readers who are inclined to care too, 'The Bronze God' will be an unusual treat.\" The Bronze God of Rhodes The Bronze God of Rhodes is an historical novel by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1960, and in paperback by Bantam Books in 1963. A trade paperback edition was projected by The Donning Company for 1983, but never published. The book was reissued with a new introduction by Harry Turtledove as a trade paperback and ebook by", "The Man Who Awoke The Man Who Awoke The Man Who Awoke is a science fiction novel by Laurence Manning. It was initially serialized in five parts during 1933 in \"Wonder Stories\" magazine. In 1975 it was published by Ballantine Books as one complete novel. Norman Winters puts himself into suspended animation for 5,000 years at a time. The stories detail his ensuing adventures as he tries to make sense of the societies he encounters each time he wakes. Part 1 of the series describes Norman Winters’ previous life and his process of suspended animation. After the disappearance of Norman Winters, his son, Vincent,", "A Man Who Was Superman A Man Who Was Superman A Man Who Was Superman () is a 2008 South Korean film directed by Jeong Yoon-chul. The film applies techniques of Magical realism to problems arising from the Narcissism of small differences that plagues the modern Korean conscience. Song Soo-jung is a producer going on her third year at a small company. Her speciality is filming human interest stories. She is driven to produce these shallow stories for the sake of her ambition of one day becoming Korea's own Oprah Winfrey. However, she is reaching the end of what's left of her pride. After months", "The Man Who Was Never Born leaving Noelle, weeping, to face the future alone. The story's origin is revealed in an interview with its writer, Anthony Lawrence: \"Q: How did “The Man Who Was Never Born” come about?\" A: I had this idea in my mind, a kind of a beauty and the beast idea, and so it kind of developed from that, because that was one of my old favorites, Jean Cocteau’s \"Beauty and the Beast\", the French version, which was a beautiful film. I was thinking of that film, and also just the idea that had always kind of fascinated me. Joseph Stefano loved", "The Man Who Never Was (book) was to publish the story of Mincemeat. Over the course of a weekend Montagu wrote \"The Man Who Never Was\" (1953), which sold two million copies and formed the basis for a 1956 film. The security services did not give Montagu complete freedom to reveal operational details, and he was careful not to mention the role played by signals intelligence to confirm that the operation had been successful. He was also careful to obscure \"the idea of an organised programme of strategic deception ... with Mincemeat being presented as a 'wild' one-off caper\". In 1977 Montagu published \"Beyond Top Secret", "Dr. Who (Dalek films) to the two films, Dr. Who has appeared in a Dell comic strip adaptation of the film, the comic strip \"Daleks versus the Martians\" in the 1996 \"Spring Special\" of \"Doctor Who Magazine\", and the short story \"The House on Oldark Moor\" by Justin Richards, published in the BBC Books collection \"Short Trips and Sidesteps\". During the late 1960s, there were plans for a radio series starring Peter Cushing as the voice of Dr. Who. Under a collaboration between Stanmark Productions and Watermill Productions, a pilot was recorded and a further 52 episodes were to be produced. The pilot story", "The Man Who Never Was (The Sarah Jane Adventures) The Man Who Never Was (The Sarah Jane Adventures) The Man Who Never Was is a two-part episode and final story of \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" which was broadcast on CBBC on 17 and 18 October 2011. It is the third and final story of the fifth series, and the final appearance of all the main cast, including the final appearance of Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith following the actress' death from cancer earlier that year. A woman who works as a cleaner watches the commercial for the SerfBoard at Serf Systems. Walking, she suddenly hears an odd noise", "The Man Who Came Uptown The Man Who Came Uptown The Man Who Came Uptown is a 2018 novel by George Pelecanos about a man named Micheal Hudson who struggles with doing the right thing despite it not being the easiest thing after being released from prison and the \"redemptive power of books\". The novel begins with private investigator Paul Ornazain, interviewing a prisoner named Antonius about a failed robbery attempt. Antonius and three other men attempted to rob a drug store in the middle of summer while wearing long sleeves and masks. Ornazain is attempting to ask who came up with the plan, but", "The Man Who Found Himself The Man Who Found Himself The Man Who Found Himself, also known as Wings of Mercy, is a 1937 American aviation film based on the unpublished story \"Wings of Mercy\" by Alice F. Curtis. The film marked the first starring role for 19-year-old Joan Fontaine, who was billed as the \"new RKO screen personality\", highlighted following the end of the film by a special \"on screen\" introduction. Unlike many of the period films that appeared to glorify aviation, it was a complex film, examining the motivations of both doctors and pilots. Young doctor, Jim Stanton (John Beal) has two passionate", "The Man Who Never Was (The Sarah Jane Adventures) Sky's room and she walks in on him hanging up a picture drawn by Clyde, titled, \"Sky's Room\". As a final montage of her past adventures in the series play, Sarah Jane voices over: The episode closes over an image of Earth with the on-screen text, \"And the story goes on... forever.\" The Man Who Never Was (The Sarah Jane Adventures) The Man Who Never Was is a two-part episode and final story of \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" which was broadcast on CBBC on 17 and 18 October 2011. It is the third and final story of the fifth series,", "It Was I Who Drew the Little Man It Was I Who Drew the Little Man It Was I Who Drew the Little Man (; tr.: Chelovechka narisoval ya) is a 1960 Soviet cel-animated feature film directed by the \"grandmothers of the Russian animation\", Brumberg sisters, and Valentin Lalayants. It was produced at the Soyuzmultfilm studio in Moscow. The film is an expanded remake of a 1948 21-minute film by the same directors called \"Fedya Zaytsev\". In Russia, the film is available as part of the DVD collection called \"Здравствуй, школа!\" (\"Hello, School!\"). No English-subtitled version has been released. On the first of September, Fedya Zaytsev is the", "The Man Who Came Uptown after Michael Hudson began to read in prison. It also fallows Michael's choices between right or wrong throughout the novel. The Man Who Came Uptown The Man Who Came Uptown is a 2018 novel by George Pelecanos about a man named Micheal Hudson who struggles with doing the right thing despite it not being the easiest thing after being released from prison and the \"redemptive power of books\". The novel begins with private investigator Paul Ornazain, interviewing a prisoner named Antonius about a failed robbery attempt. Antonius and three other men attempted to rob a drug store in the middle", "The Man Who Loved Mars J. G. Huckenpohler, also writing in \"ERBzine\", rated the series \"among my favorites\" of Carter's stories, considering this book \"the best of the lot\" in the series, and the series as a whole to \"show more originality\" than Carter's Zanthodon and Callisto books. The Man Who Loved Mars The Man Who Loved Mars is a science fantasy novel by American writer Lin Carter, the first in his Edgar Rice Burroughs- and Leigh Brackett-inspired series The Mysteries of Mars. It was first published in paperback by Fawcett Gold Medal in March 1973. The first British edition was published in hardcover by", "The Man Who Could Work Miracles The Man Who Could Work Miracles The Man Who Could Work Miracles is a black-and-white 1937 British fantasy-comedy film directed by the German-born American director Lothar Mendes. Reputedly the best-known of Mendes' 20 films, it's a greatly expanded version of H. G. Wells’s short story of the same name and stars Roland Young with a cast of supporting players including Sir Ralph Richardson and in a London Films production from the famous Hungarian-born British producer, Sir Alexander Korda. H.G. Wells himself worked on the adaptation, the plot revised to reflect Wells's socialist frustrations with the British upper class, and the", "Bronze Age of Comic Books tenure on \"Batman\". In 1971, Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief Stan Lee was approached by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story, \"Green Goblin Reborn!,\" which portrayed drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. At that time, any portrayal of drug use in comic books was banned outright by the Comics Code Authority, regardless of the context. The CCA refused to approve the story, but Lee published it regardless. The positive reception that the story received led to the CCA revising the Comics Code", "Bronze Age of Comic Books its double feature characters appearing in their anthologies to full-length stories in their own comic. But several of these characters could not sustain their own title and were cancelled. Marvel tried to create new double feature anthologies such as \"Amazing Adventures\" and \"Astonishing Tales\" which did not last as double feature comic books. A more enduring concept was that of the team-up book, either combining two characters, at least one of which was not popular enough to sustain its own title (\"Green Lantern/Green Arrow\", \"Super-Villain Team-Up\", \"Power Man and Iron Fist\", \"Daredevil and the Black Widow\", \"Captain America and the", "The Man Who Laughs (1928 film) gloom that it plays like a horror film.\" \"The Man Who Laughs\" is a Romantic melodrama, similar to films such as \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1923). The film was one of the early Universal Pictures productions that made the transition from silent films to sound films, using the Movietone sound system introduced by William Fox. The film was completed in April 1927 but was held for release in April 1928, with sound effects and a music score that included the song, \"When Love Comes Stealing,\" by Walter Hirsch, Lew Pollack, and Ernö Rapée. In 1680s England, King James II", "The Man Who Sold the Moon (short story collection) The Man Who Sold the Moon (short story collection) The Man Who Sold the Moon is the title of a 1950 collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. The stories, part of Heinlein's Future History series, appear in the first edition as follows: Early paperback printings omitted \"Life-Line\" and \"Blowups Happen\", as well as Campbell's introduction. Boucher and McComas praised the 1950 edition as Heinlein \"at his superlative best\". In his \"Books\" column for \"F&SF\", Damon Knight selected \"The Man Who Sold the Moon\" as one of the 10 best science fiction books of the", "The Bronze Buckaroo Joe if they do not sign the deed. While Dusty rides for the sheriff, Blake and his men backtrack Betty's horse (who arrived home riderless). A gun battle ensues, with the sheriff arriving in the nick of time. The villains are hauled off to jail, and Blake rides into the sunset with Betty. The Bronze Buckaroo The Bronze Buckaroo is a 1939 American film directed by Richard C. Kahn. It is one of a number of race films, made by African-American directors and performers for African-American audiences. \"The Bronze Buckaroo\" stars black cowboy singer Herb Jeffries, here billed as Herbert", "The Man Who Could Cheat Death on 17 November 1958. The European release of the film featured a scene in which Hazel Court appeared topless. \"The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films\" called the film an \"odd mish-mash of mad scientist sci-fi flick and gothic flannel\" that \"suffers from an excess of dialogue and a lack of action.\" The Man Who Could Cheat Death The Man Who Could Cheat Death is a 1959 British horror film, directed by Terence Fisher and starring Anton Diffring and Christopher Lee. Jimmy Sangster adapted the screenplay from the play \"The Man in Half Moon Street\" by Barré Lyndon,", "The Man Who Came Uptown Antonius refuses to give the other man up because he lives by a code saying he is not as bad as the true criminals in the world. Ornazain is a private investigator based in DC who partnered with another retired cop rob criminals of their stolen money. This is how they made the majority of their income. During one of their jobs they asked Michael Hudson to be their get away driver, which resulted in him getting arrested on a weapons charge. The man who came uptown has themes that run through the novel about the redemptive power of books", "The Man Who Ate the Man The Man Who Ate the Man The Man Who Ate the Man is an album by the electronic / art rock band Magnetophone. It was released in 2005 on 4AD Records. Equally inspired by pop, electronic pioneers like Morton Subotnick, contemporary electronic artists like Autechre, and Krautrock, Magnetophone have continued to evolve from their debut \"I Guess Sometimes I Need to Be Reminded of How Much You Love Me\" (2000). The lyrics of \"The Man Who Ate The Man\" are more poetic than rock'n'roll inspired, and concern city relationships (\"Benny's Insobriety\" and \"Without Word\") or similar, but set against a", "The Man Who Loved Only Numbers The Man Who Loved Only Numbers The Man Who Loved Only Numbers is a biography of the famous mathematician Paul Erdős written by Paul Hoffman. The book was first published on July 15, 1998, by Hyperion Books as a hardcover edition. A paperback edition appeared in 1999. The book is, in the words of the author, \"a work in oral history based on the recollections of Erdős, his collaborators and their spouses\". The book was a bestseller in the United Kingdom and has been published in 15 different languages. The book won the 1999 Rhône-Poulenc Prize beating many distinguished and", "The Man Who Could Work Miracles Roland Young's performance, as having \"described the character perfectly, drawing him as a fumbling little man with a rabbity soul, a limited imagination and other characteristic human frailties and virtues,\" and concluding that \"Lothar Mendes's direction has achieved a sound balance between the jocund and the profound. Mr. Wells, in brief, is doing well in his new medium.\" Streaming audio The Man Who Could Work Miracles The Man Who Could Work Miracles is a black-and-white 1937 British fantasy-comedy film directed by the German-born American director Lothar Mendes. Reputedly the best-known of Mendes' 20 films, it's a greatly expanded version of", "The Man Who Ate the Man rural backdrop (\"A Sad Ha Ha (Circled My Demise)\" and \"The Only Witching You'll be Doing\"). The themes explore control, loss, reverence, worth, relationship-pacts. The Man Who Ate the Man The Man Who Ate the Man is an album by the electronic / art rock band Magnetophone. It was released in 2005 on 4AD Records. Equally inspired by pop, electronic pioneers like Morton Subotnick, contemporary electronic artists like Autechre, and Krautrock, Magnetophone have continued to evolve from their debut \"I Guess Sometimes I Need to Be Reminded of How Much You Love Me\" (2000). The lyrics of \"The Man Who", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man mule, Wright makes a point to say that \"There were white and black standing in the crowd\" and Dave \"cried, seeing blurred white and black faces\". So, not only does the issue of the dead animal become a concern, but the colors of the people around Dave become important as well. The gun becomes an equalizer in Dave's eyes when he says \"Could kill a man with a gun like this. Kill anybody, black or white. And if he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody could run over him; they would have to respect him.\" The gun blurs", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man will at last prove he is indeed a man. While the story appears to be simply about a young boy's desire to have a gun, Wright's work includes underlying themes of racism and the struggles of an individual. This piece is filled with metaphors for life and the journey from boyhood to manhood. The story is set in a farming area. Wright never gets into much detail about the surrounding area other than to mention that the main character, Dave, is working or walking through a field. This desolate sort of background that sets the stage for the story can", "The Man Who Laughs (1928 film) Theatre. Proceeds from opening night were donated to American Friends of Blérancourt, a humanitarian aid organization. According to Universal's house organ, \"The Gold Mine\", these limited showings continued at least into May. Also in May, the film had its London premiere, at a trade show at the London Pavilion Theatre on the 2nd. For many years, the film was not publicly available. In the 1960s, \"The Man Who Laughs\" was among the films preserved by the Library of Congress following a donation from the American Film Institute; along with 22 other such films, it was shown at the New York", "Spider-Man in other media Spider-Man in other media Spider-Man is a fictional character who has been adapted in various media including television shows, films, toys, stage shows, books, and video games. Spider-Man has been adapted to television many times, as a short-lived live-action television series, a Japanese tokusatsu series, and several animated cartoon series. There were also the \"Spidey Super Stories\" segments on the PBS educational series \"The Electric Company\", which featured a Spider-Man (played by Danny Seagren) who did not speak out loud but instead used only word balloons. Nicholas Hammond portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man on-screen in the 1970s \"The Amazing Spider-Man", "It Was I Who Drew the Little Man very first kid who comes to school. In his joy at realizing this, he draws a little man with an umbrella on the wall of his classroom with a piece of charcoal, realizing too late that this is against the rules. In class, the teacher notices the drawing and asks everyone to raise their hands. Fedya rubs out his hands so that they are clean, but his friend, with whom he had shaken hands earlier, has dirty hands and is blamed. Fedya goes home without saying anything, but the little man whom he drew follows him, and he teams up", "Bronze Age of Comic Books Luke Cage (who was the first black superhero to star in his own comic book in 1972), Storm, Blade, and Monica Rambeau, and DC's Green Lantern John Stewart, Bronze Tiger, Black Lightning, Vixen, and Cyborg. Characters such as Luke Cage, Mantis, Misty Knight, Shang-Chi, and Iron Fist have been seen by some as an attempt by Marvel Comics to cash in on the 1970s crazes for Kung Fu movies. However, these and other minority characters came into their own after these film trends faded, and became increasingly popular and important as time progressed. By the mid-1980s, Storm and Cyborg had", "The Man Who Fell to Earth on its list of 100 best British films. British Film Institute included it on its list of \"50 late night classics\" demonstrating its popularity as a midnight movie. The Man Who Fell to Earth The Man Who Fell to Earth is a 1976 British science fiction film directed by Nicolas Roeg and written by Paul Mayersberg, based on Walter Tevis's 1963 novel of the same name, about an extraterrestrial who crash lands on Earth seeking a way to ship water to his planet, which is suffering from a severe drought. The film retains a following for its use of surreal", "The Man Who Was Almost a Man ma is letting him have his own money now, to which Dave responds with a “[s]hucks. Mistah Joe, Ahm gittin t' be a man like anybody else,”! Joe asks what exactly it is Dave is planning on buying; a question Dave is reluctant to answer unless Joe promises not to say anything. Joe promises and Dave tells him he’s looking to purchase a gun; Joe states that Dave “ain’t nothing but a boy,” and that he does not need a gun, but if he’s going to buy one he might as well buy it from him and not from some", "A Man There Was A Man There Was A Man There Was () is a 1917 Swedish drama directed by Victor Sjöström, based on a poem of the same title by Henrik Ibsen. With a budget of SEK 60,000, it was the most expensive Swedish film made up to that point, marking a new direction in Swedish cinema with more funding to fewer films, resulting in more total quality. This film is considered to be the start of the golden age of Swedish silent film that would end after \"Gösta Berlings saga\" in 1925, although films such as \"Ingeborg Holm\" (1913) are often assigned", "The Man Who Came Back (1931 film) The Man Who Came Back (1931 film) The Man Who Came Back is a 1931 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Raoul Walsh, starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell. The movie was adapted to screen by Edwin J. Burke from the play by Jules Eckert Goodman. A Fox property for many years, it had been filmed before in the silent era in 1924 with George O'Brien and Dorothy Mackaill in the leads. A Spanish language version called \"Road of Hell\" was made in the same year. Gaynor and Farrell made almost a dozen films together, including Frank Borzage's classics \"Seventh", "Spider-Man in video games \"Spider-Man Cartoon Maker\", released in 1995 by Knowledge Adventure, is a software package that allowed the user to create films by using an archive of backdrops, animations and props from the \"Spider-Man\" animated series. The game featured the voice of Christopher Daniel Barnes, who played Spider-Man in the series. That same year Marvel attempted to release classic comic books onto CD-ROM. Only four were ever produced, based on Spider-Man, the X-Men, Iron Man and the Fantastic Four. The Spider-Man one titled, \"Marvel CD-ROM Comics featuring Spider-Man\" included animation from the series, trivia games, and four complete issues of the comic", "The Bronze Screen: 100 Years of the Latino Image in Hollywood (film) continuity, featuring a myriad of clips and stills, both familiar and rare, along with exceptional sound and film quality. The \"School Library Journal\" described the film as, \"compelling, enlightening, and entertaining.\" \"The Bronze Screen\" relates the contributions made by Latinos to movies, from silent to contemporary films, with examples of the many ways Latinos have been portrayed. They elaborated on the film's format: \"The loosely chronological structure allows viewers to compare and contrast the films and those who inhabit and create them\". The reviewer emphasizes part of the significance of this film: \"No look at the history of Hollywood would", "The Man Who Studied Yoga a third-person omniscient voice\". Philip Bufithis suggests that Mailer employs this strategy to focus on this singular sensibility: \"a self-conscious, second-rate man who knows and admires what distinction is but cannot attain it\". Mailer writes that \"Yoga\" was originally to be the prologue of a larger, eight-part work featuring \"the adventures of a mythical hero, Sergius O'Shaugnessy, who would travel through many worlds\" and have \"many of the characters reappear in different books, but with their ages altered\". While he abandoned this project, \"Yoga\" appears as he originally wrote it: \"not entirely functional (certain excursions and diversions remaining as part", "Spider-Man in other media announced during the Sony Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 Press Conference under the working title \"Spider-Man PS4\" with the hashtag #spidermanPS4. Yuri Lowenthal reprises his role as Spider-Man from Marvel Super Hero Squad Online and . Spider-Man appears as a playable character in various mobile games such as Marvel Future Fight, Marvel Contest of Champions, Marvel Puzzle Quest, Marvel Strike Force. Spider-Man in other media Spider-Man is a fictional character who has been adapted in various media including television shows, films, toys, stage shows, books, and video games. Spider-Man has been adapted to television many times, as a short-lived live-action television", "Bronze and Sunflower Sunflower is a young girl, taken in by Bronze's family when she is orphaned. The story follows their lives in the village of Damaidi, highlighting family values against the hardships of rural life. It is one of a series of books set in the same region at the same time. \"Bronze and Sunflower\" has been translated into several languages since its publication in 2006. Following is a list containing information about the translated works. \"Bronze and Sunflower\" is Cao's first novel to be translated into English. The translation was conducted by the British translator Helen Wang, and was published in", "Empire of Man Empire of Man The Empire of Man (also called the Prince Roger series and the March Upcountry series) is a series of science fiction books by David Weber and John Ringo published by Baen Books. It combines elements of space opera and military science fiction. The series tells the story of Prince Roger and his personal guard, the Bronze Battalion of the Empress's Own, as they cross the hostile and alien world of Marduk where they have been marooned. Roger is the spoiled younger son of the Empress of the largest polity in the galaxy, the Earth-based \"Empire of Man\".", "The Man Who been released; \"Writing to Reach You\", \"The Fear\" and \"Luv\" were penned around 1995–96, while \"As You Are\", \"Turn\" and \"She's So Strange\" date back as far as 1993 and the early \"Glass Onion\" EP. The title \"The Man Who\" was derived from the book \"The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat\" by neurologist Oliver Sacks. The album's sleeve notes include a dedication to film director Stanley Kubrick, who had died a few months prior to the album's release. Initial reviews of \"The Man Who\" were mixed, with several publications who had championed the more rock-oriented \"Good Feeling\"", "Bronze Nazareth Partners Inc. Bronze Nazareth, who got his name from Cilvaringz accompanied him during the recording of his debut album and was present for most of the recordings in Steubenville, Ohio and the legendary D&D Studios where Bronze first met with prominent Wu-Tang Clan affiliates 4th Disciple, Killarmy and Sunz Of Man. Eventually Cilvaringz introduced Bronze Nazareth to The RZA who was impressed by his works and added him to the Wu's in-house team. He furthered his technique and sound. Bronze went on to contribute two beats to RZA's solo album Birth of a Prince. He produced most of the 2005", "Empire of Man book to be published would take up right where the last book \"We Few\" left off. Since then three \"snippet\" chapters of an untitled \"Empire of Man 5\" novel have been posted, continuing the Prince Roger storyline. Empire of Man The Empire of Man (also called the Prince Roger series and the March Upcountry series) is a series of science fiction books by David Weber and John Ringo published by Baen Books. It combines elements of space opera and military science fiction. The series tells the story of Prince Roger and his personal guard, the Bronze Battalion of the Empress's", "Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles Taylor published the first comprehensive study of the available evidence, entitled \"Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles\". In 1994, the archaeologist George Eogan published an academic monograph on the subject, entitled \"The Accomplished Art: Gold and Gold-Working in Britain and Ireland during the Bronze Age\", which was brought out through the U.K.-based Oxbow Books. In it, Eogan noted that his study was \"not a \"corpus\" or catalogue\" of artefacts, instead being \"an evaluation and interpretation of the material in social terms\". Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles refers to", "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote or not. Pecorini stated at the time \"Never in 22 years of being in this business have I seen such a sum of bad luck.\" Gilliam was very disappointed by this, as he had spent two years trying to cast the perfect actor for Quixote. Despite his continued efforts, production was finally cancelled in November 2000. After his 1988 film \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" was almost abandoned, Gilliam decided to document the making of all his films in case one of them was canceled. For \"The Man Who Killed Don Quixote\", he asked Keith Fulton and Louis Pepe, who", "The Man Who Knew Too Much (book) \"The Five of Swords\" and \"The Tower of Treason\". The 1934 and 1956 films have nothing except the title in common with this book. Alfred Hitchcock, who directed both films, decided to use the title because he held the film rights for some of the stories in the book. The stories were first published in Harper's Monthly Magazine between April 1920 and June 1922: Other stories that were added in the book: Horne Fisher, \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\", is the main protagonist of the first eight stories. In the final story, \"The Vengeance of the Statue\", Fisher notes:", "The Bronze God of Rhodes The Bronze God of Rhodes The Bronze God of Rhodes is an historical novel by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1960, and in paperback by Bantam Books in 1963. A trade paperback edition was projected by The Donning Company for 1983, but never published. The book was reissued with a new introduction by Harry Turtledove as a trade paperback and ebook by Phoenix Pick in June 2013. It is the second of de Camp's historical novels in order of writing, and fourth in internal chronology. The novel is written in" ]

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[ "As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent €212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses." ]

[ "The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].", "The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS.", "By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan. Qinghai was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains, also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by Jahangir Khoja in the 1820s. Likewise, Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.", "There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling.", "Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.", "In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and \"brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people.\" Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.", "Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton. The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured. Closure of the plant in 2013 was announced in 2012, with the loss of hundreds of jobs." ]

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[ "kids are on a raft" ]

[ "the kids wore black to the concert", "I came up with a plan while I waited for her.", "The wooden staircase isn't very wide.", "Two girls are playing soccer.", "A group of people are performing.", "You chopped down a tree and it fell in my flower bed.", "That's both of us dining on limitless french fries." ]

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[ "My Heart Will Go On My Heart Will Go On \"My Heart Will Go On\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It serves as the main theme song to James Cameron's blockbuster film \"Titanic\", that is based on an account of the British transatlantic ocean liner of the same name which sank in 1912 after colliding with an iceberg in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. The song's music was composed by James Horner, its lyrics were written by Will Jennings, while the production was handled by Walter Afanasieff, Horner and Simon Franglen. Released as a single on Dion's fifth English-language" ]

[ "Adrianna Foster at local festivals. In 1988, a 12-year old Foster met and impressed Barry Ivan White of The Platters at a singing competition in Cancún, Quintana Roo with her singing aptitude and on-stage charisma. White invited her to sing at a famous hotel in the city and there she sang Celine Dion's signature song, \"My Heart Will Go On\". White would again invite Foster to sing, but this time at a Platters concert on Rhode Island, near Boston, Massachusetts where she sang four songs. In 2000, Foster traveled to Miami, Florida to receive musical tutoring from Gina Maretta and in that", "Vladislav Kurasov 27, 2011 the STB broadcast a program about the \"Х-Factor\" auditions in Donetsk where Kurasov performed Celine Dion's song \"My Heart Will Go On\". The audience rose in applause and all four judges said \"Yes\" to Kurasov. Having successfully passed the first three rounds of the selection process (preliminary and TV auditions and the training camp), Kurasov began competing in the fourth and deciding round for a place in the \"Boys\" category. On October 22, 2011 in \"Х-Factor\" first live broadcast, Kurasov performed Leonard Cohen song \"Hallelujah\" which eventually became the \"visiting card\" of the young performer. In week 7", "Vicky Leandros 1995 to 1998 she collaborated with German hit-maker Jack White and released three Top-10 albums as well as the German version of the \"Titanic\" song \"My Heart Will Go On\". This song \"Weil mein Herz dich nie mehr vergisst\" gave Leandros her highest charting record since Verlorenes Paradies in 1982. In 2000 Leandros started producing her own records. The album \"Jetzt\" / \"Now\" was a success and her own compositions received critical praise. Her duet with Chris De Burgh was one of the highlights of the album. Following this she featured again on the charts of several countries such as", "Walter Afanasieff in 1985, which went on to become the artist's best-selling studio album to date. It was also during this time that Afanasieff and Walden began writing pop songs together. Together with his mentor Narada, Afanasieff's first major production was the title track of the James Bond movie \"Licence to Kill\", sung by Gladys Knight and co-written by Afanasieff and Walden. One of Afanasieff's biggest hits as a producer was the smash hit \"My Heart Will Go On\", the theme tune to the 1997 film \"Titanic\", sung by Celine Dion. The song became the world's best-selling single of 1998. Afanasieff produced", "Walter Afanasieff Walter Afanasieff Walter Afanasieff (born February 10, 1958), formally nicknamed as Baby Love in the 1980s, is a Brazilian American musician, songwriter, record producer and composer of Russian descent. He is known for his long association with Mariah Carey, for whom he was co-producer and co-writer for several years, beginning in 1990. He won the 1999 Grammy Award in the Record of the Year category for producing \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion, and the 2000 Grammy Award for Non-Classical Producer of the Year. Aside from Carey and Dion, Afanasieff has also written and produced music for many", "Joseph McManners the summer of 2007, McManners auditioned for the role of Eustace Scrubb, a character in the film, \"\", which was released in 2010. However, the part went to British actor Will Poulter. Joseph McManners Joseph McManners (born 3 December 1992) is an English singer-songwriter and actor. McManners is the son of Hugh McManners and Deborah McManners At the age of 8, McManners heard the song My Heart Will Go On from the 1997 film Titanic Shortly after he sang the song at a family gathering, he realized that singing was what he wanted to do. He plays the violin and", "WWYY using Jim Merkel). In 2006, Nassau arranged the sale of its Poconos/Lehigh Valley cluster to an African American owned company called Access.1 Communications, including WWYY, but the deal fell through. The failed sale served as an opportunity to change the Nassau Broadcasting unit. On May 3, 2007, after playing \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion, WWYY and WSBG swapped formats; WSBG became \"Lite 93.5\", and WWYY became mainstream rock as \"107 The Bone\". The first song on 107 The Bone was \"Bad to the Bone\" by George Thorogood & the Destroyers. On October 31, 2014 at 12:00 pm,", "Zara Larsson of oxygen from nuchal cord. She has a younger sister, Hanna, who is also a singer and a member of the band Hanna & Andrea. In a 2015 interview, Larsson said that she was accepted into the Adolf Fredrik's Music School, but declined because she did not want to sing in a choir. Larsson won the 2008 season of \"Talang\", the Swedish adaptation of \"Got Talent\", at the age of 10, winning 500,000 kronor. \"My Heart Will Go On\", originally sung by Celine Dion, was later released as Larsson's debut single. Larsson signed with TEN Music Group in 2012 to", "Journey to the Past felt that the latter \"better tells the film's story.\" \"Journey to the Past\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 70th Academy Awards in 1998. The song ultimately lost to Celine Dion's popular \"My Heart Will Go On\" from \"Titanic\" (1997); critics generally agreed that \"Journey to the Past\" had little chance of winning against \"My Heart Will Go On\". Cornelius lamented the fact that the ballad lost \"to that darn \"Titanic\" theme\". Although against the odds, Ahrens and Flaherty believed they had a chance of winning, although Ahrens's own mother called her to assure", "Zhang Liyin to sing a song after hearing it only once. When she was nine years old, she showed her musical ability when she sang Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". As she grew older, Zhang became more absorbed into pop music than classical music. She secretly listened to pop music because her parents were against it. When she was twelve, she was accepted into a middle school affiliated to Sichuan Conservatory of Music after scoring the highest with her violin talents, but she opted to become a singer instead. Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a", "K.Will that he was nicknamed the “male Mariah” in Korea. Soon more videos surfaced, notably of him singing the high notes in Celine Dion's song \"My Heart Will Go On\" from the movie Titanic. On December 2, 2008, K.Will released the digital single \"Love 119\", a collaboration with the well-known rapper MC Mong. The single achieved #1 on online charts and ranked #2 on the KBS Music Bank K-Chart without any promotions. Motivated by the popularity of \"Love 119\", K.Will released a mini album titled \"Dropping the Tears\" on March 31, 2009. His deep, husky voice made the title track with", "Rachel Scott better one, where there is no sorrow, violence or death.\" Her friends from the Orchard Road Christian Church Youth Group also sang a song at the service, composed in her honor, entitled \"Why Did You Have to Leave?\" Many of Scott's friends spoke at this service as the theme song \"My Heart Will Go On\" was broadcast. Those conveying their eulogies included one youth who had been considered an outcast at Columbine High School, who stated: \"All my life I prayed that someone would love me and make me feel wanted. God sent me an angel,\" before staring at Scott's", "D'banj university, he realised what his new skills with the instrument could bring him. \"I'd go to the female hostel after lectures, and even if there was no electricity I could play there.\" He remembers learning Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" after Titanic came out – \"and that got me a lot of girls!\" D'banj then proceeded to the Lagos State University to study mechanical engineering, but due to the constant strikes and several irregularities in the school he decided to withdraw. Plans to continue his studies as a mechanical engineer in London were derailed when he arrived in", "Joseph McManners Joseph McManners Joseph McManners (born 3 December 1992) is an English singer-songwriter and actor. McManners is the son of Hugh McManners and Deborah McManners At the age of 8, McManners heard the song My Heart Will Go On from the 1997 film Titanic Shortly after he sang the song at a family gathering, he realized that singing was what he wanted to do. He plays the violin and the piano and is learning to play the guitar. At that age, he sang 'In Dreams', though it is not the version which is featured in The Lord of the Rings (film)", "My Heart Will Go On that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and [her] songs. So I felt I owed her a \"Titanic\" chance, but I could [still] have used Sissel there.\" My Heart Will Go On \"My Heart Will Go On\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It serves as the main theme song to James Cameron's blockbuster film \"Titanic\", that is based on an account of the British transatlantic ocean liner of the same name which sank in 1912 after colliding with an iceberg in the", "Celine Dion singles discography five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" became Dion's third platinum single in the US, with sales of 1.6 million copies. In 1997, she released the most-successful single of her career, \"My Heart Will Go On\". Serving as the love theme to the 1997 blockbuster motion picture, \"Titanic\" (also included on \"Let's Talk About Love\"), the single topped the charts across the world, and became Dion's signature song. \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and it gave Dion two additional Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal", "Greatest Hits (Kenny G album) Greatest Hits (Kenny G album) Greatest Hits is the second greatest hits album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1997 and peaked at number one on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 19 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The album combined Kenny G's hits since the beginning of his career. Shortly after the release of the album, the blockbuster film \"Titanic\" was released, and having already produced the hit single of \"My Heart Will Go On\" performed by Celine Dion, producer Afanasieff returned to the studio with Kenny", "Living to Love You Living to Love You \"Living to Love You\" is a song by German singer–songwriter Sarah Connor from her fourth studio album, \"Naughty but Nice\" (2005). Written and produced by Sarah Connor, Rob Tyger and Kay Denar, it was released as the album's lead single on 8 November 2004. The song samples Céline Dion's 1997 hit single \"My Heart Will Go On\". The single reached number one in Germany and Switzerland, becoming Connor's third consecutive chart-topper on the German Singles Chart and fourth overall. Thus, the singer was the first German artist to accomplish this since Modern Talking in the mid-1980s.", "Simon Franglen Simon Franglen Simon Franglen (born 1963, Westminster, London, England) is an English composer, record producer, arranger and musician. His credits include four of the list of top grossing films and six of the list of best-selling albums of all time. He is best known for his work on \"Avatar\", for which he received Golden Globe and Grammy nominations for the theme song, and for being the producer of \"My Heart Will Go On\" from \"Titanic\", for which he won a Record of The Year Grammy Award. Other film credits range from David Fincher's \"Se7en\", for which he created the synthesizer", "Tatjana Đorđević She sang at Exit festival in 2006 and 2008 with her band Strip, and many other festivals. \"Psihomehanicar\" - (2008) Tatjana Đorđević Tatjana Đorđević (; born March 3, 1985 in Belgrade, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a young Serbian, Rock female singer. Surrounded with music throughout her childhood, Tatjana Djordjevic began singing very young. At age 13, she won a competition called “Kids are singing Hits” singing “My Heart Will Go On” by Celine Dion. In 2000, Tatjana won second prize in competition “First voice of Yugoslavia” with song \"Zajdi zajdi\". With the same song she was second in 2001 at", "Keith Thomas (record producer) Tracks chart. \"I Could Fall in Love\" became the fifth best-charting song from that chart in 1995 and remained the highest-charting English-language song for two years, until Celine Dion's 1998 single \"My Heart Will Go On\" surpassed it when it peaked at number 1. The album, \"Dreaming of You\", on which \"I Could Fall in Love\" appears, has now been certified 35x platinum. That year Thomas also produced Williams' Academy Award winning single, \"Colors of the Wind,\" for the multi-platinum selling motion picture soundtrack, \"Pocahontas\". In 1997, Thomas completed tracks for Grant's next album, \"Behind The Eyes\" and Williams' follow", "My Heart Will Go On \"emotional\" and \"demanding\" by Pandora radio. The original Horner/Franglen produced \"demo\" version of the ballad runs a little over five minutes and has an extended ending with longer, segmented vocalizations by Dion. Franglen mixed the final film and soundtrack version, expanding on the demo and adding orchestra to the final chorus. It is this version which appears on the \"Titanic\" soundtrack album and is also played over the ending credits of the film. When the single was to be released to radio, it was produced further by Walter Afanasieff who added string and electric guitar, as well as rearranged portions", "Truly Madly Deeply No. 2 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. It also went Top 10 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. On the \"Billboard\" Top 40 Mainstream chart the song hit number one for one week on 31 January before dropping to number two as Celine Dion assumed the top spot with the theme to the hit film \"Titanic\", \"My Heart Will Go On\". Savage Garden's single held at No. 2 for ten weeks, before returning to the number one spot again the week of 18 April. The song eventually set a record for the most weeks of any single", "Jake Zyrus the \"Dreams Come True\" episode of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" on September 9, Oprah referred to Zyrus as \"The Most Talented Girl in the World\". After singing Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" with David Foster on piano, Zyrus was surprised by Celine Dion's appearance via satellite, at Oprah's invitation, inviting Pempengco to sing a special duet at New York City's Madison Square Garden as part of Dion's Taking Chances Tour. The promised duet took place on September 15, dedicating \"Because You Loved Me\" to Pempengco's mother. The performance received rave reviews in the \"New York Post\" and \"The", "Corey Hart (singer) \"Third of June\" and \"Someone\") all reached the Canadian Top 40. \"Corey Hart\" also earned Hart more award nominations, including Juno nods for Best Male Vocalist of the Year and Best Producer for \"\"Black Cloud Rain\" and \"Simplicity,\" a non-single album track, and Best Anglophone Quebec Artist at the ADISQ Awards. In 1997, fellow Canadian Celine Dion released her \"Let's Talk About Love\" album, which featured the theme from the film \"Titanic\", \"My Heart Will Go On.\" Also on the album were two songs written and co-produced by Hart: the Canadian Top 40 hit \"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)\"", "My Favorite Mistake International Campaign to Ban Landmines. \"My Favorite Mistake\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in the Grammy Awards of 1999 losing to Céline Dion for \"My Heart Will Go On\". Crow won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album. The single was released as a two part set (sold separately) in the United Kingdom. The first part contained two previously unreleased b-sides. The second part contained the songs \"Subway Ride\" and \"Crash & Burn\". Though billed as \"2 brand new tracks\" by a sticker on the front of the release, both songs were actually", "You're Still the One was written by Twain and Mutt Lange and produced by Lange. \"You're Still the One\" was nominated for four Grammy Awards in 1999, winning two. It won Best Country Song and Best Female Country Vocal Performance and lost Record of the Year and Song of the Year to fellow Canadian, Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". It was ranked number 46 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the '90s\". When Twain and Lange had become romantically involved in the mid 1990s, there was criticism of their relationship: claims that the age difference was extreme, and that Twain was solely", "Riva Taylor of which she achieved at the age of 8. She also appeared on \"Blue Peter\", performing \"My Heart Will Go On\" at the age of 10. She attended Danes Hill School, Surrey before studying for her GCSEs and A Levels at Tormead School, Guildford. Taylor has said that living the life of a normal school girl was important for somebody exposed to the music industry from such a young age. At the age of 12 she landed a recording contract with EMI, making her the youngest artist to have ever been signed to the record label. Her debut album, \"A", "Ray of Light (song) It was also nominated for Record of the Year, but lost to Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". Furthermore, \"The Village Voice\" ranked it as the fourth best in 1998 in their Pazz & Jop critics' poll. At the 1999 ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards, the track was the Top Dance Song winner. It also won the category of Most Performed Song at the ASCAP Pop Awards the same year. The 1999 Ivor Novello Awards nominated the record in the category of International Hit of the Year \"Ray of Light\" is also often ranked as being one of the", "I Could Fall in Love became the first artist to place both a Spanish- and an English-language song in the top ten of the Hot Latin Tracks chart. \"I Could Fall in Love\" became the fifth best-charting song from that chart in 1995 and remained the highest-charting English-language song for two years, until Celine Dion's 1998 single \"My Heart Will Go On\" surpassed it when it peaked at number one. On the Regional Mexican Songs chart, the track reached number five for two consecutive weeks from 1 July 1995, and it peaked at number one on the Latin Pop Airplay chart of 19 August 1995", "How Do I Live also performed the song at the Country Music Association for which she won the 1997 award for Female Vocalist of the Year. Yearwood also won the 1997 Academy of Country Music Award for Top Female Vocalist. The song was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to \"My Heart Will Go On\" from the film \"Titanic.\" Yearwood performed the song at the award ceremony. Diane Warren – songwriter Credits for LeAnn's version are adapted from the liner notes of the UK version of \"Sittin' on Top of the World\". The song was used in the", "Caroline Costa Chart. The teen group was made up of the girls Caroline, Marina, Sarah, Lisa and the boys Nicolas and Joris. In 2008, she appeared on the French television channel M6's program \"100% Mag\". In November 2008, she took part in the M6 reality television series \"La France a un incroyable talent\" where she reached the finale. She auditioned with \"Hurt\" from Christina Aguilera, and received a standing ovation. In the next round, she performed \"My Heart Will Go On\" from Céline Dion. In the finale she performed \"I Will Always Love You\" from Whitney Houston and finished runner-up for the", "Eric Martin (musician) \"Mr. Vocalist\", Sony Japan opted to follow it up with another one. \"Mr. Vocalist 2\" was unique from the first because all the songs included in it were famous international ballads, and were voted in by fans either through the Internet or through mobile phone. Martin and Sony Japan lined up about 30 international ballads sung by women, such as \"Hero\" by Mariah Carey, \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion and \"Eternal Flame\" by The Bangles. The top 12 songs were taken from the list and were covered by Eric and Sony Japan's team of top musicians. The", "Tin whistle North with a jazz and very traditionally Celtic-inspired whistle piece on Bela Fleck and the Flecktones' UFO TOFU. Howard Shore called for a tin whistle in D for a passage in his \"Concerning Hobbits\" from \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy. The tin whistle symbolizes the Shire, together with other instruments such as the guitar, the double bass, and the bodhrán. The tin whistle also plays a passage in the main theme in the same trilogy. The tin whistle is featured prominently in the song \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion in the movie \"Titanic\". The song's", "Immortality (Celine Dion song) to be in Dion's range, was released in November 2001 on Bee Gees' album, \"\". The \"Saturday Night Fever: Original Cast Recording\" album, released in June 1999, features the song performed by Adam Garcia. Dion's \"Immortality\" single released in Europe and Australia included mainly remixes of her previous hit, \"My Heart Will Go On\". In Brazil, \"Immortality\" served as a theme song to the primetime telenovela, \"Torre de Babe\". The promotional single released in Brazil included remixes of \"Immortality\" by DJ Cuca. Despite the fact that \"Immortality\" displays masterful songwriting and vocal execution abilities, \"Entertainment Weekly\" editor David Browne called", "1990s in music Hot 100, as well as spending 19 weeks on the UK singles chart. \"I Get Lonely\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100. \"The Velvet Rope\" sold over ten million albums worldwide and was certified three times platinum by the RIAA. Céline Dion achieving worldwide success with the song My Heart Will Go On from Titanic soundtrack. In the early 1990s, Mariah Carey's hit singles such as \"Vision of Love\" (1990) and \"Love Takes Time\" (1990), and Whitney Houston's \"All the Man That I Need\" (1990) and \"I Will Always Love You\" (1992) topped the radio charts for the", "Jeanné Kapela Hawaii pageant. Entering the state pageant in May 2015 as one of 29 finalists, Kapela's preliminary competition talent was a lyrical dance routine to \"My Heart Will Go On\" as performed by Tioni Tam Sing. She won both the talent and swimsuit portions of the competition. Her platform, \"Sex Trafficking: #ItEndsWithUs\" is a campaign to raise awareness of human trafficking. Kapela is the executive director of the non-profit organization UNITE! dedicated to preventing human trafficking. Kapela won the statewide competition on Saturday, May 30, 2015, when she received her crown from outgoing Miss Hawaii titleholder Stephanie Steuri. Kapela dedicated her", "Let's Talk About Love wrote that Dion's \"super-charged vocals are expectedly potent and often reach for heavens\" and praised the restrained Bee Gees' collaboration \"Immortality\", top forty border-breaking \"To Love You More\", Carole King/George Martin effort \"The Reason\", explosive \"Us\" and the \"Titanic\" single \"My Heart Will Go On\". He also noted that Dion spreads her wings on tracks like the reggae-splashed \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" featuring Diana King and Brownstone, and \"I Hate You Then I Love You\", a curious duet with Luciano Pavarotti. Larry Flick, also from \"Billboard\", spoke positively about \"Tell Him\" and \"My Heart Will Go On\". He called", "Tatjana Đorđević Tatjana Đorđević Tatjana Đorđević (; born March 3, 1985 in Belgrade, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a young Serbian, Rock female singer. Surrounded with music throughout her childhood, Tatjana Djordjevic began singing very young. At age 13, she won a competition called “Kids are singing Hits” singing “My Heart Will Go On” by Celine Dion. In 2000, Tatjana won second prize in competition “First voice of Yugoslavia” with song \"Zajdi zajdi\". With the same song she was second in 2001 at “First voice of Serbia”. In 2002, she participated in the popular kids' musical show “Bajone Express”. She won the award", "For You (Liam Payne and Rita Ora song) track and wrote that it would be \"entirely better if Rita, whose voice sounds very pretty here, had been left to her own devices\". Patrick Hosken of MTV News wrote that \"the song's opening blares immediately reminded me of Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". Sam Damshenas of \"Gay Times\" deemed the song \"a sultry synthpop duet\" that is \"catchy as f**k\". He expect the song to be \"a smash hit\", considering how well the previous singles from \"Fifty Shades\" soundtrack albums have done. Kevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop described the song as \"a sultry, steamy, upbeat and pop-driven dance", "Glen Brunman Seattle\", and 1995's \"Because You Loved Me\" for \"Up Close and Personal\". \"My Heart Will Go On\" appeared on both the \"Titanic\" soundtrack and Dion's \"Let's Talk About Love\" album. Both were released on November 18, 1997; to date, each album has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. In 1998, under Brunman’s auspices, the Sony labels started to release soundtrack albums for television shows. Between 1998 and 2001, they released four \"Ally McBeal\" collections, two compilations each for \"Dawson’s Creek\" and \"The Sopranos,\" and single discs for \"South Park\" and \"Touched By An Angel\". Combined, the albums sold more", "Casey's Top 40 role as Kasem's designated sub host, and Merrill Shindler, who Kasem had brought over from \"AT40\" when he left ABC Watermark). The legal wrangling between the two sides continued. However, Westwood One did not object to Kasem's continued use of the \"Radio & Records\" CHR/pop survey as its chart source. As such, Kasem's first and second #1 songs on the new \"AT40\" were the same as his last two with Westwood One. That week, \"My Heart Will Go On\" finished its seventh week atop the chart. Three weeks later, \"Truly Madly Deeply\" reclaimed the #1 spot for a third non-consecutive", "Living to Love You \"Living to Love You\" was the thirty-ninth best-selling single of 2004 and the thirty-fifth best-selling single of 2005. Living to Love You \"Living to Love You\" is a song by German singer–songwriter Sarah Connor from her fourth studio album, \"Naughty but Nice\" (2005). Written and produced by Sarah Connor, Rob Tyger and Kay Denar, it was released as the album's lead single on 8 November 2004. The song samples Céline Dion's 1997 hit single \"My Heart Will Go On\". The single reached number one in Germany and Switzerland, becoming Connor's third consecutive chart-topper on the German Singles Chart and fourth", "Torn (Ednaswap song) Imbruglia's version became a worldwide hit. For the track, Imbruglia received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, losing to Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". The music video for \"Torn\" features British actor Jeremy Sheffield. She also did an \"MTV Unplugged\" version of the song, which removed the outro. \"Torn\" was the most-played song in the US in 1998 and throughout the remainder of the 1990s. In the UK, it was the most played song from 1997–1998 and 19th-most played from 2001–2010, while it is recognized as the most played song in Australia since the", "Snehaloka music was composed and written by Hamsalekha. A breathless song \"Onde Usiranthe\" was recorded in the voices of Rajesh Krishnan and K. S. Chitra which was widely appreciated. Popular Bollywood playback singer Sonu Nigam also sang his second number in Kannada whose soundtrack was inspired by Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" from the soundtrack of the film \"Titanic\" (1997). Snehaloka Snehaloka () is a 1999 Indian Kannada romantic drama film directed by S. Mahendar and produced by N. Bharathi Devi. The film has an ensemble cast comprising Ramesh Aravind, Ramkumar, Shashikumar and Anu Prabhakar in the lead roles.", "Money note the Dolly Parton song \"I Will Always Love You\", at the beginning of the third rendition of the chorus, there is a pause, a drum beat, a key change, and then Houston belts out the emphatic line \" And I will always love you.\" The Céline Dion song from \"Titanic\" \"My Heart Will Go On\": the key change that begins the third verse — \"You're here / There's nothing I fear.\" In the realm of musicals, money notes can be common elements in songs, often becoming as well known as the song themselves. The attractiveness or exciting qualities of a", "Celine Dion for the 1997 blockbuster film \"Titanic\", the song topped the charts across the world and became Dion's signature song. Horner and Jennings won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song, while Dion herself garnered two Grammy Awards for \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance\" and the most coveted \"Record of the Year\", (the song itself won four awards, but two were presented to the songwriters). \"My Heart Will Go On\" and \"Think Twice\" made her the only female artist in the UK to have two singles to sell more than a million copies. In support of her album,", "All That Matters (Michael Bolton album) Place from the Storm\" were disappointing in sales and radio play, and fans were disappointed that the songs were performed only a handful of times during Bolton’s 1998 tour in support of the album. Bolton recorded the pop version of \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" (composed by Diane Warren), for the soundtrack to the film \"Armageddon\". The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but ultimately lost both to Celine Dion's hit \"My Heart Will Go On\" from \"Titanic\". \"I Don't Want to Miss", "Let's Talk About Love and during the Music for UNICEF Concert in New York. On 14 December 1997, she also attended to the premiere of \"Titanic\" in Hollywood. In January 1998, Dion sang \"My Heart Will Go On\" and \"Let's Talk About Love\" on \"The Today Show\" and in February 1998, she performed \"My Heart Will Go On\" on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". Dion also performed \"My Heart Will Go On\" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards on 25 February 1998 and at the 70th Academy Awards on 23 March 1998. In April 1998, she sang \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" with Diana King", "A Rose in the Wind me, my dreams. This is so personal\". The song was well received by music critics internationally. \"A Rose in the Wind\" was selected as the second best single of 1998 by Billboard magazine editors, only behind Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" and it was also used as one of NBA theme songs in the United States. A Rose in the Wind \"A Rose in the Wind\" is the second single from Anggun's international debut album, \"Snow on the Sahara\" in 1998. There's also a French version of the song, \"La rose des vents\", released in the album \"Au", "Let's Talk About Love gurus David Foster, Jim Steinman, and Walter Afanasieff. According to Erlewine, given that so many talented craftsmen worked on \"Let's Talk About Love\", it makes sense that a number of the cuts succeed according to adult contemporary terms—they are predictably sweeping showcases for Dion's soaring, technically skilled voice. As usual, the singles (including the Streisand duet \"Tell Him\" and the \"Titanic\" love theme \"My Heart Will Go On\") shine the most brilliantly, but even the filler is immaculately produced. Erlewine ended his review saying that if the end result doesn't quite gel as an album, that shouldn't be surprising—this is", "Chris Isaak It aired from March 2001 to March 2004 in the United States on the cable television network Showtime. This adult comedy show featured Isaak and his band playing themselves and the episode plots were based on fictional accounts of the backstage world of Isaak—the rock star next door. In 2004 his track \"Life Will Go On\" was featured on \"Chasing Liberty\"'s soundtrack, which starred Mandy Moore and Matthew Goode. His track \"Two Hearts\" was featured in the closing credits of the 1993 film \"True Romance\", directed by Tony Scott, written by Quentin Tarantino, and starring Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette.", "The Reason (Celine Dion song) The Reason (Celine Dion song) \"The Reason\" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion, recorded for her fifth English-language studio album, \"Let's Talk About Love\" (1997). It was written by Carole King, Mark Hudson and Greg Wells, and produced by Sir George Martin. \"The Reason\" was released as the second single from the album in selected European countries on 8 December 1997. In France, it was issued as a double A-side single with \"My Heart Will Go On\". Carole King wrote this song first for the band Aerosmith. The music video was directed by Scott Lochmus and released in", "Let's Talk About Love expense of plausible story lines, \"Let's Talk About Love\" forgets that a pop album, no matter the budget, needs solid songs. He felt that most of the songs here, from the Gibb brothers' banal \"Immortality\" (written for the forthcoming London stage production of \"Saturday Night Fever\") to the air balloon \"My Heart Will Go On\" (love theme from \"Titanic\"), are flimsy concoctions that droop under the weight of their arrangements. He added that Streisand glides like buttah into the duet \"Tell Him\" — making Dion sound like margarine in the process — but the song is an Uberschlock ode to", "Lauren Cooper in the final episode, but he jilts her at the altar because of his embarrassment of Lauren after she sings a very squeaky, off-key version of Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" to him. Despite Lauren's blatant disregard for authority, and chav-like demeanor, she sometimes shows surprising intelligence. She is well-versed in the Periodic table, she apparently knows Shakespeare, knows how to say \"Am I bovvered?? in British Sign Language, and she even speaks French, once surprising her French teacher by asking her \"Regardez mon visage. Suis-je bovvered? Est-ce que vous appelez ma mère une ? Est-ce que vous", "At the Beginning knocked out by Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". The song gave Marx his eighth and final number one hit single as a singer. Lewis would go on to have one more song topping a chart. The song is a moderate pop ballad. Filmtracks noted that in addition the two pop reprises of songs features in the credits, \"The unique entry is the tolerable \"At the Beginning,\" which seems to have been meant to be the centrepiece of the pop songs but was overshadowed in popularity by the cast song adaptations.\" The site added \"For soundtrack collectors, the song", "Let's Talk About Love single was first released in Germany on 5 December 1997, and later the same month in Australia. In most countries it was issued in January 1998. In France, it was released as a Double A-side single with \"The Reason\". In the UK, \"My Heart Will Go On\" was released on 9 February 1998. The song went to number one for many weeks all over the world and became Dion's biggest hit, and one of the best-selling singles of all time, and was the world's best-selling single of 1998. It is considered Dion's signature song and one of the biggest love", "Xenogears Original Soundtrack Pieces\". The instrumental tracks of the score were programmed with the PlayStation sound module in Tokyo, Japan, while \"The Beginning and the End\" was recorded live in Sofia, Bulgaria. Hogg's songs were recorded in two days in Dublin, Ireland in 1996; they featured the Riverdance musician Davy Spillane on low whistle. When \"Titanic\" premiered in November 1997, Mitsuda noticed coincidental similarities between the film's ending song, Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\", and the Irish-themed music he was composing for \"Xenogears\". He felt irritated and devoted himself to complete the soundtrack's recording before \"Titanic\" came out. As with some", "Let's Talk About Love in selected European countries. It was issued on 19 March 1999 in Germany and 28 June 1999 in the UK. \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" reached top forty in Austria, the UK and Ireland. In the United States, Dion started promotion of her new album with the performance of \"Let's Talk About Love\" on \"Good Morning America\" in November 1997. The same month she sang \"Immortality\" with the Bee Gees at their \"One Night Only\" concert in Las Vegas. In December 1997, Dion performed \"My Heart Will Go On\" on \"The Rosie O'Donnell Show\", \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\"", "Titanic Belfast of one of the lifeboats used to evacuate passengers from the ship. The American and British inquiries into the disaster are portrayed on either side of the lifeboat through videos and information panels. Visitors can use interactive screens to search the passenger and crew lists to find out if one of their relatives was aboard the ship. The gallery also presents information on the subsequent histories of Harland and Wolff and \"Titanic\"s sister ships. The disaster gave rise to numerous legends and myths, perpetuated through films, plays, books and poems. With Celine Dion's song \"My Heart Will Go On\" playing", "Nice & Slow It remained atop the chart on February 21, but on February 28 it was replaced by Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". On the UK Singles Chart, \"Nice & Slow\" reached number 24. UK CD: 1 Remixes CD Nice & Slow \"Nice & Slow\" is a 1998 single from Usher's second album \"My Way\". It became his first number-one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in early 1998. The song was written by Usher, Brian and Brandon Casey of the R&B group Jagged Edge, Manuel Seal Jr. and Jermaine Dupri. \"Nice & Slow\" was written by Usher, Jermaine", "Casey's Top 40 of all three of Kasem's weekly countdowns, contingent on an advertising revenue target of $6 million being reached. If this figure was not achieved, either side could opt out of the deal. On February 21, 1998, Kasem hosted an edition of \"Casey's Top 40\" that aired the weekend before the annual Grammy Awards. \"Truly Madly Deeply\" by Savage Garden and \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion, the two most recent chart toppers, were played in the final segment. Kasem signed off and told the audience to join him the next week for the next installment of the countdown.", "My Heart Will Go On studio album, \"Let's Talk About Love\" (1997), and the , the love power ballad became an international hit, reaching number one in all countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. \"My Heart Will Go On\" was first released in Australia and Germany on December 8, 1997, and in the rest of the world in January and February 1998. One of the best-selling singles of all time, the song is considered to be Dion's signature song. It was also included in the", "My Heart Will Go On she was pushing her luck by singing another film theme song after \"Beauty and the Beast\". Horner showed the piano sketch to Simon Franglen, who was working with him on electronic textures and synthesizers for the film score. Franglen, who had, himself, worked with Dion for several years on many of her major hits to date, programmed and arranged an extensive demo to take to Dion. Tommy Mottola claimed that Dion recorded the song in one take, and that demo is what was released. As Cameron felt obligated to include a theme song to promote the movie, Glen Brunman also", "My Heart Will Go On by\" Whitney Houston's \"admittedly far superior\" song \"I Will Always Love You\". \"Washington Post\" appreciated how the song was not just tagged on the end of the three-hour film, but has a lyrical motif that was already placed throughout the key moments of the film's love story in order to create a musical narrative. In latter years, \"My Heart Will Go On\" proved not to be popular with readers of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine; nor did it become popular with Kate Winslet, who played Rose DeWitt Bukater – the notional protagonist of the song – in the film. In 2011, \"Rolling", "My Heart Will Go On rule: \"From now on, the Canadian warbler, and not the captain, has to go down with this ship.\" This was in reference to the \"Titanic\" itself. \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song. It dominated the 1999 Grammy Awards, winning Record of the Year — marking the first time to be won by a Canadian — Song of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. \"My Heart Will Go On\" also won the Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song – Motion", "Music of Quebec Daniel Boucher, Marie-Chantal Toupin, Éric Lapointe, Vilain Pingouin, Mes Aïeux, Les Trois Accords, Kaïn, Dumas, La Chicane, Les Colocs, Mélanie Renaud, Cindy Daniel, Daniel Bélanger, Paul Cargnello, Laurence Jalbert, Rudy Caya, Jean Leloup, Celine Dion (who had 4 No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits like \"My Heart Will Go On\" in 1998), Les Stups, La Chicane, Dan Bigras, Isabelle Boulay and more recently Cœur de pirate. Some bands, such as Les Cowboys Fringants have known success in Europe (primarily in France) while Karkwa, Vulgaires Machins, Les Batinses and Malajube are also recognized elsewhere in Canada and internationally. A hip-hop scene", "Let's Talk About Love 5 and 8 December 1997, \"The Reason\" was released as the second single in few European countries. It peaked just outside top ten in the UK and Ireland, and also charted in Belgium. \"My Heart Will Go On\" (love theme from \"Titanic\") premiered on the radio in the United States on 25 November 1997. As a commercial single, it was issued there on 10 February 1998. The song debuted at number-one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where it stayed for two weeks. It was certified Gold and has sold 1,791,000 copies in the US as of April 2012. The physical", "Good Will Hunting on \"To Die For\" and would go on to score many of the director's other films. The film also features many songs written and recorded by singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. His song \"Miss Misery\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to \"My Heart Will Go On\" from \"Titanic\". Elfman's score was also nominated for an Oscar, but lost to \"Titanic\" as well. On September 11, 2006, \"The Today Show\" used Elfman's song \"Weepy Donuts\" while Matt Lauer spoke during the opening credits. A soundtrack album for the film was released by Capitol Records on November", "Davy Spillane on his album \"Weeds\" as well and Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will go On\". In 1994, Spillane was a special guest soloist in \"Riverdance\". Spillane also collaborated with Rory Gallagher on the tracks 'The road to Ballyalla', 'Litton Lane' and 'One For Phil' as well as with Enya on her 1988 Watermark tracks 'Exile' and 'Na Laetha Geal M'óige'. In 1992, Spillane composed music for Peter Kosminsky's film \"Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights\" and, in 1995, reached a larger audience with the film \"Rob Roy\". Other compositions and guesting includes Kate Bush's \"Sensual World\" (1989), Mike Oldfield's \"Voyager\" (1996), Bryan Adams'", "Let's Talk About Love she performed \"My Heart Will Go On\" and \"Immortality\" with the Bee Gees on the German television show, \"Geld Oder Liebe\". On 9 June 1998, Dion performed \"I Hate You Then I Love You\" in duet with Luciano Pavarotti and \"My Heart Will Go On\" at the Pavarotti & Friends charity concert in Italy. In July 1998, she sang \"Immortality\" with the Bee Gees on \"Top of the Pops\" in the UK. On 21 August 1998, Dion embarked on the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Boston. She toured North America till the end of 1998, Asia in early", "Lin Yu-chun points (his opponent, Zhang Shi-Tang, got 19 points). On 2 April 2010, Lin sang Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", earning Lin 25 points (his opponent, Su Zhi-Yu, got 22 points). On 9 April 2010, Lin sang Shunza's \"Coming Home\" – 17 points (his opponent, Zhang Shi-Tang, got 20 points) On 30 April 2010,Lin sang Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" as a guest performer. On 14 May 2010, Lin sang \"I Dreamed a Dream\" from Les Misérables as a guest performer. Lin also sang a duet with Kenny G., performing Whitney Houston's \"Saving All My Love For", "I'll Go On Loving You I'll Go On Loving You \"I'll Go On Loving You\" is a song written by Kieran Kane, and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released in July 1998 as the lead-off single his album \"High Mileage\". It peaked at number 3 in the United States, and number 2 in Canada. Jackson also recorded a dual-language English/Portuguese version with música sertaneja artist Leonardo of Leandro e Leonardo in 1999. The song is a mid-tempo ballad in the key of C minor with alternating chord patterns of Cm-A and Cm-B. Through the spoken-word verses, Jackson promises that he", "She Bangs a Grammy Award for Song of the Year the previous year as producer of Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". The success of \"She Bangs\" reaffirmed Martin as a formidable crossover artist. \"Sound Loaded\" was the follow-up to Martin's 1999 crossover breakthrough album \"Ricky Martin\" and \"She Bangs\" was released to radio in advance of the album as its first single. By 2000, the main \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Hot Latin Songs charts had splintered into a myriad of sub-charts and the song became a hit on several of these, debuting on the Hot 100 and other charts beginning", "A World to Believe In \"A World to Believe In: Himiko Fantasia.\" The single debuted on 3 November 2008 at number 158 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart, selling 493 copies. Japanese CD single A World to Believe In The track was re-recorded in October 2007 as an English-Japanese duet with Yuna Ito, retitled as \"あなたがいる限り: A World to Believe In.\" Dion was impressed when she heard Ito's cover of \"My Heart Will Go On\", featured on the Japan only released tribute album \"Tribute to Céline Dion\" from 26 September 2007, and proposed the idea of the duet together. The song was also featured on", "L'amour existe encore a special award for her hit \"My Heart Will Go On\" which was the first English-language song to top \"Billboard\"'s Hot Latin Tracks. An English version titled \"Love Still Exists\" was also confirmed by Dion to have been recorded for this album, but in Dion's words it did not sound well phonetically, so they included the Spanish version in the album instead. A critical review of \"A New Day Has Come\" on \"Canoe.ca\" stated, \"there's even a bit of Spanish frippery called Aun Existe Amor, which one can safely assume is also about love.\" Chuck Taylor from \"Billboard\" claimed the", "Let's Talk About Love for the 1997 blockbuster film \"Titanic\", \"My Heart Will Go On\" topped the charts around the world, and has become Dion's signature song. Tracks on \"Let's Talk About Love\" were produced mainly by: David Foster, Ric Wake, Walter Afanasieff, Humberto Gatica and Corey Hart. \"Let's Talk About Love\" includes several covers: Leo Sayer's \"When I Need You\", Diana King's \"Treat Her Like a Lady\", Billy Porter's \"Love Is on the Way\", Jean-Jacques Goldman's \"Puisque Tu Pars\" (recorded with English lyrics by Bryan Adams as \"Let's Talk About Love\"), Billy Mann's \"You Only Love Once\" (recorded with Spanish lyrics by Manny", "Norman Gimbel Norman Gimbel Norman Gimbel (born November 16, 1927) is an American lyricist of popular songs, television and movie themes whose writing career includes such titles as \"Sway\", \"Canadian Sunset\", \"Summer Samba\", \"The Girl from Ipanema\", \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\", \"Meditation\", and \"I Will Wait for You\", along with an Oscar for \"It Goes Like It Goes\" - from the film \"Norma Rae\". He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984. A native of Brooklyn, son of businessman Morris Gimbel and Lottie Gimbel, Norman Gimbel was self-taught in music and following initial employment with music publisher", "Telling the World March 18, 2011. The song was given 3 out of 5 stars when reviewed by Digital Spy. Editor Nick Levene claimed: \"We'll be honest - we're more than partial to a proper movie theme tune. From R Kelly's Space Jam ballad 'I Believe I Can Fly', to Aerosmith's 'I Don't Want to Miss a Thing' from Armageddon, to the Titanic belter 'My Heart Will Go On' by Celine, they often provide us with a much-needed fix of gut-stirring emotion. Given his recent worldwide success, it only seems fair that Taio Cruz would have a pop at it - in this", "My Heart Will Go On parts. \"The Atlantic\" stated that its popularity did not stem from being played at events such as high school proms, weddings, and funerals, but by being indelibly placed into pop culture through numerous plays on the radio station, speakers, and passing cars. Dion has said \"My Heart Will Go On gave me the opportunity to be associated with a classic that will live forever\". \"My Heart Will Go On\" became Dion's biggest hit and one of the best-selling singles in history, having sold more than 18 million copies worldwide. In the United States, the song was given a limited number", "Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1997–1998 lead singer in a heavy metal band. Debuted March 7, 1998. The Celine Dion Show was a faux variety show in which Ana Gasteyer played the Grammy award-winning singer, who in the opening credits claims to be \"the most beautiful and most loved singer in the world\". The sketch was inspired by Dion's success in the wake of her number one Billboard Hot 100 hit \"My Heart Will Go On\" in 1998. In the sketches, Celine would usually begin with a solo, adding exaggerated vocal gymnastics and runs to even the simplest of songs. Then, she would usually invite a", "You're Still the One winning many awards over three years. The song was nominated for four Grammy Awards in 1999, winning two. It won Best Country Song and Best Female Country Vocal Performance and lost Record of the Year and Song of the Year to Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". Some of the other notable wins include; the Best Selling Country Single at the 1998 Billboard Music Awards, Single of the Year at the 1998 Canadian Country Music Awards, Song of the Year at the 1999 BMI Country Songwriter Awards and BMI Pop Songwriter Awards. \"You're Still the One\" also notable won", "My Heart Will Go On Picture\" in 1998. The song also won a Japanese Gold Disc Award, for Song of the Year, as well as a \"Billboard\" Music Award for Soundtrack Single of the Year. It has been named one of the Songs of the Century. It is one of the best-selling singles ever in the United Kingdom, selling over a million copies, the second single released by Dion to do so. This made Dion the only female artist to date to have released two million-selling singles in Britain. In December 2007, the song peaked #21 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 90's\". In", "My Love Goes On and On My Love Goes On and On \"My Love Goes On and On\" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Chris Cagle. It was released in July 2000 as the first single from his debut album \"Play It Loud\". It peaked at #15 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song was written by Cagle and Don Pfrimmer. The song is an unabashed declaration of never-ending love and devotion. Chuck Taylor, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that \"from Cagle's fiery performance - which is more grit and substance than vocal polish - to", "My Heart Will Go On April 2010, the UK radio station Magic 105.4 voted the single the \"top movie song of all time\" after listeners's votes. It was ranked at number 14 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, celebrating the 100 greatest songs in American film history. The song became \"imprinted on the movie's legacy\", and every listen prompts a reminder of the blockbuster and the hype surrounding it. \"USA Today\" agreed that the song will be forever tied to \"Titanic\". \"The Washington Post\" says it is the marriage of music and image that make both the song and film greater than the sum of their", "Miss Misery suit.\" When Madonna announced \"My Heart Will Go On\" as the winner, she sarcastically remarked, \"What a shocker!\" She later said that she greatly admired Elliott Smith. Afterwards, Smith described the experience as \"surreal\" and \"ridiculous, but at a certain point I threw myself into it because it seemed to make my friends happy... I walked out and Jack Nicholson was sitting about six feet away, so I avoided that area and I looked up at the balcony in the back and sang the song.\" In 1998, Smith performed the song on MTV. Although he would play \"Miss Misery\" in", "My Heart Will Go On Heather Phares, who rated the single 4 out 5 stars, wrote, \"Indeed, her performances of it on VH1 Divas, the 1998 Academy Awards (wearing the film's 'Heart of the Ocean' pendant, no less), and on her 1997 album \"Let's Talk About Love\" have cemented 'My Heart Will Go On' as the quintessence of Dion's sweeping, romantic style.\" Yahoo.com described the song as an \"emotional power ballad that perfectly captured [Titanic's] romantic yearning\". \"Vulture\" said that it is a powerful song and has \"one of the most glorious key changes in recorded music history\", and that \"its legacy is eclipsed only", "Singer 2018 cancelled as J was too ill to perform during rehearsal; J was due to perform Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\", which would be performed on the following week. Because J was able to return after being absent in the last week, this week features double elimination, with two singers receiving the fewest votes (or one singer, should Huo fails the challenge) eliminated from the competition. Huo finished 4th of the top four (3rd combined from the last two rounds) and was declared safe; Li and Tandingan received the two fewest votes combined from both shows and were both", "Shelby Flint Song in 1977. In an April 1995 interview Joni Mitchell recalled that when she began making the rounds of the folk open mic circuit she wanted to sound just like Shelby Flint. She attended public schools in Van Nuys California including Valerio Street Elementary, Robert Fulton Jr High and Birmingham High School where she graduated from in 1957. Shelby Flint Shelby Flint (born September 17, 1939 in North Hollywood, California) is a singer-songwriter who had two top-100 hits, \"Angel on My Shoulder\" in 1961 and \"Cast Your Fate to the Wind\" in 1966. Her single \"I Will Love You\" appeared", "The Boy Is Mine (song) top-ten in Austria (gold) and Italy. The single won many awards throughout 1998 and 1999. It was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 41st annual ceremony, winning both singers their first prize by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences in the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals category. It, however, lost in its nominations for Record of the Year and Best R&B Song to Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" and Lauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" respectively. The song garnered three Billboard Music Awards. It is listed as the 62nd on", "Glen Hardin guitarist/songwriter Sonny Curtis. During this period Hardin was made an honorary member of the Crickets and has played with them off and on for many years. Hardin found his first success as a songwriter in 1965 with \"Count Me In\", recorded by Gary Lewis & the Playboys. \"Where Will The Words Come From\" and \"My Heart's Symphony\" were also hits that Hardin penned for Lewis. He soon became an in-demand session pianist and over the years has recorded with numerous artists in a variety of music genres including Bing Crosby, Nancy Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ricky Nelson, Buck Owens, John Denver,", "A New Day Has Come special Elvis Presley medley which included \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" sung by Dion. The concert was released on CD and DVD in October 2002. On 14 September 2002 Dion performed at the charity \"Concert for World Children's Day\", which took place at the Arie Crown Theater in Chicago and was under the supervision of David Foster. It was broadcast on ABC on 14 November 2002. She sang \"That's the Way It Is\", \"My Heart Will Go On\", \"The Prayer\" in duet with Josh Groban and \"Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)\". For the finale, Dion joined other artists to perform with", "Angel St for You. The single received average support from radio in the UK and the two CD format clearly spurred the single to sell very well in a very strong sales week, with other songs in the Top ten including many former number ones: the Spice Girls' \"Stop\", Madonna's \"Frozen\" and Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\", but leading atop the chart at the time was 1998's biggest selling single Run DMC's \"It's Like That\". Angel St sold 74,500 copies to enter the chart and peak at number 8 with the live CD (1) selling more than the remixed CD(2).", "Chris Cagle 2010) and Piper (born in 2011). On December 15, 2013, he was arrested in Greenville, Texas on \"suspicion of driving while intoxicated.\" Chris Cagle Chris Cagle (born November 10, 1968) is an American former country music artist. He was first known for writing songs for David Kersh before signing to Virgin Records Nashville in 2000. Cagle made his debut on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts with \"My Love Goes On and On\", the first single from his debut album \"Play It Loud\". The album, which was certified gold in the US, also produced the", "41st Annual Grammy Awards the Dixie Chicks, Vince Gill, Alanis Morissette & Shania Twain won two apiece. Celine Dion also received two awards both for \"My Heart Will Go On\", which received a total of four awards. It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin's performance of \"La Copa De La Vida\"/ \"The Cup of Life\". 41st Annual Grammy Awards The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24, 1999, at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998. Lauryn Hill was the main recipient, winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New", "David Shire \"Night on Disco Mountain.\" He won the Academy Award for Best Song in 1979 for his and Norman Gimbel's theme song for \"Norma Rae,\" \"It Goes Like It Goes.\" He was also nominated the same year in the same category for \"I'll Never Say Goodbye,\" from the motion picture \"The Promise,\" with lyrics jointly written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. In 1980 his song \"With You I'm Born Again,\" recorded by Billy Preston and Syreeta, was a top five international hit and stayed on the pop charts for 26 weeks. \"The Conversation\" featured a score for piano. On some cues,", "Lonnie Wilson Tim McGraw, \"I Swear\" by John Michael Montgomery, \"Time Marches On\" by Tracy Lawrence, and \"This Kiss\" by Faith Hill. He was named Drummer of the Year by the Academy of Country Music in 2002 and 2004. In the late 1990s, co-produced for Joe Diffie on new material for his 1998 \"Greatest Hits\" album and his 1999 studio album \"A Night to Remember\". Wilson is also a songwriter, havving written \"There Goes My Heart Again\" by Holly Dunn; \"New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)\", \"Startin' Over Blues\", \"Texas Size Heartache\", and \"This Pretender\" by Diffie; \"I'll Go Crazy\"", "Albert Castiglia supported both ZZ Top and Elvin Bishop. \"Keepin On\" (2010), recorded in Dover, New Jersey, featured five tracks written by Castiglia, plus covers of songs by John Lee Hooker (\"Goin' Upstairs\"), Mack Rice (\"Cadillac Assembly Line\"), T-Bone Walker (\"My Baby is Now On My Mind\"), Peter Green (\"I Could Not Ask for More\"), Robert Nighthawk (\"Murderin' Blues\") and Bob Dylan (\"Till I Fell In Love With You\"). \"Living the Dream\" (2012), included contributions on Hammond B3 organ and piano from John Ginty. Roots Music Report bestowed him with the Top Blues Album Award for 2011 and 2012. In December 2013,", "Love Goes On (Paulette Carlson album) Love Goes On (Paulette Carlson album) Love Goes On is the debut album by American country music singer Paulette Carlson, who until 1991 was the lead singer of the band Highway 101. Her first solo album, it produced the singles \"I'll Start with You\" and \"Not with My Heart You Don't,\" which respectively reached numbers 21 and 68 on the Hot Country Songs charts. A third single, \"The Chain Just Broke,\" failed to chart. Michael McCall of Allmusic rated the album four stars out of five, saying that she showed a similar musical personality to her work in Highway 101,", "When I Need You her next English album. Dion and her manager and husband René Angélil wanted to include few cover versions on it. David Foster came up with the idea of recording Leo Sayer's hit \"When I Need You.\" The song, recorded at Paramount Studios and Chartmaker Studios, was produced by Foster and included on Dion's \"Let's Talk About Love\" album, released on 15 November 1997. Dion performed this song during the \"Let's Talk About Love avec Julie Snyder\" Canadian TV show in late 1997. After a string of successful singles like \"My Heart Will Go On\" and \"Immortality\", Sony Music Entertainment decided" ]

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[ "登録有形文化財\n登録有形文化財（とうろくゆうけいぶんかざい）は、1996年（平成8年）の文化財保護法改正により創設された文化財登録制度に基づき、文化財登録原簿に登録された有形文化財のことである。登録対象は当初は建造物に限られていたが、2004年（平成16年）の文化財保護法改正により建造物以外の有形文化財も登録対象となっている。登録物件は近代（明治以降）に建造・製作されたものが主であるが、江戸時代のものも登録対象になっている。" ]

[ "重要美術品\n1950年の文化財保護法施行をもって、旧「重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律」は廃止された。しかし、旧「重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律」によって認定された物件については、文化財保護法施行後も、同法附則の規定に基づき、当分の間その認定効力を保つこととされている。重要美術品の認定が取消されるのは、（1）重要美術品等認定物件が重要文化財に「格上げ」指定された場合と、（2）重要美術品等認定物件の海外輸出が許可された場合の2つに限られている。", "明治天皇駐蹕御趾\n昭和25年（1950年）に「文化財保護法」が制定されたことにより「史蹟名勝天然記念物保存法」は廃止になった。だが、「文化財保護法」の附則により、かつて「史蹟名勝天然記念物保存法」によって指定されたものは引き続き「文化財保護法」により指定されたものとみなすことになった。", "文化遺産保護制度\n文化資産保存法に基づき、中華民国教育部は文化資産の中で貴重なものを国定古跡、国定遺址、重要古物、自然保留区、自然紀念物に指定する。また重要古物の中で貴重なものは国宝に指定される。同法の制定当初は日本統治時代の文化遺産が国定古跡や国定古物に指定されることはなかったが、1990年代以降は指定が進んでいる。文化景観は、直轄市あるいは県（市）による登録後、教育部が審査する。伝統芸術、民俗および関連文物も同様であるが、重要伝統芸術と重要民俗および関連文物への指定制度がある。", "無形文化財\nこの改正法により、無形文化財の保護制度は、新たに現在の重要無形文化財の指定制度、保持者・保持団体の認定制度および「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形文化財（選択無形文化財）」の選択制度に移行した。また、民謡、神楽、郷土芸能、民間伝承、行事等については、「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗資料」選択制度（現在の「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗文化財（通称、選択無形民俗文化財）」選択制度）に移行した。", "登録有形民俗文化財\n建造物以外の有形の文化財については、生活様式の急激な変化等に伴い残存することが困難な状態にあり、保存と活用のための措置が特に必要とされる近代の文化財が多数存在している。これらは、文化財として一定の価値は認められるものの評価が定着しておらず、直ちに従来の指定制度による指定を行うことは困難であるが、放置しておくと消滅等の可能性が高いことから、早急な保護措置を講ずるため、有形の民俗文化財にも登録制度を拡充した。", "文化遺産保護制度\nその後金解禁等の混乱を経て円価が下落すると未指定の古美術品の海外流出が続出した。1933年（昭和8年）、こうした事態の防止を目的として、認定物件の移出を許可制とすることなどを定めた重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律が制定された。海外流出を防ぐために迅速な調査が行なわれたため、文化財としての価値が定まっていないものも多数重要美術品の中に混在することとなった。同法は一時的危機に対処するための臨時の措置とされていたが、戦後の文化財保護法制定まで継続され、廃止時には認定件数は約8,200件に達した。", "重要文化財\n重要文化財は譲渡についても一定の制限がある。すなわち、重要文化財の所有者が当該重要文化財を有償で他へ譲渡しようとする時は、まず文化庁長官へ売り渡しの申し出をすることとされている（第46条）。一方、重要文化財の所有・譲渡・相続・贈与については、固定資産税、所得税、相続税、贈与税などの非課税や減免などの優遇措置が講じられている（租税特別措置法第34条、第40条の2など）。", "重要文化財\n文化財保護法は「重要文化財につき、所有者が判明しない場合又は所有者若しくは管理責任者による管理が著しく困難若しくは不適当であると明らかに認められる場合には、文化庁長官は、適当な地方公共団体その他の法人を指定して、当該重要文化財の保有のため必要な管理（中略）を行わせることができる」と規定している（同法第32条の2）。この規定に基づいて指定された法人を当該重要文化財の「管理団体」と称する。管理団体が指定されている例として次のようなものがある。", "登録記念物\n一方、すでに文化財のうちの記念物とは他のジャンルにあたる有形文化財については、1996年（平成8年）の文化財保護法改正で、従来の重要文化財の指定制度を補完するものとして、建造物を対象に登録有形文化財の登録制度が設けられ、近代以降の建造物の保護に成果を上げてきた。", "重要文化財 (スペイン)\nより広い範囲の文化財を保護するために、1985年にはの制度が重要文化財の制度に置き換えられた。今日では重要文化財の一区分として建築物が含まれている。有形遺産は以下に分類される。移動可能な重要文化財として考古学的遺物、古文書、巨大な芸術作品などがあり、教会や修道院など、それ自体が重要文化財に指定されている建築物の内部などで保存されることがある。", "登録有形文化財\n建造物以外の有形文化財（美術工芸品）の登録有形文化財についてどのようなものが該当するかは、改正された「登録有形文化財登録基準」（文部科学省告示）に定められている。これによると、製作後50年を経過したものであって、歴史的・系統的にまとまって伝存したもの、系統的・網羅的に収集されたもの、すなわちコレクション等の一括資料になっているものあり、かつ、文化史的意義、学術的価値および歴史上の意義を有するものが登録対象となっている。", "登録記念物\nなお、この改正では、建造物以外の有形文化財、すなわち、美術工芸品関係にも登録制度を設けるとともに、有形民俗文化財についても同様に登録有形民俗文化財として登録制度が設けられた。", "大田広域市民俗文化財\n大田広域市民俗文化財（テジョンこういきし みんぞくぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。「衣食住・生業・信仰・年中行事などに関する風俗・慣習と、それに使用される衣服・器具・家屋などで国民生活の推移を理解するのに不可欠なもの」であり、かつ上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていないものを対象として大田市が条例により指定する。旧名は「大田広域市民俗資料」であり、2011年2月5日に全文改正された文化財保護法（法律第10000号）が施行され、現在の名称になる。", "文化庁保管文化財一覧\nこのような、有形文化財の国による購入は、文化財保護法が施行された1950年以降継続して行われてきた。国が購入した有形文化財は、当面は文化庁（1968年6月までは前身の文化財保護委員会）が保管し、後に東京・京都・奈良の国立博物館、東京・京都の国立近代美術館、千葉県の国立歴史民俗博物館等へ適宜移管され、公開・活用されてきた。このように、文化庁保管の文化財を国の機関である博物館、美術館等へ移管することを行政用語で「管理換」（かんりがえ）と呼ぶ。2001年にはそれまで国の機関であった国立博物館・国立近代美術館が独立行政法人の施設となり、2004年には国立歴史民俗博物館が大学共同利用機関法人の機関となった。こうした制度変更に伴い、文化庁保管の文化財が新たに「管理換」されることはなくなった。その後、文化庁保管の文化財は、国立博物館・国立美術館に貸与して適宜公開するとともに、平成15年（2003年）以降は毎年1回、各地の博物館・美術館で開催している「文化庁購入文化財展 新たな国民のたから」でまとめて公開されている。", "横浜市登録地域文化財\n横浜市登録地域文化財（よこはましとうろくちいきぶんかざい）は、横浜市文化財保護条例第6章（第45条～第49条）の規定によって横浜市が独自に施行する、一種の登録文化財保護制度。", "仁川広域市無形文化財\n仁川広域市無形文化財（インチョンこういきし むけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない無形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として仁川市が条例により指定する。", "重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律\n文化財保護法施行に伴い、重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律は廃止され、新たな認定は行われないが、同法廃止時に現に重要美術品の認定を受けているものについては、同法はなお効力を有し、文化財保護法附則の規定により、文化庁（当時、文化財保護委員会）が所管している。", "大韓民国登録文化財\n大韓民国が登録する登録文化財（とうろくぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度の一つ。開化期から朝鮮戦争前後までの近代史に関わる有形文化財を対象として、文化財庁が文化財保護法により登録する。登録対象は家屋・建造物が主となっているが、映画のフィルムや太極旗など形の小さな文化財も含まれている。", "重要文化財\nその後1929年（昭和4年）、古社寺保存法に代わって「国宝保存法」が制定された。この法律では、来の古社寺保存法が社寺所有の物件だけを指定の対象としていたのに対し、国、地方自治体、法人、個人などの所有品も国宝の指定対象となった。また、特別保護建造物の名称を廃止して建造物についても国宝と称することになった。", "大韓民国指定天然記念物\n大韓民国が指定する天然記念物（てんねんきねんぶつ）は大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度の一つ。1962年に施行された 文化財保護法 によって指定・管理される。指定の対象のなるのは植物、動物、昆虫、鉱物（洞窟）、化石などであり、指定物の存在する地域を包括する場合と、指定物のみの場合がある。例えば、ヤガタニゴイは第238号では錦江に棲むヤガタニゴイが指定されているのに対し、第259号ではヤガタニゴイ単体が指定の対象になっている。", "重要文化財\n1897年（明治30年）から1949年（昭和24年）までの間に、古社寺保存法および国宝保存法に基づいて「国宝」に指定された物件は火災で焼失したもの等を除き、宝物類（美術工芸品）5,824件、建造物1,059件であった。これらの物件がいわゆる「旧国宝」であり、これらの物件すべては文化財保護法施行の日である1950年（昭和25年）8月29日をもって、同法に規定する「重要文化財」となった。そして、「重要文化財」のうちで日本文化史上特に貴重なものがあらためて「国宝」に指定されることになった。つまり、1950年（昭和25年）以前と以後とでは法律上の「国宝」という用語の意味が異なっており、旧法の「国宝」は文化財保護法上の「重要文化財」に相当する（文化財保護法付則第3条）。この点の混同を避けるため、文化財保護法上の「国宝」を「新国宝」と俗称することもある[8][9]。いずれにしても、第二次世界大戦以前には「国宝」であったものが戦後「重要文化財」に「格下げ」されたと解釈するのは誤りである。", "登録有形文化財\nウェブサイト、観光案内書等で「登録有形文化財に<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[2371,2379,3,3]}'>指定</b>されている」という表現をしばしば見かけるが、文化財保護法の規定上、文化財の「指定」と「登録」とは明確に区別されており、「登録有形文化財として<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[2449,2457,3,3]}'>登録</b>されている」と表記するのが正確である。官報告示においても「文化財を登録有形文化財に登録する」という表現が用いられている。", "民俗文化財\n2004年の文化財保護法改正によって民俗文化財の登録制度が発足し、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形民俗文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形民俗文化財として登録することになった。2018年3月8日現在、次の44件が登録されている。", "文化財返還問題\n所有権を争われる可能性のある品が国外で展示された場合、差し押さえや訴訟の対象となることがある。この種の問題を回避するため、訴訟や差押え等の対象から除外する法整備を求められることがあり、日本では海外の美術品等の我が国における公開の促進に関する法律（海外美術品公開促進法）が2011年に制定されている。", "重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律\n重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律（じゅうようびじゅつひんとうのほぞんにかんするほうりつ、昭和8年4月1日法律第43号）は、1933年（昭和8年）に制定された、日本の文化財保護に関する法律。1950年（昭和25年）8月29日、文化財保護法施行に伴い廃止されたが、同法附則第4条（同法制定当時・第116条）の規定により、廃止時現に認定されている重要美術品については、重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律は当分の間、なお効力を有するとされている。", "登録記念物\nそこで、2004年（平成16年）の文化財保護法の改正において、記念物についても、登録有形文化財制度に倣って新たに登録記念物の制度を設け、保存及び活用のための措置が特に必要とされる記念物を登録し、広くその保護を図ることとした（第132条）。", "史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法\n史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法（しせきめいしょうてんねんきねんぶつほぞんほう、大正8年4月10日法律第44号）は、現行の文化財保護法の前身にあたる、廃止された日本の法律である。1919年（大正8年）4月10日に公布され、同年6月1日に施行された。文化財のうち、今日の分類における「記念物」をその対象とした。", "大邱広域市有形文化財\n大邱広域市有形文化財（テグこういきし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として大邱市が条例により指定する。", "記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗文化財\n「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗文化財の選択基準」が次のとおり規定されている。「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗文化財の選択基準」に基づき、これらに該当するものついて、文化庁長官が「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形の民俗文化財」（通称「選択無形民俗文化財」）として選択し、地方公共団体の行う調査事業や記録作成の事業に助成を行っている。2005年（平成17年）に施行された改正文化財保護法により、無形の民俗文化財の領域に「民俗技術」が加えられた。この改正に伴い、2008年（平成20年）、民俗技術として最初に「中津川の鉄砲堰製作技術」が選択された。", "民俗文化財\n現行の文化財保護法では、民俗文化財については、第2条第1項第3号で", "登録有形民俗文化財\n登録有形民俗文化財（とうろくゆうけいみんぞくぶんかざい）は、文部科学大臣によって文化財登録原簿に登録された、保存と活用が特に必要とされた有形の民俗文化財のことである。2004年（平成16年）の文化財保護法改正により、1996年（平成8年）に創設された有形文化財（建造物）の文化財登録制度を拡充し、有形の民俗文化財も登録の対象としたものである。", "登録有形文化財\n1996年の文化財保護法改正の時点では、登録の対象は当面建造物のみとされ、美術工芸品、歴史資料などは登録対象となっていなかった。この理由は、建造物に関しては、都市化や開発の進展、生活・居住形態の変化などにより、取り壊される可能性があり、緊急に保護措置をとる必要があるためであった。", "大韓民国指定重要民俗文化財\n大韓民国が指定する重要民俗文化財（じゅうようみんぞくぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度の一つ。「韓国（朝鮮）の基本的な生活文化の特色を表しているものとして典型的なもの」を対象として、大韓民国文化財庁が文化財保護法により指定する。旧名は「重要民俗資料」であり、2011年2月5日に全文改正された文化財保護法（法律第10000号）が施行され、現在の名称になる。", "無形文化遺産\n無形文化遺産（むけいぶんかいさん、）は、民俗文化財、フォークロア、口承伝統などの無形文化財を保護対象とした、国際連合教育科学文化機関（ユネスコ）の事業の一つ。2006年に発効した無形文化遺産の保護に関する条約に基づく。無形文化遺産に対して、ユネスコの世界遺産は建築物など有形文化財を対象とする。関係して2001年から3回行われた傑作宣言による90件を引き継いて含まれる。", "天然記念物\n日本においては文化財保護法や各地方自治体の文化財保護条例に基づき指定される。韓国・北朝鮮では、日本の施政下で施行された「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」を基にした天然記念物の制度が定められている。ほか、天然記念物の保護思想が発展してきたドイツやアメリカ、スイス等の西欧諸国にも、生物種の指定制度はないが天然記念物の保護制度がある。", "蔚山広域市有形文化財\n蔚山広域市有形文化財（ウルサンこういきし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として蔚山広域市が条例により指定する。（1997年7月15日から指定。）", "文化遺産保護制度\n歴史的記念物に関する1913年法は、歴史上または美術上の見地から保存の必要がある不動産及び動産を保護の対象としている。歴史記念物への指定手続は歴史的記念物上級委員会の答申に基づいて文化・コミュニケーション大臣が行う。指定には到らないものの保存が望ましいものについては補助目録に登録できるとされ、その決定は歴史的考古学的民俗学的遺産地方委員会の答申に基づき地方知事が行う。指定物件については現状変更の制限のほか所有権の移動についても報告の義務を伴うが、国費修理ができるとされている。天然記念物ならびに芸術的・歴史的・科学的・伝承的・絵画的特質をもつ史跡の保護に関する1930年法は、保全が必要な天然記念物および史跡を指定し、現状変更の制限等の措置が取られるとしている。考古学上の発掘の規制に関する1941年法は、埋蔵文化財の保護を図るもので、国によるもの以外の発掘を文化・コミュニケーション省の監督下で実施すると定めている。", "登録有形文化財\nこの登録制度は指定制度を補完するものであるため、登録対象となる有形文化財は、国や地方公共団体の指定を受けていないものに限られる。登録有形文化財として登録された後、国または地方公共団体の文化財として指定を受けた場合は、登録有形文化財としての登録は抹消される。ただし、地方公共団体の文化財として指定を受けた場合において、その登録有形文化財について、その保存及び活用のための措置を講ずる必要があり、かつ、その所有者の同意がある場合は、例外的に登録を抹消しないことができる。", "可動文化財\nまた、修復作業も保護の一環で、イタリアのローマを拠点とする国際文化財保存修復センター(ICCROM)はユネスコの諮問機関であり、不動産を含む文化財の総合的な修復に関与している。文化庁では重要文化財指定の有形文化財（美術工芸品）補修に国庫助成をしているほか、文化財保護法では第十章を「文化財の保存技術の保護」にあてている。同法に基づき、「選定保存技術」として漆工品・飾金具・能楽器・琵琶・木工品・歌舞伎衣装・祭屋台・木造彫刻の修理技術が選定され、保持者・保存団体が認定されている。特に木造彫刻修理はユネスコの無形文化遺産へも提案されている（登録には至っていない）。", "光州広域市有形文化財\n光州広域市有形文化財（クァンジュこういきし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として光州市が条例により指定する。", "重要無形文化財\n重要無形文化財（じゅうようむけいぶんかざい）とは、日本において、同国の文化財保護法に基づいて、同国の文部科学大臣によって指定された、無形文化財のこと。", "重要文化財\n日本の地方公共団体（都道府県、市町村）がそれぞれの文化財保護条例に基いて指定する有形文化財についても「県指定重要文化財」「市指定重要文化財」等と呼称される場合があるが、文化財保護法に規定する「重要文化財」とは国（日本国文部大臣）が指定した有形文化財のことを指す。本項では特記なき限り、文化財保護法第27条の規定に基づき日本国（文部科学大臣）が指定した重要文化財（いわゆる「国の重要文化財」）について記述する。", "有形文化財\n文化財保護法では、有形文化財の中から国宝、重要文化財、登録有形文化財を指定・登録し、保護する制度を定めている。", "歴史文化基本構想\nまた、歴史文化活用保存区域では自治体による文化財保護条例の指定を受けていないものも関連文化財群に含め、周辺環境も取り込むことから、景観法・都市計画法・都市緑地法・自然公園法および条例に基づく都道府県立自然公園などとの相互補完が必要で、他にも以下の関連法律やそれに基づく事業の利用も望まれる。歴史文化基本構想を観光活用した場合に保護との両立がどこまで実現できるかが問われる。", "横手市増田伝統的建造物群保存地区\n※上の画像説明中の「登録有形文化財」は、いずれも文化財保護法に基づき日本国（文部科学大臣）によって登録された文化財。市の所有である観光物産センターを除き、公開されている家屋は現在もなお所有者が居住または店舗として営業するものである。所有者の協力と好意により公開が行われている旨に注意されたい。また、公開日や公開方法なども各家により異なるので、事前に公開カレンダーを確認または観光物産センターなどに問い合わせる事が望ましい。", "釜山広域市有形文化財\n釜山広域市有形文化財（プサンこういきし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として釜山市が条例により指定する。", "登録有形民俗文化財\n2004年の文化財保護法改正においては、登録有形文化財制度の登録の対象に美術工芸品を追加し、記念物（史跡・名勝・天然記念物関係）についても従来の指定制度を補完するものとして登録制度が導入された。登録された記念物は、登録記念物と呼ばれる。", "文化財\n重要文化財の現状変更には文化庁長官の許可が必要である（第43条）。重要文化財の輸出は原則として禁止されている（第44条）。また、文化庁長官は重要文化財の公開を勧告することができる（第51条）。一方で、重要文化財の管理又は修理につき多額の経費を要する場合は、所有者又は管理団体には補助金が交付される（第35条）。有形文化財のうち、登録有形文化財に関する規定は、重要文化財に関するものに比べてゆるやかなものとなっており、例えば現状変更は届出制となっている（第64条第1項）。", "都市の美観風致を維持するための樹木の保存に関する法律\n本法の規定により、市町村長は都市計画区域内の樹木について保存樹または保存樹林の指定を行うことができる。\n単独の樹木については保存樹、樹木の集団または生垣については保存樹林として指定することができ、その場合は標識を設置することとされている。\nただし、文化財（あるいは文化財と一体のもの）として指定・仮指定されたもの、保安林、景観重要樹木および国または地方公共団体の所有もしくは管理に係るものに対しては指定できない。", "建築確認\n文化財保護法によって国宝、重要文化財等に指定または仮指定された建築物については、建築基準法の規定は適用されないため、建築確認の手続は必要ない（ただし同法により、国宝・重要文化財等について現状変更またはその保存に影響を及ぼす行為をしようとするときは文化庁長官の許可を受けなければならない）。\n許可とは、原則として\"禁止\" された行為を、特定の人に対して、その原則に反して行為を認めるもので、例外措置である。許可は条文上、\"することができる\" ものであり、理論上は、行政は任意に許可しないこともでき、これは（理論上は）合法である（条文に「許可しなければならない」と記述されているものは除く）。", "武力紛争の際の文化財の保護に関する条約\nこの条約はハーグ陸戦条約の流れを汲むものであるが、「利益保護国」の制度を採り入れるなど1949年のジュネーヴ諸条約の影響も受けている。1956年に発効した第一議定書では、締約国に対して、平時に文化遺産保護のための適当な措置を取ること、武力紛争の際には文化遺産を尊重すること等を義務付けている。保護の対象としては、建築物、考古遺跡、芸術品などの文化遺産に加えて、美術館や図書館などの保管施設も保護の対象に加えられている。なお「文化財」の中には宗教的な礼拝の対象（寺院・教会・神殿など）も含まれる。", "東京都選定歴史的建造物\n文化財保護法または東京都文化財保護条例に基づき、日本国または東京都の文化財に指定または登録された建造物は選定の対象とならない（条例第22条第1項）。ただし選定対象外の建造物・史跡・名勝で特に歴史的景観の形成上重要なものは「景観上重要な歴史的建造物等」に指定して歴史的景観保全の指針を適用する（条例第32条第1項）。また重要文化財など文化財指定に伴い選定解除になった建造物にも、歴史的景観保全の指針は引き続き適用される。", "重要文化財\n都道府県・市町村指定の有形文化財については「東京都指定有形文化財」のように「有形文化財」と呼称するケースが多いが、同様の文化財を青森県では「青森県重宝」、長野県では「長野県宝」、鳥取県では「鳥取県指定保護文化財」と呼称するなど一定しておらず、どのように呼称するかは各自治体の文化財保護条例で個々に規定している。47都道府県のうち福島、群馬、神奈川、岐阜、岡山、広島、佐賀の各県では県条例によって指定した有形文化財を「○○県指定重要文化財」と呼称しており、国の指定した重要文化財と混同しないよう注意を要する。なお、都道府県や市町村指定の文化財と区別するため観光案内書等では「国重要文化財」「国重文」等の表記をしばしば目にするが、これらは正式の用語ではなく文化財保護法に基づき国が指定した有形文化財については、単に「重要文化財」と呼称するのが正式である。", "美術工芸品\n日本の文化財保護法では、第二条第一項第一号で有形文化財として「建造物、絵画、彫刻、工芸品、書跡、典籍、古文書、その他の有形の文化的所産、並びに考古資料及びその他の学術上価値の高い歴史資料」を挙げており、建造物を除いたものを美術工芸品と総称している。その中から文化審議会の審議・議決を経て、文化的な価値を認められたもの1万件あまりが国宝・重要文化財に指定されている。基本的には可動文化財主体だが、臼杵磨崖仏のような実質的には不動産構造物でも美術品区分されているものもある。", "歴史文化基本構想\n文化庁・文化財保護法による文化財行政は、伝統的建造物群保存地区と文化的景観を除き個体単体の文化財を対象としてきたことから、群体で捉えることに不慣れであるとされる。このため文化庁は、国土交通省・農林水産省が推進するまちづくり行政との連携を提示している。国土交通省所管の古都保存法や、文部科学省・国土交通省・農林水産省による共管法の地域における歴史的風致の維持及び向上に関する法律（通称「歴史まちづくり法」）といった立体空間を重視する文化政策を参考に模索している。特に歴史まちづくり法が指定する歴史的風致維持向上地区は、歴史文化保存活用区域制定の際の指針となりうる。", "重要文化財\n1975年（昭和50年）の文化財保護法改正により、建造物とともにその所在する土地を重要文化財に指定することができるようになった。同法第2条第1項第1号には建造物らのものと「一体をなしてその価値を形成している土地その他の物件」が重要文化財指定の対象である「有形文化財」の概念に含まれることが明記された。この規定に基づく「土地」の重要文化財指定は1976年（昭和51年）に初めて行われ、民家の建物とともにその敷地が重要文化財に指定された。民家の重要文化財指定に際して「土地」を併せて指定するということには民家の母屋のみならず、門、塀、蔵、井戸、祠等の付属建物、石垣、水路、庭園、堀等の工作物、さらには宅地、山林などを併せて指定することによって、屋敷構え全体の保存を図ろうとする意図がある。なお、建造物とともに土地が重要文化財に指定されているケースは民家のほか、社寺や近代建築にもある。", "重要文化財\n1950年（昭和25年）、従来の「国宝保存法」、「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」、重要美術品を認定した「重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律」を統合する形で「文化財保護法」が制定された。この法律制定のきっかけは、その前年に発生した法隆寺金堂の火災と壁画の損傷であったことは広く知られている。この法律の公布により、従来の「宝物」に代わって「文化財」「重要文化財」の語が初めて公式に使われるようになった。また、従来、法律による保護の対象となっていなかった無形文化財の選定制度が盛り込まれる[7]など、当時としては画期的な法律であった。", "文化財\n文化財保護法第182条第2項は次のとおり規定している。", "神奈川県埋蔵文化財センター\n文化財保護法に定められ、地域史や文化の成り立ちを明らかにする上で欠くことのできない国民共有の財産とされる遺跡や遺物（いわゆる「埋蔵文化財」）を適切に収蔵・保管し、これらの公開、活用を通じて、神奈川県民の歴史や文化に対する理解を深めるための諸事業を行っている。", "文化遺産保護制度\n文化審議会文化財分科会企画調査会は、2007年（平成19年）10月の報告書において歴史文化基本構想を提唱し、文化財保護法下の有形文化財・無形文化財・民俗文化財・記念物・文化的景観・伝統的建造物群保存地区を一体化した「関連文化財群」と位置づけ、かつ周辺環境を含めて総合的に保存・活用し、これを核として地域づくりを進めるための歴史文化保存活用区域の制度を提言している。文化庁には文化財保護法を改正してこの制度を盛り込む方針もあるが、歴史文化基本構想としては文化芸術振興基本法や地域における歴史的風致の維持及び向上に関する法律で対応しており、新たに提唱された日本遺産制度での実施も検討されている。", "記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形文化財\n文化財保護法第77条第1項では\nとしており、この規定により文化庁長官によって選択されたものを、「記録作成等の措置を講ずべき無形文化財」、通称「選択無形文化財」という。", "記念物\nこれは、文化財保護法が制定された1950年（昭和25年）当時の日本の財政状況や政治情勢では指定文化財のすべてについて必要十分な保護措置がとれないために、そのとき新設された「無形文化財」は別としても、戦前の国宝保存法と史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法による指定物件を多く引き継いだ「有形文化財」および「記念物」の2種については、指定物件のなかから特に重点的に保護する対象を厳選する必要にせまられたためであった。今日では単に資料価値のランクのように扱われることがある。", "文化遺産保護制度\n1996年（平成8年）の法改正では、建造物に関する登録有形文化財の制度の導入、指定都市等への権限の委任及び市町付の役割の明確化、重要文化財等の活用の促進が盛り込まれた。登録制度は、主に近代の建造物の保護を目的として、指定制度を補完する制度として導入されたものである。建造物のうち指定物件以外のもので保存及び活用が必要とされるものを文部大臣が文化財登録原簿に登録するもので、指定文化財が現状変更について許可制を取るのに対し、届出制と指導・助言・勧告を基本とするなど、緩やかな保護制度である点に特色がある。", "文化遺産保護制度\nこうした中で文化遺産保護制度に関しても様々な問題が提起され、1975年（昭和50年）の文化財保護法の大きな改正として結実した。主な改正点は次の通りである。民俗資料という呼称が民俗文化財に改められ、重要民俗資料は重要有形民俗文化財と呼称されるとともに、新たに無形の民俗文化財について重要無形民俗文化財の指定制度が設けられた。伝統的建造物群に関しては重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の制度が創設され、周囲の環境と一体となって歴史的価値を形成している建造物群が文化財として位置付けられた。重要文化財等が国の指定によるとされているのに対し、市町村が都市計画または条例で伝統的建造物群保存地区を決定し、国がそれを重要伝統的建造物群保存地区として選定するという形に特色がある。また、文化遺産の修理を行うために必要となる伝統的技術を選定保存技術として選定し、保持者を認定する制度が新設された。", "北海道・東北地方にある建造物の重要文化財一覧\n文化財保護法では重要文化財は大きく「建造物」と「美術工芸品」の2つの部に分かれているが、本記事では建造物のみを扱う。なお重要文化財のうち特に価値の高いものは国宝に指定されており、国宝も重要文化財の一種である。", "民俗文化財\nそれに対し、民俗文化財は前述の文化財保護法にあるように\nと規定されており、歴史資料ないし史料としての側面が重視される。", "重要文化財\n「文化財」とは、国や地方自治体の指定・選定・登録の有無に関わらず有形無形の文化的遺産全般を指す用語である。文化財保護法では「文化財」を「有形文化財」「無形文化財」「民俗文化財」「記念物（史跡、名勝、天然記念物）」「文化的景観」「伝統的建造物群」の6つのカテゴリーに分類している（同法第2条第1項）が、このうちの「有形文化財」に該当するもので、国（文部科学大臣）によって指定されたものを「重要文化財」と呼称している（同法第27条第1項）。", "稼働遺産\n世界遺産推薦にあたっては当該国の法的保護根拠が求められ（完全性）、日本では文化財保護法を拠所としてきたが、国宝・重要文化財に指定されると建築物であれば消防用設備設置や耐震工事を除き増改築などの現状変更（建築行為）が制限されるため、稼働遺産では生産に支障をきたす恐れもあり所有者側が指定を拒むこともある。1996年（平成8年）の文化財保護法改正で所有者が申請し一定の改修を認めた登録有形文化財制度が導入され、これは建物外観のみを残すファサード保存的なものでも構わないが（アダプティブユース）、世界遺産では認められない（）。また、文化財保護法が稼働機械類を対象としないことから、これに倣い自治体の文化財保護条例でも殆どの場合で対象とはなっていない。", "大田広域市有形文化財\n大田広域市有形文化財（テジョンこういきし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として大田市が条例により指定する。", "文化遺産保護制度\nこの規定に基づき、全ての都道府県および大半の市区町村において「文化財保護条例」等の名称の条例が制定されている。ただし、地方公共団体の教育委員会が条例に基づく文化財に指定できるのは国指定の文化財以外の文化財のみであり、地方公共団体指定の文化財が国指定となった場合は、地方公共団体の指定は解除される。なおこの点については地方分権の潮流と合致しないとして、国指定となっても地方公共団体の指定を解除する必要性はないとする批判もある。このほか、国指定の文化財に関しては地方公共団体が指定に先立つ基礎的調査を行ったり、国指定の文化財の管理団体として保護を担っている例も多い。", "文化遺産保護制度\n中国で最初の近代的な文化遺産保護制度は1930年（中華民國19年）に南京国民政府の南京政府立法院が制定した古物保存法であり、文化遺産の登録制度や国外移転の制限、埋蔵文化遺産の保護などを定めていた。同じ1930年、日本統治時代の台湾において史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法が施行された。台湾における現行の文化遺産保護制度は1982年に制定された文化資産保存法が規定している。同法では「古跡、歴史建築および聚落」「遺址」「文化景観」「伝統芸術」「民俗および関連文物」「古物」「自然地景」の7種類を「文化資産」として定め、国、直轄市、県（市）による指定・登録制度を設けている。", "考古資料\n考古学では、過去の人が、主として土の中に残した活動のあとを資料として彼らの活動を追究する。これが考古資料である。考古資料には、以下のものがある。文化財保護法第2条（文化財の定義）の第1項に、「建造物、絵画、彫刻、工芸品、書跡、典籍、古文書その他の有形の文化的所産で我が国にとつて歴史上又は芸術上価値の高いもの（これらのものと一体をなしてその価値を形成している土地その他の物件を含む。）並びに考古資料及びその他の学術上価値の高い歴史資料（以下「有形文化財」という。）」とあり、法的には有形文化財、無形文化財、民俗文化財、記念物、文化的景観、伝統的建造物群を「文化財」としたうちの「有形文化財」にあたる。また、同法27条によれば、有形文化財のうち重要なものを「重要文化財」、重要文化財のうち「世界文化の見地から価値の高いもので、たぐいない国民の宝たるもの」を国宝に指定することができる、としている。考古資料（考古遺物）で国宝に指定されているものは国宝一覧#考古資料の部にリストアップされている。", "文化遺産保護制度\n他に国土交通省が所管する制度では、近畿圏整備法で、近畿圏内において文化財の保存、緑地保全、観光資源保全・開発の必要がある区域を国土交通大臣が保全区域として指定し、府県において保全区域整備計画を作成して大綱を定め、区域の整備保全を図るとしている。中部圏開発整備法にも同様の規定がある。", "中国地方にある建造物の重要文化財一覧\n文化財保護法では重要文化財は大きく「建造物」と「美術工芸品」の2つの部に分かれているが、本記事では建造物のみを扱う。なお重要文化財のうち特に価値の高いものは国宝に指定されており、国宝も重要文化財の一種である。", "東海地方にある建造物の重要文化財一覧\n文化財保護法では重要文化財は大きく「建造物」と「美術工芸品」の2つの部に分かれているが、本記事では建造物のみを扱う。なお重要文化財のうち特に価値の高いものは国宝に指定されており、国宝も重要文化財の一種である。", "伊場遺跡訴訟\n「本件史跡指定解除処分の根拠である静岡県文化財保護条例は、文化財保護法98条2項の規定に基づくものであるが、法により指定された文化財以外の静岡県内の重要な文化財について、保存及び活用のため必要な措置を講じ、もって県民の文化的向上に資するとともに、我が国文化の進歩に貢献することを目的としている（1条）。本件条例において、静岡県教育委員会は、県内の重要な記念物を県指定史跡等に指定することができ（29条1項）、県指定史跡等がその価値を失った場合その他特殊の理由があるときは、その指定を解除することができる（30条1項）こととされている。これらの規定並びに本件条例及び法の他の規定中に、県民あるいは国民が史跡等の文化財の保存・活用から受ける利益をそれら個々人の個別的利益として保護すべきものとする趣旨を明記しているものはなくまた、右各規定の合理的解釈によっても、そのような趣旨を導くことはできない。そうすると、本件条例及び法は、文化財の保存・活用から個々の県民あるいは国民が受ける利益については、本来本件条例及び法がその目的としている公益の中に吸収解消させ、その保護は、もっぱら右公益の実現を通じて図ることとしているものと解される。そして、本件条例及び法において、文化財の学術研究者の学問研究上の利益の保護について特段の配慮をしていると解しうる規定を見出すことはできないから、そこに、学術研究者の右利益について、一般の県民あるいは国民が文化財の保存・活用から受ける利益を超えてその保護を図ろうとする趣旨を認めることはできない。文化財の価値は学術研究者の調査研究によって明らかにされるものであり、その保存・活用のためには学術研究者の協力を得ることが不可欠であるという実情があるとしても、そのことによって右の解釈が左右されるものではない。また、所論が掲げる各法条は、右の解釈に反する趣旨を有するものではない。　したがって、上告人らは、本件遺跡を研究の対象としてきた学術研究者であるとしても本件史跡指定解除処分の取消しを求めるにつき法律上の利益を有せず、本件訴訟における原告適格を有しないといわざるをえない。」", "光州広域市無形文化財\n光州広域市無形文化財（クァンジュこういきし むけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない無形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として光州市が条例により指定する。", "ソウル特別市有形文化財\nソウル特別市有形文化財（ソウルとくべつし ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象としてソウル特別市が条例により指定する。", "江原道有形文化財\n江原道有形文化財（カンウォンド ゆうけいぶんかざい）は、大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度で、市道指定文化財の一つ。上位の国家指定文化財に指定されていない有形文化財の中で保存価値が認められるものを対象として江原道が条例により指定する。", "重要文化財\n重要文化財の指定、管理、保護、公開等については、文化財保護法第3章「有形文化財」の第1節「重要文化財」（第27 – 第56条）に規定されている。ここでは重要文化財の日本国外への輸出禁止が明記され（第44条）、重要文化財の現状変更には文化庁長官の許可を要することとされている。", "重要文化財\n重要文化財の所有者には、文化財保護法、関係法令及び文化庁長官の指示に従い、当該重要文化財を管理する義務があり（第31条）、重要文化財の所有者や所在が変更した場合には文化庁長官へ届け出る義務がある（第32条、第34条）。重要文化財の修理及び公開は所有者が行うものとされているが（第34条の2、第47条の2）、所有者が管理や修理に要する費用を負担できない等、特別の事情がある場合は、政府から補助金を交付できるものと定めている（第35条）。", "歴史文化保存活用区域\n文化財保護法の第一条には、「文化財を保存し、且つ、その活用を図り」とあるが、文化庁では文化財を背景とした土地利用は殆ど実績がなく未知数である。", "大韓民国指定重要無形文化財\n大韓民国が指定する重要無形文化財（じゅうようむけいぶんかざい）は大韓民国の文化遺産保護制度の一つ。技能や芸能を保持する個人または団体に指定されるもので、文化財保護法により技能・芸能の保有者は国家の保護を受ける。重要無形文化財の指定は1964年から始まった。", "無形文化財\n無形文化財が法律により保護の対象となったのは、1950年（昭和25年）に制定された文化財保護法の施行からである。同法制定時に、無形文化財のうち特に価値の高いもので国が保護しなければ衰亡するおそれのあるものについて、文化財保護委員会が「助成の措置を講ずべき無形文化財」として選定する制度、すなわち「無形文化財の選定制度」が発足した。この選定制度時代には、現在の無形の民俗文化財の範疇である、民謡、神楽、郷土芸能、民間伝承、行事等が無形文化財に含まれていた。この選定制度は、1954年（昭和29年）の文化財保護法改正で廃止され、改正法施行時までに選定された無形文化財は白紙に戻された。", "歴史文化保存活用区域\nモデル事業は文化芸術振興基本法により運営されたが、歴史文化保存活用区域の制定は文化財保護法の改正で対応するかは未定である（政令か地方創生基本法制定に伴い文化財保護法附則で対応する可能性はある）。", "大韓民国指定宝物\n大韓民国文化財保護法では、建造物、典籍、書跡、古文書、絵画、彫刻、工芸品等の有形の文化的所産のうち価値の高いものが有形文化財とされる。文化財庁長は、有形文化財の中でも重要なものを、文化財委員会の審議の上で宝物として指定することができる。なお、宝物に該当する文化財の中でも特に価値の高いものが、文化財委員会の審議の上で国宝として指定される。", "文化遺産保護制度\n各国政府および国際機関は、人類の文化的活動によって生み出された有形・無形の文化的所産の中でも学術上、歴史上、芸術上、鑑賞上等の価値が高いものを文化遺産（ぶんかいさん、cultural heritage）あるいは文化財（ぶんかざい、cultural property）と位置づけ、条約、法律、条例等による保護の対象としている。指定や登録等の措置を受けた文化遺産に対しては、管理費用や修理費用への公的助成が行われる一方で、所有者には文化遺産の公開が求められたり、文化遺産の現状変更や移出が許可制ないしは届出制とされるなど、財産権には強い制約が課される。", "アダプティブユース\n基本的にはリビングヘリテージの考え方に基づくが、日本では文化財保護法での登録有形文化財で多く用いられている。国宝・重要文化財に指定されると消防用設備設置や耐震工事を除き増改築などの現状変更（建築行為）は制限されるが、登録有形文化財は建物外観のみを残し内部を自由に使えるファサード保存が認められている。", "文化遺産保護制度\n1950年（昭和25年）文化財保護法が成立し、8月29日に施行された。この法律はそれまでにあった国宝保存法、史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法、重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律の3法を統合し、かつ無形文化財、民俗資料、埋蔵文化財を新たに保護対象に加え、保護対象を「文化財」という新しい概念にもとに包摂するという文化遺産保護制度の総合立法だった。これにより有形文化財、無形文化財、記念物、埋蔵文化財という文化財の類型が定義された。国は有形文化財のうち重要なものを重要文化財に、記念物のうち重要なものを史跡、名勝、天然記念物に指定するとされたが、さらに重点保護を講じるための措置として、これらの中でも特に重要なものを国宝、特別史跡、特別名勝、特別天然記念物に指定できるとする二段階指定制度が取り入れられた。", "埋蔵物\n文化庁長官による土地の発掘が実施され、その際に発見された物件が文化財であり、その所有者が判明しない場合には、文化庁長官が警察署長にその旨を通知する（文化財保護法100条第1項）。そして、警察署長がその文化財につき遺失物法の規定に従って公告をすることになる（文化財保護法第100条第3項）。 ", "文化財\n1996年（平成8年）の文化財保護法改正により、国または地方公共団体の指定を受けていない有形文化財のうち、保存と活用が特に必要なものを登録有形文化財に登録する制度が創設された（第57条）。登録の対象は当初は建造物に限定されていたが、2004年（平成16年）の法改正でそれ以外の有形文化財にも適用範囲が拡大された。", "四国地方にある建造物の重要文化財一覧\n文化財保護法では重要文化財は大きく「建造物」と「美術工芸品」の2つの部に分かれているが、本記事では建造物のみを扱う。なお重要文化財のうち特に価値の高いものは国宝に指定されており、国宝も重要文化財の一種である。", "重要文化財\nなお、1950年（昭和25年）の文化財保護法施行以前の旧制度下では、現在の「重要文化財」に相当するものがすべて「国宝」と称されていたので混同しないよう注意を要する。", "重要文化財\n文化財保護法の規定により、地方公共団体（都道府県・市町村）は国指定の文化財以外の文化財について「当該地方公共団体の区域内に存するもののうち重要なものを指定して、その保存及び活用のため必要な措置を講ずることができる」とされている（同法第182条第2項）。これに基づき各都道府県・市町村ではそれぞれ文化財保護条例を定め、有形・無形の文化財の指定を行っている。これらの文化財については「○○県指定文化財」「○○市指定文化財」などと表記され、国指定の文化財と区別されている。", "文化遺産保護制度\n文化財保護法は、1954年（昭和29年）、1975年（昭和50年）、1996年（平成8年）、2004年（平成16年）に大きな改正が行われている。最初の大きな改正は1954年（昭和29年）に実施された。無形文化財に関しては、重要無形文化財の指定制度と、重要無形文化財の保持者の認定制度が設けられた。重要無形文化財の保持者として各個認定された者は人間国宝とも呼ばれる。民俗資料に関しては、重要民俗資料の指定制度と無形の民俗資料の記録保存の制度が設けられた。埋蔵文化財に関しては、周知の埋蔵文化財包蔵地における土木工事の規制が盛り込まれた。また、地方公共団体の役割を明確化するため、条例による文化財保護に関する規定が新設された。", "文化遺産\n日本の文化財保護法では、有形文化財、無形文化財、民俗文化財、記念物、文化的景観、伝統的建造物群の6種類を「文化財」と定義しているが、これらの概念ではとらえられないものの中にも歴史的な価値を有する文化的所産が存在する。文化審議会では、歴史的な価値を有する文化的所産を、文化財を含む広い意味での「文化遺産」と位置づけている。広い意味での文化遺産の例としては、文化的景観、文化財の周辺環境、近代の科学・産業遺産、「文化財の類型の枠を超えて一定の関連性を持ちながら集まった総体」などがあげられている。これらのうち文化的景観に関しては、2004年（平成16年）の文化財保護法改正により、新たに同法上の「文化財」の一種として位置づけられた。", "埋蔵文化財\n警察署では、拾得物として受け付けた埋蔵物が文化財と認められるときは、文化財保護法101条（旧第60条）に基づき管轄の都道府県、政令指定都市及び中核市の教育委員会に「埋蔵文化財提出書」を提出する。また、発見者は、「埋蔵文化財保管証」を管轄の都道府県、政令指定都市及び中核市の教育委員会に提出し、これを照合することによって同法102条（旧法61条）の鑑査が行われ、実物を見たことと同様にみなし、「文化財認定の通知」を警察署に行い、発見者にも認定通知の写しが送付され、出土品は、この時点でようやく正式に文化財として認定されたことになる。内容がたとえ土器片一点であっても、指定されることなしに法的に文化財として認定する制度があることに特徴があるといえる。", "可動文化財\n日本の文化財保護法では、第二条第一項第一号で「建造物、絵画、彫刻、工芸品、書跡、典籍、古文書その他の有形の文化的所産」「考古資料及びその他の学術上価値の高い歴史資料」を有形文化財、 同第四号で「貝づか、古墳、都城跡、城跡、旧宅その他の遺跡」「庭園、橋梁、峡谷、海浜、山岳その他の名勝地」「動物（生息地・繁殖地及び渡来地を含む）、植物（自生地を含む）、地質鉱物（特異な自然現象の生じている土地を含む）」を記念物として区分する。この有形文化財のうち建造物を除いたものを「美術工芸品」と総称しており、これが可動文化財に相当する。なお、上記の美術工芸品には民俗資料が含まれていないが、それらは文化財保護法では、第二条第一項第三号で民俗文化財と規定している。", "重要無形文化財\n第二次世界大戦以前の日本には1890年（明治23年）制定の帝室技芸員制度はあったものの、近代的な無形文化財の保護・指定制度は存在しなかった。1950年（昭和25年）制定の文化財保護法によって初めて無形文化財が法的に位置づけられたものの、同法制定当時の制度では「現状のまま放置し、国が保護しなければ衰亡のおそれのあるもの」を選定無形文化財として選定するという、消極的保護施策であった。1954年（昭和29年）の文化財保護法改正により、選定無形文化財の制度は廃止され、「衰亡のおそれ」あるか否かではなく、あくまでも無形文化財としての価値に基づき、重要なものを「重要無形文化財」に指定するという制度に変わった。", "文化遺産保護制度\n2002年（平成14年）の文化審議会の答申では、棚田や里山のような文化的景観、近代工業製品、研究の成果物等の産業的・学術的な遺産、近代の生活用具などの保護が新たな課題として指摘された。文化的景観の概念は1992年に世界遺産に取り入れられたもので、日本の文化遺産保護制度への導入について検討委員会による検討が行われ、この結果を踏まえて2004年（平成16年）に文化財保護法の一部が改正され翌年施行された。主要な改正点は、文化的景観を文化財の一種として新たに位置付けた上で重要文化的景観の制度を設けたこと、民俗技術を民俗文化財として位置付け保護の対象としたこと、登録制度の対象を従前の建造物に加え、建造物以外の有形文化財、登録有形民俗文化財、登録記念物にも拡充したことである。" ]

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[ "The Death of Marat part of his \"Pictures of Garbage\" series. The Death of Marat The Death of Marat ( or \"Marat Assassiné\") is a 1793 painting by Jacques-Louis David of the murdered French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat. It is one of the most famous images of the French Revolution. David was the leading French painter, as well as a Montagnard and a member of the revolutionary Committee of General Security. The painting shows the radical journalist lying dead in his bath on July 13, 1793 after his murder by Charlotte Corday. Painted in the months after Marat's murder, it has been described by", "The Death of Marat The Death of Marat The Death of Marat ( or \"Marat Assassiné\") is a 1793 painting by Jacques-Louis David of the murdered French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat. It is one of the most famous images of the French Revolution. David was the leading French painter, as well as a Montagnard and a member of the revolutionary Committee of General Security. The painting shows the radical journalist lying dead in his bath on July 13, 1793 after his murder by Charlotte Corday. Painted in the months after Marat's murder, it has been described by T. J. Clark as the first modernist", "Jean-Paul Marat \"sans-culottes\", publishing his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers, notably his periodical \"L'Ami du peuple\" (\"Friend of the People\"), which helped make him their unofficial link with the radical, republican Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793. Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, while taking a medicinal bath for his debilitating skin condition. In death, Marat became an icon to the Jacobins as a revolutionary martyr, as portrayed in Jacques-Louis David's famous painting, \"The Death of Marat\". For this assassination, Corday was executed four days later, on 17 July 1793. Jean-Paul Marat was born in", "The Death of Marat caused him to spend much of his time in his bathtub; he would often work there. Corday fatally stabbed Marat, but she did not attempt to flee. She was later tried and executed for the murder. As well as being the leading French painter of his generation, David was a prominent Montagnard, and a Jacobin, aligned with Marat and Maximilian Robespierre. A deputy of the Museum section at the Convention, he voted for the death of the King, and served on the Committee of General Security, where he actively participated in the sentencing and imprisonment of many and eventually presided", "The Death of Marat He painted Marat, martyr of the Revolution, in a style reminiscent of a Christian martyr, with the face and body bathed in a soft, glowing light. As Christian art had done from its beginning, David also played with multileveled references to classical art. Suggestions that Paris could compete with Rome as capital and mother city of the Arts and the idea of forming a kind of new Roman Republic appealed to French Revolutionaries, who often formed David's audience. Widely admired during the Terror whose leaders ordered several copies of the original work (copies made in 1793–1794 by David's pupils to", "Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki The Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki is a 1781 equestrian portrait of the Polish patron, politician, writer and Prime Minister of Poland Stanisław Kostka Potocki by the French painter Jacques-Louis David. It was painted in Rome when the artist and subject met during David's stay at the Villa Medici after winning the first prize for painting in the Prix de Rome, and chronologically after his \"Saint Roch interceding with the Virgin for the Plague-Stricken\" and before \"Belisarius begging for alms\". Its equestrian format is owed to influences from Rubens. Potocki, the subject of the painting,", "The Death of Marat over the \"section des interrogatoires\". He was also on the . Marat's figure is idealized. For example, the painting contains no sign of his skin problems, his skin appears clean and unblemished. David, however, drew other details from his visit to Marat's residence the day before the assassination: the green rug, the papers, and the pen. David promised his peers in the National Convention that he would later depict their murdered friend invocatively as \"\"écrivant pour le bonheur du peuple\"\" (writing for the good of the people). \"The Death of Marat\" is designed to commemorate a personable hero. Although the", "The Death of Marat photograph in the forensic scientific sense and barely the simple image it may seem (for instance, in the painting, the knife is not to be seen where Corday had left it impaled in Marat's chest, but on the ground, beside the bathtub). \"The Death of Marat\" has often been compared to \"Michelangelo's Pietà\". Note the elongated arm hanging down in both works. David admired Caravaggio's works, especially \"Entombment of Christ\", which mirrors \"The Death of Marat\"'s drama and light. David sought to transfer the sacred qualities long associated with the monarchy and the Catholic Church to the new French Republic.", "Portrait of Amédée de Pastoret Portrait of Amédée de Pastoret Portrait of Amédée-David de Pastoret is an 1826 painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It shows Amédée-David de Pastoret, a conseiller d'État and member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. He was a close relation of the painter and commissioned several works, such as his \"The Dauphin's Entry Into Paris\". It was painted the same year as Ingres' portrait of \"Madame Marcotte de Sainte-Marie\" - both works were badly received, precipitating a six-year period in which the artist produced no paintings. His next portrait would be his 1832 \"Portrait of monsieur Bertin\". Still in his collection on his", "Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki displayed it at Wilanów Palace, his residence near Warsaw. Ownership passed to the Branicki family in 1892. During the Second World War it was looted by the German forces, then passed into Soviet Russian hands after the war, before being repatriated to Poland in 1956. It is now on show in the Museum of King John III's Palace at Wilanów. Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki The Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki is a 1781 equestrian portrait of the Polish patron, politician, writer and Prime Minister of Poland Stanisław Kostka Potocki by the French painter Jacques-Louis David. It was painted in", "The Death of Marat 1886, to the city where the painter had lived quietly and died in exile after the fall of Napoleon. Some of the copies (the exact number of those completed remains uncertain) made by David's pupils (among them, Gioacchino Giuseppe Serangeli and Gérard) survived, notably visible in the museums of Dijon, Reims, and Versailles. The original letter, with bloodstains and bath water marks still visible, has survived and is currently intact in the ownership of Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford. Other artists have also depicted the death of Marat, sometimes long after the facts, whose works refer or not to" ]

[ "Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle of God. In 1805, Goethe saw a copy of this portrait in the museum at Leipzig and described it as of \"inestimable value.\" According to Lawrence Gowing, who calls this \"the most French of all his pictures\", the \"Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle\" is singular among Dürer's paintings as \"the touch is freer and color more iridescent than in any other picture one remembers\". Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle (or \"Eryngium\") is an oil painting on parchment pasted on canvas by German artist Albrecht Dürer. Painted in 1493, it", "The Artist in His Museum The Artist in His Museum The Artist in His Museum is an 1822 self-portrait by the American painter Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827). It depicts the 81-year-old artist posed in Peale's Museum, then occupying the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The nearly life-size painting is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Toward the end of his career, beginning in 1822, he painted seven self-portraits that together formed the final motif of his art and the final flourishing of his talent. \"The Artist in His Museum\" is a large-scale oil-on-canvas work painted in about", "Portrait of the Artist with his Family Portrait of the Artist with his Family Portrait of the Artist with his Family is a c.1615 painting by Jacob Jordaens of himself and his family. With \"Group Portrait\", \"The Apostles Paul and Barnabas at Lystra\" (c.1618) and \"The Banquet of Cleopatra\", it is one of four works by the artist in the Hermitage Museum. In the 18th century the work was owned by the Duke of Portland before entering Robert Walpole's collection at Houghton Hall. After his death it was sold to the Hermitage Museum in 1779 during the reign of Catherine II of Russia. At that time it", "Portrait of the Artist with his Family was misattributed to Jordaens' father-in-law and master Adam van Noort. Later, the figures were reidentified - the one on the left playing the lute is Jordaens beside his father, whilst the artist's mother is to the left, surrounded by children and with her youngest daughter sitting on her knee. Two cherubs above symbolise the souls of dead children, whilst a servant brings in a platter of fruit. Portrait of the Artist with his Family Portrait of the Artist with his Family is a c.1615 painting by Jacob Jordaens of himself and his family. With \"Group Portrait\", \"The Apostles Paul and", "Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle (or \"Eryngium\") is an oil painting on parchment pasted on canvas by German artist Albrecht Dürer. Painted in 1493, it is the earliest of Dürer's painted self-portraits and has been identified as one of the first self-portraits painted by a Northern artist. It was acquired in 1922 by the Louvre in Paris. Dürer looks out at the viewer with a psychologically complex but rather melancholy and reserved, serious minded, facial expression. During the 15th century, thistles were symbols of male conjugal fidelity. In 1493, Dürer was", "Women in the French Revolution bear arm would transform women into citizens. On 20 June 1792 a number of armed women took part in a procession that \"passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly, into the Tuileries Gardens, and then through the King's residence.\" Militant women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Marat, following his murder on 13 July 1793. As part of the funeral procession, they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered as well as a shirt stained with Marat's blood. The most radical militant feminist activism was practiced by the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, which", "The Death of Marat painting, for \"the way it took the stuff of politics as its material, and did not transmute it\". Marat (24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793, 18th century France) was one of the leaders of the Montagnards, the radical faction ascendant in French politics during the Reign of Terror until the Thermidorian Reaction. Charlotte Corday was a Girondin from a minor aristocratic family and a political enemy of Marat who blamed him for the September Massacre. She gained entrance to Marat's rooms with a note promising details of a counter-revolutionary ring in Caen. Marat suffered from a skin condition that", "Self-portrait (Chassériau) Self-portrait (Chassériau) Self-Portrait, or Portrait of the Artist in a Redingote, is an 1835 oil-on-canvas painting by French romantic artist Théodore Chassériau, which was painted when the artist was 16. It is currently housed at the Musée du Louvre. One of the few self-portraits Chassériau painted, \"Portrait of the Artist in a Redingote\" shows him standing and facing left, one hand concealed within his black jacket, a small book held within his other hand, at rest upon a red tablecloth. In the background is a gray-green wall, upon which hangs a palette in the upper left corner. The painter's pose", "Portrait painting in Scotland marriage of the earl of Bothwell and Jean Gordon. He also painted James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray in 1561 and two years later he painted a joint portrait of the young Darnley and his brother Charles Stuart. Lord Seton, Master of the Royal Household, commissioned two portraits in the Netherlands in the 1570s, one of himself and one a family portrait. A specific type of Scottish picture from this era was the \"vendetta portrait\", designed to keep alive the memory of an atrocity. Examples include the \"Darnley memorial portrait\", which shows the young James VI kneeling at his murdered", "Portrait of Madame Récamier (Gros) Portrait of Madame Récamier (Gros) Portrait of Madame Recamier (French: Portret Madame Récamier) is a painting by French artist Antoine-Jean Gros from about 1825. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 62.3 x 51.2 cm. The portrait is in the Romantic style. It presents Madame Recamier leading a cosmopolitan life in Paris during her life at the consulate in the city. Known for her lavish soirees at the Palace of Rue Mont Blanc, which collected contemporary artists, writers, actors and politicians. The portrait was painted later, but presents interesting features thoughtful insight and graceful hands", "Portrait of Madame Ingres Portrait of Madame Ingres Portrait of Madame Ingres is a late period oil on canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, completed in 1859. Depicting his second wife Delphine Ramel (he was widowed in 1849), it is Ingres' final painted portrait, apart from two self-portraits. It was probably painted to accompany Ingres's self-portrait of the same year, now in the Fogg Art Museum, Boston. Delphine was the daughter of Dominique Ramel (1777–1860), and the niece of Charles Marcotte d'Argenteuil. She is presented as warm and engaging, devoid of the upper class pretensions that marked most of his other", "Portrait of Madame Ingres later period female portraits. Ingres depicted her in the same pose in a drawing dated 1855 in the Fogg Art Museum. Portrait of Madame Ingres Portrait of Madame Ingres is a late period oil on canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, completed in 1859. Depicting his second wife Delphine Ramel (he was widowed in 1849), it is Ingres' final painted portrait, apart from two self-portraits. It was probably painted to accompany Ingres's self-portrait of the same year, now in the Fogg Art Museum, Boston. Delphine was the daughter of Dominique Ramel (1777–1860), and the niece of Charles", "Portrait of Juan de Pareja surrealist painter Salvador Dali in his 1960 work \"Portrait of Juan de Pareja, the Assistant to Velázquez\" which is in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art\".\" French-Senegalese artist Iba N'Diaye restaged the Velazquez portrait in his 1985-86 painting \"Juan de Pareja agresse par les chiens (Juan de Pareja menaced by dogs)\" . A central theme of the 2012 play \"Disgraced\" by Ayad Akhtar is a painting of the protagonist, a South Asian Muslim man, as painted by his white wife in the style of the \"Portrait of Juan de Pareja\". Representation of slavery in European art Portrait of", "Anthony van Dyck self portrait (Metropolitan Museum of Art) American banker Jules Bache in 1949. Anthony van Dyck self portrait (Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Metropolitan Museum of Art possesses in its collection a self portrait painted by Flemish artist Anthony van Dyck. Done in oil on canvas, the work depicts its creator during his early twenties. The self portrait was likely painted by van Dyck during the winter of 1620-1621, which the artist spent in London. van Dyck chose to render a depiction of himself as a country gentlemen dressed in fine clothes; he likely acquired these clothes due to his father being a wealthy clothier. The painting", "Anthony van Dyck self portrait (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Anthony van Dyck self portrait (Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Metropolitan Museum of Art possesses in its collection a self portrait painted by Flemish artist Anthony van Dyck. Done in oil on canvas, the work depicts its creator during his early twenties. The self portrait was likely painted by van Dyck during the winter of 1620-1621, which the artist spent in London. van Dyck chose to render a depiction of himself as a country gentlemen dressed in fine clothes; he likely acquired these clothes due to his father being a wealthy clothier. The painting was donated to the Met by", "A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino The A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, known also as \"A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino: An Elegy in Three Scenes\" is a literary play written in English by Filipino National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin in 1950. It was described as Joaquin’s “most popular play,\" as the \"most important Filipino play in English,\" and as “probably the best-known Filipino play.” Apart from being regarded also as the “national play of the Philippines” because of its popularity, it also became one of the important reads in English classes in the Philippines.", "A Portrait Painted by the Sun A Portrait Painted by the Sun A Portrait Painted by the Sun is the second studio album by Canadian atmospheric black metal band Finnr's Cane. It was released in 2013 by Prophecy Productions. Like the band's debut album, \"Wanderlust\", A Portrait Painted by the Sun was recorded by The Bard at Sardonic Moon Studio in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and the artwork and layout were handled by Benjamin König. The cyclical nature of the seasons and the powerful sunshine of spring have been cited as thematic influences for the album. The digipak release features a two-panel photo of a piece of", "A Portrait Painted by the Sun birch bark with etchings of the album's lyrics. Other A Portrait Painted by the Sun A Portrait Painted by the Sun is the second studio album by Canadian atmospheric black metal band Finnr's Cane. It was released in 2013 by Prophecy Productions. Like the band's debut album, \"Wanderlust\", A Portrait Painted by the Sun was recorded by The Bard at Sardonic Moon Studio in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and the artwork and layout were handled by Benjamin König. The cyclical nature of the seasons and the powerful sunshine of spring have been cited as thematic influences for the album. The digipak", "Portrait of Mrs. Cecil Wade Portrait of Mrs. Cecil Wade Portrait of Mrs. Cecil Wade or Portrait of a Lady is a large oil-on-canvas painting by John Singer Sargent, depicting Frances Frew Wade, a Scottish socialite. Painted in 1886, it currently hangs in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri. After the scandal caused by Sargent’s \"Portrait of Madame X\" at the Paris Salon of 1884, the artist lost much of his French clientele and relocated to England in 1886 in search of new commissions. Sargent’s \"Portrait of Mrs. Cecil Wade\" was his first major project after the 1884 Salon and formally retreats", "Portrait painting middle-class people. Demonstrating his romanticism, Courbet painted several self-portraits showing himself in varying moods and expressions. Other French realists include Honoré Daumier who produced many caricatures of his contemporaries. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec chronicled some of the famous performers of the theater, including Jane Avril, capturing them in motion. French painter Édouard Manet, was an important transitional artist whose work hovers between realism and impressionism. He was a portraitist of outstanding insight and technique, with his painting of Stéphane Mallarmé being a good example of his transitional style. His contemporary Edgar Degas was primarily a realist and his painting \"Portrait of", "Portrait of Catherine Balebina Portrait of Catherine Balebina Portrait of Catherine Balebina is a painting by Russian portrait artist Lev Russov (1926–1987), which depicts his wife Catherine Balebina (; 1933–2002). The portrait was painted in Leningrad in 1956 and belonged to the most famous portrait paintings of artist. He met with Catherine Balebina (born December 29, 1933, daughter of Vasily Balebin, the famed military pilot and torpedo-bomber, the Hero of the Soviet Union and Great Patriotic War) in 1955, one year before. Soon she too become his wife (the marriage would be officially registered on 31 January 1959), the mother of his son (Andrew", "French Revolution 1792 a number of armed women took part in a procession that \"passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly, into the Tuileries Gardens, and then through the King's residence.\" Militant women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Marat, following his murder on 13 July 1793. As part of the funeral procession, they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered (by a counter-revolutionary woman) as well as a shirt stained with Marat's blood. On 20 May 1793 women were at the fore of a crowd that demanded \"bread and the Constitution of 1793.\" When their", "Portrait of Catherine Balebina Realism. The Leningrad School» among 350 selected works by artists of the Leningrad School. Portrait of Catherine Balebina Portrait of Catherine Balebina is a painting by Russian portrait artist Lev Russov (1926–1987), which depicts his wife Catherine Balebina (; 1933–2002). The portrait was painted in Leningrad in 1956 and belonged to the most famous portrait paintings of artist. He met with Catherine Balebina (born December 29, 1933, daughter of Vasily Balebin, the famed military pilot and torpedo-bomber, the Hero of the Soviet Union and Great Patriotic War) in 1955, one year before. Soon she too become his wife (the marriage", "Francis Bernard (artist) Théâtre pictural du Père Duchesne ». It is inspired by the Jean-Pierre Faye play, \"Les dernières journées du père Duchesne\", which uses historical material from the revolutionary newspaper« Le Père Duchesne ». Twenty two panels of this series are also presented at the French-Italian Cultural Center, during the biennial Venice carnival on the theme \"The masks of Marat\". In 1984, in the hall of the Criée Theater in Marseille, Bernard exhibits a series of images painted on the theme of the French revolution in the style of the Épinal print. Francis Bernard has also widely exhibited elsewhere: Cultural center, Nanterre;", "Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars By 1799, the French Revolutionary Wars had resumed after a period of relative peace in 1798. The Second Coalition had organized against France, with Great Britain allying with Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, and several of the German and Italian states. While Napoleon's army was still embroiled in Egypt, the allies prepared campaigns in Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Napoleon had consolidated his control of Egypt for the time being. Soon after the beginning of the year, he mounted an invasion of Syria, capturing El Arish and Jaffa. On 17 March, he", "Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1794 between Revolutionary France and the First coalition. The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking the Dutch Republic in the middle of winter. The Dutch people rallied to the French call and started the Batavian Revolution. City after city was occupied by the French. The Dutch fleet was captured, and the stadtholder William V fled to be replaced by a popular Batavian Republic, which supported the revolutionary cause and signed the Treaty of Paris (1795), ceding the territories of North Brabant and", "Portrait of Charles Marcotte Portrait of Charles Marcotte Portrait of Charles Marcotte (also known as Marcotte d'Argenteuil) is an 1810 oil on canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, completed during the artists first stay in Rome. Charles Marie Jean Baptiste Marcotte (1773-1864) was a long term friend, loyal supporter and adviser to Ingres, and commissioned a number of portraits of his family and friends, as well as works such as \"Odalisque with Slave\" (1839). He was 23 years in age when the portrait was painted, and serving as inspector general for Waters and Forests in Napoleonic Rome. Although handsome, and possessing", "Self-portrait also use the term \"autoportrait\" in the search engine of the \"Joconde\" database, which describes the works of 84 French museums, including the Louvre: Self-portrait A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. Although self-portraits have been made since the earliest times, it is not until the Early Renaissance in the mid-15th century that artists can be frequently identified depicting themselves as either the main subject, or as important characters in their work. With better and cheaper mirrors, and the advent of the panel portrait, many painters, sculptors and printmakers", "Portrait painting in Scotland son of Adrian Vanson and probably trained in the Netherlands, was working in England in the 1620s. In 1623 he painted his portrait of \"George Seaton, 3rd Earl of Winton and his sons\" and another of Seaton's wife \"Anne Hay with her two daughters\". The first significant native artist was George Jamesone of Aberdeen (1589/90-1644), who, having trained in the Netherlands, became one of the most successful portrait painters of the reign of Charles I. He trained the Baroque artist John Michael Wright (1617–94), who also studied in Rome with Poussin and Velázquez. Wright painted both Scottish and English subjects,", "Portrait of Madame Récamier (Gros) folded under her chest. The painting was exhibited in Strossmayer Gallery, in Zagreb. It is owned by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. It was donated in 1903 by French nobleman Eugène-Emmanuel-Ernst Halvin, Marquis Penn. Portrait of Madame Récamier (Gros) Portrait of Madame Recamier (French: Portret Madame Récamier) is a painting by French artist Antoine-Jean Gros from about 1825. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 62.3 x 51.2 cm. The portrait is in the Romantic style. It presents Madame Recamier leading a cosmopolitan life in Paris during her life at the", "Portrait of the Artist's Father present. His most characteristic works are realistic portraits. In \"Portrait of the Artist's Father\", Tominz depicts his father on the occasion of his 80th birthday. He is seated on a chair by a table. With his left hand he holds a small portrait of a woman. The portrait is entirely in the style of naturalism and is devoid of any idealization. Portrait of the Artist's Father Portrait of the Artist's Father (Slovenian: Portret očeta) is a painting by the Slovenian-Italian artist Giuseppe Tominz from 1848. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 90 x 74.5", "Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. Austria and Great Britain were the main remaining members of the coalition. The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally terminated by General Hoche. Mignet's History of the French Revolution states: Bonaparte left Paris on 11 March for Nice to take over the weak and poorly supplied Army of Italy, arriving on 26 March. The army was already being reorganised and supplied when he arrived, and he found", "French Revolutionary Army and large numbers of skirmishers. Despite these exercises, \"l'ordre mince\" had strong and powerful supporters in the Royal Armée Française, and it was this formation which went into the \"1791 Reglement\" as the standard. The French struck first, with an invasion of the Austrian Netherlands proposed by foreign minister Charles François Dumouriez. This invasion soon turned into a debacle when it was found that the hastily trained Revolutionary forces badly lacked obedience: on one occasion, troops murdered their general to avoid a battle; on another, troops insisted on putting their commander's orders to a vote. The Revolutionary forces retreated from", "Marat/Sade 1808, after the French Revolution; the play directed by the Marquis de Sade within the story takes place during the Revolution, in the middle of 1793, culminating in the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat (which took place on 13 July 1793), then quickly brings the audience up to date (1808). The actors are the inmates of the asylum; the nurses and supervisors occasionally step in to restore order. The bourgeois director of the hospital, Coulmier, supervises the performance, accompanied by his wife and daughter. He is a supporter of the post-revolutionary government led by Napoleon, in place at the time of", "Portrait of Baronne de Rothschild Portrait of Baronne de Rothschild Baronne de Rothschild is an 1848 portrait by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. The sitter, Betty de Rothschild (1805–1886) had married banker James Mayer de Rothschild and was one of the wealthiest women in Europe, and one of the foremost Parisian patrons of the arts. Her beauty and elegance were widely known and celebrated, and inspired Heinrich Heine's poem \"The Angel\". For her portrait, which is painted in oil on canvas, Ingres sought to infuse symbols of her material wealth with the dignity, grace and beauty of Renaissance art, especially that of Raphael, while", "Portrait painting in Scotland Portrait painting in Scotland Portrait painting in Scotland includes all forms of painted portraiture in Scotland, from its beginnings in the early sixteenth century until the present day. The origins of the tradition of portrait painting in Scotland are in the Renaissance, particularly through contacts with the Netherlands. The first portrait of a named person that survives is that of Archbishop William Elphinstone, probably painted by a Scottish artist using Flemish techniques around 1505. Around the same period Scottish monarchs turned to the recording of royal likenesses in panel portraits, painted in oils on wood. The tradition of royal portrait", "Portrait of Louis XIV the portrait of Louis XV, also in costume sacre. 23 Another copy is present at the Paris Observatory, between portraits of Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Urbain Le Verrier. Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \"official portrait\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November", "Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist the film. His orchestra, \"The Orchestra da Camera Nova Harmonia di Firenze\" was created for the film and now continues as Mr. Burbi's orchestra. A sample of the soundtrack of Stefano Burbi: \"Suite dalle musiche per il film 'Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist\"' soundtrack can be found below in external links. Burbi describes his inspiration for \"Annigoni\" as, \"music of memory and nostalgia, it is melancholic because we remember, like Annigoni, a paradise lost\". Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist is a 1995 documentary film about the life and times of Italian portrait painter Pietro Annigoni.", "Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich) Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich) Self-Portrait (or Self-Portrait at Twenty-Eight) is a panel painting by the German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer. Painted early in 1500, just before his 29th birthday, it is the last of his three painted self-portraits. Art historians consider it the most personal, iconic and complex of his self-portraits. The self-portrait is most remarkable because of its resemblance to many earlier representations of Christ. Art historians note the similarities with the conventions of religious painting, including its symmetry, dark tones and the manner in which the artist directly confronts the viewer and raises his hands to the middle of", "Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, Vienna) son Titus van Rijn, by another artist in the style of Rembrandt, duplicates the pose and positioning of the figure in the \"Self Portrait\". Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, Vienna) Self Portrait (or The Large Self-Portrait) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt. Painted in 1652, it is one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt, and was the first he had painted since 1645. In composition it is different from his previous self-portraits, depicting the painter in a direct frontal pose, hands on his hips, and with an air of self-confidence. It was painted the year that his", "Self-Portrait (Dürer, Madrid) Self-Portrait (Dürer, Madrid) Self-portrait (or Self-portrait at 26) is the second of Albrecht Dürer's three painted self-portraits. In this work, executed in oil on wood panel in 1498, Dürer haughtily elevates himself to the social position he believed suited to an artist of his ability. Dürer depicts himself indoors under an arch, in half length, turning towards the viewer. Painted after his first trip to Italy, he is depicted bearing an arrogant, cocky expression which betrays the assured self-confidence of a young artist at the height of his ability. Dürer's presence dominates the pictorial space, from his hat which almost", "Portrait of an Army Doctor Portrait of an Army Doctor Portrait of an Army Doctor (in French Portrait d'un médecin militaire) is a 1914-15 painting by the French artist, theorist and writer Albert Gleizes. Painted at the fortress city of Toul (Lorraine) while Gleizes served in the military during the First World War, the paintings abstract circular rhythms and intersecting aslant planes announce the beginning of the second synthetic phase of Cubism. The work represents Gleizes's commanding officer, Major Mayer-Simon Lambert (1870-1943), the regimental surgeon in charge of the military hospital at Toul. At least eight preparatory sketches, gouaches and watercolors of the work have", "Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \"official portrait\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November 1700, Spain was beset by the dynastic ambitions of other European powers, resulting in a succession war. The Spanish king's will ruled out any idea of sharing and", "Self-portrait his son Orazio, and a young cousin, Marco Vecellio. Titian also painted a late self-portrait in 1567; apparently his first. Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi's \"La Pittura (Self-portrait as the allegory of painting)\" presents herself embodying the classical allegorical representation of Painting, seen in the dramatic mask worn around Gentileschi's neck which Painting often carries. The artist's focus on her work, away from the viewer, highlights the drama of the Baroque period, and the changing role of the artist from craftsperson to singular innovator. Caravaggio painted himself in \"Bacchus\" at the beginning of his career, then appears in the staffage of", "The Artist in His Museum the woman nearer to the foreground represents the museum's power to inspire feelings of awe and wonder in the face of the sublime. Yet as the space recedes, so does Peale's life and the intellectual and scientific culture of the time—the American Enlightenment. The Artist in His Museum The Artist in His Museum is an 1822 self-portrait by the American painter Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827). It depicts the 81-year-old artist posed in Peale's Museum, then occupying the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The nearly life-size painting is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine", "Allan Ramsay (artist) Margaret, in the Scottish National Gallery, is described as having a sweetness and tenderness. The portrait of his wife also shows the influence of French art, which Ramsay incorporated into his work. The large collection of his sketches in the possession of the Royal Scottish Academy and the Board of Trustees, Edinburgh also show this French elegance and soft colours. In a documentary broadcast by the BBC in February 2014, Ramsay was shown to be the artist who painted the lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart in 1745, completed on the verge of his invasion of England. Ramsay has paintings", "Portrait of Charles Baudelaire the Musée Fabre in Montpellier, where it still hangs. Portrait of Charles Baudelaire Portrait of Charles Baudelaire is a portrait of the poet Charles Baudelaire by Gustave Courbet. The artist himself dated it to 1840, but it seems to have mostly been painted around 1847, a year in which the poet and the painter met frequently. It was shown in the Courbet Pavilion at the 1855 Exposition Universelle and was bought four years later by the publisher Auguste Poulet-Malassis, who then nominally sold it to Charles Asselineau on 15 June 1862 to prevent it being seized. Alfred Bruyas acquired it", "Portrait of Charles Baudelaire Portrait of Charles Baudelaire Portrait of Charles Baudelaire is a portrait of the poet Charles Baudelaire by Gustave Courbet. The artist himself dated it to 1840, but it seems to have mostly been painted around 1847, a year in which the poet and the painter met frequently. It was shown in the Courbet Pavilion at the 1855 Exposition Universelle and was bought four years later by the publisher Auguste Poulet-Malassis, who then nominally sold it to Charles Asselineau on 15 June 1862 to prevent it being seized. Alfred Bruyas acquired it for 3000 francs and in 1876 gave it to", "Jean-Paul Marat protests, Marat asked for her to enter and gave her an audience by his bath, over which a board had been laid to serve as a writing desk. Their interview lasted around fifteen minutes. He asked her what was happening in Caen and she explained, reciting a list of the offending deputies. After he had finished writing out the list, Corday claimed that he told her, \"Their heads will fall within a fortnight,\" a statement she later changed at her trial to, \"Soon I shall have them all guillotined in Paris.\" This was unlikely since Marat did not have the", "A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino attendance. In 2015, Butch Nolasco produced and directed \"PORTRAIT: Rediscovering a Filipino Film Classic,\" a documentary based on the recollections of Lamberto Avellana's daughter Ivi Avellana-Cosio on the making of the movie. The documentary won first runner-up honors at the 19th GAWAD CCP Documentary Film Festival. See also A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino The A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, known also as \"A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino: An Elegy in Three Scenes\" is a literary play written in English by Filipino National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin in 1950. It was described as Joaquin’s", "Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1796, with France fighting the First Coalition. On 14 February, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing a threat of invasion to Britain. However, the British fleet was weakened over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which kept many ships in port through the summer. On 22 February, a French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from the \"La", "Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars also partitioned Venice between them. Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1796, with France fighting the First Coalition. On 14 February, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing a threat of invasion to Britain. However, the British fleet was weakened over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which kept many ships in port through the summer. On 22 February, a French invasion force consisting of", "Edward Alcock (artist) Edward Alcock (artist) Edward Alcock (fl. 1745–1778) was an English painter of portraits and miniatures. Alcock lived in a variety of towns around England and was described by the poet William Shenstone as \"the most volatile of all creatures that have not wings\". He is first recorded living with his mother in 1745 in Liverpool, where he went into partnership with a carver-and-gilder in 1747. He was recorded in Bath in 1757 and was living in Birmingham between 1759 and 1760, where he painted a full-length portrait of Shenstone now in the National Portrait Gallery. He was described as \"Mr", "Militant feminism in the French Revolution and were then followed by Lafayette's national guard. The national guard was sent to subdue the protests. On June 20 of 1792, a number of armed women took part in a procession that \"passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly, into the Tuileries Gardens, and then through the King's residence.\" Militant women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Jean-Paul Marat, following his murder on July 13, 1793. As part of the funeral procession, they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered as well as a shirt stained with Marat's blood. Later, on May 20,", "Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars began in April 1792. From 1789 to early 1792, the French Revolution gradually radicalised, breaking with old institutions and practices as it went, and targeting defenders of the Ancien Régime. Some of these defenders, or people who were unintentionally caught in the crossfire, emigrated from France to avoid persecution. King Louis XVI himself attempted to escape with his family in June 1791, but this flight to Varennes failed. The French king was put under surveillance, and increasingly suspected of conspiring with other European monarchs, who wished to preserve", "Portrait of the Artist's Father Portrait of the Artist's Father Portrait of the Artist's Father (Slovenian: Portret očeta) is a painting by the Slovenian-Italian artist Giuseppe Tominz from 1848. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 90 x 74.5 cm. It has been a part of the collection of the National Gallery of Slovenia in Ljubljana since 1926. Giuseppe Tominz lived and worked in Austria-Hungary. He is one of the most famous Italian portrait painters of the Biedermeier period, which was characterized by art of the bourgeoisie, with an emphasis on idyllic or domestic genre art and reproduction of the", "Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars the French. In northern Italy victory at the Battle of Loano in November gave France access to the Italian peninsula. Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1794 between Revolutionary France and the First coalition. The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking the Dutch Republic in the middle of winter. The Dutch people rallied to the French call and started the Batavian Revolution. City after city was occupied by the French. The Dutch fleet was captured, and the stadtholder William V fled to be replaced by a popular Batavian", "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny is a Warner Bros. cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd, with cameo appearances by Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. The cartoon was part of the television special \"Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over\", which aired May 21, 1980. \"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny\" is one of four Bugs Bunny cartoons produced during 1979-1980, the first new shorts since 1964's \"False Hare\". On the last day of school, children emerge from a one-room schoolhouse, gushing with joy about summer", "Jean-Paul Marat counterfeiters distributing falsified versions of \"L'Ami du peuple\". This led him to call for police intervention, which resulted in the suppression of the fraudulent issues, leaving Marat the continuing sole author of \"L'Ami de peuple\". During this period, Marat made regular attacks on the more conservative revolutionary leaders. In a pamphlet from 26 July 1790, entitled \"\"C'en est fait de nous\"\" (\"We're done for!\"), he warned against counter-revolutionaries, advising, \"five or six hundred heads cut off would have assured your repose, freedom and happiness.\" Between 1790 and 1792, Marat was often forced into hiding, sometimes in the Paris sewers, where", "The Rice portrait originally mistakenly attributed to Johann Zoffany but is now believed by its supporters to have been painted by Ozias Humphry. It is now known that Francis Austen knew Humphry and the artist had painted a portrait of Francis Austen in 1780 which is now in the Graves Gallery, Sheffield. Ozias Humphry's brother William Humphry was the vicar of Kemsing and Seal close to Francis Austen's home in Sevenoaks and a neighbour of the step-brother of Jane Austen's father. In 1884 the portrait was used as an illustration in a collected edition of her letters published by Lord Brabourne, a relative", "Portrait of Madame Moitessier drawn by Ingres and the background painted by an assistant, is in the Musée Ingres in Montauban. Portrait of Madame Moitessier Madame Moitessier is a portrait of Marie-Clotilde-Inès Moitessier (née de Foucauld) begun in 1844 and completed in 1856 by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. The portrait, which depicts Madame Moitessier seated, is now in the National Gallery in London. \"Madame Moitessier\" is also the title of a second portrait by Ingres, which depicts her standing; it was painted in 1851 and is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.. Marie-Clotilde-Inès de Foucauld (1821–1897) was the daughter of a French civil", "The Artist in His Museum monument of my art as a Painter, but also that the design should be expressive, that I bring forth into public view, the beauties of Nature and Art, the rise & progress of the Museum.\"\" He further said, \"\"I wish it may excite some admiration, otherwise my labor is lost, except that it is a good likeness.\"\" Peale's determination to honor his career is reflected in his having painted two preliminary versions of \"The Artist\", unusual for an artist who took pride in producing likenesses with little preparatory work. There are three spaces in the work. The foreground of the", "Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars surrender the next day at 4 pm. On 7 November, the army was renamed Army of Italy. Another French success was the daring expedition from Alsace into Germany made by Custine, leading the newly created 14,300 strong Armée des Vosges from 19 September onward. He attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day. He went on the occupy Worms and Philippsburg without a fight. Custine captured Mainz on 21 October 1792 and penetrated as far as Frankfurt, which surrendered on 31 October. <br> Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars began in", "Portrait of Herman Doomer 1654 to their son, Lambert Doomer, an artist himself, on condition that he made copies of the two pieces for each of his brothers and sisters. The work is on view at the Metropolitam Museum in Gallery 964. Portrait of Herman Doomer Portrait of Herman Doomer is a 1640 oil on oak panel portrait of an Amsterdam businessman by Rembrandt, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which it was left in 1929 by Louisine Havemeyer. The subject, Herman Doomer, was a successful cabinetmaker and worker in ebony, which was fashionable in seventeenth-century Amsterdam. Rembrandt also painted a companion", "Marat Gelman reasons for its decision. Guelman named censorship the main reason for his dismissal.The media believe that the cause leading to Guelman’s dismissal from the post of PERMM’s Director was the personal exhibition of Vasily Slonov, a Krasnoyarsk-based artist, titled Welcome! Sochi 2014, which was opened within the program of Perm White Nights. The new governor of Perm Krai Victor Basargin later said that it was the alliance with Guelman that had cost his predecessor Oleg Chirkunov his post. Marat Gelman Marat Gelman(; born December 24, 1960 in Chişinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian collector, gallerist, and an op-ed", "Portrait of Mlle Rachel Portrait of Mlle Rachel Portrait of Mlle Rachel is an oil painting on millboard by English artist William Etty, painted during the 1840s and currently in the York Art Gallery. It shows the tragic actress Élisa Rachel Félix, better known as Mademoiselle Rachel, at the time one of the most acclaimed actresses in France. The subject is not shown looking at the artist, but glancing anxiously out of the picture with tears in her eyes. The work was probably painted during one of Rachel's tours of London in the 1840s. It appears unfinished, suggesting that it was painted in a", "Portrait of Dr. Gachet Portrait of Dr. Gachet Portrait of Dr. Gachet is one of the most revered paintings by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. It depicts Dr. Paul Gachet, a homeopathic doctor and artist with whom van Gogh resided following a spell in an asylum at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Gachet took care of Van Gogh during the final months of his life. There are two authenticated versions of the portrait, both painted in June 1890 at Auvers-sur-Oise. Both show Gachet sitting at a table and leaning his head on his right arm, but they are easily differentiated in color and style. In May 1990,", "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny never having felt the effects of his own injury - remarks about how he and Elmer probably were \"the youngest people to ever start chasing each other.\" Of course, Bugs could be wrong - a young Wile E. Coyote runs by, chasing an unhatched Road Runner. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny is a Warner Bros. cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd, with cameo appearances by Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. The cartoon was part of the television special \"Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over\", which aired", "Portrait of a Violinist EUR 1,083,000. According to the provenance listed by the auction house, the painting was one of many sold in 1783 by Jean-Benjamin de La Borde a violinist and composer who had been \"premier valet de chambre\" for Louis XV. Portrait of a Violinist Portrait of a Violinist is a 1773 oil on canvas painting by the French artist Anne Vallayer-Coster in the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. This painting shows a seated woman with a violin bent over a music book. Vallayer did not marry until 1781 and therefore was probably still working alongside family members when this was painted. Vallayer expert Marianne", "Portrait of a Violinist Portrait of a Violinist Portrait of a Violinist is a 1773 oil on canvas painting by the French artist Anne Vallayer-Coster in the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. This painting shows a seated woman with a violin bent over a music book. Vallayer did not marry until 1781 and therefore was probably still working alongside family members when this was painted. Vallayer expert Marianne Roland-Michel has speculated that the woman in the painting was possibly one of her sisters, as Vallayer's rare portraits tended to be from her inner circle. It is unknown whether her sisters were musicians, however. Vallayer was admitted to", "Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist is a 1995 documentary film about the life and times of Italian portrait painter Pietro Annigoni. Principal photography began in October 1990 in Florence, Italy, and lasted four years. \"Annigoni: Portrait of an Artist\" had its World Premiere on October 23, 1995, at the historic and largest movie theatre in Toronto, The Bloor Cinema. It played to sold out audiences during its entire week long run. It was followed by the Italian premiere in Florence, Italy. The Television Broadcast Premiere was on BRAVO! on March 3, 1996. The film begins", "Portrait of Pope Paul V Portrait of Pope Paul V Portrait of Pope Paul V (c. 1605–1606) is a painting by the Italian artist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571–1610), now in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Camillo Borghese reigned as Pope Paul V from 1605 to 1621. Caravaggio's biographer Giovanni Bellori records that the artist painted a seated portrait of him as pope, which must place the work between Borghese's election on 16 May 1605 and Caravaggio's flight from Rome in May 1606 following the death of Ranuccio Tommassoni. The portrait is attested in the Borghese collection from 1650. Many scholars have doubted the authenticity of", "Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair cost $500,000. Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair is a painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, painted in 1633. It hangs in the Taft Museum of Art of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The oil on canvas portrait measures . It is signed and dated 1633, and there is no doubt of its authenticity. The pose of the wealthy subject is unusually animated, as he is rising, perhaps to greet a visitor or to introduce him to his wife depicted in a companion painting. The portrait and its pendant, \"Portrait of", "Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair is a painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, painted in 1633. It hangs in the Taft Museum of Art of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The oil on canvas portrait measures . It is signed and dated 1633, and there is no doubt of its authenticity. The pose of the wealthy subject is unusually animated, as he is rising, perhaps to greet a visitor or to introduce him to his wife depicted in a companion painting. The portrait and its pendant, \"Portrait of a Young", "Will Wilson (artist) Maryland governor Bob Ehrlich Jr. unveiled his official portrait painted by Will Wilson. The two were childhood friends in Baltimore, Maryland. A portrait of Reynolds Price painted by Wilson is held in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. Will Wilson (artist) Will Wilson (born 1957) is an American artist known for portrait paintings, illustrations and Trompe L'Oeil works. His works are held in the collections of the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery. Wilson was born on August 18, 1957. He attended the Schuler School of Fine Arts, in his hometown of Baltimore, Maryland, from 1975-1979. Wilson currently", "The Oval Portrait than that of its artist. A similar plot is also used in Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1843 tale \"The Birth-Mark\". There are similar elements in \"The Fall of House Usher\", such as a painter, his lover/model in a remote setting and especially their obsessions about inanimate objects that are living (the house in Usher, the painting in Portrait). In 1928 a French film-maker, Jean Epstein, filmed \"La Chute de la Maison Usher\" which combined both stories. Artist Richard Corben combined them in his 2012 adaptation after adapting each on their own. Lance Tait's 2002 play \"The Oval Portrait\" is based on Poe's", "Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1799 with the French fighting the forces of the Second Coalition. Napoleon Bonaparte had returned from Egypt and taken control of the French government. He prepared a new campaign, sending Moreau to the Rhine frontier and personally going to take command in the Alps, where French forces had been driven almost out of Italy in 1799. At the start of the campaigning season of 1800, the Austrians had strong armies North and South of the Alps The French had Both the Austrians and the French decided", "French Revolutionary Army French Revolutionary Army The French Revolutionary Army () was the French force that fought the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792 to 1802. These armies were characterised by their revolutionary fervour, their poor equipment and their great numbers. Although they experienced early disastrous defeats, the revolutionary armies successfully expelled foreign forces from French soil and then overran many neighboring countries, establishing client republics. Leading generals included Jourdan, Bonaparte, Masséna and Moreau. As a general description of French military forces during this period, it should not be confused with the \"revolutionary armies\" (\"armées révolutionnaires\") which were paramilitary forces set up during the", "French Revolutionary Army French Revolutionary Army The French Revolutionary Army () was the French force that fought the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792 to 1802. These armies were characterised by their revolutionary fervour, their poor equipment and their great numbers. Although they experienced early disastrous defeats, the revolutionary armies successfully expelled foreign forces from French soil and then overran many neighboring countries, establishing client republics. Leading generals included Jourdan, Bonaparte, Masséna and Moreau. As a general description of French military forces during this period, it should not be confused with the \"revolutionary armies\" (\"armées révolutionnaires\") which were paramilitary forces set up during the", "Portrait of the Duke of Wellington Portrait of the Duke of Wellington The Portrait of the Duke of Wellington is a painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya of the British general Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington during the latter's service in the Peninsular War. One of three portraits Goya painted of Wellington, it was begun in 1812, after the subject's entry into Madrid, showing him as an earl in red uniform and wearing the Peninsular Medal. The artist then modified it in 1814 to show him in full dress black uniform with gold braid and to add the Order of the Golden Fleece and", "The Artist in His Museum two months, and is the most emblematic of Peale's many self-portraits. Peale was a naturalist as well as a painter. In 1784 he founded the Philadelphia Museum, situated at the time of the painting in the Long Room of the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall). The curation of the museum dominated his career from that point; he would on occasion announce his retirement from painting or his return to it. In 1822 he was asked by the museum's trustees to paint a full-length portrait of himself for the museum. The artist endeavored to \"\"not only make it a lasting", "Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars 1798 was a relatively quiet period in the French Revolutionary Wars. The major continental powers in the First coalition had made peace with France, leaving France dominant in Europe with only a slow naval war with Great Britain to worry about. The leaders of the Directory in Paris feared Napoleon Bonaparte's popularity after his victories in Italy, so they were relieved when he proposed to depart France and mount an expedition to Egypt to gain further glory. At this time, Egypt was a province of the Ottoman Empire, but Napoleon viewed invading", "Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum is a 1533 painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Maarten van Heemskerck in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This painting shows the artist in the role of \"Grand tourist\" with the Colosseum in the background. It is signed and dated lower center \"MARTYN VAN HEMSKER AO AETATUS SUA LV 1553\". It shows the artist twice; once in bust form looking at the viewer as if to say \"Behold the wonders of Rome!\" and again as an artist sketching the Colosseum. Heemskerck painted it upon his arrival in Italy whereupon it came into the", "Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, Vienna) Self-Portrait (Rembrandt, Vienna) Self Portrait (or The Large Self-Portrait) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt. Painted in 1652, it is one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt, and was the first he had painted since 1645. In composition it is different from his previous self-portraits, depicting the painter in a direct frontal pose, hands on his hips, and with an air of self-confidence. It was painted the year that his financial difficulties began, and breaks with the sumptuous finery he had worn in previous self-portraits. Art historian Christopher White has called it \"one of", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is the first novel of Irish writer James Joyce. A Künstlerroman in a modernist style, it traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen Dedalus, a fictional alter ego of Joyce and an allusion to Daedalus, the consummate craftsman of Greek mythology. Stephen questions and rebels against the Catholic and Irish conventions under which he has grown, culminating in his self-exile from Ireland to Europe. The work uses techniques that Joyce developed more fully in \"Ulysses\" (1922) and \"Finnegans Wake\" (1939).", "Portrait of Père Paul Portrait of Père Paul Portrait of Père Paul, also known as Monsieur Paul or The Chef (French: \"Le Père Paul\"), is a painting by Claude Monet. He painted it in 1882 in oil on canvas with a height of 64.5 cm and a width of 52.1 cm. It shows the chef and owner of a restaurant and hotel Paul Antoine Graff, who was the landlord of Monet during his visit to Pourville on the English Channel. It is part of the collections exhibited at Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna, Austria. Monet painted a portrait of the chef Paul Antoine Graff", "William Percy (portrait artist) Edwin Waugh was hung at the Manchester Art Gallery. At an exhibit of 51 of his portraits in 1885, The Manchester Literary Club remarked that, in his water colours of children, Percy was \"almost without a rival among living painters.\" William Percy (portrait artist) William Percy (1820–1903) was a portrait artist of Manchester, England. Percy was a founder of the Manchester Academy of Art in 1845. As he wrote later: First - to institute a class for the study of the antique and the living model - the want of which has been long felt by the students and artists", "Portrait painting in Scotland castle\", as the nobility and local lairds became the major sources of patronage. The first significant Scottish portrait artist was George Jameson, who became one of the most successful painters of the reign of Charles I. He trained the Baroque artist John Michael Wright. In this period the full-length portrait in Highland dress became a common form of painting. William Aikman emerged as the leading Scottish portrait-painter of the next generation. He, like most Scottish painters of note before the late eighteenth century, migrated to London. John Alexander and William Mossman painted many of the figures of early-Enlightenment Edinburgh. Allan", "Portrait painting was an important portraitist of the Viennese upper class. Prolific Spanish artist Pablo Picasso painted many portraits, including several cubist renderings of his mistresses, in which the likeness of the subject is grossly distorted to achieve an emotional statement well beyond the bounds of normal caricature. An outstanding female portrait painter of the turn of the 20th century, associated with the French impressionism, was Olga Boznańska (1865-1940). Expressionist painters provided some of the most haunting and compelling psychological studies ever produced. German artists such as Otto Dix and Max Beckmann produced notable examples of expressionist portraiture. Beckmann was a prolific" ]

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[ "With a renovated appearance and goal, the potentials are good even in light of warnings." ]

[ "The prospects seem dire as warnings suggest, and the new look is wasted.", "A woman in blue sits on a wall with bags.", "This volcanic peak is so steep it requires mountain climbing gear.", "Boys are playing on a sandy beach.", "A man in a black shirt and white pants has his eyes closed.", "In 1914, it was a home-away-from-home for a poet named Apollinaire.", "A dog is playing in woods." ]

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[ "People walk towards the concert." ]

[ "Concertgoers sit in the grass, eating tacos.", "Satheri was trying to find weak men in her world.", "He wondered how he could be such a fool.", "A woman reads as she waits for her food.", "A woman is trying on a pair of jeans.", "Newt Gingrich does not care about being popular.", "The man is on the ground being trampled by the horse." ]

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[ "There is a crowd on the street." ]

[ "The street is empty.", "The girl is wearing a red tank top and a purple skirt", "a man looks at beakers", "People are sitting at an office table.", "Backfill techniques can be used to gather information on a case study so that it can be analysed in conjunction with other studies.", "People shopping.", "A woman is doing her morning jog." ]

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[ "A Goofy Movie A Goofy Movie is a 1995 American animated musical road comedy-drama film, produced by DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Television Animation. Directed by Kevin Lima, the film is based on The Disney Afternoon television series \"Goof Troop\", and acts as a follow-up to the show.", "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 American Technicolor adventure film and the first science fiction film shot in CinemaScope. The film was personally produced by Walt Disney through Walt Disney Productions, directed by Richard Fleischer, and stars Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas and Peter Lorre. It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The film is adapted from Jules Verne's 19th-century novel \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\". It is considered an early precursor of the steampunk genre." ]

[ "Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off is a 2003 Disney Channel Original Movie.", "The Fox Hunt (1938 film) The Fox Hunt is a 1938 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film stars Donald Duck and Goofy on a traditional English fox hunt. Mickey and Minnie Mouse, Horace Horsecollar, and Clara Cluck also make brief cameos. The film was directed by Ben Sharpsteen and features the voices of Clarence Nash as Donald and Pinto Colvig as Goofy.", "Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Animation (currently known alternatively as Warner Animation Group for theatrically released films) is the animation division of Warner Bros. The studio is closely associated with the \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" characters, among others. The studio is the successor to Warner Bros. Cartoons (formerly Leon Schlesinger Productions), the studio which produced \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Merrie Melodies\" cartoon shorts from 1933 to 1963, and from 1967 to 1969. Warner reestablished its animation division in 1980 to produce \"Looney Tunes\"–related works.", "The Million Dollar Duck The Million Dollar Duck (also titled as The $1,000,000 Duck) is a 1971 American comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions about a goose that lays golden eggs scenario. It was directed by Vincent McEveety, and stars Dean Jones, Sandy Duncan and Joe Flynn.", "Destino Destino is an animated short film released in 2003 by The Walt Disney Company. \"Destino\" is unique in that its production originally began in 1945, 58 years before its eventual completion. The project was originally a collaboration between Walt Disney and Spanish Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí, and features music written by Mexican songwriter Armando Domínguez and performed by Mexican singer Dora Luz. It was included in the Animation Show of Shows in 2003.", "Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas is a 2004 computer-animated direct-to-video fantasy comedy anthology film produced by Disney Toon Studios and the sequel to 1999's \"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\". The segments in this video feature Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Pluto, Goofy, Max, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Huey, Dewey and Louie, and Scrooge McDuck in five different segments. Along with the Mickey's PhilharMagic theme park attraction, this production was one of the first to depict the Mickey Mouse series characters with 3D computer animation. It is the final direct-to-video film to feature both Wayne Allwine and Alan Young, who both died in different years.", "Mickey Mouse (film series) Mickey Mouse (originally Mickey Mouse Sound Cartoons) is a character-based series of 130 animated short films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The films, which introduced Disney's most famous cartoon character, were released on a regular basis from 1928 to 1953 with four additional shorts released between 1983 and 2013. The series is notable for its innovation with sound synchronization and character animation, and also introduced well-known characters such as Minnie Mouse, Pluto, and Goofy.", "Plane Crazy Plane Crazy is an American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The cartoon, released in 1929 by the Walt Disney Studios, was the first creation of the character Mickey Mouse. It was made as a silent film and given a test screening to a theater audience on May 15, 1928, but failed to pick up a distributor. Later that year, Disney released Mickey's first sound cartoon, \"Steamboat Willie\", which was an enormous success. Following this, \"Plane Crazy\" was released as a sound cartoon on March 17, 1929. It was the fourth Mickey film to be released after \"Steamboat Willie\", \"The Gallopin' Gaucho\", and \"The Barn Dance\" (1928).", "Goofy Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most recognizable characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive, and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "20th Century Fox Animation Twentieth Century Fox Animation (stylized as 20th Century Fox Animation) is the animation division of the film studio 20th Century Fox, tasked for production feature-length animated film.", "The Dognapper The Dognapper is a 1934 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. The cartoon stars Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck as police officers who chase Pegleg Pete after he dognaps Fifi, Minnie Mouse's pet Pekingese. The film was directed by David Hand and features the voices of Clarence Nash as Mickey and Donald and Billy Bletcher as Pete. This was the first and only time that Mickey was voiced by Nash; Walt was in Europe at the time and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey, thus, Nash took over.", "List of films directed by Tex Avery Tex Avery was an American animator, cartoonist, voice actor and director. He became famous for producing animated cartoons during the Golden age of American animation and produced his most significant work while employed by the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Daffy Duck in \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" (1937), Elmer Fudd in \"Egghead Rides Again\" (1937), Bugs Bunny in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), Cecil Turtle in \"Tortoise Beats Hare\" (1941), Droopy in \"Dumb-Hounded\" (1943), Screwy Squirrel in \"Screwball Squirrel\" (1944), George and Junior in \"Henpecked Hoboes\" (1946), Spike/Butch the bulldog (Tex Avery's version) in \"Bad Luck Blackie\" (1949), and Smedley Dog in \"I'm Cold\" (1954). He would develop the characters of Porky Pig from the Warner Bros. studio and Chilly Willy from the Walter Lantz Studio into the personas for which they are best remembered.", "True-Life Adventures True-Life Adventures series is a collection of fourteen full length and short subject documentary films produced by Walt Disney Productions roughly between the years 1948 and 1960. The series won eight Academy Awards for the studio including three Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature awards for \"The Living Desert\", \"The Vanishing Prairie\" and \"White Wilderness\", and five Best Two Reel Live Action Short awards for \"Seal Island\", \"In Beaver Valley\", \"Nature's Half Acre\", \"Water Birds\", and \"Bear Country\". It inspired a daily panel comic strip that was distributed from 1955 to 1971 and drawn by George Wheeler. Several of the films were adapted in comic book format as one shots in the Dell Comics Four Color series. The films were among the earliest production experience for Roy E. Disney. Also this film series was the launching pad for Disney's new distributor, Buena Vista International. TV episodes are from Disney's anthology TV series.", "H. Lee Peterson H. Lee Peterson is a veteran animation editor. His credits for Walt Disney Pictures include being an assistant editor for \"The Little Mermaid\", and the lead film editor for \"Aladdin\", \"Pocahontas\", \"Dinosaur\", \"Home on the Range\" and the short film \"The Prince and the Pauper; starring Mickey Mouse\".", "Lion Down Lion Down is a 1951 Goofy cartoon featuring Goofy and Louie the Mountain Lion. The film's plot centers on Goofy and Louie competing for a comfortable place to rest. The film is Louie's third appearance.", "Splash Mountain Splash Mountain is a log flume dark ride at Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, based on the characters, stories, and songs from the 1946 Disney film \"Song of the South\". Although there are variations in the story and features between the three locations, each installation begins with a peaceful outdoor float-through that leads to indoor dark ride segments, with a climactic steep drop into a \"briar patch\" followed by an indoor finale. The drop is 50 ft .", "The Little Whirlwind The Little Whirlwind is a 1941 animated short subject, part of the \"Mickey Mouse\" series, produced by Walt Disney for Walt Disney Productions. The short was released by RKO Radio Pictures on February 14, 1941. The film was directed by Riley Thomson, and animated by Ward Kimball, Fred Moore, Ken Muse, Jim Armstrong, Les Clark, John Elliotte, Fred Jones, Walt Kelly, and Frank Follmer with effects animation by Art Fitzpatrick. The short involves Mickey's attempts to help Minnie with her yard work, despite the presence of several (anthropomorphic) twisters as foils.", "The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea is a 2000 Disney animated feature film and direct-to-video sequel to the 1989 animated film \"The Little Mermaid\". Directed by Jim Kammerud and Brian Smith, the story takes place over a decade after the original film, and focuses on Ariel and Eric's daughter Melody, a human princess who longs to swim in the ocean despite her parents' law that the sea is forbidden to her. This sequel stars the voices of Jodi Benson as Ariel, Tara Charendoff as Melody and Pat Carroll as Morgana, the film's new villain. It is the last film in the chronology of Walt Disney's version of \"The Little Mermaid\". It's followed by a prequel, \"\", a 2008 direct-to-video animated feature.", "Good Morning, Mickey! Good Morning, Mickey! is a television series that aired on The Disney Channel. It was first aired on April 18, 1983, when The Disney Channel launched. It was one of The Disney Channel's first original programs, and the first program aired at the channel's launch. It featured classic Disney animated shorts. Although Mickey Mouse shorts were the primary programming, additional cartoons featuring Goofy, Donald Duck, Chip 'n' Dale, Pluto, and others were also shown. Its time-slot for its early run was at 7 a.m. Eastern/Pacific Time, making it the first program of The Disney Channel's 16 (later 18) hour programming day. Later on, its time-slot was changed to 7:30 a.m. ET/PT, making it the second program of the channel's programming day. A similar show that premiered later on The Disney Channel was \"Donald Duck Presents\". \"Good Morning, Mickey!\" was replaced by \"Mickey's Mouse Tracks\" in 1992.", "Goofy (band) Goofy (구피) is a K-pop group who achieved minor successes from their albums." ]

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[ "Spasmodic dysphonia sustain good vocal production, as results are only temporary. Some transient side effects observed in adductor spasmodic dysphonia include reduced speaking volume, difficulty swallowing, and a breathy and hoarse voice quality. While treatment outcomes are generally positive, it is presently unclear whether this treatment approach is more or less effective than others. Voice therapy appears to be ineffective in cases of true spasmodic dysphonia, however as it is difficult to distinguish between spasmodic dysphonia and functional dysphonias, and misdiagnosis is relatively common, trial of voice therapy is often recommended before more invasive procedures are tried. Some also state that it", "Spasmodic dysphonia vocal cord paralysis.\" A review in the journal Swiss Medicine Weekly states that \"Psychogenic causes, a 'psychological disequilibrium', and an increased tension of the laryngeal muscles are presumed to be one end of the spectrum of possible factors leading to the development of the disorder\". Alternatively, many investigators into the condition feel that the psychiatric comorbidity associated with voice disorders is a result of the social isolation and anxiety that patients with these conditions feel as a consequence of their difficulty with speech, as opposed to the cause of their dysphonia. The opinion that SD is psychogenic is not upheld", "Spasmodic dysphonia vocal folds are unable to retain subglottal air pressure (required for phonation) and breaks in phonation can be heard throughout the speech of people with spasmodic dysphonia. Regarding types of spasmodic dysphonia, the main characteristic of spasmodic dysphonia, breaks in phonation, is found along with other varying symptoms. The voice quality of adductor spasmodic dysphonia can be described as “strained-strangled” from tension in the glottal region. Voice quality for abductor spasmodic dysphonia can be described as breathy from variable widening of the glottal region. Vocal tremor may also be seen in spasmodic dysphonia. A mix and variance of these symptoms", "Spasmodic dysphonia by experts in the scientific community. SD is formally classified as a movement disorder; it is a type of focal dystonia known as laryngeal dystonia. Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia requires a multidisciplinary team and consideration of both perceptual and physiological factors. There is currently no universally accepted diagnostic test for spasmodic dysphonia, which presents a challenge for diagnosis. Additionally, diagnostic criteria have not been agreed upon as the distinguishing features of this disorder have not been well-characterized. A team of professionals including a speech-language pathologist, an otolaryngologist, and a neurologist, are typically involved in spasmodic dysphonia assessment and diagnosis. The", "Spasmodic dysphonia muscles controlling them in order to eliminate other possible causes of the voice disorder. In spasmodic dysphonia, producing long vowels or speaking sentences results in muscle spasms which are not observed during other vocal activities such as coughing, breathing, or whispering. To evaluate the individual for any other neurological problems, this examination is followed up with an assessment by the neurologist. Because spasmodic dysphonia shares many characteristics with other voice disorders, misdiagnosis frequently occurs. A common misdiagnosis is muscle tension dysphonia, a functional voice disorder which results from use of the voice, rather than a structural abnormality. Some parameters can", "Spasmodic dysphonia speech-language pathologist conducts a speech assessment including case history questions to gather information about voice use and symptoms. This is followed by clinical observation and perceptual rating of voice characteristics such as voice breaks or strain, which are selectively present in normal speech over other voice activities such as whispering or laughing. Symptoms also vary across types of spasmodic dysphonia. For example, voiced sounds are more affected in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, while unvoiced sounds are more affected in abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Following speech assessment, the otolaryngologist conducts a flexible transnasal laryngoscopy to view the vocal folds and activity of the", "Spasmodic dysphonia in the past, but there is a lack of research in support of spasmodic dysphonia being classified as a fluency disorder. It is commonly reported by people with spasmodic dysphonia that symptoms almost only occur on vocal/speech sounds that require phonation. Symptoms are less likely to occur at rest, while whispering, and/or on speech sounds that do not require phonation. It is hypothesized this occurs because of an increase in sporadic, sudden, and prolonged tension found in the muscles around the larynx during phonation. This tension affects the abduction and adduction (opening and closing) of the vocal folds. Consequently, the", "Spasmodic dysphonia of the vocal folds. After thyroplasty there is an increase in both objective and subjective measures of speech. Initial surgical efforts to treat the condition were published in 1976 by Herbert Dedo and involved cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Spasmodic dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. The person's voice may also sound strained or they may be nearly unable", "Spasmodic dysphonia muscle spasms more severe. Abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD) is the second most common type, affecting around 13% of individuals with SD. In ABSD, sudden involuntary muscle movements or spasms cause the vocal folds to open. As the name suggests, these spasms occur in the single abductor muscle of the vocal folds, called the posterior cricoarytenoid. The vocal folds cannot vibrate when they are open. The open position of the vocal folds also allows air to escape from the lungs during speech. As a result, the voices of these individuals often sound weak, quiet, and breathy or whispery. As with adductor", "Spasmodic dysphonia spasms make it difficult for the vocal folds to vibrate and produce voice. Words are often cut off or are difficult to start because of the muscle spasms. Therefore, speech may be choppy but differs from stuttering. The voice of an individual with adductor spasmodic dysphonia is commonly described as strained or strangled and full of effort. Surprisingly, the spasms are usually absent while laughing, speaking at a high pitch, or speaking while singing, but singers can experience a loss of range or the inability to produce certain notes of a scale or with projection. Stress, however, often makes the" ]

[ "What Are They Doing in Heaven? in a wide variety of styles, including gospel and bluegrass; sometimes attributed to Phillips or to \"anonymous\" or to \"traditional\". What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of", "What Are They Doing in Heaven? What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of friends whom I used to know\". The song consists of four verses and a refrain, each four lines long. In", "Spasmodic dysphonia help guide the clinician towards a decision. In muscle tension dysphonia, the vocal folds are typically hyperadducted in constant way, not in a spasmodic way. Additionally, the voice difficulties found in spasmodic dysphonia can be task specific, as opposed to those found in muscle tension dysphonia. Being able to differenciate between muscle tension dysphonia and spasmodic dysphonia is important because muscle tension dysphonia typically responds well to behavioural voice treatment but spasmodic dysphonia does not. This is crucial to avoid providing inappropriate treatment, but in some cases a trial of behavioural voice treatment can also be helpful to establish a", "Spasmodic dysphonia in choosing the proper interventions. The three types of spasmodic dysphonia (SD) are adductor spasmodic dysphonia, abductor spasmodic dysphonia, and mixed spasmodic dysphonia. A fourth type called whispering dysphonia has also been proposed. Adductor spasmodic dysphonia is the most common type. Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is the most common type, affecting around 87% of individuals with SD. In ADSD, sudden involuntary muscle movements or spasms cause the vocal folds (or vocal cords) to squeeze together and stiffen. As the name suggests, these spasms occur in the adductor muscles of the vocal folds, specifically the thyroarytenoid and the lateral cricoarytenoid. These", "Spasmodic dysphonia differential diagnosis. Spasmodic dysphonia can also be misdiagnosed as voice tremor. The movements that are found in this disorder are typically rhythmic in nature, as opposed to the muscle spasms of spasmodic dysphonia. It is important to note that voice tremor and spasmodic dysphonia can co-occur in some patients. Differential diagnosis is particularly important for determining appropriate interventions, as the type and cause of the disorder determine the most effective treatment. Differences in treatment effectiveness are present even between the types of spasmodic dysphonia. Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia is often delayed due to these challenges, which in turn presents difficulties", "Keep Doing What You're Doing What You're Doing\" has received positive reviews from music critics. Keep Doing What You're Doing Keep Doing What You're Doing is the second studio album by Floridian emo band, You Blew It! The album was released through Topshelf Records on January 14, 2014. It was the band's first album to chart, charting on the \"Billboard\" 200, Independent Albums and Top Heatseekers. In April and May, the group supported The Early November on their tour of the UK and Europe. In September and October, the band supported Citizen on their headlining US tour. In October and November 2015, the group supported", "What Am I Doing in New Jersey? from then on. After this HBO special, Carlin started wearing black clothing...a theme he continued until his last one. What Am I Doing in New Jersey? What Am I Doing in New Jersey? is the 12th album and sixth HBO special by American comedian George Carlin. It was recorded at the Park Performing Arts Center in Union City, New Jersey for an HBO special and released on August 15, 1988. In a November 17, 1988 interview on \"Late Show with David Letterman\", Carlin revealed the title was going to be \"What in God's Name Am I Doing in New Jersey?\"", "What Am I Doing in New Jersey? What Am I Doing in New Jersey? What Am I Doing in New Jersey? is the 12th album and sixth HBO special by American comedian George Carlin. It was recorded at the Park Performing Arts Center in Union City, New Jersey for an HBO special and released on August 15, 1988. In a November 17, 1988 interview on \"Late Show with David Letterman\", Carlin revealed the title was going to be \"What in God's Name Am I Doing in New Jersey?\" and when about to explain the title change, Letterman asks about Carlin's childhood, a topic which the interview follows", "What Are They Doing in Heaven? both the verses and the refrain, the first three lines rhyme, and the fourth is \"What are they doing now?\" or some small variant of that. The author reflects on friends who were burdened in life by care, or by disease, or by poverty; and wonders what they might now be doing in Heaven, without giving his answer. The first known recording of the song is the 1928 one by Washington Phillips (18801954; vocals and zither), in gospel blues style. Phillips' recording was used in the soundtrack of the 2005 film \"Elizabethtown\". The song has since been recorded many times", "Spasmodic dysphonia spasmodic dysphonia, the spasms are often absent during activities such as laughing or singing, but singers can experience a loss of range or the inability to produce certain notes of a scale or with projection. Mixed spasmodic dysphonia is the most rare type. Mixed spasmodic dysphonia involves both muscles that open the vocal folds and those that close them and therefore has features of both adductor and abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Some researchers believe that a subset of cases classified as mixed spasmodic dysphonia may actually be ADSD or ABSD subtype with the addition of compensatory voice behaviours that make it", "Keep Doing What You're Doing Keep Doing What You're Doing Keep Doing What You're Doing is the second studio album by Floridian emo band, You Blew It! The album was released through Topshelf Records on January 14, 2014. It was the band's first album to chart, charting on the \"Billboard\" 200, Independent Albums and Top Heatseekers. In April and May, the group supported The Early November on their tour of the UK and Europe. In September and October, the band supported Citizen on their headlining US tour. In October and November 2015, the group supported The Wonder Years on their headlining US tour. \"Keep Doing", "Spasmodic dysphonia are found in mixed spasmodic dysphonia. Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia typically appear in middle aged people, but have also been seen in people in their twenties, with symptoms emerging as young as teenage years. Although the exact cause of spasmodic dysphonia (i.e., laryngeal dystonia) is still unknown, epidemiological, genetic, and neurological pathogenic factors have been proposed in recent research. Risk factors include: It has not been established whether these factors directly affect the development of spasmodic dysphonia (SD), however these factors could be used to identify possible and/or at-risk patients. Researchers have also explored the possibility of a genetic component", "What You're Doing What You're Doing \"What You're Doing\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their album \"Beatles for Sale\", released in December 1964. It was written by Paul McCartney, although credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was one of eight original compositions on \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America, where Capitol Records typically altered the content of the band's albums, \"What You're Doing\" instead appeared on the 1965 US release \"Beatles VI\". Throughout the song, McCartney adds to the rhyme scheme by combining a single, two-syllable word with two one-syllable words (i.e. \"Look what you're \"doing\", I'm feeling", "Spasmodic dysphonia appear mixed. This further adds to the difficulty in achieving accurate diagnosis. A fourth type has also been described. This appears to be caused by mutations in the TUBB4 gene on the short arm of chromosome 19 (19p13.2-p13.3). This gene encodes a tubulin gene. The pathophysiology of this condition has yet to be determined. There are a number of potential treatments for spasmodic dysphonia, including Botox, voice therapy, and surgery. A number of medications have also been tried including anticholinergics (such as benztropine) which have been found to be effective in 40-50% of people, but which are associated with a", "What She's Doing Now What She's Doing Now \"What She's Doing Now\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks. It was released in December 1991 as the third single from his album \"Ropin' the Wind\". It spent four weeks at the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was co-written by Pat Alger. The song is about a man who wonders what his former lover is currently doing and what her whereabouts are (\"last I heard she had moved to Boulder\"). While the singer has no idea what she is doing now, he proclaims", "What She's Doing Now \"what she's doing now is tearing [him] apart\". Brooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from \"The Hits\": \"What She's Doing Now\" was an idea I had a long, long time about a man wondering what a woman was doing. And it was very simple. What is she doing now? Is she hanging out the clothes? Is she running a business? Is she a mother? Is she married? Who is she with? When I told the idea to Pat Alger, he looked at me with a smile and said, 'I wonder if", "What You're Doing Car\" and \"The Word\", on the band's 2006 remix album \"Love\". \"What You're Doing\" shares a number of characteristics with (the also predominantly McCartney-written) \"Drive My Car\", particularly the home key (D major), meter (4/4), and chord progression (alternating between B minor and G major). According to Ian MacDonald: What You're Doing \"What You're Doing\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their album \"Beatles for Sale\", released in December 1964. It was written by Paul McCartney, although credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was one of eight original compositions on \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America,", "What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? (, also known as \"¡Qué nos importa la revolución!\") is a 1972 Spaghetti Western comedy film. The title should be understood, according to the director Sergio Corbucci, as \"What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Western Cinema?\". It is the final chapter of the Corbucci's trilogy about the Mexican revolution, after \"The Mercenary\" and \"Compañeros\". The film mixes comedy and political apologue. Theatre director Don Albino Moncalieri and his only employee Guido Guidi are in desperate need of", "What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? money. They comply immediately when they are hired by a certain Peppino Garibaldi, who seems to be a relative of famous Giuseppe Garibaldi. On tour throughout Mexico they get by accident entangled in revolutionary activities and experience the fog of war. What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? (, also known as \"¡Qué nos importa la revolución!\") is a 1972 Spaghetti Western comedy film. The title should be understood, according to the director Sergio Corbucci, as \"What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Western Cinema?\".", "What She's Doing Now Garth Brooks penned the song, he was not the first person to release it. On the 1990 release \"Ain't Gonna Worry\", Crystal Gayle recorded the song as \"What He's Doing Now\"; her version was not released as a single. What She's Doing Now \"What She's Doing Now\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks. It was released in December 1991 as the third single from his album \"Ropin' the Wind\". It spent four weeks at the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was co-written by Pat Alger. The song", "Spasmodic dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. The person's voice may also sound strained or they may be nearly unable to speak. Onset is often gradual and the condition is lifelong. The cause is unknown. Risk factors may include family history. Triggers may include an upper respiratory infection, injury to the larynx, overuse of the voice, and psychological stress. The", "Spasmodic dysphonia the 19th and 20th centuries. No medical organizations or groups take this position. A comparison of SD patients compared with vocal fold paralysis (VFP) patients found that 41.7% of the SD patients met the DSM-IV criteria for psychiatric comorbidity compared with 19.5% of the VFP group. However, another study found the opposite, with SD patients having significantly less psychiatric comorbidity compared to VFP patients: \"The prevalence of major psychiatric cases varied considerably among the groups, from a low of seven percent (1/14) for spasmodic dysphonia, to 29.4 percent (5/17) for functional dysphonia, to a high of 63.6 percent (7/11) for", "Never Stop Doing What You Love Never Stop Doing What You Love Never Stop Doing What You Love is a not-for-resale compilation of various Paul McCartney and Wings songs created for the employees and clients of Fidelity Investments, a company in the financial services industry. The ex-Beatle became the mutual fund giant's new spokesman in 2005 in a campaign entitled \"This Is Paul\", and the disc was issued in support of McCartney's U.S. tour of the same year. On the day of its release, company employees were treated to a special recorded message by Paul himself informing them that \"Fidelity and I have a lot in", "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight same title was recorded and released in 1963 by the doo wop group Barry & the Tamerlanes. Still another song with the same title was recorded by Russell Smith in 1989. I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight \"I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight\" is a song written, produced, and sung by Boyce and Hart. The song was arranged by Artie Butler. Entering the Billboard Hot 100 at #87 just before Christmas 1967, it became a true hit in 1968, reaching #7 on the \"Cash Box\" chart and #8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song features a trumpet solo", "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight \"I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight\" is a song written, produced, and sung by Boyce and Hart. The song was arranged by Artie Butler. Entering the Billboard Hot 100 at #87 just before Christmas 1967, it became a true hit in 1968, reaching #7 on the \"Cash Box\" chart and #8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song features a trumpet solo by Marvin Stamm. The song also features the voice of Tommy Boyce, quickly saying to Bobby Hart, before the third verse, \"All right, Bobby, let's go.\" A different song with the", "I Love What Love Is Doing to Me/He Ain't You Begins and Ends with You\" were also recorded by Kenny Rogers and released on his hit Daytime Friends album, also released in 1977. I Love What Love Is Doing to Me/He Ain't You I Love What Love Is Doin' to Me is the name of a 1977 country music studio album by Lynn Anderson. The album featured three single releases for Anderson, the first being the title track which peaked at #22 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. \"He Ain't You\" reached No. 19 and the last single, \"We Got Love\" was a #26 entry in early 1978. The album peaked", "I Love What Love Is Doing to Me/He Ain't You I Love What Love Is Doing to Me/He Ain't You I Love What Love Is Doin' to Me is the name of a 1977 country music studio album by Lynn Anderson. The album featured three single releases for Anderson, the first being the title track which peaked at #22 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. \"He Ain't You\" reached No. 19 and the last single, \"We Got Love\" was a #26 entry in early 1978. The album peaked at #38 on Billboard's Country LP chart. The album also features covers of the recent pop hits, \"Desperado, \"Angel in Your Arms\", and", "Spasmodic dysphonia is useful for mild symptoms and as an add-on to botox therapy and others report success in more severe cases. Laryngeal manual therapy, which is massaging of the neck and cervical structures, also shows positive results for intervention of functional dysphonia. If other measures are not effective, surgery may be considered; however, evidence to support surgery as a treatment for SD is limited. Treatment outcomes are generally positive, though more research is required to determine its effectiveness. Post-surgery voices can be imperfect and about 15% of people have significant difficulties. If symptoms do recur, this typically happens in the first", "Spasmodic dysphonia number of side effects. Botulinum toxin (Botox) is often used to improve some symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia through weakening or paralyzing the vocal folds, thus preventing muscle spasms. The level of evidence for its use is currently limited; little is known about optimal dosage, frequency of injections, or exact location of injection. However, it remains a choice for many people due to the predictability and low chance of long term side effects. It results in periods of some improvement, with the duration of benefit lasting for 10–12 weeks on average before symptoms return to baseline. Repeat injection is required to", "Spasmodic dysphonia Women are more commonly affected. Onset is typically between the ages of 30 and 50. Severity is variable between people. In some, work and social life are affected. Life expectancy is, however, normal. Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia can come on suddenly or gradually appear over the span of years. They can come and go for hours or even weeks at a time, or remain consistent. Gradual onset can begin with the manifestation of a hoarse voice quality, which may later transform into a voice quality described as strained with breaks in phonation. These phonation breaks have been compared to stuttering", "What She's Doing Now she knows what she's doing now to me?' When I heard that, the bumps went over my arms and the back of my neck, and I knew that he had something. Crystal Gayle cut this song back in 1989. It came back to us for the \"Ropin' The Wind\" album. It is a song that has crossed all boundaries and borders around the world. This has made me extremely happy because the greatest gift a writer can ask for is to relate to someone. I can't help but think that this song might relate to a lot of people.\"\" While", "Enviro-Capitalists: Doing Good While Doing Well regime of markets, private property, and rule of law.\" Michael E. Zimmerman wrote in \"Strategies: Journal of Theory, Culture & Politics\" that the book notes the difficulty of reconciling environmental protection and profit-seeking as profit seekers do not always consider the long-term positive effects of conservation, but at the same time the book pointed out that the passing of legislation for the national park system, including the Yellowstone National Park, was the result of lobbying efforts of people knows as \"robber barons\". Enviro-Capitalists: Doing Good While Doing Well Enviro-Capitalists: Doing Good While Doing Well is a 1997 book written by", "What Is Art? Aylmer Maude, translator of many of Tolstoy's writings, calls it \"probably the most masterly of all Tolstoy's works\", citing the difficulty of the subject matter and its clarity. For a comprehensive review of the reception at the time of publication, see Maude 1901\"b\". Bayley, John (1986 [1966]). \"\"What is Art?\" - excerpt from Tolstoy and the Novel\" in Bloom, Harold (ed.). Leo Tolstoy. New York: Chelsea House. p. 141-152. Jahn, Gary R. (1975). \"The aesthetic theory of Leo Tolstoy's \"What is Art?\"\". \"Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism\" 34 (1): 59-65. Maude, Aylmer (1901a). “\"What is Art?\" - An Introduction”,", "Spasmodic dysphonia 12 months. As of 2011, surgery was rarely used as a treatment approach for SD. Surgical approaches include recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation (SLAD-R), thyroplasty, thyroarytenoid myectomy, and laryngeal nerve crush. This involves removing a section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recurrent laryngeal nerve avulsion is a more drastic removal of sections of the nerve, and has positive outcomes of 80% at three years. Selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation (SLAD-R) is effective specifically for adductor spasmodic dysphonia, which has shown good outcomes in about 80% of people at 8 years. This approach ultimately changes the position or length", "Never Stop Doing What You Love common\" and urging them to \"never stop doing what you love.\" McCartney received considerable criticism for his celebrity endorsement of Fidelity Investments, which some considered to be a vulgar attempt to increase his already astounding wealth. The cover features Paul playing his famous Höfner \"Beatle\" bass. The label side of the CD is printed to look like a vinyl record. The tracks for the compilation were chosen by McCartney and an executive from Fidelity, which had been given rights to McCartney's legacy catalog. All songs written by Paul McCartney, and performed by Paul McCartney, except where noted. Never Stop Doing", "What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,", "Dynamic game difficulty balancing range of time of each other. In 2005, \"Resident Evil 4\" employed a system called the \"Difficulty Scale\", unknown to most players, as the only mention of it was in the Official Strategy Guide. This system grades the player's performance on a number scale from 1 to 10, and adjusts both enemy behavior/attacks used and enemy damage/resistance based on the player's performance (such as deaths, critical attacks, etc.). The selected difficulty levels lock players at a certain number; for example, on Normal difficulty, one starts at Grade 4, can move down to Grade 2 if doing poorly, or up to", "What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,", "Friends of Science in Medicine \"there is evidence supporting CAM approaches. You also have to remember that a sizable part of what is done in mainstream medicine lacks robust evidence.\" Phelps, along with Stephen Myers, a Professor of Complementary Medicine and Director of the Natural Medicine Research Unit at Southern Cross University, in a 2012 editorial in \"The Medical Journal of Australia\" wrote, \"there is great danger for the public if complementary medicine practice is allowed to develop outside mainstream education.\" They wrote it would undermine \"safe practice and critical appraisal\", and stated there is now an extensive evidence base for complementary therapies available. In", "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life? the 1944 film \"Hollywood Canteen\", performed by Jack Carson and Jane Wyman with the Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra. What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life? \"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?\" is a song with lyrics written by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman and original music written by Michel Legrand for the 1969 film \"The Happy Ending\", in which Michael Dees sings it. The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost out to \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\". Legrand won the 1973 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying", "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life? What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life? \"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?\" is a song with lyrics written by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman and original music written by Michel Legrand for the 1969 film \"The Happy Ending\", in which Michael Dees sings it. The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost out to \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\". Legrand won the 1973 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying a Vocalist for a version performed by Sarah Vaughan. More than thirty years later, Billy Childs, Gil", "What Work Is with the working class or work in general. This helps place this collection within the tradition of working class poetry. For instance, besides work, love also is a major theme for Levine in this collection. \"What Work Is\" is a poem primarily written for his brother, and the difficulty of expressing that love. Often enough the theme of love is expressed in a subdued way and is shadowing the bolder themes most largely associated with work. The poems feature different types of work, some of which reflect the actual work experience of the author. For instance, the poems \"Fear and", "What You See Is What You Get (book) doing, (b) making better and cheaper products than the market leaders, and (c) not focusing on the exclusive or more expensive parts of the market, rather selling to the mass market. What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get is the autobiography of British businessman and TV personality Lord Alan Sugar. The 640-page book, which was published in May 2011, tells the story of Alan Sugar's birth and childhood in a deprived part of London, how he founded the company Amstrad aged just 21 years old, and how he eventually became a successful", "What Time Is Love? song on their sixteenth album \"Music for a Big Night Out\". In 2006, English electronic musician Max Tundra released a single as that included a recording from 1989 doing a cover of \"What Time Is Love?\" The three reworkings of the track were written and produced by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Cauty also receives credit for playing electric guitar, bass, drums and keyboards on \"America...\", and Drummond for playing Gibson 330 on that version. Additional contributors to \"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\" and \"America: What Time Is Love?\" included: As a central track in The KLF's canon,", "What Is the What \"we really hadn’t decided whether I was just helping Valentino write his own book, or if I was writing a book about him.\" Valentino points out that, \"I thought I might want to write my own book, but I learned that I was not ready to do this. I was still taking classes in basic writing at Georgia Perimeter College.\" Dave Eggers discusses the difficulties in writing a book of this nature: \"For a long while there, we continued doing interviews, and I gathered the material. But all along, I really didn’t know exactly what form it would finally take—whether", "What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" debuted on the U.S. \"Billboard\"", "What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) Hot Country Singles for the week of March 12, 1988. What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is", "Difficulty of engagement Difficulty of engagement Difficulty of engagement is a notion in the \"Campbell Paradigm\", a model of behavior change with person-independent difficulty. Difficulty is considered a key predictor of behavior in psychology and is included in most recognized models of behavior change, such as the theory of planned behavior. Most of these models rely on people's perceptions and estimates of behavioral difficulty. That is, difficulty is considered to be subjective and person-dependent. Obviously, perceived difficulty varies by individual. A more objective measure of difficulty is desirable, e.g., for environmental or energy policy, because people may misperceive the difficulty of behaviors, possibly", "Desirable difficulty is that recalling what is written in the text takes considerably more effort than rereading. The second is that during the review stage, students are actively looking for feedback rather than passively receiving feedback in other ways. Sans forgetica is a minor version of Helvetica sans-serif intended as a desirable difficulty learning aid for competent readers. Students can easily incorporate these techniques into their everyday studying habits to increase their memory capacity. For example, instead of reading material, testing yourself with flashcards will harness the testing effect. The spacing effect and interleaving can be accomplished by studying multiple subjects, spending", "Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine on the website Science-Based Medicine pointed out that United States Senator Tom Harkin (who was instrumental in drafting the legislation that funded the Office of Alternative Medicine but later criticized the self-same office's reliance on evidence-based testing) wrote two different commentaries in the journal's inaugural issue:In these two articles, Harkin basically introduced the new journal as a “journey—an exploration into what has been called ‘left-out medicine,’ therapies that show promise but that have not yet been accepted into the mainstream of modern medicine.” and explicitly stated that “mainstreaming alternative practices that work is our next step.” Unfortunately, he had a", "Dynamic game difficulty balancing Grade 7 if doing well. The grades between difficulties can overlap. \"God Hand\", a 2006 video game developed by Clover Studio, directed by \"Resident Evil 4\" director Shinji Mikami, and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2, features a meter during gameplay that regulates enemy intelligence and strength. This meter increases when the player successfully dodges and attacks opponents, and decreases when the player is hit. The meter is divided into four levels, with the hardest level called \"Level DIE.\" The game also has three difficulties, with the easy difficulty only allowing the meter to ascend to level 2, while", "In silico medicine cultural (HSBC) characteristics of patient behavior becomes more sophisticated, there is speculation that virtual patients may replace patient actors in medical school curriculum. Additionally, there are projects underway that utilize virtual cadavers, computer simulated models of human anatomy based on CT images of real people. In silico medicine \"In silico\" medicine (also known as \"computational medicine\") is the application of \"in silico\" research to problems involving health and medicine. It is the direct use of computer simulation in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease. More specifically, \"in silico\" medicine is characterized by modeling, simulation, and visualization of biological", "In silico medicine In silico medicine \"In silico\" medicine (also known as \"computational medicine\") is the application of \"in silico\" research to problems involving health and medicine. It is the direct use of computer simulation in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease. More specifically, \"in silico\" medicine is characterized by modeling, simulation, and visualization of biological and medical processes in computers with the goal of simulating real biological processes in a virtual environment. The term \"in silico\" was first used in 1989 at a workshop \"Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications\" by a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The", "Insects in medicine relevance to those parts, animals or objects. So, for example, the femurs of grasshoppers, which were said to resemble the human liver, were used to treat liver ailments by the indigenous peoples of Mexico. This doctrine is common throughout traditional and alternative medicine, but is most prominent where medical traditions are broadly accepted, as in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda, and less by community and family based medicine, as is more common in parts of Africa. Traditional Chinese medicine includes the use of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercise, and dietary therapy. It is a typical component of modern medical care", "Medicine in ancient Rome dreams would show what ailed a person. There were two types of dreams associated with medicine: prophetic and diagnostic. Prophetic dreams were divine in origin and foretold good or bad tidings for the future. Diagnostic dreams were a result of the soul telling what afflicted the body. If the dreams were of normal everyday events, their body was healthy and in equilibrium. The farther from the norm, and the more chaotic the dreams were, the more ill the patient was. The treatments that were recommended addressed what the dreams showed, and attempted to set the body right through consumption of", "Shared decision-making in medicine Shared decision-making in medicine Shared decision-making in medicine (SDM) is a process in which both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal beliefs. In contrast to SDM, the traditional biomedical care system placed physicians in a position of authority with patients playing a passive role in care. Physicians instructed patients about what to do, and patients rarely took part in the treatment decision. One of the first", "Access to Medicine Index developing world. Leereveld noticed that there were many different (and sometimes conflicting) opinions about what the pharmaceutical industry should be doing with regard to access to medicine, but that there was no tool to recognise good practice within the pharmaceutical industry and no framework for collective dialogue surrounding this issue. He set out to develop a ranking system that would show which pharmaceutical companies do the most to improve access to medicine and how, and also help stakeholders to collectively define companies’ role in increasing access to medicine. The first Access to Medicine Index was published in 2008, followed by", "Degree of difficulty Degree of difficulty Degree of difficulty (DD, sometimes called tariff or grade) is a concept used in several sports and other competitions to indicate the technical difficulty of a skill, performance, or course, often as a factor in scoring. Sports which incorporate a measure of degree of difficulty include bouldering, cross-country skiing, diving, equestrianism, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, surfing, synchronized swimming and trampoline. Degree of difficulty is typically an objective measure, in sports whose scoring may also rely on subjective judgments of performance. The International Swimming Federation computes the degree of difficulty of dives according to a", "Exorcism in Islam prevent them from doing what they want to do, because superstition detracts from and weakens Tawheed\". Exorcism in Islam Exorcism in Islam is called \"ruqya\" ( ), and is thought to repair damage believed caused by jinn possession witchcraft (\"shir\") or the evil eye. Exorcisms today are part of a wider body of contemporary Islamic alternative medicine called \"al-Tibb al-Nabawi\" (Medicine of the Prophet). Belief in Jinns, and other supernatural beings, is widespread in the Islamic world. Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root jnn (Arabic: جَنّ / جُنّ, \"jann\"), whose primary meaning is \"to hide\".", "Degree of difficulty five-part formula, incorporating height, number of somersaults and twists, positioning, approach, and entry. The International Federation of Gymnastics gives skills a difficulty rating of A, B, C, D, E, F, or G. Degree of difficulty is also enhanced by connecting skills together in combination. The International Federation of Gymnastics gives difficulty points for number of somersaults, number of body twists and the body position in somersaults (piked or straight). The total for a routine is the sum of the individual elements. Degree of difficulty Degree of difficulty (DD, sometimes called tariff or grade) is a concept used in several sports", "Acupuncture in Medicine If this journal were ever to conclude that acupuncture is a placebo, it would destroy the journal and the livelihoods of many of the people who write for it.\" The journal is abstracted and indexed in CINAHL, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Embase, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.275, ranking 7th of out 27 in the category \"Integrative & Complementary Medicine\". Acupuncture in Medicine Acupuncture in Medicine is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering aspects of acupuncture and related techniques. The journal was established in", "Doing Business in 21st Century India Doing Business in 21st Century India Doing Business in 21st Century India: How to Profit Today in Tomorrow's Most Exciting Market is a 2008 non-fiction marketing book written by Gunjan Bagla, an Indian-American author and businessman and the managing director of Amritt, Inc.. The book is a guide for North American and European firms on doing business in the rapidly developing Indian market. It was published in hardcover in July 2008 by Business Plus, an imprint of Hachette Book Group USA. The book was released in hardback in the United States in July 2008 and in paperback to the rest", "Doing Business in 21st Century India the Charles H. Kellstadt Professor of Marketing at the Goizueta Business School of Emory University, called it \"an excellent practical guide,\" and R. Gopalakrishnan of the Tata Group described it as \"a refreshingly simple book on a very complex subject.\" Doing Business in 21st Century India Doing Business in 21st Century India: How to Profit Today in Tomorrow's Most Exciting Market is a 2008 non-fiction marketing book written by Gunjan Bagla, an Indian-American author and businessman and the managing director of Amritt, Inc.. The book is a guide for North American and European firms on doing business in the rapidly", "Exercise is Medicine national institution (an academic institution, health organization, or other non-profit organization) under the direction of a National Center Director, acting on behalf of the National Center Advisory Board. EIM National Centers have been formally established in the following countries: Exercise is Medicine Exercise is Medicine® (EIM) is a nonprofit initiative co-launched by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Medical Association (AMA), with support from the Office of the Surgeon General and the 18th Surgeon General Regina Benjamin, on November 5, 2007. The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) initiative calls for physical activity to be included as a", "Media in Medicine Hat is also available on cable. Media in Medicine Hat This is a list of media in Medicine Hat, Alberta. Medicine Hat is not designated as a mandatory market for digital television conversion. All broadcasting stations broadcast only in analogue. There are two \"cable\" television providers in Medicine Hat, Shaw Communications and Telus. Shaw carries American network affiliates from Spokane, Washington. Medicine Hat has not had over-the-air English-language CBC Television service since CHAT-TV disaffiliated from the network in 2008. CBC and Global is available only on cable or satellite in Medicine Hat, with Shaw offering CBRT-DT from Calgary to is subscribers.", "Media in Medicine Hat Media in Medicine Hat This is a list of media in Medicine Hat, Alberta. Medicine Hat is not designated as a mandatory market for digital television conversion. All broadcasting stations broadcast only in analogue. There are two \"cable\" television providers in Medicine Hat, Shaw Communications and Telus. Shaw carries American network affiliates from Spokane, Washington. Medicine Hat has not had over-the-air English-language CBC Television service since CHAT-TV disaffiliated from the network in 2008. CBC and Global is available only on cable or satellite in Medicine Hat, with Shaw offering CBRT-DT from Calgary to is subscribers. Alberta's Radio-Canada station, CBXFT-DT Edmonton,", "Women in medicine practitioners. Men did not involve themselves in women's medical care, likewise, women did not involve themselves in men's health care. The southern Italian coastal town of Salerno was an important center of medical learning and practice in the 12th century. There, the physician Trota of Salerno gathered a number of her medical practices in several written collections. One work on women's medicine that was associated with her, the \"De curis mulierum\" (\"On Treatments for Women\") formed the core of what came to be known as the \"Trotula\" ensemble, a compendium of three texts that circulated throughout medieval Europe. Trota herself", "Medicine in the medieval Islamic world Prophet\"). In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun, in his work \"Muqaddimah\" provides a brief overview over what he called \"the art and craft of medicine\", separating the science of medicine from religion: The Sahih al-Bukhari, a collection of prophetic traditions, or \"hadith\" by Muhammad al-Bukhari refers to a collection of Muhammad's opinions on medicine, by his younger contemporary Anas bin-Malik. Anas writes about two physicians who had treated him by cauterization and mentions that the prophet wanted to avoid this treatment and had asked for alternative treatments. Later on, there are reports of the caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān fixing his", "Exercise is Medicine Exercise is Medicine Exercise is Medicine® (EIM) is a nonprofit initiative co-launched by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Medical Association (AMA), with support from the Office of the Surgeon General and the 18th Surgeon General Regina Benjamin, on November 5, 2007. The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) initiative calls for physical activity to be included as a standard part of medical treatment and the patient care process. EIM urges healthcare providers to assess the physical activity levels of their patients at every visit, provide physically inactive patients with brief counseling, and to 'write' a basic exercise", "Medicine in ancient Rome patient and what must be done to set them back to equilibrium. The fourth book of the \"Regimen\" is the earliest mention of the topic of dream medicine. Dreams were used by physicians in diagnosis. They added another layer of depth to the physician's investigation of the patient. The soul was thought to serve the purpose that the brain has been discovered to serve. Sensation, pain, motion and other physiological concepts were thought to be the work of the soul. It was also thought that the soul continues the work of bodily upkeep even when a person is sleeping. Thus,", "History of medicine in France subsequent upheaval of the Parisian medical system, 20 hospitals were modernized to keep up with medical and technological advances at the turn of the 19th century. These hospitals were crucial in discovering and elaborating upon medical knowledge through experimentation and research, and disseminating that knowledge through the teaching of what became known as the Paris School of medicine. This Paris School came to be in part due to a high concentration of talented and innovative clinicians, led by figures such as Jean-Nicholas Corvisart, Philippe Pinel, and Marie Bichat. The Paris School of Medicine was the result of a multitude of", "Osteopathic medicine in Canada Surgeons. This is a summary of the licensing requirements of osteopathic physicians in Canada: The Canadian Osteopathic Association started the Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association in 2011. Osteopathic medicine in Canada Osteopathic medicine in Canada is similar to conventional medicine in Canada, with the addition of osteopathic manipulation to diagnose and treat patients. Osteopathic physicians hold equal practice rights to non-osteopathic physicians (MDs) in Canada. North American osteopathic medicine requires an osteopathic physician to be trained and receive the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree granted by a College of Osteopathic Medicine accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. The Canadian Osteopathic", "Osteopathic medicine in Canada Osteopathic medicine in Canada Osteopathic medicine in Canada is similar to conventional medicine in Canada, with the addition of osteopathic manipulation to diagnose and treat patients. Osteopathic physicians hold equal practice rights to non-osteopathic physicians (MDs) in Canada. North American osteopathic medicine requires an osteopathic physician to be trained and receive the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree granted by a College of Osteopathic Medicine accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. The Canadian Osteopathic Association (COA) represents osteopathic physicians registered for medical practice across Canada, and the Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association (COMSA) is the affiliated student organization. In Canada, the", "Counter-majoritarian difficulty Counter-majoritarian difficulty The counter-majoritarian difficulty (sometimes counter-majoritarian dilemma) is a perceived problem with judicial review of legislative (or popularly created) laws. As the term suggests, some oppose or see a problem with the judicial branch's ability to invalidate, overrule or countermand laws that reflect the will of the majority. The counter-majoritarian difficulty is often raised in discussions of United States constitutional law; particularly in discussing the powers of the three branches of the Federal government of the United States. Alexander Bickel, a law professor at Yale Law School, coined the term \"counter-majoritarian difficulty\" in his 1962 book, \"The Least Dangerous", "Traditional Cambodian medicine Traditional Cambodian medicine Traditional Cambodian medicine (Khmer:វេជ្ជសាស្រ្តបូរាណខ្មែរ) comprise several traditional medicine systems in Cambodia. Healers and herbalists of Cambodian traditional medicine are collectively referred to as \"Kru Khmer\" (Khmer:គ្រូខ្មែរ). There are many regional variations of the practice and herbal knowledge of traditional medicine within Cambodia. Traditional Cambodian medical practices are widely used in Cambodia. Even though health is among the Cambodian governments five most important issues, the healthcare system in the country is inadequate and people in more remote villages in the provinces have difficulty obtaining health care. This situation is reflected in many developing countries and, in part for", "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana Doing Time, Doing Vipassana Doing Time, Doing Vipassana is a 1997 Israeli independent documentary film project by two women filmmakers from Israel: Ayelet Menahemi and Eilona Ariel. The film is about the application of the vipassana meditation technique taught by S. N. Goenka to prisoner rehabilitation at Tihar Jail in India (which was reputed to be an exceptionally harsh prison). The film inspired other correctional facilities such as the North Rehabilitation Facility in Seattle to use Vipassana as a means of rehabilitation. Kiran Bedi, former Inspector General of Prisons for New Delhi, appears in the film. \"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana\"", "Insects in medicine spread that medicine on the skin of the patient, and then agitate a termite and place the insect on the skin of the patient. When the termite bites, its mandibles effectively serve as an injection device. The Americas were more highly influenced by the Doctrine of Signatures than China, India, or Africa, most likely because of their colonial history with Europe. The majority of insect use in medicine is associated with Central America and parts of South America, rather than North America, and most of it is based on the medical techniques of indigenous peoples. Currently, insect medicine is practiced", "Research in Complementary Medicine factor. Research in Complementary Medicine Complementary Medicine Research (German: \"Research in Complementary Medicine\") is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering complementary and alternative medicine. Established in 1994, the journal was known as Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde (German: \"Research in Complementary and Classical Natural Medicine\") from 2000 to 2005, and as Forschende Komplementärmedizin from then until 2017. The journal is published by Karger Publishers and the editor-in-chief is Harald Walach (Viadrina European University). According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal had a 2013 impact factor of 1.053. After the journal obtained its current name in 2017, it lost its", "Research in Complementary Medicine Research in Complementary Medicine Complementary Medicine Research (German: \"Research in Complementary Medicine\") is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering complementary and alternative medicine. Established in 1994, the journal was known as Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde (German: \"Research in Complementary and Classical Natural Medicine\") from 2000 to 2005, and as Forschende Komplementärmedizin from then until 2017. The journal is published by Karger Publishers and the editor-in-chief is Harald Walach (Viadrina European University). According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", the journal had a 2013 impact factor of 1.053. After the journal obtained its current name in 2017, it lost its impact", "Music Is Medicine Music Is Medicine Music Is Medicine is the tenth studio solo album by American country music singer Marie Osmond, released on April 15, 2016, on OliveMe Records. It is her first studio album released on her private label \"OliveMe, LLC\". It was released on both CD and digital download through big box stores and major music download services. \"Music Is Medicine\" consisted of ten tracks. This is Osmond's first new album in five years. The album was produced by Jason Deere whom she has worked with in the past. Additional guest artist are Marty Roe, Olivia Newton-John, Sisqó, John Rich", "Acupuncture in Medicine was repeated in an article written for \"Monthly Index of Medical Specialities\" exploring whether acupuncture was a medical sham or genuine treatment. When the BMJ Group started to publish the journal in 2008, David Colquhoun criticized the group for endorsing acupuncture \"at a time when it is emerging that the evidence for any specific effect is very thin indeed.\" While he gave credit to BMJ Group and \"Acupuncture in Medicine\" for not espousing \"the mumbo-jumbo about 'meridians' and 'Qi'\", he also noted that \"like all journals devoted to alternative medicine [\"Acupuncture in Medicine\"] suffers from a fatal conflict of interest.", "This Is Medicine This Is Medicine This Is Medicine is the only studio album by American hardcore band Reversal Of Man, released on August 9, 1999 through Ebullition Records. Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré named the album as one of his favorites. Reversal Of Man first formed in 1995 in Tampa, Florida and spent most of their time as a band touring and releasing music before breaking up in 2000. In July 1996, they issued as split 12\" with Holocron through Intention Records, which caught the attention of Ebullition Records owner Kent McClard, who agreed to release \"This Is Medicine\". To support the", "Medicine in Azerbaijan of people of Azerbaijan and Iran. There is also written that “a doctor has three weapons: word, herbs and a knife”. A doctor curing by words and suggestion was considered as the best at that time. Medicine of Caucasian Albania, descendants of which are considered Azerbaijanis, was also developing. Medicinal plants were planted there from the Roman Empire. Works by Hippocrates and Claudius Galenus were popular there because of spreading of Christianity and Greek language. Some knowledge about medicine was taught in religious schools and churches. In this period medicine was quickly developing which is evidenced by archeological findings. For", "Doing That Scrapyard Thing for the album. \"Doing That Scrapyard Thing\" was released on \"Goodbye\" in February 1969. In some European countries, the song was used as the B-side of \"Badge\" instead of \"What a Bringdown\". \"AllMusic\" critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song as \"an overstuffed near-masterpiece filled with wonderful, imaginative eccentricities.\" Doing That Scrapyard Thing \"Doing That Scrapyard Thing\" is a song from the supergroup Cream's 1969 farewell album, \"Goodbye\". Written by the band's bassist, Jack Bruce, as well as poet Pete Brown, the song, alongside Eric Clapton's \"Badge\" and Ginger Baker's \"What a Bringdown,\" was one of Cream's final studio recordings.", "Acupuncture in Medicine Acupuncture in Medicine Acupuncture in Medicine is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering aspects of acupuncture and related techniques. The journal was established in 1982 by the British Medical Acupuncture Society, but was published by the BMJ Group on behalf of the Society from 2008-2018 and SAGE Publishing from 2019. The current editor-in-chief is David Carr. In an opinion piece for \"Forbes\" on journals about pseudoscience published by reputable publishers, Steven Salzberg listed this journal, alongside \"Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies\" (published by Elsevier) and \"Chinese Medicine\" (published by BioMed Central), as examples of \"fake medical journals\"; his critique", "Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Nigeria were sold for high prices in online auctions. Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Nigeria Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Lagos is a compilation album released in 2016 by Soundway Records. It collects Nigerian pop and club culture tracks released in the late 1970s through the 1980s. Though afrobeat, led by artists like Fela Kuti, dominated Nigerian music during the 1970s, \"Doing It In Lagos\" chronicles Nigerian music's move away from the afrocentric style of afrobeat and toward more American forms of pop music in the 1980s. Many of the tracks", "Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Nigeria Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Nigeria Doing It In Lagos: Boogie, Pop & Disco in 1980s Lagos is a compilation album released in 2016 by Soundway Records. It collects Nigerian pop and club culture tracks released in the late 1970s through the 1980s. Though afrobeat, led by artists like Fela Kuti, dominated Nigerian music during the 1970s, \"Doing It In Lagos\" chronicles Nigerian music's move away from the afrocentric style of afrobeat and toward more American forms of pop music in the 1980s. Many of the tracks are rare and, prior to this album's release,", "Medicine in Azerbaijan among other manuscripts about medicine. In his work Ibn Sina wrote about Saburkhast settlement in Azerbaijan. This copy of “The Canon” was made in Baghdad, in 1143 and is considered one of the most ancient manuscripts in the sphere of pharmacology and medicine in the world and the most ancient in Azerbaijan, which was broadly used both in whole Muslim world and also in Christian Europe and which had a great influence upon development of medicine. There are descriptions of hundreds of medicines in it. Bahmanyar al Azerbaijani (died in 1067), a student of Ibn Sina, also famed among scientists", "In silico medicine term \"in silico radiation oncology\", a precursor of generic \"in silico\" medicine was coined and first introduced by G. Stamatakos in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002. The same researcher coined and introduced the more generic term \"in silico oncology\". \"In silico\" medicine is considered an extension of previous work using mathematical models of biological systems. It became apparent that the techniques used to model biological systems has utility to explain and predict dynamics in the medical field. The first fields in medicine to use \"in silico\" modeling were genetics, physiology and biochemistry. The field saw a dramatic influx of", "Medicine in Azerbaijan Medicine in Azerbaijan Medicine in Azerbaijan serves for protecting health and prosperity of citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Reforms in the sphere of medical care and direction of health care system are parts of a global strategic development program of economic and social infrastructure. This program is based on principles of establishment of high life democratic society with market economy. History of medicine in Azerbaijan has deep roots. Ancient people believed in sorcery for struggle against various sicknesses. Carvings and painted signs in Azykh Cave dated from the Stone Age evidence about it. Early people used medicinal plants for" ]

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[ "A woman dance wildly on stage.", "Joseph has a greedy cat named Max.", "3 dogs are sleeping on a couch", "Two girls are playing 'house' in the living room.", "There is a toddler near an orange life jacket.", "Helicopter is spinning up its rotors.", "He called them Infies" ]

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[ "Kadett Chpross - Erste Spielzüge - Starfleet Germany - Forum\n28. April 2014, 07:43\nHier kannst du deine Bio posten und ein wenig RPG üben\nex CWI Hephaistos\nHier ist die Bio, wenn etwas nicht ok ist, dann sag es mir, dann ender ich das.\nAn sonsten, was jetzt?\nName des Spielers: Christopher Proß\nE-Mail Adresse: chpross42@gmail.com\nCharname: Koron Konda\nGeburtsdatum: 01.08.2390\nHerkunft: Deutschland, Erde\nHautfarbe: leicht Braun\n- Vater: Stefan Konda\n- Mutter: Fintizia Konda\n- Lehrgänge: Warp Theorie, Sub Raum und Quantenmechanik\n- Zusatzausbildungen: Keine\n- zivile Vorbildung: Keine\n- Hobbies: Kochen, Naturwissenschaften, Musik und Sport\nKorons stärke ist es Situationen schnell zu Analysieren und einzuordnen, er hat eine schnelle Auffassungsgabe und hat kann schnell reagieren.\nEr ist allerdings eine völlige Niete wenn es um Kämpfe geht, er weiß zwar theoretisch wie ein Präser funktioniert, aber schießen kann er damit nicht. Auch ist er nicht sonderlich kräftig, er macht zwar Sport, aber Koron setzt er auf das Denken als auf Muskeln. Koron kann auch sehr Emotional reagieren, Negativ und Positiv. Er kann auch nicht sich gut in eine Gesellschaft integrieren.\nKoron wuchs im Schwarzwald auf der Erde auf. Als ein Einzelkind von einem Archäologen als Vater und einer Wissenschaftlerin als Mutter, bekam er schon früh die Grundzüge des Erforschers mit. Koron war als kleiner Junge sehr oft draußen und lass so ziemlich jedes Buch. Er machte sich seine eigene Welt mit ihren Gesetzen. Bald ging er in den Wald und probierte vieles aus. Einige male war Koron bei einem Arzt, weil er ausversehen ein giftigen Pilz gegessen hatte.\nDies zog sich bis zu dem 7. Lebensjahr hin, dann versiegte die Lust am Entdecken und am Erforschen. Nun war er in der Schule und löcherte die Lehrer regelrecht mit fragen. Das machte er auch mit seinen Eltern. Ein Lehrer schrieb einmal in einem Bericht: \"Der Junge ist so neugierig, selbst ein Kamelion könnte sich nicht vor ihm verstecken und er saugt jede Information über Wissenschaft und Mathematik auf wie ein Schwamm.\"\nSein verhalten sorgte allerdings dafür, dass er nicht viele Freunde hatte. Das störte Koron nicht, er lass lieber Bücher und stellte Fragen. Mit 14 Jahren wurde er immer mehr ausgeschlossen und sogar gemobbt. Koron ist sehr Emotional und so konnte er nicht lange dem Mobbing stand halten und wurde Aggressiv. Nach einer Schlägerei, wobei er einen Jungen stark verletzte und sich selbst ebenso, wurde er zu einem Psychologen geschickt, der Koron half seine Gefühle ein wenig mehr zu kontrollieren. Er profitierte davon, allerdings war der Psychologe ein Vulkanier. Er konnte anfangs mit dem Verhalten von dem Psychologen nicht klar kommen, bis dieser ihm ein wenig über die Vulkanische Kultur und Philosophie bei brachte.\nKoron hatte in seiner Kindheit ein paar leichte bis Mittelschwere Vergiftungen, diese sind allerdings ohne Nachwirkungen verklungen. Die einzige Nabe hat Koron an seinem Kinn, diese sieht aus wie ein Halbmond.\nEr ist nicht sonderlich stark, hat nicht viele Muskeln, die meisten liegen in den Beinen, dies kommt von dem vielen Joggen, was er seit er auf der Akademie ist regelmäßig macht.\nIm Großen und Ganzen ist er Kerngesund und für den Dienst geeignet.\nKoron hat eine schnelle Auffassungsgabe und kann schnell reagieren. Er denkt sehr analytisch. Er kann sich nicht gut in soziale Strukturen integrieren, er brauch jemanden der ihn hilft. Wenn man ihn als Freund gewonnen hat ist er allerdings ein sehr aufgeschlossener freundlicher Mensch mit einer wörtlichen Portion Humor und Ironie. Er setzt sich für seine Familie und Freunden sehr stark ein.\nWenn man ihn kennen lernt ist Koron ein starker Einzelgänger und Arbeitsbesessener Mensch, davon sollte man sich nicht abschrecken lassen\nSorry das es etwa gedauert hat - ich kämpfe hier grad mit meinem PC der nach einem Upgrade nimmer so will wie er soll.\nDie Bio ist soweit okay zumindest fällt mir im Moment nichts auf das sich beissen würde. Ich schreib dir im luafe des Tages noch einen RPG einstieg damit du ein wenig üben kannst bevor du auf die Einheit kommst\nOk, danke. Ich freu mich schon auf das üben.\nKein Problem, dass es etwas länger dauert.\nBabysitter für eine Kiste\nSo hier dann mal dein Einstieg - ich bin gespannt was du daraus machst\n# Zeit: MD 01.1423\n# Ort: Akademie / Holodeck\nKoron zog noch einmal seine Uniform straff ehe er das Holodeck in welches ihn Commander Jones bestellt hatte. Die Umgebung war seltsam vertraut und doch gewöhnungsbedürftig. Leichter Nebel überzog die Ebene während ungewohnter Schlachtenlärm an seine Ohren drang.\nEr lief in Richtung des Geräusches und schluckte hart während sich die Einzelheiten dieser barbarischen Kriegsart aus dem Nebel schälten.\nMit wissenschaftlichem Interesse verfolgte er das hin und her der beiden Parteien als plötzlich ein lautes tröten erklang und eine Horde Horde Reiter aus dem nahen Wald preschten.\nEine Falle, für eine der beiden Parteien ganz offensichtlich. Damit würde die Schlacht sicher schnell entschieden werden.\nEin Reiter auf einem weißen Pferd galoppierte auf ihn zu und im ersten Moment wollte er sich in Sicherheit bringen, dann fiel ihm ein das er auf einem Holodeck war und die Sicherheitsprotokolle jeden Moment greifen würden.\nBeinah im letzten Moment drehte der Reiter ab und brachte das Tier zu einem harten Halt.\n\"Kadett Konda! Haben wir schon halb drei?\" meinte der Reiter verblüfft und sprang von dem Pferd. \"Computer Speichern und beenden der Simulation!\" befahl er dann.\n\"Ich fürchte ich bin etwas zu früh, Sir.\" antwortete Koron während die Umgebung dem üblichen Hologitter Platz machte.\n\"Das macht nichts. Ich habe nur einen Auftrag für sie, wollte das aber nicht über einen COMM-Link machen.\" gab der Commander zurück. Koron konnte nicht umhin zu bemerken das der Commander gut einen halben Kopf kleiner war als er selbst.\n\"Ich gehe davon aus das sie mit einem Phaser umgehen können, Kadett?\" fragte der Commander und riss Koron aus seinen Gedanken.\n\"Ähm, nicht besonders gut aber ... ja.\" gab er schließlich zu und Jones fixierte ihn eine Weile fast als ob er darüber nachdachte vielleicht doch jemand anders zu nehmen.\n\"Nun, hoffen wir mal nicht das sie ihn einsetzen müssen. Gehen sie zur Waffenkammer und lassen sie sich einen Phaser geben. Der Phaser wird nur auf Betäubung gestellt, ist das klar?\" verfügte Jones während er auf den Ausgang des Holodecks zustrebte und Koron beinah Mühe hatte ihm zu folgen.\n\"Ja, Sir.\" bestätigte er auch sofort.\n\"Dann möchte ich das sie sich bis 1700 Uhr zur 1800-Mission Street begeben. Sie wissen wo das ist?\" fragte der Commander erneut nach und blieb stehen um Koron zu mustern. Er dachte fieberhaft nach, versuchte sich den Stadtplan von San Francisco vor das geistige Auge zu führen.\n\"Aye, Sir. Die ehemalige Armory.\" bestätigte er dann und der Commander schien kurz angenehm überrascht zu sein.\n\"Dort werden sie auf 3 weitere Kadetten treffen. Wir haben dort im Drill Court eine Kiste stehen. Eine ziemlich große Kiste. Sie und die anderen 3 Kadetten werden diese Kiste heute Nacht bewachen bis ihren Ablösung morgen früh kommt.\" erläuterte der Commander nun weiter.\n\"Verstehe und was genau bewachen wir?\" platzte es aus Koron heraus ehe er sich zurück halten konnte.\n\"Das, Kadett, kann ich ihnen nicht sagen weil sie nicht über die nötige Sicherheitsstufe verfügen. Alles was sie tun müssen ist dafür zu sorgen das die Kisten morgen früh noch dort steht. Und nun machen sie sich besser auf den Weg, Kadett.\" befahl Jones und Koron schluckte.\n\"Aye, Sir.\" bestätigte er dann und machte sich auf den Weg zur Waffenkammer.\nDas alles war sehr suspekt ...\nKoron überrascht Commander Jones in einem Holoabenteuer und bekommt dann vom Commander den Auftrag eine ominöse Kiste zu bewachen.\nCmdr. Jedediah Jones, Akademie Prüfer\nIch hoffe das ist so ok, bin gespannt was sich entwickelt.\n# Zeit: MD 01.1445\n# Ort: Akademie / Waffenkammer\nKoron ging zügig in Richtung der Waffenkammer, auf dem Weg dachte er über den Auftrag nach. // Wenn ich diesen Auftrag erhalte, stellt sich natürlich die Frage, warum ich zu so einer Mission bestellt werde. Schließlich bin ich Wissenschaftler und kein Sicherheitsoffizier. Aber ich glaube das ist eine Prüfung, dass währe an Wahrscheinlichsten. //\nAls er an der Tür angekommen war atmete er kurz durch und betrat den Raum. In diesem waren viele Regale an den Wänden und Haken, woran diverse Waffen hingen. Der Raum wurde durch ein paar Streifen an der Decke komplett ausgeleuchtet. Die Wände waren komplett in Weiß gehalten.\n\"Kadett Konda?\" fragte eine Stimme neben ihm. Koron wandte den Kopf und sah ein Bajoraner der ungefähr 2 bis 3 cm größer als er war. \"Ja, Sir.\" sagte ihm, denn aus den Abzeichen an der Uniform des Mannes schloss Koron das ihm einem Ensign gegenüber stand. \"Gut, Cmdr. Jones hat sie schon angekündigt.\" sagte der Sicherheitsoffizier.\nKoron schaute den Offizier an, er war ein Muskel bepackter Bajoraner und Koron vermutete das dieser Sicherheitsoffizier viele Stunden mit Krafttraining verbracht hatte.\n\"Ich soll ihnen einen Phaser übergeben.\" sagte der Ensign. Koron sah dem Offizier zu, wie er zu einem Regal ging und von links anfing die Phaser scheinbar abzuzählen. der Kadett zählte im geiste mit.\nDer Ensign nahm den 8. Phaser von links aus dem Regal. \"Ich hoffe sie können damit umgehen.\" sagte sein gegenüber. \"Nun, so einigermaßen.\" sagte Koron. Der Bajoraner schaute ihn kurz an, dann gab er Koron den Phaser. \"Hauptsache sie schießen sich selbst nicht ab.\" sagte der Ensign. \"Keine Angst.\" sagte der angesprochene, \"Ich werde schon aufpassen.\"\nKoron wandte sich zur Tür, \"Vielen dank.\" bedankte er sich und ging hinaus. Der Ensign notierte sich etwas auf einem Padd und lächelte.\n# Zeit: MD 01.1645\n# Ort: San Francisco / 1800-Mission Street\nAls Koron an seinem ziel ankam hatte er noch etwas zeit und so entspannte er sich noch kurz auf einer Bank. Er rückte seine Uniform gerade, stand auf und ging in Richtung des Drill Curts.\nEr bemerkte nicht, dass er Beobachtet wurde und dass der Beobachter sich unablässig Notizen machte.\nAls Koron um eine Ecke bog sah er seine Kameraden in dieser Mission. // Oh, nein, warum die... // Dachte Koron als er die zwei von drei Kadetten erkannte. Es waren 2 Menschen, diese hatte er schon gesehen und diese mochten ihn nicht besonders. Bei jeder Gelegenheit versuchten sie ihm das Leben schwer zu machen.\nDie beiden waren Sicherheitsoffiziere, bzw. wollten es werden.\nDer 3. im Bunde war ein Unvereinigter Trill, aber mehr wusste Koron nicht über ihn, sie hatten sich noch nicht kennen gelernt.\n\"Ah, da kommt ja Mr. Bücherwurm.\" sagte Marvin Skarotty, einer der beiden Menschen. Der andere neben ihm Ben Sontrai lachte und machte eine abwertende Geste. Der Trill ging auf Koron zu.\n\"Freud mich ich bin Nolbar Sabanetar.\" sagte er und streckte ihm die Hand entgegen. Koron ergriff sie \"Ebenfalls ich bin Koron Konda.\" antwortete Koron. \"Da haben sich ja zwei Breiköpfe zusammen getan.\" flüsterte Marvin zu Ben. Die beiden waren nur so, wenn sie glaubten unbeobachtet von den Lehrern zu sein.\n\"Wann werden wir die Wache ablösen.\" fragte Koron nun.\n// Das kann ja heiter werden, naja ich hoffe die beiden können privates vom Beruf trennen. //\nKoron bekommt in der Waffenkammer einen Phaser zugewiesen und Er bemerkt einige dinge die ein wenig merkwürdig sind, er denkt viel darüber nach.\nEr bekommt nicht mit, dass sich der Sicherheitsoffizier nach seinem verschwinden Notizen macht.\nKoron trifft auf seine Team Mitglieder, 2 Menschen sind darunter die Koron nicht sonderlich mögen und ein Trill den Koron erst jetzt kennen lernt.\nkadett Koron Konda\ndas war schon sehr gut\nAlles richtig gemacht. Ich werde sehen das ich zügig antworte, ich weiß allerdings nicht wieich heute dazu komme, vermutlich wird es erst morgen passieren\n4. Mai 2014, 16:00\n# Zeit: MD 01.1650\n# Ort: 1800 Mission Street, San Francisco\n\"In 10 Minuten oder hat man dir das nicht gesagt?\" fragte Marvin in einem eher aggressiven Tonfall. Es passte ihm nicht das er mit dem Bücherwurm auf so eine Mission geschickt wurde. Er und Ben hätten dafür auch ausgereicht, wie er fand.\n\"Dann sollten wir uns langsam mal hinein begeben.\" gab Koron ruhig zurück und deutete auf die große Eingangstür. Sie stiegen die wenigen Stufen bis zum Eingang empor und da es keine andere Möglichkeit gab klopfte Ben gegen die Tür.\nEs dauerte einige Zeit bis sich die Tür schließlich öffnete und ein Denubolaner neugierig hinaus sah.\n\"Ah, ihr müsst die Wachablösung sein. Immer herein in die gute Stube.\" grinste dieser breit und öffnete die Tür so das die 4 Kadetten eintreten konnten.\nDer Denobulaner führte die vier eine breite Treppe nach oben und in einen langen Gang. Schließlich öffnete er mit einem Altmodischen Schlüssel eine Holztür und die vier fanden sich auf der Tribüne des Drill courts wieder.\n\"Wow\" entfuhr es Nolbar als sich die rießige Halle vor ihnen auftat. In der Mitte stand keine Kiste wie der Commander Koron gesagt hatte sondern ein Shuttle. Allerdings eines das er noch nie gesehen hatte.\n\"Das muss ein Prototyp sein.\" murmelte er leise während Ben sich an ihm vorbei drückte und ihn unsanft zur Seite schubbste.\n\"Wer da? Indentifizieren sie sich!\" erklang es plötzlich und die vier erstarrten als plötzlich die Mündungen von mehreren Phasern auf sie gerichtet wurde.\n\"Die Kadetten Skarotty, Sontrai, Sabanetar und Konda zur Wachablösung!\" meldete sich nun Marvin und alles was Koron denken konnte war das alte Sprichwort nachdem sich der Esel immer zuerst nannte.\n\"Wurde auch Zeit.\" grollte es dann nach einer kurzen Stille und die Kadetten erhoben sich.\n\"Viel Spass. Wenn ihr Glück habs wirds die langweiligste Nacht eueres Lebens.\" merkte einer der fremden Kadetten an. Koron kam er bekannt vor aber er konnte ihm keinen Namen zuweisen.\nDie Ablösung ging recht schnell von Statten. Man erklärte ihnen wo die Eingänge zum Drill Court waren und das sie das Shuttle nicht betreten durften.\nDanach ließ man die vier alleine und die Tür fiel mit einem lauten Knall dessen Echo durch den Court hallte zu.\n# Zeit: MD 02.0210\n# Ort: Drill Court\nKoron beendete gerade seine Runde und kam zu den anderen zurück.\n\"Alles ruhig.\" meldete er und Marvin nickte nur. Ohne bissigen Kommentar diesmal. Sie alle waren ziemlich müde und Ben sperrte den Mund zu einem lauten gähnen auf. Koron fröstelte ein wenig. Ihm war kalt. Der Court wurde eindeutig nicht beheizt und die Außentemeraturen waren um den gefrierpunkt.\n\"Dann geh ich jetzt.\" meldete sich Nolbar und wollte sich auf den Weg machen als ihnen das Geräusch einer zufallenden Tür entgegen hallte. Die vier erstarrten.\n\"Ich dachte es wäre alles in Ordnung?\" zischte Marvin und starrte Koron an.\n\"Das war es als ich meine Runde gedreht habe.\" gab Koron zurück und zog seinen Phaser nachdem alle anderen ihren bereits in der Hand hatten.\n\"Wir verteilen uns - ihr geht da rum, wir da und versucht nicht auf uns zu schießen.\" gab Marvin erneut den Ton an. Koron wechselte einen Blick mit Nolbar. \"Sollte nicht einer beim Shuttle bleiben?\" fragte Koron dann und sah wie Marvin zögerte.\n\"Bitte, so wie du schießst wird es ohnehin besser sein wenn du hier bleibst.\" wandte sich Marvin nun an Koron und sah ihm in die Augen. \"Dann geh du allein Nolbar.\" befahl er dann. \"Der Feigling bleibt beim Shuttle.\"\nKoron biss die Zähne zusammen und veruschte sich nicht anmerken zu lassen wie sehr ihn das kränkte, stattdessen sah er zu wie seine drei Kameraden in der Dunkelheit verschwanden und ihn mit dem Shuttle alleine ließen. Schweiß bildetet sich auf Korons Stirn während er nichts weiter wahrnahm als sein eigenes Atmen.\n<nrpg: Dann erzähl mal wie es weiter geht >\nKoron und die anderen machen sich an die Wachablösung und stellen fest das sie ein Shuttle bewachen sollen.\nBislang war die Nacht ruhig doch dann schreckt ein Geräusch die Kadetten auf und sie trennen sich. Koron bleibt beim Shuttle.\nDanke, allerdings werde ich erst morgen dazu kommen weiter zu schreiben.\n# Zeit: MD 02.0212\nKoron war angespannt und wartete auf ein weiteres Geräusch. // Jetzt geht es los. // Dachte er. Dann hörte er ein leises piepen, wie von einem Gerät das Aktiviert wurde. Die Scheinwerfer die auf das Shuttle gerichtet waren, flackerten, dann gingen sie aus. // Dämpfungsfeld. // dachte Koron. // Verdammt. // Koron schoss aus der Hocke und nahm den Phaser fester. Er probierte zu schießen, jedoch gab der Phaser nur ein klägliches Summen zu Stande. Koron tastete mit der Hand am Shuttle entlang, bis er das Schott fand. Er stellte sich vor das Schott und wartete angespannt. // Wer in das Shuttle will, muss an mir vorbei. // Es meldete sich ein anderer Gedanke // Du glaubst doch nicht ernsthaft die aufhalten zu können, ich bitte dich. //\nDann hörte er Schritte. \"Ergeben sie sich! wer sind sie.\" sagte Marvin laut, er war ungefähr 50 Meter von Koron entfernt. \"Hier her! ich... auch.\" hörte er Ben, dann war von ihm nichts mehr zu hören.\n\"Ben? Ben.\" sagte Marvin. \"Ben ist ausgeschaltet.\" sagte Nolbar der links von Koron war, er schätzte 40 Meter entfernt. \"Ok, sie haben es nicht anders gewollt.\" sagte Marvin, während er in Richtung des Geräusches ging. Anscheinend schlich er, Koron hörte ihn nicht mehr.\nPlötzlich hörte Koron Kampf Geräusche \"Koron! hilf uns.\" hörte er plötzlich Nolbar rufen. Der angesprochene rannte zu den Kampfgeräuschen, kam allerdings nicht weit. Eine tiefe Stimme sagte \"Nicht so schnell.\" Dann wurde er von 2 Händen an den armen gepackt und hoch gehoben.\n\"Was wollen sie?\" fragte Koron. \"Ich muss zugeben, dass Shuttle sieht interessant aus, aber ist so etwas nötig?\" Eine tiefe Stimme knurrte \"halt die Klappe Sternenflotte.\"\n// Anscheinend hatten wir kein Glück, dass ist keine ruhige Nacht. // Koron zog seine Beine an, und trat nach vorne, in die ungefähre Brust Höhe. Der fremde lachte, als der tritt von Koron an ihn abprallte.\nDann wechselte der Fremde den Griff und Koron konnte sich nicht mehr bewegen. Marvin und Norbal kämpften immer noch.\nIch hoffe das ist genug und so in Ordnung.\nAuch wenn die Handlung hier noch nicht beendet ist kann ich dich gern schon einmal auf unsere Mailinglisten setzen wenn du willst.\nIch überlege mir inzwischen was dem armen Kadetten noch so passieren könnte\nKannst du mich in die Listen aufnehmen?\nViel Spaß beim Geschichte schreiben.\nEinladungen sind raus und RPG kommt auch gleich. Ich bin am tippen.\n# Zeit: MD 02.0220\nKoron konnte nicht erkennen was die Fremden taten. Der Griff der ihn umklammerte raubte ihm die Luft und er atmete keuchend. Dann erfüllte plötzlich ohrenbetäubender Lärm die riesige Halle. Der Griff um Koron lockerte sich. Er wand sich und gab seinem Angreifer einen kräftigen Tritt, an das Schienbein. Zumindest hoffte er das.\nDas Stöhnen des Angreifers ging in dem Lärm unter und Koron wand sich aus dem Griff und rollte sich unter das Shuttle.\n\"Mach das aus!\" schrie jemand. Koron hörte ihn nur dumpf da er sich die Ohren zu hielt.\nPlötzlich flammten Scheinwerfer in der Halle auf und tauchte alles in gleißendes Licht.\nKoron biss die Zähne zusammen und rollte sich auf der anderen Seite unter dem Shuttle wieder hervor. Der Lärm war ohrenbetäubend aber er hatte unter der Tribüne einen Phaser liegen sehen und das war sein Ziel.\nMit dem Phaser in der Hand trat er dann auf die nun eher wehrlosen Angreifer zu. Er erkannte einen Cardassianer und einen Menschen. Den Phaser auf die beiden gerichtet trat Koron schließlich an das Shuttle und tippte auf das PADD das dort an einem Kabel hing.\nDer Lärm hörte sofort auf und Erleichterung machte sich breit.\n\"Wer seid ihr und was wollt ihr mit dem Shuttle?\" wollte Koron nun wissen, den Phaser auf den vermeintlichen Anführer gerichtet.\n\"Hölle war das ein Lärm.\" kommentierte Marvin der nun mit einem humpelnden Norbal von der anderen Seite kam.\n\"Gute Arbeit, Konda. Hätte nicht gedacht das deine Idee funktioniert.\" fügte Marvin anerkennend hinzu und Koron war ehrlich überrascht von diesem offenbar ernstgemeinten Lob.\n\"Was machen wir jetzt mit denen hier?\" wollte Koron nach einem kurzen Schweigen wissen und gab Marvin den Phaser.\n\"Um die kümmere ich mich.\" erklang es da plötzlich von der Tribüne. \"Computer, Programm Ende.\" befahl er dann und alles um Koron herum verschwand.\n\"Sir?!\" fragte er überrascht und auch ein wenig geschockt. Mit einem Holodeck hatte er hier nun nicht gerechnet.\n\"Still gestanden Kadetten.\" grollte der Commander jedoch nur und die drei Kadetten gehorchten sofort.\nJedediah sah jedem der drei für einige Atemzüge in die Augen.\n\"Keine Sorge, Kadett Sontrai wurde ins Lazarett gebeamt. Er hat eine kleine Gehirnerschütterung. Die Sicherheitsprotokolle haben ihm schlimmeres erspart.\" erklärte er dann obwohl niemand ihn gefragt hatte wo Ben war oder was mit ihm passiert war.\nKoron atmete unmerklich auf. Also doch ein Test. Er hatte Recht behalten!\nDann blieb Jedediah vor Koron stehen.\n\"Das mit dem PADD war eine sehr gute Idee von ihnen Kadett Konda. Sie haben Ruhe bewahrt und ihren Kopf benutzt statt sich auf den Phaser zu verlassen. Ich hoffe sie behalten das bei wenn sie auf der USS Hephaistos ihren Dienst tun.\" erklärte der Commander und Koron blinzelte während er versuchte diese Informationen zu verarbeiten.\n\"Dienst auf der USS Hephaistos, Sir?\" fragte er nach als das alles nicht wirklich Sinn zu ergeben schien.\n\"Genau. Sie werden der Einheit als neuer Chefwissenschaftler zugeteilt. Die Reise nach Deep Space Nine wird zwar ein wenig dauern aber ... Oh, und beinahe hätte ich das wichtigste vergessen.\" gab Jedediah gut gelaunt zurück.\n\"Hiermit befördere ich sie in den Rang eines Ensigns mit allen dazugehörigen Rechten und Pflichten. Ihre Versetzungsorder sollte man ihnen bereits geschickt haben. Falls sie das feiern möchten empfehle ich die Bar schräg gegenüber, Ensign.\"\nKoron war zu perplex um sofort zu reagieren. In seinen Ohren rauschte es und so bekam er nur halb mit das seine beiden Mitstreiter ebenfalls befördert wurden.\n<nrpg: So nun kannst du ihn feiern lassen oder auch nicht ;-)>\nKoron kann sich befreien während Ohrenbetäubender Lärm die Halle erfüllt und dann kommt alles anders als gedacht.\nOk, sehr guter schluss, aber ich hoffe ich interpretiere das richtig, dass der lerm geplant war?\nWenn ja, dann hier unten ist dann das RPG.\nHab jetzt auch die Mailinglisten abboniert.\nVielen dank, hat spaß gemacht, ich würde vorschlagen, dass hier mit diesem RPG wir das abschließen oder?\nSorry wegen Rechtschreibfehlern, hab ein wenig unter stress geschrieben.\nHier das RPG:\n# Zeit: MD 02.0934\n# Ort: Quartier von Koron\nKoron öffnete die Augen und wachte aus einem Traumlosen Schlaf auf. Er hatte leicht Kopfschmertzen.\n// Na zum glück habe ich nicht viel getrunken. // Dachte er, dann kamen die ereignisse wieder zurück. // Ich bin Ensign! // Sie waren nach dem der Commander sie entlassen hatte, in die Baar schreck gegenüber gegangen. Und Koron hatte sich von Norbal überreden lassen etwas zu Trinken und anzustoßen. Sie waren dort 2 Stunden gewesen. Nicht viele besucher waren in der Baar, jedoch hatte es Spaß gemacht und die kleinen Snacks waren auch gut gewesen. Sie hatten über die Prüfung geredet und Marvin hatte sich sogar entschuldigt für sein verhalten. Zwar glaubte Koron das sie keine Freunde geworden waren, aber es war besser als vor etwa 6 Stunden. Norbal und Koron hatten über die Idee geredet, die beide ausgehäckt hatten. Im laufe der Wache hatten sie sich das Shuttle angeschaut und Norbal als Ingenuer hatte etwas gefunden, was ihnen ermöglichte ein Padd für die Code eingabe für die Tür ein wenig um zu Konfigurieren. Dadurch war auch der höllen lerm entstanden. Marvin hatte den Energiedämpfer abgeschaltet, während die anderen abgelenkt waren.\nWarum der Energiedämpfer nicht auf das Padd reagiert hatte, wusste niemand so genau, aber Norbal hatte vermutet, dass die Energiesysteme des Shuttles davon nicht beeinträchtigt gewesen waren und das Padd war an die Energiesysteme angeschlossen worden.\nNun reckelte sich Koron, es sollte schon heute Nachmittag los gehen, zu seiner neuen Einheit. // Was mich dort wohl erwarte? // Fragte sich Koron. Dann stand er auf und ging zum Replikator.\nSein Zimmerkammarad war schon zum Dienst angetreten und Koron hatte man genemicht nach der Prüfung sich etwas auszuruhn.\n\"Kakao mit Milch, mittel stark 60 °C.\" sagte Koron zu dem Computer. Dieser piepte bestätigend und das Getränk erschien im Replikator.\nDann machte Koron sich fertig und trank sein getränk.\n# Zeit: DM 02.1513\n# Ort: Shuttlehangar\nNun stieg Koron in ein Shuttle, den rest des aufenthalt hatte er dazu genutzt alle dinge zu erledigen die noch offen standen und sich von seinen wenigen Freunden zu verabschieden.\nEr setzte sich in das Shuttle und der Pilot startete. Amysiert bemerkte Koron das das Shuttle ähnlichkeiten mit dem Shuttle in der Simulation hatte.\n\"Und wie lange brauchen wir nach DS9?\" Fragte Koron den Piloten, der nicht viel redete. Es war ein Mensch-trill Hybriet.\n\"2 tage. erwiederte dieser einsilbig. // Na super, naja ich denke das wird eine ruhige reise. // Und so, endete Korons zeit auf der Akademie und er wurde in den Weltraum entlassen, nicht ahnend das dieser einige überraschungen für ihn bereit halten würde.\nKoron wacht im Quartier auf, und denkt über die Prüfung nach.\nKoron steigt in das Shuttle und bricht auf, in seine ungewisse Zukunft.\nja wir können das hier damit beenden. Auch wenn die Reise nach DS9 eher 2 Wochen statt 2 Tage dauern würde aber sagen wir einfach er nutzt unterwegs einen Transwarp-Tunnel, dann passt das schon in die schreiberische Freiheit\nDann freu ich mich auf da Zusammenspiel auf der Hephaistos mit dir!\nPortulaner\t- 5. März 2014, 22:21 - Erste Spielzüge\n14. Oktober 2019, 13:47" ]

[ "Film - Ecke - Seite 13 - AsterIX - Asterix Information eXchange\nBeitrag: #Beitrag Iwan » 16. Juli 2019 08:35\nDanke, Peter, danke, WeissNix, sowohl für die Info als auch den Link zum vanGogh-Film, der war echt gut, ich habe den auch gesehen.\nFür Freunde des Monumentalfilms: Ich habe vor Kurzem \"Auferstanden\" gesehen: Eine Art Remake von \"Das Gewand\": Ein römischer Offizier soll die Umstände von Jesus Tod überprüfen und seine Leiche finden, um zu beweisen, dass er nicht auferstanden ist, sondern von seinen Anhängern geklaut wurde. Am Ende trifft er auf den weiter wandernden, auferstandenen Jesus und wird zum Christ. Das hätte nicht sein müssen, aber der eil vorher bietet einige Kämpfe und auch einige Schockbilder, etwa, wenn Leichen aus Massengräbern geholt werden, um zu sehen, ob Jesus darunter sein könnte ...\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 16. Juli 2019 18:43\nSeason2Plakat-600x897.jpg\nBeitrag: #Beitrag Iwan » 16. Juli 2019 23:19\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 18. April 2020 17:54\nHallo Leuten ,\nich kann nur jeden Netflix empfehlen , das Basis-Abo kostet weiterhin 7,99 Euro im Monat . Damit seht ihr das gesamte Serien- und Filmangebot des Anbieters auf einem Gerät in SD-Qualität.\nNetflix in der Schweiz :\nDieses Abo kostet neu monatlich 16.90 Franken, einen Franken pro Monat mehr als bisher. Das entspricht einer Preiserhöhung von 6.3 Prozent. Das Premium-Abo ermöglicht das gleichzeitige Schauen auf vier Geräten in sehr guter Ultra-HD-Bildqualität (auch bekannt unter 4K). Dieses Abo kostet neu monatlich 21.90 Franken.11.04.2019 .\nBeitrag: #Beitrag WeissNix » 18. April 2020 18:01\nDann müsste ich Filme am Schreibtisch schauen (zu unkommod), oder erst einen geeigneten TV kaufen (brauch ich sonst nicht wirklich).\nHab bei ner Freundin mal was mitgeschaut (Zone Blanche zB fand ich gut, und ein paar Folgen BigBangTheory); und die findet jetzt nach gut zwei Jahren Abo in der Corona-Zeit schon nix mehr, was sie reizen würde, auch bis zum Ende zu schauen. Wer das bislang nicht hatte, kommt damit sicher leichter durch den Shutdown, ohne sich den Start in den Abend durch die ganzen Sondersendungen vermiesen zu lassen. Ansonsten aber nur was für Serienjunkies, finde ich.\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 18. April 2020 18:17\nAuf Netflix Neu :\nhttps://www.pc-magazin.de/ratgeber/netf ... 96284.html\nBeitrag: #Beitrag Iwan » 18. April 2020 19:01\nDanke für den Tipp mit Netflix. Den Freunden gepflegter Familienunterhaltung kann ich \"Klein gegen Groß\" mit Moderator Kai Pflaume empfehlen. So was ähnliches wie Wetten dass, nur dass hier immer Kinder oder Teenies gegen Promis antreten. Dabei wetten die teilnehmenden Promis dann, wer jeweils gewinnt. Der Sieger über die ganze Sendung kriegt 30'000 für einen guten Zweck.\nWas mir an der Sendung gefällt, ist neben der Vielfalt, dass die Jungen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Nicht wie bei Wetten dass, wo die Promis auftauchten, ihren neuen Film vorgestellt haben, eine Wette über sich ergehen ließen und wieder weg waren. Es gab da auch mal eine Aufgabe mit dem Zuordnen von Asterix-Zitaten.\nBeitrag: #Beitrag WeissNix » 18. April 2020 19:33\nNoch was, die französische Serie \"Zone Blanche\" heisst im deutschen Netflix \"Black Zone\" - wer Krimiserien mit etwas skurilen Typen im Stil von Fargo oder Twin Peaks mag, der sollte in die zwei Staffeln ruhig mal reinschauen.\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 18. April 2020 19:58\nja diese Sendung schaue ich immer auch ganz gerne Aber hier eine Staffel die auf Neflix furore macht :\nEs ist offiziell: Es wird eine weitere Staffel geben\nBeitrag: #Beitrag Iwan » 18. April 2020 20:49\nHerzlichen Dank euch für die Tipps! Weiß eigentlich jemand etwas Neues bezüglich \"Sherlock\"? Soll es da noch eine Staffel geben?\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 18. April 2020 22:07\nWeiß eigentlich jemand etwas Neues bezüglich \"Sherlock\"? Soll es da noch eine Staffel geben?\nIch glaube eher nein , aber lies selber\nhttps://www.moviepilot.de/news/enttausc ... pf-1122746\nhttps://www.kinoundco.de/news/fall-abge ... ck-staffel\nBeitrag: #Beitrag WeissNix » 18. April 2020 23:55\nWohl kaum; die Macher haben sich ja einer neuen Serie, Dracula, gewidmet. Hab ich mit besagter Netflix-Freundin, die man als \"Sherlockfan\" bezeichnen kann, anschauen wollen, aber die erste Folge mittendrin ausgeschaltet. Splatter mögen wir beide nicht.\nWenn Witcher auf einem Kurzgeschichtenband basiert: Von welchem Autor? Noch nie was von gehört...\nBeitrag: #Beitrag methusalix » 19. April 2020 01:05\n18. April 2020 23:55\nVon welchem Autor? Noch nie was von gehört...\nDie Geralt-Saga stammt von den Autoren Andrzej Sapkowski und Przemysław Truściński\nBeitrag: #Beitrag WeissNix » 19. April 2020 01:25\nBei mir hat Fantasy mit Tolkien angefangen - und nach einigem vergeblichem Suchen nach ähnlich Fesselndem auch wieder aufgehört.\nOtherland war zwar nicht schlecht, aber mit rund 3400 Seiten arg übertrieben ausufernd.\nDas scheint ein Problem moderner Post-Tolkien-Fantasy zu sein: Sie findet nicht - oder erst nach völliger Ausschlachtung des Marktes - zu einem Ende... hab sie mir daher wieder abgewöhnt. Und die schnellen Verfilmungen zerstören überdies den Reiz von Fantasy: Die Phantasie des Lesers eben.\nBeitrag: #Beitrag Iwan » 19. April 2020 10:19\nIch danke euch, auch wenn die Neuigkeiten ja nicht so arg positiv sind mit Sherlock!\nIn letzter Zeit kamen auf ZDF Neo die alten und neueren Inspector-Barnaby-Filme. Das ist auch ein Stück britischer Filmkunst - mit einer Ausnahme: Es regnet in keiner einzigen Folge, und das mitten im ländlichen England. Und die Filme leiden am gleichen Thema wie eigentlich alle Tatorte: Ein Kommissar, der sich über jede Regel seines Berufs hinwegsetzt. Der zum Beispiel am Tatort rumläuft, mit höchstens Plastikhandschuhen, während direkt neben ihm die Tatortermittler in Ganzkörper-Schutzanzügen und mit Schutzmasken rumlaufen :) Oder der seinen Assistenten auf eigene Faust Undercover irgendwo hin schickt … Alles das, was ihn vermutlich in Realität in kürzester Zeit den Job kosten würde. Aber trotzdem, es ist lustig anzusehen ...", "PlayStation 4 Pro - Seite 13 - PS4 - Allgemein - PS4 Forum\nErstellt von The-Last-Of-Me-X , 19.04.2016 - 09:34 Uhr\n#241 Noir64Bit\nGeschrieben 10 April 2018 - 12:43 Uhr\nHast Du kein Headset?\nNutze das 2.0er von Sony.\n#242 eRacoon\nGeschrieben 10 April 2018 - 14:31 Uhr\nNaja selbst wenn man die Heimanlage zum beben bringt, es gibt einfach auch Games mit absoluter Stille in manchen Szenen und da hört man den startenden Hubschrauber dann doch schon etwas.\n#243 kaluschnikop\nGeschrieben 10 April 2018 - 15:16 Uhr\nTatsächlich nein, ich nutzenden standard knopf den es bei der konsole dabei gibt. Der tut es auch und ich spiele im Monat vielleicht 10 Stunden mit anderen Online. Habs bislang nie groß für notwendig gehalten ein richtigea HS zu holen.\n#244 Sam Vimes\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 08:13 Uhr\nAls ich nur ne pro hatte, fiel mir der Lüfter noch nicht so extrem auf. Hab schon gedacht, \"Mann is das Ding laut, aber ich sitze ja auch nur nen guten Meter von dem Ding weg\". Spätestens bei leisen spielen oder Filmen war es aber schon oft wirklich nervig.\nKennt man aber den Unterschied zur X erstmal, fällt es natürlich sofort und immer deutlich auf. Auf Vollast (was selten vorkommt, selbst bei Far Cry) ist die X immer noch flüsterleise. Keine Ahnung wie die das hinbekommen haben, aber man hört wirklich nur ein luftrauschen, vom Propeller oder Lager ist nichts wahr zu nehmen. Also kein Brummen wie bei der Pro.\nHabe gerade auch nochmal einige Vergleiche gelesen, einen Unterschied von 15-20 Dezibel gibt es auf jeden Fall. Und das ist bei einer logarithmischen Skala natürlich ein enormer Sprung.\nIch möchte das jetzt auch bitte nicht als Pro Bashing verstanden wissen. Ich liebe meine PS. Aber die X ist echt ein Stück Ingenieurskunst. Kleiner, leiser, kein externes Netzteil. Der Schritt von One zu One X ist definitiv um Längen ausgereifter als von Ps zu Ps Pro. Kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass die X unsubventioniert auf den Markt gekommen ist. Höchstens als Nullrechnung.\n#245 The-Last-Of-Me-X\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 08:18 Uhr\nDie \"X\" hat doch keinen klassischen Lüfter mehr, oder? Ist das nicht so ein Kupferkühler bzw. Kupfergehäuse, welches den Prozessor kühl hält?\n#246 Wearl\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 08:37 Uhr\nWenn du einen normalen Kopfhörer mit Mikro hast, tut's der auch. Dann brauchst du nicht extra ein Headset kaufen.\n#247 linkerZeh\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 08:54 Uhr\nBei Monster Hunter World hab ich auch jedesmal das Gefühl, dass meine Pro gleich hochgeht oder meine kleine Tochter beim Vorbeigehen einsaugt.\nKeine Ahnung was schlimmer wäre\nDa ich aber meistens mit Headset zocke, geht' s gerade noch.\n#248 Wearl\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 09:00 Uhr\nMan, man, man, das liest sich ja, als wäre die Pro lauter als die Standard PS4 Ich habe Letzteres, und kann auch aufdrehen, aber so schlimm wie hier die Pro beschrieben wird, ist es nicht ^^\n#249 eRacoon\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 09:33 Uhr\nNaja das hat wenig mit Ingenieurskunst zu tun, das ist eine reine Kostenrechnung, am PC bekommt man 2000W+ Flüsterleise gekühlt... das wäre dann wohl schon Raketenwissenschaft mit deinem Maßstab.\nEine bessere Kühlung kostet einfach Geld, gerade wenn große Kupferblöcke und hochwertige Lüfter verwendet werden sollen.\nLeider scheint Sony das Thema nicht für so wichtig zu halten... ich würde sofort 20-50€ mehr zahlen wenn das Teil dafür Silent wäre.\nDaher sehe ich auch wenig Hoffnung dass das Thema viel besser wird bei der PS5.\nUnd ja im Vergleich zur damaligen ersten PS4 ist die Pro in der Tat leise aber nur weil es noch schlimmer geht heißt das ja nicht dass das Ergebnis in Ordnung ist.\nThe-Last-Of-Me-X und Sam Vimes gefällt das\n#250 kaluschnikop\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 11:34 Uhr\nDas stimmt allerdings. Meine Relase PS4 wurde lauter je älter sie wurde. War quasi eine linearer Anstieg. Ende war dann mit Horizon Zero Dawn und Battlefield 1 die der dann schon 3 Jahre alten Dame quasi alles abverlangt haben. Habe ich die Spiele gespielt ging es dann schon dochmal lauter als die Pro. Das schlimme ist, dass die Pro dann auch mal wieder runterschaltet und die normale ps4 quasi da bleibt.\n#251 eRacoon\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 11:50 Uhr\nMeine Pro steht mittlerweile ohne \"Deckel\" rum, finde sie ist dann deutlich erträglicher.\nDas Lüftergeräusch wird dadurch leiser und tiefer da er die Luft direkt von oben bekommt statt die mit Unterdruck durch die Seite anzusaugen.\nSieht zwar nicht so toll aus ohne Deckel, aber das ist mir egal.\n#252 Noir64Bit\nGeschrieben 11 April 2018 - 14:59 Uhr\nMacht zumindest in so fern Sinn, als das der Deckel die PS4 natürlich auch zum Klangkörper macht, wodurch alles sowieso Lauter wird!\n#253 Sam Vimes\nGeschrieben 12 April 2018 - 08:31 Uhr\nKlar war das auf den Preis bezogen. Die X verwendet eine Modifikation der Heat pipes und nennt das vapour chamber. Aber die Kombo aus Leistung, Größe, Verarbeitung und Kühlung für 500€ ist einfach krass. Deswegen ja auch meine Vermutung dass MS da nicht sonderlich dran verdienen kann. Raketen sind im Übrigen recht simpel im Vergleich\n#254 The-Last-Of-Me-X\nGeschrieben 12 April 2018 - 09:01 Uhr\nMittlerweile 400 Euro\nDie X ist verdammt gut\n#255 Sam Vimes\nGeschrieben 12 April 2018 - 12:08 Uhr\nBin gespannt auf die Ankündigungen der Next gen. Die X wird es theoretisch ja noch einige Jahre machen, aber wenn man immer die Abwärtskompabilität braucht, wird das auch irgendwann limitierend...", "Lebensperspektiven | Haos Homepage\nRuine der Hoffnung\nIn einer Pause des Missio-Camps sitze ich traumverloren für einige Minuten auf einer steilen Bergwiese und schaue auf die andere Seite der Rhön, um diese herrliche Landschaft auf mich wirken zu lassen. Weit am Horizont erkenne ich die Umrisse einer Ruine. Es ist die Osterburg.\nIch sehe in ihr das Zeichen der Vergangenheit, aber auch das Zeichen der Gegenwart und der Zukunft.\nBeim Anblick der Ruine denke ich an mein vergangenes Leben, an die Niederlagen, die ich durchleben musste, an meine eigene Welt, die manchmal dem Einsturz nah war.\nWährend meine Gedanken um die Ruine am Horizont kreisen, fällt mir auf, dass selbst noch diese zerfallenen Steine Zuflucht bieten. Ein kleines und unberührtes Biotop, wie ich Stunden später feststelle, lässt die Ruine leben. Und langsam wird mir klar, dass selbst Ruinen Hoffnungsträger sind, Hoffnungsträger für einen neuen Anfang, Hoffnungsträger für neues Leben.\nWie heißt es so tröstend bei Jesaja 42, Vers 3: „Das zerstoßene Rohr wird er nicht zerbrechen, und den glimmenden Docht wird er nicht auslöschen“. Jes 42, Vers 3\nHält das Fundament noch?\n1972 wurde ein alter Wasserturm direkt neben der kleinen Firma, in der ich als Graveur arbeitete, gesprengt. Ich konnte, so oft ich wollte, mir die Arbeiten ansehen und das Geschehen verfolgen. Mein Chef hatte großes Verständnis für meine technische Neugier.\nÜber 80 Jahre hat der Wasserturm gute Dienste geleistet. Doch moderne Technik hat ihn überholt. Man braucht ihn inzwischen nicht mehr. Er muss weg, der Platz auf dem er steht, wird gebraucht. Möglichst schnell soll er weichen.\nDer Sprengmeister kommt, bereitet die nicht ungefährliche Aktion vor. Dann die Sprengung. Das Dynamit ist falsch berechnet. Der Wasserturm neigt sich 30 Grad zu Seite, aber bleibt stehen. Am darauf folgenden Tag der nächste Versuch, der dann in einem Erfolg endet.\nNachdem der alte Koloss gesprengt, auseinander geschweißt und die Reste entsorgt waren, standen die beteiligten Personen vor einem großen Problem, was schon vorher immer wieder angesprochen wurde. Wie schaffen wir es, das Fundament zu beseitigen? „Das wird noch ein harter Brocken“, hörte ich immer wieder.\nDoch als es dann soweit war, wunderten sich alle: Das Fundament war im Laufe der Zeit so brüchig geworden, dass man nicht einmal einen Presslufthammer benötigte. Dieses besorgte ohne größere Kraftanstrengung eine normale Raupe. „Das hätten wir nicht gedacht, dass die Gründung schon so zerfallen war. Es hätte nicht lange gedauert, dann wäre der Turm zusammengefallen, weil das Fundament ganz verrottet war“. Dabei hatte man es ihm nie angesehen, dem Wahrzeichen von Remscheid-Lennep.\nDamals habe ich noch nicht über mein Leben und die Sprengungen, die es erschütterten, nachgedacht. Was sollte mir denn passieren? Heute, 40 Jahre später würden mir viele Dinge einfallen, die in meinem Leben gesprengt wurden. Mal war mir die Notwendigkeit eines „Abrisses“ nicht klar, bei anderen Aktionen ging es mir viel zu langsam. Ich will auch nicht verschweigen, dass auch der Sprengmeister, wie er auch immer aussah, anrückte, auch wenn ich es, ihm Gegensatz zu ihm, überhaupt nicht wollte.\nEs wird weiter in meinem Leben gesprengt, es wird weiter knallen bis zum Lebensende. Und wenn es dann „ausgeknallt“ hat, dann bin ich bei dem Herrn und lasse mir seinen Grundriss für mein Leben zeigen. Dann erkenne ich nicht nur die „Gründung“ meines Lebens, sondern auch die Hintergründe, warum Jesus immer wieder eingreifen musste. Mit dieser Hoffnung kann ich jetzt schon getrost an die Ewigkeit denken.\nDas Fundament der Christen hat Bestand, weil es von Jesus selbst gelegt worden ist und täglich immer wieder neu gepflegt wird. Und wenn dann am Ende unserer Tage unser Leben einstürzt, dann trägt das Fundament durch den Tod ins neue Leben, auch wenn sich der Teufel noch so anstrengen sollte. Wer bei Jesus war, bleibt auch bei ihm.\nHao, der Rentenretter »\n107.140 hits", "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Remastered auf Amazon gelistet Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Erste Hinweise deuten auf Remastered-Version Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Petition fordert Remake für PS4 und Xbox One Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Favela-Map aus religiösen Gründen offline Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Fun: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2: Tipps, Tricks und Glitches Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Erstes Gameplay zum Resurgence Map Pack Detroit: Become Human - Größe des PS4-Titels bekannt und neues Video veröffentlicht YouTube - VideoDays 2018 in Berlin und Köln fallen aus", "\"15\" von Marilyn Manson - Was meint er mit dieser Zeile? (Lyrics)\n\"15\" von Marilyn Manson - Was meint er mit dieser Zeile? Was meint er wohl mit \"If you don't know what forever feels like I'll show you what it feels like without it\"? 1 Antwort\nvon lngXdiabolus666, 12.11.2016 4\nDass er einem zeigt wie es sich \"ohne die ewigkeit\" anfühlt. Also wenn man keine zeit hat oder so.\nHeey, ich hab letztens bisschen rumgegoogelt, bin auf einen Artikel gestoßen, in dem Marilyn Manson sagt, dass die Welt es nicht wert sei, dass er in ihr Musik veröffentliche. Dies hat mich stark zum Nachdenken angeregt. Wenn er von der Welt spricht, meint er ja logischerweise seine ganze Bevölkerung, mitunter seinen Fans. Und wenn gar diese es nicht wert seien, es zu hören und ich bislang auch noch keinen Artikel oder Tweet oder ähnliches gelesen habe, in denen er seinen Fans für irgendetwas dankt oder- wie alle anderen Stars- betont, wie sehr er sie liebt etc.. Vielleicht bin ich auch komplett falsch, aber von daher wirft sich mir die Frage auf, ob er sich überhaupt für seine Fans interessiert oder sie ihm egal sind?? Danke für Antworten ;)) Tut mir leid für die komische Frage, aber es spukt mir im Kopf herum xD\nMit 13 auf ein Marilyn Manson Konzert - Mit Vater?\nDarf ich auf ein Marilyn Manson Konzert gehen, wenn mein Vater mit gehen würde? Komme ich so rein? Oder darf man erst rein wenn man 18 ist?\nMarilyn Manson Lamb of God lyrics\nHallo zusammen einer meiner liebling Songs ist von Marilyn Manson Lamb Of God. Ich habe nur mit den Lyric des Songs ein bisschen Mühe. Für mich ist es schwirig dan ganzen Sinn des Song zu verstehen. Ich habe hier mal den deutschen Songtext: http://www.golyr.de/marilyn-manson/songtext-the-lamb-of-god-286786.html. Wäre sehr erfreut wenn jemand von euch mir sagen könnte was der Song aussagen möchte. Danke schon mal im voraus.\nSuche MARILYN MANSON Fans zum....\nHallo !!!!! Wer hat GROßE LUST mit mir im Dezember zum TWINS OF EVIL KONZERT zu fahren??? Ich - Hamburgerin will unbedingt nach Bochum am 02.12 um Manson zu sehen!!! Suche Fans die mit machen!!!!!!!!!!!! Bittte melde/t Dich / Euch :-) SLOWMOTION Grüß von Jani...\nHallo Komische Frage, aber das interessiert mich gerade ^^ Ich hab mir vorgestellt, wie z.B. die USA aussehen würden, wenn Marilyn Manson Präsident wäre. Mir ist irgendwie nur Gutes eingefallen, wegen der ganzen Zitate und Interviews mit ihm, die ich gesehen habe. Und weil ich denke, er ist genauso wie ich. Ok, einige werden jetzt sagen, dass er der schlechteste Präsident überhaupt wäre, aber trotzdem: Wie würde es mit Marilyn Manson als Präsident aussehen? Was wäre wohl in der Welt anders. Es wird ja höchstwahrscheinlich nicht passieren :) Aber trotzdem interessiert mich dieses \"Was, wenn ...\" - Szenario. Danke :)\nWas ist da gegenteil von wissbegierig?\n.....unwissbegierig kanns ja nicht sein..oder?\nLied aus Lacoste Werbung 2012\nHabe mich in das Lied verliebt, finde aber leider wirklich nichts dazu.. Auch die Lyric \"it feels so fresh just like a summer breeze i dont know what it is you do to me..\" ect ect bringt keine Ergebnisse.. Schade :( Weiß vielleicht jemand von euch, wie das Lied heißt und von wem es ist?! Vielen Dank schonmal :) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4HwXZJVxvY&feature=player_embedded\nHallo! Gibt es beim Marilyn Manson Konzert eine Altersbeschränkung und wie früh sollte ich vor Beginn da sein, damit wir möglichst weit vorne stehen? LG\nWeitere Fragen mit Antworten Lyrics marilyn manson Deine Vorteile bei gutefrage.net:\nWas bedeutet es wenn man sagt ``Nach mir die Sinnflut´´?\nMarilyn Manson´s Drummer bei Comet abgestürzt.\nHallihallo. Ich hoffe Ihr könnt mir helfen. Ich habe gerade gehört, das Marilyn Manson´s Drummer beim Comet 2004 während der Performance von der Bühne gestürzt ist. Habe bereits bei My Video und You Tube geschaut, aber finde da leider nix. Wer kann mir ein Link nennen, mit dem Absturz-Video?", "Channel1 Ordner - Page 10\n07/03/2009, 12:35 #136\nlol, willst du cool sein das die dir zeigen willst das du die server files hast wenn du sie nicht pub machst dan mach keinen thread auf wegen angeberei\n*du dickes kuhstahlwessen*\n07/03/2009, 12:36 #137\nWenn er sie doch pub macht ist es doch okay\n07/03/2009, 12:38 #138\nWisst ihr was? Sucht euch den Ordner doch selbst, Pub mach ich den jedenfalls nicht mehr.\nIch suche ganze zeit nach einer anderen möglichkeit ein FTP Server zu erstellen dann schau ich mal was für Beiträge ihr so schreibt dann seh ich so ein Beitrag, das ist ja wohl die höhe. Für solche Idioten den Ordner Pub machen? Nein danke!\nIst ja der hammer das so ein kleiner Pi**er ankommt der nicht mal richtig Deutsch kann und mir was erklären will.\nRaiden ich glaub nicht das die Files Pub sind, beweis es mir, wenns sein muss per Pn. Sonst würde jeder den Channel1 Ordner haben.\n07/03/2009, 12:40 #139\nlagak ? Jetz sei nicht so das sind hallt die unterentwickelten kinder\ndie keine ahnung davon haben und denken du redest hier nur um den heißen brei herum\nmach jetz bitte den Channel1 pub für uns. dann ist es endlich so weit ein eigenen server zu machen wir werden dich lieben <3\n07/03/2009, 12:42 #140\nja, lass den thread schlissen und lass uns ihn ruhe mit deiner angeberei\nsowas ist echt uncool hast echt nichts anderes zu tun oder was?\n07/03/2009, 12:43 #141\nUnd ob, Mazlum hatte sie hochgeladen (unvollständig)\nEntpackt man die Dateien übert ne Sandbox hast du genug infos + Material den rest werde ich nicht sagen... Wer ahnung hat kommt von selbst drauf.\nUnd ob der Ch1 FULL Pub oder nicht Pub wird ist am ende egal, weil somit niemals ein server auf die beine gestellt wird.\nDas du keine lust hast bei solchen Commis ist verständlich, man kanns von 2 Seiten sehen\nMehr sage ich erstmals nicht sonst schreibe ich wieder ein Buch...\n07/03/2009, 12:44 #142\ner versucht doch einen ftp server zu suchen und die sache up zu loaden also sei mal etwas ruhig\n07/03/2009, 12:45 #143\nVielleicht sind wir auch die die einen schlechten Fake erkennen im Gegensatz zu euch ...er wird ihn niemals pub machen weil er ihn nicht hat er weiß ja selbst nicht woher er ihn haben sollte...lächerlich....\n07/03/2009, 12:46 #144\nFreundchen halte du doch den Ball flach, dein Kommi auf S14. ist zum lachen bezeichnerst uns als Leute die nichts können? und nicht reif genug sind? , du was bist du? der King of kings? sorry vergas ich...\nDu bist lediglich scharf auf die CH1 Files, mach dir die mühe und besorg sie selbst mit schleimen kommt man im Leben nicht weit.\n07/03/2009, 12:47 #145\nhab nen linux pc\nhab auf meinem alten rechner einfach linux installiert\nhab linux debian wer mir ch1 ordner schickt denn mach ich einen account auf meinem server mit +9 eq\n07/03/2009, 12:48 #146\nlol, ihr labert die ganze zeit von der und der und der sind doch nur kiddis lol beweißt mir das ihr keine seid wollt ihr mir sagen das ihr 18 seid und immer noch vorm pc zockt und spielt so spiele wie metin2, weil ihr keine frau habt,keine hobbys,nicht genug geld um einkaufen zu fahren, weil ihr von hartz4 lebt? beweißt mir das gegenteil<.<\n07/03/2009, 12:50 #147\nWir \"labern\" nicht wir schreiben,\nUnd wer den Sinn einer Diskusion nicht versteht, sollte lieber leise sein.\n07/03/2009, 12:54 #148\ntoll und er wird nicht pub -.-\n07/03/2009, 12:54 #149\nWir \"labern\" nicht wir schreiben, ich weiß\nUnd wer den Sinn einer Diskusion nicht versteht, sollte lieber leise sein. Wie den man hört mich doch garnet ^^\n07/03/2009, 12:56 #150", "#projekt - Instagram photos and videos\n#projekt#design#Projekt#project#art#interiordesign#girl#photooftheday#motivation#handmade#instagood#draw#selfmade#drawing#black#architekturawnętrz#projektowaniewnetrz#love#rysunek#interior#architektura#architecture#grafika#nlogo#photography#designer#artwork#photoshop#książka#tatuaz#blonde#dziewczyna\nHashtags #projekt for Instagram\n@missmarieslife\n#teammissmarieslife\n#missmarieslifearmy\n#teammissmarie #aloha\n#holiday #bahamas #hawaii #projekt #veranstaltung #musik #berlinmodel #instakidsworld #sängerin ##missmarieslifearmy #bestertag #instakids #musicaly #musicallyfan #musicallys #teenmodel #muser #musicallydeutschland #girl #photooftheday #shooting #dusically #model #nohaters #deutschland\nIt just wasn't our day today. I qualified P13 on the @mbrpexhaust Mustang. Ever notice just when you think everything is aligned and your day is going perfect that at times there's a curve ahead that you just didn't see or plan for? Me too !! Tomorrow will be a tough fight here @limerockpark @brett.sandberg and I will no doubt have a great car from @awaracingteam so only time will tell. .\n#mustang #shelby #gt4 #racecar #projekt #mbrp #mbrppowersports #spyderactive #gulfcanada photo by @cdnautoracers\n#wood#wildoak#carpentersworkshopgallery #projekt #selfmade #diy #dinningtable#nature #lifeedge #lifeedesign #lifeedgetable #design #furniture #woodfurnitur\nLaaaaaaaange Mittagspause = Socken Gr. 21 (glaube ich) fertig. #Endlichgeschafft #Schachenmyr #stricken #knit #kniting #Sockenstricken #Socken #BereitfürdasnächsteProjekt #Projekt\n#Preparing my #Exhibition #guardians in (also my) #Projekt(t)raum #Project #Room called #X in @bregenz_austria #Flat #Space #Artist #Work #Studio #Sculpting #Photography #Model #Art #Gallery #Bregenz #LakeConstance #Bodensee #Dreiländereck #Mountain #Mountains #MontBlanc #MontBlancMassive #3D #ThreeFriendsOnTurbo\nVor dem #fotoshooting für das nächste #projekt von #ApeDemieMovie wurden die beiden #fotomodells heute von der #makeupartistin @danielawolfbeiss geschminkt.\n#film #foto #design #makeup #shooting #kreativ #graficdesign #fotoprojekt #filmproduktion #filmmaker #kamera #kameramann #set #fotoset #lovemyjob #instagood #instafilm #picoftheday\nGet in and go, to the next project . We build an exclusive PC case\n#emcoturn #emco #cncmachining #cnco #maschine #steel #pc #creativ #art #cncporn #instagram #darkmetalart #Fürstenfeldbruck #münchen #bayern #pc #computer #siemens #fanuk #heidenheim #nice #mechanik #fabric #programming #lifestyle #usa #production #prototype #projekt #gamingpc\nFit oder Fett? Das ist deine Auswahl!!! #Projekt #Gruppenarbeit #IIK #DAAD\nBlood and wine expansion was my favorite ! I can't wait to see if they will grace us with another dlc #art #artwork #digitalart #photoshop #game #witcher #geralt #dettlaff #illustration #cd #projekt #red #vampire #fantasy #fire #hunter #sword #magic #castle #rpg #roleplay #wolf #thewitcher3 #wildhunt #blood #and #wine\nCasa IZ Campeche artesano haciendo Texturas #tallerestiloarquitectura #arquitecturaquegeneraemociones #architecture #архитектура #architektura #architettura #archdaily #design #дизайн #projekt #disegno #interiorism #abstract #concrete #house #city #campeche #texture #artisan #arquitecturamexicana #mexico\nOk ich bin mutig und poste das Video jetzt in meinen Feed. Nach so viel positivem Feedback von Euch- ermutigt ihr mich einfach dazu ich wollte schon immer ein kurzes Video von mir haben aber um ehrlich zusein - habe ich mich nie getraut . Aber heute hab ich es angepackt das Video Material. Alles was ich dabei hatte waren ( meine Kamera, die Drohne mit meinem Ösi und der Keks ) . Alles begann beim spazieren gehen an einem warmen Sommerabend . Später dachte ich mir, das Videomaterial ist echt verwendbar. Es dauerte nicht lange und ich habe heute einfach los gelegt . Ich hatte wirklich einen Arbeitsflow. Erst bearbeitete ich sämtliche Bilder die an dem Abend entstanden sind und dann die Videos . Tadaaa das erste eigene about me Video von mir. Ohne groß nachzudenken einfach los gelegt . Ich habe mir einen Ruck gegeben und es einfach raus gehauen ( instastories )! Ich möchte mich gerne mehr mit dem Thema befassen und auch aktiv meine Lebendigen Erinnerungen ins Leben rufen. Euch als Familie , frisch verliebte, du mit deinem Vierbeiner o. einfach nur dich alleine zu begleiten. Na interessier dich das? (Ps: das komplette Video findet ihr in meiner biobunter About) #projekt #video kann beginnen .\n#newarea #newproject #newideas #newstuff #lifeisnow #bestrong #nadinebernspitzfotografie #weddingphotographer #aboutme #whatdoyouthink #myfirstvideo #lebendigeerinnerungen #crazyday #crazyshit #ohmygod #idoit\nSemester#Projekt#endeFerien #fhaachen#table&wear#saneh#Design#Produktdesign\nProjekt na tatuaż\nOldschoolowa gotka, 11 x 6,5 cm\n#goth #oldschool #girl #spooky #dark #tattoo #project #glasses #draw #drawing #art #black #rysunek #projekt #tatuaz #dziewczyna #mrok\nJest moc! @49conceptstore @fuoriformato_targetgroup @universalmusicpolska Szykuje się efekt total! #architekciwnetrz #architekturawnętrz #interiordesigner #interiordesign #designing #projektowaniewnetrz #projekt #ilovemyjob #instadaily #materiał #beautiful #beauty #style #infashion\nProjekty tatuaży na formacie A4.\n#rose #flower #girl #spooky #realism #dotwork #tattoo #project #wavylines #draw #drawing #art #black #dark #rysunek #projekt #tatuaz #dziewczyna #mrok #róża #falistość #Realizm\nKleiner Ausbruch, was ich aufschreiben musste. Sonst wäre es bis morgen früh wieder verschwunden gewesen aus meinen Gedanken. Das passt zwar aktuell nicht ins Projekt aber das musste ich aufschreiben.\n#tippen #schreiben #lesen #ohnenamen #geschichte #story #storyteller #lesen #bücher #Projekt #fokussiert #hartamlimit #müde #mittenindernacht #literatur #buch #füreuch #danke #weiterimmerweiter #lesenswert #neuerpost\nWichtig ist für mich die Vorbereitung ♡\nIch will vor der Arbeit einfach kein Stress haben. Abends und nach der Schicht fällt es mir einfacher...\nFür mich ist Vorbereitung alles ♡\n#cleaneating #cleaneats #lasstdiekilosschmelzen #fitness\n#weightlosstransformation #yazioapp #yaziogermany #yazioteam #kalorienarm #kalorienzählen #kalorienarmerezepte #fettlogikfrei #fettlogiküberwinden #abnehmen #abnehmen2018 #abnahmeblog #motivation #projekt #transformation #gesundessen #gesundabnehmen #gesund #ernährungsumstellung #foodblogger #heathly #healthyfood #healthyfoodshare #fitfam #leipzig\n20.07.2018 - Entenwerder 1 - Das schwimmende Café mit dem bunten - Hamburg'ta yüzen kafe Entenwerder 1 #projekt #365days #365tage #365gün #day201 #tag201 #201inciün #ikiyüzbirincigün #jedentagwasanderes #hergünfarklıbirşey #Hamburg #deutschland #almanya #entenwerder #café #kafe #teşekkürlerbarışözcan #barışözcan @barisozcan\n#приборка #бмв #bmwlive #bmw #bmwm #bmwmpower #mpower #motorsport #bmwfemily #bmwclub #fucknewcarsimdrivingoldschool #oldschool #bmwe36 #bmwm3life #bmwe36m3 #bmwe34club #e34 #e39 #e38 #m40b18 #m50b25 #демончинит #1993 #1994 #bmwteam #бэхадемона #adv1 #weels #projekt #drift\n#مكعبها حكايت ميكنند...\n#سيامشق پروژه #دماوند و احوالاتش .\nDie Würfel möchten sich reden... .\ndie #Skizze von dem #Projekt #Damavand\nMaleńkie mieszkanie zaaranżowane pod wynajem. Ekscytujące jest projektować dla nieznajomego klienta\n#arrea #podklucz #podwynajem #interiordesign #interior #interiordecoration #smallinteriors #livingroom #instainterior #projektantwnętrz #architekturawnętrz #zielonagora #projekt #myproject #3ds #kitchendesign #whitekitchen\nProjekt Boot\n#boot #anka #projekt #wakenitz #erstes #ruderboot #rudern #heimwerker #heimwerkerking #ostsee #ostseeküste #ostseekind #ostseeküste\n#first #solo #swan #poetry #projekt #koldra #prawie #white #trash #in #whitetrasz #gypsygirl #gypsy #lige #dream #opera #theatr #art #sexy #black #protest #skandal #girlstalking #grlpwr\n#dress #design #projekt #fashion #sketch #fashionillustration #designsketch #fashiondesign #reddress #prom #promdress #blonde #brunette #project #dressdesign #wedding #weddingdress #weddingdressdesign #fashionsketch #poland #szkic #suknia #sukienka #moda #flowers ~Kuzi\nphotographed by @schokiking\nErgebnis unserer Schülerpraktikantin in der 2. Woche. Sie setzt einen ganz neuen Trend, indem sie einen Gallenstein in den Schmuckbereich integriert und einen Schlüsselanhänger nach eigener Idee in Sterlingsilber anfertigt. Medizin und Kunst treffen aufeinander.\nKeychain with an original gallstone. A new trend is born.\n#selfmade #handmade #innovativ #art #kunstobjekt #newcreation #silver #gallenstein #projekt #project #medizinundkunst #feinstegoldschmiedearbeit #goldschmiedearbeit #fotokunst #schülerpraktikum #spaßanderarbeit #gallstone #medicineandart\nPink napvége #201 #pikkelycsillám #projekt #slow\nNie możesz spać przez remont? Nie wiesz jak się za to zabrać?⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀\nJa Ci pomogę za ułamek ceny możesz dziś mieć moje wsparcie w postaci kursu wideo na którym pokazuje jak stworzyć piękne wnętrze! ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀\n#projekt #wnętrze #aranżacja #poznań #architektura #design #architektura #urządzić #projektant #architekt #dom #mieszkanie #nowydom #dom #homelovers #kursyagnieszki #mieszkajpiekniej #interior123 #konkurs #remont #konkursy #wygraj #kurs _4you #online #szkolenieonline #książka #zdjecie #atoato\nGeneralnie, pomyślałem żeby powiedzieć o technice #mysterybox bo w połowie sierpnia chce wystartować z takim małym projektem... Na razie nie zdradzę co, ale z tego co wiem, to w PL nie było jeszcze podobnej formy rozrywki. Także, taki teaser, kto ciekawy niech wyszuka książkę #Masquerade z 1979, a póki co... obserwujcie insta, fejsa i youtuba. Tam będą trailery, które powoli wszystko wyjaśnią :)))\nNu sätter vi fart :) fortsättning följer ;) #äventyr #bygge #projekt #familjenknas #familjensamlad #tältgolv\n#skull #octopus #creative #art #design #gold #teeth #klawo #prze #projekt #fresh #head #rysunek #draw #color #markers #wrzutka #poza #schemat\nDie Säulenheiligen von Christoph Pöggelerim Altstadt in Düsseldorf.\nУличные скульптуры Кристофа Пёгелера в Дюссельдорфе.\n#Projekt #Säulenheilige #Menschen #Säulen-Skulpturen #Pöggeler #Säulen #Skulpturen #Litfaß-Säulen #strassenfiguren #strassenfotografie\n#duesseldorf #dus #meindüsseldorf #säulenheilige #christophpöggeler #kunstindüsseldorf #litfasssäule #architecture #architektur #theworldshots #instadüsseldorf #düsseldorf\n#Technik #Projekt #hocker #dertreffweckhoven\n#lamawiese #technik #projekt #delhoven #dertreffweckhoven\nStoked to be here in Sarajevo for the next week working on a film projekt with the @kaficsarajevo crew and my homie @damoderts good times ahead! #vansvienna #vans #bmx #gainprotection #ogbs #filming #street #projekt #sarajevo\nRepost from @chutzit Je pre nás dôležité šíriť prevenciu a vzdelávať mladých ľudí a zodpovedných dospelých o úskaliach porúch prijímania potravy. Preto sme navštívili 30 škôl po celom Slovensku a diskutovali sme o poruchách príjmu potravy s takmer 1467 žiakmi a študentmi. Radi v tom budeme pokračovať, ak nám pomôžete a podporíte Chuť žiť na Startlabe - link v bio. Ďakujeme.\n(Janka Paulíková)\n#projektchutzit #pppniesuhanba #ppp #poruchyprijmupotravy #anorexia #bulimia #ortorexia #bigorexia #obezita #podpora #osveta #projekt #chutzit #chutzivota #pomoc #slovakia #slovensko #slovenskojekrasne #cestovanie #ziaci #studenti #stredneskoly #dusevnezdravie #kampan #dakujeme #zdravie\nPhoto by: @hygge_for_home\n#inspiracje #interiordesign #interiordesign #aksentdesign #home #homedesign #projekt #projektowaniekuchni #projektowaniewnetrz\n#dog #love #goodtime #jaimee #golf #golf2 #vw #volkswagen #car #life #projekt\nOficjalne rozpoczęcie urlopu.\n#rokwobrazie #projekt #kategoriaWydarzenia\nWas passiert, wenn man sich beim verladen, einer 3m ×60cm großen und 40mm dicken Arbeitsplatte aus massivem buchenleimholz, nicht helfen lässt. Sie kippt um und das Bein ist dazwischen. Autsch.. #allgäucustom #massivearbeitsplatte #projekt #Werkbank\nErste Thujias sind gekauft\nBei den Temperaturen diesen Sommer wird es nichts mit grüner Oase #sommer #garten #oase #rasen #heim #haus #eigenheim #eigenleistung #projekt\nVinný košt to rozjíždí Nový projekt, nové logo, nové akce.\n#Vinnykost#logo#akce#projekt#vino\nℙ𝕣𝕠𝕛𝕖𝕜𝕥 𝕍𝕖𝕕 𝔽𝕒𝕤 𝟚\n#interiordesign #home #design #danishdesign #interior #oak #projekt #breath #naturligt #wood #vackert #trä #scandinavianhome\nPraca #projekt #project #myproject #work #tworzę #garden #gardendesigner #landscape #architekturakrajobrazu\nŽitava v Hurbanove #zitava #hurbanovo #hurbanovoprevsetkych #tusmedoma #slovensko #heinekenslovensko #projekt #community #communityproject #goodideaslovakia #dronephotography #drone #dronephoto #dji #djimavicpro #djipilot #mavicpilot #nature #river #photography #photooftheday #instaphoto #l4l #f4f @carovne_slovensko @slovakia.travel\n#Projekt #deutz #luftkochtnicht #spasskostet #geldverbrennen.de #youngtimer #kurzvormlacken #ordnungmusssein #männerbrauchenmaschinen\n#projekt#tata#topolaskies#miłośćbezwarunkowa#naszczas#wakacje#bulgaria#rodzina#itaka#rewelacja#holidays#family#ourtime#love#polishboy#instaboy#instafather @kindziaciesielska @topolaskies @itakapl\nmunka folyamatban #bánk #indul #projekt #nulladiknap #mindjárt #búzamező #fekete #organikus\nVisualization of a small residential living near Vienna.\n#realestate #rendering #renderbox #architecture #archidigest #designboom #designporn #residential #cgsociety #vrayrender #photoshop #immobilien #bauträger #property #projekt #digitalimage #digitalsculpting\nHej! Hej! Tyle się ostatnio dzieje! Nowe pomysły, nowe projekty i nowy sprzęt pojawił się w naszym domu Chyba się domyślacie jaki ? Do tego przygotowujemy z niemężem małą pracownie i wielkie testowanie tkanin na t-shirty A może przy okazji polecicie coś super jakości? #sewing #sew #sewinglovers #sewingproject #sewingpattern #sewinglife #sewingmachine #janome #overlock #tshirt #fashion #style #handmade #fabrics #cotton #szycie #szyje #szyjebolubie #pasja #hobby #tkanina #tkaniny #materiały #bawełna #szyciezpasją #projekt #pomysł #motywacja\nOups update tomorrow\n#cars #carclub #bilteam #bilklubb #carcrew #carteam #slowbaccamotor #sweden #blekinge #saab93 #Saabnation #projekt #turbo #aero #changes #suprise\nSalon @poradafurniture @Regrann from @galeria_wnetrza - @poradafurniture #italianstyle #sofa #mirrors #sidetable #wloskistyl #details #interiordesign #design #light #beauty #inspiration #instadesign #luxury #luxurydesign #architekturawnętrz #projektowaniewnetrz #poradafurniture #wnetrza #projekt #meble #meblewłoskie #agent\nNa was mach ich gerade? Vorschläge willkommen... #vwbus #t5 #t5camper #vwbulli #vanlifegermany #selfmade #projekt #vanlife #instavan #vwvan #vanspotting #campinglife #homeiswhereyouparkit #homeonwheels #traveling #keepitsimple #roadtrip\n#planar #tigerexped\n2 krát ročne máte šancu vyhrať hodnotný kurz, preto neváhajte a posielajte fotografie s knihou Projektové myslenie!\n1. Zašlite nám na email asistent@garantpp.sk naozaj ORIGINÁLNU FOTKU s knihou PROJEKTOVÉ MYSLENIE (a písomným súhlasom so zverejnením)\n2. My ju zavesíme na FACEBOOK.com/projektoveriadenie\n3. Fotku okomentujte a zdielajte na svojej stránke\n4. Ak sa Vám páči, lajknite stránku FACEBOOK.com/projektoveriadenie alebo náš instagramový profil Fantázii a tvorivosti sa medze nekladú. Pošlite fotky z rôznych miest, z rôznych situácií, z rôznych kútov sveta…\nViac informácií nájdete na našom webe http://www.projektoveriadenie.sk/novinky/projektove-riadenie-sutaz\nProjektoveRiadenie #ProjektoveMyslenie #ProjektovyManazment #IPMA #PRINCE2 #PTBOK #Kurzy #projekt #uspech #ciele #manazment #dnescitam #sebarozvoj\n#motivacia #zmena #myslenie #gpp #podnikanie #projectmanagement #project #success #goals #management #personalgrowth #motivation #change #mindset #knowledge #improvement #business.\nOd jakiegoś czasu pracowałam nad projektem swoich jednodniowych szkoleń wewnętrznych Forever. I wreszcie dzisiaj zostało wszystko domknięte wraz z teczką z materiałami dla uczestników.\n#rozwój #szkolenie #praca #pasja #fireverlivingproduct #projekt #sukces #działanie\nПривет. Я Димка, мне 29.\n#Projekt #Schrift vertiefen#Naturstein bearbeiten#habe fertig\nJak dobrze, że emocje są jak chmury.Przychodzą na jakiś czas, upominają się o uwagę, przynoszą coś ważnego i, jeśli tylko im na to pozwolimy, (nie przywiązując się do nich zanadto) odchodzą, robiąc miejsce na inne stany... Wczoraj dałam sobie tak potrzebny czas, wysmuciłam się, kończąc dzień pracowitą lekturą. Taką, która zmotywowała mnie do spisania listy celów.Długo mi to zajęło, ale zrobiłam TO.I będę powtarzała codziennie.Co z tego wyniknie? Zobaczymy.Efektami na pewno się z Wami podzielę.\nJedno jest pewne.Po pochmurnym, wczorajszym dniu nie zostało dziś śladu.Powitało mnie słońce, nadzieja, jasno wytyczony kierunek działań na najbliższe tygodnie.Zbliżanie się do celu jakim jest samodzielne wydanie pierwszej książki wiąże się z obecnością rozmaitych myśli, uczuć, rozważań. Kiedyś więcej Wam o tym napiszę.\nDziś jednak zrealizowałam mój plan.Jestem już blisko mety. Bardzo mnie to wzrusza i motywuje do ukończenia jednego z najważniejszych marzeń tego roku.\nBardzo dziękuję wszystkim Osobom, które są ze mną (w sposób bardziej lub mniej świadomy) i kibicują, dodają wiary, sił, motywują, wysyłają uśmiechy, dobre słowa.Dziękuję wszystkim, którzy czekają na Szafę Trzymajcie proszę kciuki.Mogę na nie liczyć???\n#książka #ksiazka #książki #ksiazki #książkadladzieci #ksiazkadladzieci #książkidladzieci #ksiazkidladzieci #szafa #projekt #plan #cel #marzenie #marzenia #siła #droga #wdrodze #kobieta #biznes #polishgirl #polishgirls #smile #dream #dreams #happy #motywacja #inspiracja #picoftheday #photooftheday#instagood\n#projekt #gartenbett #guteidee #familienleben #familienliebe @schapok @thestarsofourlives #einsommerwieerfrühereinmalwar #heimatliebe\nWszystko bedzie w porządku\nTo bedzie dobre, dobre życie..\n#agamodels #Perfect #goodday #motivation #boodybuilding #fitness #blondehair #blonde #girl #power #sexy #hotgirl #dress #elegant #subtelna #polskadziewczyna #sesja #projekt #maxmodels #chill #loveislove #love #goodass\nChoć tak często Cię mam na końcu języka..\n#logodesign #logotypy #logotype #nlogo\n#projekt #projektowanie #logodlafirmy #logo #designer #design #grafika #logotype #logodesigner #branding #nlogo.pl #identity #projektygraficzne #nlogopl #jevellery #top #new\nDo Up SCRATCH decor tile - works well with industrial design.\n#industrialdesign #interiordesign #bathroomdesign #ambience #ambient #moderninteriordesign #modernspaces #ceramictilesdesign #walldesign #modernbathroom #bathtub #beautifulhomes #apartmentdesign #rental #dizajninterijera #dizajnenterijera #project #projekt #hoteldesign #boutiquehoteldesign #youth #millenials #hipster #architect #arhitekt #renovation #inspiration #interior #interijer\nProjekt nowy pokój dziewczyn uważam za zakończony#babybed#childrensbed#tipi#tipibed #fun#handmade#familia#twins#blizniaki#dziecko#dzieci#pokojdziecka#childrensroom#bed #twindad#близнецы#zwillinge#fraternaltwins#łóżko#projekt#design#homemade#drewno#woodcraft#newproject#deski#desk#sosna#pine#pinedesigns\nNeues Projekt Teil 2\n#handmade #tasche #monday #plotten #einkaufstasche #projekt (Schriftart Gabriola; Kabel Uta BT)\n#schnullerkette #schlüsselanhänger #kinderwagenkette #armband #greifling\n#momtobe #schwanger2018 #schwanger2019 #baby2018 #baby2019 #mama #baby #kind #instamami #instamama #instababy #mamasohnliebe #mamatochterliebe #photooftheday #photography #kindergarten\nPan Kot nie jest zadowolony...Może się ktoś skusi na adopcję?\n#sticker #stickerdesign #art #cat #vintage #naklejka #sztuka #projekt #grafika #graphicdesign #designer #cienkopis #pers #kot #fajka #okular #artysta #szkic #szkicownik #sketchbook #drawing #illustration #artwork #artoftheday #artaccount #instadrawing #instaart #illustrator\nProjekt Samurai X w trasie #projekt_Samurai_X, #projekt, #xedos9 , #mazda , #matsuda, #kl_engine #v6, #eunos\nBusiness card design for Skiddo #blinkblink #projektygraficzne #graphicdesign #graohicdesigner #graphics #design #print #printdesign #druk #grafik #grafika #projekt #wizytowki #wizytówka #kid #ski #businesscards #businesscard #penguin #skiing #winter #cute #zima #narty #wyjazdynarciarskie", "Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 | Melone bei BALDUR-Garten\nSommer- blumenWinterharte StaudenZiersträucherHecken- pflanzenRosenObstBlumenzwiebeln Gemüse & KräuterZimmerpflanzenSameneasyplant® Jungpflanzen StartGemüse & KräuterGemüse Pflanzen A-ZMeloneMini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1\nMini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1Ernten Sie die kleinsten Wassermelonen der Welt! Der neue Hit für die ganze Familie. Die Früchte der Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 haben einen Durchmesser von nur 10-15 cm und schmecken saftig-süß. Das rote Fruchtfleisch hat fast keine Kerne! Aufgrund der Größe ein perfekter Snack und eine ideale Fruchtportion! Ernten Sie bis zu 15 Mini-Melonen pro Gemüse-Pflanze! Die Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 ist wuchsfreudig und bringt ohne viel Pflege gute Erträge.Für eine erfolgreiche Ernte benötigt die Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 eine ausreichende Wasser- und Nährstoffversorgung an einem warmen, geschützten Standort mit viel Sonne. Der Boden sollte für den Anbau der Melone durchlässig und nahrhaft sein. Die Melonen-Frucht dieser kleinen Wassermelonen-Sorte ist süß & das Fruchtfleisch besitzt fast keine Kerne. (Citrullus lanatus / Volmary: Mini Love F1) mehrArt.-Nr.: 2792Liefergröße: 10,5 cm-Topf'Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1' Pflege-Tipps\nPflanzung, Pflege & InfosArtikelbeschreibungArtikelbeschreibungMini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1Ernten Sie die kleinsten Wassermelonen der Welt! Der neue Hit für die ganze Familie. Die Früchte der Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 haben einen Durchmesser von nur 10-15 cm und schmecken saftig-süß. Das rote Fruchtfleisch hat fast keine Kerne! Aufgrund der Größe ein perfekter Snack und eine ideale Fruchtportion! Ernten Sie bis zu 15 Mini-Melonen pro Gemüse-Pflanze! Die Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 ist wuchsfreudig und bringt ohne viel Pflege gute Erträge.Für eine erfolgreiche Ernte benötigt die Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 eine ausreichende Wasser- und Nährstoffversorgung an einem warmen, geschützten Standort mit viel Sonne. Der Boden sollte für den Anbau der Melone durchlässig und nahrhaft sein. Die Melonen-Frucht dieser kleinen Wassermelonen-Sorte ist süß & das Fruchtfleisch besitzt fast keine Kerne. (Citrullus lanatus / Volmary: Mini Love F1) Art.-Nr.: 2792Liefergröße: 10,5 cm-Topf'Mini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1' Pflege-TippsPflanzung, Pflege & Infos\nMini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1 StandortSonne Pflanzabstand80 cm ErntezeitSpätsommer Pflegeaufwandgering Wasserbedarfgering - mittel Lebensdauereinjährig\nMeinungen unserer KundenMini-Wassermelone 'Mini Love' F1\nFe F. aus Adorf schrieb am 01.05.2017 :Hallo\nWelchen Dünger sollte ich verwenden?Antwort von Baldur:Zum Düngen können Sie unter anderem Gemüsedünger und Tomatendünger verwenden.\nTanja B. aus Porta Westfalica schrieb am 30.04.2017 :Hallo\nich möchte mir diese Melonenpflanze bestellen und hätte gerne gewußt ob ich sie auch ins Gewächshaus pflanzen kann. Vielen Dank für Ihre Antwort im VorrausAntwort von Baldur:Ja, das ist problemlos möglich.\nDietmar L. aus Neunkirchen-Wellesweiler schrieb am 25.03.2017 :Trotz schlechten Wetter konnte ich 2016 doch einige wohlschmeckende Früchte ernten. Dieses Jahr will ich aus den Kernen neue Pflanzen ziehen; die ersten Keime sind schon da ! Ich freue mich auf die nächste Ernte (Tipp: Anfangs Folientunnel benutzen).\nSandy B. aus Wefensleben schrieb am 13.03.2017 :Hallo! Ich habe mal ne Frage zur schwarzen Beetfolie. Soll die einfach aufs Beet gelegt werden oder muss man sie eingraben? MfG SandyAntwort von Baldur:Die Folie wird auf der Erde ausgebreitet und die Ränder werden entweder eingegraben oder mit Erdankern befestigt.\nKathinka R. aus München schrieb am 06.03.2017 :Wann kann ich die Melonen ins Freie pflanzen? und wann werden sie geliefert?Antwort von Baldur:Die Auslieferung erfolgt ab 15.03.17. Dauerhaft ins Freie sollten die Pflanzen erst ab ca. Mitte Mai.\nKathleen S. aus Jesewitz schrieb am 15.02.2017 :Ich habe soeben gelesen, dass man die großen Melonen am besten nach dem 5. bis 6. Blatt abschneiden soll und die Seitentriebe ebenfalls. Ist das bei dieser Sorte auch so oder kann man sie frei wachsen lassen? Danke.Antwort von Baldur:Damit die Triebe sich verzweigen und sich viele Fruchtansätze bilden, ist es empfehlenswert, auch diese Sorte zu entspitzen.\nHeidi B. aus Dresden schrieb am 14.11.2016 :Die Pflanze war recht winzig als sie ankam. Nach dem Auspflanzen ins Freie waren 3 schöne Triebe zu sehen und auch Blüten. Die Hummeln waren fleißig, doch leider verkrüppelten die Triebe und auch die kleinen Melonen. Keine Ahnung was falsch lief.Antwort von Baldur:Stimmt die Wasser- und Nährstoffversorgung, kann es auch an nicht ausreichend Wärme + Sonne liegen. Bitte vermeiden Sie einen zugigen Standort.\nBeate G. aus Leipzig schrieb am 28.07.2016 :Hallo, unsere Melone wächst gut, wir haben heute die erste geerntet mit einem Durchmesser von 12 cm, allerdings ist sie innen ganz hell und nicht rot, und riecht auch noch so \"grün\" - ist sie evtl. noch nicht reif??? Bitte um Antwort. Danke!Antwort von Baldur:Die Frucht wird ca. 10-15 cm groß. Sobald der Fruchtansatz eintrocknet und die Frucht \"hohl\" klingt, können Sie diese ernten. Ist die Frucht reif, ist das Fruchtfleisch kräftig rot.\nRainer S. aus Döbeln schrieb am 22.07.2016 :Unsere mini-Melone ist sehr gut gewachsen und hat auch eine größere Frucht ca. 15 cm. Wann kann ich sie frühestens ernten ?Antwort von Baldur:Wenn der Stielansatz abtrocknet und die Melone beim Klopfen hohl klingt, dann ist die Frucht reif und kann geerntet werden. Sabrina W. aus Denzlingen schrieb am 10.07.2016 :super schön gewachsen, leider wollen die Insekten nicht an die Blüten, also einfach selber die Bestäubung übernommen und jetzt werden die ersten drei Früchte größer. :)\nRene K. aus Niedergörsdorf schrieb am 21.06.2016 :Die Pflanze ist nun nach dem 2. Versuch gut angewachsen. Trägt auch schon vereinzelte Blüten. Blütenansätze mit Frucht ist auch erkennbar, jedoch blühen ausgerechnet diese nicht auf. Werden gleich braun Warum?Antwort von Baldur:Wir vermuten, dass es sich bei den Blütenansätzen mit \"Frucht\" um weibliche Blüten mit Fruchtknoten handelt. Diese öffnen sich nur für 1 Tag. Wichtig ist, dass zeitgleich 1 männliche Blüte blüht und Insektenflug zur Bestäubung herrscht.\nMarina L. aus Berlin schrieb am 15.06.2016 :Mit dem \"Kaufzustand\" sehr zufrieden. Am 31.05.16 ins Freie gepflanzt, \"steht wie eine Eins\". Jetzt heißt es abwarten, was das wetter- und pflegebedingte Wachstum bringt.\nAstrid H. aus Wolfsburg schrieb am 24.05.2016 :Die Pflanze sah beim ankommen gut aus. Doch schon nach kurzer Zeit am Fenster nach Anweisung gepflegt war die Pflanze hinAntwort von Baldur:Werden die Pflanzen bis zum Auspflanzen im Haus kultiviert, sind ein heller Standort (Achtung: hinter dem Fenster kann es zu Sonnenbrand kommen) und Temperaturen nicht unter +18°C erforderlich. Bitte die Bewässerung der Temperatur anpassen.\nJasmin B. aus Wolfsburg schrieb am 24.05.2016 :Hallo, habe mir Wassermelonenpflanzen vor kurzen bei euch gekauft, jetzt habe ich erfahren das wenn ich kein Gewächshaus habe, die Wassermelonen nicht werden. Gibt es noch irgendeine andere Möglichkeit was man machen kann wenn man keins hat?Antwort von Baldur:An einem sonnigen, warmen Standort können Melonen auch durchaus im Freiland kultiviert werden. Optimal ist in der Nähe einer Hauswand. Schwarze Beetfolie speichert die Wärme in der Erde.\nNicole M. aus Riniken schrieb am 15.05.2016 :Guten Tag\nBei der Ankunft der Pflanze sah die Pflanze sehr gut aus. Nun habe ich sie eingepflanzt kurze Zeit später ist sie Komplet eingegangen.Was habe ich falsch gemacht?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen sollten erst bei Temperaturen um +18°C ausgepflanzt werden. Vielleicht waren die Nächte einfach zu kalt.\nMel K. aus Luzern schrieb am 09.05.2016 :Hallo\nWas mache ich falsch? Die Melone habe ich bis jetzt im gelieferten Plastik also nicht der grüne sondern nur im schwarzen an einem hellen Standort im Haus gehalten...jedoch sehen die Blätter komisch aus fast ausgetrocknet..DankeAntwort von Baldur:Bitte die Pflanze nicht zu nass halten. Die Bewässerung muss der jeweiligen Temperatur angepasst werden.\nNadja K. aus Nettetal schrieb am 03.05.2016 :Ist die Mini-Wassermelone auf für Kübel geeignet?Antwort von Baldur:Bei ausreichender Versorgung ist eine Pflanzung kein Problem.\nDietmar L. aus Neunkirchen schrieb am 28.04.2016 :Die Pflanzen wurden unbeschädigt geliefert, keine welken Blätter. Bin sehr zufrieden !\nAnita H. aus Rottenburg schrieb am 06.04.2016 :Kommt die Pflanze im nächsten Jahr wieder?Antwort von Baldur:Es handelt sich um eine einjährige Pflanze.\nLenka F. aus Bottighofen schrieb am 22.03.2016 :Muss die Pflanze bis sie nach draussen darf in dem gelieferten Plastik sein?dankeAntwort von Baldur:Bitte aus der grünen Verpackung nehmen.\nTobias M. aus 59269 Beckum schrieb am 21.03.2016 :Wenn ich die Melonen jetzt bestelle, muss ich diese dann bis ende der \"kalten\" Periode drinnen halten? Bzw. wann kann ich die Melonenpflanzen nach draussen setzen?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen vertragen keine kalten Temperaturen und sollten erst ab Anfang/Mitte Mai dauerhaft ins Freie.\nKatja S. aus Arnstadt schrieb am 07.09.2015 :Im Mai ins Freiland gesetzt und sie wucherte förmlich. Nachdem beim ersten Versuch die Frucht weiß war, die zweite auch noch sehr hell, hatte die 3. Frucht 4! Kilo und war bombastisch. Noch 4 Früchte von 3-4 Kilo sind dran. Mini ist anders :)\nBarbara W. aus Trofaiach schrieb am 04.09.2015 :Meine Minimelonenpflanze wächst im Gewächshaus und hat sehr viele Blüten, Bienen kommen auch hin da die Tür offen ist. Trotzdem werden die Früchte nur 1Cent Münzen groß und fallen ab! Was muss ich berücksichtigen um auch welche zu ernten?Antwort von Baldur:Bitte gießen Sie nicht mit kaltem Wasser und achten Sie auf ausreichend Nährstoffe. Die Nachttemperaturen sollten nicht unter +18°C sinken.\nAnja G. aus Baiersbronn schrieb am 09.08.2015 :Hallo unsere Melonenpflanze ist schön gewachsen,sie hat Blüten bekommen und dann auch Fruchtansätze.Leider werden diese nach ca.2 Tagen gelb.An der gesamten Pflanze wächst daher bloß eine Melone.Woran liegt das?Antwort von Baldur:Bitte achten Sie auf eine ausreichende Wasser- und Nährstoffversorgung (Starkzehrer). Jana Z. aus Leipzig schrieb am 18.07.2015 :Hallo,\ndie Melone wächst und gedeiht im kleinen Topf im Zimmer, doch sobald ich sie in den Garten pflanze geht sie ein. In beiden Fällen hat sie einen sonnigen Standort. Wir haben jetzt Juli und eigentlich keine kalten Nächte mehr. Was soll ich tun?Antwort von Baldur:Wird die Pflanze im Zimmer kultiviert, sind die Lichtverhältnisse etwas anders und die Pflanze muss langsam an die Sonne gewöhnt werden. Bitte vermeiden Sie einen windigen Standort.\nFranziska M. aus Kaisten schrieb am 14.07.2015 :Guten Tag\nWie und wann weiss ich wann genau die Melonen reif sind?Antwort von Baldur:Wenn der Stielansatz abtrocknet und die Melone beim Klopfen hohl klingt, dann ist die Frucht reif und kann geerntet werden. Stephan D. aus Rheinstetten schrieb am 07.07.2015 :Die Wassermelone ist sehr gut gewachsen und hatte nun auch schon die ersten kleinen Früchte. Leider wurden diese jedesmal nach ein paar Tagen schwarz und sind abgefallen. Woran kann das liegen?Antwort von Baldur:Wir gehen davon aus, dass die Pflanze mit den Temperaturschwankungen nicht zurecht kommt. Die Temperaturen sollten nicht unter +18°C fallen. Bitte achten Sie auf einen geschützten Standort und eine ausreichende Bewässerung.\nJosefine L. aus Steinach schrieb am 29.06.2015 :Hallo,\nmeine Mini Wassermelone blüht seit Mai, leider bilden sich aber keine Früchte. Die Pflanze ist in einem Topf mit 45cm Durchmesser und wird wöchentlich gedüngt. Was kann ich noch machen um Früchte zu bekommen?Antwort von Baldur:Es bilden sich männliche und weibliche Blüten an einer Pflanze. Wichtig ist, dass zur Blütezeit Bienen für die Bestäubung unterwegs sind. Ist dies nicht der Fall, können Sie mit einem Pinsel die Bestäubung vornehmen.\nClaudia M. aus Eilenburg schrieb am 16.06.2015 :Beim Ersten Mal war sie vertrocknet. Nun beim Zweiten Anlauf wächst sie sehr gut.\nNur die Frage sie rankt ja sehr doll. Wie hat sie es am Liebsten? An einer Hilfe nach oben klettern lassen, oder lieber auf die Erde herrunter ?\nLiebe GrüßeAntwort von Baldur:Auch wenn es sich um Mini-Wassermelonen handelt, ist es sicher aufgrund des Gewichtes der Früchte einfacher, diese auf der Erde wachsen zu lassen.\nClaudia M. aus Geusa schrieb am 07.06.2015 :Ich kann das Baldur-Team nur loben! Die Pflanzen wachsen sehr gut an und blühen auch schon. Danke!!! :-)\nIsabella M. aus Essen schrieb am 02.06.2015 :Noch eine Frage: wird es die Mini - Wassermelone wieder geben und wenn ja, wann? Zur Zeit ist sie wohl ausverkauft.Antwort von Baldur:Voraussichtlich die Pflanzen wieder ab April/Mai 2016 lieferbar.\nClaudia S. aus Neutraubling schrieb am 23.05.2015 :Hallo - nach Erhalt der Pflanze habe ich sie noch auf der Fensterbank kultiviert-dann in den Garten an einen vollsonnigen Standort gebaut-nach einiger Zeit sah die Pflanze, die bis dahin gut getrieben hatte, vertrocknet aus, obwohl sie viel Wasser haAntwort von Baldur:Wir gehen davon aus, dass die Pflanze unter den kalten Nachttemperaturen leidet. Bitte in kalten Nächten (unter +12°C) unbedingt schützen.\nVera M. aus Bocholt schrieb am 22.05.2015 :Hallo,Melonepflanze gut angekommen.Wächst noch gut,keine Melone zu sehen.Habe die noch drin in der Wohnung,weil es noch teilweise kalt ist draußen.Habe die noch nicht gedüngert.Wann und was nehme ich zum Düngern?Und wann kriege ich Melone zum ernten?Antwort von Baldur:Der Erntezeitpunkt hängt von der Witterung ab. In der Regel können Sie die ersten Melonen ab Ende August ernten. Da es sich um Starkzehrer handelt, sollten Sie regelmäßig mit Gemüsedünger/Tomatendünger düngen.\nSylvia S. aus Gommern schrieb am 11.05.2015 :Ab wann kann ich die Melone ins Beet setzen?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen vertragen keine kalten Temperaturen und sollten erst ab Mitte Mai ausgepflanzt werden.\nGesa B. aus Marburg schrieb am 03.05.2015 :Ich habe die Miniwassermelone zuerst im Haus behalten, und dann mit anderen Pflanzen (Töpfe) ins Frühbeet gestellt. Nun ist nur Wassermelone eingegangen, warum? Ich war so gespannt auf die Minis. Täglich gelüftet wenn nötig und regelmäßig gegossen.Antwort von Baldur:Für die Kultivierung ist die Bodentemperatur sehr wichtig. Diese sollte nicht unter +20°C sinken.\nS. K. aus 01993 schrieb am 27.04.2015 :Hallo, kann ich die Minimelone wie Kürbis auf dem Kompost wachsen lassen ?\nMfGAntwort von Baldur:Ja, das ist sehr gut möglich.\nManuela G. aus Dortmund schrieb am 10.04.2015 :Habe die Minimelone vor 2 Wochen im Gewächshaus eingepflanzt,leider ist sie eingegangen und hängt schlapp herunter.Habe mir nur eine neue bestellt und möchte nun nichts falsch machen.Hatte sie in eine Topf mit Komposterde eingepflanzt.Antwort von Baldur:Bitte achten Sie darauf, dass die Temperaturen im Gewächshaus auch in den Nächten stabil bleiben, da die Pflanzen empfindlich auf Schwankungen bzw. Kälte reagieren. Die Bewässerung bitte der jeweiligen Temperatur anpassen.\nSusanne B. aus neufahrn bei Freising schrieb am 29.03.2015 :Wann kann ich die Pflanze draußen im Beet einpflanzen?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen vertragen keine kalten Temperaturen und sollten erst ab Anfang/Mitte Mai ausgepflanzt werden.\nJessica S. aus Gladbeck schrieb am 20.03.2015 :Hallo. Müssen die Melonen wenn man sie im Kübel pflanzt auch eine Rankhilfe haben ?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen können über den Kübel auf der Erde weiterwachsen bzw. an einer Rankhilfe nach oben geführt werden.\nNina L. aus Gschwandt schrieb am 15.03.2015 :Guten Abend,\nich würde gerne wissen, ob ich die Mini-Wassermelone bereits jetzt bestellen und ins Frühbeet setzen kann? Und mit welchem Dünger und wie oft soll ich sie versorgen?Antwort von Baldur:Sie können die Pflanze mit Langzeitdünger für Gemüse (z.B. Art. 994) versorgen. Die Pflanzen benötigen warme Temperaturen, so dass es zur Zeit im Frühbeet (vor allem nachts) noch zu kalt ist.\nNadja L. aus Thun schrieb am 08.03.2015 :Hallo! Reicht eine Mini-Wassermelone Pflanze zur Bestäubung oder sind mehrere Pflanzen notwendig?Antwort von Baldur:An einer Pflanze bilden sich männliche und weibliche Blüten, so dass eine Pflanze ausreichend ist.\nGerda V. aus Hattingen schrieb am 07.03.2015 :Welche erde nimmt man am besten für die Wassermelonen?Antwort von Baldur:Die Pflanzen bevorzugen lockere, nährstoffreiche, leicht saure Gartenerde.\nStephanie K. aus Passau schrieb am 31.01.2015 :Hallo!!! Kann man die Melonenpflanze jetzt bestellen und als Wunschliefertermin Mai angeben? Ist mir schon passiert, dass Artikel die ich Anfang Mai bestellen wollte ausverkauft waren.Antwort von Baldur:Da sich ab Ende April unsere Saison langsam dem Ende neigt, kann es durchaus sein, dass der eine oder andere Artikel ausverkauft ist. Sie können diesen aber bereits jetzt bestellen und uns den gewünschten Liefertermin nennen.\nMichaela D. aus Winterbach schrieb am 23.01.2015 :Wann ist Pflanzzeit im Freien?Welcher Abstand beim Einpflanzen sollte eingehalten werden? Wie sollte die Bodenbeschaffenheit sein? Ist die Pflanze Frostempfindlich?Alles Fragen die andere sich bestimmt auch stellen.Antwort von Baldur:Da die Pflanze frostempfindlich ist, bitte erst ab Mitte/Ende Mai auspflanzen. Melonen benötigen nährstoffreichen, krümmeligen Boden und ausreichend Wasser. Je Pflanze sollten Sie ca. 80 cm Pflanzabstand einplanen.\nKarin S. aus Pforzheim/Würm schrieb am 22.01.2015 :Das ist eine super Idee kleine Wassermelonen.\nDie sind wahrscheinlich nicht fürs Gewächshaus geeignet oder?\nIch werd sie Mitte/Ende Mai ins freie setzten müssen oder?\nWie viel Platz brauchen die Pflanzen und wie hoch werden sie?\nGruß KarinAntwort von Baldur:Eine Kultivierung im Gewächshaus ist möglich. Bitte beachten Sie, dass die Bestäubung durch Bienen erfolgt und diese die Blüten gut erreichen können. Ins Freiland werden die Pflanzen ab Mitte/Ende Mai gepflanzt.\nTanja S. aus Sulzfeld schrieb am 18.01.2015 :Hallo !\nWürde gerne mal die Mini-Melone ausprobieren. In der Beschreibung steht, dass man diese in einen großen Topf setzen kann. Was heißt das konkret ?\nTopfgröße in Durchmesser ? LG T.S.Antwort von Baldur:Damit die Erde nicht zu schnell austrocknet, sollte der Kübel mindestens 40 cm Durchmesser haben.\nRomi K. aus St. Pölten schrieb am 16.01.2015 :Kann ich die Wassermelonen auch in einen Kübel am Balkon setzten? Wenn ja, was muss ich beachten? Wie groß muss der Kübel sein?Antwort von Baldur:Eine Pflanzung in einen Kübel mit ca. 40 cm Durchmesser ist sehr gut möglich. Bitte achten Sie darauf, dass die Pflanze ausreichend Wasser- und Dünger erhält.\nKatja H. aus Eckental schrieb am 16.01.2015 :hallo liebes Baldur-Team,\nwieviel Platz benötigt eine Pflanze?Antwort von Baldur:Wir empfehlen ca. 80 cm je Pflanze.\nWit. R. aus Nürnberg schrieb am 09.01.2015 :kann man die auch im Topf pflanzen?Antwort von Baldur:Bei ausreichender Wasser- und Nährstoffversorgung ist die Pflanzung in einen ausreichend großen Topf problemlos möglich.\nMulti-Pflück-Blumenkohl3 Pflanzen6,49 €\nMaracuja-Pflanze1 Pflanze5,99 €\n5,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt. zzgl. VersandkostenLieferbar ab 25.05.2017 in den Warenkorb\nMelonenbirne 'Sugar Gold'3 Pflanzenstatt 17,85 €12,99 €\nVeredelte Salatgurke 'Phönix®'2 Pflanzen9,99 €\nÄhnliche Produkteweitere Produkte der Kategorie \"Melone\"weitere Produkte für \"Sonne\"", "Amazon.de:Kundenrezensionen: Mass Effect [EA Value Games] - [PC]\nAlle RezensentenNur verifizierte Käufe Alle Rezensenten Alle SterneNur 5 SterneNur 4 SterneNur 3 SterneNur 2 SterneNur 1 Stern Alle positivenAlle kritischen Alle Sterne Alle FormatePlattform: PC | Version: EA Value Games Alle Formate\n5,0 von 5 SternenDer Anfang einer Legende\nVonAmaterasuam 6. April 2012\nPlattform: PC|Version: EA Value Games\nMass Effect (ME) ist eines der besten Spiele, das ich je gespielt habe und der erste Teil einer absolut süchtig machenden Trilogie. Wer nicht alles lesen will, ich werde am Schluss die wichtigsten Pros und Kontras zusammenfassen.\n== Story, Graphik und Sound ==\nMan kann die Story von ME eigentlich nur mit einem Wort beschreiben: genial. BioWare hat ein sehr detaillreiches und -verliebtes Universum erschaffen, das in sich logisch ist: 2148 entdeckt die Menschheit unter dem Südpol des Mars Überbleibsel der längst vergangenen Zivilisation der Prothean. Diese waren technologisch viel weiter fortgeschritten als die Menscheit und so lernt selbige von der Existenz des bis dato unbekannten Elements \"Element Zero\" (auch Eezo genannt). Mit diesem Element und dem durch die Prothean-Artefakte gefundenen Mass Relay, das die Menscheit zuvor für Plutos Begleiter Charon gehalten hat, weil es völlig von einer Eisschicht überzogen war, können gigantische Distanzen in kürzester Zeit überwunden werden. Und so findet die Menschheit heraus, dass sie nicht allein in der Galaxie ist...\nME spielt nun 34 Jahre nach diesen Ereignissen und nachdem die Menschheit so ihre Schwierigkeiten hatte, sich in der galaktischen Gesellschaft zurecht zu finden, geht es zwar friedlich zu, völlig vertraut wird den \"Neulingen\" in der Galxie aber noch nicht. Commander Shepard soll die Gelegenheit nutzen, die der Council der Citadel (die übergeordnete Regierung einiger Rassen, die sich zusammengeschlossen haben, so ähnlich wie die EU) anbietet, und ein Kandidat für die Spectre werden, die Eleiteeinheit des Council. Das würde dem Ansehen der Menschheit gut tun. Bei der Mission, die seine Eignung für diese Truppe prüfen soll, geht aber so ziemlich alles schief und Shepard wird in einen Konflikt hineingezogen, dessen Auswirkungen und Hintergründe für Shepard lange im Dunkeln bleiben, das einzige was er sicher weiß: es hat mit den Prothean und ihrem plötzlichen, unerklärlichen Verschwinden vor 50.000 Jahren zu tun...\nDie Story ist perfekt erzählt: rudimentäre Hintergründe um die Entdeckung des namensgebenden Mass Effect und der galaktischen Gesellschaft werden erläutert, das wird aber schön kurz (und kurzweilig) gehalten, wer aber mehr wissen will, kann den sich im Laufe des Spiels füllenden Codex zu Rate ziehen, der sehr ausführlich ist. Es gibt einige unerwartete Wendungen in der Geschichte und man fiebert richtig mit und will wissen, was als nächstes passiert. Ich war völlig an den Bildschirm gefesselt, das Universum und die Story haben mich einfach komplett in ihren Bann gezogen, das habe ich wirklich nur selten erlebt, einfach phantastisch. Auch die Integration der biotischen Fähigkeiten (so zu sagen die \"Magie\" dieses Universums) wird durch Element Zero sinnvoll erklärt.\nDa ME nun schon 4-5 Jahre auf dem Buckel hat, sollte man natürlich keine Skyrim-Graphik erwarten, aber sie ist trotzdem noch sehr schön. Damals fand ich die Graphik ausgezeichnet. Toll ist auch der Charaktereditor, mit dem das Aussehen und Geschlecht seines Shepards bestimmt werden kann, wem das zu aufwendig ist, wählt einfach das Standardaussehen.\nDer Soundtrack ist einfach super und sorgt genau für die richtige Stimmung. Zu dem Gänsehautgefühl von ME trägt aber auch die ausgezeichnete englische (!) Synchronisation bei, die deutsche ist meiner Meinung nach zu monoton und gefühlsarm.\n== Dialoge und Crew ==\nDAS herasuragendste Merkmal von ME ist die Entscheidungsfreiheit, die mit einem ausladenenden Dialogsystem daherkommt. Wenn man denn will, kann man sehr viel mit vielen Leuten reden und so viel über das Universum, aber auch die einzelnen Personen erfahren. So wachsen einem seine Crewmitglieder, die man im Laufe der Geschichte rekrutiert, richtig ans Herz (außer vielleicht Ashley, die war mir immer unsympathisch :-)). Es kann zwischen drei Grundausrichtungen gewählt werden - Paragon, Renegade oder neutral - oder einfach wild alles miteinander kombinieren. Als Paragon ist man der Held, der kein Unrecht duldet, als Renegade ist nur das Ziel wichtig, wer zwischendurch auf der Strecke bleibt, ist Kollateralschaden. Dadurch kann man seinen Shepard schön individualisieren und baut so eine gewisse Beziehung zu \"seinem\" Shepard auf. Weitreichende Entscheidungen, ob man jemanden tötet oder hilft, jemanden vertraut oder nicht, sind so an der Tagesordnung und beschert einem ein sehr persönliches ME. Absolut genial. Die Dialoge dabei sind sehr gut geschrieben und sehr unterhaltsam, das hat BioWare sehr gut gemacht. Die Interaktion mit der Crew geht so weit, dass man mit bestimmten Mitgliedern sogar Romanzen anfangen kann.\nDadurch ist auch der Wiederspielwert sehr hoch, da man andere Entscheidungen ausprobieren möchte.\n== Ausrüstung und Inventar ==\nAch ja, das Inventar... das hat mir nicht gut gefallen an ME1. Man findet wirklich sehr, sehr viele Waffen und Modifikationen für selbige, das Inventar ist aber irgendwann voll, was dafür sorgt, dass man meistens 90% des Zeugs einfach verkaufen muss oder es in Omnigel umwandelt, mit dem man hauptsächlich irgendwelche Sachen repariert oder überbrückt (s.u.). Das ist sehr nervtötend, denn das Zeug, was man findet, ist meistens deutlich schlechter, als die Waffen und Rüstungen, die man schon hat. Sie kommen nämlich gelevelt daher (I bis X) und wenn man schon ne Waffe Level VIII hat und dann die gleiche auf Level III findet... nicht so toll. Außerdem sehen die Waffen bis auf die Farbe alle gleich aus, egal welcher Hersteller und die meisten sind auch ziemlich schlecht. Zudem sind die Specrtewaffen, die man kaufen kann, mit Abstand die besten Waffen, Abwägen zwischen Vorzügen der einen oder der anderen Waffe gibt es nicht. Ab der Hälfte des Spiels hatte ich die für Shep, dann hab ich nur noch alles verkauft. Shotguns sind in ME auch viel zu stark, die machen auf jede Entfernung sehr viel Schaden und treffen auch sehr genau. Somit war jeder Spieldurchgang recht ähnlich ab dem Zeitpunkt, ab dem man die Spectre-Shotgun hatte, egal welche Klasse: einfach draufhalten. Etwas langweilig.\nDafür kann man seine komplette Truppe ausrüsten: je nach Rasse kann entweder light, medium oder heavy Armor ausgerüstet werden, bei Sheprad abhängig von der Klasse. Jeder kann alle Waffen ausrüsten, aber unterschiedlich gut benutzen. Bioten und Techniker können zusätzlich Biotic Aps oder Omni-Tools ausrüsten, um ihre Fähigkeiten zu verbessern.\n== Händler, Manufacturers und Spectre-Waffen ==\nMan findet aber nicht nur tonnenweise Items, man kann sie auch kaufen. In jedem der drei Häfen, in denen man landen kann, gibt es einen oder mehrere Händler und auf der Normandy (Shepards Raumschiff) selber auch einen. Deren Inventar ist leider zufällig, was die Suche nach einem bestimmten Item ziemlich aufwendig macht, es wird aber durch bestimmte Bedingungen wieder neu bestückt.\nDie Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der ein bestimmtes Item erscheint, kann aber etwas beeinflusst werden und zwar durch die Wahl der Manufacturers. Bei verschiedenen Händlern kann ich Lizenzen für Verschiedene Waffen- und Rüstungshersteller (das sind die Manufacturers) erwerben, deren Items dann im Inventar des Normandy Requisition Officers (= NRO, der Händler der Normandy) auftauchen. Je weniger von diesen Lizenzen ich erwerbe, desto größer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, Items von einer der erworbenen Lizenzen angeboten zu bekommen. Deswegen sollte man sich gut überlegen, welche Hersteller man haben möchte. Lizenzen können erst ab verschiedenen Leveln gekauft werden, daher ist die Qualität der in der Lizenz erhaltenen Items sehr unterschiedlich (Eine Lizenz, die ich erst mit Level 36 haben kann, hat natürlich bessere Items als eine, die ich schon auf Level 5 haben kann). Lizenzen werden nicht übertragen, wenn ich ein New Game + starte, also kann man im ersten Durchgang etwas rumprobieren. Die Items, die in der Lizenz enthalten sind, werden nämlich leider nicht angezeigt. Im New Game + kann man dann besser sortieren: ich persönlich erwerbe immer nur 3 bestimmte Lizenzen.\nDie Spectre-Waffen kann man nur an zwei Orten erwerben, beim NRO und beim C-Sec Requisition Officer in der Citadel (beides erst durch das Achievement „Rich“). Diese Waffen sind immer auf Level VII, erst ab Level 50 hat man Zugriff auf Level X Spectre-Waffen, die mit Abstand die besten Waffen im Spiel sind.\n== Klassen und Skills ==\nShep kann zwischen 6 Klassen wählen: die drei Grundklassen Soldier (Kämpfer), Adept (Biot) und Engineer (Techniker) und deren Mischungen Infiltrator (Kämpfer + Techniker), Sentinel (Techniker und Biot) und Vanguard (Biot + Kämpfer). Shepard kann dadurch unterschiedliche Rüstungen ausrüsten, verschiedene Waffengattungen unterschiedlich gut benutzen und andere Fähigkeiten einsetzen. Durch die oben angesprochenen Spectrewaffen-Thematik, spielen die sich aber nicht sooo unterschiedlich. Schade. Gut ist aber, dass durch eine bestimmte Quest diese Klassenfähigkeit nochmals individualisiert werden kann.\nBiotische und Tech-Fähigkeiten sind nicht sehr zielgenau und deswegen teilweise nicht so gut oder sehr unterschiedlich gut. Pro Klasse gibt es 8 Fähigkeiten plus 4 allgemeine Skills, die Shepard immer hat: Spectretraining, Intimidate, Charm und die passive Klassenfähigkeit. Ich habe nie so viele Skills gebraucht, ich hab mich auf 2 aktive und die passiven konzentriert, mehr brauch ich echt nicht. Ich finde es überflüssig aus Charm und Intimidate ein Skill zu machen: es ermöglicht zusätzliche Paragon- (Charm) und Renegade(Intimidate)-Antworten (die sehr gut sind), man kann aber nur so viele Punkte reinsetzten, wie hoch der jeweilige Paragon- oder Renegadewert ist (diese Steigen je nach dem, welche Entscheidungen man im Spiel trifft). In ME 2 sind die einfach direkt proportional, das ist besser.\nEs gibt ein Minispiel, für die die beiden Fähigkeiten Hacking und Electronics nötig sind, ist der Skill zu niedrig, kann man den Behälter, der damit verschlossen ist, nicht öffnen. Das bedeutet, man muss immer ein Mitglied mitnehmen, das diese Fähigkeit hat, wenn Shep diese nicht besitzt. Es hat mich gestört, dadurch in der Wahl meiner Teammitglieder eingeschränkt zu sein. Was aber sehr schön ist, sind die Waffenskills: je nach Klasse kann Shep bestimmte Waffentypen besser benutzen, repräsentier durch diese Skills (beim Vanguard z.B. Shotgun und Pistol).\n== Kampf, Erfahrung und Quests ==\nErfahrung bekommt man durch das Töten von Gegnern und Erfüllung von Quests. Dadurch bekommt ein reiner Paragon-Charakter etwas weniger Erfahrung als ein reiner Renegade, weil man an manchen Punkten Leute auch verschonen kann. Etwas schade aber nicht wirklich wichtig, weil es ohnehin etwas schwierig ist, das Maximallevel von 50 zu erreichen. Dafür gibt es dann ein New Game+, bei dem Ausrüstung, Skills und Erfahrung erhalten bleiben, neues Levelcap ist dann 60. Da es sehr viele Achievements gibt, die einem für einen zweiten Durchlauf Vorteile geben, lohnt sich dies auch.\nEin Nachteil ist die blöde Gegner- und Begleiter-KI: viele Gegner rennen einfach ohne Deckung zu nehmen auf einen zu und betteln geradewegs darum, abgeschossen zu werden, während die Begleiter sich einen feuchten Dreck darum scheren, ob sie aus diesem Winkel die Gegner überhaupt treffen könnten und schießen trotzdem einfach mal grob in die Richtung, in der ein Gegner ist, auch wenn direkt vor ihnen eine meterhohe Kistenwand ist. Nicht sehr klug, Shep muss hier schon wirklich die meiste Arbeit leisten.\nEs gibt keine Munition, die Waffen überhitzen nur wenn man sie zu oft hintereinander abfeuert, wenn dies geschieht, muss man darauf warten, dass sie wieder völlig auskühlen. Da gibt es aber einen Bug, der dies verhindert, so dass man öfter mal, wenn eine Waffe überhitz, neu laden muss. Geheilt wird durch Medigel, das auch gefallene Kammerade wieder kampfbereit macht.\nDie Sidequests haben zwar oft interessante Ansätze und es gibt sehr viele von ihnen, aber sie befinden sich meistens nur in einem von 3 Bunkersystemen oder auf dem einzigen Raumschifftyp, so dass sie sehr unabwechslungsreich sind, hier wurde viel Potential verschenkt. Außerdem tritt man fast nur gegen Menschen an, was ich unlogisch finde, es gibt auch andere Rassen. Gut ist, dass die Quests teilweise schwer zu finden sind oder aufeinander aufbauen.\n== Allgemeines Gameplay ==\nEines der größten Mankos finde ich den Mako. Das Bodengefährt kommt beim Erkunden der Sidequestplaneten zum Einsatz. Es lässt sich aber sehr blöd steuren und die Planeten sind sehr öde mit riesigen Gebirgen, um die man immer einen riesigen Bogen fahren muss. Furchtbar. Außerdem gibt es zwar eine Karte, auf der ist aber nicht alles verzeichnet. Toll, dann hätten die die auch gleich weglassen können... In den Hauptmissionen fährt man auch manchmal den Mako, da macht das auch Spass, weil da Wege für das Gefährt vorgegeben sind.\nDie Citadel ist etwas zu groß, man muss ewige Strecken zurücklegen, um von A nach B zu kommen, das nervt auf die Dauer. Etwas relativiert wird dies aber durch das Schnellreisesystem in der Citadel, das hilft ein wenig. Die Fahrstuhlfarten zwischen den Gebieten der Citadel finde ich eine Zumutung, sie dauern viel zu lang und meine Leute haben sich praktisch nie unterhalten. Die Strenenkarte ist zu dunkel, manche Planeten habe ich fast übersehen, es gibt auch keine Erkundungsanzeige, ich musste mir immer eine Liste schreiben, wo ich schon war, da in Clustern auch im Laufe der Zeit Sonnensysteme dazukommen.\nDazu kommt, dass das Spiel leider manchmal abstürzt, also sollte man oft speichern.\nMass Effect macht das richtig, was wichtig ist für ein Rollenspiel: Die Story und das Gefühl, wirklich eine Person zu sein, die mit ihrer Umwelt interagiert. Das ist BioWare mit ME so gut gelungen wie mit keinem anderen Spiel. Die Gameplayschwächen, die es hat, kann man deswegen leicht verzeihen, da sie auch nicht gravierend sind. ME ist viel zu fesselnd und spannend und einafch zu genial, um etwas anderes als 5 Sterne zu verdienen, die Gameplayschwächen habe ich in dem einen abgezogenen Stern beim Spielspass berücksichtigt. Wer eine tolle Geschichte in einem superinteressanten Universum erleben will, der soll zugreifen, man wird locker 60 h bestens beschäftig!\n+ geniale Story mit riesigem Universum\n+ Tolle englische Synchronisation und Soundtrack\n+ tiefgründiges Dialogsystem\n+ Komplettes Team ausrüstbar\n+ Schönes Skillsystem\n+ New Game+ lohnt sich\n- unabwechslungsreiche Bunker\n- ständig überfülltes, unübersichtliches Inventar\n- Spectrewaffen zu stark\n- Blöde Gegner- und Begleiter-KI\n5,0 von 5 SternenEines des besten Spiele der letzten Jahre\nVonchsalphaam 7. Februar 2012\nMass Effect ist mit Abstand eines der besten (Rollen-)Spiele der letzten Jahre. Es bietet eine filmreife Inszenierung, eine spannende, wendungsreiche Handlung, interessante Charaktere, viele Entscheidungen und massig Action. Auch ist es IMO mal erfrischend, ein Rollenspiel in einem Sci-Fi Setting serviert zu bekommen, anstatt das 1000. Mittelalter-Fantasy-RPG.\nDas Universum von Mass Effect (Aliens, Geschichte, etc.) ist absolut faszinierend und gut durchdacht und kann IMO mit den Universen von Star Trek oder Star Wars mithalten.\nDas Spiel sollte jeder Sci-Fi Fan und Rollenspielfan einmal durchgespielt haben.\nDas Beste an Mass Effect ist meiner Meinung nach (neben der tollen filmreifen Story und dem faszinierenden Universum), dass man seinen Charakter absolut individuell gestalten kann und jedes Spiel vollkommen anderes ist, dank der diveresen Lösungsmöglichkeiten. Auch die Möglichkeit des Imports seines Charakters in Mass Effect 2 & 3 ist eine tolle Idee.\n+ freie Charaktergestaltung (Geschlecht, Klasse, Aussehen, Fähigkeiten)\n+ sehr viele weiterentwickelbare Fähigkeiten\n+ sehr viele Waffen und Rüstungen\n+ erforschbare, riesige Galaxis\n+ fimlreife Inszenierung\n+ faszinierendes Universum\n+ spannende, wendungsreiche Handlung\n+ \"Gut\" & \"Böse\" Entscheidungen\n+ Beziehungen zu Teamkameraden möglich\n+ viele Dialoge\n+ einige nette Rätsel\n+ Planetenerkundung mit MAKO-Fahrzeug\n+ tolles Level- und Missionsdesign (außer einige Nebenquests)\n- Kampfsystem nicht voll ausgereift (Deckung und Taktik nur selten nötig, etc.)\n- MAKO Fahrphysik nicht voll ausgreift (bewegt sich teilweise wie ein Flummi)\n- Inventar zu groß und unübersichtlich\n- Basen bei Nebenmissionen werden zu oft recyled (lediglich 3 Basentypen und 1 Frachtschiff werden für über 20 Missionen verwendet)\nVonWutzam 27. März 2011\nHab mir Mass Effect gekauft, obwohl es hier die schlechte Kritik bekommen hat. Ich hatte unter Windows 7 auch das Problem das es nicht starten wollte, aber mit dem Patch 1.02 lief es dann. Damit die vermatschten Texturen richtig dargestellt werden muss man den\nDepth of Field effekt abschalten!!! Einfach in ( My Documents\\BioWare\\Mass Effect\\Config) die Datei BIOengine.ini öffnen und DepthOfField=TRUE in DepthOfField=FALSE ändern. Datei abspeichern und schon erstahlt Mass Effect in ganzer Pracht. So macht das Spiel um einiger mehr Spass und verdient meiner Meinung nach 5 Sterne\n5,0 von 5 SternenIhr kennt Mass Effect nicht...\nVonUweam 1. März 2012\n...ich bis vor wenigen Monaten auch noch nicht.\nFolgende Rezension ist für Käufer gedacht, die von Mass Effect noch nie zuvor gehört haben und sich nun fragen: Soll ich es mir zulegen?\nAls 2008 Mass Effect bei uns in Deutschland erschien, hab ich das nur zur Kenntnis genommen; mir das Spiel aber nicht gekauft.\nNovember 2011: 2 Woche krank und ich bestell mir dieses Spiel beim Durchstöbern von Amazon aus Langeweile (muss bis heute über diesen Umstand lachen) für 9,99 € und denk mir nichts Böses dabei.\nDie zwei Wochen verliefen dann hauptsächlich in diesem Spiel. Zur Bewertung: 5 STERNE. Warum?\n1) Die gesamte Story und Mass-Effect-Welt! Es war das erste Mal, dass ich bei einem Science-Fiction Spiel das Gefühl hatte, eine futuristische Darstellung der Zukunft zu spielen. Fantasy-Elemente wie Lichtschwerter, die Macht usw. wird man hier vergeblich suchen. Die Alien-Spezien sind glaubhaft in die Story mit eingewoben, allerdings in unterschiedlichen Umfang. Wer besonders heiß auf den Hintergrund der Story(-welt) ist, liest sowohl den \"Kodex\" der im Spiel nach und nach freigeschaltetet wird (und teilweise sogar von einer Sprecherin vorgelesen wird), als auch die Bücher zur Mass Effect-Reihe (\"Mass Effect: Die Offenbarung von Drew Karpyshyn und Mick Schnelle\" sei hier jedem ans Herz gelegt, der sich dieses Spiel holen will oder noch mehr in das Universum von ME eintauchen will). (5/5 persönlichen Punkten)\n2) Charaktererstellung: Hier frag ich mich immer noch: \"Warum nicht mehr?\" Zwar ist der Charaktereditor umfrangreich genug und das standardisierte Gesicht ist auch gut; persönlich hätte ich mir aber mehr Frisuren gewünscht. (4/5 persönlichen Punkten)\n3) Kampfsystem und Benutzeroberfläche: Das Kampfsystem ist durchaus abwechslungsreich genug (Es gibt 6 spielbare \"Klassen\"; wobei es 3 \"Grundklassen\" gibt und die anderen 3 Klassen Überschneidungen der ersten 3 Klassen sind). Das Waffen und Rüstungsarsenal ist breit gefächert. Ansonsten unterscheiden sich die Kämpfe nicht groß von einem normalen Shooter (wenn man mal von den biotischen Fähigkeiten absieht). Der Schwierigkeitsgrad ist frei einstellbar und bietet Platz für Neulinge als auch Hardcore- Gamer mit masochistischen Tendenzen.\nDie Benutzeroberfläche könnte in einigen Fällen besser sein. Jedoch kann ich aus meiner Spielerfahrung sagen, dass mich dies nie wirklich beeinträchtigt hat oder auch nur am Spielen gehindert hat. Einziger Kritikpunkt: Die Steuerung des Bodenfahrzeuges im Spiel. Hier muss man sich wirklich dran gewöhnen und Übung macht hier den Meister. Es dauert wirklich etwas und es wird einem den ein oder anderen Tod einbringen, wenn man die Steuerung nicht drauf hat. Von daher einen Punkt Abzug. (4/5 persönlichen Punkten).\n4) RPG: Für RPG Fans ist dieses Spiel einen Kauf auf JEDENFALL wert. Sämtliche Quests (ob Haupt- oder Nebenquests) sind vertont und bieten immer die Möglichkeit einer Entscheidung (Vorbildlich oder Abtrünnig). Dieses (entscheidungs-)System hat dann auch bestimmte Auswirkungen auf das Situationen im Spiel selbst, als auch auf die \"Nachfolgetitel\", da man seinen Endspielstand in die Nachfolger Mass Effect 2 und danach in Mass Effect 3 importieren kann und mit den getroffenen Entscheidungen weiterleben muss und die Konsequenzen zu tragen hat. Wer übrigens \"Star Wars: The Knights of the Old Republic\" kennt oder gespielt hat, wird sich sofort heimisch und geborgen fühlen. (5/5 persönlichen Punkten)\n5) NPC: Warum erwähn ich die? Ganz einfach: Weil man eine Beziehung zu ihnen aufbaut (vor allem zu den eigenen Begleitern; Romanzen lassen sich auch Spielen, sind aber kein Pflicht, wenn man kein Verlangen danach hat). Man wird förmlich in einen Bann gezogen und die Begleiter kommentieren auch oft die Gespräche des Hauptcharakters. Hier verrat ich mal nix, aber es kann durchaus witzig sein, wenn zwei Begleiter unterschiedlicher Ansicht sich zum Beispiel in einer Bar unterhalten. (5/5 persönlichen Punkten)\n6) Grafik: Macht natürlich heute nicht mehr ganz soviel her (ist ja auch schon 4 Jahre her). Stimmig ist sie trotzdem; kommt einem allerdings manchmal etwas steril und \"kalt\" vor. Von daher hier: (3/5 persönlichen Punkten).\n7) Sound: Es ist das erste Spiel, wo ich mir sogar den Abspann mit den Namen angsehen/angehört hab, weil die Musik dabei ein echtes Highlight ist. Auch sonst trumpft das Spiel mit einem guten Sound und guter Musik auf, die einen echten Wiedererkennungswert hat. (5/5 persönlichen Punkten)\nIch glaube mit diesen sieben Punkten hab ich das Meiste hoffentlich gesagt. Mich hat selten ein Spiel so in den Bann (!!!!) gezogen. Hab mir dann zu Weihnachten sofort Mass Effect 2 bestellt, Bücher (als auch Comic) zuegelegt und warte nun gerade voller Ungeduld auf Mass Effect 3. Ich bin bis November 2011 nie in eine \"Merchandising- Falle\" getappt, aber dieses Spiel hat mich wirklich schwer erwischt.\nKaufempfehlung meinerseits jedenfalls.\nAuswertung meiner kleinen Punktezählung: 31 von 35 möglichen Punkten. Schnitt 4,4! Das es trotzdem 5 Sterne vedient hat, ist meiner subjektiven Sicht auf das Spiel geschuldet.\nPS: Es gibt auch 2 DLCs zu diesem Spiel, welche sich allerdings nur mit sehr viel Mühe installieren lassen. Dort am besten gleich die Supportseite von Bioware oder EA befragen. Hatte danach keine Probleme mehr mit der Installation der DLCs.\n4,0 von 5 SternenEin wirklich gutes Spiel.\nVonJörg Bam 21. März 2012\nIch werde mich kurz halten, da das meiste hier schon gesagt wurde.\nMass Effect \"1\" ist sicherlich ein Meilenstein, was dieses Genre angeht.\nIch habe Mass Effect vor Tagen noch einmal aufgespielt, nachdem ich Teil 3 durchgespielt hatte,\num zu sehen, warum ich von dem ersten Teil so begeistert war.\nEs hat natürlich seine Schwächen, was das Fahren mit dem Mako angeht.\nDie kleinen Minispiele nerven, da extrem häufig.\nAllerdings wird das ganze wettgemacht durch erstklassige Mitstreiter. Die Dialoge sind nicht\nso abgeschnitten, wie in Teil 2 und 3, die immer mehr auf Gelegenheitsspieler zugeschnitten wurden.\nIch habe in keinem Spiel, eine derartige Aufbruchstimmung gefühlt. Die Ansprache von Commander Shepard zu seiner Crew,\nbeim Start der Normandy, begleitet durch die treibende Musik, ist unvergessen.\nMan fühlt den Aufbruch ins Unbekannte. In Mass Effect 2 und noch mehr in Teil 3 ist die Aufgabe von Anfang an klar vorgegeben.\nIn Mass Effect ist man noch Entdecker, nichts ist von Anfang an klar.\nMass Effect \"1\" ist nicht so geplagt von ellenlangen Filmsequenzen.\nMass Effect 3 kommt mir fast nur noch wie ein Film vor, unterbrochen von Action, sprich Ballereien.\nIn Teil 3 ist mir Shepard irgendwie fremd geworden.\nIch würde mir eine Neuauflage von Mass Effect \"1\" wünschen, mit HD Auflösung und besseren Texturen.\n4,0 von 5 SternenNach 5 Jahren immer noch ein meisterhaftes...Meisterwerk\nVonPlasticheromanam 14. April 2012\nWas soll ich zu diesem Spiel noch sagen?\nWer's bis heute nicht gespielt hat, hat was verpasst!\nHabe es mir kürzlich erst geholt, weil Mass Effect 3 mich gereizt hat und ich umbedingt die ganze Trilogie von Anfang an erleben wollte.\nObwohl ich durch das Alter des Spiels etwas Langeweile befürchtet habe, bzw. das es nicht mit heutigen \"Standarts\" mithalten könnte, bin deshalb sehr neutral rangegangen und muss sagen: Ha! geirrt!\nFesselt immer noch von Anfang bis Ende, mit tollen Charakteren, einer schönen Story und den besten Dialogen der jüngsten Spielegeschichte! Die Steuerung ist im Vergleich zu heutigen Shootern zwar nicht mehr so frisch, allerdings gewöhnt man sich schnell dran.\nNur das Inventarmanagement und die etwas langwierigen MAKO-Missionen sind (wenn überhaupt) zu bemängeln.\n5,0 von 5 SternenGewaltiges Science-Fiction Epos\nVonGroffinam 15. Dezember 2011\ndas Spiel ist als Trilogie angelegt. Jedes Spiel ist zwar für sich selbständig, aber die Storyline knüpft jeweils aneinander an. Durch Charakter-Import werden Entscheidungen aus dem ersten Spiel sich auch auf die darauffolgenden auswirken. Dies sollte man beachten, wenn man auch die nachfolgenden Spiele durchspielen will.\nZu Beginn des Spiels kann man seinen Charakter individuell gestalten und die Klasse bestimmen. Ich habe mich an die Vorgabe des Spiels gehalten und den vorgefertigten Commander Shepard gewählt.\nDies Spielewelt ist riesig und sehr abwechslungsreich. Einzig bei den Nebenquests und den Außeneinsätzen hätte ich mir mehr Abwechslung gewünscht. Die Story ist filmreif und die unterschiedlichen Charaktere sauber herausgearbeitet. Auch die Grafik hat mich positiv überrascht.\nÄhnlich wie bei Dragon Age folgt die Handlung einem Hauptstrang neben dem noch zahlreiche Nebenquests erfüllt werden können. Diese füllen das Konto und können hier und da mit nützlichen Gegenständen dienen. Lange Wege sind immer wieder ein Problem bei Rollenspielen, gerade wenn die Welt eine solche Dimension wie bei Mass Effect einnimmt. Bioware hat sich bemüht, dieses Problem zu minimieren, aber hier und da hat sich es nicht ganz vermeiden lassen und so stapft man minutenlang durch Gänge, um von A nach B und wieder zurück zu gelangen.\nWährend dem Spiel wird der Spieler mit zahlreichen Entscheidungen konfrontiert. Neben der Entscheidung, ob er den guten oder bösen Weg wählt, kann man Romanzen eingehen (die sich auch auf die späteren Teile auswirken), sich mit Teammitgliedern anlegen, usw.\nKämpfe gibt es zuhauf, wenngleich sie nie zu einem einfachen Hack n Slay ausarten. Die KI ist dabei keine zu hohe Herausforderung und somit hält sich der Frust in den meisten Fällen in Grenzen. Im Vergleich zu Dragon Age, hinkt die Taktik bei den Kämpfen zurück und wurde im zweiten Teil schon nachgebessert. Die Gegner sind vielfältig und mir zumindest wurde es selten langweilig.\nBeim Sound kann ich ebenfalls wenig bemängeln. Das komplette Spiel ist mit Sprachausgabe unterlegt und die Musik passt sich dem jeweiligen Geschehen an, ohne zu eintönig zu werden.\nMeiner Meinung nach kann man mit diesem Spiel nicht viel falsch machen. Für Leute, die nur auf reine Action aus sind, wird das Spiel vielleicht nicht optimal geeignet sein, aber für alle anderen ist es nur zu empfehlen.\nMass Effect hat sein eigenes Universum erschaffen, ohne sich zu sehr an gängigen Vorlagen zu orientieren. Die Geschichte ist spannend, wenn auch nicht ohne Pathos, die Charaktere und Spielwelten sind liebevoll gestaltet und es macht Spaß, die Welt zu erkunden.\nMich hat das Spiel viele Stunden vor den Bildschirm gefesselt und es hat mir Apetitt auf mehr gemacht. Den zweiten Teil habe ich mir gleich im Anschluss gekauft und werde sicher auch den dritten Teil spielen.\n5,0 von 5 SternenGroßer Umfang für kleines Geld!!\nVonReneam 11. November 2012\nIch habe das Spiel über Origin im Angebot für 5€ erworben, aber auch für rund 10€ kann man hier locker zugreifen!! Allein die Spielzeit von rund 22-25 Stunden ist ein Kaufargument. Aber ist diese Spielzeit auch zweckmäßig mit Content gefüllt? Ich würde sagen ja! Die zahlreichen vollvertonten Dialoge sind nett anzuhören wobei ich leider kein Fan deutscher Synchronisation bin was aber wiederum all die jenigen freuen dürfte die die englische Sprache nicht allzu gut beherrschen. Die Story ist auch so gestrickt das man alles verstehen sollte da sonst an der ein oder anderen Stelle doch der berühmte rote Faden verloren gehen könnte. Die Geschichte fand ich sehr gut und auch gut erzählt nur ist das Spiel an einigen Stellen etwas zäh und ab und an fand ich den Fortgang der Story etwas schleppend und \"langweilig\". Wobei langweilig schon fast etwas zu hart ausgedrückt ist. Alles in allem muss ich nach dem Durchspielen sagen das sich der Kauf mehr als gelohnt hat und ich mittlerweile auch den 2ten und 3ten Teil besitze. Gewisse Entscheidungen die man im Spiel trifft wirken sich auf den Spielverlauf aus was das ganze nochmal zusätzlich interessant macht und den Rollenspielcharakter prägt. Auch wirken sich jene Entscheidungen auf die anderen Teile der Serie aus. So habe ich zb. meinen Mass Effect 1 Spielstand in Mass Effect 2 importiert und trage somit auch weiterhin die Konsequenzen meiner Handlungen im ersten Teil. Eine sehr gute Sache wie ich finde denn somit macht die Serie erst recht den Eindruck ein \"Ganzes\" zu sein. Die Grafik finde ich auch heute noch völlig ok und für ein RPG mehr als ausreichend. Natürlich ist es in die Jahre gekommen aber hier geht es mehr um den Inhalt als um Grafik und zudem kann das Spiel auch auf älteren Systemen in guter Optik gespielt werden. (Auch der zweite und dritte Teil gehen recht sparsam mit der Hardware um was für viele sicher auch interessant sein dürfte)\nAlso allen die sich jetzt noch überlegen ob sie es sich nun kaufen sollen oder nicht kann ich nur eine uneingeschränkte Kaufempfehlung aussprechen da die gesamte Serie einfach Spaß macht und insgesamt eine gute und auch spannende Geschichte erzählt.\nEdit: Ein weiterer positiver Aspekt ist die spielerische Freiheit die einem in gewisser Weise gelassen wird denn man hat sein eigenes Raumschiff mit dem sich Planeten anfliegen und teilweise erkunden was auch für Missionen essentiell ist. So entscheidet man wann ob und wie man eine Neben- oder auch Hauptmission angeht.\n5,0 von 5 SternenDer grandiose Auftakt zur Trilogie\nVonJapanfahrerinam 2. Mai 2012\nMass Effect bietet ein neues Spielgefühl; eine Mischung aus Shooter und Rollenspiel.\nDein Leben heilt sich von automatisch, was für mich damals noch ein neues Spielelement war. Die Biotik bietet euch ein abwechslungsreiches Kampferlebnis.\nManchmal bieten die Folgetitel so viele Verbesserungen, dass einem das erneute Spielen des ersten Teils keinen großen Spaß mehr macht, weil man diese vermisst. Dies ist bei Mass Effect nicht der Fall! Auch nachdem man den zweiten Teil oder sogar den dritten mehrmals gespielt hat, bleibt Mass Effect 1 immer noch ein schönes Spiel, dass einfach nur Spaß macht und spannend ist.\nMass Effect hat eine spannende Story und ist schön zu spielen. Obwohl ich den zweiten Teil noch besser finde, so ist doch auch Mass Effect 1 in meiner Liste der Lieblingsspiele ganz weit oben mit dabei und ich spiele es auch heute noch gerne!\n5,0 von 5 SternenGuter Einstieg für das Singleplay\nVonMarkusam 24. Dezember 2011\nSpiel erst zu 33% durchgezockt! Bisher\n1. Amazon Lieferzeit 1,5 Tage (uhhwow!)\n2. Spieleinstallation in Windows7 64bit deutsch (alle aktuellen Updates) problemlos. Start des Spiel nach der Installation und aufspielen des aktuellen Patches des Spieles problemlos.\n3. Keine CD zum Start notwendig. Positiv, weil mein CD-Laufwerk manchmal probleme mit den Kopier-geschützten CDs/DVDs hat.\n1. Spiel stürtzt manchmal ab. Deshalb sichere ich nun regelmäßig. Die Abstürtze können eventuell auch an meiner Graphikkarte liegen, es ist eine ATI Radeon HD5770. Eigentlich nervt es garnicht, weil es selten vorkommt, und man dadurch auch mal zu einer Pause gezwungen ist :-D\n2. Shepard ist ein Unsympath :-D\n3. Im Vollbildmodus der Wechsel auf den Desktop führt meistens zum Spielabsturz. Deshalb habe ich in den Fenstermodus gewechselt, dann ist aber leider der Fensterrand links und oben mit den Windows-typischen Rahmen und Kreuzen zu sehen. Habe keine Einstellung gefunden, den Rahmen auszuschalten.\n4. Der freie Inventarplatz ist iG nicht einsehbar. Deshalb ist Organistion im Haushalt der (seiner) Gegenstände angebracht. Für Messies eine Qual :-( Zudem gibt es (glaube ich) keinen Gesamtüberblick über die seine gesammelten Gegenstände während einer Mission. Ausser man geht danach zum Händler, dann ist es ersichtlich.\n5. Dadurch kommt manchmal das Feeling auf, dass dieses Spiel für die Konsole entwickelt wurde. Hat aber (für mich) auch den Vorteil, dass die großen Schaltflächen, Schriften, usw. auch sehr relaxed im Wohnzimmersofa, ohne groß Mods zu installieren, spielbar sind.\n6. Die Installations-CD Nr.2 in der Verpackung befindet sich in einer Papp-Falttasche, anstelle in das Spiele-Etui mitintegriert zu sein. Das empfinde ich als billig! Das war aber auch schon bei Dragonage Origins, und auch bei Mass Effekt 2 so.\nMehr Negativ- als Positiv-Punkte? Nein! Das Spiel ist seeehr Stimmungsvoll. Und danach pack ich dann ME2 an, um für ME3 bestens gewappnet zu sein. Die Ego-Shooter-Einlagen habe ich mir GENAUSO gewünscht. Mit Story, und einfach der Möglichkeit, missglückte oder unperfekte Szenarien nochmal auszuprobieren (da mir das Ego-Shooter-Genre bislang völlig entgangen ist). Geiles Game!\nvonBioware\n3,3 von 5 Sternen456\n‹ Alle Details für Mass Effect [EA Value Games] - [PC] anzeigen", "Mr. Stone Blu Ray und Film Reviews: Battlefield Earth - Kampf um die Erde (Blu Ray)\nBattlefield Earth - Kampf um die Erde (Blu Ray)\nBattlefield Earth - Kampf\num die Erde (Blu Ray)\nHabe ich mir den Scheiss doch tatsächlich von einem Trash-Fanatiker mal\nausgeliehen, damit ich hier was vom Stapel lassen kann. Geld für diese\nexorbitante Anhäufung von cineastischem Durchfall sollte niemand ausgeben, der\nseine kleinen Grauen noch auf der Reihe hat, es sei denn er braucht mal wieder\nwas zum Lachen, findet die meisten Komödien nicht wirklich witzig oder will\nsich mal so richtig über einen Film aufregen. Diesem Scheusal überhaupt das Zugeständnis zu machen ein Film zu sein, wäre\nungefähr so, wie Battleship eine Story zu attestieren. Was hier in 118 Minuten\ndem Zuschauer aufgebürdet wird grenzt schon fast an Körperverletzung. Die\nKameraarbeit ist phänomenal für den Ar***, befindet sich zu 99% in einer\nSchieflage und sorgt für steife Hälser, die Schauspielkunst aller (!!!)\nBeteiligten lässt sich kaum in Worte fassen, Overacting bringt´s nicht mal\nansatzweise auf den Punkt (schlecht, schlechter, Battlefield Earth), die\nEffekte sind blöde, billig und siedeln auf dem selben Niveau, wie es die\nSchauspielkunst tut und die Masken sind selten dämlich, es sei denn man findet\nübergroße, gepiercte, Rastafari-Klingonen mit grobmotorischen Klauenhänden für\neine innovative und bemerkenswerte Lebensform.\nWenn es wenigstens eine interessante Story geben würde, wäre diese fahrlässige\nGefährdung in Filmform noch zu ertragen. Diese ist jedoch so dämlich und in\nsich unlogisch, dass das gesamte Konstrukt an einen Schweizer Käse erinnert. An\ndieser Stelle alle Ungereimtheiten, offensichtliche und überdimensionalen\nLogik- und Anschlussfehler aufzuzählen, würde dieses Review auf eine\nDoktorarbeit ausweiten.\nAnschauen auf eigene Gefahr. Vor körperlichen und seelischen Schäden wird\nhiermit ausdrücklich gewarnt!\nBild (0 P): Falsches Bildformat und extrem gezoomt und somit nicht zu\ngebrauchen. Aber hey...die Bildqualität passt sich dem Film an. Vielleicht hat\nsich diese aber auch einfach nur den Film selbst angeschaut und ihr sind die\nSeitenränder abgefault. Das ist meine Erklärung.\nOkay...der Sound ist ganz gut und macht bei Zeiten Spaß. Normaler Weise\nschreibe ich immer etwas ausführlicher über den Sound, bin diesem cineastischem\nBrechdurchfall aber nicht bereit noch mehr Aufmerksamkeit zu Teil werden zu\nExtras (0 P): Nichts.\nFazit: Das ich das noch erleben durfte. Die BD ist zweifelsohne das Mieseste\nwas es auf dem gesamten Markt gibt. Im Bereich der Story, dem Bild und den\nExtras gibt es jeweils Null Punkte, im Sound dafür jedoch vier. Somit wären wir\nauf einem Durchschnitt von genau einem Punkt. 0,0 von 5 - Story 0,0 von 5 - Bild 4,0 von 5 - Sound\n0,0 von 5 - ExtrasPlayer:Sony PlayStation 3Darstellung:Mitsubishi HC-4000 Blu Ray: Battlefield Earth - Kampf um die Erde (Blu Ray) Eingestellt von\nErik Stein26. November 2012 um 13:33Für alle die einen sehr amüsanten Zerriss des Films in Videoform auf Englisch sehen möchten, kann ich folgenden Link empfehlen.http://thatguywiththeglasses.com/videolinks/thatguywiththeglasses/nostalgia-critic/16754-battlefield-earthAntwortenLöschenKommentar hinzufügenWeitere laden...", " Berichte aus Kreuzkapelle\nNeues aus dem katholische Familienzentrum St. Johannes in Kreuzkapelle:\nDurch einen entsprechenden Aushang an unserer Elterninfowand haben wir auf Ihre Spende hingewiesen und auch dort bedankt.\nWir laden Sie ein, ruhig einmal in unsere Einrichtung zukommen, um den Einsatz Ihrer Holzbausteine „live“ zu erleben.\nVielen Dank und liebe Grüße aus Kreuzkapelle sagt das\nKath. Familienzentrum St. Johannes in Kreuzkapelle\nLiebe Firma Stommel-Haus,\nwir, die Kinder des kath. Familienzentrums in Kreuzkapelle möchten uns bedanken für die tollen Holzbausteine. Die Bausteine wurden sofort in unserem Bauraum ausprobiert. Dabei hatten wir Kinder viele Ideen. Die besondere Form der Bausteine bot viel Raum zum Austesten für uns Kinder. Vom Turmbauen bis zur Erstellung von Garagen , Schlössern und Tiergehegen oder einfach nur das Experimentieren mit Größe und Höhe. Super! Vielen Dank.\nDamit Sie einen Eindruck von unserem Tun bekommen senden wir einige Bilder von den Ideen der Kinder. Bedanken möchten sich aber auch die Erzieherinnen .Es ist immer wieder schön zu erfahren, dass wir als Kindertagesstätte von unsere Umgebung wahrgenommen und unterstützt werden.\nEin Ausflug in den Wildpark nach Wiehl\nBei strahlendem Sonnenschein und knackig kalten Temperaturen, machten sich am Mittwoch, den 12.02.2014 elf zukünftigen Vorschulkinder, mit Claudia Zander und Katrin Kornienko, sowie zwei Mütter, auf in den Wildpark nach Wiehl.\nMit drei Beuteln trockenem Brot, Stroh, Eicheln und Kastanien für die Wildtiere, sowie vielen kleinen Rucksäcken, gefüllt mit Frühstück für die Kinder, starteten wir mit Vorfreude in den Vormittag.\nIm Park angekommen zogen wir zuerst die Matschhosen und Stiefel an.\nAm ersten Gehege begrüßten uns ganz viele Waldschafe. Wir konnten diese genau beobachten und füttern.\nAnschließend ließen wir uns auch unser Frühstück schmecken-frische Luft macht hungrig! Weiter ging es durch den Park zu den Wildschweinen –das sind wirklich gefräßige Gesellen. Wusstet ihr eigentlich, dass Wildschweine nach Maggie riechen? Ganz schön aufregend sie zu füttern und zu beobachten. Zuletzt machten wir bei den Hirschen Halt. Das Sikawild war eher scheu-das Rotwild sehr zutraulich. Wir waren ganz schön überrascht, wie groß die Geweihe der Hirsche waren-beindruckend. Die Hirsche futterten auch unsere letzten Kastanien auf.\nAuf dem Rückweg zum Auto lud der Wald noch zu spontanem Spielen ein.\nEin spannender Vormittag, mit vielen tollen Eindrücken und unvergesslichen Momenten, neigte sich dem Ende.\nPünktlich zum Mittagessen waren wir wieder in Kreuzkapelle. Lieben Dank auch noch mal an die beiden Mamas, die sich für den Fahrdienst angeboten haben.\nFür das kath. Familienzentrum Kreuzkapelle\nKatrin Kornienko\nwir Kinder in Kreuzkapelle haben euch wieder was zu erzählen.\nDa wir ja immer so viel arbeiten, war doch plötzlich unser Sandkasten ziemlich leer geworden. Vielleicht war es aber auch der Herbstwind, der die Sandkörner wie in der Wüste weggeweht hat. Egal, unsere Erzieherinnen hatten Angst, wir würden die Umrandung des Sandkasten auch noch ausbuddeln, wenn nicht bald neuer Sand in die Spielanlage kam. Also hat Frau Zander bei der großen Firma hier in Kreuzkapelle angerufen und hat Sand bestellt. Ich kenn die Firma gut, da arbeitet mein Onkel und der fährt einen grünen Bus, und da gibt es auch Sand.\n„Rucki Zucki“ kam auch am nächsten Montag ein LKW und hat den Sand auf unserem Hof abgekippt. Das war sehr spannend für uns. Jetzt musste der Sand aber vom Hof erst einmal zum Sandkasten gefahren werden. Die Frau Zander hat einen Zettel für die Eltern aufgehängt und gefragt, wer uns dabei helfen kann - so ein Quatsch – wir Kinder haben unsere Schubkarren und Schaufeln ausgeräumt und los ging es. Na, ja ein Papa hat uns geholfen, aber die meiste Arbeit haben wir echt allein gemacht. Jetzt ist der Sand in dem Sandkasten, und wir buddeln schon fleißig rum.\nJetzt ist der Sand in dem Sandkasten, und wir buddeln schon fleißig rum. Frau Zander hat gesagt, wir mussten gar nichts bezahlen für den Sand. Die Firma Dr. Fink-Stauf hat den ganzen Sand geschenkt. Super. Danke sagen hier alle Kinder. Schön, wenn auch große Leute an uns Kleine denken. Wir freuen uns und versuchen ehrlich nicht wieder alles so flott aus dem Sandkasten raus zu schleppen! Versprochen.\nLiebe Grüße aus dem Sandkasten vom Kindergarten Kreuzkapelle\nAnschließend stand ein Bus für uns bereit, der uns am Flughafengebäude und an geparkten Flugzeugen vorbei, entlang der Start- und Landebahnen Richtung Frachtfluggelände brachte. Während der Fahrt konnten wir jede Menge startende und landende Flugzeuge ganz aus der Nähe betrachten. (Start und Landung waren immer wieder Thema bei den, im Kindergarten überlegten Fragen der Kinder). Die Vorschulkinder hatten Gelegenheit, ihre Fragen an Herrn Klein zu richten, der sie sofort beantworten konnte. Ein, uns begleitender Vater, der als Pilot arbeitet, wollte uns eigentlich eine Cockpitbesichtigung ermöglichen; diese kam aber leider aus technischen Gründen nicht zu Stande. Dafür konnte er aber kompetente Auskünfte aus dem fliegerischen Bereich beisteuern. Noch spannender als die Informationen zum Frachtverkehr fanden einige Kinder den startenden und landenden Rettungshubschrauber.\nVorbei an der Polizeistation und an der Flughafenfeuerwehr ging es nach ca. 1 ½ Stunden zurück ins Terminal. Nach der Verabschiedung von Herrn Klein, ging es auf die Aussichtsplattform zum verspäteten Frühstück. Nach einer „ Toilettenrunde“ konnten wir mit vielen interessanten Eindrücken den Heimweg antreten.\nGabriele Gelleszun-Schönenbrücher und Barbara Schade\nAusflug der Vorschulkinder zum „Köln-Bonner-Airport“\nKreuzkapeller Vorschulkinder unterwegs\nAm Montag, dem 5. Mai 2014, konnten die Vorschulkinder im Rahmen ihres Projektes „Rund um den Flughafen“ zu einer Führung über den „Köln-Bonn-Airport“ starten.Diese kam durch Vermittlung einer Mutter zu Stande, die am Flughafen arbeitet.\nUm 9.15 Uhr wurden 12 Kinder und 2 Erzieherinnen auf 3 Autos verteilt und los ging`s. Nach einem kleinen Fußmarsch vom Parkplatz zum Terminal, wurden wir von Herrn Klein empfangen. Er ist am Flughafen für die Besucherführungen zuständig. Nach der Begrüßung und der Verteilung der Besucherausweise, ging es zuerst zur Sicherheitsüberprüfung. Das bedeutete: Jacken, Taschen und alle losen Metallteile in eine Kunststoffkiste legen und durch einen „Röntgenapparat“ schicken. Danach durften zuerst alle Mädchen, dann die Jungen und zum Schluss die Erwachsenen durch ein „Röntgentor“ gehen. Personen, bei denen es „piepste „wurden von einer Mitarbeiterin mit einem Gerät abgetastet. Jetzt bekam jeder eine gelbe Besuchersicherheitsweste (Die Kinder durften ihre behalten- die Erwachsenen mussten sie wieder abgeben.)\nAm Montag, 19. Mai 2014 versammelten sich bei strahlendem Sonnenschein viele fleißige Großeltern um das Außengelände des Kindergartens zu verschönern. Mit allerlei Werkzeug und großem Tatendrang bestückt, begrüßten wir um 10.00 Uhr die Omas und Opas. Viele hatten aus dem eigenen Garten Blumenableger und Gemüsepflänzchen mitgebracht. Schnell fand jeder sein Einsatzgebiet. Dem Unkraut wurde Einhalt geboten, die Apfelbäumchen mit Leimringe versorgt, und das Blumenbeet neu bestückt. Das Gemüsebeet wurde auf „Vordermann“ gebracht und nun können die Kinder gespannt warten, wie Kohlrabi, Salat, Stangenbohnen, u.v.m. wachsen und gedeihen. Klettererdbeeren fanden einen netten Platz in unseren Pflanzkübeln und auch eine Rhabarberpflanze bereichert jetzt unser Angebot an heimischen Gemüse und Obstsorten. An unsere Spielhäuschen wurden Kantenbleche geschraubt und ein baufälliges Häuschen konnte sogar abgerissen werden. Hierbei kam sogar eine Motorsäge zum Einsatz, da das Holz kurzerhand in kleine Stücke zersägt wurde. Nun haben wir auch noch Brennmaterial für unsere Feuerstelle–sehr spannend für die Kinder. Die Kinder beteiligten sich mit viel Einsatzfreude an den Arbeiten.\nPflanz- und Pflegetag im Kindergarten Kreuzkapelle\nDie Schubkarren mit Unkraut wurden geleert, Holz geschleppt und gestapelt, Unkraut gezupft, Pflanzlöcher gebuddelt und der Wasserschlauch war auch sehr begehrt. Einige nutzten die Zeit auch nur zum ausgiebigen Spiel.\nMit Getränken und belegten Brötchen+ Kuchen gestärkt waren die fleißigen Helfer bald fertig mit allen Arbeiten. Wieder einmal durften wir erleben, wie schön es ist wenn Großeltern mit den Kindern zusammen schaffen. Wir danken allen fleißigen Helfern, die durch ihren Einsatz (von Baumaterial, zur Verfügung stellen von Werkzeug, den Pflanzen, der Blumenerde,...) unser Außengelände bereichert haben.\nEs freuen sich alle Kinder und Mitarbeiterinnen vom Kreuzkapeller Kindergarten\nAm Donnerstag, 15. Mai 14, haben unsere Vorschulkinder an dem Projekt „Sicherer Schulweg“ teilgenommen.\nAlexander Habitz und André Hertel, beide ausgebildete WingTsun-Trainer, kamen zu uns in die KiTa, um die Kinder präventiv gegen Gewalt zu schützen. Die beiden haben den Kindern in Rollenspielen schrittweise beigebracht, wie sie damit umgehen sollen, wenn sie von einer fremden Person angesprochen werden. „Möchtest du Schokolade von mir?“ oder „Kannst du mir mal bitte die Parkscheibe aufheben?“ waren z.B. Sprüche auf die die Kinder nicht reagieren sollten. Danach übten die Kinder das Weglaufen, das Hilferufen und das Verteidigungsschlagen, wenn die (fremde) Person das Kind nicht in Ruhe lässt.\nDie Kinder waren voller Begeisterung und Engagement bei der Sache. Sie lernten, sich selbst vor einer (fremden) Person zu behaupten und haben sich am Ende sehr über ihre Urkunde über den „Sicheren Schulweg“ gefreut.\nProjekt „Sicherer Schulweg“ für unsere Vorschulkinder\nNachdem auch der letzte St. Johannes Läufer (an dieser Stelle werden keinen Namen genannt!) das Ziel erreichte, konnten wir uns erst einmal stärken. Für das Team ist klar-wir laufen auch im nächsten Jahr mit! Man kann doch durch sein Tun und Handeln so tiefgreifende Zeichen setzen. Ganz einfach-laufen Sie doch im nächsten Jahr mit dem Team St. Johannes Läufer aus Kreuzkapelle. Tun Sie was für andere-einfach so-es macht Freude\nNähere Infos zum Rennen finden Sie unter: www.komen.de\nFür die St.Johannes Läufer\nRACE for the CURE- Das Rennen für Heilung\nAm Samstag, 15.06.2014 gab es in Köln einen Benefizlauf. Die Startgelder (15€) gehen in die Brustkrebsforschung. Jetzt fragen Sie sich liebe Leser, was hat das mit dem Kindergarten in Kreuzkapelle zu tun. Hier folgt die Erklärung-immer wieder erfahren wir im Freundeskreis, unter Kollegen, in der Familie, im Dorf oder wo auch immer, von lieben Menschen die an Brustkrebs erkrankt sind. Auch hier im Kindergarten kennt fast jeder einen solchen lieben Menschen. Als ich von dieser Benefizveranstaltung erfuhr, war sofort klar- wir laufen mit. Schnell wurde das Team St. Johannes Läufer angemeldet. Eine gelungene Mischung aus Eltern, Mitarbeiterinnen, Freunden brachte 12 Läufer zusammen.\nTrotz einiger Schwierigkeiten startete dann wirklich ein kleines aber hoch motiviertes Team von 10 Läufern. Und was für ein tolles Team. Die jüngste Läuferin Lara (8 Jahre) flitzte die 5 km rund um den Tanzbrunnen. Und eine Mutter (A.K.) ging als schnellste Damenläuferin durchs Ziel. Gratulation!\nÜbrigens laufen auch betroffene Männer(!) und Frauen mit bei diesem Lauf.\nDas war für uns alle sehr emotional.\nWegen des schlechten Wetters musste auch unser Gast – der „Lachulus“ leider im Gruppenraum auftreten. Zwar war es dort warm und laut, aber die Kinder waren begeistert und hatten viel Spaß. Ein lautes „Ha,Ha, Ha, Ha,.. „ drang aus dem Kindergarten. Der Lachulus hat uns alle zum Lachen gebracht.\nWen kümmert da schon das schlechte Wetter. Gegen Ende des Nachmittages sah der Kindergarten zwar aus wie eine „ Schlammgrube“ und viele Mütter hatten Regenkleidung und Stiefel zu trocknen oder zu waschen, aber für alle war es wieder einmal eine nette Gelegenheit in Kontakt zu treten.\nSt. Martin in Kreuzkapelle Donnerstag 06.11.2014\nBei trockenem Wetter versammelten sich die Kindergartenkinder mit ihren Familien und alle anderen aus den umliegenden Dörfern zum St. Martinsfest in Kreuzkapelle.\nUm 17.00 Uhr feierten wir mit dem Pastoralreferenten Herr Urban eine Andacht. Er erzählte uns von St. Martin aber auch von der Liebe Gottes, die hell leuchtet, wie unsere Laternen.\nNatürlich wurden auch reichlich St. Martins Lieder gesungen. Das klang besonders schön, denn in diesem Jahr begleitete uns Herr Haasbach (der Organist) mit seiner Orgel.\nPassend zur Dunkelheit zogen wir dann, dem Martinsmann nach, durch die Straßen von Kreuzkapelle.\nDer Schützenverein Kreuzkapelle hatte, wie jedes Jahr, alles gut organisiert. Sogar die Musikanten vom Musikverein Marienfeld standen bereit und begleiteten uns im St. Martinszug. Am Pfarrheim brannte das Feuer und der „heilige Mann“ verteilte die Weckmänner.\nDer Elternrat des Kindergartens verteilte (gegen eine freiwillige Spende) warmen Kakao und Kinderpunsch.\nViele fleißige Hände halfen beim Aufräumen-vielen Dank dafür.\nAlles in allem war es ein schönes Fest.\nIm Kindergarten werden wir die Aktion „ meins-wird-deins“ auch in diesem Jahr unterstützen. Jedes Kind kann St. Martin sein und ein Kleidungsstück mit in den Kindergarten bringen. Dort steht ein großer Sammelkorb. Wenn er voll ist, werden die Kleidungsstücke verpackt und verschickt.\nDie Vorschulkinder von St. Johannes machten sich am Dienstag, 13.01.2015 auf nach Köln. Zusammen mit unserem Pastoralreferenten Herrn Urban wollten wir einen kleinen Krippenwanderweg gehen.\nVom Bahnhof in Overath fuhren wir mit dem Zug zur Domstadt. Das war schon eine ganz spannende Sache. Viele von uns sind noch nie mit einer Bahn gefahren.\nIn Köln angekommen haben wir zuerst im Dom Forum gefrühstückt. Gut ,dass es hier auch eine Toilette gab.\nWir haben ganz schön gestaunt wie mächtig groß der Dom zu Köln ist. Auch beim Hineingehen gab es viel zu sehen. Die Tauben überall, die Bettler vor den Türen, die Figuren-wir haben am Haupttor auch unseren Kindergartenpatron Johannes gesehen. Herr Urban hat ihn uns gezeigt. Unsere Erzieherinnen mussten uns alle (11 Kinder) hochheben, damit wir ins Weihwasserbecken greifen konnten. Wir segneten uns auch, wie die Großen, die eine Kirche betreten.\nIm Dom haben wir die Krippe angeschaut, sehr lange, es gab auch viel zu sehen. Neben dem Jesuskind und Maria und Josef auch noch seltsame Gestalten wie den Straßenkehrer und den FC Köln Fan.\nIm Dom haben wir die Krippe angeschaut, sehr lange, es gab auch viel zu sehen. Neben dem Jesuskind und Maria und Josef auch noch seltsame Gestalten wie den Straßenkehrer und den FC Köln Fan. Ob ihrs glaubt oder nicht, wir haben im Dom noch mehr Krippen gefunden. Eine war gemalt auf einem Altarbild und eine wunderschöne haben wir in einem Kirchenfenster entdeckt. Natürlich sind wir durch den ganzen Dom gelaufen und haben auch den Schrein der heiligen drei Könige gesehen. Soviel Gold und Edelsteine-ein richtiger Schatz. Nachdem wir bei der Muttergottes Kerzen angezündet haben und Zeit für ein stilles Gebet war, haben wir den Dom verlassen und uns auf den Weg gemacht zur Kirche St. Maria Himmelfahrt. Diese Krippe war toll. Hier passierte so viel auf dem Weg zum Stall. Zum Beispiel erschien der Engel Maria und war hell erleuchtet, nach kurzer Zeit verblaste das Licht und der Engel verschwand. Wir waren sehr beeindruckt. Die Krippenlandschaft an sich glich einem ital. Markttreiben -wieder gab es viel zu sehen. Leider war unsere Zeit verflogen und wir flitzten zur nächsten Kirche. Für uns Kinder war es übrigens sehr spannend ein Stück des Weges mit der U-Bahn zu fahren .Es ruckelte und wir fuhren sogar unter dem Dom lang.\nGegen Mittag stapften wir Richtung Bahnhof zurück .Hier durfte der „Burger“ nicht fehlen. Wir Kinder hatten eine kurze Verschnaufpause am Bahnsteig und Herr Urban ging für die ganze Truppe Burger kaufen. Zurück in der Bahn packte er dann noch ein paar Waldbilderbücher zum Zeitvertreib aus. Es war ein rund um toller Tag in Köln. Vielen Dank Herr Urban für die Idee, die Führung und den Spaß. Danke aber auch an die Mamas, die uns wieder zum Bahnhof gefahren haben. Super, alles hat geklappt( wir erwähnen nicht, dass wir den Zug verpasst haben und eine Bahn später in Overath ankamen-PSST)\nDie Vorschulkinder aus Kreuzkapelle\nErste Mai Wallfahrt in Kreuzkapelle\nWas für ein tolles Wetter begleitete den Kindergarten am 06.Mai 2015 zu seiner ersten Marien Wallfahrt.\nViele Eltern und Großeltern schlossen sich der fröhlichen Kinderschar an , die sich mit lautem Gesang auf den Weg machten. Vorne weg das schön geschmückte Vortragekreuz. Dann folgten die Fahnenträger, die es bei den Windböen nicht einfach hatten. Unser erster Halt war am Haus der Fam. Schönenbrücher, hier bestaunten die Kinder einen kleinen Marienaltar und hörten dem Pastoralreferenten Herrn Urban zu was er über Maria der Mutter Jesu erzählte. Die Mutter Gottes Statue nahmen die Kinder begeistert mit zur nächsten Station, am Wegekreuz des MGV Wohlfahrt. Auch hier war alles hübsch geschmückt mit Blumen und Fahnen. In dieser Atmosphäre erklärte Herr Urban den Kindern den Bezug zwischen Maria und der Natur-Maria die Blume, die Rose, die Königin. Laut schallte der Gesang auf dem Weitergang zur Kirche.\nIn einer kleinen Andacht wurde nicht nur die von den Kindern gestaltete Kerze des Kindergartens am Marienaltar angezündet, es wurden auch Fürbitten an die Mutter Gottes getragen. Hier hatten sich die Kinder am Vortag Gedanken zu gemacht. Aber auch die Weihwasserschalen der Vorschulkinder wurden von Herrn Urban gesegnet .Ebenso empfingen noch zwei Kinder, die bei der Einsegnung im Herbst letzten Jahres nicht dabei waren, den Segen Gottes. Nachdem wir auch in der Kirche nochmal „ Maria breit den Mantel aus“ ertönen ließen, ging es zum Abschluss auf die Kindergarten wiese zum Picknick.\nEs war ein sehr schönes Erlebnis für die Kinder ,aber auch für uns\nSeit Monaten erarbeiten wir mit den Kindern das Thema „Mittelalter“.\nZu all den theoretischen Informationen der einzelnen Inhalte, haben wir auch sehr viel Praktisches mit einfließen lassen. Wir haben Ritterhelme aus Pappmaché gefertigt, kleine Wollpüppchen gewickelt, Ritterburgen als Fensterbilder geprickelt, und natürlich jede Menge Dekoration für unseren Kindergarten gemalt, geklebt und gekleistert.\nNachdem wir uns mit dem Ritter, der Burg und den Werkzeugen genug beschäftigt hatten widmeten wir uns dem alltäglichen Leben auf der Burg und den Aufgaben der Frau zu. Wir bereiteten unser gemeinsames Frühstück mehrere Male draußen rund um unsere Feuerstelle. Dort gab es Fladenbrot und auch „armer Ritter“. Köstlich!\nBei strahlendem Sonnenschein wurde auf dem Waschbrett in der Zinnwanne gewaschen. Jedes Kind durfte hier schrubben und wringen-das war ganz schön anstrengend denn jeder hatte ein Kleidungstück von zu Hause mitgebracht und musste ran.\nEs wird außerdem fleißig gewebt, gestickt , gestrickt (auf der Strickgabel) und auch gehäkelt. Liebe Menschen unterstützten unsere Arbeit. Frau Betz kam einen ganzen Vormittag zu uns in den Kindergarten und filzte mit uns bunte Kugeln. Diese fädelten wir auf bunte Lederbändchen und erhielten so hübsche Halsketten. Frau Franken kam mit Spinnrad, Wollsäcken und entsprechender Ausrüstung. Hier erfuhren die Kinder alles rund ums Spinnen, welche Wollarten dazu benutzt werden können ,wie die Wolle vorbehandelt werden sollte und auch wie gesponnen wird. Wir erwarten im Laufe des Projektes noch eine Steinmetzin, die uns diese Zunft erleben lässt. Aber auch das Gärtnern, den Gebrauch der Pflanzen(zur Speise, als Heilkraut...) wollen wir noch intensiver erleben.\nDie Vorschulkinder fahren in das Freilichtmuseum Lindlar und besuchen dort auch die Seilerei. Jedes Kind wird hier ein eigenes Seil fertigen und behalten dürfen.\nDer Abschluss unseres Projektes wird eine Fahrt ins Heerlager der Kaisergarde Barbarossa sein. Dort sind wir eingeladen hautnah eine kleine Zeitreise ins Mittelalter zu unternehmen.\nBis jetzt hat dieses Projekt uns allen sehr viel Spaß gemacht. Die Kinder haben genug Zeit um die einzelnen „Kleinthemen“ intensiv zu erfahren. Viele Ideen holen wir bei den Kindern ab und versuchen sie im Alltag miteinzuflechten.\nFazit: Wir in Kreuzkapelle wären für das Leben im Mittelalter auf einer Burg gut gerüstet!!\nFür das Team des Kath. Familienzentrums St. Johannes\nUnser Ausflug ins Freilichtmuseum nach Lindlar\nDie Aufregung und Vorfreude war bei den Vorschulkindern aus dem Kath. Kindergarten St. Johannes aus Kreuzkapelle groß, als sie ihre Abschlussfahrt nach Lindlar antraten. Zuvor hatten die elf Vorschulkinder in geheimer Wahl zwischen drei Ausflugszielen entschieden, dass sie ins Freilichtmuseum fahren möchten. Und diese Wahl hat am Ende keines der Kinder bereut, denn es war ein rundum gelungener Ausflug:\nMit der Hilfe unserer Vorschulkinder-Eltern wurden wir zum Ausflugsziel hin- und zum Schluss zurückgefahren. Auch das Wetter spielte hervorragend mit, denn auf der Hinfahrt fielen noch die letzten Regentropfen herab. Aber danach blieben wir vom Regen verschont und konnten den Tag im Freilichtmuseum genießen. Denn dort galt es viel zu sehen und zu entdecken.\nDie Kinder wurden in eine frühere Zeit versetzt, betraten verschiedene alte Wohn- und Bauernhäuser und lernten viel über das damalige Leben ohne Elektronik und anderen Komfort kennen.\nVieles versetzte die Kinder in Staunen, z.B. dass in einem kleinen 40 qm- Haus elf Personen gelebt hatten. In heutigen Zeiten (bei uns) ist das unvorstellbar.\nIn einem anderen Haus kann man auf zwei Etagen zum einen die Schöpfungsgeschichte und zum anderen die Feste des Kirchenjahres kennenlernen. Dabei wird der Besucher mit allen Sinnen angesprochen und aufgefordert, selbst viel auszuprobieren und zu erleben.\nDann waren wir mit dem Seiler \"Markus\" verabredet, der uns am Treffpunkt mit seiner Seilschlange \"Kar\" abholte. Leider war die Schlange gerade sehr faul, sodass die Kinder sie gemeinsam zur Seilerei, ihrem Zuhause, zurücktragen mussten. Das sah bestimmt lustig aus, wie ein Kind hinter dem anderen die Seilschlange durch das Freilichtmuseum trug.\nIn der Seilerei erklärte uns Markus zunächst, woraus die Seile gemacht werden, nämlich aus Hanf, einer Pflanze, die er uns auch genauer zeigte. Danach verriet er uns den Trick, warum ein Seil nicht reißt, wenn man daran zieht. Das Seil wird durch das Drehen so fest. Dreht man nämlich die Seilfasern zurück, wird es wieder locker und hält nicht mehr. Deshalb benötigt ein Seiler auch keine Schere, er kann die Fäden einfach wieder aufdrehen und dann trennen. Danach ging es endlich an die Arbeit. Jedes Kind hat sein eigenes Seil gedreht. Dafür musste es tüchtig an der Kurbel drehen, was zum Ende immer schwerer wurde. Da wir aber nur starke Vorschulkinder haben, war es für sie kein Problem. Zwischendurch machten wir eine Pause, in der wir verschiedene Seilspiele kennenlernten, z.B. \"Der Bauer und die Frösche\", \"Der Drache im Brunnen\" und \"Tauziehen\". Beim Tauziehen “Jungen gegen Mädchen” hatten die Mädchen die stärkeren Muskeln. Das kam wohl vom vielen Training auf unseren Kletterstangen. Als wir uns von unserem Seiler Markus verabschiedeten, waren alle elf Vorschulkinder stolze Besitzer eines eigenen Springseils.\nNachdem wir eine Picknickpause gemacht hatten, galt es, den schönen Naturspielplatz zu erkunden. Hier konnten sich alle richtig austoben und an den Geräten ausprobieren. Zum Abschluss unternahmen wir noch einen Abstecher zur Imkerei. Dort sahen wir den An- und Abflug der Bienen und konnten durch eine Glasscheibe das Leben in einem Bienenhaus beobachten.\nDanach war keine Zeit mehr für weitere Erkundungen, da unsere Elterntaxis schon auf dem Parkplatz auf uns warteten. Aber jedes Kind wollte zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt mit der eigenen Familie wieder zurückkommen, so gut hatte es ihnen dort gefallen.\nGanz herzlich möchten wir uns bei der Firma \"WohnSache\" bedanken, die für uns die Kosten des Ausflugs (für den Seiler und die Materialkosten) komplett übernommen hat!\nIm Laufe der Kindergartenzeit lernen die Kinder ganz unterschiedliche Handarbeiten kennen: Webrahmen, Strickliesel, Sticken, Pompons wickeln, Strickgabeln und Knüpfsterne. Manche wagen sich auch an Rundwebrahmen. So entstehen über die Jahre kleine Kuschelkissen, Umhängetaschen, Wollketten, Armbänder oder Deckchen. Der Phantasie sind hier kaum Grenzen gesetzt. Nebenher üben sie dabei unbemerkt sich zu konzentrieren und etwas zu Ende zu bringen.\nManche Kinder machen dies sehr gerne und ausdauernd, für andere bleibt es eine wichtige Pflichtübung.\nNun ist seit geraumer Zeit das „Häkelfieber“ ausgebrochen – und es scheint sehr ansteckend zu sein.\nZu Anfang lernen die Kinder Luftmaschen zu häkeln. Die Koordination der Hände ist hier eine große Herausforderung. Sie lernen nochmal in erhöhtem Maße sich zu konzentrieren, mit Misserfolgen umzugehen und mit Ausdauer ein Ziel zu verfolgen.\nAuf den Spuren zur „Steinzeit“\nIn den vergangenen Wochen haben sich die Vorschulkinder im Kath. Kindergarten Kreuzkappelle intensiv mit Steinen beschäftigt. Der Auslöser dafür war zunächst die geheime Abstimmung über das Ausflugsziel für die gemeinsame Abschlussfahrt: Mit großer Mehrheit entschieden sich die neun Kinder, nach Wiehl in die Tropfsteinhöhle zu fahren. Da lag es nun nahe, sich zunächst einmal mit den verschiedenen Steinen, die es gibt, deren Herkunft und Entstehung zu beschäftigen. Außerdem haben die Kinder aus Steinen Figuren gebastelt und angemalt, haben selbst verschiedene Kristalle gezüchtet, sowie sich aus Speckstein schöne Kettenanhänger geschliffen. Einmal kam Kai Zander zu Besuch, der den Kindern die Entstehung der Steine erklärt und viele verschiedene Steine gezeigt hat. Anschließend haben wir alle zusammen aus Ytong ein großes Spielhaus gebaut. Am 16. Juni war es nun endlich soweit: der Ausflug in die Tropfsteinhöhle stand bevor.\nAm Ende des Lernens entstehen tolle Armbänder oder Vorratsgläser. Einige Mädchen beherrschen bereits Feste Maschen, Stäbchen und sogar den „Magic Loop“ zum Runden häkeln.\nSo sind schon lustige Eierwärmer, Jonglierbälle und Armbänder entstanden. Ein Vorschulmädchen hat sich gerade an eine „Kuschelkatze“ gewagt. Der Körper ist bereits fertig gehäkelt und ausgestopft und der Kopf ist schon in Arbeit.\nDie Kinder sind mit großer Begeisterung bei der Sache und Eltern und Erzieherinnen sind gespannt, was als nächstes entsteht.\nZunächst brachten uns einige Eltern mit dem Auto nach Wiehl. Dort nahm uns unser Höhlenführer Detlef in Empfang. Er meinte, dass einige Piraten in dieser Höhle einen Schatz versteckt hätten, den wir nun finden könnten. Voller Aufregung machten sich die Vorschul-kinder auf, die vielen verschiedenen Gänge in der Höhle zu erkunden. Zum Glück hatten wir Taschenlampen dabei, denn sonst hätten wir im Dunkeln gar nichts erkennen können, auch nicht die vielen Stallaktiten und Stallakmiten. Als wir beim „langen Steinfinger“ ankamen, war klar, dass wir auf der falschen Fährte waren. Doch dann – nach einigem Suchen – hatten wir Glück: der Schatz lag auf einem Steinvorsprung versteckt. Großer Jubel brach aus. Nun konnte der Schatz sicher nach draußen und dort geborgen werden. Erstaunlicherweise war für jedes Kind etwas dabei. Nach diesem Abenteuer mussten wir uns erst einmal mit einem Picknick stärken. Anschließend sind wir in den angrenzenden Wildpark gegangen. Dort konnten wir Wildschweine, Mufflons, Dammwild und Rothirsche bewundern. Zum Glück hatten die meisten Kinder Tierfutter dabei, sodass die Tiere ganz nah an uns heran kamen und den Kindern sogar manchmal aus der Hand fraßen. Und auch das Wetter machte uns Freude: bei strahlendem Sonnenschein konnten wir noch ein Abschlusseis genießen, bevor wir von den Eltern mit dem Auto abgeholt wurden. Es war ein rundum toller Ausflug, den wir noch lange in Erinnerung behalten werden.\nHurra, es kann gebuddelt werden!\nAuch in diesem Jahr war im Frühjahr zusehen, das der Sandspielbereich arg geplündert wurde. Steine der Umrandung waren schon freigeschaufelt worden. Da musste gehandelt werden. Ein Anruf bei der Firma Henrich (Baustoffhandel am Ort) und schon kam der LKW mit einem großen Sandberg. Jetzt schaufelten alle kleinen und auch große Helfer den Sand in die Sandkästen-Puh war das anstrengend.\nDie Firma Henrichs schenkte uns die Sandladung (wie schon seit Jahren) Super! Vielen Dank\nBis zum nächsten Frühjahr-dann brauchen wir bestimmt wieder neuen Sand", "Die silberne Maske / Magisterium Bd.4 (MP3-Download) von Cassandra Clare; Holly Black - Hörbuch bei bücher.de runterladen\nCassandra Clare Holly Black\nDie silberne Maske / Magisterium Bd.4 (MP3-Download)\nGekürzte Lesung. 361 Min.\nCallum und Tamara müssen mit einer unglaublichen Gewissheit fertig werden: Ihr Freund Aaron ist tot. Sie wissen zwar endlich, wer im Magisterium ihr Gegenspieler ist; dagegen können sie sich aber nicht sicher sein, wer sich im Kampf auf ihre Seite schlägt. Während sich die Kräfte des Bösen weiter im Hintergrund sammeln, gerät Callum immer stärker in eine Zwickmühle. Da er das Erbe des Feindes des Todes in sich trägt, könnte er dessen dunkle Gabe nutzen, um Aaron von den Toten zurückzuholen. Aber welcher Aaron würde zu ihnen zurückkehren - wäre er immer noch der Freund, den sie so lieben? Und…mehr\nSpieldauer: 361 Min.\nAutorenwelt von Cassandra Clare\nAutorenwelt von Holly Black\nDer Schlüssel aus Bronze / Magisterium Bd.3 (MP3-Download)\nDer kupferne Handschuh / Magisterium Bd.2 (MP3-Download)\nDer Weg ins Labyrinth / Magisterium Bd.1 (MP3-Download)\nDie Herrschaft der Masken / Elias & Laia Bd.1 (MP3-Download)\nGesamtlaufzeit: 361 Min.\nISBN-13: 9783838787770\nArtikelnr.: 50569813\nBewertung von Büchersüchtiges Herz aus Hamburg am 29.03.2018Top-100 Rezensent\nZu Beginn hatte ich einige Schwierigkeiten wieder in das Buch hinein zu finden, da der dritte Band doch schon etwas her gewesen ist. Ich konnte jedoch eine Zusammenfassung auf Englisch finden, die mir etwas geholfen hat. Auch die Autorinnen bringen zu Beginn immer kleine…mehr\nBewertung von Glücksklee am 18.02.2018\nGelungener vierter Band\nMit „Magisterium – Die silberne Maske“ hat das hochkarätige Autorenduo, bestehend aus Holly Black und Cassandra Clare den vierten Band der Magisterium-Reihe rund um Callum Hunt und seine Freunde. Nachdem Callum zu Beginn des Bandes erst einmal in Panoptikum, dem Gefängnis für Magier, gefangen gehalten wird, weil er die Seele von Constantin Madden besitzt, dem Feind des Todes, gerät er nach einem filmreifen Ausbruch in noch schlimmere Schwierigkeiten. Nicht zuletzt muss er sich mit der Frage auseinandersetzen, ob er, sofern sich für ihn die Möglichkeit ergeben würde, darauf verzichten wird seinen verstorbenen Freund Aaron von den Toten zurückzuholen.\nDie Hauptperson Call, der seine eigene Kriegstreiberpunkteliste führt und…mehr\nDie Hauptperson Call, der seine eigene Kriegstreiberpunkteliste führt und verzweifelt versucht den Punktestand auf dieser Liste möglichst niedrig zu halten, sein innerer Konflikt und die Angst davor, so zu werden wie Constantine Madden macht meiner Meinung nach einen Großteil der Geschichte aus und trägt dazu bei, dass man beim Lesen so emotional in das Schicksal von Call mit eingebunden wird. Dabei verwenden die Autorinnen eine sehr jugendliche Sprache, die zum Alter von Call und seinen Freunden passt. Der Konflikt, in dem Call sich plötzlich befindet, wird passend beleuchtet und das Aufdecken einiger Geheimnisse bringt Licht ins Dunkel rund um die Experimente von Constantine Madden, dem Feind des Todes.\nDie Ereignisse überschlagen sich in dem mit 253 Seiten langen Buch hin und wieder ein wenig, wodurch der Spannungsbogen kontinuierlich aufrechterhalten wird, einige Ereignisse hätten für meinen Geschmack jedoch ruhig auch etwas ausführlicher beschrieben werden können. Gerade der letzte Abschnitt des Buches wirkt ein wenig gehetzt, endet aber einfach unglaublich spannend, sodass ich mich schon sehr auf den nächsten Band freue und hoffe, nicht allzu lange darauf warten zu müssen.\nInsgesamt hat mir „Magisterium – Die silberne Maske“ sehr gut gefallen und ich vergebe daher auch fünf von fünf Sternen.\nBewertung von MiracleDay am 15.02.2018\nLange habe ich auf diesen Band der Reihe sehnsüchtig gewartet, nachdem Band 3 ja ziemlich böse mit dem Tod von Aaron endete konnte ich mir den weiteren Verlauf kaum noch vorstellen...\nUnd leider muss ich sagen das der weitere Verlauf dann auch nicht mehr geglückt ist. Ich kam zwar sehr schnell wieder in das Geschehen rein, aber es war nicht mehr das selbe und jegliche Versuche es wieder grade zu biegen, haben es am Ende für meinen Geschmack nur noch schlimmer gemacht. Das Buch hat sich zwar schnell, flüssig und auch gut gelesen und es war an sich auch ok, aber leider eben nicht mehr als das.\nIch hatte große Erwartungen und leider wurde diese nicht erfüllt, es gab viele kleine Logikfehler die den Lesefluss kurzzeitig holprig gemacht haben und dazu gab es ziemlich…mehr\nIch hatte große Erwartungen und leider wurde diese nicht erfüllt, es gab viele kleine Logikfehler die den Lesefluss kurzzeitig holprig gemacht haben und dazu gab es ziemlich viele sowohl Fragwürdige als auch Unlogische Entscheidungen wo man nur noch mit den Kopf schütteln konnte.\nDas man des öfteren die Entscheidungen der Jugendlichen nicht nach vollziehen kann, ist dabei die eine Sache, hier darf man nicht vergessen, das Teenager die sie nun mal sind manchmal unlogische Dinge tun, wobei sie in diesen Fall einem oft doch älter erscheinen und man oft das eigentliche Alter vergisst, aber auch die Erwachsenen, treffen seltsame Entscheidungen, dem einen wird verziehen dem anderen nicht, Dinge die sie sonst verachten sind auf einmal in Ordnung, aber ich will gar nicht zu genau darauf eingehen, denn ich möchte keinen Spoilern.\nMeine Erwartungen wurden nicht erfüllt, dennoch hat mich das Buch an sich schon unterhalten können und da ich die Teile davor geliebt habe, war auch dieser Teil ein muss für mich. Er ist wohl der schlechtes Teil der Reihe und wohl zum Teil ein Lückenfüller, wo man versucht hat mit einer Liebesgeschichte die für mich total falsch rüber kam noch etwas rauszuholen, gelungen ist dieser dann leider aber nicht mehr so wirklich.\nBewertung von Samy86 aus Krickenbach am 13.02.2018Top-100 Rezensent\nCallum befindet sich hinter Gittern und muss sich täglich Verhören aussetzen, die beweisen sollen, dass er böse Machenschaften hegt und sich gegen das Magisterium stellen will. Doch wie soll er seine Unschuld beweisen, wenn alle Welt weiß, dass er das Erbe des Feindes des Todes in sich trägt, jedoch seine Kräfte des Bösen nicht gegen seine Freunde wenden möchte? Callum befindet sich eindeutig in einer Zwickmühle!\nAuch das er und Tamara wissen, wer die Fäden als Gegenspieler im Magisterium in den Händen hält, hilft ihm aus seiner misslichen Lage nicht heraus.\nWer wird sich im Kampf um Gerechtigkeit auf ihre Seite schlagen und wer wird an den dunklen Mächten festhalten, die ihn umgeben? Wie hoch ist der Preis dafür, wenn er sich mit dem Bösen einlässt?\nDer vierte Band der Magisterium-Reihe beinhaltet viele neue Aspekte, spannende Momente und etliche Rätsel. Seit dem ersten Band verfolge ich diese Reihe und bin auch ein Fan von der Gestaltung und dem Ideenreichtum des Autorinnen-Duo.\nDieses Mal wird die Lege rund um den Protagonisten Callum sehr nervenaufreibend und trügerisch gestaltet. Man hegt selbst als Leser Zweifel daran wer jetzt wirklich Freund oder Feind ist. Man kann Callum´s Zweifel richtig nachvollziehen, beginnt selbst zu rätseln darüber, was die wahren Beweggründe sind und vor allem ob er je aus dieser Lage wieder herausfinden wird.\nDie Situation ist für den Protagonisten und seine Freunde nicht einfach. Das Magisterium hat sich nach den neusten Ereignissen gegen ihn gewannt. Callum fristet im Gefängnis seine Strafe ohne Aussicht auf Freiheit und Tamara kämpft am Magisterium dafür, dass ihr einzig verbliebener Freund wieder auf freien Fuß kommt.\nLange bleibt ungewiss ob ihre Rettungsversuch auch den gewünschten Effekt erreichen wird und bis es zur aufschlussreichen Lösung kommt, haben Cassandra Clare und Holly Black ein mysteriösen, spannendes und ereignisreiches Gerüst aufgebaut, welches die Handlung absolut lesenswert gestaltet.\nDas Ende ist ein wahrhaft böser Cliffhanger und lässt erahnen, welche Gefahren und Herausforderungen im fünften Band so auf den Leser und natürlich die Protagonisten zukommen könnte.\nDer Schreibstil ist extrem flüssig und durch seine anschauliche Darstellung der Geschehnisse ist die Handlung brisant gestaltet und greifbar geschildert. Der zuvor kindlichen Touch ist vollends verloren gegangen und so entpuppt sich diese Reihe als fesselnde Jugendbuch-Reihe, die sehr empfehlenswert ist.\nAuch der Reifeprozess der Protagonisten ist realistisch und glaubwürdig gestaltet. Sie erscheinen nicht übertrieben dargestellt und wirken somit sehr sympathisch.\nEin atemberaubende, sehr spannende und fesselnde Jugendbuch-Reihe, die mich seit dem ersten Band begeistert.\nBewertung von Book-addicted aus www.book-addicted.blogspot.com am 11.02.2018Top-100 Rezensent\nDa die Lektüre des letzten Bandes nun schon einige Zeit zurückliegt, hatte ich Bedenken, wieder gut in die Geschichte zu kommen - doch wieder erwarten gelang mir dies überraschend gut. Die Lektüre der Vorgänger ist definitiv Pflicht, um den Geschehnissen in \"Die silberne Maske\" folgen zu können.\n\"Die silberne Maske\" setzt direkt nach den erschütternden Ereignissen des Vorgängers an und zieht einen direkt in den Bann. Auch wenn die Spannung leider nicht das komplette Buch über aufrecht gehalten werden kann, obwohl sich ein Ereignis an das andere reiht, so fand ich diesen Band der Reihe deutlich lesenswerter, als den Vorgänger. Die bisher erwähnten Ähnlichkeiten mit Harry Potter konnte ich in diesem Band erstmals nicht mehr feststellen.\nCall kämpft in diesem…mehr\nCall kämpft in diesem Teil ganz besonders darum, er selbst zu bleiben und sich weder vom \"bösen\" Teil seiner Seele a lá Constantine Madden, noch von seiner Umgebung zu bösen Taten anstiften zu lassen. Nachdem er vom Helden zum vermeintlichen Bösewicht mutiert ist, ist der Ton des Buches deutlich ernster geworden und unser Lieblingsprotagonist muss sich mehr denn je behaupten.\nDie übrigen Figuren und besonders deren Entwicklung gefiel mir wahnsinnig gut, besonders die einer Figur ganz am Ende, sowie die Veränderung von Mordo, die ebenfalls gegen Ende hin geschieht.\nDie Story selbst hätte zwar an der ein oder anderen Stelle spannender, bzw. auch besser ausgearbeitet sein können - was zu weniger \"Schlag auf Schlag - Ereignissen\" geführt hätte - und zu einer vermehrten Seitenzahl - dennoch gefiel mir \"Die silberne Maske\" storymäßi\nBewertung von Sago am 11.02.2018\nAuch der vierte Band der Magisterium-Reihe ist wieder wunderschön gestaltet, mit farbigem Buchschnitt, diesmal in Rot, und einem zu den Vorgängern passenden Design. Das ist schon einmal ein Augenschmaus!\nCallum sitzt seit Monaten im Magisterium im Gefängnis und hadert mit seiner Rolle bei Aarons Tod. Zwar gelingt es Tamara, ihn zu befreien, doch Call, Tamara und Jasper geraten nur zu bald in die Gefangenschaft bei Master Joseph. Dieser möchte in Call endlich Constantines Seele wieder zum Vorschein bringen. Und gibt ihm einen fürchterlichen Auftrag: Call soll Aaron vom Tode zurückholen...\nAlex Sride entwickelt sich in diesem Band immer mehr zum Oberbösewicht, ist dem aber eigentlich nicht wirklich gewachsen. Call muss schwere Entscheidungen treffen und mit deren unerwünschten Folgen…mehr\nAlex Sride entwickelt sich in diesem Band immer mehr zum Oberbösewicht, ist dem aber eigentlich nicht wirklich gewachsen. Call muss schwere Entscheidungen treffen und mit deren unerwünschten Folgen leben. Zwischen ihm und Tamara entspinnen sich zarte Bande, die jedoch bald auf eine harte Probe gestellt werden. Plötzlich finden die beiden sich sogar auf unterschiedlichen Seiten im sich erneut anbahnenden Kriegsgeschehen wieder.\nEinige Szenen sind tatsächlich etwas gruselig und meiner Meinung nach eher für Erwachsene als für Kinder geeignet. Auch dieser Band hat mich wieder bestens unterhalten, auch wenn manches etwas zu hastig erzählt wurde. Hier hätten die Autorinnen ruhig etwas mehr in die Tiefe gehen dürfen.\nFür mich endete der Band mit einem sehr vielversprechenden Cliffhanger, so dass ich mich schon auf den letzten Teil der Reihe freue.\nBewertung von Mike aus Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis am 11.02.2018\nSchlechtester Teil mit wenig Inhalt\nCallum ist nach sechs Monaten Gefängnis Aufenthalt immer noch der gleiche. Er hat sich nicht im geringsten verändert, wie ich es erwartet hätte. Er gibt sich immer noch an allem die Schuld und hat ein sehr geringes Selbstwertgefühl und meint, er würde seine Strafe schon verdienen. Aber er ist auch verzweifelt, denn sein bester Freund ist nicht mehr. Dann sind da noch diese bösen Leute, die ihn auf ihrer Seite haben wollen, während die \"Guten\" vom Magisterium ihn vermutlich hinrichten würden. Ja, er hat es schon nicht leicht und er ist auch eines der wenigen Dinge, die ich an diesem Buch noch mochte.\nAlex Strike will zwar böse sein und wäre viel lieber der neue Feind des Todes, aber ich sah ihn…mehr\nAlex Strike will zwar böse sein und wäre viel lieber der neue Feind des Todes, aber ich sah ihn immer nur als beleidigte Zicke, weil er so komisch gehässig ist und immer eifersüchtig wird, wenn Call bevorzugt wird - was dieser ja eigentlich gar nicht will!\nIch weiß nicht, was ich von Jasper halten soll. Er ist schon nervig und seine lustigen Passagen passen nicht immer in die Situation, aber er ist irgendwie doch ein niedlicher Idiot.\nEs ist eigentlich noch gar nicht so lange her, dass ich den dritten Teil der Magisterium-Reihe gelesen habe, aber ich hatte doch schon so vieles vergessen, das eigentlich so wichtig war. Ich war manchmal sehr überrascht, hatte aber keine großen Schwierigkeiten, in die Geschichte zu kommen.\nCall wird aus dem Gefängnis entführt und landet irgendwie mit seinen Freunden in Gefangenschaft, wo er sich zum Feind des Todes entwickeln soll. Wie genau das passieren soll, weiß keiner, aber man hofft, dass es sich irgendwie ergibt, wenn er Dinge tut, die Constantine Madden schon tat.\nDas Buch war sehr kurz. Von Band zu Band wurden es weniger Seite und dieses hat jetzt nur noch drei Viertel Umfang wie das erste Buch. Eigentlich ist das ja nicht schlimm, aber diese Seiten wurden einfach nicht optimal genutzt. Sowohl Holly Black als auch Cassandra Clare sind erfahrene Autoren, von denen ich schon gute und auch dicke Bücher gelesen habe und ich finde es schade, dass sie hier so viel Potenzial verschwenden, weil sie es mit den wenigen Seiten vielleicht interessanter für jüngere Leser machen wollen. Ich hatte das Gefühl, kaum voranzukommen, da man sich nicht wirklich fortbewegt hat. Die ganze \"du bist der Feind des Todes\"-Geschichte wird immer weniger interessant, weil sich da nichts bewegt. Es gab kaum Fortschritte und man trat in diesem Buch einfach auf der Stelle.\nStattdessen wurden die Seiten mit sinnlosen Liebesgedöns, manchmal unpassendem Humor und unlogischen Entwicklungen gefüllt, die auch bisherigem Wissen widersprachen.\nIch hoffe, der letzte Band rettet die Reihe noch, denn der Anfang gefiel mir echt gut, aber das hier war definitiv der schlechteste Band der Reihe.\nLeider hat mir \"Magisterium - Die silberne Maske\" nicht wirklich gefallen. Es ist nicht allzu viel passiert, manches schien bisherigem Wissen zu wiedersprechen und die Charaktere entwickeln sich nicht wirklich weiter. Ich hoffe, der letzte Band wird besser!\nBewertung von Wayland am 07.02.2018\nZunächst einmal muss ich die Reihe an sich loben. Ich mag die Geschichte rund um Call unheimlich gerne. Er ist ein nicht gerade typischer Protagonist, der über eine gesunde Prise Zynismus verfügt, die immer wieder Witz in die Geschichte bringt. Auch das Freundegespann, das dem aus Harry Potter sehr ähnlich ist, hat mir immer viel Freude bereitet, da ich die einzelnen Charaktere und die Konstellation sehr gelungen fand. Sie ergänzen sich sehr gut und seit dem Jasper dabei ist, gibt es eigentlich auch immer was zum Aufregen und Schmunzeln. Mordo ist mein absoluter Lieblingscharakter.\nBesonders charmant fand ich immer die Atmosphäre des Magisteriums und die Prüfungen.\nIn diesem Teil landen wir bei Call im Gefängnis, was ein eher bedrückender Start in die sonst so magische Geschichte…mehr\nIn diesem Teil landen wir bei Call im Gefängnis, was ein eher bedrückender Start in die sonst so magische Geschichte ist. Nach kurzer Zeit wird er auch schon aus dem Gefängnis und letztendlich auch aus dem Magisterium befreit, was ich zwar ganz gut fand, aber Rückblickend betrachtet, fehlte mir einfach diese Atmosphäre und der magische Charme, der in den Teilen zuvor so großartig war.\nErschwerend hinzu kommt, dass dieser Teil wirklich sehr kurz ist und die spannenden Stellen viel zu schnell und zu simple aufgelöst wurden.\nDann gibt es in diesem Band auch die ein oder andere Wendung, die mich einfach nur schockiert und bedrückt zurücklässt. Wer die Teile zuvor gelesen hat - wovon ich ausgehe - weiß, dass Aaron gestorben ist. Der beste Freund und Gegenwicht von Call. Ein Hauptcharakter und absolut liebenswert. Ich schätze, dass ich letztendlich einfach nicht darüber hinweg komme. Und am schlimmsten finde ich, dass die Autorinnen in diesem Band mit genau diesen Gefühlen und der Hoffnung spielen. Sie machen die ganze verzwickte Situation in meinen Augen nur noch schlimmer und die Hoffnung auf ein Happy End schwindet.\nDa ich die Reihe aber sehr gerne mag, werde ich wohl auch die folgenden Teile lesen und die Hoffnung erst einmal nicht aufgeben. Ich kann die Bücher und besonders diesen Teil, allerdings keinem jüngeren und sensiblen Leser empfehlen.\nBewertung von Archer am 06.02.2018\nCall sitzt im Knast. Anders kann man das nicht sagen – die Magier, die ihn für Constantine Madden halten, haben ihn nach dem Tod Aarons sicherheitshalber in Einzelhaft gesteckt. Ein halbes Jahr lang sieht er niemanden, dann erst darf ihn seit Vater besuchen, kurze Zeit später auch Master Rufus. Und plötzlich taucht auch noch Anastasia auf und sorgt dafür, dass er aus dem Gefängnis ausbrechen kann – ausgerechnet mit Hilfe von Tamara und Jasper. Doch die Freude währt nur kurz, denn die drei geraten in Master Josephs Klauen. Und der verlangt nicht mehr oder weniger, als dass Call Aaron von den Toten auferweckt. Selbst wenn ihm das gelingen sollte – will er das wirklich? Und würde das nicht beweisen, dass er ist, was alle in ihm vermuten? Der Feind des Todes?\nEigentlich finde ich gut, dass…mehr\nEigentlich finde ich gut, dass es immer kurz nach dem letzten Band anschließt und man keine großen Lücken im Geschehen hat. Was mich jedoch störte, war erst einmal die Kürze des Buches und die daraus resultierende Hektik des Erzählens einerseits und dann die völlig unpassende Liebesgeschichte andererseits, die mal eben so eingefügt wurde. Trotz all der Sachen, die passierten, konnte man sich des Eindrucks nicht erwehren, dass die Autorinnen nicht genug zu erzählen hatten, um wirklich auf die angekündigten fünf Bücher zu kommen. Und ich konnte oft genug Calls Handeln und Denken nicht nachvollziehen, was es mir immer wieder schwer machte, Sympathien für ihn zu entwickeln. Alles in allem war das wohl der schwächste selbständige Band der Reihe – selbständig im Sinne von „Wir gucken jetzt mal nicht alles von J. K. Rowling ab“.\nBewertung von Little Cat am 05.02.2018\n„Magisterium – Die silberne Maske“ von Holly Black\nund Cassandra Clare\nVerlag : ONE\nHolly Black wurde 1971 in New Jersey…mehr\nHolly Black wurde 1971 in New Jersey geboren. Sie wurde durch ihre Fantasy-Reihe Die Spiderwick-Geheimnisse bekannt, die auch verfilmt und zu einem internationalen Bestseller wurde. Holly Black lebt mit ihrer Familie und mit vielen Tieren in Amherst, Massachusetts\nAaron ist tot, wirklich tot...Call sitzt im Gefängnis. Plötzlich wird er befreit, nur um kurze Zeit später wieder nicht frei zu sein. Master Joseph verlangt scheinbar unmögliches von ihm, er soll Aaron wieder zum Leben erwecken. Doch zu welchem Preis?\nDas Cover ist schön gestaltet, passt gut zum Buchinhalt und vor allem gut zur gesamten Buchreihe.\nZuvor sollte erwähnt werden das dieses Buch nicht unabhängig von Band 1-3 gelesen werden kann. Es gibt einfach zu viele Verwicklungen, die der Leser sonst nicht einmal Ansatzweise versteht.\nMir hat dieses Buch leider nicht gut gefallen. Ich hatte mir viel vom Inhalt versprochen und war doch sehr enttäuscht. Der Schreibstil ist gewohnt flüssig zu lesen und auch die Charaktere sind bekannt. Allerdings hatte ich das Gefühl das dieses Buch ein Lückenfüller ist. Die Geschichte wirkt hingegen der ersten Bände fast schon lahm. Klar, die Buchreihe ist für ihre kurze Seitenzahl bekannt. Aber diesmal fehlte es einfach an Qualität. Die Geschichte plätscherte nur so vor sich hin und spannende Szenen wurden lediglich kurz angerissen, aber nicht wirklich ausgeführt.\nDie Charaktere sind bekannt da es sich ja schon um Band 4 handelt. Dennoch konnte ich in diesem Buch bei keinem eine Entwicklung fest stellen. Lediglich der „neue“ Aaron wirkte sehr interessant und brachte etwas Aktion ins Buch.\nFür mich ganz klar der schwächste Band der Reihe. Die Autorinnen hätten Band 3 und 4 zu einem machen sollen. Das wäre wesentlich sinnvoller gewesen. Ich vergebe 3 von 5 Sternen, da ich echt enttäuscht bin.\nBewertung von Lilli33 am 05.02.2018\nDie ersten drei Bände dieser Reihe haben mir sehr gut gefallen, leider kann der 4. Band da nicht mithalten. Durch beiläufige Wiederholungen des bisher Geschehenen ist man schnell wieder in der Geschichte drin. Der einfache, kindgerechte Schreibstil lässt sich auch für Erwachsene gut lesen und wirkt absolut nicht öde.\nDie Handlung ist sehr spannend und mit einigen Überraschungen gespickt. Manches hatte ich wirklich nicht erwartet bzw. nicht an dieser Stelle damit gerechnet. Vieles fand ich allerdings auch nicht ganz ordentlich ausgearbeitet, gerade in der Mitte des Buches konnte ich mich mit einigen Szenen nicht gut anfreunden. Call und seine Freunde verhalten sich zum Teil nicht nachvollziehbar und manchmal einfach nur dumm.\nImmer wieder blitzt aber auch ein Funken Humor durch, der…mehr\nImmer wieder blitzt aber auch ein Funken Humor durch, der die düstere Atmosphäre auflockert. Entweder sorgt Call dafür, indem er mal wieder in ein Fettnäpfchen tritt, oder Jasper, der manchmal so einen Blödsinn verzapft, dass man einfach lachen muss.\nCall und seine Freunde müssen einiges durchmachen, aber natürlich ist es Call, der die Hauptlast zu tragen hat. Seine Zerrissenheit und seine Zweifel kann man dabei förmlich spüren.\nZwar ist dieser Band bisher der kürzeste (ein paar Seiten mehr wären schön gewesen), aber er bringt die Handlung ein gutes Stück vorwärts. Das Ende ist an einem guten Punkt, sodass wir nun gelassen darauf warten können, was uns im 5. und letzten Band noch erwartet. Ich freue mich auf jeden Fall schon darauf und hoffe, dass er mich wieder mehr überzeugen kann.\n1. Der Weg ins Labyrinth\n2. Der kupferne Handschuh\n3. Der Schlüssel aus Bronze\n4. Die silberne Maske\nBewertung von Miris Bücherstübchen am 05.02.2018\nAllzu lange war es gar nicht her, dass ich die vorherigen Bände der Reihe gelesen habe, aber ich mir sicher, dass man auch nach einer etwas längeren Zeit den Einstieg in die Geschichte gut meistern kann. Denn allzu viel ist trotz der vergangenen sechs Monate nicht passiert. Die Geschichte fängt da an, wo sie aufgehört hat und wiederholt beiläufig alles Wichtige. Call befindet sich in Haft, da das Geheimnis bezüglich Constantins Seele gelüftet wurde. Sein Freund Aaron ist gestorben und Master Joseph versucht Call auf seine Seite zu ziehen, um Constantins Werke fortzusetzten.\nGanz so schlimm ist die Situation dann doch nicht. Calls Freunde halten auch weiterhin treu zu ihn und helfen ihn bei dem Ausbruch. Ziemlich schnell wird jedoch klar, dass Call sich in einer Zwickmühle zwischen…mehr\nGanz so schlimm ist die Situation dann doch nicht. Calls Freunde halten auch weiterhin treu zu ihn und helfen ihn bei dem Ausbruch. Ziemlich schnell wird jedoch klar, dass Call sich in einer Zwickmühle zwischen seinen \"seinem\" Ich und dem von Constantin befindet, welcher er im Grunde auch ist. Dieser Konflikt wurde in diesem Band besonders schön ausgearbeitet. Man ist sich oftmals nicht sicher, zu welcher Seite Call tendiert, da die böse immer mehr Einfluss auf ihn bekommt.\nWieder gibt es viele unerwartete Ereignisse, mit denen ich nicht wirklich gerechnet hätte, aber im Gegenzug entpuppte sich auch manches genauso, wie ich gedacht hätte. Dennoch fand ich, dass einiges in diesem Band zu chaotisch geschrieben wurde. Manche Handlungsstränge wurde angefangen und dann links liegengelassen und dafür neue angefangen. Es muss nicht unbedingt ein rein negativer Punkt sein, zwar war ich etwas enttäuscht, da erst zum Ende hin das weitergeführt wurde, das ich mir erhofft hatte, aber manchmal erschien mir die Handlung und die Charaktere einfach nur irrational. Manchmal hatte ich auch das Gefühl, dass man den Leser noch etwas hinhalten und verwirren möchte, bevor man das große Finale beginnt. Dabei entstand wohl der Eindruck, dies wäre nur ein halbherziger Lückenfüller, zumal es sehr gekürzt von den Seitenanzahlen, aber auch den Voranschreiten der Story ist.\nTrotz allem habe ich auch dieses Buch genossen. Der Schreibstil fasziniert mich immer wieder, den er ist sowohl für kleine, als auch große Leser geeignet. Hin und wieder wird die eigentlich ernste Handlung durch Humor und liebgewonnene Charaktere aufgelockert. Dennoch fand ich die Atmosphäre nicht so schön magisch wie bei den bisherigen.\nAus meiner Rezension kann man bestimmt raushören, dass ich etwas enttäuscht von diesem Band bin. Es wurde schlichtweg an vielen Stellen zu kurz gehalten oder wirkte wie ein Lückenfüller für das große Finale. Ich hoffe wirklich, dass es nur an der Vorbereitung auf das Finale lag und der letzte Band mich überraschen wird. Dennoch kann ich auch etwas Positives zu dem Buch sagen: Es gibt immer noch einiges Überraschendes, Witziges und Neugierigmachendes in diesem Buch, sodass man ihm eine Chance geben sollte.\nBewertung von Wolly aus Kempten am 05.02.2018\nEigentlich sollte hier eine begeisterte Rezension über den neuen Teil einer meiner Lieblingsreihen stehen. Leider geht das bei diesem Band nicht, da die Autorinnen an allen Ecken gespart haben.\nAllem voran an der Seitenzahl. Auch wenn die Bände noch nie besonders lang waren, hat man diesmal das Gefühl mit einem halbfertigen Buch dazusitzen.\nAuch an Spannung hat es überraschenderweise gemangelt, was sonst bei den Geschichten kein Problem darstellt. Die spannendsten Szenen wurden hier allerdings nur angerissen und zu einfach aufgelöst.\nHier fehlte es an wirklichem Einfallsreichtum und es wurde weitestgehend der einfachste, wenn auch nicht zwingend logischste Weg gewählt.\nDas Flair, dieser Funken Magie, der mich sonst besonders überzeugen kann, ist diesesmal auch abhanden gekommen. Ich…mehr\nDas Flair, dieser Funken Magie, der mich sonst besonders überzeugen kann, ist diesesmal auch abhanden gekommen. Ich hoffe sehr das er sich zum Finale wieder einfindet.\nPositives gibt es natürlich auch zu sagen. Es macht Spaß mit den liebgewonnenen Charakteren Abenteuer zu erleben, es liest sich wieder sehr angenehm leicht und die Geschichte steuert endlich aufs Finale zu.\nIch werte diesen Band jetzt einfach mal als Überbrückung vor dem großen Showdown.\nDie Autorinnen haben sich mit diesem Band keinen großen Gefallen getan und als Fan der Reihe hoffe ich, das es sich nur um einen Ausrutscher handelt.\nBewertung von Gina1627 aus Marienheide am 04.02.2018\nCalls Gefühlswelt wird gefordert!\nCall ist verzweifelt nach dem Tod seines besten Freundes Aaron und der Schuldzuweisung der Mitglieder des Magisteriums, dass er dies zu verantworten hat. Er fristet ein einsames und trauriges Dasein im Panoptikum. Seine Lage scheint aussichtslos zu sein. Doch durch unerwartete Geschehnisse gelingt ihm die Flucht und er gerät in die Fänge seines ärgsten Feindes. Wieder steht er zwischen den Fronten und muss sich entscheiden für welche Seite er kämpfen soll. Kann er mit der Hilfe seiner früheren Freunde rechnen und hilft ihm seine Gabe dabei, aus dieser ausweglosen Situation herauszukommen? Muss er sich auf einen nicht gewollten Handel einlassen?\n„Magisterium - Die silberne Maske“ ist der vierte Teil der Reihe und ist meines Erachtens ohne…mehr\n„Magisterium - Die silberne Maske“ ist der vierte Teil der Reihe und ist meines Erachtens ohne Kenntnisse der Vorbände schwer zu verstehen. Bei der von mir sehnsüchtig erwarteten Fortsetzung war ich schnell wieder im Geschehen drin und habe auf Calls weitere Abenteuer hin gefiebert. Cassandra Clares Schreibstil fesselte einen wie gewohnt von Anfang an und ich hatte die ganze Zeit Kopfkino pur. Nach dem Cliffhanger im letzten Buch, bei dem Aaron sein Leben lies und Call im Panoptikum ohne Kontakt zur Außenwelt sein Dasein fristen muss, war ich gespannt darauf, wie das Autorengespann ihm hier wieder aus der Klemme helfen wollte. Spektakulär auf jeden Fall und ich war geplättet, wer hinter seiner Befreiung steckte und welche Motive hier verfolgt wurden. Call gerät von einer Gefangenschaft in die nächste und was er dort erleben muss hat seine Gefühlswelt ganz schön ausgehebelt. Man spürt seine Unsicherheit in Liebesdingen, seine Verzweiflung und Enttäuschung über ein teilweise misslungenes Experiment und seine Hoffnung aus dieser ausweglosen Situation herauszukommen. Da dürfen einem 15-jährigen außergewöhnlichen Magier auch schon mal die Tränen vor lauter Trauer kommen. Doch Calls Stärke ist sein unbändiger Lebenswille und der Wunsch endlich vom Magisterium akzeptiert zu werden. Ob es ihm je vollständig gelingen wird?\nSeine Gegenspieler sind vertraute Gestalten und man entwickelt im Laufe der Geschichte eine überaus große Abneigung gegenüber ihnen, da sie die ganze Zeit polarisieren und einen mit ihren Handlungen schocken. Das letztendlich der von vielen gefürchtete Krieg zwischen den Guten und den Bösen gerade noch durch tragische Entwicklungen verhindert wird, lässt einen mit dem darauf folgenden, nie erwarteten neuen Cliffhanger, auf den 5. Teil der Reihe hin fiebern. Was für eine Spannung sich dabei aufbaut!\nAuch das vierte Buch der Magisterium Reihe hat mir wieder sehr gut gefallen und mir aufregende Lesestunden geschenkt. Leider hat das Autorenduo jedoch im letzten Drittel des Buches manche fragwürdige Einlage und zu viel Durcheinander ins Geschehen hineingebracht, was mich davon abhält hier die volle Punktzahl zu vergeben.\nVerdient erhält das Buch von mir 4 Sterne.", "Conductor im Test: Mit Dampf, Drohne und Gravity Gun | VR-World\nBenjamin Danneberg Mai 4, 2017\nHersteller: OverflowGenre: Abenteuer, PuzzleSetting: Interaktiv, Mystery, SingleplayerTyp: Spiele\nConductor im Test: Mit Dampf, Drohne und Gravity Gun\nFür die virtuelle Realität sind Escape-Room-Spiele extrem beliebt – zumindest bei Entwicklern. Die Macher von Abode legen jetzt nach… und entwickeln das Genre ganz nebenbei weiter.\nEs ist dunkel. Irgendwo heulen Wölfe, Grillen zirpen und vor uns steht auf einer Bahnschiene eine Dampflok. Der Tunnel hinter dem Zug ist auf den Anhänger gekracht – wir wollen gar nicht so genau wissen, wie das passiert ist. Schnell den Hänger abgekoppelt und auf die Lok gestiegen: Wir schaufeln Kohle in den Ofen, machen Feuer und legen den Gashebel um. Langsam tuckern wir in die schwarze, nur vom Scheinwerferlicht erhellte Nacht.\nDer Wagen steht da etwas ungünstig. Wir müssen herausfinden, wie wir ihn dort wegbekommen können. © Overflow\nConductor glänzt von Beginn an mit hervorragender Atmosphäre: Wir sehen nur das, was im jeweiligen Lichtschein zu sehen ist, drum herum ist es stockduster. Wenn wir eine Gaslaterne anzünden oder einen Strahler anschalten, dann werden die einfach texturierten, leicht comichaften Grafiken sichtbar und bilden so etwas wie stilisierte Inseln in einem Meer aus Finsternis. Alles ist scharf und sauber modelliert, die Spielwelt wirkt äußerst stimmig.\nDazu kommt eine mysteriös-gruselige Stimmung: Warum sind wir eigentlich hier – und wer zum Teufel schickt diese Drohnen, die immer wieder auf uns schießen?\nHalf-Life 2 lässt grüßen\nZum Glück sind wir nicht ganz wehrlos. Schon am ersten von mehreren Haltepunkten finden wir unsere Gravity-Gun, die uns sehr an Half Life 2 erinnert. Damit räumen wir Gerümpel weg, schieben schwere Dinge an oder räumen versperrte Türen vom Fenster aus frei. Werden wir angegriffen, schnappen wir uns damit die attackierende Drohne und lassen sie zu Boden oder gegen vorbeifahrende Felsen krachen.\nMit der Gravity Gun packen wir uns feindliche Drohnen und schmettern sie auf den Boden. © Overflow\nDie Zugfahrt wird immer wieder unterbrochen: Mal steht ein Auto auf den Gleisen, mal müssen wir eine Brücke herunterlassen, dann wieder sorgt ein kaputtes, elektrisches Tor für eine Blockade. Um den Weg frei zu räumen, müssen wir an den einzelnen Stationen Rätsel lösen: Schlüssel oder Codes entdecken, den Weg auf ein Dach oder in den Keller finden, dampf- betriebene Generatoren anwerfen und coole Schwerelosigkeitsexperimente durchführen.\nDie Steuerung funktioniert dabei fast immer schön präzise. Innerhalb unseres raumfüllenden VR-Bereichs (Room Scale) und per Teleportation erkunden wir die verschiedenen Außen- und Innenareale.\nGut verpackte Puzzles\nDie Puzzles sind nicht schwer, mit etwas Nachdenken und ab und zu etwas Herumprobieren kommen wir immer auf die Lösung. Während wir uns von Station zu Station vorarbeiten, wird uns eine kleine Story erzählt, die sich aus Notizen und kurzen, belauschten Gesprächen unserer unsichtbaren Widersacher speist. Das hätte zwar ruhig umfangreicher sein können, aber es untermalt auch so die wunderbare Stimmung.\nDie Haltestellen sind detailliert gestaltet und passen perfekt zur Spiel-Atmosphäre. © Overflow\nAuf der Lok durch die Nacht zu dampfen macht richtig Laune und während wir die Schienen entlang rattern, baut sich jedes Mal aufs Neue diese Spannung auf: Was erwartet uns an der nächsten Station? Werden unsere Verfolger uns doch noch irgendwo erwischen?\nDie Zeit verfliegt, ohne dass wir es bemerken und am Ende sind wir überrascht, dass bereits fast zwei Stunden vergangen sind. Wenige VR-Spiele lassen uns die Realität so vergessen, wie Conductor. Die clevere Idee mit dem Zug, der uns von einer Szene zur nächsten bringt, schafft eine Dynamik, die normale Escape-Room-Spiele nicht haben. Am Ende steht fest: Solche Spiele würden wir sehr gern noch länger spielen.\neinfache, aber stimmige Grafik\nclevere Dynamik durch den Zug\nDie Story hätte noch etwas mehr ausgearbeitet werden können\nSpannendes Puzzle-Abenteuer, dass durch clevere Dynamik, tolles Gameplay und einnehmenden Artstyle besticht.", "Thread abonnierenLeser Kommentare (Page 1 of 1) Highest RankedMarco @ Jan 17th 2013 5:34PMschlimm wie hier immer gleich gemeckert wird... -.-falls ihr es nicht mitbekommen habt dies ist ein konzept welches von einem video eines vorseriengerätes nachempfunden wurde.hat also nicht so viel mit dem tatsächlichen design zu tunaußerdem was soll daran ein iphone sein? ich mein ne längliche form und abgerundete ecken tollmuss schon sagen so was gabs noch niescheiß apple tut immer so als würden sie das rad neu erfinden dabei verkaufen sie seit jahren den gleichen veralteten und innovationslosen schrott.die guten apple zeiten sind längst vorbeiAntworten Neutralfaren @ Jan 20th 2013 9:49AMbist du irgendwie mal auf die Augen gefallen? sowas solls noch nie gegeben haben? lächerlich.\nreplying to thread #35786955", "Auslaufende Netflix-Lizenzen (März 2020, Teil 2) ⋆ Geek Germany\nAuslaufende Netflix-Lizenzen (März 2020, Teil 2)\n26. März 2020 26. März 2020 Redaktion 0 Kommentare Netflix\n30.04.2020 Deadly Women (1 Staffel)\n30.03.2020 Luther (4 Staffeln)\n31.03.2020 Cheer Squad (1 Staffel)\n31.03.2020 Der große Eisenraub 1963 (1 Staffel)\n31.03.2020 Derren Brown: Apocalypse and Fear (1 Staffel)\n31.03.2020 Quiz Taxi: New York (1 Staffel)\n31.03.2020 The Heroic Legend of Arslan (1 Staffel)\n31.03.2020 Undateables – Partnersuche mit Handicap (3 Staffeln)\n31.03.2020 Worst Cooks – Endlich schmeckt’s (1 Staffel)\n04.04.2020 Chewing Gum (2 Staffeln)\n09.04.2020 Outcast (1 Staffel)\n14.04.2020 Ben 10 (3 Staffeln)\n14.04.2020 Die Powerpuff Girls (1 Staffel)\n14.04.2020 Hinter der Gartenmauer (1 Staffel)\n14.04.2020 Rurouni Kenshin (3 Staffeln)\n← Silent War – Der Gejagte\nAnime Winter Season 2020 / Woche #12 →", "ISBN: 978-3-492-95825-7\nWer nach Norwegen reist, will nichts weniger als action and nightlife. Der Urlauber sucht Ruhe, ein Eckchen heile Welt und vor allem unberührte Natur. Kaum einer kommt wegen der Küche, der Museen oder der Festivals, nur wenige kommen wegen der Norweger. »Ich war zehn Tage in Norwegen wandern und habe die ganze Zeit keine Menschenseele getroffen !« schildert in aller Regel einen gelungenen Urlaub, während es schwer vorstellbar ist, dass der Satz »Ich war zehn Tage in der Toskana wandern und habe keine Menschenseele getroffen!« etwas anderes [...]\nWer nach Norwegen reist, will nichts weniger als action and nightlife. Der Urlauber sucht Ruhe, ein Eckchen heile Welt und vor allem unberührte Natur. Kaum einer kommt wegen der Küche, der Museen oder der Festivals, nur wenige kommen wegen der Norweger. »Ich war zehn Tage in Norwegen wandern und habe die ganze Zeit keine Menschenseele getroffen !« schildert in aller Regel einen gelungenen Urlaub, während es schwer vorstellbar ist, dass der Satz »Ich war zehn Tage in der Toskana wandern und habe keine Menschenseele getroffen!« etwas anderes einleiten kann als die Beschreibung einer ziemlichen Enttäuschung. Das Ideal des unberührten, menschenleeren Freilichtmuseums geht so weit, dass das Eindringen » echter« Norweger, Einheimischer also, die weder Fremdenführer noch Hüttenvermieter sind, als unangenehm, ja bedrohlich empfunden wird. Sie führen sich auf, als gehöre ihnen das alles, und machen das wahre Norwegen kaputt, das man selbst in Erbpacht genommen hat. Im Reiseteil einer deutschen Kleinstadtzeitung kam ein zornbebender Journalist zu Wort, der Norwegen aus tiefstem und reinstem Herzen liebt und es nicht fassen kann, mit welcher Niedertracht sein Refugium von Leuten zerstört wird, die dort wirklich nichts verloren haben: »Alles hatte den Charme von gestern, vorgestern, dem vorigen Jahrhundert. Eine Ansammlung von verwitterten Blockhütten, ein einziges Berggasthaus hat überlebt, wo drei Hotels aufgegeben haben: eine lauschige Idylle im fernen Norwegen, wo man nichts tun kann außer Skilanglauf, den aber ausgiebig. Skilangläufer gehen abends nicht auf die Walz, sie sind froh, früh im Bett zu sein, um am nächsten Morgen wieder fit in die Loipe zu gehen. Das war zwanzig Jahre so. Und es war gut so. Dieses Jahr aber hat die Zivilisation ausgeholt, das norwegische Idyll zu vereinnahmen: Ein neu gebautes Blockhäuschen am andern dokumentiert den Drang neureicher Norweger aus der Hauptstadt Oslo, ihren neuen Reichtum nicht allein mit ihrer eigenen Ölbohrinsel in der Nordsee und ihrer riesigen Jacht im Hafen öffentlich zur Schau zu stellen. Sie wollen in ihrem Bekanntenkreis noch eins draufsetzen mit ihrem Ferienhäuschen dort im Gebirge, wo zwanzig Jahre die wenigen Ortsansässigen und ein paar Touristen unter sich waren … So erfährt man als Tourist zum ersten Mal das Gefühl, das den einstigen Helden der Jugendzeit, James Fenimore Coopers unvergessenen Lederstrumpf, beseelt haben muss, als ihn im fernen Westen der USA die beginnende Zivilisation zu umzüngeln begann: Man sieht ihrem Vordringen fassungslos zu und versteht die Welt nicht mehr.«\nDie Welt kann ich ihm nicht erklären. Aber ich erzähle gern etwas über ein Land, das eine Vergangenheit, eine Gegenwart und eine Zukunft hat. Dieses Land ist weder »idyllisch« noch »lauschig«. Von Mitternachtssonne und ekstatischem Naturerleben wird ebenso wenig die Rede sein wie – beispielsweise – von dem Triumvirat Ibsen, Munch und Grieg, das bis heute die Fahne der norwegischen Kultur hochhalten muss, als habe es nach ihnen nichts Lohnendes mehr gegeben. Die Wahrheit, meinte Ingeborg Bachmann, sei dem Menschen zumutbar. Dem Norwegenreisenden auch.\nHumor ist nicht das Erste, woran man bei Norwegern denkt, aber das ist ungerechtfertigt. Früher lachten sie über Schwedenwitze: »Wie luchst man einem Schweden auf dem Flug nach London einen Fensterplatz ab? Man sagt ihm, dass nur die Gangplätze bis London gehen.« Die Schweden revanchierten sich mit Norwegerwitzen wie der Lautsprecherdurchsage auf dem Stockholmer Flughafen Arlanda: »Reisende nach Oslo, bitte stellen Sie Ihre Uhren um fünfzig Jahre zurück.« Dergleichen kommt einem bekannt vor, diese Albernheiten kursierten in Deutschland über Ostfriesen und zuvor jahrzehntelang in den USA über polnische Einwanderer. In Norwegen werden Schwedenwitze nur noch von Schulkindern erzählt. Dieser oder jener Erwachsene mag darüber noch lächeln, ansonsten aber zeichnen die Norweger sich durch Ironie, Selbstironie und feinen Humor aus. Nehmen Sie die norwegische Botschaft in Berlin. Sie verleiht alljährlich einen »Goldenen Lachs« an Menschen, »die dazu beigetragen haben, Norwegen bekannt zu machen und Sympathien zu schaffen«. Im Jahr 2002 war die Preisträgerin Sandra Maischberger, Anlass war ihr Fernsehinterview mit Kronprinz Haakon und seiner Frau Mette-Marit. Über dieses Interview wurde nicht nur in Deutschland und Norwegen, sondern in vielen Ländern ausgiebig berichtet, weil Mette-Marit während der Aufnahmen so heftig von der Sonne und einem fehlerhaften Scheinwerfer bestrahlt worden war, dass sie Gesichtsverbrennungen davontrug. Der damalige Botschafter betonte, selbstverständlich erhalte Maischberger den Preis nicht für diese »Leistung«. Aber das Missgeschick habe nichtsdestotrotz große Medienaufmerksamkeit bekommen und so für Norwegen geworben. Die Zeitungsberichte darüber entsprächen einem Wert von mehreren Millionen Kronen, eine PR-Arbeit, die der Botschaft angesichts ihres notorisch klammen Werbeetats sehr gelegen gekommen sei. Die Regierung in Oslo war konsterniert, die Herrschaften im Schloss ebenso. Ehrlich gesagt: die ganz besonders. Man war not amused. Dabei war bei der Preisverleihung ein besonders schönes und passendes Lied gespielt worden, das obendrein von der norwegischen Stargruppe a-ha stammte: The sun always shines on TV. Aber auch das konnte es nicht rausreißen. Gerüchten zufolge wurde der Botschafter nicht nur aus Berlin abgezogen, sondern sogar gedrängt, den diplomatischen Dienst zu verlassen. Beides wurde von offiziellen Stellen entschieden dementiert. Mir fällt gerade zweierlei auf: Zum einen ist das vielleicht doch kein so gutes Beispiel für den Humor der Norweger. Und wenn ich so weitermache, bekomme ich den Preis nie.\nDer Osloer Flughafen Gardermoen ist sehr schön. Er ist aus einheimischen Materialien wie Granit, Schiefer und Holz erbaut – Materialien also, die man eher in Einfamilienhäusern der gehobenen Preisklasse erwarten würde. Die Konstruktion vermittelt ein Gefühl von Geräumigkeit, Leichtigkeit, rätselhafterweise aber auch von Verankerung. Man verbinde mit dem Bauwerk »Ruhe«, »Klarheit«, »Übersichtlichkeit« sowie eine »besondere Lichtfülle«, schreibt die norwegische Architekturhistorikerin Ingerid Helsing Almaas. Sie findet die Wortwahl »bezeichnend. Sie beschreibt nicht nur die räumlichen Ideale der Gebäude, sie zeichnet auch ein Bild des idealisierten norwegischen Bürgers: gut organisiert, offen, einfach, dabei voller Vertrauen in die Authentizität lokaler Erfahrungen, vom nördlichen Licht erhellt, von Holz und Stein gestärkt. Mit seiner geschwungenen Laminatholzdecke begrüßt das Terminalgebäude die Welt wie ein betuchter und großzügiger Gastgeber – wohlmeinend, elegant, nach der letzten Mode gekleidet, das Beste, was das kleine Land zu bieten hat.« Die Zeiten, als ein schwedischer SAS-Präsident Oslos Flugplatz – den Gardermoen-Vorgänger Fornebu – als »Cafeteria mit Landebahn« verspotten konnte, sind lange vorbei. Vom nördlichen Licht erhellt. Und zwar vom ersten Moment an, denn man verlässt das Flugzeug durch einen Glastunnel und findet sich nicht in einem neonbeleuchteten, ortlosen Airport-Land wieder, sondern an einem Ort, der noch nicht Oslo ist, aber bereits dessen Licht und Wetter hat. Wer aufmerksam ist, kann ab jetzt, also vom ersten Moment an, einiges über Norwegen lernen: 1. Der Weg zum Koffer führt fast bis zum Gepäckband an einer Glaswand entlang, auf einem Steg, hoch über den Abflug-Gates und den dort wartenden Abreisenden. Auf der einen Seite sieht man sie, auf der anderen Seite geht der Blick auf einen Wald jenseits des Rollfelds, der während der Bauarbeiten mit großem Aufwand bewahrt wurde. Während man so vor sich hingeht, kann man über das Reisen, über Ankommen und Abfahren nachdenken und die Aussicht genießen. Glücklich ist, wer sein Handgepäck nicht tragen muss, denn in der Zeit, die man zum Ausgang unterwegs ist, absolviert man in anderen europäischen Ländern einen Sonntagsspaziergang. Wir lernen: In Norwegen wandert man in der Höhe, denkt nach und guckt auf Natur. Natürlich gibt es ein paar Meter Rollband. Die dienen aber nur dem Nachweis, dass man dergleichen in Norwegen kennt. Man ist nicht rückständig. Man läuft einfach gern. 2. In der Ankunftshalle kommt man an mehreren Kiosken vorbei. Hier könnte man lernen, dass Norwegen sehr viele Tageszeitungen hat. Das aber geht unter, weil man nur die Zeitungen mit extrem überschaubaren Titelseiten sieht, deren Schrift und Bild etwa dreimal so groß sind wie bei der deutschen Bildzeitung. Auf die erste Seite passen kaum mehr als eine Vier-Wort-Überschrift und ein großes Foto. So entsteht der (falsche) Eindruck: Hier leben extrem kurzsichtige Menschen. 3. Spätestens wenn man für die zwanzigminütige Zugfahrt in die Stadt die geforderten 170 Kronen (22 Euro) bezahlt hat, fällt einem wieder ein, dass Oslo eine der teuersten Städte der Welt ist. Ab sofort sollte man jedes Umrechnen in eine vertrautere Währung unterlassen. Das macht schlechte Laune und ändert nichts. 4. Zwanzig Minuten vor Oslo fährt der Zug an Feldern und Bauernhöfen vorbei. Zehn Minuten vor Oslo immer noch. Von Industriegebieten oder Suburbia keine Spur. Man fragt sich, ob die norwegische Hauptstadt sehr klein ist oder vielleicht ganz woanders liegt. Die Wahrheit ist: Die Ackerflächen, Weiden und Pferdekoppeln, die man vor dem Fenster sieht, sind Oslo. Dann taucht der Zug in einen Tunnel. Kein besonderer Tunnel, eben lang genug, um anzudeuten, dass sich die Norweger auf Tunnelbau verstehen. Der dezente Hinweis lautet: Wir haben sehr viele Tunnels. Wer eine Tunnelphobie hat, hat jetzt noch Zeit zum Umkehren. 5. Man geht, man sitzt, man schaut sich um. Irgendwann wird einem bewusst, dass viele junge Norwegerinnen tatsächlich sehr blond und sehr schön sind. Die jungen Männer sind auch blond und schön – aber die Frauen fallen eben mehr auf. Wie überall.\nOslo, im Juni 2011. Der norwegische Ministerpräsident Jens Stoltenberg, der Schriftsteller Jo Nesbø sowie ein weiterer Freund radeln durch die Stadt. Ihnen folgen, ebenfalls auf Rädern, zwei Leibwächter. Das Grüppchen hält an einer roten Ampel, neben ihnen wartet außerdem ein Auto auf grünes Licht. Durch das offene Fenster ruft dessen Fahrer dem Ministerpräsidenten zu: »Jens! Hier ist ein kleiner Junge, der es cool fände, dir mal Guten Tag zu sagen!« Stoltenberg lächelt, schüttelt dem kleinen Jungen auf dem Rücksitz die Hand und sagt: »Guten Tag, ich heiße Jens.« Jo Nesbø hat diese kleine Begebenheit in der New York Times erzählt: »Der Ministerpräsident trägt einen Fahrradhelm, der Junge einen Sicherheitsgurt; sie haben an einer roten Ampel angehalten. Die Leibwächter stehen dahinter, in diskretem Abstand. Lächelnd. Ein Bild von Sicherheit und gegenseitigem Vertrauen. Ein Bild der normalen, idyllischen Gesellschaft, die wir alle für selbstverständlich hielten. Wie sollte da etwas schiefgehen? Wir trugen Fahrradhelme und Sicherheitsgurte, wir beachteten die Verkehrsregeln.« Wenig später ging wirklich etwas furchtbar schief. Am 22. Juli 2011, um 15 Uhr 25, explodierte vor dem Bürogebäude des Ministerpräsidenten eine Autobombe. Teile des Regierungsgeländes in der Osloer Innenstadt wurden verwüstet, acht Menschen starben. Auf die Täter und deren Motive gab es keinerlei Hinweise. Wenig später sprach Ministerpräsident Stoltenberg im Fernsehen von dem »größten Verbrechen, das Norwegen seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg« getroffen habe. Man wisse nicht, wer dafür verantwortlich sei, es sei aber »in einer solchen Stunde wichtig, für das einzustehen, woran wir glauben. Sie werden uns nicht zerstören. Wenn es darauf ankommt, wird die norwegische Demokratie stärker.« Auch Oslos Bürgermeister Fabian Stang blieb ruhig: » Wir werden das schaffen, wir werden zusammenhalten. Wir dürfen nicht destruktiv sein, wir dürfen nicht zulassen, dass die Angst gewinnt.« In die ersten chaotischen Berichte platzte die Nachricht, dass es im Sommerlager der Sozialdemokratischen Jugend auf der Insel Utøya eine Schießerei gegeben habe. Man sprach von fünf, möglicherweise sogar zehn Toten. Tatsächlich waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits 69 Menschen geradezu hingerichtet worden, zahllose waren verletzt. Als die ersten Polizisten auf die Insel kamen, war seit dem ersten Hilferuf mehr als eine Stunde vergangen. Der Täter ließ sich bereitwillig festnehmen. Er bekannte sich sofort zu den Morden und dem Bombenanschlag, er habe alles jahrelang vorbereitet. Die Taten, sagte er, seien »grausam, aber notwendig« gewesen. Er habe sie auf sich nehmen müssen, um Norwegen vor »Kulturmarxismus und Islamisierung« zu bewahren. Regierungschef Jens Stoltenberg beharrte weiter darauf, dass man auf diese ungeheure Tragödie mit mehr Demokratie und mehr Freiheit reagieren müsse. Und erwies sich als großer Staatsmann, indem er zunächst ostentativ nichts tat – jedenfalls nichts, was auch nur im Entferntesten als politische Tat zu werten gewesen wäre. In den Tagen nach den Anschlägen war er quasi rund um die Uhr im Fernsehen präsent. Was er ( sichtbar ) tat, war vor allem das: Er umarmte die Überlebenden der Anschläge und die Angehörigen der Ermordeten, weinte mit ihnen, sprach mit ihnen. Er fand für alle die richtigen Worte, und er mahnte immer wieder: »Halten wir inne, nehmen wir uns Zeit, zu trauern.« Seine Reaktion war das Gegenteil von dem, was spätestens seit dem 11. September 2001 die Regel ist: Führungskraft demonstrieren und etwas tun. Vor allem das: Etwas tun. Es war eine Sensation, die weltweit Aufsehen erregte und verwirrte: In einer der größten Krisen seines Landes nahm ein Regierungschef sich das Recht, innezuhalten. Nichts zu tun. Zum Nichtstun aufzufordern. Eine weitere Sensation war, dass 96 Prozent der Norweger das nicht als Führungsschwäche interpretierten, sondern als eine besonnene Art der Krisenbewältigung, die sie befürworteten. Sie wussten, dass Stoltenberg Betroffenheit und Trauer nicht vorspiegelte. Er hatte Mitarbeiter verloren, und er kannte die Familien einiger ermordeter Kinder und Jugendlicher. Auch die Königsfamilie war unmittelbar betroffen, denn unter den Toten war ein Stiefbruder von Kronprinzessin Mette-Marit. Alle Parteien schlossen sich dem Kurs an, die Geschehnisse (nicht sofort) in Politik umzumünzen. Die Botschaft lautete: Wir stehen zusammen, die Trauer eint uns. Dieses Nicht-Handeln spiegelte die Sprachlosigkeit und Lähmung der ganzen Nation, es beruhigte die Norweger und bestätigte sie in ihrem tiefen Vertrauen in ihren Staat: Wenn wir ihn wirklich brauchen, ist er für uns da. Wir werden von Menschen regiert, die gar nicht so anders sind als wir. Sie sahen ihren König mit hochrotem Kopf weinen und fühlten sich getröstet, denn alle weinten, trauerten, waren vor Entsetzen gelähmt. Wörter wie »Rache«, »Vergeltung« und »Hass« fielen anfangs selten, und wenn, dann in unerwarteten Zusammenhängen: » Unsere Jugendlichen sind nicht dafür gestorben, dass wir mehr hassen«, sagte der Leiter der Sozialdemokratischen Jugend, der viele Freunde verloren hatte. Nur einige Insassen des Gefängnisses, in das der Täter gebracht wurde, äußerten eine explizite Drohung: Sollte man ihn in die Hände bekommen, wisse man, was man mit ihm anfangen werde. Drei andere Wörter – der Name des Mörders – fielen fast nur in den Medien. Wörter wie »Teufel«, »Monster« oder »Killer-Bestie« blieben ausländischen Medien vorbehalten, sie tauchten auch in Äußerungen rechtsradikaler Gesinnungsgenossen außerhalb von Norwegen auf. Sie waren bemüht, sich schnell und radikal von einem zu distanzieren, der sie mit sich zu reißen drohte. Die Norweger hingegen weigerten sich lange, seinen Namen auszusprechen, und boykottierten Zeitungen, die sein Bild auf der Titelseite hatten. Es war die intuitive Reaktion darauf, einem nach Medienaufmerksamkeit gierenden Mann zu verweigern, wonach er sich am meisten sehnte, und auch dem entgegenzusteuern, was bei Grausamkeiten dieser Art immer geschieht: Während der Name des Täters in die Geschichte eingeht, bleiben seine Opfer nur als eine Zahl in Erinnerung. Siv Jensen, Parteichefin der rechtspopulistischen Fortschrittspartei (Frp), beteuerte sofort, es belaste sie unerträglich, dass dieser Mann einmal Mitglied ihrer Partei gewesen sei. Dann beging sie die große Dummheit, ihre Partei als »unschuldiges Opfer« der Morde zu bezeichnen. Der Empörungssturm über die Instinktlosigkeit, sich in eine Reihe mit den Opfern eines Rechtsradikalen zu stellen, zwang sie zu umgehenden und umfänglichen Entschuldigungen. Geholfen hat es wenig, in den Monaten nach den Anschlägen halbierte sich ihre Wählerschaft. Demonstrativ besuchten der Kronprinz, der Außenminister, Oslos Bürgermeister und der Bischof von Oslo eine große Osloer Moschee, der Außenminister zitierte Tröstendes aus dem Koran, der Bischof sagte, das norwegische Volk sei eine vielfältige Gemeinschaft in Trauer. Könighaus, Regierung und Geistliche führten praktisch vor, worauf es ankommt: Wir lassen uns nicht aufhetzen und nicht spalten. Rückblickend kann man vielleicht sagen, dass sie in diesen Tagen anfingen, sich um die Lösung eines weitreichenden und schwierigen gesellschaftlichen Problems zu bemühen, das der Schriftsteller Karl Ove Knausgård später so beschrieb: »Man kann Hass nicht verbieten. Man kann nur dafür sorgen, dass der Abstand zwischen denen, die hassen, und der Gesellschaft, die sie hassen, nicht gefährlich groß wird.« Drei Tage nach den Anschlägen fanden im ganzen Land Gedenkfeiern statt. Es wurde nicht geschrien, es wurden keine aufpeitschenden Reden gehalten. Es herrschte Stille, alle hatten Rosen dabei. Seit 1945 waren nicht mehr so viele Menschen gleichzeitig auf der Straße gewesen, 200 000 sollen es allein in Oslo gewesen sein, in einem entlegenen Weiler an der Westküste waren es acht. Als Stoltenberg seine Rede vor den 200 000 Osloern (und der Nation ) mit den Worten schloss » Unsere Mütter und Väter haben gesagt: ›Nie mehr 9. April!‹ Wir sagen: ›Nie mehr 22. Juli!‹«, verstand ihn jedes Kind. Kein Ereignis in der norwegischen Geschichte hat die Nation so tief und so dauerhaft traumatisiert wie der deutsche Überfall vom 9. April 1940. Was er sagte, war also: Damals standen wir gegen den übermächtigen Feind zusammen, wir sind gestärkt aus den Zeiten des Leids hervorgegangen. So wird es auch diesmal sein. Wir haben eine Zukunft. Implizit an die Besatzungszeit erinnerte auch das (sehr bekannte ) Lied An die Jugend, das der Schriftsteller Nordahl Grieg 1936 gegen den Faschismus verfasst hatte. Es wurde binnen Stunden zur nationalen Hymne. Die zentrale Strophe stellt die Frage, womit man den Feind bekämpfen könne. Stoltenbergs Antwort lautete: »Engagiert euch. Setzt euch ein. Werdet Mitglied in Organisationen. Beteiligt euch an Debatten. Geht wählen.« Und das taten sie. Alle Parteien erlebten einen Zustrom neuer Mitglieder, vor allem von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. Eine Überlebende von Utøya sagte, sie werde politisch weiterkämpfen, auch für ihre vielen toten Freunde. Und sie werde beim Prozess vor den Mörder treten. » Ich werde ihm in die Augen sehen und sagen: ›Du wolltest uns zerstören, aber du hast uns stärker gemacht. Du hast verloren.‹«\nEinerseits haben die Anschläge das Land verändert. Politiker haben mehr Personenschutz, öffentliche Gebäude sind stärker gesichert, viele Bürger finden die neuen Regelungen zum Schutz ihrer Politiker nicht umfassend genug. Die Polizei muss vermutlich grundlegend reformiert werden, vieles weist darauf hin, dass sich die Einsatzkräfte am 22. Juli gravierende Versäumnisse und Pannen haben zuschulden kommen lassen. Die Stadt Oslo ist für immer gezeichnet, das Regierungsviertel für den Autoverkehr gesperrt. Was mit den beschädigten Regierungsgebäuden geschehen soll, ist ungewiss. Das Gebot absoluter Meinungsfreiheit, das jedem zugesteht, sich völlig unzensiert zu äußern, steht auf dem Prüfstand. Vor allem aber rangen und ringen Justiz und Bevölkerung um den richtigen Umgang mit einem, dessen Taten und dessen Kaltblütigkeit unbegreiflich bleiben. An seinem Vorsatz gibt es keine Zweifel, vielen Norwegern ist allein der Gedanke, dass er, wie psychiatrische Gutachter meinen, schuldunfähig sein soll, unerträglich. Er hat 77 Menschen ermordet, zudem hat er Hunderten von Überlebenden schwere körperliche und seelische Schäden zugefügt. Zahllose Menschen müssen damit weiterleben, dass ein geliebter Mensch nicht mehr da ist. Andererseits zeigen Umfragen, dass die Norweger sich nicht bedroht fühlen und nicht ängstlicher geworden sind. Selbst führende Politiker und die Königsfamilie mischen sich weiterhin (fast) ungeschützt unter das Volk. Die Norweger honorieren, wie ruhig, würdig und umsichtig die Regierenden und ihr König sie durch die ersten Tage und Wochen der Krise führten. Man kann es positiv oder negativ sehen, dass die Gesellschaft im Wesentlichen gleich geblieben ist, sicher ist: Man kämpft darum, eine offene Gesellschaft und ein offenes Land zu bleiben. Der Täter soll nicht den Sieg davontragen, die Sicherheit und das gegenseitige Vertrauen, von denen Jo Nesbø sprach, zerstört zu haben. Niemand könne die Anschläge vom 22. Juli ungeschehen machen, sagte Kronprinz Haakon im Juli 2011, »aber wir können wählen, was sie mit uns machen«.\nJahrzehntelang hatte Norwegen die mit Abstand erfolgreichste und stabilste rechtspopulistische Partei Europas. Es ist die gerade erwähnte Fremskrittspartiet (Frp), Die Fortschrittspartei. Sie gehört zu den unerquicklichen Aspekten des heutigen Norwegen, weswegen ich sie jetzt abhandle, dann habe ich es hinter mir. Die Frp wurde 1973 als »Anders Langes Partei für die deutliche Reduzierung von Steuern, Abgaben und staatlichen Eingriffen« gegründet. Seither wuchs sie stetig und lag bei Umfragen konstant zwischen zwanzig und dreißig Prozent. Sie war im Auf und Ab der Wählerbefragungen immer wieder einmal Norwegens größte Partei. Sobald ein »moslemisches« Thema Schlagzeilen machte, Themen wie der Karikaturenstreit, die Kopftücher moslimischer Schülerinnen oder eine Gewalttat, die von einem moslemischen Einwanderer begangen wurde, konnte die Zahl auf 35 Prozent steigen. Konkret bedeutet das, dass nur 65 Prozent der fünf Millionen Norweger für rechtspopulistische Parolen völlig unempfänglich sind. Daraus muss man wohl den Schluss ziehen, dass es in Norwegen kaum offene, aber ziemlich viele undercover-Nationalisten gibt. Wie alle Politiker populistischer Parteien behaupten auch die der Frp, das »Sprachrohr des Volkes« zu sein. Sie legen sich auf keine politische Seite fest und passen ihre Forderungen der jeweils herrschenden Stimmung an. Man könnte auch sagen: Politisches Rückgrat ist ihnen wesensfremd. Folglich kann der durchschnittliche Frp-Wähler über das Programm seiner Partei selten mehr sagen als: »Das mit den Ausländern und dem Ölgeld geht nicht so weiter.« Denn das wirklich große Thema, noch größer als der Fremdenhass, sind die Ölmilliarden, zu denen der Frp und ihren Wählern immer nur eines einfällt: Das Ölgeld gehört der Bevölkerung, nicht den Politikern. Wir wollen das Geld. Jetzt. Sofort. Für uns. Wir wollen mehr Geld für Krankenhäuser (dem muss man zustimmen, denn vieles am norwegischen Gesundheitssystem ist nicht mies oder krank, sondern todkrank) und Rentner (da staunt man als Deutscher, ist doch die Kaufkraft der Rentner in den letzten zehn Jahren um sage und schreibe vierzig Prozent gestiegen). Wir wollen eine höhere Mindestrente, bessere Straßen, billigeres Benzin (es kostet ein Euro neunzig pro Liter, dabei sitzt man doch buchstäblich an der Quelle), billigere Flugreisen, einen Computer für jeden Schüler. Kurz gesagt, finden die Politiker (und Wähler) der Fortschrittspartei an ihrem Land nur eines nicht schlecht: seine finanzielle Situation. Und was wollen die Frp-Poliker mit dem Ölgeld machen? Nahezu alle Wirtschaftsexperten befürworten Norwegens restriktive Finanzpolitik. Gäbe man die Ölmilliarden im eigenen Land aus, wären Inflation und Preissteigerungen die zwingende Folge. Aber es gibt ja andere schöne Orte auf der Welt. Ein Abgeordneter der Frp brachte sich mit dem Vorschlag ins Gespräch, jedem Norweger eine Kreditkarte mit einem Guthaben von 18 000 Kronen (2400 Euro) zur Verfügung zu stellen, das nur im Ausland ausgegeben werden darf, beispielsweise für – wie er explizit sagte – »Shopping, Sangria und Spanferkel«. Und der ehemalige Parteivorsitzende Carl I. Hagen wäre nicht Europas erfolgreichster Rechtspopulist geworden, wenn nicht auch er ein Gespür für die tiefsten Sehnsüchte und Ängste der Menschen hätte. Er forderte, der norwegische Staat solle für seine Rentner Pflegeheime in Mittelmeerländern bauen. Er hat noch mehr einfache Lösungen für komplexe Probleme parat: Ende August 2011 schlug er vor, spanische Gastarbeiter ins Land zu holen. In Spanien betrage die Arbeitslosigkeit immerhin zwanzig Prozent, hier könne man die Männer gut gebrauchen, damit sie einen Tunnel unter dem Oslofjord bauen. Sie könnten in Zwölfstunden-Schichten für spanische Löhne arbeiten und in Baracken wohnen. Nach ein paar Wochen müsse man sie allerdings wieder nach Hause schicken und neue holen, sonst würden sie mit ihren Löhnen womöglich die Inflation anheizen. Da die Frp grundsätzlich für Ausgeben plädiert, müssen die Parteien des bürgerlichen und linken Spektrums erklären, warum sie dagegen sind. Darin sind sie sich ziemlich einig, da alle mehr oder weniger sozialdemokratisch sind. Deshalb war die Fortschrittspartei lange Zeit nicht nur die größte, sondern auch die einzige Oppositionspartei. Sie ist lediglich innerhalb dieses norwegischen Spektrums rechtspopulistisch und keineswegs so radikal wie beispielsweise die Le-Pen-Rechten in Frankreich. Die Frp-Politiker gelten seit jeher nur als spezielle Spezies Demokraten, durchaus als Schmuddelkinder. Sie sind nicht geächtet, aber die meisten anderen Politiker halten betont Distanz zu ihnen.\n© Ulrike Holzinger-Deutsch\nEbba D. Drolshagen, geboren in Büdingen, wuchs bis zu ihrem fünften Lebensjahr in Norwegen auf. Heute lebt sie als Journalistin, Autorin und Übersetzerin in Frankfurt am Main. Neben politischen Sachbüchern veröffentlichte sie bei Piper ihre erfolgreiche »Gebrauchsanweisung für Norwegen« und bei mehr ...\n1. Gebrauchsanweisung für Norwegen\nDetlef Fischer am 11.05.2013 - 11:20:32\nDie schönsten Weihnachtsgeschichten großer skandinavischer Autoren, die besten Rezepte von »Glögg« bis »Risalamande« und ...Taschenbuch / € 8.99 (D)", "Grazerlei: Ich kann's nicht lassen: Twilight!\nDie Frittenklöpplerin Freitag, September 11, 2009\naber jetzt mal ehrlich! Lieber blaue Flecken als Bisswunden :)))\nFrau Mahlzahn Freitag, September 11, 2009\nDu meinst, mal so zwischen Pest und Cholera gewählt, ;-)?\nSylvia Freitag, September 11, 2009\nEigentlich habe ich mit meinen Töchtern ausgemacht, dass ich mir Band 4 nicht mehr antun muss, und ob ich das letzte Viertel von Band 3 noch durcharbeite, weiß ich noch nicht.\nAber das, was du da schreibst, ist ja ganz übel ! Ich werde mal nachhaken und -lesen.\nAngeblich, also so unter uns Erwachsenen *g*, haben Vampirgeschichten ihren unterschwellig erotischen Reiz wohl gerade durch den Biss in den an sich auch für Küsse sensiblen Hals. Ein klassischer Vampir beißt zwar zwangsläufig blutig, aber blaue Flecken gehören in keinster Weise zu den Folgen - nirgendwo. Bram Stoker würde wohl weinen!\nS. 101-112. Sinnlich ist da nichts, ;-(.\nSylvia Samstag, September 12, 2009\nSchreck !!!!!!\nHeute früh, als es noch dunkel war, ich aber nicht schlafen konnte, habe ich mir die Szene gegeben. Dusselig, wie ich war, habe ich zuerst die komplett falsche Stelle erwischt, nämlich die, in der Eddie und Jake darüber diskutieren, wie man Bella zu einer Abtreibung überreden könnte, weil sie mit einem Monster schwanger ist und die Schwangerschaft nicht überleben wird.\nDas ist ja wirklich mehr als schräg, so, wie das dort alles beschrieben wird (die Blutergüsse von innen - NEIN !), das geht ja gar nicht.\nMeine Große hat mir erzählt, wie der Konflikt gelöst wird - Vampirisierung quasi parallel zur Geburt ?????\nDa ist die Hochzeitsnacht fast schon pillepalle.....\nIch fürchte, ich muss das Buch ganz lesen, momentan bin ich etwas geschockt (und das sage ich als King-Leserin, also durchaus Horrorromanerprobt).\nWarum eigentlich hat das noch nie jemand thematisiert ? Oder ist mir die Diskussion nur entgangen ?\nAnonym Samstag, September 12, 2009\nalso mal ehrlich .... wie ihr euch aufregts..?!?\nis ja nur eine storyy.!!!!!!!!!!\n*und was für eine TOLLE noch dazu xD*\nich finde das es ganz gut geschrieben worden ist.\n(is ja nicht so viel beschrieben worden \"die erste nacht\"..)\nalso easy bleiben ^^\nwie gesagt ist ja nur eine story wo man mit fühlt .. :P\n*lucille<3\n*twilight 4-EVER! *LoOl*\nFrau Mahlzahn Samstag, September 12, 2009\nDas mit der Abtreibung habe ich gar nicht gewußt, nur mit den Blutergüssen.\n@lucille: wir müssen uns aufregen, wir sind Mütter, *ggg*. Und mal ehrlich: ich möchte nicht, dass Mutze (oder sonst jemand, ;-)) noch glaubt, das sei ein romantisches Ideal, das da beschrieben wird, und erstrebenswert sei.\nP.S.@sylvia: die Szene, die Du beschreibst, werde ich mir wohl auch mal genauer anschauen, ich wußte bisher nur von den Blutergüssen, weil Vampirkinder nun mal Brutalos seien, *augenverdreh* -- dass Meyer das Thema Abtreibung ins Spiel bringt, wundert mich angesichts ihres Hintergrunds ein wenig. Jetzt bin ich mal auf die Szene sehr gespannt (fragen die Bella eigentlich auch um ihre Meinung?)\nIch fand es eigentlich schon haarsträubend, dass Bella im zweiten Teil so haarsträubende und gefährliche Dinge anstellt, nur um Edwards Stimme zu hören, aber der vierte Teil scheint ja alles zu toppen!\nIch frage mich, welche Traumata Meyer damit wohl aufarbeiten mag???\nUnd dass das noch nie jemand thematisiert hat, mag daran liegen, dass sich nach dem ersten Band wohl keiner mehr die Mühe gemacht hat, die weiteren Bände zu lesen (ich hab's ja auch beim ersten belassen und bin nur halbwegs informiert, weil die Mädchen viel darüber reden).\nUnd noch mal @lucille: Auch wenn Ihr recht starke Menschen seid, möchte ich nicht wissen, wie viele junge Mädchen sich von solchen Szenen beeinflussen lassen...\ntja, ich habe mich auch seeeehr gewundert.\nFang mal auf Seite 193 in der Mitte an (\"Bellas Körper war angeschwollen....\"). Der Ich-Erzähler ist Jake (das wechselt in diesem Band immer wieder). Jake kommt zu den Vampiren und soll Bella folgenden Deal vorschlagen:\nCarlisle soll den Embryo, also das wachsende Monster, \"wegmachen\", und wenn Bella unbedingt weitere Kinder bekommen möchte, erlaubt Edward, dass diese von Jake gezeugt werden, denn das werden dann normale Menschen (wo der Werwolf-Anteil ist, habe ich nicht kapiert).\nIn welcher Form die Zeugung erfolgen soll, kann ich nicht genau sagen, ich war zu müde und... überrascht.\nDas Wort \"Abtreibung\" fällt nur im Streit mit Bella, vorher heißt es (S. 197):\n\"Weshalb hat Carlisle denn nichts unternommen ?\", knurrte ich. \"Er ist doch Arzt, oder ? Er hätte es rausholen können.\"\nAufgelöst wird das Problem laut meinen Töchtern, dass Bella fast sterbend das \"Kind\" bekommt und dann, quasi fast vor dem Exitus, zum unsterblichen Vampir gemacht wird. Das muss ich mir aber genauer ansehen.\nNein, ich finde das wirklich nicht mehr witzig. Meine Töchter sehen das nicht so eng, wir haben aber ein ausführlicheres Gespräch darüber vertagt, bis ich mehr gelesen habe.\nFalls du das nun liest, meldest du bitte, ob ich das vielleicht alles ganz falsch verstanden habe ?\nIch finde es eigentlich ganz gut das du es beim ersten belassen hast, auserdem, die meisten die ich kenne lesen sowiso so viele Bücher das es auch keinen unterschied macht worum es geht, und übrigens, warst es nicht du die das erste Buch gekauft hat, als ich mich noch nicht dafür interessierte!\nMutze!\nPS:Bei den ganzen anderen Büchern musstest du ja auch nicht die ganze Zeit motzen!\n@Sylvia: wie bitte???\nJa, das werde ich sicher lesen.\nAber wie Du siehst: Mutze sieht das alles auch nicht so eng, und vielleicht sollten wir unseren Puberties einfach vertrauen...\nMuss schnell zum Essen, später mehr.", "Druckversion - Der General mit dem Knall | Telepolis\n01. August 2009 Markus Kompa\nAls Lyman Louis Lemnitzer (1899-1988) in die US-Army eintrat, transportierte man Kanonen noch mit Mauleseln. Als der aus einfachen Verhältnissen stammende General als höchster amerikanischer Soldat das Kommando abgab, hätte er Wasserstoffbomben notfalls mit Mondraketen [1] befördern lassen können. Der mitunter karikaturhafte General, der als versierter Planer galt und futuristische Innovationen liebte, wollte Anfang der 60er Jahre präventive Atomkriege führen. Um seine Überfälle politisch durchzusetzen, schreckte er vor nichts zurück. Seine Pläne prägten den Kalten Krieg.\nLyman L. Lemnitzer. Foto: US-Verteidigungsministerium [2]\n1916 wurden die Bürger von Honesdale, Pennsylvania, von einem lauten Knall aufgeschreckt: Zwei Lausbuben hatten im Wald aus Spaß eine Rohrbombe gebaut und waren schließlich selbst von deren Sprengkraft überrascht worden. Einer von Ihnen war Lyman Louis Lemnitzer (* 29. August 1899) gewesen, Enkel eines sächsischen Auswanderers. Großvater Ernst Lemnitzer, einst selbst Soldat, hatte sich für Lyman eine militärische Karriere gewünscht, obwohl er selbst im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg desertiert und hinter Gittern zum Wrack geworden war. Lemnitzer war aktiv in der Lutherischen Kirche und bewies in seiner Freizeit Talent zum Schießen. Er wurde Mitglied bei den Freimaurern, die er sehr ernst nahm. Zeitlebens durfte ihn jeder Freimaurer als \"Bruder\" anreden und auf eine freundliche Reaktion hoffen. Schon früh begeisterte sich der aus einfachen Verhältnissen stammende \"Lem\" bei einer Parade für das Militär. So hielt Lemnitzer 1917 an der Highschool eine wohl visionäre Rede über die Bedeutung der Luftfahrt im Krieg. Das US-Militär hatte damals erst seit einem Jahrzehnt Flugzeuge eingesetzt, die Gründung der eigenen Teilstreitkraft US Air Force sollte sich erst drei Jahrzehnte später vollziehen.\nLemit-zer, Sir\nAls sich der \"Krieg, der alle Kriege beenden\" sollte, dem Ende zuneigte, trat Lemnitzer in das US-Militär ein. Er bewarb sich an der traditionsreichen Elite-Akademie West Point [3], wo er im zweiten Anlauf genommen wurde. Während dieser Zeit in West Point führte General Douglas MacArthur für die Kadetten einen Ehrenkodex [4] ein. Nicht zuletzt der Corpsgeist der Elitesoldaten führte dazu, dass ein Rekrut, der beim Schreiben von Gedichten erwischt wurde, solange von der Gruppe isoliert wurde, bis er sich aus Verzweiflung erschoss.\nLemnitzers Vertrauen in den US-Kongress wurde erstmals durch eine neue Beförderungspolitik erschüttert: Aufgrund der nach dem ersten Weltkrieg vorgenommenen Reduzierung des gerade expandierten Militärs und anderen Umstellungen wurde Lemnitzers Jahrgang mit einer faktischen Beförderungssperre belegt, was vielfach als infam betrachtet wurde. Insbesondere die Frontheimkehrer wurden für ihr Risiko bevorzugt berücksichtigt. So kam es, dass der Soldat knapp 15 Jahre lang nur den Rang eines Lieutenants bekleidete, allerdings anfangs auch nur durchschnittliche Bewertungen erzielt hatte.\nIn den 20er Jahren ging es in den USA wirtschaftlich bergab, was zu Streiks und gewaltsamen Arbeiteraufmärschen führte. Solchen Umtrieben wirkten in der Armee Redner entgegen, die auf die Gräueltaten während der Russischen Revolution hinwiesen und martialisch gegen den \"Bolschewismus\" agitierten. Wohl damals wurden schon die Grundlagen für Lemnitzers tief verwurzelten Hass gegen den Kommunismus gelegt, dem er später während seiner Zeit als General mit Inbrunst frönen sollte.\nNach seiner Ausbildung in West Point wurde Lemnitzer der Küsten-Artillerie in Fort Monroe [5], Virginia, zugeteilt, damals nach den Ingenieuren die prestigeträchtigste Verwendung. Die Küstenverteidigung gegen Schiffe schmeichelte damals den Isolationisten, die eine Verteidigung der USA für ausreichend hielten, nicht jedoch Interventionen. Die Artillerie bot modernste und größte Kanonen, an deren Optimierung Lemnitzer großes Interesse hatte. Nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs verfügte die Basis über riesige Bestände an Munition, mit der es die Soldaten im Manöver so richtig krachen lassen konnten. \"Durchschnittlicher Offizier\", \"Mangel an Persönlichkeit\" notierten seine Vorgesetzten. In Fort Monroe erhielt er für seine Teilnahme am Ersten Weltkrieg auf Antrag auch sein erstes Brustabzeichen - obwohl er nur zu hause Dienst geschoben hatte. Am Ende seiner Karriere sollte das Ausmaß seines Brust-Flickenteppichs [6] Maßstäbe setzen.\nBei seiner nächsten Station in Fort Adams [7] kam es im Manöver unter Lemnitzers Verantwortung zu einem Brand, nachdem ein in einer Raucherpause entstandenes Feuer nicht sorgfältig genug gelöscht worden war. Doch selbst das grob fahrlässige Abbrennen einer ganzen Hühnerfarm schien auf die Karriere des amerikanischen Soldaten keine negative Auswirkungen zu haben - das Hinterlassen verbrannter Erde ist für Militärs wohl eine lässliche Sünde. 1923 gewann der talentierte Schütze bei einem nationalen Wettbewerb eine Bronzemedaille und nahm erfolgreich an ähnlichen Wettbewerben teil. Seine Vorliebe für Gewehre behielt Lemnitzer später auch im Atomzeitalter bei, wo er stets für die Bedeutung von Handfeuerwaffen im Militär eintrat.\nNachdem Lemnitzer 1923 geheiratet hatte, wurde er an den Stützpunkt Corregidor [8] auf den Philippinen versetzt. Hier erwartete ihn die \"verschwindende Kanone\" [9], die aufgrund eines aufwändigen Mechanismus nach dem Feuern wieder in der sicheren Versenkung verschwand. Verstecken, Knallen und aus der Deckung Schießen - das war für Lemnitzer genau das richtige, und sollte es ein Leben lang bleiben.\nIn General Stanley Embick, einem eigensinnigen Mann, fand Lemnitzer einen langfristigen Förderer. Lemnitzers Bewertungen waren inzwischen erheblich besser geworden. 1926 kehrte er nach West Point zurück, wo er an der naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Militärakademie arbeitete. Er wurde ein weiteres Mal in Corregidor stationiert, um den Bau eines Dieselkraftwerks zu überwachen.\nNachdem Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 die Präsidentschaftswahl gewonnen hatte, erregte er mit seinem \"New Deal\" den Hass führender Industrieller und unterlegener Spitzenpolitiker. Diese gründeten daraufhin die rechtsextreme Pressure Group \"American Liberty League\", die es finanziell bestens ausgestattet auf über 100.000 Mitglieder brachte. Diese hatten die Multimillionäre ausgerechnet bei Arbeitslosen und Kriegsveteranen unter Appell an die Nation gewonnen - wie zeitgleich die faschistischen Parteien in Europa. Der populäre Weltkriegsgeneral Smedley Butler war zu einem faschistischen Staatsstreich [10] mit einer Veteranen-Armee in Washington ausersehen worden. Butler, einer der höchstdekorierten Generäle, erschien der Wallstreet als der ideale Kandidat, hatte er doch in Mexiko und Kuba faktisch für die Interessen der Öl- und Zuckerindustrie gekämpft. Doch Butler ging an die Öffentlichkeit [11] und legte den Plot offen.\nEinem Untersuchungsausschuss [12] konnten sich die Hauptbeteiligten durch Auslandsaufenthalte entziehen, bis Gras über die Sache gewachsen war. Da die politisch und wirtschaftlich einflussreichen Verschwörer praktisch die gesamte Wall Street repräsentierten und Roosevelt auf viele von ihnen angewiesen war, wurde keiner der Beteiligten jemals belangt und die Sache klein gehalten [13]. Stattdessen diskreditierte man den verfassungstreuen General in der Presse, die vom involvierten William Randolph Hearst [14] dominiert wurde, als \"geisteskrank\". Die Mitglieder der American Liberty League gingen großteils in der Republikanischen Partei auf.\nLieutenant Lemnitzer hatte mit dieser Sache nichts zu tun, als eifriger Leser diverser Soldatenzeitschriften wird er sie jedoch aufmerksam verfolgt haben. Wer immer in den USA Gedanken an einen Militärputsch verschwenden sollte, der konnte sich am Beispiel der American Liberty League ausrechnen, dass bei entsprechender Protektion ein Staatsstreich kein unakzeptables Risiko darstellte. Und dass man Derartiges nicht halbherzig anstellen durfte, wollte man nicht im letzten Moment versagen. Es musste ein entschlossener Königsmord sein, wie ihn die USA schon 1856 [15], 1861 [16] und 1902 [17] erlebt hatten, und wie er vor dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs verübt [18] worden war. Drei Jahrzehnte später sollte Lemnitzer, der als der große Planer bekannt wurde, ebenfalls an der Spitze einer Clique ultrarechter Militärs stehen, denen offen der Sinn nach Beseitigung eines ihnen verhassten Präsidenten stand.\n1934 wurde Lemnitzer selbst Ausbilder in West Point, wo man ihm eine militärische Assistenzprofessur anbot. Eine akademische Laufbahn hätte jedoch die aktive militärische beendet, die angesichts des sich in Europa und Japan abzeichnenden Krieges als vielversprechender erschien. Tatsächlich wurden die Truppenstärke 1935 drastisch erhöht und die \"ewigen Lieutenants\" automatisch zu Captains befördert. Der inzwischen 40jährige ambitionierte Captain Lemnitzer besuchte 1939 das damals in Washington D.C. gelegene War College [19], um sich für strategische Aufgaben zu qualifizieren. Dort erwies er sich als talentierter Planer und machte Kontakte zur späteren Führungsschicht des US-Militärs. Seine Beurteilung lautete nun \"Unabhängiger Denker, hat praktische Ideen und aktive Vorstellungen\". 1940 wurde Lemnitzer zum Major befördert und erhielt das Kommando über ein Bataillon eines Luftabwehrregiments in Fort Moultry, South Carolina. Im Folgejahr wurde er als Lieutenant Colonel in die Army General Headquarters (GHQ) berufen.\nWie in den gesamten USA gab es auch bei den Militärs eine konträr geführte Debatte zwischen den Befürwortern eines Engagements im überseeischen Krieg und den Isolationisten, die sich in der überwiegenden Mehrheit sahen. Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelt hatte seine jüngste Wahl nicht zuletzt aufgrund seines isolationistischen Versprechens gewonnen. Die Stimmung drehte sich um 180 Grad, als am 07.12.1941 die japanischen Streitkräfte eine zusammengezogene Pazifikflotte angriffen [20]. Dies geschah im Hafen Pearl Harbor auf der Insel Hawaii, welche die USA nach Annexion als amerikanisch betrachteten, obwohl sie damals kein Bundesstaat gewesen war. Der Angriff löste eine ähnlich patriotische Welle aus wie 1898 der angebliche Angriff auf die USS Maine [21] im Hafen von Havanna, dem der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg folgte und den USA die spanischen Kolonien eingebracht hatte.\nInwiefern die Staatsspitze vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor tatsächlich so überrascht gewesen war, oder ob sie einen solchen gar aus strategischen Gründen provozierte, ist nach wie vor umstritten. [22] Die hypothetische Frage, wie Lemnitzer zu einer solchen Operation gestanden hätte, bei der zwecks Propaganda zur Ermöglichung eines Kriegs eigene Leute geopfert werden, lässt sich jedoch aus heutiger Sicht mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit positiv beantworten.\nZwei Jahrzehnte später hatte Lemnitzer jedenfalls kein Problem damit, dem japanischen General, der den Angriff geplant hatte, mit dem höchsten amerikanischen Orden für Ausländer auszuzeichnen, weil dieser sich nach dem Krieg so kooperativ gezeigt hatte. Die heftige Kritik von Veteranenverbänden und Politikern, die um die 3.000 getöteten Marines trauerten, scherte ihn nicht. Auch Lemnitzer sollte eines Tages das Ehrenzeichen der Bundeswehr erhalten, obwohl er an der Planung großer Schlachten gegen die Deutschen beteiligt gewesen war. Töten in Uniform musste man nicht persönlich nehmen.\nDer Angriff auf \"amerikanisches Territorium\" führte naturgemäß zu einer Aufwertung der Küstenartillerie. Während sein früherer Stützpunkt Corregidor angegriffen und eingenommen wurde, blieb Lemnitzer im Planungsstab. Er wurde ausgerechnet zu den Bodenstreitkräften versetzt, deren Führung mit der Küstenartillerie traditionell rivalisierte. Dort erwies sich Lemnitzer, der inzwischen gut vernetzt war, als so überzeugend, dass er nach nur sieben Monaten zum General befördert wurde.\nHosenloser General\nAls Stellvertretender Kommandeur der 5. US Army arbeitete Lemnitzer 1942 direkt Eisenhower [23] in dessen Basis auf Gibraltar zu. Er registrierte aufmerksam das Verhandlungsgeschick des Generals, der als \"Supreme Commander\" den Briten die völlige Kontrolle abrang. Seinem Vorbild folgend würde auch Lemnitzer bei militärischer Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Partnern tiefstes Misstrauen hegen und die unangefochtene Führung fordern. Lemnitzer war federführend an der Planung der amerikanischen Anlandung in Nordafrika [24] beteiligt, die logistisch ohne Beispiel gewesen war. Um diese Aufgabe entschieden zu erleichtern, sollten die dortigen Truppen von Vichy-Frankreich zum Frontwechsel bewegt werden. Hierzu versprach sich Eisenhower der Hilfe des französischen Kriegshelden General Giraud [25], der sich in Südfrankreich vor den Deutschen versteckt hielt. Mit der historischen Kontaktaufnahme der Alliierten zu den Franzosen wurde Lemnitzer betraut.\nMit einer Handvoll Kollegen reiste Lemnitzer in dem später legendär gewordenen britischen U-Boot \"Seraph\" von Gibraltar ins Mittelmeer, wo sie an der Küste vor Algier tagelang unter Wasser ausharren mussten, bis sie endlich nachts das verabredete Lichtzeichen der französischen Geheimdelegation ausmachten. Die Verschwörer verhandelten mit Girauds Mittelsmännern unter konspirativen Umständen in einem Privathaus, wobei die Militärs wie gewohnt ihre Uniformen trugen. Am andern Tag wurde der Hausherr vor einer Polizeistreife gewarnt, weil die bei der Anlandung hinterlassenen Fußspuren im Sand aufgefallen waren und man auf Schmuggler geschlossen hatte. In einem Chaos wechselten die Männer ihre Uniform in Zivilkleidung, rafften verräterische Sachen zusammen und versteckten sich in einem engen Weinkeller. Nachdem der Hausherr mit der Polizei verhandelt hatte, wollte sich die Streife weitere Befehle von der Zentrale holen, sodass mit einer baldigen Wiederkehr zu rechnen war. In Eile packten die Amerikaner ihre Sachen zusammen und flohen in zwei unterschiedliche Richtungen. Da Lemnitzer noch in Unterwäsche die Spuren im Haus verwischte, war seine Hose versehentlich von jemand, der den anderen Fluchtweg nahm, weggeschafft worden, sodass der General die Rückreise ohne Hose antreten musste.\nZwar konnte nun auch General Lemnitzer mit einem zünftigen Kriegsabenteuer aufwarten, doch der später ebenfalls mit der \"Seraph\" nach Gibraltar geschaffte Giraud erwies sich als unkooperativ. Der rechtsnationale General forderte stur von Eisenhower das Oberkommando und bot unrealistische Vorschläge für ein sofortiges Anlanden in Südfrankreich. Die amphibische Anlandung in Nordafrika [26] wurde schließlich gegen Vichy-französisches Feuer durchgeführt, welches 530 GIs das Leben kostete. Lemnitzer bewertete den Überraschungsangriff als \"erfolgreich\" und \"perfekt getimet\". Nach der Kapitulation der Vichy-französischen Truppen wurde deren General Darlan bei einem de Gaulle zugeschriebenen Attentat getötet, woraufhin Giraud Darlans Kommando über Französisch Nord- und Westafrika erhielt, das er in einer rechtsgerichteten Diktatur führte.\nIm Kampf gegen \"Wüstenfuchs\" Erwin Rommel [27] kommandierte Lemnitzer sein früheres 34.Artillerieregiment, das nun zur Luftabwehr benötigt wurde, und arbeitete eng mit dem eigenwilligen General George Patton [28] zusammen. Patton, der den Krieg liebte, sollte nach dem Sieg der Alliierten die NSDAP mit den Republikanern und Demokraten vergleichen, die SS öffentlich bewundern und vorschlagen [29], mit der Deutschen Wehrmacht nach Moskau zu marschieren, \"um die Sache zu erledigen\" und \"...diesen Stalin mitsamt seinen mordenden Horden\" vom Planeten zu jagen. Am Beispiel des daraufhin seines Kommandos enthobenen Patton konnte Lemnitzer lernen, dass man den Zivilisten in Washington besser nicht alles sagte, was man dachte. Denn die von Patton propagierte Zusammenarbeit mit Nazi-Militärs gegen die Sowjets war genau das, was Lemnitzer in der Nachkriegszeit tun würde - nur diskreter.\nFür die von Lemnitzer mitgeplante Landung auf Sizilien [30] mit 160.000 Soldaten kooperierte die US-Regierung mit Hunderten amerikanischer Mafiosi. Diese hatte man hierzu heimlich aus dem Gefängnis entlassen und pragmatisch amnestiert, damit sie Kontakte zu sizilianischen Familien aufnehmen konnten, um die Invasion zu unterstützen. In der Nachkriegszeit erhielt die Mafia für ihre Kooperation in Italien entsprechende Protektion [31]. Auch in den USA selbst wurden hohe Mafiosi von der CIA als unantastbar geschützt, was Antimafia-Ermittler wie Robert Kennedy zunächst nicht glauben konnten.\nZwei Jahrzehnte später sollte der General ein zweites Mal die Zusammenarbeit mit der Mafia bei der Einnahme einer Insel versuchen - mit weitaus weniger Glück.\nDer Einfallsreichtum des US-Militärs kannte im Zweiten Weltkrieg keine Grenzen. Sogar Fledermäuse [32] sollten zum Einsatz kommen.\nZu Drohne umfunktionierter Kampfflieger. Foto: US Air Force [33]\nZu den streng geheimen Projekten, mit denen die deutsche \"Wunderwaffe\" V2-Rakete [34] an ihren Startplätzen bekämpft werden sollte, gehörte ein ebenfalls unbemannter Flugkörper: In der Operation Aphrodite [35] wurden abmusterungsreife Flugzeuge mit Sprengstoff beladen und als fliegende Bomben per Funk ins Ziel dirigiert. Für den Start war eine Besatzung erforderlich, die vor dem Absprung mit dem Fallschirm auf Funksteuerung umschaltete. Ein Begleitflugzeug konnte die Instrumente und die Frontscheibe durch zwei Fernsehkameras überwachen und als Drohne steuern. Der bekannteste Pilot dieses Programms war Joe Kennedy Jr., der bei einem Unfall ums Leben kam. Zwei Jahrzehnte später sollte Lemnitzer Joes kleinem Bruder John F. Kennedy ebenfalls einen Plan vorschlagen, bei dem ferngesteuerte Flugzeuge eine bemerkenswerte Rolle spielten, jedoch zu Täuschungszwecken.\nZur Täuschung der Deutschen Späher verwendete das britische Militär sogar Zauberkünstler [36]. Um von der bevorstehenden Landung in der Normandie abzulenken, inszenierte man in Dover entsprechende Vorbereitungen für Calais durch Attrappen von Panzern, Schiffen und Flugzeugen am Boden [37], Funktäuschungen sowie sogar durch den Abwurf von Fallschirmjäger-Puppen [38], die mit Tonbandgeräten Schüsse simulierten. Die Effizienz dieser Kriegslisten ist umstritten, zumal die Deutsche Wehrmacht in die gleiche Trickkiste griff, etwa in der Ardennenoffensive [39], wo ganze Regimenter mit falschen Uniformen als amerikanische getarnt waren.\n1944 landete Lemnitzer unter leichtem Beschuss am italienischen Kriegsschauplatz [40]. Dort betreute er zahlreiche Konferenzen von Spitzenpolitikern und genoss die mediterrane Kultur. Er plante an der Invasion von Südfrankreich, die ab August mit 800 Schiffen und 5000 Flugzeugen die in der Normandie erfolgte Landung vom Juni unterstützte.\nBei der Planung für die amphibische Überquerung des Ärmelkanals im Sperrfeuer der Deutschen war Eisenhower von einer Verlustquote von 50% ausgegangen - vom Feldherrenhügel aus ein akzeptables Risiko. Bereits während den Vorbereitungen der amphibischen Operation waren 12.000 Alliierte ums Leben gekommen, denen 80.000 Tote und 155.000 Verletzte folgen sollten. Ein Großteil der Verluste [41] war unausgereiften Plänen [42] geschuldet, welche auf den Überraschungseffekt gesetzt hatten, die Soldaten aber kampflos ertrinken ließen. So hatte man zu Täuschungszwecken für die Überfahrt schlechtes Wetter in Kauf genommen. Die Propaganda [43] stellte das Gemetzel als Abenteuer dar.\nAuch Lemnitzer, der seinem Idol Eisenhower 1983 ein Denkmal in West Point errichten ließ, hatte zum Opfern eigener Leute zu Täuschungszwecken ein sehr taktisches Verhältnis, wie sich in den 1960ern noch zeigen sollte.\nIn diesen Tagen unternahm Lemnitzer seine zweite Geheimmission - diesmal in zivil. OSS-Agent Allen Dulles [44] hatte ein Geheimtreffen mit einem Deutschen arrangiert: Karl Wolff [45], Stellvertreter von SS-Chef Himmler, der 1964 der Beihilfe zur Ermordung von 300.000 Juden für schuldig befunden werden sollte. Wolff versuchte, einen Waffenstillstand auszuhandeln und reiste nach Berlin, wo er seinem Führer den geheimen Kanal zum amerikanischen Präsidenten sogar mitteilte. Doch inzwischen hatte der amerikanische Vereinigte Generalstab der Teilstreitkräfte (Joint Chiefs of Staff - JCS) den diplomatischen Kontakt untersagt, zumal die Sowjets Wind von den Gesprächen bekommen hatten. Trotzdem setzten die Amerikaner heimlich den Kontakt mit Wolff fort, der schließlich zu einem Waffenstillstand für die italienische Region führte, jedoch nur fünf Tage vor der deutschen Gesamtkapitulation.\nDiese als Operation Sunrise [46] bezeichnete Mission, in welcher die Westmächte hinter dem Rücken der Sowjets mit Nazis konspirierten, wird häufig als erste Schlacht des Kalten Krieges angesehen - ein Krieg, der fortan Lemnitzers Lebensinhalt werden sollte. Dulles und Lemnitzer besetzten später in der Regierung Eisenhower die Schlüsselpositionen in Geheimdienst und Militär, die beide unter dem folgenden Präsidenten in Schande wieder verlieren sollten.\nDie wohl wichtigste Beute der Sieger [47] waren jene deutschen Wissenschaftler, die im riesigen Bunker Dora Mittelbau [48] jene als \"Vergeltungswaffe 2\" bezeichnete Rakete hatten bauen lassen - von 60.000 Arbeitssklaven, von denen ein Drittel planmäßig an Unterernährung gestorben war. Lemnitzer sollte 15 Jahre später die Aufgabe zufallen, mit diesen Nazi-Ingenieuren sein Land ins Weltraumzeitalter zu befördern. Die V2 hatte wegen ihrer unpräzisen Steuerung und der geringen Transportkapazität in erster Linie psychologische Bedeutung, da es gegen sie keine effiziente Abwehr gab.\nDoch aufwändige Raketen versprachen dann Effizienz, wenn man sie nicht mit konventionellem Sprengstoff, sondern mit einer weiteren geheimen Kriegstechnologie befrachtete, an der man nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch in den USA arbeitete: Unter der Führung des Militärs hatte die US-Regierung ein streng geheimes Projekt betrieben, von dem unglaublicherweise nichts an die Öffentlichkeit gedrungen war, obwohl zeitweise bis zu 150.000 Menschen beteiligt gewesen waren. Ab dem 16.Juli 1945 verfügte das US-Militär über den bislang größten Knall [49].\nTeil 2 [50]: Von der V2 zum Krieg der Sterne\nhttp://www.heise.de/-3382074\n[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJixvAYPxE0\n[2] http://www.jcs.mil/cjs/history_files/bios/lemnitzer_bio.pdf\n[3] http://www.usma.edu/history.asp\n[4] http://www.usma.edu/Committees/Honor/Info/main.htm\n[5] http://www.monroe.army.mil/Monroe/sites/about/history.aspx\n[6] http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/dokument/dokument.html?titel=Lyman+Louis+Lemnitzer&id=45142661&top=SPIEGEL&suchbegriff=lemnitzer&quellen=%2BBX%2CWIKI%2C%2BSP%2C%2BMM%2CALME%2CSTAT%2C%2BMEDIA&qcrubrik=geschichte\n[7] http://www.fortadams.org/history.htm\n[8] http://www.corregidorisland.com\n[9] http://www.cdsg.org/gunpics/guns5.htm\n[10] http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=628728631767818729\n[11] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oF-V2TmY36A&hl=de\n[12] http://www.flagrancy.net/salvage/HUAC1.pdf\n[13] https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Die-Bush-Familie-und-der-Cocktailputsch-3414636.html\n[14] http://uk.video.yahoo.com/watch/4776058\n[15] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID_nnUuEOcg&hl=de\n[16] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6USyilfk6w&hl=de\n[17] http://www.veoh.com/browse/videos/category/educational/watch/v15839537jqk64C6f\n[18] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGCUIEINzsA&feature=player_embedded\n[19] http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/about/Historic.cfm\n[20] http://video.google.de/videoplay?docid=-8879644392184548842\n[21] http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/13136-battling-beyond-us-borders-the-story-of-the-uss-maine-video.htm\n[22] http://whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/pearl/www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/pearl.html?q=pearl/www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/pearl.html\n[23] http://video.google.de/videoplay?docid=-878052440403572221&ei=ovtiSvu0Jqb22gKS7aQS&q=eisenhower&hl=de\n[24] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtVNjfPvpeU&hl=de\n[25] http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/sixcms/media.php/25/archivnachrichten_30_quellen.pdf\n[26] http://video.google.de/videoplay?docid=-8477056967591236968&ei=Qq5gSrr6CYT22wK62sEa&q=operation+torch&hl=de\n[27] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBk5jGRoiCc\n[28] http://www.generalpatton.com/biography.html\n[29] http://www.daserste.de/doku/011025.asp\n[30] http://fr.truveo.com/Sicily-Lost-evidence-Pt-1-of-5/id/2855978933\n[31] http://www.veoh.com/collection/GermDokChannel/watch/v6507975XNKzQYR9\n[32] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDX9rRuHcn8&hl=de\n[33] http://afhra.maxwell.af.mil/\n[34] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjFTN-YdK_M&hl=de\n[35] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_ZbaQYNDAg&hl=de\n[36] http://maskelynemagic.com/\n[37] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV4rTMWcCuk\n[38] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfOQuEO9gQg&hl=de\n[39] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRY_nzdElXE\n[40] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iRuxW5NOCc\n[41] http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/faq.htm#casualities\n[42] http://www.veoh.com/browse/videos/category/educational/watch/v16940978GfGNzNH3\n[43] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaKWvAaSuyI\n[44] http://www.heise.de/tp/features/Vom-OSS-zur-CIA-3309391.html\n[45] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6pRo2pqzd8&hl=de\n[46] http://www.acipss.org/intelligence/beitraege/die_schweiz_im_2wk/operation_sunrise.htm\n[47] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld7Ru7sx2wA&feature=player_embedded\n[48] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_Fx8Jjj7Qg&hl=de\n[49] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOUtZOqgSG8\n[50] https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Von-der-V2-zum-Krieg-der-Sterne-3382146.html", "Ein grosser Fehler von Johanna Theden - als Ebook & Roman\nSandra ist am Boden zerstört: Lukas macht Rosalie einen Heiratsantrag, den diese jubilierend annimmt! Doch schon bald ist Lukas sich seiner Sache nicht mehr so sicher, und muss befürchten, Sandra für immer verloren zu haben. Auch Michael hat mit seinen Gefühlen zu kämpfen. Während Charlotte in Afrika nach dem Rechten sieht, merkt er auf einmal, dass Tanja ihm doch nicht völlig gleichgültig ist. Marie kommt derweil Harrys üblen Machenschaften auf die Spur. Und plötzlich muss Hendrik um sein Leben fürchten...\nISBN: 978-3-86349-403-2\nISBN: 9783863494032\n„Du meinst es wirklich ernst?“ Ein Strahlen lag auf Rosalies Gesicht. „Du willst mich heiraten?“ Lukas, der noch immer vor ihr kniete, nickte entschlossen. Dass Sandra direkt in seiner Nähe stand und auch noch weitere Menschen, die im Park das Feuerwerk bewunderten, seinen spontanen Heiratsantrag mitbekommen hatten, bemerkte er gar nicht.\n„Hey, Prinzessin!“, frotzelte er nur. „Wie lange lässt du mich hier noch knien und betteln?“ Rosalie zog ihn zu sich hoch und umarmte ihn stürmisch.\n„Natürlich will ich!“, rief sie überglücklich. „Was hast du denn gedacht, du Verrückter?“ Die beiden küssten sich. Und Sandra ergriff jetzt endgültig die Flucht.\nAuch Werner hatte die Szene beobachtet und folgte seiner Tochter nun auf dem Fuß.\n„Soll der Idiot sie doch heiraten!“, stieß Sandra hervor, als ihr Vater sie tröstend in die Arme schloss. „Die zwei haben sich echt verdient.“ Er schwieg vielsagend. „Ich weiß, dass ich den Typ komplett abhaken kann“, fuhr sie verzweifelt fort. Aber ihr Herz tat ihr trotzdem furchtbar weh.\n„Sandra, Liebes … Vielleicht hilft es dir, wenn du hörst, dass deine Geschwister das alles auch monatelang durchgemacht haben.“ Sie nickte stumm. Sie kannte die verwickelten Liebesgeschichten, die sich vor ihrer Zeit am Fürstenhof abgespielt hatten. „Roberts Frau hat sogar zuerst meinen Neffen Felix geheiratet“, erzählte Werner. „Und trotzdem hat dein Bruder sie nie aufgegeben.“\n„Er muss immer gewusst haben, dass sich das Kämpfen lohnt“, vermutete Sandra.\n„Im Grunde schon.“ Trotzdem hatte Robert oft genug die Flinte ins Korn werfen wollen. Und für Laura war es auch mitunter sehr schwer gewesen. Aber auch sie und Alexander hatten am Ende zueinander gefunden. Trotz aller Widrigkeiten.\n„Das klingt schön, aber …“ Sandra seufzte. Sie glaubte nicht daran.\n„Es wäre gelacht, wenn dir das nicht auch irgendwann gelingt“, widersprach Werner.\n„Ich bin wahrscheinlich die Erste, die mit unserer Familientradition bricht“, entgegnete sie düster. „Mein Leben ist zwar ziemlich chaotisch, aber das Happy End fällt aus.“\nHildegard und Alfons waren nach dem Feuerwerk zu sich nach Hause gegangen. Sie hatten eine Flasche Champagner dabei.\n„Eigentlich bin ich ganz froh, wie es gelaufen ist“, stellte Frau Sonnbichler fest und holte Gläser aus dem Schrank. „Hätte ich gewusst, dass eine Niederlage so viel Spaß machen kann, wäre ich im Wahlkampf viel entspannter gewesen.“ Inzwischen fragte sie sich eher, warum sie sich auf das Ganze überhaupt eingelassen hatte. Außer viel Stress und Durcheinander hatte ihr die Kandidatur im Grunde wenig gebracht.\n„Na, na …“ Alfons protestierte sofort. „Ohne dich hätte sich der Pachmayr den Naturschutz nie auf die Fahnen geschrieben. Und ich weiß jetzt auch alles über Brut und Aufzucht der Eisvögel.“ Er lachte. „Und Nistplätze und Krippenplätze.“ Sie fiel in sein Gelächter mit ein. Sie bereute es wirklich nicht, dass sie heute nicht zur Bürgermeisterin gewählt worden war.\nKatja versuchte derweil, Ben davon zu überzeugen, nicht die Polizei zu rufen. Aber Ben sah überhaupt keine Alternative: Immerhin war das wertvolle Watteau-Gemälde gestohlen worden. Da konnte sein neuer Kollege Kai Krone noch so viel gegen einen Anruf bei der Polizei argumentieren.\n„Da engagieren die extra eine sauteure Sicherheitsfirma …“ Ben schüttelte noch immer fassungslos den Kopf. Sie konnten auf keinen Fall so tun, als wäre nichts geschehen. „Du musst sagen, was du gesehen hast. Sonst machst du dich verdächtig.“\n„Willst du mir die Sache anhängen?“, giftete Katja sofort. Sie hatte nichts gesehen, wirklich nichts, und das hatte sie Ben auch bereits erklärt. Der wunderte sich nur über die Empfindlichkeit des neuen Kollegen. Er ahnte ja nicht, dass in Wahrheit eine junge Frau in der Pagenuniform steckte.\nZunächst einmal wollte Ben Werner Saalfeld über den Diebstahl informieren. Doch der Senior hatte sein Handy abgeschaltet, um sich in Ruhe um seine Tochter kümmern zu können.\nAm nächsten Morgen saßen Nils und seine Schwester beim Frühstück.\n„Das Watteau-Gemälde ist heute Nacht aus dem Fürstenhof verschwunden“, sagte er streng. „Trotz der enormen Sicherheitsvorkehrungen.“ Die Onlineausgaben der Tageszeitungen waren bereits voll von dem spektakulären Kunstraub. „Warum überrascht mich das nicht?“ Katja schwieg. „Sag du es mir“, forderte er sie auf. Sie schwieg weiter. „Die Polizei vermutet, dass der Diebstahl ungefähr zu dem Zeitpunkt stattgefunden haben muss, als alle wegen des Feuerwerks draußen waren …“ Ben hatte nachts doch noch die Polizei gerufen, den Beamten aber verschwiegen, dass er seinen Kollegen Kai Krone im Blauen Salon angetroffen hatte, kurz nachdem der Watteau verschwunden war. Katja war es gerade noch mal gelungen, Ben davon zu überzeugen, sie da nicht mit hineinzuziehen.\n„Ich habe das Bild nicht geklaut!“, rief sie jetzt wütend. „Was sollte ich auch mit dem blöden Watteau? Du hast doch mit Smyslow diese großartige Ratenzahlung ausgehandelt. Der denkt jetzt garantiert auch, ich habe das Bild.“ Und das war eigentlich das größte Problem, das sie hatte. Denn dieser russische Geldeintreiber war wirklich ungeheuer gefährlich.\nTanja sprach ihren Freund im Hotel sofort auf das gestohlene Gemälde an.\n„Ist deine Schwester jetzt völlig durchgedreht?“ Das Zimmermädchen war sichtlich verärgert. „Wir hatten den Deal mit Smyslow doch extra eingefädelt.“\n„Katja hat das Bild nicht“, sagte Nils. „Sie hat es nicht gestohlen. Ich weiß, es klingt völlig unglaubwürdig, aber es ist die Wahrheit.“ Natürlich nahm Tanja ihm das nicht ab.\n„Entweder bist du verdammt naiv, oder du weißt mehr, als du zugibst“, stellte sie fest. Ihrem prüfenden Blick wich er aus.\n„Ich habe keine Ahnung, wer das Bild gestohlen hat“, behauptete er. „Aber meine Schwester war es ganz sicher nicht.“\n„Schön, dass du noch an das Gute glaubst“, schnaubte Tanja. „Finde ich im Prinzip richtig. Aber in dieser speziellen Situation komme ich gerade nicht damit klar …“ Sie würde sich Katja höchstpersönlich vorknöpfen.\n„Ich habe das verdammte Bild nicht!“, zischte Katja, nachdem Tanja sie mit ihrem Verdacht konfrontiert hatte.\n„Das sagt dein Bruder auch“, erwiderte das Zimmermädchen.\n„Dann hör auf ihn. Er kennt mich lange genug.“ Tanja schüttelte den Kopf.\n„Nils ist befangen“, wandte sie ein. „Und wer soll das Bild denn sonst haben, wenn nicht du?“\n„Ich weiß es nicht!“ Katja klang plötzlich ehrlich verzweifelt. „Und es wäre schön, wenn mir zur Abwechslung mal jemand vertraut!“ Aber Tanja ließ sich nicht umstimmen. So sah sich Katja gezwungen, ihr die Wahrheit zu sagen.\n„Ich wollte das Gemälde tatsächlich stehlen“, gab sie zu.\n„Aber warum?“, rief Tanja entgeistert. „Nils und ich sind doch extra zu diesem Knochenbrecher gegangen und haben eine Ratenzahlung ausgehandelt.“ Katjas Lachen klang bitter.\n„Das hast du tatsächlich geglaubt? Herzchen, ich hatte einen Deal mit Smyslow: Er ist nur zum Schein auf euren Vorschlag eingegangen. Ihr solltet ruhig gestellt werden, damit ich das Bild beschaffen kann …“ Aber jemand anders war schneller gewesen. Langsam begriff Tanja, dass Nils’ Schwester ihr keine Lügen auftischte. „Und jetzt bin ich dran.“ Katja seufzte. Nicht nur, weil die Polizei irgendwann auf sie kommen würde, das war noch ihr geringstes Problem. „Smyslow wird denken, ich kassiere woanders ab.“ Der Russe würde sie bis ans Ende der Welt jagen. „Und er weiß, Nils und du gehört zu mir. Du wirst dir noch wünschen, ich hätte das Bild genommen.“ Nun bekam es auch Tanja mit der Angst zu tun.\nAuch Rosalie und Lukas frühstückten gemeinsam in seiner Wohnung. Rosalie sprang das Glück nur so aus den Augen, und sie überschlug sich schon vor Plänen für die bevorstehende Hochzeit.\n„Eine Winterhochzeit mit viel Schnee und Pferdekutsche fände ich sehr romantisch“, sprudelte sie heraus, wurde aber von einem Klopfen an der Tür unterbrochen.\n„Guten Morgen, ihr zwei Hübschen.“ Cosima trat mit einem großen Blumenstrauß ein. „Herzlichen Glückwunsch zur Verlobung.“ Rosalie nahm die Blumen erfreut entgegen. Und Cosima wandte sich nun direkt an ihren Sohn. „Bursche! Das ging ja gestern so dermaßen hoppla hopp bei euch, ich konnte nicht mal gratulieren.“\n„Ich bin eben spontan.“ Inzwischen bereute er es schon ein wenig, dass er den Heiratsantrag in aller Öffentlichkeit gemacht hatte.\n„Alles, was recht ist“, bestätigte sie. „Aber bei eurer Hochzeit werden wir nichts dem Zufall überlassen. Da zeigen wir den Möchtegern-Saalfelds, wie man richtig feiert.“ Dem konnte sich Rosalie nur anschließen. Aber Lukas verzog das Gesicht.\n„Es ist noch nichts entschieden“, erklärte er. „Vielleicht machen wir es lieber im kleinen Kreis …“ Dass seine Mutter davon nichts wissen wollte, lag auf der Hand.\nSandra war kaum erwacht, da dachte sie schon wieder an Lukas. Er würde die Engel heiraten. So war es. Und sie musste jetzt sehen, wo sie blieb. Nach der OP war sie jeden Morgen überglücklich gewesen. Für das Leben, das ihr geschenkt worden war. Und jetzt … Sie fand sich selbst verdammt undankbar. Sie hatte doch so viel dazugewonnen. Werner, Robert, Laura … Liebeskummer war einfach furchtbar. Man fühlte sich schlecht, war deprimiert, alles tat weh. Aber irgendwann würde dieser Schmerz vorbeigehen. Sie musste optimistisch sein.\nDoch es versetzte ihr einen schmerzhaften Stich ins Herz, als Lukas später in den Personalraum kam. Er hatte sie gesucht.\n„Falls du einen Brautstrauß für deine Zukünftige wünschst – Bestellungen bitte immer schriftlich“, bemerkte Sandra schnippisch.\n„Es tut mir leid, wie das gestern gelaufen ist. Ich hatte dich nicht gesehen.“ Verletzt blickte sie ihn an.\n„Und wenn?“, fauchte sie. „Hättest du dann auf deinen romantischen Kniefall verzichtet?“\n„Ich hätte Rosalie bestimmt nicht in deinem Beisein gefragt, ob sie meine Frau werden will“, entgegnete er leise.\n„Aber im Überschwang der Gefühle hattest du natürlich nur Augen für sie“, giftete Sandra. „Das verstehe ich voll und ganz. Und früher oder später hätte ich es ja ohnehin erfahren. Was macht das für einen Unterschied?“ Er ließ den Kopf hängen. „Es ist dein Leben, Lukas.“ Ihre Stimme wurde auf einmal eindringlich. „Wenn du die Engel wirklich liebst …“\n„Was willst du eigentlich von mir?!“, rief er da überfordert. „Das mit uns hat nicht funktioniert!“\n„Warte nicht darauf, dass ich dir gratuliere!“, schnaubte sie und stürmte an ihm vorbei nach draußen.\nSie fand Trost bei ihrer Schwester Laura.\n„Egal, wie du dich entscheidest – hör auf dein Herz“, riet die ihr nämlich. „Immer … Denn das ist der richtige Weg.“\n„Aber Lukas heiratet bald eine andere Frau“, klagte Sandra.\n„Du willst ihn also aufgeben?“ So schwer es Sandra auch fiel – sie nickte. Sie gönnte ihm, dass er glücklich wurde. Sie wollte zumindest versuchen, es ihm zu gönnen. Lauras Blick war voller Mitgefühl. Sie erinnerte sich selbst nur allzu gut an den Tag, an dem Alexander Katharina geheiratet hatte. Sie hatte geglaubt, nie mehr wieder glücklich werden zu können. Aber dann … war alles anders gekommen. Das wünschte sie Sandra auch, von ganzem Herzen.\n„Entschuldige.“ Sandra war noch einmal zu Lukas ins Büro gegangen. „Ich wollte nicht kindisch sein vorhin.“ Sie holte tief Luft. „Ich gönne dir dein Glück mit Rosalie Engel“, sagte sie dann. „Wenn ich jetzt trotzdem mal biestig bin …“ Sie brach ab.\n„Die Umstände haben es uns nicht gerade leicht gemacht.“ Lukas’ Stimme klang belegt. „Und das Timing war alles andere als perfekt.“\n„Die Gefühle haben gestimmt“, entgegnete sie. „Bei mir jedenfalls.“\n„Lass uns das nicht vertiefen“, bat er. „Es ist vorbei. Aber vielleicht können wir es hinkriegen, Freunde zu werden?“ Ihr Gesicht nahm einen überforderten Ausdruck an. „Blöde Idee, vergiss es …“\n„Vielleicht … Irgendwann …“ Schnell verließ sie das Büro.\nDie Polizei hatte noch immer keine heiße Spur, was den Diebstahl des Watteaus anbetraf. Und Werner sah aus, als würde er demnächst explodieren – er hatte erst heute Morgen von der Katastrophe erfahren.\n„Warum immer der Fürstenhof?“, stöhnte er in Gegenwart seiner Exfrau. „Man könnte fast meinen, hier sammelt sich alles, was sein Geld auf unehrliche Weise verdient.“\n„Wir haben eben einfach Pech gehabt“, versuchte Charlotte, ihn zu beruhigen. Und sie hatten sich auch nichts vorzuwerfen. Eine renommierte Sicherheitsfirma war beauftragt worden, eine Alarmanlage zu installieren. Es waren nur Gäste eingeladen gewesen, die dem Hause schon länger bekannt waren, und das Personal war umfassend instruiert gewesen. Die Versicherung würde in jedem Fall zahlen müssen.\n„Das Museum wird entschädigt. Aber das Image des Fürstenhofs leidet mal wieder kräftig.“ An einem Tag wie heute war Werner beinahe froh, dass er nicht mehr Direktor des Hotels war.\nHendrik hatte seine letzten Sachen aus der Fürstensuite geholt. Der Wahlkampf war vorbei, und nun würde er es auch im Hause Sonnbichler wieder aushalten. Abgesehen davon suchten er und Marie sowieso eine gemeinsame Wohnung. Sie hatten auch schon ein neues Objekt im Auge. Harry, dem es natürlich gar nicht passte, dass Hendrik nicht mehr bei ihm wohnen wollte, ließ sich das Exposé zeigen.\n„Schöne Dachterrasse“, stellte er fest. „Aber das verursacht natürlich heftige Heizkosten.“ Hendrik stutzte. „Ich hatte mal zwei Jahre ein Penthouse in der Münchner Innenstadt“, fuhr Harry fort. „Im Winter habe ich nur für die Heizung gearbeitet. Und im Sommer braucht man eine Klimaanlage, zumindest im Schlafzimmer. Sonst bekommt man nachts kein Auge zu.“\nAm Nachmittag übergab Robert die Küche des Fürstenhofs wieder an seinen Onkel. Andrés Hand war noch immer verbunden, aber das Tagesgeschäft würde er jetzt wieder übernehmen können. Nur das große Galamenü anlässlich der Jubiläumsfeier – das wäre einfach zu viel gewesen.\nNatürlich konnte Robert es nicht lassen, André noch einmal vor Cosima Zastrow zu warnen. Er war sich nämlich sicher, dass das, was sie im Schlaf gesagt hatte, der Wahrheit entsprach: Sie hatte den alten Dr. Niederbühl sterben lassen.\n„Ich habe ein Auge auf sie, okay?“, versprach André seinem Neffen. Der wirkte noch immer skeptisch. „Junge, mach dir keine Sorgen. Dein Vater und ich haben schon ganz andere Klippen umschifft.“\n„Hallo, Süße!“ Laura hatte den Personalraum betreten, wo Tanja gerade nachdenklich am Tisch saß. Und Tanja blickte sie traurig an. Sie wusste, dass Laura sich demnächst wieder verabschieden würde. „Aber wir sehen uns morgen noch mal“, versprach ihre Freundin. „Kurz bevor ich wieder nach Brüssel fahre.“ Trotzdem war die Zeit im Fürstenhof schon wieder viel zu schnell vorbeigegangen.\n„Ausgerechnet jetzt.“ Tanja seufzte. „Ich könnte gerade eine Freundin gebrauchen.“\n„Ich kenne noch jemanden, dem das so geht“, sagte Laura mit einem Lächeln. „Sandra. Meine Schwester. Sie ist wirklich nett.“\n„Ich mag sie auch“, bestätigte das Zimmermädchen.\n„Na also!“, meinte Laura aufmunternd. „Da haben sich doch zwei gefunden.“ Und außerdem war Brüssel nicht aus der Welt. „Alexander ist schon ganz neugierig auf Fabien.“ Tanja lächelte bedrückt. „Hey, was ist denn los?“\n„Nils …“ Das Zimmermädchen zögerte. „Eigentlich eher seine Schwester … Katja …“ Und dann erzählte sie Laura alles, was passiert war.\nSchockiert hatte sich Laura die ganze Geschichte angehört.\n„Diese Katja hat Nerven …“, sagte sie jetzt.\n„Erst war ich stinksauer“, erwiderte Tanja. „Aber inzwischen habe ich eine Heidenangst, dass dieser Smyslow hier auftaucht und aus uns dreien Kleinholz macht.“\n„Geh zur Polizei“, riet Laura. „Alles andere ist viel zu gefährlich.“\n„Wenn ich Katja verrate, spricht Nils kein Wort mehr mit mir“, fürchtete das Zimmermädchen. Aber ihr war auch klar, dass es sich hier nicht um einen harmlosen Kinderstreich handelte. Und sie musste auch an ihren kleinen Sohn denken. „Nur, was wird dann aus Katja? Wenn sie in den Knast muss, kann sie gleich ihr Testament unterschreiben. Solche Typen haben doch überall ihre Leute.“ Tanja wusste nicht mehr ein noch aus. In Laura begann es zu arbeiten.\n„Ich habe vorhin mit Tanja geredet. Was ist denn das für eine abenteuerliche Geschichte mit Ihrer Schwester?“ Nils fühlte sich sichtlich unwohl, als Laura ihn mit der Angelegenheit konfrontierte. Aber eigentlich hätte ihm klar sein müssen, dass Tanja ihr alles erzählen würde – die beiden waren schließlich seit Jahren die besten Freundinnen.\n„Wollen Sie mir den Kopf abreißen, weil ich Tanja da mit reingezogen habe?“, fragte Nils beklommen.\n„Würde das was nützen?“ Er seufzte. Inzwischen machte er sich furchtbare Vorwürfe, dass er seine Freundin überhaupt eingeweiht hatte. Nun waren sie alle in Gefahr.\nLukas genehmigte sich gerade einen Absacker an der Bar, als Robert Saalfeld neben ihm Platz nahm.\n„Hallo!“, begrüßte der Geschäftsführer den Sohn des Hauses. „Geht es morgen wieder zurück?“ Robert nickte, blickte Lukas dann aber streng ins Gesicht.\n„Vorher müssen wir zwei noch was klären“, sagte er. Lukas verspürte nicht die geringste Lust auf eine Auseinandersetzung, aber Robert ließ nicht locker. „Sie halten sich anscheinend für besonders toll …“, begann er säuerlich.\n„Ab und an“, konterte Lukas mit einem Lächeln. „Wenn es gut läuft …“\n„So gut wie mit meiner Schwester?“, fuhr Robert ihm über den Mund. „Erst ist es die ganz große Liebe, und drei Wochen später verloben Sie sich mit einer anderen?“\n„Der große Bruder ist also gekommen, um die Ehre der Schwester wiederherzustellen“, spöttelte Lukas.\n„Ich gebe Ihnen einen guten Rat: Finger weg von Sandra!“ Man konnte Robert ansehen, dass er es ernst meinte. „Sie sind ein verdammter Idiot!“\n„Ich wollte Sandra nie wehtun“, versicherte Lukas ihm schnell. „Mit uns ist das wahnsinnig kompliziert. Stressig. Es konnte einfach nicht funktionieren.“\n„Klingt, als ob Sie sich selbst überzeugen wollen“, erwiderte Robert, nun wieder etwas ruhiger.\n„Sie haben keine Ahnung.“ Aber da irrte sich Lukas. Auf komplizierte und stressige Beziehungen war Robert nun wirklich spezialisiert. Was hatte er mit Miriam nicht alles durchgemacht!\n„Wir sind uns wahrscheinlich ähnlicher, als Sie meinen.“ Auch Robert war jahrelang immer mit dem Kopf durch die Wand gegangen und hatte dabei keinerlei Rücksicht auf die Gefühle seiner Freundinnen genommen. Bis Miriam ihn wach geküsst hatte. „Machen Sie es besser.“\n„Sehen Sie, das ist nämlich der Unterschied“, hielt Lukas dagegen. „Ich bin mit Rosalie schon jetzt auf dem richtigen Weg. Und was Ihre Schwester angeht: Sandra ist wirklich eine tolle Frau. Trotz allem.“\nEs war schon spät am Abend, als André in den Keller ging, um sich eine Flasche Wein zu holen. Er konnte nicht schlafen. Und mit diesem Problem schien er nicht allein zu sein: Zu seiner großen Überraschung traf er Cosima im Weinkeller an, die sich ebenfalls nach einem geeigneten Schlummertrunk umsah. Spontan schlug der Chefkoch vor, gemeinsam eine Flasche zu trinken.\n„Sind Sie jetzt dran?“, schnaubte Cosima verächtlich. „Nachdem Ihr Bruder mit seinem lächerlichen Flirtversuch eine Bruchlandung hingelegt hat?“\n„Vergessen Sie es.“ André wollte sich zum Gehen wenden, doch sie hielt ihn auf.\n„Ich weiß ganz gern, was gespielt wird“, erklärte sie. „Was bezwecken Sie mit Ihrer Einladung?“\n„Ich dachte, wir könnten uns ein bisschen austauschen“, gab er zur Antwort. „Ich habe nämlich den Eindruck, dass wir uns mit ganz ähnlichen Problemen herumschlagen.“ Fragend zog sie die Augenbrauen nach oben. „Zum Beispiel Schlaflosigkeit.“\nTatsächlich ließen sich die beiden in der Küche nieder und öffneten eine Flasche Rotwein. André lenkte das Gespräch auf den Obote-Mord. Und berichtete, dass er monatelang keinen Schlaf gefunden hatte. Bis er endlich mit der Wahrheit über seine Beteiligung an dem Verbrechen herausgerückt war. Cosima wurde sofort misstrauisch.\n„Deswegen haben Sie mich also in Ihr Allerheiligstes gelockt!“, zischte sie. „Damit ich nach zwei, drei Gläsern in Ihr großes Gejammer von Schuld und Sühne einstimme. Was haben Sie sich erhofft? Erschütternde Geständnisse irgendwelcher Schandtaten, die ich nicht begangen habe?“ Ungerührt zuckte der Chefkoch die Schultern.\n„Es gibt vermutlich gute Gründe, warum Sie sich nachts im Weinkeller herumdrücken“, meinte er. „Aber was Sie umtreibt, ist mir – mit Verlaub – ziemlich gleich. Ich habe genug mit den eigenen Dämonen zu kämpfen.“\nAm nächsten Morgen war es Zeit zum Abschiednehmen. Erst schloss Laura Hildegard und Alfons in die Arme, dann wandte sie sich Tanja zu. „Pass gut auf dich auf“, bat sie.\n„Du kennst mich.“ Das Zimmermädchen gab sich betont optimistisch. „Erst wenn ich ganz unten bin, komme ich ordentlich in Fahrt.“\n„Dein Freund macht eigentlich einen netten Eindruck“, meinte Laura.\n„Leider hat er die falsche Familie.“ Das hatte Laura bei Alexander auch oft gedacht. „Die Karten sagen, jetzt wird es erst richtig schlimm, aber dann taucht unerwartet Hilfe auf.“ Lauras Lächeln wurde hintergründig.\n„Ich habe hier noch was für dich.“ Sie drückte ihrer Freundin ein Kuvert in die Hand. Und dann umarmten sich die beiden ein letztes Mal, bevor Laura sich schweren Herzens von ihrer Freundin löste. Schließlich wollte sie ihrer Familie auch noch Lebewohl sagen.\nCharlotte und Werner mussten Robert und Laura versprechen, sich in Zukunft nicht mehr dauernd in den Haaren zu liegen. Und Robert warnte seinen Vater auch noch einmal vor Cosima.\n„Ich passe auf“, versprach der Senior und drückte seinen Sohn dann an sich. „Du fehlst uns. Du auch, Laura.“\n„Ich sage nur: Paris“, entgegnete Robert. „Das Gästezimmer wartet.“\n„Vorher bestehe ich auf einem Zwischenstopp in Brüssel“, sagte Laura schmunzelnd. Und dann war es endgültig Zeit zu gehen.\n„Jetzt sind sie wieder weg.“ Charlotte seufzte wehmütig. Ihr Exmann legte ihr kurz den Arm um die Schultern.\n„Charlotte, wir haben sicher eine Menge falsch gemacht“, meinte er. „Aber unsere Kinder sind großartig.“ Dem konnte sie nur beipflichten. Überhaupt – wäre die leidige Geschichte mit dem Diebstahl nicht gewesen – Charlotte hätte eigentlich fröhlich sein können. Michael und ihr war es gelungen zu akzeptieren, dass er nun einen kleinen Sohn hatte, gemeinsam mit Tanja Liebertz. Und Charlotte spürte deshalb keinen Groll mehr.\nAls Marie heute Harry Lugauer im Restaurant sitzen sah, marschierte sie wütend an seinen Tisch.\n„Na?“, begrüßte sie ihn giftig und deutete auf die Zeitung, die neben ihm lag. „Suchst du gerade die nächste Wohnung raus, die du uns vermiesen kannst?“ Er tat überrascht. „Warum hast du Hendrik die Dachwohnung madig gemacht?“, fuhr sie ihn an.\n„Ich habe ihn nur auf ein paar Schwachstellen hingewiesen“, verteidigte sich Harry.\n„So effektiv, dass er sie sich nicht mal angucken will“, fauchte sie. „Keine Ahnung, was du damit bezweckst. Bestimmt nichts Gutes.“\n„Was fantasierst du dir da eigentlich zusammen?“ Aber Marie ließ sich nicht so schnell abwimmeln.\n„Warum?“, fragte sie wütend. „Damit du Hendrik ständig in deiner Nähe hast?“ Damit kam sie der Wahrheit näher, als sie ahnte. „Ich sag dir was … Halt dich zurück. Sonst kriegst du es mit mir zu tun.“\n„Ich kapier dich nicht!“, erwiderte er ungehalten. „Du flippst völlig aus, nur weil du mal eine Wohnung nicht bekommst?“\n„Das ist nicht die erste Wohnung, bei der es nicht klappt!“, hielt sie dagegen.\n„Jetzt bin ich auch noch schuld daran, dass jemand Hendrik als Mietnomade angeschwärzt hat? Das wird ja immer schöner!“ Marie stutzte. Woher wusste Harry das? Sie musste sofort mit Hendrik darüber reden.\nDer hielt sich auf der Schießanlage auf und trainierte. Wenn er bei dem Gedenkturnier für seine Schwester eine gute Figur abgeben wollte, musste er langsam wieder in Form kommen.\n„Sag mal, hast du Harry erzählt, dass du als Mietnomade angeschwärzt wurdest?“, wollte Marie wissen, nachdem sie ihrem Freund bei ein paar Bogenschüssen zugesehen hatte.\n„Er wusste davon.“ Verwundert verzog Hendrik das Gesicht. Und dann begriff er, worauf seine Freundin hinauswollte.\n„Glaubst du etwa, dass Harry dieses Gerücht in die Welt gesetzt hat?“ Marie nickte.\n„So will er verhindern, dass wir zusammenziehen“, meinte sie. „Er ist eifersüchtig. Und er will dich für sich ganz allein haben.“ Sie fand es jedenfalls mehr als seltsam, wie sich Harry verhielt.\n„Er ist ein ziemlich aufdringlicher Fan, gut“, räumte Hendrik ein. „Aber er ist doch nicht krank.“ Die beiden bemerkten nicht, dass ausgerechnet Harry sich ihnen näherte – er hatte eine Lunchbox für Hendrik dabei. Und konnte mithören, was die beiden über ihn sprachen.\n„Er lässt dich bei sich wohnen und verbringt jede freie Minute mit dir“, argumentierte Marie. „Simon hat recht: Mit dem Typen stimmt was nicht.“\n„Mittagessen!“ Erschrocken fuhren Marie und Hendrik herum und blickten in Harrys lächelndes Gesicht. Er gab sich vollkommen arglos. „Na, großer Meister, wie läuft das Training?“\n„Ganz gut“, antwortete Hendrik peinlich berührt.\n„Logo, mit einer so süßen Glücksfee an deiner Seite …“ Harry warf Marie einen strahlenden Blick zu und wandte sich dann wieder an Hendrik. „Ich finde es jedenfalls klasse, dass du wieder am Ball bist. Du wirst sehen, zum Turnier bist du wieder in Bestform. Oder was meinst du, Marie?“ Marie starrte ihn einen Moment lang abweisend an und machte dann auf dem Absatz kehrt. Ohne ein weiteres Wort ließ sie die beiden stehen. „Was hat sie denn?“ Harry heuchelte Verwunderung. Und Hendrik war die ganze Situation so unangenehm, dass er nicht bemerkte, was für einen hasserfüllten Blick sein vermeintlicher Freund Marie in Wirklichkeit hinterherschickte.\nCosima hatte eine Gästeliste für die Hochzeit von Rosalie und Lukas angefertigt – alles, was Rang und Namen hatte, sollte im Fürstenhof erscheinen. Das Engagement seiner Mutter missfiel Lukas, aber er versprach, die Sache mit seiner Verlobten zu bereden.\n„Lukas …“ Cosima sah ihn eindringlich an. „Ich habe so oft gedacht, ich kämpfe hier auf verlorenem Posten. Aber du bist ja doch noch zur Vernunft gekommen …“ Er hatte keine Ahnung, worauf sie anspielte. „Wir wissen, dass Rosalie Engel zwanzig Prozent des Hotels hält“, fuhr Cosima fort. „Und bei eurer Heirat geht das natürlich in den Familienbesitz über.“\n„Du glaubst, ich spekuliere auf ihre verfluchten Anteile?!“ Lukas’ Miene war finster geworden.\n„Rosalie ist eine tolle Frau, sicher …“ Hastig ruderte Cosima zurück. „Aber du kannst mir doch nicht erzählen, dass du diese Überlegung …“ Er ließ sie nicht ausreden.\n„Ich heirate Rosalie, weil ich mit ihr glücklich werden will“, erklärte er eisig. „Und da du das nicht verstehst, brauchst du gar nicht erst bei der Hochzeit aufzutauchen. Ich will dich da jedenfalls nicht sehen!“\n„Lukas, jetzt sei bitte nicht albern …“ Sein frostiger Ton hatte Cosima erschreckt.\n„Ich finde es einfach unglaublich, wie man so egoistisch denken kann wie du“, schnaubte er. „Aber deine Interessen und die Anteile sind mir völlig egal. Ich will Rosalie einfach nur um mich haben.“\n„Es tut mir leid“, entschuldigte sich seine Mutter. „Vielleicht habe ich mich falsch ausgedrückt. Aber es geht nicht nur um mich, sondern um unsere Familie.“\n„Familie?!“, wiederholte er mit einem zynischen Lachen. „Du interessierst dich doch sowieso nur für Macht und deine persönliche Rache.“\n„Du profitierst genauso von unserem Erbe“, raunzte sie ihn da an. „Mir hast du es zu verdanken, dass du Geschäftsführer bist und deinen feudalen Lebensstandard genießen kannst.“\n„Deinen Standpunkt hast du mir jetzt ja deutlich gemacht. Aber das ändert nichts an meiner Entscheidung. Ich will nicht, dass du irgendetwas mit der Hochzeit zu tun hast. Geschweige denn da erscheinst.“ Cosima schaute ihn kopfschüttelnd an. „Ach ja, und was Rosalies Anteile betrifft …“, fügte er kühl hinzu. „Sie bleiben nach unserer Heirat allein in ihrem Besitz. Wir werden nämlich einen Ehevertrag abschließen.“ Der Schock stand Cosima ins Gesicht geschrieben.\nNach diesem Zusammentreffen mit seiner Mutter musste Lukas erst einmal an die frische Luft. Im Park traf er ausgerechnet auf Sandra – sie sammelte gerade Herbstlaub und Äste zusammen, die sie für neue Gestecke verwenden wollte. Und sie hatte sich vorgenommen, Lukas gegenüber tapfer zu sein. Also begrüßte sie ihn betont unbefangen.\n„Solltest du nicht im Büro sein?“, fragte sie dann.\n„Ich brauche ein bisschen Frischluft“, seufzte er.\n„Gab es Ärger?“\n„Das Übliche“, antwortete er mit einem schiefen Lächeln. „Meine Mutter meint, ich heirate Rosalie wegen ihrer Hotelanteile. Unglaublich, oder?“ So genau hatte Sandra es nun doch nicht wissen wollen.\n„Sorry, aber ich habe keine Lust, mir deine Beziehungsprobleme anzuhören“, brach es aus ihr heraus.\n„Wieso fragst du dann?“, gab er verständnislos zurück.\n„Ich dachte, es handelt sich um etwas Berufliches“, verteidigte sie sich.\n„Und ich dachte, dich interessiert, wie es mir geht“, knurrte er. „Aber da habe ich dich mal wieder falsch eingeschätzt.“\n„Ist ja nicht das erst Mal“, fauchte nun auch sie.\n„Gut, wir haben uns getrennt. Aber wieso bist du so abweisend? Und wieso verstehst du immer alles falsch?“ Aufgebracht warf Sandra ihm Laub und Äste vor die Füße und eilte davon in Richtung Gewächshaus.\nSollte Lukas doch mit der Engel über seine Probleme reden! Schließlich war er ja auch mit der zusammen! Wütend kickte Sandra ein paar Steine zur Seite. Sie war doch nun wirklich nicht mehr der richtige Ansprechpartner dafür. Wenn Lukas hoffte, sie könnte so etwas wie seine beste Freundin werden, dann hatte er sich jedenfalls gründlich geschnitten. Sie hielt inne und atmete mehrmals ein und aus. Sie musste sich beruhigen. Und eigentlich konnte sie doch froh sein, dass es zwischen ihnen aus war. Wenigstens musste sie sich so keine Gedanken mehr über seine Mutter machen. Und sie brauchte sich auch nicht mehr darüber den Kopf zu zerbrechen, ob er mit der Engel was hatte. Die Fronten waren jetzt endlich geklärt.\nCosima war nach der Auseinandersetzung mit Lukas schwindelig geworden. Sie befand sich ja ohnehin in schlechter Verfassung. Die Schuldgefühle wegen Korbinian und die daher rührenden Albträume und Schlafstörungen setzten ihr zu. Und nun auch noch der Konflikt mit ihrem Sohn.\nSie lag auf der Couch, als Dr. Niederbühl hereinkam.\n„Belastet Sie etwas?“, wollte Michael wissen, nachdem sie ihm von ihrem Zustand berichtet hatte. Sie erzählte ihm nur, dass sie sich mit ihrem Sohn gestritten hatte. „Das könnte ein Auslöser sein.“ Er schlug vor, ihr fürs Erste ein Beruhigungsmittel zu verschreiben.\n„Ich habe mir schon was übers Internet besorgt“, erklärte sie.\n„Sie können doch nicht ohne ärztlichen Rat irgendwelche Tabletten schlucken!“, ereiferte er sich sofort.\n„Hat sowieso nicht funktioniert.“ Sie seufzte.", "Liste f�r UT ? ( COD )\nThema: Liste f�r UT ? ( COD )\n3.6.06, 12:34\nBeitr�ge 25\tListe f�r UT ? ( COD )\ngibt es vielleicht eine liste mit den ganzen ut wo man die findet und was man braucht f�r entwicklungen usw. ??\nw�re ziemlich hilfreich f�r mich ^^\nMit Zitat antworten 4.6.06, 00:31\nBeitr�ge 1.681\tCastlevania DoD, Unschuldsteufel\nDie UT kannst Du nicht finden. Wenn Du mit einem UT unterwegs bist formt dieser von Zeit zu Zeit w�hrend eines Kampfes eine Teufelsscherbe. Diese musst Du aufheben (meistens passiert das im Kampfget�mmel automatisch). Dann gehst Du zum Laden in die Berge. Bei der Frau (leider hab ich den Namen gerade nicht im Kopf) kannst Du dann nach den UTs fragen. Es �ffnet sich ein Men�, in dem alle Teufelsscherben aufgelistet sind, die Du hast, sortiert nach den UT. Davon nimmst Du einen mit (m�glicherweise musst Du einen anderen UT so lange auf die Ersatzbank bringen). Um einen andern UT zu bekommen (mit anderen Eigenschaften) als den, den Du hast, musst Du die Waffe wechseln und mit einer anderen Waffe k�mpfen. Dabei hinterlassen die Gegner andere Kristalle. Aus diesen unterschiedlichen Kristallen werden unterschiedliche UT. Tipp: Gehe ins Men� und schaue Dir mit L 1 / R 1 an, wie die Daten f�r den UT sind. Gehe dann in die Karte des UT. Da siehst Du, welche Kristalle Du brauchst gelbe, blaue, gr�ne, rote oder wei�e. Meistens teilt sich der Stammbaum. Eine Seite ist lang und eine kurz. Sehr oft ist es so, dass sich auf der kurzen Seite auch eine l�ngere Strecke verbirgt. Sie wird erst dann angezeigt, wenn Du diese erste H�rde meisterst und eine Stufe levelst. Wenn Du die Waffen benutzen sollts, die wei�e Kristalle hinterl��t, ist es leicht, wenn Du in die Gegend um den Laden herum die Zombies pl�ttest. Vorher klaust Du mit Kreis. Meistens bekommst Du dann eine Kombo mit dem UT hin. Das gibt unter Umst�nden Zusatzpunkte.\nVielleich kann HazerX auch noch was erg�nzen, er hat es meistens besser im Kopf als ich.\nMit Zitat antworten 4.6.06, 15:01\nBeitr�ge 25\tachso ok cool ^^ aber ich habe jez meine ersten 2 ut�s gefunden und die fee hab ich erst einma entwickelt und das kampf vieh mehr mals\nund ich hab gelesen das es irgendein ut gibt mit dem man fliegen kann ... wie kriegt man das ?\nMit Zitat antworten 4.6.06, 16:53\nBeitr�ge 1.681\tCastlevania DoD, Unschuldsteufel finden\nDie ersten UTs einer Rasse findest Du in entsprechenden R�umen, wenn Du ein Dungeon erforschst. Diese R�ume sind genau so angeordnet, wie der erste Raum, in dem Du den ersten UT bekommen hast. Sobald Du einen findest und ihn betrittst, wird eine Sequenz eingeleitet und Du bekommst ihn. Eigentlich kannst Du ihn �berhaupt nicht verpassen. Checke immer wieder die Karte. Es muss ein runder Raum sein.\nMit Zitat antworten 4.6.06, 22:26\nBeitr�ge 1.333\t@Diao Chan : Die R�ume, welche Tabitha-Lee anspricht, nennen sich Teufelsschmieden. Insgesamt gibt es im Spiel sechs Teufelsschmieden. F�nf davon betrittst du im Verlauf des Spiels ohnehin. Die sechste Teufelschmiede ist am Ende des letzten Bereiches zu finden und um den dortigen UT zu bekommen brauchst du eine bestimmte Waffe. Diese Waffe ist der Pumpkin-Streitkolben, welchen du mittels Kombinieren herstellen musst.\nDie 6 Unschuldsteufel und deren spezielle F�higkeiten sind folgende :\nFee-UT - k�nnen bestimmte Truhen �ffnen\nKampf-UT - k�nnen schwere T�ren �ffnen\nVogel-UT - Hector kann mit deren Hilfe �ber Abgr�nde gleiten\nMagier-UT - k�nnen die Zeit f�r einen kurzen Moment anhalten\nTeufel-UT - verschmilzt mit Hector um schmale �ffnungen zu passieren\nPumpkin-UT - ist geheim Neben den Standardf�higkeiten verf�gen bestimmte Evolutionsstufen der UT auch �ber andere F�higkeiten mit denen man bestimmte Bereiche erreichen kann. Am besten einfach mal die anderen Threads zu Curse of Darkness durchlesen, das meiste d�rfte da schon beantwortet sein.\nGe�ndert von HazerX (4.6.06 um 22:28 Uhr)\nMit Zitat antworten 15.6.06, 22:29\nBeitr�ge 143\tDen Fliegenden UT bekommst du nachdem du den Skelettaucher besiegt hast.\nNicht schwer zu finden. Viel Gl�ck.\nBrauche hilfe bei Castlevania Curse of ...\nBrauche umbedingt Cheats f�r Castlevania COD\nprob castlevania cod- magier ut und 2. turm\nVon Dutchang im Forum Curse of Darkness\nLetzter Beitrag: 17.9.06, 23:27\nUt 2004 durchgezockt aber immer noch \"fragezeichen\" bei der mp. spieler liste ?\nVon Sh@dow_Str!k3 im Forum Unreal Tournament 2004 (UT 2004)\nLetzter Beitrag: 11.5.06, 16:57\nVon Tabitha-Lee im Forum Final Fantasy 10-II\nLetzter Beitrag: 18.2.05, 11:42\nListe f�r offene Betas\nVon TeppichPilot im Forum Massive Multiplayer Online Rollenspiele (MMORPGs)\nLetzter Beitrag: 16.1.04, 11:48" ]

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[ "The man is on the surfboard.", "The mother is teaching her baby", "a dog drops a red disc", "The man fell on the bed.", "GAO officials responsible for finishing the engagement will be at the meeting", "The man is frowning.", "The construction worker is all wet." ]

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[ "A woman giving a speach to a crowd has blood red cheeks." ]

[ "A women sitting in a lawn chair holding her book.", "The lady cashier is ringing out groceries.", "Bureaucrats don't want to lose their jobs.", "Skip the televisions all together.", "The lady has a puppy in her arms.", "It is the '90s.", "Two women are climbing a tree." ]

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[ "August Bank Holiday 2016 • August Bank Holiday 2016. You can find the date of August Bank Holiday in 2016 and the number of the remaining days.• August Bank Holiday in 2016 is on Monday, 29 August, 2016.ou can find the date of August Bank Holiday in 2016 and the number of the remaining days." ]

[ "- The name Bank Holiday comes from the time when banks were shut and so no trading could take place. Bank holidays Today There is currently a total of 8 permanent bank and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland. Bank Holidays (Public Holidays) are not other special days like Remembrance Day, Bonfire Night or Halloween. 2 August bank holiday date for Scotland is at the beginning of the month, not the end of August. 3 There are two bank holidays in May.", "Christmas Payment Arrangements 2016 The advance payment will be the payment(s) due in the week beginning Monday 26 December 2016. See below for the payment arrangements for Maternity Benefit, Paternity Benefit, Health and Safety Benefit and Casual Jobseeker payments.", "- List of National and Public Holidays in Kenya for the year 2015. 1 New Year’s Day is on Thursday, January 01, 2015. 2 Good Friday is on Friday, April 03, 2015. 3 Easter Monday is on Monday, April 06, 2015. 4 Labour Day in Kenya is on Friday, May 01, 2015.", "2018 Bank Holidays Below you will find a list of the 2015 Bank Holidays. It is extremely important to recognize that while these are the national bank holidays for 2015, not every bank observes the holidays listed below.", "- Eid al-Fitr in 2016 is on Tuesday, the 5th of July.", "- August Bank Holiday 2016 is smack bang in the middle of festival season and there are some amazing festivals to attend, but August Bank Holiday Weekend 2016 isn't just about festivals, there are events taking place throughout the UK.016 August Bank Holiday events. Here's a huge selection of August Bank Holiday 2016 events to tickle your fancy, buy your tickets quick if you're going. Our eTickets mean you don't need to rely on mr postman, you can order at anytime with confirmation sent instantly to your email inbox.", "New South Wales Bank Holiday in Australia Public Life. Although the NSW Bank Holiday in August is observed in New South Wales, it is not a statewide public holiday and only applies to certain employees. It falls under the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912, which requires all banks in New South Wales to be closed on the day.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom The summer bank holiday is on the first Monday of August in Scotland and the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Monday, August 3, 2015 (local in Scotland). Monday, August 31, 2015 (England, Northern Ireland, Wales). Monday, August 1, 2016 (local in Scotland).n Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.", "- National bank holidays of Ireland in 2015. 1 Where a fixed date public holiday falls on a weekend, there is no legal entitlement to for the next working day to be a holiday.", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Eid al-Fitr in 2016 is on Tuesday, the 5th of July. Based on sightability in North America, in 2016 Eid al-Fitr will start in North America a day later - on Wednesday, the 6th of July.", "Paul George Paul George (born May 2, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a three-time NBA All-Star and has been named twice to both the All-NBA Team and the NBA All-Defensive Team. George played high school basketball for Knight High School before playing two seasons of college basketball at Fresno State.", "Bank holiday Also, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first.lso, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first.", "- Eid Al Adha holidays in UAE announced. The report also says that onSunday, September 11, 2016, will be an official holiday for employees of private sector companies and establishments until Thursday 15 September, according to a decision issued by Sheikh Abdullah bin Nassir Al Bakri, Minister of Manpower.", "- Including additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} DUPipeline_QISnippet_FirstGoodLong_Snippet_v1: {},{-1|-1|1|Get Know how many days until July 16 2016 with an awesome exact countdown timer. Including additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} ...ur automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 16th July 2016, 198th day and 29th week of the year 2016.", "United Kingdom Bank Holidays Calendar The holidays include those for England (E), Northern Ireland (I), Scotland (S) and Wales (W). All bank holiday dates are accurate at the time of publishing. 2015 UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK Bank Holidays. Please make sure you check any dates with your own countries Bank holidays before booking any holidays or arrangements.", "- Along with scheduled holidays and breaks, 12 month employees will receive Memorial Day, July 5-6, 2016 and two additional vacation days.", "- 2016 Holiday Schedule. 1 January 1st (New Year’s Day) – Closed. 2 March 25th (Good Friday) – Closed. 3 May 23rd (Victoria Day) – Closed. 4 June 24th (Fête nationale du Québec) – Closed. 5 July 1st (Canada Day) – Closed. 6 September 5th (Labour Day) – Closed. 7 October 10th (Thanksgiving) – Closed. 8 December 25th (Christmas Day) – Closed.", "Bank holiday After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October, to be a UK Day or Trafalgar Day (21 October) or to St David's Day and St George's Day.he Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England, Wales, or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays: they had been customary holidays since before records began.", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 The August bank holiday always falls on the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on the first Monday of August in Scotland. Its official name is Summer Bank Holiday, however it is far more commonly referred to as the August Bank Holiday.", "- ‘Luke Cage’: Meet the Cast of Marvel’s New Netflix Show. Luke Cage, the third series in Netflix's Marvel shows, kicks off on September 30. Before you start binge-watching, here's a look at the cast and a preview of the series.", "- 1 Local holidays are not listed. 2 The year 2016 is a leap year, with 366 days in total. Some holidays and dates are color-coded: 2 Red –Federal Holidays and Sundays. 3 Gray –Typical Non-working Days. 4 Black–Other Days. 5 Local holidays are not listed. 6 The year 2016 is a leap year, with 366 days in total.", "- Follow this link to find out about Bank Holidays and their history. UK Bank Holiday Dates 2013, 2014 and 2015. Bank holidays are public holidays in the United Kingdom, when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day.Please note: 1 Bank Holidays (Public Holidays) are not other special days like Remembrance Day, Bonfire Night or Halloween. Bank Holidays (Public Holidays) are not other special days like Remembrance Day, Bonfire Night or Halloween. 2 August bank holiday date for Scotland is at the beginning of the month, not the end of August. 3 There are two bank holidays in May.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Administrative Professionals' Day > Administrative Professionals' Day 2017When is Administrative Professionals' Day in 2017?The date of Aministrative Professionals Day in 2017 is on Wednesday, April 26th. The entire Administrative Professionals Week in 2017 runs from Monday, April 23rd through Friday, April 29th.What is Administrative Professionals' Day?The term Administrative Professionals' Day, sometimes referred to as Secretaries Day or Administrative Assistant Day, refers to the unoffocial secular holiday that celebrates and honors administrative assistants, secretaries, receptionists, book keepers, and other administrative professionals for all the hard work and dedication they constantly display.The day is usually celebrated on the Wednesday that is part of the final full-week in the month of April. That entire week is known as Administrative Professionals' Week and is promoted by the International Association of Aministrative Professionals (IAAP). As part of Administrative Professionals Day, it is common for bosses to give their administrative staff flowers, gifts, candy, free lunch, or even give them the entire day off.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2017?Daylight Savings 2017Arbor Day 2017World Water Day 2017Earth Day 2017Summer Solstice 2017International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2017International Women's Day 2017Lunar New Year 2017Christmas In July 2017Pink Moon 2017National Grandparents Day 2017National Sibling Day 2017National Day of Prayer 2017Nurses' Day 2017Boss' Day 2017Administrative Professionals' Day 2017Nurses' Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Day 2017National Dog Day 2017National Cat Day 2017National Pancake Day 2017National Girlfriends' Day 2017National Boyfriend Day 2017Sweetest Day 2017Constitution Day 2017Son and Daughter Day 2017Cinco de Mayo 2017National Ice Cream Day 2017National Beer Day 2017International Beer Day 2017Marine Corps' Birthday 2017Record Store Day 2017Free Comic Book Day 2017Pi Day 2017Calgary Stampede 2017Fantasy Fest 2017National Margarita Day 2017Turkey Trot 2017Cheese Pizza Day 2017Darwin Day 2017Rum Day 2017Star Wars Day 2017Tequila Day 2017eDay 2017Parade of Homes 2017World Cancer Day 2017Mole Day 2017National Coming Out Day 2017Bloomsday 2017Day of Silence 2017Cheeseburger Day 2017National Pie Day 2017Hot Dog Day 2017Cheesecake Day 2017Dance Day 2017Dapper Day 2017National Chocolate Day 2017Friendship Day 2017Army Birthday 2017Opposite Day 2017Wine Day 2017Hug Day 2017Towel Day 2017Pet Day 2017Navy Birthday 2017Cookie Day 2017Running Day 2017Bonfire Night 2017National Hamburger Day 2017National Cake Day 2017Chocolate Chip Day 2017World Kiss Day 2017Bicycle Day 2017Air Force Birthday 2017National Popcorn Day 2017Sandwich Day 2017Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2017Rare Disease Day 2017Grilled Cheese Day 2017Bike to Work Day 2017Burns Night 2017Womenâs Equality Day 2017World Book Day 2017World Elephant Day 2017World Down Syndrome Day 2017World Diabetes Day 2017World Youth Day 2017Cheese Day 2017Peanut Butter Day 2017Waffle Day 2017Chicken Wing Day 2017High Five Day 2017Cupcake Day 2017National Volunteer Week 2017National Wear Red Day 2017International Menâs Day 2017Childrenâs Day 2017White Day 2017Turkey Run 2017World Health Day 2017Mental Health Day 2017World Food Day 2017Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2017Fried Chicken Day 2017National Lemonade Day 2017Pizza Month 2017Buy Nothing Day 2017World Turtle Day 2017World Environment Day 2017Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2017National Cancer Survivor Day 2017Human Rights Day 2017World Prematurity Day 2017World Toilet Day 2017Watermelon Day 2017Food Day 2017Kindness Day 2017Honesty Day 2017Take Your Dog to Work Day 2017Lefthanders Day 2017Guy Fawkes Night 2017America Recycles Day 2017Candy Corn Day 2017420 Day 2017Men Make Dinner Day 2017National Hangover Day 2017D-Day 2017New York Comedy Festival 2017Black Day 2017Lohri 2017National Puppy Day 2017Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2017National Pizza Day 201711 What Do You Think About Administrative Professionals' Day 2017?Nickname:* Home > Important Days > Administrative Professionals' Day > Administrative Professionals' Day 2017. The date of Aministrative Professionals Day in 2017 is on Wednesday, April 26th. The entire Administrative Professionals Week in 2017 runs from Monday, April 23rd through Friday, April 29th.", "Easter 2017, 2018 Dates. UK Bank Holidays. Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays. St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.", "New South Wales Bank Holiday in Australia New South Wales Bank Holiday in Australia. The New South Wales (NSW) Bank Holiday, which falls on the first Monday of August each year, mainly affects bank employees. All banks in New South Wales are required to be closed on this day.", "- Bank Holiday 2017. It’s time to forget work and get out of the house - the long weekend we’ve all been counting down to is here. It’s not too late to make the most of that extra day with our fantastic May bank holiday deals for 2017. Everybody loves a bank holiday, a chance to relax and do something special with your free time.", "July 7 2016 - Days Until, Facts & Holidays July 7 2016 - Days Until, Facts & Holidays. According to Gregorian calendar, July 7 2016 is the 189th day of the year. 7th July 2016 is on Thursday and 27th week of the year.According to your timezone, there are days until July 7 2016. For the people have interest in Zodiac signs, Horoscopes or Astrology, Cancer is the sun sign of the person with a birth date of July 7.th July 2016 is on Thursday and 27th week of the year. According to your timezone, there are days until July 7 2016.", "Civic Holiday 2017 Civic Holiday 2017. August 2017. SHARE. Quick info: in Canada de first Monday of August is known as Civic Holiday, also referred to as August long weekend. In several provinces/territories this day is observed under a different name: British Columbia Day, New Brunswick Day, Saskatchewan Day, Natal Day, Simcoe Day and Heritage Day Alberta.", "Easter 2018 weather forecast This year, the Easter bank holiday is from Friday 3 April to Monday 6 April. Easter is an important festival in the Christian calendar and celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, three days after his execution.his is the first holiday of the year which often coincides with spring-like weather, so there are lots of outdoor activities taking place over the weekend. Whatever you're doing this Easter weekend, check your local weather forecast. Back to the events calendar.", "Early May Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom In 1995 and only in that year, this bank holiday was moved to the second Monday in May (May 8) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the allies accepting the surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.n 1995 and only in that year, this bank holiday was moved to the second Monday in May (May 8) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the allies accepting the surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.", "- September 18, 2016: Day Of The Week. September 18, 2016 is the 262 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 104 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Sunday.", "Labor Day 2018 Home > Holiday and Occasions > Labor Day > When is Labor Day 2016? Labor Day is a U.S. holiday observed on the first Monday in September. The day celebrates the economic and social contributions of workers.", "90 days from today What is the date today? • August 18th, 2016 is a Thursday. • It is the 231st day of the year and in the 33rd week of the year (week starts from Sunday). • There are 31 days in August 2016. • 2016 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year (there are 29 days in February 2016).", "The politics of bank holidays It could be too close to call. In a web-poll of over 4,000 Britons, less than half (43%) would like the May Day bank holiday left as it is. A third (36%) supported replacing it with a Trafalgar Day in October, while a fifth (18%) supported replacing it with a St George's Day public holiday in April.", "- BANK HOLIDAYS 2018. New Year’s Day January 1 Martin Luther King Jr. Day January 15 Presidents’ Day February 19 Memorial Day May 28 Independence Day July 4 Labor Day September 3 Columbus Day October 8 Veterans Day November 11**Closed Monday the 12th Thanksgiving Day November 22 Christmas Day December 25", "Early May Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom The first Monday of May is a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. It is called May Day in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.", "Labor Day 2014 Labor Day 2016. Labor Day is an annual holiday to celebrate the economic and social contributions of workers to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of the country. In the United States, Labor Day is a federal holiday observed on the first Monday of September.", "Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland The United Kingdom Bank Holidays Act 1871 established the first Bank holidays in Ireland. The Act designated four Bank holidays in Ireland: Easter Monday; Whit Monday; St. Stephen's Day and the first Monday in August.", "- New Year's Day became an additional bank holiday in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and Boxing Day became an additional bank holiday in Scotland. The first Monday in May in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the last Monday in May in Scotland, became additional bank holidays.he name Bank Holiday comes from the time when banks were shut and so no trading could take place. Bank holidays Today There is currently a total of 8 permanent bank and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland.", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Labor Day in 2017 is on Monday, the 4th of September. In the United States, Labor Day is always celebrated on the first Monday in September.", "Bank Holidays The Federal Reserve standard holiday schedule mandates that if January 1, July 4, November 11 or December 25 fall on a Sunday, the following Monday will be observed as a holiday. If January 1, July 4, November 11 or December 25 occur on a Saturday, the preceding Friday will not be observed as a holiday.", "- 1 Black–Other Days. 2 Local holidays are not listed. 3 The year 2016 is a leap year, with 366 days in total. Some holidays and dates are color-coded: 2 Red –Federal Holidays and Sundays. 3 Gray –Typical Non-working Days. 4 Black–Other Days. 5 Local holidays are not listed. 6 The year 2016 is a leap year, with 366 days in total.", "Kolkata / Calcutta Bank Holidays Good Business Day and Copp Clark Professional are internationally recognized sources for accurate holiday information for banks and other financial institutions. The tables below provide up-to-date holiday information for Kolkata, , India for the years 2015 and 2016.", "- The Summer Bank Holiday takes place on the last Monday of August each year in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.In Scotland, the Summer Bank Holiday occurs on the first Monday of August.On this public holiday, Most shops and store stay open but many operate according to Sunday hours – traditionally a six-hour work day.Public transport also usually operates as per a Sunday schedule.n Scotland, the Summer Bank Holiday occurs on the first Monday of August. On this public holiday, Most shops and store stay open but many operate according to Sunday hours – traditionally a six-hour work day. Public transport also usually operates as per a Sunday schedule.", "USA Federal Holidays Monday, September 4, 2017. Labor Day is a United States federal holiday which is observed on the first Monday in September each year. The holiday originated on September 5, 1882 as the Central Labor Union of New York City sought to create a day off work for the working citizens.", "Bank Holidays in Belgium in 2018 Upcoming Holidays in Germany. Labour Day. 1 May 2017 This National holiday is in 11 days. This holiday is most commonly associated as a commemoration of the achievements of the ... Ascension Day. 25 May 2017 This National holiday is in 35 days. Commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven forty two days after his crucifixion.", "- All Bank of Hawaii branches will be closed on Monday, September 4, for Labor Day. Click here for Details. Mobile Banking, Online Banking, ATMs & our Customer Service Center are always available 24/7.", "Bank holiday In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays. In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the nearest Monday if a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.he Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England, Wales, or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays: they had been customary holidays since before records began.", "Bank holiday In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays. In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the nearest Monday if a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.lso, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first.", "- 1 Pupils in school from Monday 18 April 2016 to Friday 27 May 2016. 2 Schools closed Bank Holiday Monday 2 May. [ 3 half-term holiday = Monday 30 May 2016 to Friday 10 June 2016]. 4 Pupils in school from Monday 13 June 2016 to Tuesday 26 July 2016.", "- Sales Tax Holiday. S.B. 264 enacted a sales tax holiday to occur only in 2016. The holiday starts on Friday, August 5, 2016 at 12:00 a.m. and ends on Sunday, August 7, 2016 at 11:59 p.m. During the holiday, the following items are exempt from sales and use tax: Clothing priced at $75 per item or less;", "National Day Golden Week holiday in China 1 National Day Golden Week holiday – Monday, October 5, 2015. 2 National Day Golden Week holiday – Tuesday, October 6, 2015. 3 National Day Golden Week holiday – Wednesday, October 7, 2015. 4 Special Working Day – Saturday, October 10, 2015.", "- The first bank holiday weekend (Fri Mar 25–Mon Mar 28 2016) of the year is on the horizon so grab your diary and get organising.Whether you plan to hunt eggs, party all weekend or stuff your face with chocs, get cracking with your Easter plans now. See the top 10 Easter events in London.he first bank holiday weekend (Fri Mar 25–Mon Mar 28 2016) of the year is on the horizon so grab your diary and get organising.", "- Share Tweet 0 Shares. The first bank holiday weekend (Fri Mar 25–Mon Mar 28 2016) of the year is on the horizon so grab your diary and get organising. Whether you plan to hunt eggs, party all weekend or stuff your face with chocs, get cracking with your Easter plans now.See the top 10 Easter events in London.he first bank holiday weekend (Fri Mar 25–Mon Mar 28 2016) of the year is on the horizon so grab your diary and get organising.", "Bank Holidays In Mumbai 2018 In the Gregorian calendar, it is the 2015th year of the Common Era or the Anno Domini designation; the 11th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 2nd of the 2010s decade. 2015 Public Holidays in India Facts There are 15 Bank Holidays in India in 2015.2 Bank Holidays on Mondays makes it 2 long weekends (for those that have an off on Saturdays as well). 2 Holidays on Tuesdays & 2 on Wednesdays makes Mid-Week working days a real bore.1 Holidays on Thursdays makes Thursdays boring as well.iwali comes on a Wednesday which means 1 less weekend of Bank Holidays for all of us in 2015. But, remember we still have over 159 public holidays in 2015 to make up for it. Gandhi Jayanti also comes on a Sunday which means 1 more Public & Bank Holiday comes on a lovely Sunday in India in the year 2015.", "Early May Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom The first Monday of May is a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. It is called May Day in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.It is known as the Early May Bank Holiday in Scotland.It probably originated as a Roman festival honoring the beginning of the summer season (in the northern hemisphere).n 1995 and only in that year, this bank holiday was moved to the second Monday in May (May 8) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the allies accepting the surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.", "Half Term Dates and UK School Holidays 2017 and 2018 Easter Holidays 2015, 2016 and 2017. Click here for a list of Bank Holiday Dates and special occasions in the United Kingdom. Plan your next school holidays. Official Easter holidays for 2015, 2016 and 2017.he Irish authorities do not enforce the same holidays as the UK. Noticeable differences being the lack of early June half term and a 9 week long summer holiday. Commencing end of June for most Irish schools. School Holidays in Ireland.", "- Public Holidays in Mozambique in 2016. 7 September 2016 This National holiday is in 20 days. Commemorates the signing of the agreement to end the Mozambican War of Independence. 26 September 2016 This National holiday is in 39 days. Marks the beginning of the armed struggle against Portuguese colonisation in 1964. 4 October 2016 This National holiday is in 47 days. Celebrates the end of the civil war in Mozambique in 1992.", "Labor Day 2018, 2019 and further Labor Day 2017 is a federal holiday and falls on the first Monday of September. The date of the Holiday changes each year but always remains on a Monday; consult the above table for exact dates.See besides 'Labor Day' even more holidays, click on one of the links below.", "Bank Holidays in Scotland Bank holidays in Scotland are New Year's Day, Good Friday, early May bank holiday, spring bank holiday, summer bank holiday, St. Andrew's Day, Christmas Day, and Boxing Day. Year 2015 offers an extra Jubilee bank holiday to the bank employees of Scotland.ew Year Bank Holidays Scotland. Bank holidays in Scotland are appointed and set under the provisions of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 of UK, Scotland Act 1998, and the St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007.", "- Term 2 Monday 2 November to Friday 18 December 2015. Term 3 Monday 4 January to Friday 5 February 2016. Term 4 Monday 15 February to Thursday 24 March 2016 (Easter is 25 to 28 March). Term 5 Monday 11 April to Friday 27 May 2016 (closed on 2 May 2016 for the Early May Bank Holiday).", "- Home. Columbus Day: Monday, October 12th. In observance of Columbus Day on Monday, October 12, 2015, all United Bank offices and the Customer Service Center will be closed. Online Banking, Mobile Banking, ATMs and Telebanc are available for your convenience 24/7. United News.", "- 16 April 2017 This National holiday is Today!. On Easter Sunday, Christians celebrate the resurrection of the Lord, Jesus Christ. 17 April 2017 This National holiday is Tomorrow. Easter is probably the most important holiday of the Christian year, celebrating the Re... 18 April 2017 This National holiday is in 2 days.", "- 1 In India it is celebrated on August 4 every year. 2 In New Zealand, it is on the third Wednesday of April (April 15 in 2015). 3 In North America, Administrative Professionals' Week is celebrated annually the last full week of April (April 20–26, 2014; April 19–25, 2015; April 24–30, 2016; April 23–29, 2017).", "Early May Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom However, the celebrations have been remarkably robust. In Scotland, the Early May Bank holiday has been observed on the first Monday in May since 1871, but was only introduced in the rest of the United Kingdom in 1978.n 1995 and only in that year, this bank holiday was moved to the second Monday in May (May 8) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the allies accepting the surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.", "- Including additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} DUPipeline_QISnippet_MetaDescription_Snippet_v1: {},{165|165|25|Get Know how many days until July 16 2016 with an awesome exact countdown timer.ur automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 16th July 2016, 198th day and 29th week of the year 2016.", "- List of National and Public Holidays in Kenya for the year 2015. 1 New Year’s Day is on Thursday, January 01, 2015. 2 Good Friday is on Friday, April 03, 2015. 3 Easter Monday is on Monday, April 06, 2015. 4 Labour Day in Kenya is on Friday, May 01, 2015. 5 Madaraka Day 2015 is on Monday, June 01, 2015.", "Civic Holiday in Canada Date in the current year: August 6, 2018 Civic Holiday in Canada Date in the current year: August 7, 2017. The first Monday in August is Civic Holiday in most Canadian provinces. This holiday is known under different names in many provinces and municipalities. Civic Holiday evolved into different holidays, native to almost each province.", "United Kingdom Bank Holidays Calendar The holidays include those for England (E), Northern Ireland (I), Scotland (S) and Wales (W). All bank holiday dates are accurate at the time of publishing. 2015 UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK Bank Holidays.", "- 16 Banks Open on New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day 2017. Because New Year’s Day falls on a Sunday in 2017, the Federal Reserve observes Monday, Jan. 2, as a bank holiday. Since most banks follow the Federal Reserve’s holiday schedule, the vast majority of financial institutions are closed on New Year’s Day. Many also close on Jan. 2, as well.", "- The first Monday in August is holiday in most of the Provinces and Territories. What you will often find, however, is that its name changes from province to province, and even amongst different regions within a province. On calendars, it is generally labeled as Civic Holiday as not to be region specific.", "- 1 Independence Day: Monday July 4, 2016. The Vashon office will be closed on Saturday July 2, 2016. 2 No Holiday Closures. 3 Labor Day: Monday September 5, 2016. The Vashon office will be closed on Saturday September 3, 2016. No Holiday Closures. The Credit Union is open on Columbus Day.", "- 1 Pupils in school from Monday 4 January 2016 to Friday 12 February 2016. [ 2 February half-term holiday = Monday 15 February 2016 to Friday 19 February 2016]. 3 Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 4 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016].", "- How Many Days Until August 31 2016. Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Wednesday, 31st August 2016, 244th day and 36th week of the year 2016.Place above Countdown in your website or blog by copy/paste following code.ncluding additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} DUPipeline_QISnippet_FirstGoodLong_Snippet_v1: {},{-1|-1|1|Get Know how many days until September 31 2016 with an awesome exact countdown timer.", "BMO Bank (US) Holidays 2015 BMO Bank (US) Holidays 2015. Check 2015 BMO Bank Holidays in US. Check 2015 holidays calendar of BMO Bank in US. Find the holidays dates and days in year 2015 like Martin Luther King Day, Presidents’ Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labour Day, Columbus Day, Veterans’ Day, Thanksgiving Day in US. Branches that remain open on these U.S. holidays will operate business as usual.", "Savanna The South American savanna types cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado dense typically have densities of trees similar to or higher than that found in South American tropical forests, with savanna ranging 800–3300 trees/ha and adjacent forests with 800–2000 trees/ha.ometimes midwestern savanna were described as grassland with trees. Different authors have defined the lower limits of savanna tree coverage as 5–10% and upper limits range as 25–80% of an area. Two factors common to all savanna environments are rainfall variations from year to year, and dry season wildfires.", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK public holidays always move forward in the calendar, never backwards. The August bank holiday always falls on the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on the first Monday of August in Scotland.", "Bank holiday In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays. In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the nearest Monday if a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.he majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act: however New Year's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively.", "- Presidents' Day : 4: May - 28: Monday: Memorial Day : 5: July - 4: Wednesday: Independence Day : 6: September - 3: Monday: Labor Day : 7: October - 8: Monday: Columbus Day : 8: November - 12: Monday: Veterans Day * 9: November - 22: Thursday: Thanksgiving Day : 10: December - 25: Tuesday: Christmas *: For holidays falling on Sunday, most bank offices will be closed the following Monday. In 2018, Veterans Day (November 11 th) falls on Sunday. So following Monday (November 12 th) is holiday.", "- List of National and Public Holidays in India for the year 2015. Public Holidays – January till March 2015. 1 Milad un Nabi (Birth of the Prophet Muhammad) is on Saturday, 03 January 2015. 2 Republic Day is on Monday, 26 January 2015.3 Maha Shivratri 2015 is on Tuesday, 17 February 2015.ublic Holidays-Arpil till June 2015. 1 Mahavir Jayanti 2015 is on Thursday, 02 April 2015. 2 Good Friday is on Friday, 03 April 2015. 3 Easter Monday is on Monday, 06 April 2015. 4 Buddha Purnima (Buddha’s Birthday) is on Monday, 01 June 2015.", "Chinese New Year The Longest Public Holiday in China. In 2016 most Chinese will be off work from Sunday, February 7 (New Year's Eve) to Saturday, February 13 (the 6th day of Chinese New Year). Officially only the first three days of Chinese New Year (February 8–10, 2016) are statutory holiday.", "Ireland information: public holidays in Ireland Northern Ireland public holidays (Bank holidays). 4 May, 25 May, and 31 August 2015. Banks will close everywhere for this day, shops and pubs in urban areas tend to stay open but things will be quieter in the smaller towns and villages.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the summer bank holiday is on the last Monday of August. In Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.", "- September 18, 2016 is the 262 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 104 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Sunday.", "Something for the weekend: activities and events for August bank holiday Notting Hill Carnival, London. August Bank Holiday in London means (mainly) one thing – Carnival. Officially turning 50 this year, Europe’s biggest street party is a whirlwind of parades, dancing and booming sound systems, attracting about two million people.", "Ireland information: public holidays in Ireland Republic of Ireland public holidays (Bank holidays). 1 June, 3 August, and 26 October 2015. Banks will close everywhere for this day, shops and pubs in urban areas tend to stay open but things are quieter in smaller towns and villages.", "- Location in World map : THE CURRENT DATE : Monday, August 15, 2016. Today is the 227th day of the year 2016. 2016 is a Leap year. THE CURRENT TIME : 24 Hour Clock.", "USA Federal Holidays When is Labor Day 2017? Monday, September 4, 2017. Labor Day is a United States federal holiday which is observed on the first Monday in September each year. The holiday originated on September 5, 1882 as the Central Labor Union of New York City sought to create a day off work for the working citizens.", "- 2015 Daily Holidays that fall on April 25, include: 1 ANZAC Day-April 25 (Australia and New Zealand). 2 East Meets West Day. 3 Eeyore's Birthday Day-April 25, 2015 (Last Saturday of April).4 Hairstylist Appreciation Day.015 Weekly Holidays that include April 25, are: 1 Administrative Professional's Week-April 19-25, 2015 (Last Week of April). 2 Animal Cruelty / Human Violence Awareness Week-April 19-25, 2015 (Third Week in April). 3 Astronomy Week-April 20-26, 2015 (Movable Week determined by the 1st quarter Moon).", "August Bank Holiday 2018 August Bank Holiday 2017 is on August 28th, 2017. The calendar month around August Bank Holiday 2017 (August 28th, 2017) and the months before and after. See also: Yearly calendar for 2017. We have many more UK calendars for 2017 as templates for Word, Excel & PDF to download and print.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders01 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > National Girlfriends' Day > National Girlfriends' Day 2015When is National Girlfriends' Day in 2015?The date of National Girlfriend Day in 2015 is on Saturday, August 1st.What is National Girlfriends' Day?Time to buy some flowers and chocolates! National Girlfriends' Day is celebrated on August 1st of every year. It is a special day dedicated to celebrating and honoring girlfriends around the world, both romantic and platonic gf's. It is common for people to spoil their girlfriends on this day with flowers, cards, meals,massage, gift cards, and lots of love.01 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2015?Christmas In July 2015Half Christmas 2015Daylight Savings 2015Earth Day 2015New Years 2015Arbor Day 2015World Water Day 2015Summer Solstice 2015Full Moon 2015Winter Solstice 2015International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2015International Women's Day 2015International Bacon Day 2015World Water Day 2015Lunar New Year 2015Harvest Moon 2015Blood Moon 2015Pink Moon 2015Blue Moon 2015National Grandparents Day 2015National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2015National Sibling Day 2015Folsom Street Fair 2015National Pancake Day 2015Nurses' Day 2015National Margarita Day 2015National Day of Prayer 2015Boss' Day 2015Administrative Professionals' Day 2015Nurses' Week 2015National Doughnut Day 2015Teacher Appreciation Week 2015Teacher Appreciation Day 2015National Dog Day 2015National Cat Day 2015National Girlfriends' Day 2015National Boyfriend Day 2015Sweetest Day 2015Constitution Day 2015Son and Daughter Day 2015Cinco de Mayo 2015National Ice Cream Day 2015National Beer Day 2015Nobel Prizes 2015International Beer Day 2015London Fashion Week 2015New York Fashion Week 2015First Day of Spring 2015Celiac Disease Awareness Month 2015Marine Corps' Birthday 2015Record Store Day 2015Free Comic Book Day 2015Pi Day 2015Dapper Day 2015Festivus 2015Sturgis 2015Calgary Stampede 2015Fantasy Fest 2015Turkey Trot 2015Cheese Pizza Day 2015Darwin Day 2015Rum Day 2015Star Wars Day 2015Tequila Day 2015eDay 2015Parade of Homes 2015Mole Day 2015National Coming Out Day 2015Bloomsday 2015Cheeseburger Day 2015Hot Dog Day 2015Cheesecake Day 2015National Chocolate Day 2015Friendship Day 2015Army Birthday 2015Wine Day 2015Towel Day 2015Navy Birthday 2015Cookie Day 2015Running Day 2015Bonfire Night 2015National Hamburger Day 2015National Cake Day 2015World Kiss Day 2015Air Force Birthday 2015Sandwich Day 2015Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2015Womenâs Equality Day 2015World Elephant Day 2015World Diabetes Day 2015Waffle Day 2015Chicken Wing Day 2015Cupcake Day 2015International Menâs Day 2015Childrenâs Day 2015Turkey Run 2015Mental Health Day 2015World Food Day 2015Fried Chicken Day 2015National Lemonade Day 2015Pizza Month 2015Buy Nothing Day 2015World Environment Day 2015National Cancer Survivor Day 2015Human Rights Day 2015World Prematurity Day 2015World Toilet Day 2015Watermelon Day 2015Kindness Day 2015Food Day 2015Take Your Dog to Work Day 2015Lefthanders Day 2015Guy Fawkes Night 2015America Recycles Day 2015Candy Corn Day 2015Men Make Dinner Day 2015D-Day 2015New York Comedy Festival 2015Amazon Prime Day 2015National Coffee Day 2015Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2015National History Day 201501 What Do You Think About National Girlfriends' Day 2015?Nickname:* Time to buy some flowers and chocolates! National Girlfriends' Day is celebrated on August 1st of every year.", "- June 18, 2016: Day Of The Week. June 18, 2016 is the 170 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 196 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Saturday.", "- September 18, 2016 is the 262 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 104 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Sunday. If you are trying to learn Japanese then this day of the week in Japanese is Nichiyōbi. Hey!", "Boxing Day Boxing Day is just one of the British bank holidays recognized since 1871 that are observed by banks, government offices, and the post office. The others include Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Whitmonday (the day after Pentecost), and the banking holiday on the last Monday in August.", "Public and bank holidays in Scotland 1 Scottish Government article on St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007. 2 Scottish Government article on bank holidays. 3 Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database.ince Easter 1996 the Scottish clearing banks have harmonised the days on which they are closed with those in England and Wales, and are therefore closed on Easter Monday and the last Monday in August (rather than the first). This has resulted in a number of local authorities creating a public holiday on Easter Monday.", "- Mid-Autumn Festival 2015 is on September 27. Chinese people will have a two-day holiday: the weekend of September 26–27, which is no different to a normal week for most office workers.", "- Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Thursday, 31st March 2016, 91st day and 13th week of the year 2016. Place above Countdown in your website or blog by copy/paste following code.", "Easter 2017, 2018 Dates. UK Bank Holidays. Scheduled dates of bank holidays, Easter and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland for the next three years. There are different bank and public holidays in different parts of the UK.There are currently six permanent bank holidays in England and Wales.Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays. St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.o, Easter Sunday is traditionally celebrated as the Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring Equinox. On 21st March the moon could be at any point in its 29.5 day cycle. If there is a full moon on Saturday 21st March, then Easter will fall on its earliest possible date, Sunday 22nd March.", "- Faun definition, one of a class of rural deities represented as men with the ears, horns, tail, and later also the hind legs of a goat. See more. Dictionary.com", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 The August bank holiday always falls on the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on the first Monday of August in Scotland. Its official name is Summer Bank Holiday, however it is far more commonly referred to as the August Bank Holiday.ublic holidays in the UK are generally referred to as bank holidays due to the 4 days so designated by the Bank Holidays Act of 1871.", "- Holiday Closings for 2016: 1 New Year's Day - Monday, January 2, 2017. 2 Martin Luther King Jr.'s Day - Monday, January 16, 2017. 3 Memorial Day - Monday, May 29, 2017. 4 Independence Day - Tuesday, July 4, 2017. 5 Labor Day - Monday, September 4, 2017. 6 Veterans Day - Friday, November 10, 2017. 7 Thanksgiving Day - Thursday, November 23, 2017.", "Learn About Life in the United States Monday, December 26: Christmas Day*. *December 25, 2016 (the legal public holiday for Christmas Day), falls on a Sunday. Most federal offices will be closed on Monday, December 26, 2016, in observance of Christmas Day.", "- Related holidays. 1 British Columbia Day – Monday, August 7, 2017. 2 Civic/Provincial Day – Monday, August 7, 2017. 3 Discovery Day – Monday, August 21, 2017. 4 Natal Day – Monday, August 7, 2017. 5 New Brunswick Day – Monday, August 7, 2017. 6 Yukon Heritage Day – Friday, February 24, 2017.", "Britain set for wet bank holiday weekend Friday 29 April 2016 06.55 EDT Last modified on Friday 29 April 2016 17.00 EDT. Britain is preparing for yet another wet bank holiday weekend with temperatures warming up slightly after an unseasonably cold week. After a week of freezing conditions, temperatures will start to increase across the UK, reducing the chances of snow, but forecasters are still predicting wintry showers and changeable conditions.", "United Kingdom There will be several first days of summer in 2016. If you live in the U.S., the first day of summer will be June 20. In Europe, Asia, Australia and parts of Africa it will fall on June 21. Then again, meteorologists may celebrate the first day of summer on June 1.", "Benefit payments over Easter 2015 Bank Holiday If it’s a bank holiday anywhere in the UK your payment should be early. If you are due to receive benefit or tax credit payments on Friday or Monday you should receive the payment on THURSDAY 2nd APRIL.", "- ​State offices will be closed for the following holidays during 2016 1 : New Year's Day-Friday, January 1. 2 Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birthday-Monday, January 18. 3 State Holiday-April 26 (To be observed on Monday, April 25). 4 Memorial Day-Monday, May 30. 5 Independence Day-Monday, July 4.", "Bank Holidays In Mumbai 2018 Bank Holidays In Kerala, Mumbai, Kolkata, India 2015. I bet you didn't know or realise that we have over 160 Public Holidays in the Calendar Year 2015. And, I am very sure that you probably think this page is a joke or that I am lying to you or kidding with you.iwali comes on a Wednesday which means 1 less weekend of Bank Holidays for all of us in 2015. But, remember we still have over 159 public holidays in 2015 to make up for it. Gandhi Jayanti also comes on a Sunday which means 1 more Public & Bank Holiday comes on a lovely Sunday in India in the year 2015.", "- Holiday Comments; Tuesday: 2016-01-26 January 26 : Republic Day : Commemorates the establishment of the Constitution of India : Thursday: 2016-03-24 March 24 : Holi : Friday: 2016-03-25 March 25 : Good Friday : Friday before Easter Sunday : Friday: 2016-04-01 April 01 : Bank Holiday : Banks only. Annual accounts closing : Friday: 2016-04-15 April 15 : Ram Navami", "Are Banks Open on Labor Day 2017? Are Banks Open on Labor Day 2016?Find out if your bank is closed on Labor Day. Labor Day 2016 falls on Sept. 5 and, if you’re lucky, you’re one of the millions of Americans who gets a day off work. Deemed the unofficial end of summer, Labor Day always falls on the first Monday of September.", "Is July third a bank holiday? And the Federal Reserve says the bank holiday is Saturday, not Friday. According to my bank representative at Bank of America, they will be open on Friday July 3rd and closed on Saturday July 4th. Since July 4 is a Saturday, US banks will be closed on Friday, July 3 to observe the holiday.", "- Chinese New Year 2016 begins on Monday 8 February, and end on 22 February. It is day one month one of the Chinese lunar calendar, and its date in January or February varies from year to year (always somewhere in the period January 21 to February 20).", "- ​State offices will be closed for the following holidays during 2016 1 : New Year's Day-Friday, January 1. 2 Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birthday-Monday, January 18. 3 State Holiday-April 26 (To be observed on Monday, April 25).4 Memorial Day-Monday, May 30. Thanksgiving Day-Thursday, November 24. 2 State Holiday-January 19 (To be observed on Friday, November 25). 3 Christmas Day-December 25 (To be observed on Monday, December 26). 4 Washington's Birthday-February 15 (To be observed on Tuesday, December 27).", "- This page contains a national calendar of all 2017 bank holidays for the United Kingdom. These dates may be modified as official changes are announced, so please check back regularly for updates. Scroll down to view the national list or choose your country’s calendar.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the summer bank holiday is on the last Monday of August.In Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn.The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.n Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.", "August Bank Holiday 2017 and 2018 Dates. You can use the search box to look up School Half Term Dates and UK Holidays in the West of England for 2015, 2016 and 2017. To return to our website please use the 'Back' button on your web browser.", "- Martinica Name Meaning Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair).", "- Bank holiday April 14th and 17th 2017. 1 Dear Bitstamp customers, Due to Easter holidays on Friday 14 April 2017 and Monday 17 April 2017, the payment system TARGET2 and consequently the Bitstamp's payment clearing system will not operate. Deposits and withdrawals will be processed on the next working day, Tuesday 18 April 2017.", "- 1 Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 2 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016]. [ 3 Good Friday=25/03/2016 Easter Monday = 28/03/2016].", "Bank Holidays in UK Below we mention the 2015 all bank holiday. The probable dates of bank and public holidays in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are show.So, when we are discussing bank holidays, it is excellent for us to chart down the 2015 Bank Holidays in UK.elow we mention the 2015 all bank holiday. The probable dates of bank and public holidays in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are show.", "Bank holiday Also, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first.n Hong Kong, the term bank holiday is used colloquially to refer to public holidays, since banks are normally closed on these days. Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays; the number of days for the latter is fewer.", "- ​State offices will be closed for the following holidays during 2016 1 : New Year's Day-Friday, January 1. 2 Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birthday-Monday, January 18. 3 State Holiday-April 26 (To be observed on Monday, April 25). 4 Memorial Day-Monday, May 30.", "United Kingdom Bank Holidays Calendar The holidays include those for England (E), Northern Ireland (I), Scotland (S) and Wales (W). All bank holiday dates are accurate at the time of publishing. 2015 UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK Bank Holidays.Please make sure you check any dates with your own countries Bank holidays before booking any holidays or arrangements.he holidays include those for England (E), Northern Ireland (I), Scotland (S) and Wales (W). All bank holiday dates are accurate at the time of publishing. Please make sure you check any dates with your own countries Bank holidays before booking any holidays or arrangements.", "- Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Monday, 25th April 2016, 116th day and 18th week of the year 2016.", "United Kingdom Bank Holidays Calendar The holidays include those for England (E), Northern Ireland (I), Scotland (S) and Wales (W). All bank holiday dates are accurate at the time of publishing. 2015 UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK Bank Holidays. Please make sure you check any dates with your own countries Bank holidays before booking any holidays or arrangements.lease make sure you check any dates with your own countries bank holidays before booking any holidays. * When the usual date of a bank or public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, a ‘substitute day’ is given, normally the following Monday.", "Bank holiday In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays. In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the nearest Monday if a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.n Hong Kong, the term bank holiday is used colloquially to refer to public holidays, since banks are normally closed on these days. Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays; the number of days for the latter is fewer.", "- Florida Tax Free Weekend 2016 – Florida Sales Tax Holiday 2016. Florida Tax Free Weekend announced for August 2016.The Florida Sales Tax Holiday 2016 kicks off on Friday, August 5th, 2016 and will end Sunday August 7th, 2016. Florida state officials recently voted to cut allowances on clothing, shoes, computers, and dates for Florida 2016 Sales Tax Holiday.", "August Bank Holiday 2017 and 2018 Dates. August Bank Holiday 2015, 2016 and 2017 Dates. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the late summer bank holiday is on the last Monday of August. In Scotland and the Republic of Ireland it is on the first Monday of August.ow times have changed! Just over a century later, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 moved this bank holiday to the last Monday in August for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The change of date to late August followed a trial period which lasted from 1965 to 1970 of the new date.", "Ireland in early August??? May 26, 2010, 4:48 AM. Just keep in mind that August is not just the height of the season for overseas visitors but is the peak period for domestic holiday makers, particularly early August, which includes a Bank/Public Holiday on Monday 2nd August.", "- October Holiday (Halloween). 26 October 2015 This National holiday is in 19 days. The October Bank Holiday is is more generally known as the Halloween holiday. Ireland i...", "Ireland information: public holidays in Ireland Anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne 12 July 2015 – Northern Ireland only. This is a public holiday in Northern Ireland only and most businesses will be closed, however, more and more places are remaining open in urban centres. Republic of Ireland public holidays (Bank holidays). 1 June, 3 August, and 26 October 2015.", "August Bank Holiday 2018 When is August Bank Holiday 2017? August Bank Holiday 2017 is on August 28th, 2017. Calendars around August Bank Holiday 2017. The calendar month around August Bank Holiday 2017 (August 28th, 2017) and the months before and after.", "Boxing Day Bank Holidays. Boxing Day is just one of the British bank holidays recognized since 1871 that are observed by banks, government offices, and the post office. The others include Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Whitmonday (the day after Pentecost), and the banking holiday on the last Monday in August.", "- 2016's August Bank Holiday Weekend is bound to be a welcome break during what is normally one of the hottest months of the year.016 August Bank Holiday events. Here's a huge selection of August Bank Holiday 2016 events to tickle your fancy, buy your tickets quick if you're going. Our eTickets mean you don't need to rely on mr postman, you can order at anytime with confirmation sent instantly to your email inbox.", "What is a telomere? If telomerase activity was switched off in cancer cells, their telomeres would shorten until they reached a ‘critical length’. This would, prevent the cancer cells from dividing uncontrollably to form tumours. The action of telomerase allows cells to keep multiplying and avoid ageing.", "Easter 2017, 2018 Dates. UK Bank Holidays. Scheduled dates of bank holidays, Easter and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland for the next three years. There are different bank and public holidays in different parts of the UK.There are currently six permanent bank holidays in England and Wales. Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays.St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.hristmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays. St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.", "August 6 2016 - Days Until, Facts & Holidays August 6 2016 - Days Until, Facts & Holidays. According to Gregorian calendar, August 6 2016 is the 219th day of the year. 6th August 2016 is on Saturday and 31st week of the year.According to your timezone, there are days until August 6 2016.For the people have interest in Zodiac signs, Horoscopes or Astrology, Leo is the sun sign of the person with a birth date of August 6.ccording to your timezone, there are days until August 6 2016. For the people have interest in Zodiac signs, Horoscopes or Astrology, Leo is the sun sign of the person with a birth date of August 6.", "What Kind of Mattresses Do Hotels Use What Kind of Mattresses Do Hotels Use? Yes many of the brand name mattresses used by hotels can be purchased through the hotel itself. This is usually a service offered by the hotel that gives guests access to the same mattresses and bedding that they enjoyed during their stay. A sample of just some of what can be purchased is found below on this page.", "- UK: Showers to dampen August Bank Holiday. August 24, 2017, 7:29:57 AM EDT. After a wetter-than-normal month for much of the United Kingdom, showery weather will continue into the end of August.", "Are Banks Open on the 4th of July 2015? Because July 4 falls on a Saturday this year, the usual bank hours during the week will be unaffected. Even though many agencies and offices will close early on Friday in recognition of Independence Day, July 3 is not a bank holiday and most banks will be open.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom In Scotland, it remained on the first Monday in August. Select another year-range: In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the summer bank holiday is on the last Monday of August. In Scotland it is on the first Monday of August.This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn.The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.n Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.", "United Kingdom Bank Holidays Calendar Spring Bank Holiday is a public holiday in England, Ireland Scotland and Wales and is observed on the last Monday in May each year. Father’s Day. Father’s Day in the UK is celebrated in a similar way to how it is celebrated in the US.lease make sure you check any dates with your own countries bank holidays before booking any holidays. * When the usual date of a bank or public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, a ‘substitute day’ is given, normally the following Monday.", "- How Many Days Until January 2 2016. Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 2nd January 2016, 2nd day and 53rd week of the year 2015.nJanuary 1 2016 ↲\\n↳ January 3 2016\\n \\n \\n\\nLast Updated at 15:04- Checkout Complete List of Holidays Today\\nAbove Day is?\\nShare Please :) Tweet\\n \\nSubmit Email & Recieve Daily Holidays Updates. 1 Email/day.", "- National bank holidays of Italy in 2015.ational bank holidays of Italy in 2015.", "- Other holidays in April 2018 in the United States. 1 Easter Sunday – Sunday, April 1, 2018. 2 Easter Monday – Monday, April 2, 2018. 3 Orthodox Good Friday – Friday, April 6, 2018. 4 Last Day of Passover – Saturday, April 7, 2018. 5 Orthodox Easter – Sunday, April 8, 2018. 6 Orthodox Easter Monday – Monday, April 9, 2018.", "- You are currently viewing the national/federal and bank holidays for United States for August, 2016. Included in this list are religious dates, notable dates and bank holidays. View holidays for the entire year: 2016 | 2017. Check this site out! You can now easily find out what time it is any where in the world.", "August 2 For the 2012 film, see August 2 (film). August 2 is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 151 days remaining until the end of the year. This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Tuesday, Thursday or Sunday (58 in 400 years each) than on Friday or Saturday (57), and slightly less likely to occur on a Monday or Wednesday (56).", "- 1 Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 2 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016]. [ 3 Good Friday=25/03/2016: Easter Monday=28/03/16].4 Pupils in school from Monday 18 April 2016 to Friday 27 May 2016. Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 2 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016]. [ 3 Good Friday=25/03/2016: Easter Monday=28/03/16].", "2016 Public, Bank Holiday Dates In Maharashtra, Mumbai And India 2016 Bank, Public Holiday Dates in Mumbai and Maharashtra. Listed below are the dates of Bank Holidays, Public Holidays and Government Holidays in Mumbai and Maharashtra, in the year 2016.isted below are the dates of Bank Holidays, Public Holidays and Government Holidays in Mumbai and Maharashtra, in the year 2016.", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 UK public holidays always move forward in the calendar, never backwards. The August bank holiday always falls on the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on the first Monday of August in Scotland.Its official name is Summer Bank Holiday, however it is far more commonly referred to as the August Bank Holiday.he August bank holiday always falls on the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on the first Monday of August in Scotland.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom For many people, the summer bank holiday marks the end of the summer. Some people take trips or short vacations during the three day weekend. For others, it is another opportunity to work in their gardens or carry out home improvements. In London the Notting Hill Carnival is held.", "August 3 August 3. This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 April 2017. August 3 is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 150 days remaining until the end of the year. This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Monday, Wednesday or Friday (58 in 400 years each) than on Saturday or Sunday (57), and slightly less likely to occur on a Tuesday or Thursday (56).", "Easter 2017, 2018 Dates. UK Bank Holidays. Scheduled dates of bank holidays, Easter and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland for the next three years. There are different bank and public holidays in different parts of the UK.There are currently six permanent bank holidays in England and Wales. Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays.St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.here are seven permanent bank holidays across the whole of Scotland. Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays. There are also other public or local holidays which can be determined by local authorities, based on local tradition.", "When is Memorial Day in 2016? Memorial Day in 2016 is on Monday, the 30th of May. In the United States, Memorial Day is always celebrated on the last Monday of May.", "When is Easter 2014? Why does Easter change every year? Who decides when Easter is? Easter Sunday falls on April 20 this year. The long bank holiday weekend begins on Good Friday, April 18, and Easter Monday on April 21 is the final day in the bank holiday festivities. In Western Christianity, Easter always falls between 22 March and 25 April.", "- 1 [February half-term holiday = Monday 15 February 2016 to Friday 19 February 2016]. 2 Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 3 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016].[ 4 Good Friday=25/03/2016: Easter Monday=28/03/16]. Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 2 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016]. [ 3 Good Friday=25/03/2016: Easter Monday=28/03/16].", "2016 Public, Bank Holiday Dates In Maharashtra, Mumbai And India RELATED ARTICLES: 2016 Public Holidays, Bank Holidays and Government Holidays in Maharashtra, Mumbai and India are listed below. With 8 holidays on either Monday or Friday, there are many long weekends in 2016.isted below are the dates of Bank Holidays, Public Holidays and Government Holidays in Mumbai and Maharashtra, in the year 2016.", "Labor Day 2018 - Federal Holidays Monday, September 5th. 2016. * Because most Federal Employees work on a Monday to Friday schedule, when a holidays falls on a weekend the holiday is observed on the closest regular workday. The holiday is observed on Friday if the holiday falls on Saturday and Monday if the holiday falls on Sunday (5 U.S.C. 6103 (b)(2)).", "- June 18, 2016 is the 170 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 196 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Saturday. If you are trying to learn Japanese then this day of the week in Japanese is Doyōbi.", "- Something for the weekend: activities and events for August bank holiday. Steampunk or steam trains, walking, cycling or outdoor cinema ... there’s plenty on offer to keep the family busy this weekend. Rachel Dixon and Jane Dunford. Friday 26 August 2016 01.30 EDT Last modified on Thursday 22 December 2016 07.27 EST.", "Tax Holiday The tax holiday begins at 12:01 a.m. on August 5, 2016 and concludes on August 7, 2016 at midnight. During that time the law provides a deduction from gross receipts for retail sales of qualifying tangible personal property; in effect allowing the retailer to sell the items “tax free.”.", "Important Dates 31st August 2015 is the last date for e-filing of returns for FY 2014-15 (AY 2015-16) i.e. for the period 1st April 2014 to 31st March 2015. Dates for payment of advance income tax FY 2015-16 (AY 2016-17):", "August 24 This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 April 2017. August 24 is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 129 days remaining until the end of the year. This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Monday, Wednesday or Friday (58 in 400 years each) than on Saturday or Sunday (57), and slightly less likely to occur on a Tuesday or Thursday (56). 1 Events.", "- Mid-Autumn Festival 2015 is on September 27. Chinese people will have a two-day holiday: the weekend of September 26–27, which is no different to a normal week for most office workers. The Mid-Autumn Festival is the second most important festival to Chinese people after the Spring Festival.", "- } DUPipeline_QISnippet_FirstGood_Snippet_v1: {},{-1|-1|1|Get Know how many days until July 16 2016 with an awesome exact countdown timer.ur automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 16th July 2016, 198th day and 29th week of the year 2016.", "United Kingdom Revised Bank Holiday Collections 2015/16. A list of the revised Bank Holiday Collection dates for 2015/16. Christmas and New Year Holiday 2015/16. These revised collection dates will be announced once our new contractor starts later this year. list of the revised Bank Holiday Collection dates for 2015/16. Christmas and New Year Holiday 2015/16. These revised collection dates will be announced once our new contractor starts later this year.", "- In 2016, Easter will be celebrated with the Good Friday holiday on 25 March and Easter Monday holiday on 28 March to create a 4-day long weekend. This is the biggest and most anticipated long weekend of the year and is thus the busiest holiday time of the year on our nation’s roads.", "- SUMMER HOLIDAYS 2016. We inform to all our customers, that we will be closed for summer holidays between August 15th and September 2nd. All orders made from August 8th (included), will only be processed after the 5th of September.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders09 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > American Holidays > Memorial Day > Memorial Day 2016When is Memorial Day in 2016?The date of Memorial Day in 2016 is on Monday, May 30th.What is Memorial Day?Memorial Day is an U.S. holiday that is observed on the last Monday in the month of May.The American federal holiday memorializes all men and women who have died while serving in the United States military. Originally, Memorial Day was called Decoration Day. Decoration Day was founded as a way to commemorate all the lives that were lost during the American Civil War. The holiday recognized both the Union and Confederate soldiers who died in battle. The name Decoration Day was altered to Memorial Day when the holiday was expanded to celebrate and recognize all the American soldiers who died in battle, not just specifically in the Civil War.As a way to recognize the fallen soldiers, many people visit military cemeteries or memorials. It is common practice for miniature American flags to be placed near the gravesites of fallen soldiers. Many American towns and cities host Memorial Day parades as a way to demonstrate their gratefulness. Fallen soldiers, active soldiers, war veterans and their families are the focus of these parades. It is also popular for American citizens to wear clothing that incorporates the national colors of red, white, and blue; the same colors found on the American flag.Memorial Day 2016 also signals the start of the summer season while Labor Day, a holiday that celebrates the American workforce, signals the end of summer.09 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other American Holidays in 2016?Halloween 2016Father's Day 2016Mardi Gras 2016Patriots' Day 2016Patriot Day 2016Independence Day 2016Election Day 2016Labor Day 2016Memorial Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Armed Forces Day 2016Mother's Day 2016Black Friday 2016Cyber Monday 2016Veterans Day 2016Columbus Day 2016Flag Day 2016Groundhog Day 2016Presidents' Day 2016Martin Luther King Day 2016Valentine's Day 2016St. Patrick's Day 2016Taco Day 2016Juneteenth 2016Vodka Day 2016Texas Independence Day 201609 What Do You Think About Memorial Day 2016?Nickname:* When is Memorial Day in 2016? The date of Memorial Day in 2016 is on Monday, May 30th. Memorial Day is an U.S. holiday that is observed on the last Monday in the month of May. The American federal holiday memorializes all men and women who have died while serving in the United States military. Originally, Memorial Day was called Decoration Day.", "- Taurus: August 2016. Money, Property, Business, Charity. Timing is everything in August and you may need to pay special attention to the facts and figures tied up with your bank account, company, income, house, apartment, possessions or good cause – with one eye on the calendar.", "- July 1, 2016. July 22, 2016 July 17, 2016 July 18, 2016. August 5, 2016 July 31, 2016 August 1, 2016. August 19, 2016 August 14, 2016 August 15, 2016. September 2, 2016 August 28, 2016 August 29, 2016. September 16, 2016 September 11, 2016 September 12, 2016. September 30, 2016 September 25, 2016 September 26, 2016.", "- Today's Date. Thursday, August 18th, 2016. • August 18th, 2016 is a Thursday. • It is the 231st day of the year and in the 33rd week of the year (week starts from Sunday). • There are 31 days in August 2016. • 2016 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year (there are 29 days in February 2016).", "Is July third a bank holiday? Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, National Citiy, PNC all list Sat. July 4 as the bank holiday. And the Federal Reserve says the bank holiday is Saturday, not Friday. According to my bank representative at Bank of America, they will be open on Friday July 3rd and closed on Saturday July 4th.", "- 1 Sunday, 26 June 2016 (Australia and New Zealand) 2 Sunday, 25 September 2016 (Australia and New Zealand) 3 Sunday, 4 December 2016 (Australia and New Zealand) Sunday, 19 February 2017 (Australia and New Zealand)", "The politics of bank holidays May Day only became an official bank holiday in 1971, associated strongly with International Workers' Rights day, which some think has marked it out as a political target. But its roots as a holiday stretch back to pre-Christian pagan festivals, and the Gaelic Beltane.", "Labor Day 2018 When is Labor Day 2016? Labor Day 2016 is on Monday, September 5, 2016 (in 18 days). Labor Day is a United States national holiday, honoring working people, their contributions, achievements and sacrifices in pursuit of national prosperity and well-being. Labor Day is held on the first Monday of September. Labor Day and the long weekend that it creates, is generally seen to mark the end of the summer season. Further reading: • Labor Day on Wikipedia. • History of Labor Day (United States Department of Labor) Labor Day 2017 is on Monday, September 4, 2017 (in 382 days).", "2016 Sales Tax Holidays Clothing, Computers, and School Supplies -- July 30-31, 2016. Energy or Water Efficient Products -- September 30-October 2, 2016.", "Background: UK Bank / Public holidays. 1 New Year's Day, Good Friday, the first Monday in May, the first Monday in August and Christmas Day. 2 The 1871 Act was repealed (replaced) 100 years later and its provisions incorporated into the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, which is the current (UK-wide) statutory basis for bank holidays ..ome history 1 .... Bank holidays were first introduced (in the UK [of Great Britain & the whole of Ireland at the time]) by the Bank Holidays Act of 1871.", "Summer Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom The summer bank holiday is on the first Monday of August in Scotland and the last Monday of August in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Monday, August 3, 2015 (local in Scotland). Monday, August 31, 2015 (England, Northern Ireland, Wales).n Scotland it is on the first Monday of August. This day marks the end of the summer holidays for many people who return to work or school in the autumn. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London. The Notting Hill Carnival is a multicultural celebration in London.", "When Is The Last Day To Do Taxes The tax payers who have opened foreign bank accounts are required to file income tax returns on Tuesday, January 19, 2016. These tax payers may also question, ‘when is the last day to do taxes’, so they must remember that their last day to file taxes is Thursday, June 30, 2016. Since their time is limited and short as a result they should be really very quick and fats to file for their tax returns.", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 When a bank holiday falls on a Sunday the following Monday usually becomes the day when the holiday is observed (known as substitute day or 'bank holiday in lieu'). If the Monday is also a bank holiday, the substitute day moves to the following weekday.ublic holidays in the UK are generally referred to as bank holidays due to the 4 days so designated by the Bank Holidays Act of 1871.", "- Posted on. (Answer #1). The Seventh Amendment is important because it protects us from having our rights abused by the government. It ensures that the government cannot simply railroad us into prison on flimsy charges.By doing so, it protects us from government tyranny.osted on. (Answer #1). The Seventh Amendment is important because it protects us from having our rights abused by the government. It ensures that the government cannot simply railroad us into prison on flimsy charges.", "Bank Holidays For 2015, July 4 occurs on a Saturday; therefore, the preceding Friday will not be observed as a holiday. The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and its branches at El Paso, Houston, and San Antonio, Texas, will not be open on the following holidays in 2016:", "- UK Bank Holiday Dates 2013, 2014 and 2015. Bank holidays are public holidays in the United Kingdom, when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day.Please note: 1 Bank Holidays (Public Holidays) are not other special days like Remembrance Day, Bonfire Night or Halloween.K Bank Holiday Dates 2013, 2014 and 2015. Bank holidays are public holidays in the United Kingdom, when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day. Please note: 1 Bank Holidays (Public Holidays) are not other special days like Remembrance Day, Bonfire Night or Halloween.", "- Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Friday, 30th September 2016, 274th day and 40th week of the year 2016.Place above Countdown in your website or blog by copy/paste following code.ncluding additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} DUPipeline_QISnippet_FirstGoodLong_Snippet_v1: {},{-1|-1|1|Get Know how many days until September 30 2016 with an awesome exact countdown timer. Including additional information like upcoming events, public holidays, and etc.} ...", "- Holiday Dates for United States. You are currently viewing the national/federal and bank holidays for United States for August, 2016. Included in this list are religious dates, notable dates and bank holidays. Check this site out! You can now easily find out what time it is any where in the world.", "August Bank Holiday 2017 and 2018 Dates. UK August Bank Holiday Dates. The summer August Bank Holiday was introduced in the UK by the Bank Holidays Act 1871 and was first observed in the same year. Originally this was observed as the first Monday in August, for all of Great Britain, including at the time all of Ireland.ow times have changed! Just over a century later, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 moved this bank holiday to the last Monday in August for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The change of date to late August followed a trial period which lasted from 1965 to 1970 of the new date.", "- How Many Days Until July 16 2016. Our automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 16th July 2016, 198th day and 29th week of the year 2016.ur automatic countdown counter says, from now there are about left until Saturday, 16th July 2016, 198th day and 29th week of the year 2016.", "Labor Day 2018 When is Labor Day 2016? Labor Day 2016 is on Monday, September 5, 2016 (in 18 days). Labor Day is a United States national holiday, honoring working people, their contributions, achievements and sacrifices in pursuit of national prosperity and well-being. Labor Day is held on the first Monday of September.", "2017 Labor Day Holiday Weekend Around Reno The 2016 Labor Day holiday is on Monday, September 5. This three day weekend is the last big holiday weekend of the summer. There are plenty of things to do for your last summer fling. Fall in 2016 officially arrives on September 22.", "Public and bank holidays in Scotland Bank and public holidays in Scotland are determined under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 and the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007.ince Easter 1996 the Scottish clearing banks have harmonised the days on which they are closed with those in England and Wales, and are therefore closed on Easter Monday and the last Monday in August (rather than the first). This has resulted in a number of local authorities creating a public holiday on Easter Monday.", "- Introduction. In 2016, Easter will be celebrated with the Good Friday holiday on 25 March and Easter Monday holiday on 28 March to create a 4-day long weekend. This is the biggest and most anticipated long weekend of the year and is thus the busiest holiday time of the year on our nation’s roads.eant to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from his tomb, Easter Sunday is a joyous event in the Christian calendar. Churches are filled with flowers and gold and white decorations, while choirs fill the church halls with the singing of special hymns.", "- 1 [October half-term holiday = Monday 26 October 2015 to Friday 30 October 2015]. 2 Pupils in school from Monday 2 November 2015 to Friday 18 December 2015. [ 3 End of term holiday (Christmas) = Monday 21 December 2015 to Friday 1 January 2016]. 4 Pupils in school from Monday 4 January 2016 to Friday 12 February 2016. Pupils in school from Monday 22 February 2016 to Friday 1 April 2016. [ 2 Spring term holiday (Easter) = Monday 4 April 2016 to Friday 15 April 2016]. [ 3 Good Friday=25/03/2016: Easter Monday=28/03/16].", "UK Bank Holidays 2016 An overview of public holidays in the United Kingdom (Great Britain & Northern Ireland) in 2016, shown in separate tables for the whole of the UK, England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.ublic holidays in the UK are generally referred to as bank holidays due to the 4 days so designated by the Bank Holidays Act of 1871.", "- September 18, 2016 is the 262 day of the year 2016 in the Gregorian calendar. There are 104 days remaining until the end of this year. The day of the week is Sunday. If you are trying to learn Japanese then this day of the week in Japanese is Nichiyōbi.", "- ›› April, 2016 calendar. April 11th, 2016 is a Monday. It is the 102nd day of the year, and in the 16th week of the year (assuming each week starts on a Sunday), or the 2nd quarter of the year. There are 30 days in this month. 2016 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year.oday is October 14, 2015 so that means that 180 days from today would be April 11, 2016. You can check this by using the date difference calculator to measure the number of days from today to Apr 11, 2016.", "Easter 2017, 2018 Dates. UK Bank Holidays. There are currently six permanent bank holidays in England and Wales. Christmas Day and Good Friday are public holidays. St Georges Day is not yet a public holiday but is celebrated all over England. Easter school holiday dates for 2015, 2016 and 2017.", "Number of days in 2015 - between January 1st, 2015 and January 1st, 2016 ›› August, 2016 calendar. Today is Thursday, August 18th, 2016. It is the 231st day of the year, and in the 33rd week of the year (assuming each week starts on a Sunday). There are 31 days in this month. 2016 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year. number of days in 2016.", "Poverty & the Social Safety Net Poverty & the Social Safety Net. Around the world and in every U.S. state, women are more likely than men to live in poverty, with additional disparities by race/ethnicity, age, and education level.", "- A similar boot to wolverine/redwing boots is the Chippewa apache, for around $150. With the money you save, you could also buy an entry-level motorcycle boot. That's what I did. I wear my Chippewas for my commute/errands, and my real moto boots when I go out for a fun ride on weekends." ]

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[ "Три сестры\nКак того и хотел сам автор, читатели прочли пьесу позже, чем она была представлена на сцене, и первые отклики в прессе были откликами на спектакль. Премьера в Художественном театре, состоявшаяся 31 января 1901 года, прошла успешно, однако критик В. А. Ашкинази, высоко оценивший пьесу, в газете «Новости дня» писал: «Не без ужаса думаю я, однако, о той коллизии, которая неминуемо произойдёт между пьесой Чехова и её исполнителями, когда она доберётся до провинции <…> Её не возьмёшь ни талантливой игрой отдельных исполнителей, ни новенькими декорациями. Её можно взять только общим тоном исполнения, только общим ансамблем»[1]." ]

[ "Ершова, Александра Петровна\nМного лет Александра Петровна проработала заведующей лабораторией театра Института Художественного образования РАО. Одновременно являлась Мастером актерского курса Театральных мастерских при ИХО РАО (3 выпуска). Выпускники одного из курсов создали театр (1999-2007), «Класс-театр/режиссура как практическая психология», где Александра Петровна стала художественным руководителем и режиссером. Один из самых знаменитых её спектаклей – «Три сестры» А.П. Чехова.", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\nСпектакль «Три сестры» — спектакль о счастье, недостижимом, далёком, об ожидании счастья, которым живут герои. О бесплодных мечтах, иллюзиях, в которых проходит вся жизнь, о будущем, которое так и не наступает, а вместо него продолжается настоящее, безрадостное и лишённое надежд. Эта постановка — душераздирающее зрелище. Потерянные иллюзии, угасшие мечты, невозможная и упущенная любовь, потерянная в песках современности или разрушенная злым роком жизнь — все это обретает поистине небывалую силу.", "Три сестры\nРоли в спектакле исполняли: Ольга — О. Барнет, Маша — Е. Майорова, Ирина — П. Медведева, Андрей — Д. Брусникин, Наталья — Н. Егорова, Кулыгин — А. Мягков, Вершинин — С. Любшин, Тузенбах — В. Гвоздицкий, Чебутыкин — В. Невинный.", "Хаматова, Чулпан Наилевна\nВ 1998 году приглашена в труппу московского театра «Современник». Дебют состоялся в роли Патриции Хольман («Три товарища» Эриха Марии Ремарка). Там же получила роли в спектаклях «Три сестры» (Ирина), «Мамапапасынсобака» (Андрия), «Гроза» (Катерина), «Голая пионерка» (Маша Мухина) и «Антоний & Клеопатра» (Клеопатра), а также роль Маши в новом варианте пьесы «Три сестры». В 2008 году Чулпан приняла участие в спектакле Театра Наций «Рассказы Шукшина» (режиссёр Алвис Херманис), где сыграла в девяти из 10 рассказов.", "Три сестры\nНовую жизнь драма Чехова обрела в 1940 году в Художественном театре — в постановке Вл. Немировича-Данченко[41].", "Три сестры, чистые в своих помыслах\n«Три сестры, чистые в своих помыслах» (: \"Отомэ-гокоро саннин симаи\"; ) — фильм-драма режиссёра Микио Нарусэ, вышедший на экраны в 1935 году. Экранизация романа «Сёстры Асакуса» Ясунари Кавабаты.", "Три сестры\nОтдельные эпизоды пьесы, отдельные лица и ситуации современники связывали впоследствии с действительными событиями и возможными прототипами. Так, брат драматурга, М. П. Чехов, считал, что описание военной среды в немалой степени основано на наблюдениях, накопленных Чеховым в 1884 году в Воскресенске, где в то время квартировала артиллерийская бригада; Чехов был знаком с семьёй командира батареи полковника Б. И. Маевского, в доме которого собиралось местное интеллигентное общество[5]. О Воскресенске и доме Маевских пьеса напоминала и сестре драматурга, Марии Павловне; в этом доме часто бывал поручик батареи Е. П. Егоров, сходство с которым обнаруживает в «Трёх сёстрах» барон Тузенбах[1]. В то же время ссора и дуэль Тузенбаха с Солёным заставляла вспомнить о нашумевшей в конце 80-х годов в Таганроге дуэли, одним из участников которой был вышедший в отставку барон Г. Ферзен, а другим — темпераментный офицер местной артиллерийской бригады С. Н. Джапаридзе[5].", "Три сестры (фильм, 1911)\n«Три сестры» () — короткометражный фильм, снят режиссёром Дэвидом Уорком Гриффитом с Мэри Пикфорд в главной роли. Фильм был снят 26 и 28 ноября 1910 в Нью-Йорке, и был выпущен киностудией «Мутоскоп и Байограф» 2 февраля 1911. Авторское право компании «Мутоскоп и Байограф» было зарегистрировано 4 февраля 1911.", "Три сестры (фильм, 1994)\n«Три сестры» — фильм российского режиссёра Сергея Соловьёва по одноимённой пьесе Антона Чехова.", "Принцесса Элиды (пьеса)\nВпервые поставлен труппой Мольера, находящейся под опекой Филиппа Орлеанского, единственного брата короля, в Версале для короля Людовика XIV 8 мая 1664 года на дворцовом празднике в честь Анны Австрийской и Марии Терезы, как часть феерии «Развлечения волшебного острова». Представление шло на открытом воздухе в Театре в королевской аллее. Музыкальную часть постановки обеспечивал Жан-Батист Люлли, танцы поставил хореограф Пьер Бошан, над спектаклем работали также декоратор Лебрен и машинист Вигарани. Постановка для публики состоялась в театре Пале-Рояля 9 ноября 1664 г. Форма синтетического спектакля балета-комедии соответствовала вкусам того времени, это именно то, что ожидал от актёров двор, в отличие от драматических спектаклей-комедий, которые были новаторством Мольера.", "Ричард III (пьеса)\nЕдинственная ранняя постановка пьесы, о которой сохранилось точное свидетельство, состоялась при дворе 16 ноября 1633 г. 19 октября 1741 г. — Театр «Гудменз-Филдз» (Лондон). В роли Ричарда — Дэвид Гаррик. 1811 г. — «Друри-Лейн». Часть шекспировского текста была восстановлена. Эдмунд Кин (вторая роль в «Друри-Лейн». (?) Елизавета — Сара Сиддонс 1821 г. — «Ковент-Гарден». 1854 — Театр Её Высочества. Вариант Сиббера. В роли Ричарда III — Чарльз Кин. 1845 — Театр «Сэдлерс-Уэллс». Реж. Сэмюэл Фелпс осуществил свою постановку шекспировской пьесы (вернулся к переделке Сиббера в 1861 г.) 1868 — Краковский театр. В роли леди Анны — Хелена Моджеевкая. 1877 — Генри Ирвинг. Театр «Лицеум». Реж. оригинальным (но сильно сокращенным) шекспировским и 1909 — режиссёр и исп. гл. роли Фердинанд Бонн (в цирке). 1910(?) — Бургтеатр (Вена). Реж. Альфред Бергер. 1911 — Deutsches Theater. В роли Ричарда — Пауль Вегенер. 1922 — Хорватский Национальный театр. Реж. Б. Гавелл. 1944 — «Олд Вик». В роли Ричарда III — Л. Оливье, леди Анна — В. Ли. 1952 (1949?) — «Пикколо театр» (Милан). Реж. Дж. Стрелер. 1953 — Открытие Шекспировского фестиваля в Стратфорде (Канада). Реж. Тирон Гатри. 1953 — Театр Сити Сентр (Нью-Йорк). Реж. Маргарет Уэбстер. 1955 — Национальный театр (Будапешт). Реж. . 1960 — «Атенеум» им. С. Ярача (Варшава). 1963 — Стратфорд. в Цикле «Война Роз» Реж. Питер Холл; в роли Ричарда III — И. Холм, Маргарита — П. Эшкрофт. 1984 — Стратфорд Реж. Билл Александр; в роли Ричарда III — Энтони Шер. (Роль Маргариты была исключена). 1990 — Королевской Шекспировской театр. В роли Ричарда III — И. Маккеллен. 2010 — Олд Вик (Лондон). В роли Ричарда III — Кевин Спейси 2016 — Алмейда (Лондон). В роли Ричарда III — Рэйф Файнс, в роли Королевы Маргарет — Ванесса Редгрейв", "Сирано де Бержерак (пьеса)\nПервая постановка в России — петербургский театр «Литературно-художественного общества» («Литературно-артистического кружка»; Театр Суворина, 10 февраля 1898; бенефис Л. Б. Яворской, пер. Т. Л. Щепкиной-Куперник; Сирано — Я. С. Тинский, Роксана — Яворская). Перевод был сделан Т. Л. Щепкиной-Куперник за 10 дней (см. её книгу «Театр в моей жизни»). В настоящее время в России широко известны также переводы Вл. А. Соловьёва, Ю. А. Айхенвальда, Е. В. Баевской.", "Три сестры\nПосле революции драматургия Чехова в СССР вообще долгое время считалась неактуальной. В 1922 году, в то время как зарубежные гастроли Художественного театра утверждали славу Чехова-драматурга в Европе и в Соединённых Штатах[41], Станиславский писал Немировичу-Данченко: «Когда играем прощание с Машей в „Трёх сёстрах“, мне становится конфузно. После всего пережитого невозможно плакать над тем, что офицер уезжает, а его дама остаётся. Чехов не радует. Напротив. Не хочется его играть»[41][42].", "Ким Стэнли\nВ 1965 году Стэнли получила плохие отзывы критиков за исполнение роли Маши в чеховской постановке «Три сестры» в Лондоне. После этого Ким дала клятву больше никогда не появляться на театральной сцене и сдержала её до конца жизни. По иронии судьбы спустя год Ким Стэнли вновь сыграла роль Миши, но теперь в одноимённой экранизации, режиссёром которой выступил Ли Страсберг. Её коллегами по картине стали Джеральдин Пейдж, Сэнди Деннис и Шелли Уинтерс, не менее известные выпускники Актёрской студии.", "Три сестры\nВ России первой экранизацией стали «Три сестры» Самсона Самсонова; фильм снят в 1964 году[95]. В 1994 году, тридцать лет спустя, свою киноверсию пьесы представил Сергей Соловьёв — «Три сестры»[96]. В 2017 году вышла кинолента Юрия Грымова «Три сестры» по мотивам этой пьесы Чехова. В этой версии сестры возрастные, играют их Людмила Полякова, Анна Каменкова и Ирина Мазуркевич.", "Андерсон, Джудит\nВ начала 1930-х годов она уже считалась одной из величайших театральных актрис и не утратила этого титула до 1950-х. В 1936 году она сыграла Гертруду в пьесе «Гамлет», поставленной Джоном Гилгудом, а годом позже исполнила роль леди Макбет в одноимённой постановке вначале в Лондоне, а затем и в Нью-Йорке в 1941 году. В 1942—1943 годах она играла Ольгу в чеховской пьесе «Три сестры», где исполнительницами других главных ролей были Кэтрин Корнелл и Рут Гордон. Эта постановка стала настолько успешной, что театральный плакат с изображением этих трёх актрис был помещён на обложку журнала \"«Time»\". В 1947 году Джудит Андерсон сыграла Медею в одноимённой трагедии Еврипида, роль которой принесла ей премию «Тони» в номинации «лучшая актриса в пьесе». Она гастролировала с этой постановкой в Германии в 1951 году, а также во Франции и Австралии в 1955—1956 годах.", "Три сестры\nДав семь представлений в Москве, Художественный театр выехал на гастроли в Петербург, где именно в отношении «Трёх сестёр» наблюдатели отмечали резкое расхождение между реакцией публики и отзывами в прессе[31]. «Успех московских гостей, — писал С. А. Андреевский, — в С.-Петербурге был выдающийся и даже, как принято выражаться в газетах, — прямо „сенсационный“. Особенно понравились „Три сестры“. Они возбудили такой шум, что критика сочла долгом понизить восторг публики и стала доказывать, что пьеса Чехова — вещь посредственная»[31]. Иные считали, что успех имеет спектакль, но не пьеса: «Чехов как драматург обязан своим существованием именно Художественно-общедоступному театру», — утверждали «Санкт-Петербургские ведомости»[31].", "Вертинская, Анастасия Александровна\nВ 1989 году Анастасии Вертинской предложили преподавать актёрское мастерство в Оксфордском университете. Она согласилась и следующие 12 лет (c перерывами) проработала за рубежом[7]. После Оксфорда в Париже Вертинская долгое время вместе с Александром Калягиным вела мастер-класс в «Комеди Франсэз» и «Чеховской школе»; преподавала также в швейцарской «Школе европейского кино». Поставленный ею с группой учеников (как итог трёхмесячного каждодневного преподавания)[8] спектакль «Чехов. Акт III» (куда вошли третьи акты пьес «Дядя Ваня», «Три сестры» и «Вишнёвый сад») с успехом прошёл на сцене парижского театра Nanterre-Amandiers.", "Port Mone Trio\nВпервые музыка Port Mone trio была использована в театральной постановке «Пясочны замак» Белорусского государственного театра кукол (реж. Алексей Лелявский). Музыкальное оформление было написано музыкантами специально для спектакля и исполнялось «в живую», при этом музыканты находились на сцене во время исполнения. Премьера спектакля состоялась в Минске на сцене Театра кукол в 2008 году, международная премьера — в Тегеране (Иран) на Международном фестивале театров кукол «Мобарак».", "Три сестры (фильм, 1911)\nКопии и негативы фильма на плёнках 16, 28 и 35 мм находятся сегодня в библиотеке Конгресса США и в .Актриса Адель возвращается с гастролей в родительский дом, где с матерью живут её младшие сестры, Флоренс и Мэри. Флоренс и Мэри не заботятся о матери и каждый вечер убегают на танцы. Адель решает остаться дома и решает открыть танцевальный зал, где Флоренс и Мэри смогли бы танцевать под её наблюдением. К большому разочарованию Адели за Мэри начинает ухаживать один из негодяев, постоянных посетителей танцевального зала.", "Шарко, Зинаида Максимовна\n«Три сестры», поставленные Товстоноговым на исходе «оттепели», в 1965 году, стали, по определению А. Смелянского, трагедией всеобщего паралича воли, неспособности к сопротивлению; Шарко играла в этом спектакле «капитана тонущего корабля» (как определил её роль режиссёр), лучше всех сознающего иллюзорность надежд на спасение, но и ответственного — в прочтении Товстоногова — за то, что спасение не состоялось. Критики отмечали, что героини Шарко нередко становились уязвимыми из-за собственной твёрдости и упорства, — что вполне соответствовало характеру самой актрисы; и в «Трёх сёстрах» она оставалась верна себе: её Ольгу, словно закованную в броню — с напряжённо выпрямленной спиной и непреклонно вскинутой головой, надламывали не столько обстоятельства, сколько собственная непреклонность, уровень и масштаб притязаний. «В споре из-за няньки, — писала Т. Марченко, — её Ольга и трагична, и смешна одновременно. Вот она решительно двинулась навстречу Наташе, кажется, вот-вот поставит на место эту зарвавшуюся особу, но… неожиданно свернула, прошла мимо, и язык её лепечет совсем не те, какие следовало бы, слова. Иначе она не может, пресечь чужую наглость ей мешает собственное воспитание, духовная деликатность, утончённость…». В этом жёстком и горьком спектакле роль Ольги требовала от Шарко уже не драматического темперамента и даже не способности раскрывать всю боль и всю тоску «за простенькими разговорами», как в «Пяти вечерах», — здесь режиссёр, по словам К. Л. Рудницкого, «по капельке цедил сценические секунды, прерывал разговоры долгими, содержательными паузами», и у Шарко в этой роли, свидетельствует Т. Марченко, самыми сильными оказались паузы.", "Братья и сёстры (спектакль)\nВ 1984 году Лев Додин начал работу над новой редакцией спектакля \"Братья и сестры\" в Малом Драматическом театре. В сентябре этого года участники спектакля посетили Верколу. 9 и 10 марта 1985 года состоялась премьера спектакля \"Братья и сестры\" в Малом Драматическом театре.", "Владимир Высоцкий в театре\nДо премьеры не были доведены роли Обуховского в спектакле «Час пик»[комм. 16], Пушкина в «Товарищ, верь»[комм. 17], Режиссёра в «Пристегните ремни»[комм. 18], Ивана Бездомного в спектакле «Мастер и Маргарита»[комм. 19], гангстера Гогера Гога в «Турандот, или Конгресс обелителей»[8][5][комм. 20]. В спектакле «Мать» (по роману Максима Горького в постановке Любимова) Высоцкий, несмотря на удачные репетиции, появился на сцене в образе Власова-отца всего в одном или двух спектаклях[27]. В спектакле Любимова «Три сестры» актёр рассчитывал сыграть Вершинина, но получил назначение на роль Солёного. До премьеры этого спектакля он не дожил[20][8][комм. 21].", "Три сестры\nВ том же письме Горькому, от 16 октября, Чехов признался: «Ужасно трудно было писать „Трёх сестёр“. Ведь три героини, каждая должна быть на свой образец, и все три — генеральские дочки»[7]. Ещё раньше, в сентябре, он писал сестре: «Всё кажется, что писать не для чего, и то, что написал вчера, не нравится сегодня»[8]. 23 октября 1900 года Чехов вернулся из Ялты в Москву с пьесой, которую сам считал ещё далеко не завершённой[1], и 29-го «Три сестры» были прочитаны в Художественном театре[9]. Однако первое прочтение пьесы привело труппу МХТ в замешательство: «Это же не пьеса, это только схема…»[10] По свидетельству К. С. Станиславского, Чехов после первой читки ушёл из театра «не только расстроенным и огорчённым, но и сердитым, каким он редко бывал»[1].", "Три сестры\nНачиная с «Чайки», Чехов всегда вводил в свои драмы символику, которая, как пишет Н. Берковский, устанавливала общий тон и общий смысл каждой из них: в «Дяде Ване» это была ночная гроза во втором акте, в «Трёх сёстрах» — городской пожар в третьем действии. Этот пожар, не коснувшийся дома Прозоровых, не нужен по ходу действия, он ничего не меняет ни в фабуле пьесы в целом, ни в положении и отношениях действующих лиц, тем не менее он главенствует по смыслу[3].", "Чеховедение\nПервыми открыли значение Чехова во Франции Людмила и Жорж Питоевы, приехавшие в страну в 1920-х годах. В 1929 году они поставили здесь спектакль «Три сестры». Французский писатель Жозеф Кессель назвал пьесу «Три сестры» исторической. В 1954 году в Париже гастролировал МХАТ, показавший спектакли «Дядя Ваня», «Три сестры» и «Вишневый сад». В 1960—1983 годах во Франции были изданы книги, статьи и исследования о Чехове, его художественной прозе и драматургии. Французские чеховеды: Софи Лаффит («Чехов и Толстой»), Эмма Сегур-Даллони («Чехов на Лазурном берегу»), Самюэл Кернер («Антон Чехов — дрейфусар») и др. изучали биографию Чехова; Жан Фужер («Новелла, искусство будущего»), Пьер де Лескюр (Чехов-спутник\"), Марсель Брион, Пьер Роллан («Чехов и тоска по счастью»), Квентин Ритцен и др. писали об искусстве Чехова-новеллиста.", "Волчек, Галина Борисовна\nОсобое место в гастрольной истории «Современника» занимают гастроли в Нью-Йорке (1996—1997). Впервые после знаменитого тура Московского Художественного театра, который состоялся в 1924 году, русская труппа играла на Бродвее. «Три сестры» и «Вишнёвый сад» А. П. Чехова и «Крутой маршрут» Е. С. Гинзбург были приняты американским зрителем с огромным успехом. Бродвейские гастроли «Современника» были отмечены одной из самых престижных общенациональных наград США в области драматического театра — премией «Драма Деск», которая впервые за многолетнюю историю её существования была присуждена неамериканскому театру, к тому же абсолютным большинством голосов.", "Три сестры\nУже не во МХАТе, а в МХТ им. А. П. Чехова в 1997 году пьесу Чехова поставил Олег Ефремов. Спектакль рождался в муках — репетиции длились два года — и стал последним триумфом режиссёра[69].", "Три сестры\nЕсли первая постановка пьесы в МХТ позволила Л. Андрееву сказать: «Не верьте, что „Три сестры“ — пессимистическая вещь, родящая одно отчаяние да бесплодную тоску. Это светлая, хорошая пьеса»[71], — то Ефремов заведомо не искал в «Трёх сёстрах» утешения. Оформивший спектакль Валерий Левенталь поставил дом Прозоровых на вращающийся круг, сменяющиеся времена года меняли его цвет и колорит: стены жилища окрашивались то белым, то багряным, то холодным синим цветом; в финале дом отъезжал в глубину и растворялся среди деревьев[57]. «В спектакле, — писал А. Смелянский, — нет… очевидной перспективы, никакого огонёчка впереди. Вращение дома и сада замкнуто в круг, из которого никому не вырваться. Невозможно изменить „порядок действий“, но это не лишает нас ни мужества, ни понимания того, что жизнь есть короткий дар, который вот-вот отберут»[70].", "Братья Тур\nПьесы", "Штайн, Петер\nВ Россию Штайн приехал в 1989 году по приглашению Союза театральных деятелей СССР: в рамках фестиваля театров ФРГ был показан его спектакль «Три сестры».", "Чайка (пьеса Чехова)\n1896 — Александринский театр. Постановка Е. П. Карпова. Роли исполняли: Сорин — В. Н. Давыдов, Нина Заречная — В. Ф. Комиссаржевская, Тригорин — Н. Ф. Сазонов, Шамраев — К. А. Варламов, Полина Андреевна — А. И. Абаринова. Премьера состоялась 17 октября. 1896 — Таганрогский городской театр[1]. 1896 — Театр Н. Н. Соловцова (Киев). 1896 — труппа драматических артистов (Ярославль; также в 1900 году). 1898 — Московский Художественно-общедоступный театр, постановка К. С. Станиславского и В. И. Немировича-Данченко. Роли исполняли: Аркадина — О. Л. Книппер-Чехова, Треплев — В. Э. Мейерхольд, Сорин — В. В. Лужский, Нина — М. Л. Роксанова, Шамраев — А. Р. Артём, Полина Андреевна — Е. М. Раевская, Маша — М. П. Лилина, Тригорин — К. С. Станиславский, Дорн — А. Л. Вишневский, Медведенко — И. А. Тихомиров, Яков — А. И. Андреев). Премьера состоялась 17 (29) декабря. Спектакль был возобновлён в 1905 году (Нина — М. П. Лилина, Маша — М. Г. Савицкая). — драматическая труппа во главе с В. Ф. Комиссаржевской и Далматовым (Нина — Комиссаржевская). — Александринский театр — Драматический театр В. Ф. Комиссаржевской (Петербург; Нина — Комиссаржевская, Тригорин — Бравич). — Московский Камерный театр — Театр имени Моссовета — Ленинградский театр им. А. С. Пушкина. Режиссёр Л. С. Вивьен 1954 — Театр имени Е. Б. Вахтангова 1954 — Театр им. К. С. Станиславского, режиссёр — Михаил Яншин, Нина Заречная — Лилия Гриценко. 1954 — Таганрогский драматический театр имени А. П. Чехова — МХАТ. Режиссёры В. Станицын, И. Раевский; художник Шифрин — Театр им. Ленинского комсомола (Москва). Постановка А. Эфроса; художники В. Лалевич, Н. Сосунов 1968 — МХАТ. Режиссёр Б. Н. Ливанов; художник Э. Г. Стенберг. В ролях: Аркадина — А. Степанова, Тригорин — Л. Губанов, Треплев — О. Стриженов, Нина Заречная — С. Коркошко, Маша — И. Мирошниченко, Сорин — С. Колчицкий, Дорн — В. Давыдов. В 1974 году вышел телеспектакль — «Современник». Режиссёр О. Н. Ефремов. — МХАТ. Постановка О. Н. Ефремова; режиссёр Н. Скорик; художник-постановщик В. Левенталь; музыкальное оформление Василия Немировича-Данченко. В ролях: Аркадина — Т. Лаврова, Треплев — А. Мягков, Нина Заречная — А. Вертинская, Маша — Е. Васильева, А. Вознесенская, Тригорин — А. Калягин, Дорн — И. Смоктуновский и Е. А. Евстигнеев, Сорин — А. Попов и В. Давыдов, Полина Андреевна — И. Саввина и Н. И. Гуляева. Премьера состоялась 9 июля В 2001 году был снят телеспектакль. 1988 — Липецкий областной драматический театр имени Л. Н. Толстого. Постановка Пахомова, Владимира Михайловича. В ролях: Раневская — С. Погребняк, Треплев — Е. Гурьянов, Нина Заречная — О. Пахомова, Тригорин — М. Янко, Полина Андреевна — Зинаида Горячева. В мае 1988 года Центральным телевидением был снят телеспектакль Липецкие актеры играли «Чайку» в усадьбе Антона Павловича Чехова - возле флигеля, где пьеса была написана. 1994 — Ленком. Режиссёр Марк Захаров,художник О. А. Шейнцис. В 2005 году был снят телеспектакль. В ролях: Аркадина — Инна Чурикова; Треплев — Дмитрий Певцов; Сорин — Юрий Колычев; Нина Заречная — Александра Захарова; Тригорин — Олег Янковский; Шамраев — Борис Чунаев; Полина Андреевна — Маргарита Струнова; Маша — Инна Пиварс; Дорн — Леонид Броневой; Медведенко — Иван Агапов 1996 — Малый театр. Режиссёр — заслуженный артист России В. Н. Драгунов, Руководитель постановки — народный артист СССР Ю. М. Соломин. Премьера — 26 октября 1996 года. 23 ноября 2011 года состоялся 200-й спектакль. В 1998 году был снят телеспектакль В ролях: Аркадина — И. Муравьёва, Треплев — А. Коршунов, Сорин — В. Коршунов, Тригорин — Ю. Соломин, Нина Заречная — И. Рахвалова, Дорн — А. Михайлов, Шамраев — В. Езепов, Маша — А. Охлупина, Медведенко — В. Богин 2002 — Театр имени Е. Б. Вахтангова. Режиссёр — Павел Сафонов. В ролях: Аркадина — Людмила Максакова, Тригорин — Сергей Маковецкий, Сорин — Юрий Яковлев. 2007 — Красноярский драматический театр им. А. С. Пушкина. Режиссёр-постановщик и музыкальное оформление — Олег Рыбкин; Художник-постановщик — Игорь Капитанов; Художник по костюмам — Фагиля Сельская; Художник по свету — Сергей Грачев. Спектакль — номинант Национального театрального фестиваля «Золотая маска». 2010 — Театр киноактёра. Режиссёр-постановщик — Роберт Манукян. Аркадина — Вера Сотникова. Сценография — народный художник РФ Борис Бланк. Премьера 10 ноября 2010 года. 2010 — Театр «Международная Чеховская лаборатория». Режиссёр — Виктор Гульченко. Аркадина — Ольга Остроумова. 2011 — «Сатирикон». Режиссёр — Юрий Бутусов. 2013 — Драматический театр «Колесо». Режиссёр — Карен Нерсисян. Художник-постановщик — Андрей Климов. Премьера 19 сентября 2013 года. 2014 — Театр студия п.р. Олега Табакова. Режиссёр — Константин Богомолов. В ролях: Ирина Николаевна Аркадина — Марина Зудина, Маша — Дарья Мороз, Борис Алексеевич Тригорин — Игорь Миркурбанов, Евгений Сергеевич Дорн — Олег Табаков и др. Премьера 8 марта 2014 года.", "Московский драматический театр на Малой Бронной\nВ марте 1967 года из театра им. Ленинского комсомола вместе с группой актёров в театр перешёл Анатолий Эфрос, он занял должность очередного режиссёра, а главным режиссёром театра с 1968 года стал А. Л. Дунаев, проработавший в этой должности до 1984 года. Эфрос в сотрудничестве с Дунаевым превратил Театр на Малой Бронной в один из самых интересных и посещаемых театров Москвы. Эфросом были поставлены спектакли «Три сестры» А. П. Чехова, «Ромео и Джульетта» и «Отелло» Шекспира, «Месяц в деревне» И. С. Тургенева, «Женитьба» Н. В. Гоголя, «Дон Жуан» Мольера.", "Действуй, сестра (мюзикл)\nПремьера мюзикла состоялась в театре «Плейхаус» в Пасадине. Блочный прокат шёл с 24 октября по 23 декабря 2006 года, побив все местные кассовые рекорды: «Действуй, сестра» собрал больше миллиона долларов США. Постановку режиссировал Питер Шнайдер, над хореографией работала Маргурит Деррикс, сценографией — Дэвид Поттс, костюмами — Гарри Леннон.", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\nСпектакль «Три сестры» был срежиссирован Валерием Николаевичем Галендеевым, под руководством Художественного Руководителя МДТ — Льва Абрамовича Додина.", "Три поэмы\nПервое исполнение состоялось 13 марта 1950 года в Триесте в Театре Верди под управлением Германа Шерхена. Партию сопрано исполняла Магда Ласло.", "Бесы (спектакль МДТ)\nПремьера спектакля состоялась В Германии в городе Брауншвейг в течение трёх вечеров - 9,10,11 ноября 1991 года.\nВ Санкт-Петербурге три спектакля впервые были сыграны в течение дня 21 декабря 1991 года.", "Лужский, Василий Васильевич\nВасилий Лужский родился в Шуе, учился в Москве на драматических курсах при Обществе любителей искусства и литературы, которыми руководил К. С. Станиславский. В 1898 году вместе с другими учениками Станиславского вошёл в труппу только что созданного Художественно-общедоступного театра. В спектакле, которым открылся театр, «Царь Фёдор Иоаннович» по трагедии А. К. Толстого, Лужский сыграл одну из главных ролей — Ивана Петровича Шуйского. В том же году сыграл Сорина в легендарной постановке чеховской «Чайки», стал первым на русской сцене исполнителем роли Андрея Прозорова в «Трёх сёстрах».", "Гензель и Гретель (опера)\n«Ге́нзель и Гре́тель» () — трёхактная романтическая опера немецкого композитора Энгельберта Хумпердинка на либретто, написанное его сестрой \"Адельхайд Ветте\" на основе сюжета детской сказки \"«Гензель и Гретель»\" братьев Гримм. Первая постановка состоялась 23 декабря 1893 года в Веймарском национальном театре.", "Три сестры\nРабота над «Тремя сёстрами» продолжалась и в Ницце, куда Чехов отправился в декабре[1], — что-то он сокращал, в частности в роли Андрея Прозорова, что-то, напротив, дописывал: так, Солёный уже перед самой премьерой получил ряд реплик, без которых этот персонаж теперь трудно представить[9]. По просьбе Станиславского Чехов удалил в финале ремарку: «видна толпа, несут убитого на дуэли барона», — признав, что мёртвого Тузенбаха «не следует показывать вовсе»[1]. Незадолго до премьеры, в январе 1901 года, Немирович-Данченко настаивал на сокращении финальных монологов Маши и Ирины: «Три монолога трёх сестёр — это нехорошо. И не в тоне, и не сценично. Купюра у Маши, большая купюра у Ирины. Одна Ольга пусть утешает и ободряет»[12]. Готовя пьесу к публикации, Чехов наполовину сократил монолог Маши, но текст Ирины полностью сохранил[12].", "Три сестры\nКак и в предыдущих спектаклях театра, перед зрителями вырастала незримая «четвёртая стена»: актёры могли непринуждённо садиться и спиной к публике[46]. Оформивший спектакль В. А. Симов дал, как считалось, классическую формулу чеховского спектакля: в первом акте декорации и реквизит создавали атмосферу обжитого, уютного дома, где любой мог найти себе кров и пристанище и куда тянулись «на огонёк» люди, не нажившие своего тепла[47]; со второго акта уют нарушался, люди спотыкались о разбросанные повсюду детские игрушки, пискливая гармоника и железный паяц, пишет критик, «насмешливо аккомпанировали мечтам Тузенбаха о счастье, о „здоровой, сильной буре“»[47]. В финале сёстры, вытесненные из своего дома, отрезанные от зрителей глухим забором, произносили свои последние монологи, прижавшись к фонарному столбу[47].", "Брейди, Орла\nЗатем она вернулась в Дублин, чтобы выступать в театре «Гейт» (), где сыграла Адель в пьесе «Дом Бернарды Альбы» и Наташу в «Трёх сестрах».", "Смирнитский, Валентин Георгиевич\nПосле окончания училища молодого актёра пригласили три московских театра и один ленинградский — Театр имени Ленсовета. Смирнитский выбрал Московский театр имени Ленинского комсомола (с 1991 года — «Ленком»), которым в то время руководил Анатолий Эфрос. На сцене этого театра Валентин Георгиевич дебютировал в роли Треплёва в спектакле «Чайка» по одноимённой пьесе А. Чехова. Затем последовали роли и в других спектаклях — Андрей Прозоров в «Трёх сестрах», мольеровский Дон-Жуан, Кассио в «Отелло», Меркуцио в «Ромео и Джульетте», Кочкарёв в «Женитьбе».", "Три сестры\n«Три сестры́» — пьеса в четырёх действиях А. П. Чехова, написанная в 1900 году. Впервые была опубликована в журнале «Русская мысль», № 2 за 1901 год; с изменениями и поправками вышла отдельным изданием в том же году в издательстве А. Ф. Маркса[1].", "Прайс, Джонатан\nПроработав несколько лет в Ливерпуле в качестве актёра и режиссёра, Прайс присоединился к Ноттингемскому драматическому театру, в котором играл в спектаклях «Укрощение строптивой» (1973 год), «Три сестры» (1973), «Кавказский меловой круг» (1974) и других.", "Дмитриева, Евгения Олеговна\nДебютировала на сцене в постановке «Самостоятельная работа». В 1998 году появилась на сцене Театра имени Моссовета в спектакле «Горе от ума» режиссёра Олега Меньшикова. Позднее играла в спектаклях антрепризной компании Меньшикова «Театральное товарищество 814». В 2005 году исполнила роль Ольги в спектакле «Три сестры» британского режиссёра Деклана Доннеллана. В 2013 году в Доме Высоцкого на Таганке поставила спектакль «Зойкина квартира».", "Зимние грёзы (балет)\nБалет Кеннета Макмиллана «Зимние грёзы» создан по мотивам пьесы Антона Павловича Чехова \"«Три сестры»\" (1900), одной из четырех его лучших пьес. Пьеса, впервые поставленная в 1901 году в Московском художественном театре (МХАТ), повествует о сложных отношениях трёх сестер, живущих в атмосфере провинциального русского города на рубеже XIX–XX веков. Автор описывает «зимние грёзы» сестер о возвращении в Москву, где, как им кажется, их жизнь будет более интересной и полноценной.", "Три сестры\nВ 30-х годах широкое распространение получили социологические толкования пьес Чехова: в соответствии с пожеланиями самого автора, они ставились как комедии, и не «лирические» (такое определение дал им в своё время А. М. Горький), а социально острые и беспощадные[41]. Но эти опыты, как отметила Н. Дмитриева, очень скоро показали, что социологическим ключом драматургия Чехова не открывается: такие постановки успехом не пользовались и славы автору не прибавляли[41]. Во МХАТе в 1934 году, когда встал вопрос о том, какой пьесой отметить годовщину смерти писателя, Немирович-Данченко отдал предпочтение «Чайке»: «Три сестры» и «Вишнёвый сад», писал он Станиславскому, «уже больше произведения мастерства, чем непосредственной лирики»[43]. Первый мхатовский Треплев и первый же Тузенбах, Всеволод Мейерхольд, в 1935 году предпочёл поставить в ГосТиМе водевили Чехова («33 обморока»): «Чехов „Вишнёвого сада“, „Трёх сестёр“ совсем не близок нам сегодня»[43].", "Троянцы (опера)\nПервая постановка «Троянцев в Карфагене» состоялась 4 ноября 1863 года в парижском Лирическом театре (дирижёр: Гектор Берлиоз, Адольф Делофри). «Падение Трои» впервые было поставлено уже после смерти композитора 7 декабря 1879 года в парижском театре «Шатле». Впервые вся дилогия была продемонстрирована публике на немецком языке 6 декабря 1890 года (дирижёр Феликс Мотль) в Придворном театре великого герцога, Карлсруэ (Баден-Вюртемберг, Германия). А премьера дилогии на языке оригинала состоялась в 1906 году в Брюсселе.", "Эпический театр\nВ 1930 году Александр Таиров по рекомендации наркома просвещения А. В. Луначарского, видевшего пьесу в Берлине[110], поставил в своём Камерном театре «Трёхгрошовую оперу», — эта первая постановка пьесы Брехта в России долгие годы оставалась единственной: начавшаяся во второй половине 30-х борьба с «формализмом» исключила его из репертуара советских театров, и вплоть до середины 50-х годов его пьесы на русский язык не переводились. Юзеф Юзовский рассказывал, как весной 1956 года Брехт прислал ему ящик с пьесами, книгами, литературой о нём и с письмом, предлагавшим со всем этим ознакомиться, поскольку в СССР с этим мало знакомы[73]. Соломон Апт, Лев Копелев и сам Юзовский тогда же занялись переводами, однотомник пьес Брехта, приуроченный к гастролям «Берлинер ансамбль», вышел уже в 1956 году[111], однако найти режиссёров, готовых эти пьесы поставить, оказалось нелегко[73].", "Мессерер, Суламифь Михайловна\nПо дороге во Францию Мессереры повидались в Франкфурте родственниками их отца, которые там жили. 18 марта 1933 года состоялся концерт в театре Курфюрстендам. Затем были концерты в Париже и Амстердаме. Длительность гастролей составила 4 месяца.\nВ новом спектакле «Пламя Парижа» в Москве балерине выделили центральную балетную партию девушки Жанны. Вскоре после премьеры, она была награждена Сталинской премией. В 1935 году стала первой исполнительницей главной роли в балете «Три толстяка». В «Спящей красавице» Суламифь исполнила партию Авроры, в «Лебедином озере» — «Одетту-Одиллию», Машу — в «Щелкунчике». 15 января 1936 года состоялся вечер семьи Мессерер, в котором участвовала и Суламифь. Начало было в полночь. Людей, желающих посмотреть на выступления артистов Мессерер, было так много, что конная милиция патрулировала входы и площадь, на которой находилось здание 2-го МХАТа.", "Дом-музей А. П. Чехова (Гурзуф)\nС 1996 года в одной из комнат демонстрируется мемориальная экспозиция, посвящённая А. П. Чехову и О. Л. Книппер, а в другой — литературная экспозиция, посвящённая истории создания пьесы «Три сестры». Представлены фотографии прототипов героев, копии рукописных страниц, первая публикация и первые отдельные издания 1901 года.", "Мадруга, Тереза\nВ 1976 году дебютировала на сцене лиссабонского Театра Троицы в драме Кроммелинка \"Les Amants puérils\". С конца 1980-х постоянно сотрудничает со столичным театром \"Рог изобилия\" в постановках Луиша Мигеля Синтры (пьесы Жила Висенте, Лопе де Веги, Шекспира, Гарсиа Лорки, Пиранделло, Беккета) и Руя Мендеша (\"Три сестры\" Чехова).Снимается в телесериалах.Театральная премия имени Алмейды Гаррета (1988). Входила в жюри кинофестивалей в Клермон-Ферране, Валенсии.", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\n«Три Сестры»- спектакль невероятно красивый, простой и доступный. Он помогает понять и прочувствовать каждого героя в отдельности и весь ансамбль в целом. Спектакль Льва Додина отмечен эмоционально многогранным, точно и подробно проработанным исполнением почти всех главных ролей. Актерская работа насыщенна, чувства героев выведены на авансцену, спектакль концептуален и полностью опровергает штампованное представление о героях Чехова, как о робких страдальцах.", "Три сестры\nВ 1958 году, после некоторого перерыва, спектакль был возобновлён с новым составом исполнителей: Вершинина играл Массальский, Тузенбаха — Юрий Кольцов, Солёного — Юрий Леонидов[51].", "Кормон, Эжен\nОдно из самых значительных произведений Э.Кормона – пятиактная драма «Две сироты» (фр.: Les Deux Orphelines), созданная совместно с другим французским драматургом А.-Ф. Деннери (фр. \"Adolphe d'Ennery\"), поставленная в 1874 году в Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin и вошедшая в классику французской литературы. В 1927 году спектакль по этой пьесе был поставлен в Москве: постановка называлась «Сёстры Жерар», новую редакцию по пьесе создал В.З.Масс, реж.Н.М. Горчаков и Е.С.Телешева, руководитель постановки Станиславский; одну из главных ролей Генриетты исполняла молодая актриса Ангелина Степанова. Пьеса несколько раз экранизировалась: в 1921 (режиссёр Гриффит), 1933 (режиссёр фр. Maurice Tourneur), 1942 (режиссёр Carmine Gallone), 1965 (режиссёр Р. Фреда).", "Юрьева, Маргарита Валентиновна\nСо спектаклями Художественного театра много гастролировала по городам СССР и за рубежом. С 1958 года по 1978 год выступала на сценах Лондона, Парижа, Варшавы, Будапешта, Нью-Йорка, Токио, Нагасаки и других городах мира. Её триумфальная роль — Маша в легендарном спектакле МХАТ «Три сестры» А. П. Чехова (возобновление 1958 г.; постановка Вл. И. Немировича-Данченко, Н. Н. Литовцевой, И. М. Раевского). В образе Маши соединились огромный талант актрисы, природная женская красота, истинная влюблённость в мир чеховской драматургии и её глубокое понимание. В этой роли, блистательно сыгранной актрисой, особенно ярко проявились самые сильные стороны художнической индивидуальности Юрьевой. Известный польский театральный критик Роман Шидловски так писал в варшавской газете: «Актрису такой ослепительной красоты и выразительной силы напрасно было бы искать на многих сценах мира. Её чарующие чёрные глаза буквально приковывают к себе зрительный зал. А сколько она сумела „сказать“, не говоря ни слова, в сцене прощания с Вершининым!».", "Три сестры\nВ спектакле, оформленном художником С. М. Юновичем, были заняты ведущие артисты театра: Зинаида Шарко (Ольга), Татьяна Доронина (Маша), Эмма Попова (Ирина), Олег Басилашвили (Андрей), Людмила Макарова (Наташа), Владислав Стржельчик (Кулыгин), Ефим Копелян (Вершинин), Сергей Юрский (Тузенбах), Кирилл Лавров (Солёный), Николай Трофимов (Чебутыкин)[65].", "Усио Амагацу\nДо своего международного признания в 1980, он создал спектакли Amagatsu Sho (1977), Kinkan Shonen (1978), и Sholiba (1979). C 1981 года Франция и Театр де ля Виль в Париже стали новым местом творчества и работы над спектаклями, в этом же году был поставлен Bakki для Авиньонского фестиваля. В Театре де ля Виль, Париж, он создал подряд Jomon Sho (1982), Netsu no Katachi (1984), Unetsu (1986), Shijima (1988), Omote (1991), Yuragi (1993), Hiyomeki (1995), Hibiki (1998), Kagemi (2000), Utsuri (2003), Toki (2005), Тобари (2008) и Kara Mi (2010).\nАмагацу также работает независимо от «Санкай Дзюку». В 1988 году он создал спектакль Fushi по приглашению Фонда Джейкоба Пиллоу в США, на музыку Филипа Гласса. В 1989 году он был назначен художественным руководителем Спирального зала в Токио, где он поставил Apocalypse (1989) и Fifth-V (1990). В феврале 1997 года он поставил «Замок герцога Синяя Борода» Белы Бартока под музыкальным руководством Петера Этвёша на Токийском международном форуме. В марте 1998 года в Лионской Национальной Опере, Франция, он поставил оперу «Три сестры» Петера Этвеша (мировая премьера), которая получила Prix du Syndicat National de la Critique, Франция. «Три сестры» можно было увидеть в сезоне 2001—2002 в театре Шатле в Париже, в Королевском театре де Ла Монне в Брюсселе, в Лионской Национальной опере, и на фестивале Winner Festwochen в 2002 году в Австрии. В марте 2008 года Амагацу поставил Lady Sarashina, оперу Петера Этвеша в Лионской Национальной Опере (мировая премьера). Lady Sarashina снова получила Prix du Syndicat National de la Critique, и была также показана в Opera Comique в феврале 2009 года.", "Три сестры\nПосле начала войны неуловимо менялась атмосфера спектакля — «Три сестры» предвоенного года теперь казались светлее; смещались акценты, и чеховский текст наполнялся новым смыслом. В финальном монологе Маши (А. Тарасовой): «Они уходят от нас, один ушёл совсем, совсем, навсегда» — интонация делила людей на ушедших и оставшихся: ушедших мужчин и оставшихся женщин[43]. мини|Радиоспектакль МХАТ 1947 года Так же неуловимо атмосфера спектакля изменилась и после войны, — Зинаида Шарко, которой предстояло сыграть Ольгу в других легендарных «Трёх сёстрах», вспоминала, какое впечатление произвёл на неё спектакль Немировича-Данченко в конце 40-х, во время гастролей театра в Ленинграде: «После спектакля мы, студенты, всю белую ночь бродили по Неве молча, не в силах даже о чём бы то ни было разговаривать, находясь в плену только что увиденного и пережитого. Это было ощущение какой-то неизъяснимой гармонии с самим собой и со всем окружающим миром»[56].", "Три сестры\n— «Гешер (театр)», Яффа. Постановка Евгения Арье[88]", "Туганлык\n\"«Лучшая женская роль»\" — Л. М. Хамитова в спектакле «Три сестры» А. П. Чехова Татарского академического театра (Казань).", "Три сестры\n* — Ленинградский Новый театр[51] — Московская оперно-драматическая студия им. Станиславского[51] — Одесский русский театр[51] — Харьковский русский театр. Режиссёр-постановщик и исполнитель роли Чебутыкина — Крамов[51] — Саратовский театр. Постановка И. А. Ростовцева[51] — Театр «Эстония». Режиссёр-постановщик и исполнитель роли Вершинина — Лаутер[51] — Ленинградский драматический театр[51] — Художественный театр Латвийской ССР[51] — Театр им. Леси Украинки[51]. — Театр на Малой Бронной. Постановка Анатолия Эфроса. Художники В. Дургин, А. Чернова. Роли исполняли: Маша — А. Антоненко, Ирина — Ольга Яковлева, Вершинин — Николай Волков, Тузенбах — Лев Круглый, Чебутыкин — Лев Дуров[57] — Московский театр «Современник». Постановка Галины Волчек. Режиссёр Г. Соколова; художники П. Кириллов и В. Зайцев; композитор Моисей Вайнберг[73].", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\nСолдат - Анатолий Колибянов, Сергей Иванов", "Ледуховский, Анатолий Владимирович\n2003 - Тринадцать за столом (сценическая версия пьесы Антона Чехова «Три сестры»)", "Зимние грёзы (балет)\nЗимние грёзы — одноактный балет по мотивам пьесы Антона Павловича Чехова \"«Три сестры»;\" хореография балетмейстера Кеннета Макмиллана на музыку фортепианных произведений Петра Ильича Чайковского. Балет создан в 1991 году, поставлен 7 февраля 1991 года в Королевском театре Ковент-Гарден в Лондоне. Русские народные песни исполняются в аранжировке Томаса Хартмана ансамблем гитаристов, костюмы разработаны Питером Фармером, оркестр Королевской оперы, дирижер Дэвид Гарфорт. Российская премьера состоялась в Перми в 2014 году.", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\nИрина - Елизавета Боярская, Надежда Некрасова,Екатерина Тарасова", "Кто брат, кто сестра, или Обман за обманом\n«Кто брат, кто сестра, или Обман за обманом» (1824) — опера-водевиль А. Н. Верстовского на слова А. С. Грибоедова и П. А. Вяземского. Была написана специально для бенефиса русской драматической актрисы М. Д. Львовой-Синецкой, который прошёл 23 января 1825 года в помещении Большого театра в Москве. Инициатором создания стал первый директор московской труппы Императорских театров Ф. Ф. Кокошкин.Действие происходит в польском местечке в почтовом доме.", "Калиновская, Галина Ивановна\nВ 1935 году поступила в Оперно-драматическую студию под руководством К. С. Станиславского. С большим успехом сыграла Ирину в спектакле «Три сестры» А.П.Чехова (1940 г.; реж. – М.Н.Кедров, О.Н.Андровская). ", "Циммерман, Маргарита Владимировна\nМаргарита Владимировна Циммерман (?—1934) — российский педагог, одна из основательниц первой в городе Перми частной школы-гимназии. Средняя из трёх сестёр Циммерман, которые, по мнению краеведов, стали прототипами героинь пьесы Антона Павловича Чехова «Три сестры».", "Островский, Александр Николаевич\nПьеса «Бедность не порок» (1853) впервые поставлена на сцене 15 января 1869 года в Малом театре в бенефис Прова Михайловича Садовского[3].", "Семёнова, Екатерина Тенгизовна\nВ 1988 году, перед окончанием средней школы, успешно прошла все три тура прослушивания и поступила в Школу-студию МХАТ. Со второго курса обучения уже играла главную роль в спектакле «Ундина» по пьесе Жана Жироду на сцене Московского Художественного театра имени А. П. Чехова и роль Ирины в спектакле «Три сестры» по пьесе А. П. Чехова в театре «Современник».", "Три сестры\n«Три сестры» Немировича-Данченко были ещё раз восстановлены Олегом Ефремовым (Ольга — Ирина Мирошниченко, Маша — Татьяна Доронина, Ирина — Светлана Коркошко, Тузенбах — Олег Стриженов, Чебутыкин — Алексей Грибов); этот спектакль в 1984 году был записан для телевидения. В 1997 году Ефремов осуществил собственную постановку пьесы в МХТ им. Чехова — «Три сестры» стали последним его спектаклем[2].", "Три сестры\nКатегория:Пьесы Антона Чехова Категория:Пьесы 1900 года Категория:Пьесы на русском языке Категория:Пьесы России", "Циммерман, Эвелина Владимировна\nЭвелина Владимировна Циммерман (в замужестве — Генних) — российский педагог, основательница первой в городе Перми частной школы-гимназии. Младшая из трёх сестёр Циммерман, которые, по мнению краеведов, стали прототипами героинь пьесы Антона Павловича Чехова «Три сестры».", "Три сестры (спектакль МДТ)\nПремьера спектакля состоялась 9 октября 2010 года.", "Три сестры\nЗа пределами России «Три сестры» впервые были поставлены осенью 1901 года в Берлине[15]. В 1907 году постановку пьесы осуществил пражский Национальный театр, который вновь обращался к «Трём сёстрам» в 1932 и 1947 годах[51]. Другие известные постановки:", "Три сестры\nУдарным в новых «Трёх сёстрах» был первый акт — акт возвращения к жизни, после смерти отца, и обретения надежды: в 1940 году многим казалось, что «большой террор» заканчивается, а уже начавшаяся Вторая мировая война казалась очень далёкой: «Культура психологического подтекста, — пишет В. Гаевский, — всегда отличавшая классический МХТ, здесь была дополнена тем, что можно назвать подтекстом историческим, без чего спектакль не мог бы существовать»[43]. При этом и открытый текст наполнялся драматичнейшим подтекстом — «еле слышной мольбой, еле ощутимым ужасом пережитого», и потому никого в зале не оставляли равнодушными споры Вершинина и Тузенбаха о будущем[43]. Но «тоска по лучшей жизни» в этой постановке, в отличие от первой, была обращена не в будущее, а в прошлое[55].", "Мейерхольд, Всеволод Эмильевич\nВ легендарной постановке чеховской «Чайки» Мейерхольд играл Треплёва, а в 1901 году стал первым на русской сцене исполнителем роли Тузенбаха в «Трёх сёстрах». Среди ролей, сыгранных на сцене Художественного театра — принц Арагонский в «Венецианском купце» У. Шекспира (1898), Иоанн Грозный в трагедии А. К. Толстого «Смерть Иоанна Грозного», Иоганнес в «Одиноких» Г. Гауптмана.", "Братья и сёстры (спектакль)\nПервое обращение Льва Додина к эпопее Ф. А. Абрамова \"Пряслины\" состоялось в 1976 году на возглавляемом им и А.И.Кацманом актерском курсе Ленинградского Государственного института театра, музыки и кинематографии. В 1977 состоялась поездка курса в Верколу (прообраз села Пекашино ) и знакомство с Ф. А. Абрамовым. В 1978 году выпущена премьера дипломного спектакля курса \"Братья и сестры\" в Учебном театре.", "Три сестры\nВ то время как многим казалось, будто Чехов своим успехом всецело обязан искусству режиссёров и актёров Художественного театра[37], Леонид Андреев, напротив, считал постановки МХТ лучшими «критическими статьями» о пьесах Чехова[38]. О том же в петербургском журнале «Театр и искусство» писал П. Ярцев: «Драма ослепляет богатством и тонкостью красок; на такой же высоте стоит и её исполнение труппою Художественного театра. Здесь большой художник слова растворился в работе равных ему сил. Получилось произведение искусства из тех, ради одних которых прекрасна жизнь. Знали ли „сёстры“, что существуют такие произведения?»[39].", "Любовь к трём апельсинам (журнал)\nВесной 1914 года на сцене Тенишевского училища в Санкт-Петербурге редакцией журнала был организован «Блоковский спектакль», в программу которого вошли постановки двух драматических произведений А.Блока — «Незнакомка» и «Балаганчик». Лирическая драма «Незнакомка» была представлена на сцене впервые. Спектакль вызвал большой резонанс в среде деятелей искусства. Впоследствии режиссёр постановки — В. Э. Мейерхольд считал, что сценографическое решение пространства в «Незнакомке» стало предвестником театрального конструктивизма в российском искусстве. Художник спектакля — Ю. М. Бонди. Актерами в спектакле выступили ученики Студии на Бородинской.", "Мэри Эллис\nЕё дебют состоялся в декабре 1918 году в Метрополитен-опера на мировой премьере оперы Пуччини «Сестра Анджелика» из «триптиха Пуччини», где у неё была роль сестры Дженовьевы. Позже она появилась в опере «Джанни Скикки», третьей части «Триптиха», в роли Лауретты. Эллис также пела партии Джаннетты в Любовном напитке с Энрико Карузо, и Фёдора в «Борисе Годунове» с Фёдором Шаляпиным. С 1922 года и на протяжении десяти лет она играла на Бродвее, появившись в таких постановках, как «Казанова», «Венецианский купец», «Укрощение строптивой» и «Наследный принц».", "Кнорре, Фёдор Фёдорович\nВ 1930 году Центральном московском Театре рабочей молодёжи сам осуществил постановку своей первой пьесы «Тревога».. Позднее создал пьесы «Московский 10-10» (1933), «Встреча в темноте» (1944) и «Две сестры» (1957), которые шли в московских театрах им. Моссовета и им. Вахтангова.", "Три сестры\nТри сестры — Ольга, Маша и Ирина — и их брат Андрей, интеллигентные, прекрасно образованные люди, живут в губернском городе, где, как скажет позже Андрей, люди только «едят, пьют, спят и, чтобы не отупеть от скуки, разнообразят жизнь свою гадкой сплетней, водкой, картами, сутяжничеством»[29]. Старшая из сестёр, Ольга, — учительница женской гимназии, но работа не приносит ей радости: «За эти четыре года, пока служу в гимназии, я чувствую, как из меня выходят каждый день по каплям и силы, и молодость»[29]. Маша в 18 лет была выдана замуж за учителя гимназии Кулыгина и, хотя муж преданно любит её, несчастлива в своей семейной жизни. Младшая, двадцатилетняя Ирина, мечтает о жизни наполненной, но не находит себе применения, как не находит и человека, которого смогла бы полюбить. Одиннадцать лет назад их отец, генерал, получив назначение, увёз дочерей в этот город из Москвы; но год назад генерал умер — с его смертью для Прозоровых закончилась обеспеченная и беззаботная жизнь. Действие пьесы начинается в день окончания траура по отцу, совпавший с именинами Ирины: настало время задуматься о дальнейшей жизни, и, тяготясь бездуховностью и пошлостью провинциального быта, Прозоровы мечтают вернуться в Москву[22].", "Три сестры\nВ октябре 1964 года к постановке «Трёх сестёр» приступил Георгий Товстоногов в Ленинградском Большом драматическом театре. Режиссёр, впервые обратившийся к чеховской драматургии на исходе «оттепели», создал один из самых пронзительных и горьких своих спектаклей[59].", "Три сестры\nРоли в спектакле исполняли: Андрей — Всеволод Соболев, Ольга — Мария Полицеймако, Маша — Алла Демидова, Ирина — Любовь Селютина, Наташа — Наталья Сайко, Кулыгин — Константин Желдин, Вершинин — Борис Хмельницкий, Тузенбах — Владимир Матюхин, Солёный — Иван Бортник и Михаил Лебедев, Чебутыкин — Феликс Антипов[68].", "Три сестры\nДля Ефремова «Три сестры» Немировича-Данченко стали самым сильным театральным впечатлением юности, но, как это не раз случалось в истории Художественного театра, былые откровения с годами превратились в новые штампы, — он строил свой спектакль на преодолении этих штампов, сковавших несколько поколений артистов МХАТа[57]. Он отказался от «поэтического Чехова» Немировича-Данченко, пробиваясь, как пишет А. Смелянский, к «трагической простоте того, что называется „течением жизни“»[70].", "Царь Борис\nВпервые пьеса вышла в 1870 году в «Вестнике Европы, а затем, уже весной того же года — отдельным изданием. Если в процессе работы Толстой считал, что «Царь Борис» получается лучше, чем предыдущие две части трилогии, то в ноябре 1869-го он вынужден признать: «Скажу Вам, себе самому в ущерб, что, по моему мнению, „Федор“ лучше и „Царя Бориса“, по крайней мере мне он больше по сердцу». В отличие от пьесы «Царь Фёдор Иоаннович», «Царь Борис» благополучно прошёл цезуру и был разрешён к постановке, однако автор уже не увидел пьесу на сцене.\nПервая постановка состоялась в Москве в 1881 году. В 1890 году в Эрмитажном театре состоялась постановка драмы, в которой принимали участие великие князья императорской фамилии. В 1898 году Александринский театр поставил пьесу, в а 1900 году возобновил постановку. В 1899 и 1902 годах «Царь Борис» шёл в Малом театре. В 1978 году пьеса была поставлена Р. С. Агамирзяном в Академическом драмитеческом театре, завершив постановку трилогии (в 1972 году был поставлен «Царь Фёдор Иоаннович», а в 1976 — «Смерть Иоанна Грозного», всё в режиссуре В. С. Суслова. В 1993 году «Царь Борис» был вновь поставлен в Малом театре (режиссёр-постановщик Владимир Бейлис), а после 1995 года зритель получил возможность на сцене Малого театра в течение трёх вечеров увидеть все части «Драматической трилогии» А. К. Толстого. 20 лет спустя после первой постановки «Царь Борис» оставался в репертуаре Малого театра, в отличие от двух других частей", "Горячее сердце\nКомедия поставлена впервые в московском Малом театре 15 января 1869 г., в бенефис Прова Садовского, исполнявшего роль Курослепова; в Петербурге, на сцене Александринского театра, 29 января того же года, в бенефис артистки Линской.", "Лунари, Луиджи\nВ России пьеса Лунари «Трое на качелях» ставилась в пяти театрах: в Московском театре имени А. С. Пушкина в 2003 году, в Санкт-Петербурге в Театре на Васильевском (премьера 16 мая 2015 г.), в Московском театре «Кураж» (под названием «В ожидании Некто», премьера 10 сентября 2014 г.) , Иркутском академическом драматическом театре им. Н. П. Охлопкова (Премьера состоялась 27 ноября 1998 г), в Малом театре Великого Новгорода, в постоянный репертуар которого пьеса входит с 2004 года, причём в Великом Новгороде эта пьеса была поставлена самим автором через интернет. Лунари прислал из Милана в Новгород свой экземпляр пьесы, изданной на русском языке. В пометках на страницах книги итальянский драматург обратил внимание труппы на ключевые, по его мнению, моменты в спектакле, а также снабдил текст своими размышлениями. Подготовка к первой постановке пьесы контролировалась через интернет автором, который по ходу подготовки вносил свои коррективы. Как писал по электронной почте Лунари, у него было горячее желание лично присутствовать на премьере своей пьесы в Новгороде, но он не смог приехать в связи с ухудшившимся состоянием здоровья.\n29 марта 2013 года в Старокупавинском театре «Ника» состоялась премьера спектакля «Некто» по мотивам пьесы Луиджи Лунари «Трое на качелях» (режиссёр — И. И. Казаку).\n10 сентября 2014 в Московском театре «Кураж» состоялась премьера спектакля «В ожидании Некто» по пьесе Луиджи Лунари «Трое на качелях».\nНа Украине Харьковский театр Театр 19 ставит спектакль «Двери» по пьесе «Трое на качелях».", "Электротеатр Станиславский\nВ оперный класс было отобрано 20 человек, в драматический — 40. Среди первых студийцев были будущие народные артисты Петр Глебов, Борис Левинсон, Лилия Гриценко, Юрий Леонидов, режиссер Павел Хомский. Регулярные занятия в студии начались осенью 1935 года. После перенесённого сердечного приступа режиссёр встречался с актёрами у себя дома в Леонтьевском переулке. В мае 1938 года Константин Станиславский вместе с другими педагогами студии приняли первые экзамены. Начинающие актёры играли фрагменты из «Трёх сестёр» и «Вишнёвого сада» Антона Чехова, а также из пьесы Сергея Найдёнова «Дети Ванюшина».", "Три сестры\n* — Московский театр «Современник». Постановка Галины Волчек; сценография В. Зайцева и П. Кириллова; режиссёр А. Савостьянов; костюмы В. Зайцева; композитор Моисей Вайнберг. Роли исполняли: Андрей — И. Древнов, Ольга — Г. Петрова, О. Дроздова, Маша — О. Дроздова, Ч. Хаматова (с 2008 года) и А. Бабенко, Ирина — Ч. Хаматова и В. Романенко, Наталья — Е. Плаксина, Кулыгин — С. Юшкевич, Вершинин — В. Ветров, Тузенбах — И. Стебунов, Солёный — А. Смольянинов, Чебутыкин — И. Кваша, Анфиса — Е. Миллиоти[74]. — Малый театр. Постановка Юрия Соломина. Художник-постановщик А. Глазунов; музыкальное оформление Г. Гоберника; режиссёр В. Фёдоров. Роли исполняют: Андрей — А. В. Клюквин, Наталья — И. В. Иванова и И. А. Жерякова, Ольга — А. И. Охлупина, Маша — О. Л. Пашкова, Ирина — В. В. Андреева, Кулыгин — В. Бабятинский, Вершинин — А. Ю. Ермаков, Тузенбах — Г. В. Подгородинский, Солёный — В. А. Низовой и А. Е. Фадеев, Чебутыкин — Э. Е. Марцевич. Премьера состоялась 16 января[75]. — Московский театр «Мастерская Петра Фоменко». Постановка Петра Фоменко; художник-постановщик Владимир Максимов. Золотая маска за «Лучший спектакль театра драмы большой формы» (2006)[76]. — Антрепризный спектакль Деклана Доннеллана, российско-английский проект. Роли исполняли: Ирина — Н. Уварова, Вершинин — А. Феклистов, Солёный — А. Мерзликин, Чебутыкин — М. Жигалов и И. Ясулович[77][78]. — Малый драматический театр (Санкт-Петербург). Постановка Льва Додина; художник А. Боровский; режиссёр А. Галендеев. Роли исполняют: Ольга — И. Тычинина, Маша — Е. Калинина, Ирина — Е. Боярская, Е. Тарасова, Андрей — А. Быковский и П. Грязнов, Наталья — Е. Клеопина и Д. Румянцева, Кулыгин — С. Власов, Вершинин — П. Семак, Тузенбах — С. Курышев, Солёный — И. Черневич, Чебутыкин — А. Завьялов. Премьера состоялась 9 октября. Театральная премия «Золотой софит»[79][80]. — Театр им. Моссовета. Постановка и сценография А. Кончаловского. Художник по костюмам Р. Хамдамов; композитор Э. Артемьев. Роли исполняют: Вершинин — А. Домогаров, Тузенбах — П. Деревянко, Ферапонт — А. Леньков, Анфиса — И. Карташева. Премьера состоялась 6 октября[81]. — Санкт-Петербургский академический театр имени Ленсовета. Режиссёр Юрий Бутусов. Художник Александр Шишкин; композитор Фаустас Латенас. Роли исполняют: Ольга — Анна Алексахина, Маша — Ольга Муравицкая, Ирина — Лаура Пицхелаури, Андрей — Виталий Куликов, Наташа — Анна Ковальчук, Вершинин — Олег Андреев, Тузенбах — Григорий Чабан, Солёный — Илья Дель, Чебутыкин — Роман Кочержевский, Кулыгин — Олег Фёдоров,Ферапонт, Федотик — Иван Бровин. Премьера состоялась 4 февраля 2014 г. Российская национальная театральная премия «Золотая маска» в номинации «Лучшая работа режиссёра в драме» (2015)[82].", "Три сестры\n«Три сестры» оказались последним спектаклем «классической» Таганки: поставленный Любимовым до отъезда за рубеж «Борис Годунов» так и не был выпущен[2].", "Беляев, Александр Романович\nЕщё во время учёбы в лицее Беляев проявил себя театралом. Под его руководством в 1913 году учащиеся мужской и женской гимназий разыграли сказку «Три года, три дня, три минутки» с массовыми сценами, хоровыми и балетными номерами. В том же году Беляев и виолончелистка Ю. Н. Сабурова поставили оперу-сказку Григорьева «Спящая царевна». Сам он мог выступать и драматургом, и режиссёром, и актёром, создавал эскизы костюмов и декораций[4]. Домашний театр Беляевых в Смоленске пользовался широкой известностью, гастролировал не только по городу, но и по его окрестностям. Несколько сезонов были сыграны в Москве[1]. Однажды, во время приезда в Смоленск столичной труппы под руководством Станиславского, Беляеву удалось заменить заболевшего артиста — сыграть вместо того в нескольких спектаклях. В июле 1914 года в московском детском журнале «Проталинка» опубликована пьеса Беляева «Бабушка Мойра»[3].", "Галибин, Александр Владимирович\nС 1993 по 1995 год А. Галибин работал очередным режиссёром в Театре на Литейном. Первой постановкой в Театре на Литейном стал «программный» для А. Галибина спектакль «Три сестры» А. П. Чехова, в котором режиссёр использовал «эффект скрещивания», введя в действие отрывки из знаменитого спектакля «Три сестры» Вл. Немировича-Данченко, поставленного во МХАТе в 1940 году.", "Чувашский государственный театр кукол\nНекоторое время театр располагался в здании бывшего Свято-Троицкого монастыря. 15 апреля 1945 г. состоялась премьера спектакля «Три подружки» по пьесе основателя театра, его первого директора и художественного руководителя, режиссёра С. М. Мерзлякова. Этот день считается днем создания театра.", "Леванов, Вадим Николаевич\nВ 1998 году пьеса «Выглядки» вошла в шорт-лист премии «Три сестры»[5], а в журнале «Современная драматургия» были опубликованы сразу три новые пьесы Леванова. В 1999 году пьеса «Шкаф» заняла третье место в конкурсе русской сетевой литературы[5].", "Три сестры (опера)\nС тех пор «Три сестры» были неоднократно поставлены в том числе в Дюссельдорфе, Гамбурге, Амстердаме, Париже, Брюсселе, Эдинбурге и Вене.", "Театр на Покровке\nТеатр на Покровке открылся в сентябре 1991 года. Для премьерной постановки была выбрана пьеса Чехова «Три сестры». С тех пор в репертуаре театра представлена русская классика в современном прочтении." ]

[ 12.1875 ]

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[ "ITM University (Gwalior) ITM University is a multidisciplinary university based in Gwalior, India with subjects spanning the sciences, engineering, management, fine arts, social sciences, arts, and nursing. The University is established by the Act of State Legislature Madhya Pradesh and is notified in the Official Gazette (extraordinary) of the State Government. The flagship Institutions under ITM Group of Institution (known as 'ITM Universe' – brand name) like Institute of Technology & Management (ITM) & Institute of Allied Science and Computer Applications (IASCA) at Gwalior are NBA & NAAC accredited respectively.", "University of Peradeniya The University of Peradeniya (Sinhalese: පේරාදෙණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය , Tamil: பேராதனைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் ) is a state university in Sri Lanka, funded by the University Grants Commission. It was established as the University of Ceylon in 1942." ]

[ "Universiti Islam Malaysia Universiti Islam Malaysia (Islamic University of Malaysia) - or UIM in short - is the first and only postgraduate-only university in Malaysia. The administration and academic offices are located in Cyberjaya with its permanent campus currently under development also in Cyberjaya. The UIM Cyberjaya Mosque with a capacity of 8,000 people is due for completion on 24 February 2015 (source: Cyberview)", "Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka The Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka (Sinhalese: සබරගමුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය , Tamil: சபரகமுவா பல்கலைக்கழகம் ) is a public university in Belihuloya, Balangoda, Sri Lanka. It was founded on 20 November 1991 and consists of five faculties.", "SDM College, Ujire SDM Pre-University and degree college is a college in Karnataka imparting bachelor's degree in arts, commerce and science. It is located in the small town of Ujire. This is the first educational institution by Dharmasthala Trust. Dr Yashovarma is the current Principal of SDM college (degree). It is accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council and is operated by Sri Dharmasthala Ayurvedic college.", "Periyar Arts College Periyar Arts College, is a general degree college located in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1964. The college is affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.", "Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Sri Padmavati University) is a women's university in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established as a state university by the Andhra Pradesh legislature in 1983, named after the goddess Sri Padmavati, the consort of Lord Venkateswara. The university has approximately 3,000 students.", "Anuradha Seneviratna Prof. Anuradha Seneviratna (July 13, 1938 - July 9, 2009) was a renowned Sri Lankan scholar. He wrote many scholarary works and he was a Senior Professor in the Department of Sinhala, University of Peradeniya. He has also worked in University of Colombo and was the Director of the Institute of Aesthetic Studies. He was educated at Dharmaraja College, Kandy.", "Nediyavan Perinpanayagam Sivaparan (Tamil: பேரின்பநாயகம் சிவபரன் , \"Pēriṉpanāyakam Civaparaṉ \" ; born 28 August 1976; commonly known by the nom de guerre Nediyavan) is a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and leading member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka.", "National Hospital of Sri Lanka The National Hospital of Sri Lanka is a government hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Founded in 1864 as the General Hospital, it is the leading hospital in Sri Lanka and is controlled by the central government. As of 2010 it had 3,246 beds. The hospital has 18 intensive care units and 21 operating theaters. It employs 7,500 staff of which 1,500 are doctors. The hospital carries out 5,000 major and minor surgeries each month and treats over two million out patients a year. Situated on a 36-acre site, it includes the Dental Institute, Maligawatte Kidney Hospital, Nurse's Training School, Post Basic Nurse's Training School, School of Eco Cardiograph, School of Physiotherapy, School of Radiography and the University of Colombo's Faculty of Medicine.", "S. Mahalingam (veterinarian) Professor S. Mahalingam was a Sri Lankan academic and veterinarian. A Professor of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya", "Ceylon (film) Ceylon, titled Inam in Tamil, is a 2013 Indian war film written, directed, filmed and produced by Santosh Sivan. The story revolves around a group of teenagers in an orphanage set during the civil war in Sri Lanka. The film premiered at the 2013 Busan International Film Festival and had a theatrical release in India on 28 March 2014. Although it was positively received by critics, the film was withdrawn by Santosh Sivan from theatres, but met with protests three days later owing to protests from fringe Tamil groups in Tamil Nadu. It was election time and the film was a \"U\" censored, and had a Govt Tax free tag .", "Ceylon Journal of Science The Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) is a scientific journal that was established in 1958 and is published by the University of Peradeniya. The journal covers all aspects of biology. It was a successor to the \"Ceylon Journal of Science\", sections A, B, and C (covering botany, zoology, and fisheries, respectively). The \"Ceylon Journal of Science\" was established in 1924 amalgamating the journals \"Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya\" (first published in 1901), the \"Spolia Zeylanica\" (first published in 1903), and the \"Bulletin of the Ceylon Fisheries\" (first published in 1923).", "Gal Bangalawa Gal Bangalawa (Stone Bungalow) is a guest house owned and operated by the University of Peradeniya, situated at Mahakande, Peradeniya suburb of Kandy.", "ITM College ITM College is a College located in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 2005.", "Universiti Putra Malaysia World TOP University : University Putra Malaysia (UPM; formally known as Universiti Pertanian Malaysia or College of Agriculture Malaya or School of Agriculture) is recognised by the independent government assessments as one of Malaysia's leading research universities offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses with a focus on agricultural sciences and its related fields. Founded in 1931 as the School of Agriculture, UPM's main campus is in central Peninsular Malaysia, close to the capital city, Kuala Lumpur and next to Malaysia’s administrative capital city, Putrajaya. It was formerly known as Universiti Pertanian Malaysia or Agricultural University of Malaysia. It was ranked as the joint 376th best university in the world in 2014 by Quacquarelli Symonds. On 2015, UPM was ranked 45th in Best Global Universities for Agricultural Sciences of \"U.S. News & World Report\" College and University Ranking.", "Anna University Anna University is a technical university in Tamil Nadu, India. The main campus is in Guindy, Chennai.", "Noorul Islam University Noorul Islam University (Malayalam: നൂറുൽ ഇസ്ലാം യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി, Tamil: நூருல் இஸ்லாமியம் பல்கலைக்கழகம் ) also Called as NI University, formerly Noorul Islam College of Engineering, is a private co-educational university located in Kumarakovil, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District Tamil Nadu, India. The Institution was founded in 1989 by Dr.A.P.Majeed Khan and it has now been declared as a Deemed University by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India at 8 December 2008. The University is now run by Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education(NICHE) Society.", "University of Mataram The University of Mataram (Indonesian: \"Universitas Mataram\" ) is a public university in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It was established on October 1, 1962. Its rector is Prof Sunarpi.", "Bandung Institute of Technology The Bandung Institute of Technology or Institute of Technology, Bandung (Indonesian: \"Institut Teknologi Bandung\" , abbreviated as ITB) is a state, coeducational research university located in Bandung, Indonesia. Established in 1920, ITB is the oldest technology-oriented university in Indonesia.", "Vidyodaya Pirivena The Vidyodaya Pirivena was one of the prominent \"piriven\" (a monastic college, similar to a seminary, for the education of Buddhist monks) in Sri Lanka. It was founded in 1873 by Ven. Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera and later in 1959, the pirivena was granted the university status by the Government of Sri Lanka.", "Thiruvadinilayam Thiruvadinilayam is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Northern Province." ]

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[ "They're kind of a pain. People that don't have them think they're great though." ]

[ "They're not a pain at all. People that have them would recommend them.", "Thorn dozed in a tent.", "There is a dragon head costume.", "It's the bare sincerity of advertising.", "A man is touching a rope tied to a tree.", "Total important entries went up by over 200 percent between the fiscal years of 1986 and 1995.", "A surfer is standing on the beach." ]

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[ "Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name \"Zhuge\". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River." ]

[ "Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.", "The existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponential rise in diversity. As one author states, \"Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes, and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled.\"", "During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades.", "The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.", "These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.", "Forty of the city's theaters, with more than 500 seats each, are collectively known as Broadway, after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square Theater District, sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.", "The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being \"downright mean\" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly \"amicable\" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a \"mad infatuation\" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a \"companionable couple\" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day." ]

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[ "The woman is rollerskating." ]

[ "The woman is very young.", "Classical Arabic became the only official language in Algeria.", "What's your favorite thing to eat?", "Jon sat next to the river.", "That's the reason gays supplanted \"sexual orientation\" over \"sexual preference.\"", "The survivors and the reanimates were standing around waiting for orders.", "The response of corporations has been to donate millions into the ANC campaign." ]

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[ "قائمة الخلفاء الأمويين\nالخلفاء الأمويين هُم مجموعة من الخلفاء العرب المسلمين من بني أمية من قريش. قاموا بتأسيس دولة قوية مترامية الأطراف، أمتدت أراضيها على ثلاث قارات، قامت دولتهم بعد أن تنازل الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب بالخلافة لمعاوية بن أبي سفيان في عام الجماعة سنة 41هـ، وبقي الخلفاء من بني أمية يتعاقبون على حكمها حتى سقطت عقب معركة الزاب عام 132هـ على يد العباسيين. بلغت الدولة الأموية أوج قوتها وعظمتها وإتساعها في عهد الخليفة العاشر هشام بن عبد الملك إذ امتدت من الصين والهند شرقاً حتى بلاد الغال غرباً (فرنسا حالياً) ومن بلاد القوقاز والأناضول (جورجيا وتركيا حالياً) وسواحل إيطاليا شمالاً حتى أرض الحبشة (إثيوبيا حالياً) وغابات إفريقيا جنوباً." ]

[ "أمويو الأندلس\nإلا أنه ومنذ إمارة عبد الرحمن بن محمد عام 300 هـ، استطاعت الدولة الأموية في الأندلس أن تستعيد هيبتها، وتسيطر على كافة أرجاء الدولة تحت السلطة المركزية في قرطبة. بل وامتدت سلطة الأمويين إلى أجزاء من شمال المغرب الأقصى الذي تسابق أمرائه في الدخول في ولاء الأمويين. وأمام خطر نشأة الدولة الفاطمية في إفريقية، أعلن عبد الرحمن بن محمد نفسه خليفة على الأندلس، وتلقب بالناصر لدين الله. واستمرت الدولة على قوتها في عهد خليفته الحكم المستنصر بالله حتى وفاته عام 366 هـ.", "يزيد بن الوليد\nوقد كان أول خليفة أموي يتمذهب بمذهب المعتزلة.", "إسلام\nوبعد قتل الإمام علي رابع الخلفاء الراشدين، بويع لابنه الحسن في العراق والحجاز وتهامة واليمن وباقي البلاد الإسلامية ما عدا الشام ومصر.[232] فجمع معاوية جيشًا لمحاربته واستعد الحسن كذلك للقتال،[233] لكن ثارت الفتنة بين جنوده وانسحب كثير ممن كان حوله.[234] فلما رأى ذلك كتب إلى معاوية أنه مستعد للتنازل إليه عن حقه في الخلافة بشرط أن يعطيه ما في بيت مال الكوفة وخراج ولاية دارابجرد الفارسية وأن لا يسب عليًا ولا يجعل الخلافة وراثية في عائلته،[235] وأن تعود الخلافة إليه أو إلى أخيه الحسين بحال وفاة معاوية، وذلك وفق المصادر الشيعية.[236] وبعد ذلك تنازل الحسن لمعاوية وكتب إلى قيس بن سعد قائد جيوشه بأن يُبايع معاوية، فدخل الأخير الكوفة وصارت له الخلافة على جميع الأقاليم بدون مشارك أو منازع، فكان مؤسس السلالة الأموية.[237] اتخذ معاوية بعد ذلك من مدينة دمشق عاصمة له فأصبحت في عهده محور النشاط السياسي والاجتماعي للدولة الإسلامية. أما الحسن بن علي فقد عاد إلى المدينة المنورة وأقام بها إلى أن توفي حوالي السادس من مارس سنة 670م، الموافق في 7[238] أو 28 صفر سنة 50هـ[239] ودُفن في البقيع، وقال البعض أنه مات مسمومًا بينما قال آخرون أنه توفي بالقرحة.[معلومة 6] وأهم ما حصل في أيام معاوية حصار مدينة القسطنطينية لأول مرة من قبل المسلمين،[240] وتأسيس عقبة بن نافع مدينة القيروان بتونس،[241] ودخول سعد بن عثمان بن عفّان مدينة سمرقند.[242] وفي سنة 56هـ بايع معاوية الناس لابنه يزيد بولاية العهد، فامتنع الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب وتبعه بعضهم. ولمّا بويع ليزيد بعد موت أبيه أصرّ الحسين على امتناعه وسار من المدينة المنورة إلى الكوفة لمحاربة يزيد، فالتقى بجنوده في الموضع المعروف بكربلاء، وعند وصول جيش الأمويين تخلّى أهل الكوفة عن نجدة الحسين ولم يبق معه إلا أهله وأصحابه. خير عمر بن سعد قائد الجيش الأموي الحسين بين مبايعة يزيد أو القتال فلما راى الحسين اصرارهم على اجباره على الاستسلام والبيعة ليزيد رفض هو واصحابه البيعة ليزيد.[معلومة 7] وجرت المعركة بتاريخ 10 محرم سنة 61هـ، الموافق في 12 أكتوبر سنة 680م،[243][244] وانتهت بمقتل الحسين وأهل بيته،[245] فكان لهذا صدىً مؤلم في جميع أنحاء العالم الإسلامي. توالى على منصب الخلافة بعد مقتل الإمام الحسين إثنا عشر خليفة واستمرت الخلافة الأموية نحوًا من تسعين سنة وانتشر الإسلام في ظلها انتشارًا عظيمًا، ففي سنة 705م افتتحت بلاد المغرب على يد موسى بن نصير من قبل الخليفة الوليد بن عبد الملك،[247] ثم أرسل موسى قائد جيشه طارق بن زياد في حملة عسكرية إلى لفتح الأندلس، فاستطاع الأخير الوصول إلى شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية سنة 711م وقاتل القوطيين وراح يفتح القلاع والمدن الواحدة تلو الأخرى حتى سقطت كامل شبه الجزيرة بأيدي المسلمين عدا الجبال الشمالية الغربية منها. ثم توغل المسلمون في أوروبا حتى أوقفهم شارل مارتل في تور بفرنسا عام 732م وذلك في معركة دامية أنقذت أوروبا أمام اندفاع الفاتحين المسلمين. هذا في الغرب، أما في الشرق فكانت ألوية الدولة الأموية ترفرف في السند وكاشغر وطشقند، وفي الشمال ثبّت المسلمون أقدامهم في أرمينيا وسفوح جبال القوقاز الجنوبية، أما في الجنوب فكان المحيط الهندي حائلاً طبيعيًا منع المسلمون من تجاوزه.[248]", "مروان بن عبد الملك\nفي عام 93 هـ أرسله أخوه الوليد بن عبد الملك على رأس جيش لغزو أرض الروم فبلغ أرضا يُقال لها حنجرة ففتحها. أُمّه هيّ السيدة عاتكة بنت الخليفة يزيد بن الخليفة والصحابي معاوية بن الصحابي أبي سفيان بن حرب بن أُمية.جد أبيه هُوّ الصحابي الحكم بن أبي العاص، وجده مروان بن الحكم كان خليفةً وفقيهاً واختلف العلماء بعضهم قال أنّه صحابي والبعض الآخر قالوا أنّه عاش في حياة النبي محمد ولكنه لم يقابله، ووالده هُوّ أمير المؤمنين الخليفة عبد الملك بن مروان مؤسس الدولة الأموية الثانية ومن ثبت قواعدها وأعاد مجدها وهيبتها، وله من الإخوة لأبيه الكثير، منهم: الخليفة الوليد بن عبد الملك، والخليفة سليمان بن عبد الملك، والخليفة هشام بن عبد الملك، والقائد العسكري مسلمة بن عبد الملك، وفاطمة بنت عبد الملك زوجة ابن عمه الخليفة عمر بن عبد العزيز. أما أشقاؤه أي إخوته من أبيه وأمه فأشهرهم كان الخليفة يزيد بن عبد الملك، ومعاوية بن عبد الملك بن مروان.", "عبد العزيز بن مروان\nأشهر إخوة عبد العزيز هو الخليفة الأموي عبد الملك بن مروان الذي ولي الخلافة بدمشق بين عامي 65 ـ 86 هـ، ومنهم أيضاً بشر بن مروان الذي ولاه الخليفة الأموي على العراق وقضى على ثورة مصعب بن الزبير الذي خرج تابعاً لأخيه عبد الله بن الزبير، ومنهم محمد بن مروان أمير الجزيرة والثغور.", "محمود شاكر (مؤرخ)\n2.سلسلة خلفاء العهد الأموي.", "ميسون بنت بحدل\nعُرفت ميسون بنت بحدل زوجة معاوية الخليفة الأموي الأول في مصادر أخرى باسم ميسون بنت جندل. لكن، يبدو أن بنت جندل امرأة أخرى تنتمي إلى بنو فزارة. يبدو أن ميسون تلك هى صاحبة القصيدة الشهيرة التالية، التي غالبًا ما نُسبت خطأ إلى ميسون بنت بحدل، الأمر الذي صور زوجة معاوية بأنها تفضل حياة البداوة عن قصرها في دمشق. حتى أنه ذاع أن معاوية طلق ميسون بنت بحدل بسبب إهانته في تلك القصيدة. وأنها أخذت ابنها معها ليترعرع في البادية.", "الأردن\nبقيت الأردن تخضع للحكم الروماني حتى الفتح الإسلامي لبلاد الشام وإنهاء الحكم البيزنطي على يد العرب المسلمين القادمين من شبه الجزيرة العربية.[25][38] أثناء الحكم الإسلامي خضعت المنطقة والتي تتألف من بلاد الشام إلى قطاعات عسكرية (تسمى أجناد) في عهد الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب فقسم بلاد الشام إلى قطاعات عديدة سمي كلا منها جند، ومن ضمنها جند الأردن.[39] بعد وفاة الخليفة عمر، تولى الخلافة بعده عثمان بن عفان، الذي استمر حكمه إلى عام 33هـ 656م، وقد بقي معاوية في زمن عثمان واليا على الشام حيث كان قد عينه عمر بن الخطاب واليا على الشام عام 640 بعد وفاة أخاه يزيد بن أبي سفيان.[40] وبعد مقتل عثمان انتخب علي بن أبي طالب خليفة للمسلمين لكن معاوية رفض مبايعته واستمرت الحروب بين الفريقين حتى قتل عبد الرحمن بن ملجم المرادي الخليفة علي بن أبي طالب، بعدها بايع الناس ابنه الحسن، إلا أنه تنازل عن الخلافة لمعاوية.[41] أسس معاوية بن أبي سفيان الدولة الأموية وجعل عاصمتها دمشق، ونظراً لقرب الأردن من عاصمة الحكم الإسلامي ولتمتعها بموقع جغرافي متميز باتت على مفترق طرق الحجاج القاصدين الديار المقدسة في مكة والمدينة. وأزدهرت الحياة في الأردن، وبنيت المدن والقصور مثل قصر الحلابات وقصر الحرانة وقصر المشتى وقصر عمرة وغيرها. وبقى الأمويين حتى تم القضاء على دولتهم عام 749 على يد أبي العباس الملقب بالسفاح. وسميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى العباس عم الرسول محمد. وكان أول عمل قام به أبو العباس السفاح هو نقل مقر الخلافة من دمشق إلى بغداد.[42] وبانتقال عاصمة الخلافة إلى بغداد أصبح موقع الأردن هامشياً مقارنة مع الخلافة السابقة. وهجرت بالتالي قصور الصحراء التي بناها الأمويون لممارسة الصيد ولتكون بذلك محطات تقف عندها القوافل التجارية وقوافل الحجاج المتوجهة للديار المقدسة فيما بعد. وعندما شهد القرنين العاشر والحادي عشر ازدياد نفوذ الفاطميين الذين حكموا مصر وأستولوا عام 969 على الأردن. في بداية القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي تعرضت بلاد الشام لهجمات الحملات الصليبية الشرسة والتي ألقت الأردن في أتون نيران حرب مستعرة. بنى الملك بالدوين الأول خطاً من القلاع في عمود الأردن الفقري بهدف حماية الطرق المؤدية للقدس. ثم وحد بالدوين الأول سوريا ومصر تحت حكمه. لكن صلاح الدين الأيوبي أخرج الصليبين من القدس عام 1187 ميلادي بعد أن هزمهم في معركة حطين مما حرر البلاد من الوجود الأجنبي وخلصت الأردن من السيطرة الأجنبية. ازدهرت الأردن في العهد الأيوبي والمملوكي وأتحد مع مصر وسوريا واحتل موقعاً بارزاً بين جاراته. وأعيد بناء حصونه وخاناته كي ينزل فيها الحجاج وهم في طريقهم إلى مكة والمدينة ومن أجل تعزيز منعة طرق التجارة والأتصالات. كذلك أزدهرت في الأردن في هذا العهد وفي وادي الأردن بالذات حيث أنشأت محطات تنقية السكر المدارة بواسطة الماء. تعرضت المنطقة لهجمة جديدة للتتار في عام 1401 ميلادية، مما تسبب إضافة لضعف الحكومات وانتشار الأمراض في بعض المناطق إلى ضعف المنطقة كلها. وما لبث الأتراك العثمانيون أن هزموا المماليك عام 1516 وبهذا أصبحت الأردن جزءا من الدولة العثمانية وبقيت هكذا طيلة 400 عام.[38] تزخر البادية الشرقية للأردن والمناطق الجبلية الوسطى بالمعالم التاريخية في العصور الإسلامية المختلفة، حيث اتخذت الآثار والقصور الحصينة والقلاع والأبراج معالم مضمخة بروائح التاريخ. حيث يوجد عديد من القلاع التي بنيت على مر العصور لتكون موطن أمن وأمان للدفاع عن البلاد. فهناك قلعة الأزرق التي تعود إلى عهد الرومان والعرب، وقلعة الربض طراز الفن المعماري عند المسلمين العرب، وكان الهدف من بنائها رصد تحركات الصليبيين من حصن كوكب الهواء واستغلال مناجم الحديد في جبال عجلون التي تسمى مغارة وردة. وإبقاء الطرق التجارية مع دمشق وشمال سوريا. وهناك أيضا قلعتا الكرك وقلعة الشوبك، وتعودان إلى فترة الحروب الصليبية، وتقعان في مناطق جبلية وعرة وفيهما الأروقة وأبراج والاستحكامات التي تدل على طراز الفنون الحربية في القرون الوسطى. بالإضافة إلى تلك القلاع، توجد قلاع أخرى في العقبة والحسا والقطرانة شاهدة على العصور المختلفة في التاريخ الإسلامي.[43]", "جعفر الصادق\nخلال أواخر العهد الأموي نشأت حركة مُناهضة عُرفت بالحركة العبَّاسيَّة، نظراً لأن مؤسسيها محمد بن علي بن عبد الله وأخوه أبو العبَّاس يرجعان بنسبهما إلى العبَّاس بن عبد المطلب أصغر أعمام النبي محمد،[29] تولّى أبو العبَّاس شؤون الحركة العباسية بناءً على دعوة أبو مسلم الخراساني بعد وفاة شقيقه؛ وقد نجحت الحركة العبَّاسية في خلع آخر خلفاء بني أميَّة عن العرش والقضاء على هذه الأسرة الحاكمة في دمشق، وبويع أبو العباس بالخلافة ولقب بالسفّاح لكثرة سفكه الدماء،[30] خصوصاً لدى دخوله دمشق حاضرة الأمويين، إذ نهب بيوت الأسرة الأموية والمقرّبين منها وأحرق قصورهم ثم نبش قبور خلفائهم. وقد استمال العبَّاسيون الشيعة الناقمين على الحكم الأموي، فساعدهم هؤلاء في التغلّب على الأمويين، وتوقعوا أن تؤول الخلافة إليهم،[31] لكن حصل عكس ذلك، فبعد وفاة أبو العبَّاس السفَّاح أخذت البيعة لأخيه أبي جعفر المنصور والذي كان السفاح قد عيّنه وليًا للعهد.[32] ولمَّا تولّى المنصور الخلافة وضع نصب عينيه مخاطر ثلاث لا بُدَّ أن يقضي عليها: منافسة عمه عبد الله بن علي له في الأمر، وقد كان موكلاً بتدبير جيوش الدولة من أهل خراسان والشام والجزيرة الفراتية والموصل ليغزو بهم الروم، واتساع نفوذ أبي مسلم الخراساني حتى أصبح وكأنه شريك ذو سطوة وسلطان في حكم الدولة الإسلاميَّة، والقضاء على بني عمومته من آل علي بن أبي طالب الذين لا يزال لهم في قلوب الناس مكان، خاصة محمد بن عبد الله بن حسن بن زيد وجعفر الصادق، فخاف أبو جعفر أن يحاولا الخروج عليه،[32] لا سيَّما وأنهما يُمثلان التيَّار الذي ساعد بني العبَّاس في الوصول إلى الحكم رغبةً بتولّي الخلافة.", "المسجد الأموي (عمان)\nالمسجد الأموي هو مسجد أثري يعود تاريخه إلى فترة حكم الأمويين. يقع وسط العاصمة الأردنية عمّان، وتحديدًا داخل أسوار قلعة المدينة، التي تحوي أيضّا آثارًا أموية عديدة ولما قبلها من حضارات أخرى تعاقبت على المدينة منذ الآف السنين. تم تشييده في القرن الثامن للميلاد، في منطقة مجاورة للقصر الأموي، حيث لاتزال بعض واجهات وأعمدة المسجد واضحة إلى الآن.", "معاوية بن يزيد\nمعاوية بن يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان بن حرب بن أمية الأموي القرشي، يعرف بمعاوية الثاني, ثالث خلفاء بني أمية وصل إلى الخلافة بعد أبيه يزيد في سنة 64.", "محمد المهدي بالله\nبعد وفاة الخليفة الحكم المستنصر بالله عام 366 هـ، وتنصيب ابنه الطفل هشام المؤيد بالله خلفًا له. بدأت نهاية دولة الأمويين في الأندلس بسيطرة الحاجب المنصور ومن بعده أبنائه الحاجب المظفر وعبد الرحمن شنجول على الخليفة وسلبوه من كل اختصاصاته فلم يبق له من الأمر إلا الاسم، بل وصل الأمر بشنجول أن أجبر هشام المؤيد بالله أن يعلنه وليًا للعهد في ربيع الأول 399 هـ. أثارت سيطرة العامريين لسنوات على مقاليد الحكم، ثم إعلان شنجول وليًا لعهد الخليفة حفيظة أمراء بني أمية وأوليائهم ممن رأوا في ذلك، إنهاء لولاية أمويو الأندلس الشرعية على حكم الأندلس. اجتمع هؤلاء على محمد بن هشام بن عبد الجبار بن عبد الرحمن الناصر أحد أمراء بني أمية الذي كان مشحونًا بمشاعر الكراهية تجاه العامريين، لقتلهم أباه قبل عامين. وفي 16 جمادى الآخرة 399 هـ، استغل محمد بن هشام خروج شنجول في حملة عسكرية في الشمال، وهاجم في جمع من أصحابه قصر قرطبة، وأجبر الخليفة هشام المؤيد بالله على خلع نفسه، وأعلن محمد بن هشام نفسه خليفة في اليوم التالي، ولقّب نفسه بالمهدي بالله، واختار سليمان بن هشام بن سليمان بن عبد الرحمن الناصر وليًا لعهده.", "عبد الملك بن مروان\nعُرف خلفاء الدولة الأموية بالنقد الأدبي، ومن أبرزهم الخليفة عبد الملك بن مروان الذي كان ذا خبرة ودراية بالنقد، وكان شاعرًا وخطيبًا متمكنًا، من أمثلة نقده:[89] أن الشاعر جرير مدح عبد الملك، فقال:", "الخلافة الزبيرية\nكلف عبدالملك بن مروان الوالي الحجاج بن يوسف فذهب الحجاج بجيشه وعلى الميمنة ذويدا مولى عمر بن سعد بن أبي وقاص وجعل على الميسرة خالد بن يزيد بن معاوية وعلى المقدمة والوسط والمؤخرة في الجيش القائد محمد بن عبيدالله بن زياد بن أبيه . فحاصر الحجاج ابن الزبير في مكة ففرض عليه فقر إقتصادي وضيق عليه الخناق بمكة المكرمة. فرمى مكة بالمنجنيق وإنتهت الدولة الزبيرية بمقتل عبد الله بن الزبير عام 73 للهجرة . فبايع الناس عبد الملك بن مروان المؤسس الثاني للدولة الأموية .", "الدولة الأموية في الأندلس\nكان الأمير أو الخليفة يأتي على رأس النظام الحاكم في عهد الدولة الأموية في الأندلس، والذي كان يتولى الحكم وفق نظام حكم وراثي يتولى فيه ولي العهد الحكم بوصية من الأمير أو الخليفة الراحل. لم تكن البيعة مشترطة على أن تكون للابن الأكبر حيث كان الأمراء يوصون من يرون أنه الأصلح من أبنائهم للحكم كتولية عبد الرحمن الداخل لابنه هشام متجاوزًا ابنه الأكبر سليمان، وتقديم الحكم الربضي لابنه عبد الرحمن على ابنه الأكبر هشام. بل وكانوا أحيانًا يتجاوزونها للتوصية بولاية الحفيد كما فعل الأمير عبد الله بن محمد بالتوصية لولاية حفيده عبد الرحمن بن محمد. كانت البيعة تتم في القصر حيث يجلس الحاكم على سرير الملك، ويدخل عليه الأمراء من بني أمية، ويستمعون لكتاب البيعة، ثم يتقدمون ببيعتهم للحاكم الجديد. يتبع أمراء بني أمية، بيعة الوزراء وأصحاب المناصب من كبار رجال الدولة، وتسمى المراسم السابقة بالبيعة الخاصة. ثم ينيب الحاكم من يأخد البيعة العامة من سائر الناس، ويرسل بكتاب البيعة للكور والثغور.", "دينار أموي\nظلَّت أوزان عبد الملك بن مروان تستعمل على حالها طوال عهد الوليد وسليمان وعمر بن عبد العزيز، لكن عندما جاء عهد يزيد قام واليه على العراق عمر بن هبيرة بضرب الدراهم بقيمة ستة دوانيق لكلّ درهم، وأصبحت تعرف هذه الدراهم بـ\"الهبيرية\". ولما جاء من بعده هشام أعادها إلى سابق عهدها، وهو سبعة دوانيق، وأمر بحظر ضرب النقود في أي مدينةٍ من مدن الدولة غير واسط بالعراق. وظلَّت الحال هكذا حتى مجيء آخر خلفاء بني أمية، وهو مروان بن محمد، الذي نقل دور السكة إلى حرَّان بالجزيرة، وظلت الحال هكذا حتى مقتله وسقوط الدولة الأموية.", "أم علي (حلوى)\nوهذه الحلوى تنسب إلى زوجة عز الدين أيبك، وهو أول سلاطين المماليك بعد الأيوبيين، وهو زوج شجرة الدر، الملقبة بعصمة الدين أم خليل التي تزوجته بسبب رفض مماليك بلاد الشام أن تتولى حكمهم امرأة، وبعد تزوج عز الدين أيبك من شجرة الدر طلق امرأته الاولى أم علي وتبرأ من ابنه، ثم بعد فترة قرر الزواج من غيرها فكادت له شجرة الدر وقتلته.", "أحمد المعتضد بالله\nأبو العباس أحمد المعتضد بالله، خليفة عباسي. بويع له بعد موت عمه المعتمد على الله وكان، شجاعا مهيبا ظاهر الجبروت، شديدا الوطأة على المفسدين. وهو أول خليفة عباسي لم يكن والده خليفة من قبله حيث لم يتول والده طلحة الموافق الخلافة مثل أخوانه الثلاثة (المعتز بالله، المعتمد على الله، المنتصر بالله)", "تاريخ سوريا\nإثر نهاية حروب الردة في خريف عام 633 أرسل الخليفة الإسلامي الأول أبو بكر الصديق ثلاثة ألوية حربية إلى الشام لمحاربة البيزنطيين بقيادة عمرو بن العاص ويزيد بن أبي سفيان والشرحبيل بن حسنة وآزرهم بعد ذلك خالد بن الوليد وأبو عبيدة بن الجراح وعدد من القبائل العربية الإسلامية والمسيحية على حد سواء أبرزها قبيلة بني شيبان وبني تغلب وعموم المناذرة. وإثر وفاة أبو بكر تابع عمر بن الخطاب سياسة الفتوح والحرب، فاستسلمت دمشق بعد حصار دام ستة أشهر،[7] وكان كتاب الأمان المعطى لأهلها نموذجًا لاستسلام سائر المدن السورية،[8] ففتح أبو عبيدة بن الجراح حمص وحماة ومعرة النعمان وأفاميا وطرطوس وبانياس صلحًا دون قتال عام 636،[9] وقد شهد ذلك العام أيضًا معركة اليرموك في 20 أغسطس والتي مني بها البيزنطيون بهزيمة ساحقة شكلت انطلاقًا للمرحلة الثانية للفتح، فاستطاع أبو عبيدة بن الجراح فتح حلب وجوارها ومدن الفرات دون قتال أيضًا.[10][11] عين عمر بن الخطاب القائد يزيد بن أبي سفيان واليًا على سوريا وإثر وفاته عيّن أخاه معاوية بن أبي سفيان واليًا عليها عام 640،[12] وعندما بويع علي بن أبي طالب بالخلافة في 24 حزيران/يونيو 656 رفض معاوية مبايعته واستمرت الحروب بين الفريقين حتى اغتيال الخوارج لعلي في 24 يناير 661، تلا ذلك تنحي الحسن بن علي عن الخلافة فأخذت البيعة لمعاوية فتأسست بذلك الدولة الأموية وعاصمتها دمشق. استمر الأمويون بحكم سوريا 132 عامًا، ازدهرت خلالها البلاد وانتعش اقتصادها، إذ شق الأمويون الطرق بين المدن واهتموا بالزراعة وبنوا الحمامات والفنادق وأسسوا نظامًا بريديًا سريعًا إلى جانب نظام إداري فعال تمثل بالدواوين.[13] كما اهتم الأمويون بالعمارة ويبدوا المسجد الأموي في دمشق الذي شيده الوليد بن عبد الملك والمسجد الأموي في حلب دليلًا على تطور فن الزخرفة والرسم والتطعيم بالخشب.[14] أشاد الأمويون أيضًا القصور والقلاع كقصري الحير الشرقي والغربي وقصر أسيس وقصر الرصافة خلال عهد هشام بن عبد الملك،[15] وقد اكتشف في ثلاثينات القرن العشرين ثلاثون قلعة في بادية الشام تعود لزمن الأمويين، كانت كمراكز نزهة واصطياف لهم إلى جانب كونها مناطق استغلها الأمويون زراعيًا لتأمين دمشق أوقات القحط. يقول الباحث عبد العزيز الدروري أنه على الرغم من تطور البلاد خلال العهد الأموي إلا أن الأسرة الأموية مارست التمييز العنصري والطبقي خصوصًا بين العرب وغير العرب،[16] لذلك فقد كانت الثورة العباسية حسب رأيه حركة سياسية ذات أسباب اجتماعية، نادت بالمساواة بين الموالي والعرب في الوظائف ومناصب الجيش والضرائب، وكان قوامها الرئيسي فلاحو الريف وفقراء المدن في الولايات البعيدة عن دمشق.[17] وقد استطاع العباسيون بقيادة أبو العباس السفاح الانتصار على جيش الأمويين بقيادة آخر خلفائهم مروان بن محمد عام 749، فزال بذلك العهد الأموي وبدأ العهد العباسي.[18]", "المنصورية (تونس)\nالخلافة الفاطمية هي إحدى دُولُ الخِلافةُ الإسلاميَّة التي يُعتقد أن نسبهم هو من ذرية فاطمة الزهراء بنت النبي محمد، والتي تتبع المذهب الشيعي الإسماعيلي[3]، الذي يُعد إسماعيل بن جعفر الإمام السابع له حسب التقليد الإسماعيلي.[4] وفي 285 هـ (899م) أصبح عبيد الله المهدي زعيم الحركة، الذي فرَّ عام 292 هـ (905م) من أعدائه إلى سجلماسة في المغرب بعد ورود أنباء له عن نجاح داعيته أبي عبد الله الشيعي في المغرب، حيث تنكر في زي تاجر، وكان المهدي يتواصل معه سراً، وبعد أن اكتشف أمير سجلماسة أمره سجنه حتى أخرجه أبو عبد الله الشيعي بعد قضائه على دولة الأغالبة. ثم تولى المهدي بعدها منصب إمام وخليفة الدولة الفاطمية التي كان مؤسسها عام 909م.[3]", "الجامع الأموي (الموصل)\nوفي عام167هـ /784م، أمر الخليفة المهدي عامله موسى بن مصعب بن عمير أن يضيف إلى الجامع الأسواق التي كانت تحيط به فهدمها مصعب مع المطابخ وأضافها إلى الجامع ووسعه. وكانت حالة الجامع غير مرضية في القرن الخامس للهجرة (الحادي عشر الميلادي)، وذلك على عهد الولاة السلاجقة فتداعى بنيانه وترك الناس الصلاة فيه إلا يوم الجمعة. وفي عهد الأتابكيين اهتموا به كما اهتموا بكافة مرافق المدينة وتجديدها فجددوا عمارته عام 543هـ/ 1149م وذلك على يد سيف الدين غازي الأول بن عماد الدين زنكي وكانوا يسمونهُ الجامع العتيق تمييزاً لهُ عن الجامع الجديد -الجامع النوري- وأهتم الأتابكيون بتزيينه وزخرفته. والجامع في الوقت الحاضر صغير تقام به صلاة الجمعة، وقد اتخذ قسم كبير من فنائه مقابر عامة وتسمى مقبرة الصحراء وكانت تسمى مقبرة الجامع العتيق.", "قائمة الخلفاء الأمويين\nيرجع الأمويون في نسبهم إلى أميَّة بن عبد شمس من قبيلة قريش. وكان لهم دورٌ هام في عهد الجاهلية وخلال العهد الإسلامي. أسلَم معاوية بن أبي سفيان في عهد الرسول محمد، وتأسست الدولة الأموية على يده، وكان قبلاً واليًا على الشام في عهد الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب، ثم نشب نزاع بينه وبين علي بن أبي طالب بعد فتنة مقتل عثمان، حتى تنازل ابنه الحسن عن الخلافة لمعاوية بعد مقتل أبيه، فتأسست الدولة بذلك. أخذ معاوية عن البيزنطيين بعض مظاهر الحكم والإدارة إذ جعل الخلافة وراثيَّة عندما عهد لابنه يزيد بولاية العهد، واتخذ عرشًا وحراسًا وأحاط نفسه بأبَّهة الملك، وبنى له مقصورة خاصَّة في المسجد، كما أنشأ ديوان الخاتم ونظام البريد. بعد وفاة يزيد اضطربت الأمور، فطالب ابن الزبير بالخلافة، ثم تمكن عبد الملك بن مروان بن الحكم من هزمه وقتله في مكة سنة 73هـ، فاستقرت الدولة مجدداً.", "أبو العاص بن أمية\nوقد كان كُل الأمراء والخلفاء الأمويون في الأندلس من نسله عن طريق حفيده مروان بن الحكم.", "خلافة إسلامية\nعلى زمن الدولة الإسلامية، قامت خلافة الخلفاء الراشدين من بعد موت الرسول، بداية من أبي بكر الصديق إلى علي بن أبي طالب. ومن ثم بدأت الخلافة الأموية ثم الخلافة العباسية. وقد انتهى نظام الخلافة الرسمي بنهاية الدولة العباسية على يد المغول. أما بالنسبة للدولة العثمانية، فكان السلطان يلقب بـ<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[14036,14059,3,3]}'>صاحب مقام الخليفة أي الذي يحل محل الخليفة، وذلك لعدم اعتراف المسلمين بأي خليفة إلا أن يكون إما من سلالة الرسول أو من أشراف مكة أي من قبيلة قريش[26]. بالإضافة إلى الخلافة الفاطمية التي بدأت وانتهت في زمن الخلافة العباسية (أي أن الخلافة العباسية بدأت قبل الخلافة الفاطمية وانتهت بعدها) فلم يعترف بالخلافة الفاطمية إلا الشيعة. وأما بالنسبة إلى الخلافة الأموية بالأندلس فقد بدأت الدولة الأموية بحاكم يعتبر واليا وأُنصب خليفة أموي عليها بعد إسقاط الخلافة الأموية من قبل الخلفاء العباسيين. وكان العامة ينادون الخليفة بالأندلس تحت اسم خليفة المسلمين في بلاد الأندلس وذلك يعود إلى رفض المسلمين إلى مناداة خليفة المسلمين لأكثر من شخص واحد، حتى لا يدل ذلك على انقسام المسلمين بل انقسام دول المسلمين. وفي أثناء الخلافة العباسية قامت عدة دول أخرى تحت ظل العباسيين من ضمنها السلاجقة والدولة الطولونية ودولة القرامطة وعدة دول أخرى في عدة مناطق من العالم الإسلامي.", "الدولة الأموية\nكان هشام يُخطط في عهده لوضع ابنه مسلمة ولياً للعهد بدلاً من الوليد، الذي لم يَرى فيه أهلاً للخلافة (على الرغم من أن مسلمة لم يَكن مختلفاً كثيراً في لهوه وترفه عن الوليد في الواقع)، وقد أيَّده بعض من حوله في ذلك، مما أخاف الوليد من أن يُدبر هشام لقتله، لكن الأجل وافى هشام قبل أن يَحدث ذلك،[119] فاستغلَّ الوليد الفرصة وأخذ الخلافة لنفسه، ثمَّ أخذ بملاحقة من أيَّد تنصيب مسلمة ولياً للعهد مكانه وانتقمَ منهم مستغلاً سلطاته كخليفة.[120] وقد أدَّت انتقامات الوليد هذه إلى ثوران بعض القبائل التي انتمى إليها ضحاياه، والتي طالبت بالثأر، فاجتمع عدد كبيرٌ منها،[122] وأيَّد القدرية الثورة لأنها كانت ضد حكم بني أمية، وقد استمال هؤلاء يزيد بن الوليد، فقادهم وجمعَ 1,000 رجل في دمشق بعدَ أن عرض عليهم الكثير من المال، ثمَّ سار إلى منزل الخليفة[123] فقبضَ على الوليد وقتله إذ أنه لم يَكن يملك حامية كبيرة،[124] وكان ذلك في شهر جمادى الآخرة سنة 126 هـ (أبريل سنة 744 م)، وقد فتحَ مقتله باب فتن كبيرة عصفت بالدولة.[121] حاولَ يزيد الثالث أن يَكون خليفة صالحاً وزاهداً على طريقة عمر بن عبد العزيز، فحاول التقشف،[124] وأعادَ رواتب الجند إلى ما كانت عليه بعد أن رفعها الوليد في عهده، فأغضبَ هذا الجند الذين منحوه لقب «الناقص»،[121] وقد فجعَ كثيرون آخرون بمقتل الخليفة ولم يُبايعوا يزيد، ولذلك فقد أخذت الدولة بالتدهور سريعاً في عهده، وسُرعان ما توفيَّ بعد حكم دام ستة أشهر وفي السنة نفسها التي تولى فيها الخلافة، بعدَ أن نصَّب أخاه إبراهيم بن الوليد ولياً للعهد بناءً على طلب القدرية.[124] اضطَّربت الأوضاع كثيراً عند وفاة يزيد، حيث رفضَ الكثير من الناس بيعة أخيه إبراهيم واعتبروه هو ويزيد مسؤولين أساسيَّين عن مقتل الوليد والفتن التي فجَّرها،[125] وهُنا تدخل مروان بن محمَّد (ابن عم إبراهيم ويزيد ووالي أرمينيا وأذربيجان) وسارَ إلى دمشق على رأس جيش من 80,000 جنديّ،[126] وكان قد أتاها من قبل في أيام يزيد، لكن ذاك استرضاه ووعده بالإصلاح، ولكنه عزمَ هذه المرة على خلع الخليفة،[125] ودخل المدينة في شهر ربيع الآخر سنة 127 هـ (745 م)، فهربَ منها إبراهيم، وبويع مروان بالخلافة.[126] كان مروان بن محمد خليفة قوياً ذو حنكة وكفاءة عاليتين في إدارة الدولة، وكان قائداً عسكرياً ذا خبرة عالية خاضَ حروباً طويلة مع البيزنطيين،[127] وميَّزه ذلك عن الخلفاء الثلاثة الذين سبقوه، غير أن الأوان كان قد فاتَ لإصلاح أمور الدولة، وكانت قد سقطت بالفعل في فوضى ونزاعات داخلية عارمة، ولذلك فقد كانت نهايتها في عهده هو.[128] عندما بُويع مروان بالخلافة كان من الأشياء الأولى التي فعلها هي نقل العاصمة من دمشق إلى مدينة حران في الجزيرة،[129] إذ أنه لم يَثق بمن في الشام، وكانت ثقته محصورة بمساعديه وقادته الذين عرفهم وتعامل معهم لسنوات طويلة خلال ولايته على أرمينيا وأذربيجان،[129] غير أن هذا التصرف جاء بعواقب وخيمة. حيثُ ثار عليه أهل الشام، فبدأت الثورة من فلسطين، ثم زحفت إلى دمشق فحمص، وبذلك خسرَ تأييد أهل الشام أنفسهم وهم أنصار الأمويين الأساسيين، مع أنه سُرعان ما سار وقمع الثورة.[130] لكن لم تستكن الأمور، فقامت الثورات واحدة تلو الأخرى، مرة في الجزيرة واليمن سنة 127 هـ، وأخرى في الموصل سنة 129 هـ، ثم في أفريقية في سنتي 131 هـ و132 هـ،[23] فضلاً عن الانقسامات الداخلية بين القبائل العربية المختلفة وداخل البيت الأمويّ نفسه. وقد أنهكت هذه الثورات المتتالية مروان، فأخذ يَتنقل من منطقة إلى منطقة يُحاول السيطرة على الدولة ومنعها من الانهيار،[131] لكنه تفاجأ وهو غارق في صراعاته الداخلية يَقمعها واحداً تلو الآخر بالمدّ العباسي يأتي من المشرق فيكتسح خراسان فالعراق،[132] فسار إليهم ووقعت معركة الزاب الكبير في شهر جمادى الآخرة سنة 132 هـ (750 م)،[133] وقد كانت هذه المعركة هي نهاية الدولة الأموية وسُقوطها،[132] وقُتلَ مروان بعدها ببضعة شهور.[133]", "أمويو الأندلس\nومحمد بن معاوية بن عبد الرحمن بن معاوية بن إسحاق ين عبد الله بن معاوية بن هشام بن عبد الملك المعروف بابن الأحمر وهو ممن رووا عن النسائي كما ولي منهم إبراهيم بن العباس بن عيسى بن عمر بن الوليد بن عبد الملك قضاء الجماعة في قرطبة في عهد عبد الرحمن بن الحكم.", "أنس بن مالك\nبعد وفاة النبي محمد، استخلف أبو بكر الصديق على المسلمين الذي شهد بداية عهده ردة العديد من القبائل على سلطة المسلمين وعلى دين الإسلام، فآذن ذلك ببدء حروب الردة. شارك أنس في تلك الحروب، وكان أحد الرماة المهرة، فكان ممن شهد معركة اليمامة، وبعد استقرار الأمور، أراد أبو بكر أن يبعث أنس بن مالك إلى البحرين ليتولى جباية أموال الزكاة، فاستشار عمر بن الخطاب، فقال له عمر: ، فبعثه. عاد أنس من مهمته ليجد الخليفة الأول قد مات، وخلفه الخليفة الثاني عمر بن الخطاب، فبدأ بمبايعته، ثم دفع إليه المال. ثم انطلق أنس، وشارك في فتوح العراق وبلاد فارس، وشهد معركة القادسية، وفتح تستر، وهو الذي قدم المدينة المنورة على عمر بن الخطاب بحاكمها الهرمزان أسيرًا.", "ابن أمية\nمعمد بإسم فيرناندو دي بالور (بالإسبانية: Fernando de Valor) ومحمد بن أمية بعد الجهر بإسلامه، ويعرف في المصادر الإسبانية اختصارًا باسم ابن أمية (بالإسبانية: Abén Humeya) ـ (1520 ـ 1569) هو قائد أندلسي مسلم قاد ثورة مسلمي الأندلس ضد الملك فيليب الثاني، التي عرفت بحرب البشرات.", "الشيعة\nيعتبر الشيعة الأمويين مغتصبين للخلافة من ولدي علي الحسن والحسين، وأجزاء من حكم علي بن أبي طالب. فعندما تولى عليٌ الحكم كان معاوية واليًا على الشام (في خلافة عمر وعثمان) فعزله علي لكن معاوية رفض قرار العزل،[33] والذي قام بعد وفاة علي بأخذ الخلافة من ابنه الحسن بعد إن اضطر الحسن للصلح مع معاوية حقنًا للدماء وبعدما علم بوجود خونة في جيشه الذي كان سيقاتل جيش معاوية عام 41 هـ. ومن شروط الصلح في مصادر الشيعة: ألا يسمي معاوية نفسه بأمير المؤمنين، وألا تجوز عنده الشهادة، وألا يتعقب شيعته، وألا يشتم عليًا، وأن يرجع الحكم بعد معاوية له ثم لأخيه الحسين؛[40] وقد نقض معاوية الصلح،[41] فقد كان يسب عليًا ويأمر الناس بذلك.[42][43] ثم قتل حجر بن عدي واصحابه وكانوا من الشيعة[44]،وقتل الحسن بن علي بالسم[45].", "الدولة الأموية\nأخذ العباسيون بعدَ قيام دولتهم بمُلاحقة بني أمية وقتلهم، ولذلك فقد فرَّ الكثير منهم بعيداً محاولين النجاة بأنفسهم. وقد كان من بين هؤلاء عبد الرحمن الداخل، الذي فرَّ إلى الأندلس، وأعلنَ استقلاله بها[134] وتأسيس ولاية أموية في قرطبة سنة 138 هـ (755 م).[135] وقد تمكَّن الأمويون من البقاء بهذه الطريقة، فأسسوا الدولة الأموية في الأندلس، وظلُّوا يحكمونوها زهاء ثلاثة قرون، غير أن مصيرها في النهاية كان السُّقوط سنة 422 هـ بعد أن تفككت الأندلس إلى إمارات صغيرة مستقلة.[136][137]", "القضاء في العصر الأموي\nوقد كان لقضاء المظالم ديوان خاص في الدولة يُعرف بـ\"\"ديوان المظالم\"\"، وكانت سلطة هذا الديوان أعلى من سلطة القاضي نفسه. كان يتولى الخلفاء الأمويون بأنفسهم قضاء المظالم أحياناً لأهميته الكبيرة وما يحتاجه من هيبة وشدة، وأول من بدأ هذه العادة هو الخليفة عبد الملك بن مروان.", "عام الجماعة\nوبتنازل الحسن استقر الأمر لمعاوية فأصبح خليفة المسلمين، وقامت دولة بني أمية التي تنتسب إلى أمية بن عبد شمس بن عبد مناف، فحكمت نحو تسعين عاما (41 - 132 هـ) الموافق ( 661 - 750م ).", "الدولة الأموية\nكانت الدولة الأموية مقسمة إلى عدّة ولايات ذات حدود غير ثابتة، فقد كانت تتغير بين الحين والآخر وفق توسع الدولة. كان النظام الإداري في عهد الأمويين بسيطًا، فكان الأمويون يختارون ولاتهم من العرب الخلّص. واشتهر من عمّال الأمويين: عمرو بن العاص والي مصر، وزياد بن أبيه، وبعده الحجاج بن يوسف على العراقين الشمالي والجنوبي.[169] وقد كانت سلطة كل من هؤلاء مطلقة في ولايته. وكانت مهمة الوالي في العصر الأموي تتمثل في إمامة الصلاة، وقيادة الجيش، وجباية الخراج، وإدارة البريد، وسائر الأعمال الإدارية.[169] وكانت مصاريف الولاية يتم إخراجها من الضرائب المحلية، والفائض منها يُرسل إلى دمشق ليوضع في بيت المال. غير أنه في أواخر العهد الأموي، عندما أخذت سلطة الخليفة في دمشق تضعف، أخذ عدد من الولاة يحتفظون بالفائض لأنفسهم، فكونوا ثروات طائلة.[170] ولم يكن منصب الوزارة معروفًا في العصر الأموي، فقد كان الخلفاء يستيعنون ببعض المساعدين، ولكنهم لم يسموا أحدًا منهم وزيرًا، ما عدا زياد بن أبيه الذي لقبه بعضهم بالوزير في عهد معاوية.[171]", "منتوحتب الرابع\nعلى الرغم من غموض غيابه من قوائم الملوك الرسمية في أبيدوس إلا أن النقوش تشير إلى تنظيمه لحملة كبيرة إلى وادي الحمامات، خلال السنة الثانية من عهده بقيادة وزيره أمنمحات، الذي خلف منتوحتب الرابع ليصبح أمنمحات الأول أول ملوك الأسرة الثانية عشرة. يعتقد بعض علماء المصريات أن أمنمحات اغتصب العرش أو تولى السلطة بعد وفاة منتوحتب الرابع بلا وريث. لا توجد حاليًا أي أدلة أثرية أو نصية لإثبات أن منتوحتب أطيح به بواسطة وزيره أو أنه اختار أمنمحات ليكون خليفته المعين. كما لم يتم العثور على موميائه أو مكان دفنه.", "تاريخ فلسطين\nكان معاوية بن أبي سفيان أول خلفاء بني أمية والي دمشق، وعندما قبض الأموييون الخلافة، نقلو عاصمة الخلافة إلى عاصمتهم - دمشق، ولما بلغت الخلافة الأموية اوج سلطانها ووصل نفوذها إلى وسط آسيا شرقآ وحدود فرنسا في أوروبا غربآ لتكون بذلك أكبر إمبراطورية إسلامية في التاريخ.", "قائمة الخلفاء الأمويين\n|- |- |Precededby {{{before}}} |السُلالة العبَّاسيَّة |}", "العصر الذهبي للإسلام\nأسست القوات المسلمة خلال فترة الغزوات الأولى الممتدة ما بين بدايات القرن السابع والقرن الثامن ميلادي، وبدء العصر الذهبي للإسلام مع بداية الخلافة الأموية وقيام أكبر إمبراطورية إسلامية شهدها العالم الدولة الأموية.[12] تأثرت الخلافة بالفرائض القرآنية وبأهم الأحاديث النبوية الشريفة مشدداً على أهمية المعرفة.[12] خلال هذه الفترة أصبح العالم الإسلامي المركز الثقافي والفكري المنفرد في العالم للعلم والفلسفة والطب والتعليم حيث أرسخ الأمويون أسباب المعرفة ونشروا الإسلام في مناطق شتى من الشرق والغرب، وتم تأسيس الكثير دور العلم والمعرفة وجذبوا العلماء، وقد أطلق الأمويون أول عملة إسلامية هي الدينار الأموي وأسسوا أول أسطول بحري وشيدوا وأشادوا معالم إسلامية خالدة في دمشق وقرطبة والقدس والمدينة وحلب وغيرها من المدن الإسلامية، وأسس الأمويون المستشفيات والمكتبات ودور العلم والعبادة والقصور، وفي العصر العباسي شيد بيت الحكمة في بغداد؛ وهو مكان سعى إليه كل من العلماء المسلمين وغير المسلمين لترجمة وجمع وخلق المعرفة من كل العالم إلى اللغة العربية.[12].", "بنو أمية (قبيلة)\nبنو أمية هم إحدى فروع قبيلة قريش الكنانية ، وكانوا من أهم الأفخاذ ذات السيادة والنفوذ في مكة، وهم أول أسرة مسلمة حاكمة في تاريخ الإسلام، حكموا الدولة الأموية وعاصمتها دمشق ما بين عام 661م إلى 750م، وأسسوا لهم دولة في الأندلس عاصمتها قرطبة.", "عبد الملك بن مروان\nبويع عبد الملك بن مروان بالخلافة في اليوم الذي توفي فيه والده في دمشق عام 65 هـ. بايع بنو أمية ابن مروان بالخلافة، لكن الوضع كان مختلفًا مع العلماء، فقد بايع بعض العلماء ابن مروان في الشام، وكانوا قلة لا يعدون شيئًا وكان هناك العلماء الذين بايعوا عبد الله بن الزبير، أو الذين اعتزلوا حتى تجتمع الأمة على خليفة. اختلف العلماء اختلافًا كبيرًا حول عبد الملك، فهناك من خرج عليه مثل عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى وسعيد بن جبير، وهناك من ابتعد عنه والتزم بالبيعة كالحسن البصري، وهناك من كان قريبًا منه ناصحًا له كقبيصة بن ذؤيب.[18] في بداية ولاية عبد الملك كان العالم الإسلامي منقسم بين أربع جماعات: فئة الأمويين الذين يسيطرون على الشام ومصر، وعبد الله بن الزبير الذي كان يسيطر على الحجاز والعراق، والحركة العلوية في العراق بقيادة المختار بن أبي عبيد الثقفي، وجماعة الخوارج. وأكبر ما يوضح هذا الانقسام في العالم الإسلامي أنه في موسم حج عام 68 هـ ارتفعت أربعة ألوية: لواء عبد الملك بن مروان، ولواء محمد بن علي بن أبي طالب المعروف بابن الحنفية، ولواء نجدة بن عامر زعيم خوارج اليمامة، ولواء ابن الزبير.[19]", "أمية بن خلف\nأمية بن خلف هو أمية بن خلف بن وهب بن حذافة بن جمح بن عمرو بن هصيص بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب القرشي الجمحي المكي، أحد رؤوس قريش وكبارهم، قُتل في غزوة بدر في العام الثاني الهجري على يد الصحابي بلال بن رباح كان أمية بن خلف من سادات قريش، وقد حارب دعوة النبي محمد في بدايتها، وصد عنها ووقف في وجه كل من يتبعها خاصة الفقراء والمستضعفين، وكان من بين هؤلاء المستضعفين الصحابي بلال بن رباح، الذي دخل في الإسلام خفية بدون علم أمية بن خلف، وفي يوم جاء رجل مشرك إلى أمية بن خلف وهو في مجلس لقريش وناداه قائلا: أو ما بلغك الخبر، لقد شهدت عبدك بلالًا يختلي مع محمد وصحبه، فقام أميه من مجلسه ودخل داره منتظراً رجوع بلال، ولما قربت الشمس على الغروب، دخل بلال على أمية فقال: ما هذا الذي بلغني عنك أيها العبد الحبشي، أحقاً أنك اتبعت دين محمد، فأجاب بلال: أما وأنه بلغك أمري وعملت بإسلامي فإني لا أخفي عليك أني آمنت بالله ورسوله وأنا من جنوده، فأجابه أمية: لست أيها العبد إلا مملوك، لا تملك من أمرك شيئًا، وأقسم أن يذيق بلالا صنوف العذاب ليرغمه على الرجوع إلى الكفر والشرك كما كان، فأعد الحبال وشد بها أقدام بلال وقيدت يداه إلى الخلف، وجر على الأرض وسط الصحراء، وكان يترك بلال في الصحراء من الظهيرة إلى غروب الشمس، ويأتيه قائلا: ما رأيك الآن يا بلال، أذقت العذاب، وهل آن لك أن ترجع إلى عبادة اللات والعزى، وكان بلال يقول: أحد أحد، وأبى أن يعود إلى الشرك. مضت الأيام وبلال يُعذب، حتى مر أبو بكر الصديق يومًا فآلمه ما رأى من عذاب بلال، فقال لأمية: متى تترك هذا المسكين، فقال أمية: إنه عبدي وملكي، وإذا كنت مشفقًا عليه فاشتره، فاشتراه أبو بكر واعتقه.كان أُمية بن خلف قد هجا حسان بن ثابت في أبيات:", "قائمة الخلفاء الأمويين\nبعد سقوط الدولة الأموية وقيام الدولة العباسية على أنقاضها، فرَّ عبد الرحمن بن معاوية المعروف بـ عبد الرحمن الداخل إلى الأندلس وأسس الدولة الأموية فيها من جديد وحكم بصفته كأمير، وظل على ذلك هو وأبناءه وأحفاده، حتى عهد حفيده عبد الرحمن بن محمد الذي أعلن نفسه خليفة في قرطبة ولقَّب نفسه بـ<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[3453,3475,3,3]}'>الناصر لدين الله في غرة ذي الحجة من عام 316هـ، وبقي على ذلك حتى وفاته، ثم خلفه أبناءه وحكموا بنفس النظام حتى سقوط الدولة نهائياً في عام 422هـ، وكان من آخر خلفاءها هشام المعتد بالله.", "مروان بن الحكم\nمروان بن الحكم بن أبي العاص الأموي القرشي رابع خلفاء الدولة الأموية (2 هـ-65 هـ / 28 مارس 623 - 7 مايو 685 م) في دمشق. (حكم: 64 هـ-65 هـ/683-685م)، ومؤسس الدولة الأموية الثانية، رغم قصر فترة حكمه، لكن يمتاز مروان بن الحكم بأنه مؤسس السلالة التي حكمت العالم الإسلامي بين عام 685 و750م، ومن ثم حكمت الأندلس بين عامي 756 و1031م.", "معاوية بن أبي سفيان\nأبو عبد الرحمن معاوية بن أبي سفيان الأموي القرشي، من أصحاب الرسول محمد وأحد كتّاب الوحي. سادس الخلفاء في الإسلام ومؤسس الدولة الأموية في الشام وأوّل خلفائها. ولد بمكة وتعلم الكتابة والحساب، وأسلم قبل فتح مكة، ولما استُخلف أبو بكر الصدّيق ولاه قيادة جيش تحت إمرة أخيه يزيد بن أبي سفيان، فكان على مقدمته في فتح مدينة صيداء وعرقة وجبيل وبيروت. ولما استُخلف عمر بن الخطاب جعله واليا على الأردن، ثم ولاه دمشق بعد موت أميرها يزيد (أخيه) ثم ولّاه عثمان بن عفان الديار الشامية كلها وجعل ولاة أمصارها تابعين له. وبعد حادثة مقتل عثمان أصبح علي بن أبي طالب الخليفة فنشب خلاف بينه وبين معاوية حول التصرف الواجب عمله بعد مقتل الخليفة عثمان إلى أن اغتال ابن ملجم الخارجي عليًا فتولى ابنه الحسن بن علي الخلافة ثم تنازل عنها لمعاوية عام 41 هـ وفق عهد بينهما، فأسس معاوية الدولة الأموية واتخذ دمشق عاصمةً له.", "خلافة إسلامية\nفي التاريخ الإسلامي أول من أطلق عليه هذا اللقب هو الخليفة الثاني عمر بن الخطاب، وكان سبب هذا اللقب أن الخليفة الأول أبو بكر الصديق كان يلقب بخليفة رسول الله ، فلما بويع عمر للخلافة ناداه الناس بخليفة خليفة رسول الله، فقال لهم إن هذا أمر يطول، فقولوا غير ذلك، فنادوه بأمير المؤمنين، فوافق ومضت سنة بين الناس منذ ذلك الحين ولقب خليفة يُطلق على الحكام المسلمين منذ عهد الخلفاء الراشدين ابتداءً من عمر بن الخطاب حتى نهاية العهد العباسي. ولم يكن هذا اللقب على أساس التزكية دائماً وإنما لُقب لمن يتقلد منصب الخليفة، وذلك كما هو الحال اليوم للألقاب التي تطلق على حكام ورؤساء الدول. تقول روايات الشيعة أن علي بن أبي طالب أول من لُقب بأمير المؤمنين قبل ميلاد كل البشر.[25]", "أبو أمية الطرسوسي\nأبو أمية محمد بن إبراهيم بن مسلم بن سالم الثغري الطَرَسوسي. (حوالي 180 هـ - 273 هـ) أحد العلماء ومن رواة الحديث عند أهل السنة والجماعة.", "دينار أموي\nعندما وصل إلى الحكم عبد الملك بن مروان وعاد الاستقرار إلى الدولة الأموية، بدأ بضرب الدنانير للمرَّة الأولى باللغة العربية. يذكر بعض المؤرخين أن عبد الملك بن مروان بدأ بضرب النقود بطلبٍ من خالد بن يزيد بن مسعود الذي قال له: \"يا أمير المؤمنين، إن العلماء من أهل الكتاب الأول يذكرون أنهم يجدون في كتبهم أن أطول الخلفاء عمراً من قدس الله تعالى في الدرهم\"، كما يقال أن عبد الملك أمر بأن تكتب على ورق البردي الذي يباع إلى الروم شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله، فهدَّد ملك الروم بأن يسك على نقوده التي يستعملها المسلمون ما يسيء إلى محمد، فغضب الخليفة لذلك ونصحه خالد بن يزيد بضرب النقود بالعربية والكفّ عن استعمال النقود البيزنطية، ففعل. رغم ذلك، فإنَّ بعض الباحثين يرون مبالغة في الدور الذي نسب إلى عبد الملك بن مروان بسكّ النقود العربية، إذ إنَّه من المعروف أن النقود سكَّت في تاريخ الإسلام منذ عهد عمر بن الخطاب، وفي العصر الأموي سكَّها معاوية أول الخلفاء ثم عبد الله بن الزبير، وأما ما فعله عبد الملك فقد كان تنظيم سكة النقود بتوحيدها في مختلف أنحاء الدولة ووضع معايير قياسية لأوزانها وأشكالها، وذلك للمساعدة في تسهيل جمع الزكاة.", "الدين والسياسة\nالخلافة الأُمويَّة هي الدولة التي أسّسها والي الشام معاوية بن أبي سفيان في عام 41 للهجرة، والتي أصبحت بعد ذلك دولة الخلافة الإسلامية بعد تنازل الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب عن الخلافة لتصبح دمشق عاصمة الخلافة الإسلاميّة الجديدة، وصار حُكّام دولة بني أمية، وفروعها يتوارثون حُكم الدولة الأموية بينهم، واستمرّ الحُكم الأموي ما يقارب 91 عاماً، وقد شَهدت توسعاً جغرافياً كبيراً وصل إلى أوروبا، وأطراف كبيرة من قارة آسيا.", "المغرب\nخلال العصور الوسطى، بدأت الخلافة الأموية بالتوسع في القرن السابع، وفي عام 670 سيطر جيش الدولة الأموية بقيادة عقبة بن نافع على أجزاء من المنطقة المغاربية وضمها إلى المناطق التي يحكمها بنو أمية.[26] استقر العديد من العرب في المغرب وأحضروا معهم قيمهم وعاداتهم وتقاليدهم، وقاموا بنشر الإسلام بين الأمازيغ الذين تقبلوه بأغلبيتهم واتخذو منه دينا لهم. وقام بعض الذين قدموا من شبه الجزيرة العربية بإنشاء ممالك وإمارات مستقلة خاصة بهم، كصالح بن منصور الأول الذي أسس مملكة نكور ونشر الإسلام بين سكان المنطقة، بعد خوض حروب ومعارك عديدة في الكثير من الأحيان.", "نور الدين القرشي\nنور الدين القرشي يعتبر الخليفة الأول للإمام المهدي والمسيح الموعود حسب اعتقاد الأحمدية (القاديانية).", "محمد بن عبد الله بن زياد الأموي\nهو محمد بن زياد بن عبد الله بن زياد بن أبيه الأموي مؤسس الدولة الزيادية باليمن، وهو أحد ثلاثة ثوار أمويون قدموا إلى الخليفة العباسي المأمون ليحكم عليهم. فحكم على اثنين منهما بالقتل وعفا عن الثالث، وهو محمد بن زياد. وقد أشار الفضل بن سهل وزير المأمون على الخليفة بإرساله أميرا للجيش العباسي اليمن، فأرسله الخليفة المأمون عام(203هـ/819م). فدخل اليمن بعد موسم الحج فبنى مدينة زبيد في شعبان 204هـ/ 819م وجعلها عاصمة له. وفي عام 205هـ / 821م أرسل ابن زياد مولاه جعفر إلى المأمون محملا بالهدايا الثمينة كغنائم من اليمن، فرجع جعفر إلى اليمن بعد أن أمد المأمون لألفي فارس كدعم له. وتمكن من إقامة دولة سنية باليمن عباسية الولاء، وامتد نفوذه إمارته من (حلي بن يعقوب) في الساحل شمالاً إلى عدن وحضرموت وما حولها جنوباً وكذا مخلافي الجند وجعفر (إب) في الداخل. تمكن ابن زياد طيلة حكمه الذي استمر أربعة عقود من تكوين إمارة قوية مزدهرة تدين بالولاء لبغداد إلى أن توفى عام 245هـ/859م. فخلفه ابنه إبراهيم. استمرت الدولة الزيادية تحكم حتى اسقطها سعيد الأحول بن نجاح أحد موالي الزياديون ومؤسس الدولة النجاحية عام 403 هـ.", "تاريخ إسلامي\nاندلعت الثورة العباسية أول الأمر في خراسان بقيادة أبي مسلم الخراساني ، وهو قائد أموي انقلب على الأمويين ، وبعد نصف قرن من الدعاية السرية، نودي بأبي العباس السفاح خليفة بعد وفاة أخيه إبراهيم بن محمد بن علي ، وقد تعقب السفاح بقايا الأمويين في الشام وقتلهم واحدا بعد الآخر ولهذ لقب بالسفاح .", "أمدا سيون الأول إمبراطور إثيوبيا\nأمدا سيون (Amda Seyon) (يُعرف أيضًا باسم أمدي تسييون (Amde Tsiyon) والتهجئات الأخرى لاسمه، باللغة الجعزيةዐምደ ፡ ጽዮን \"ʿamda ṣiyōn\"، باللغة الأمهرية (Amharic) \"āmde ṣiyōn\"، وتعني \"عامود الصهيون\") كان إمبراطور أثيوبيا (1314م–1344م؛ اسم العرش (Gebre Mesqel) بالحروف الجعزية Ge'ez ገብረ ፡ መስቀል \"gabra masḳal\"، وباللغة الأمهرية \"(gebre mesḳel)\"، وتعني \"عبد الصليب\")، وهو أيضًا فرد من سلالة الملك سليمان. وطبقًا لآراء الخبير البريطاني المتخصِّص في الدراسات الأثيوبية، إدوارد أولندورف (Edward Ullendorff)، \"كان الإمبراطور أمدي تسيون واحدًا من أبرز الملوك في إثيوبيا في كل عصورها وهو أيضًا الشخصية التي انفردت بحكم القرن الإفريقي في القرن الرابع عشر الميلادي.\" وأسهمت فتوحاته لمنطقة الحدود مع الدول الإسلامية بشكلٍ كبير في توسيع الأراضي الأثيوبية وزيادة نفوذها في المنطقة، وظلَّ الوضع على هذا الحال لعدة قرون من بعد وفاته. كما ركز أمدا على قوة سلالة الملك سليمان التي نشأت حديثًا (1270م) ولذلك قام بمنحها الشرعية. وساعدت تلك الفتوحات بدرجةٍ كبيرة في انتشار المسيحية إلى مناطق الحدود، ممّا أدى إلى إطلاق شرارة مفاهيم الهداية والتنصير ودمج المناطق المحيطة سابقًا لفترةٍ طويلة من الزمن.", "خليفة\nأول الخلفاء هم الخلفاء الراشدون الأربعة (أبو بكر الصديق وعمر بن الخطاب وعثمان بن عفان ، وعلي بن أبي طالب، وبعدهم الأمويين ، والعباسيين ، والعثمانيين، وأحيانا، عن طريق المنافسة الأسر الحاكمة في الأندلس وشمال أفريقيا، ومصر. وكان معظم حكام المسلمين من الأمراء أو السلاطين، يقدمون الولاء للخليفة، وقد انتهت الخلافة منذ إعلان جمهورية تركيا إلغاء الخلافة العثمانية عام 1924، على الرغم من دعوة بعض الأفراد والجماعات لترميمها.", "زهور الوطاسية\nبعد خلع السلطان المريني عبد الحق الثاني بايع أهل فاس محمد بن علي العمراني الجوطي سلطانا على المغرب، لكن إمارة هذا الشريف الإدريسي لم تدم طويلا إذ سرعان ما خلعه أبو الحجاج يوسف بن منصور الوطاسي سنة 875هـ، فبقيت سلطة فاس في يد أخت أبي الحجاج زهور الوطاسية مع قائده السجيري إلى أن تولى الأمر سنة 876هـ محمد الشيخ الوطاسي، أول ملوك الوطاسيين.", "المعتصم بالله\nتولى أبو اسحق محمد المعتصم بالله الخلافة بعد أخيه المأمون، وقد بويع له بالخلافة يوم مات أخوه المأمون بـ\"طرسوس\"[2].", "الجامع الأموي (دمشق)\nفي عام 634، تمت محاصرة دمشق من طرف الجيوش الإسلامية بقيادة خالد بن الوليد، ونجح خالد بضمها للأراضي الإسلامية صلحا.[23] بعد عقود من فتح دمشق، أصبحت الخلافة الإسلامية تحت حكم السلالة الأموية، الذين اختاروا دمشق لتكون العاصمة الإدارية للعالم الإسلامي. وقد كلف الخليفة الأموي السادس، الوليد بن عبد الملك (705–715م) الصناع والمهندسين، ببناء المسجد في موقع الكاتدرائية البيزنطية في عام 706 م.[1][24] قبل هذا، كانت الكاتدرائية لا تزال قيد الاستخدام من طرف المسيحيين المحليين، ولكن قد تم تشييد غرفة صلاة (المصلي) للمسلمين في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من المبنى.[4][25] الوليد، الذي أشرف شخصيا على المشروع، أمر بهدم معظم الكاتدرائية، بما في ذلك المصلى، وتم تغيير تخطيط المبنى تماما، ليستخدم كمسجد كبير لصلاة الجماعة لمواطني دمشق ومعلما دينيا لمدينة دمشق.احتج المسيحيون على هذه الخطوة،[4] وردا على هذا احتجاج أمر الوليد بإسترجاع جميع الكنائس المصادرة الأخرى في المدينة إلى المسيحيين كتعويض.[25] واكتمل بناء المسجد في عام 715 م، بعد وقت قصير من وفاة الوليد، وخلفه سليمان بن عبد الملك (715–717م) في الحكم..[26][27]", "قائمة الخلفاء\nالخلافة الراشدة (632 – 661م) الخلافة الأمويَّة (661 – 750م) الخلافة العبَّاسيَّة (750 – 1258م) الخلافة العُثمانيَّة (1517 – 1924م)", "المأمون بن محمد الصوفي اليعقوبي الشنقيطي\nأحمد المامون اليعقوبي (1140 هـ - 1235 هـ)، عالم ومحدث وشاعر هو أحمد المامون بن محمذن الصوفي بن عبد الله المجاور بن يعقوب الأعمامي, زعيم العلماء وعميد الشعراء, وهو من سلالة سام بن عبد الله بن حسان, ويعد من أبرز زعماء الشعر في الصحراء, وقد امتاز شعره بقرب المأخذ وجمال الأسلوب وعمق المعنى, ويرى بعض النقاد أنه أول من نظم القصيدة على النمط الجاهلي في بلاد شنقيط, ولا شك أنه كان قدوة في مجال النظم, ومن مطالعه الجيدة قوله:", "اليمن في العصر الأموي\nكما تخللت فترة الحكم الأموي خروج ولاية اليمن على سيطرة الأمويين ودانت لسيطرة عبد الله بن الزبير الذي بويع بالخلافة في مكة (64 - 76 هـ)، وخلال مدة حكم ابن الزبير والتي لا تزيد عن تسع سنوات استطاع ابن الزبير أن يرسل إليها الولاة من قبله ، فعين على اليمن تسعة ولاة في تسع سنين، وهم الذين سرعان ما كان يتم استبدالهم أيضاً حتى أن فترة بعضهم لم تتجاوز الشهور، وكان أولهم الضحاك بن فيروز الديلمي ولاه لمرتين وآخرهم أبو النجود، ولاه لمرتين ايضا، وظهر امر الخوارج في فترة ولايته الثانيه. وتدل قصر مدة كل وال على مدى اضطراب أحواله وارتجال إدارته في سنوات صراعه مع الدولة الأموية وخوفه من استقلال أي وال أثناء ولايته على اليمن فيما لو طالت مدة بقائه فيها ، ولذلك تميزت اليمن بالاضطراب زمن خلافة ابن الزبير .", "الجامع الأموي (دمشق)\nيعود تاريخ المسجد الأموي في سورية إلى 1200 سنة قبل الميلاد، حيث كانت دمشق عاصمة لدولة آرام دمشق خلال العصر الحديدي، وقد كان آراميو غرب سوريا يعبدون \"حدد الآرامي\"[11]، إله الخصب والرعد والمطر حسب معتقدهم، لذلك أقاموا معبد مخصص له في موقع \"المسجد الأموي\" المعاصر[11]. ولا يعرف بالضبط كيف بدأ المعبد، ولكن يعتقد أنها اتبعت النموذج المعماري الكنعاني السامي التقليدي، يشبه معبد القدس، ويتألف من فناء مسور وغرفة صغيرة للعبادة[11]، وقد بقي حجر واحد من المعبد الآرامي يعود لحكم الملك حازائيل ،وهو حاليا يعرض في متحف دمشق الوطني.[12]", "مروان بن الحكم\nبعد وفاة معاوية بن يزيد اضطرب أمر بني أمية، وكادت دولتهم أن تذهب لولا أن تداركوا أمرهم، مما جعل عبد الله بن الزبير يعلن نفسه خليفة في مكة، وبدأت البيعة تأتيه من الأقاليم حتى من بلاد الشام مركز الأمويين، فانقسم أهلها لفريقين: فريق مال لابن الزبير وهم القيسية بزعامة الضحاك بن قيس الفهري، وفريق أخر ظل على ولائه للأمويين وهم اليمانية في الشام بزعامة حسان بن مالك الكلبي.", "محمد الأمين باي\nعين الأمين باي وليا للعهد في بداية فترة حكم المنصف باي وذلك خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، وقد تم احتلال البلاد التونسية آنذاك من قبل قوات المحور، واتخذ المنصف باي مواقف سياسية تعيد الاعتبار للسلطة التونسية وللمصالحة بين القصر والشارع. ونتيجة ذلك حرصت السلطات الفرنسية على إزاحته بمجرد عودتها إلى تونس. وتم الاتصال بولي عهده محمد الأمين للقبول بخلافته وهو ما تم بالفعل [1] 15 ماي 1943. ونتيجة ذلك اعتبر حكمه فاقدا للشرعية، واعتبر بايا غير شعبي، وقد قضّى السنوات الأولى من حكمه شبه منبوذ من الحركة الوطنية، ولم تقترب منه إلا بعد وفاة المنصف باي في 1 سبتمبر 1948. وقد اقتصر دوره على الإمضاء على الأوامر المعروضة عليه من قبل سلطات الحماية.", "قائمة ولاة الدولة الأموية\nكانت الدولة الأموية مقسمة إلى عدّة ولايات ذات حدود غير ثابتة، فقد كانت تتغير بين الحين والآخر وفق توسع الدولة. كان النظام الإداري في عهد الأمويين بسيطًا، فكان الأمويون يختارون ولاتهم من العرب الخلّص. واشتهر من عمّال الأمويين: عمرو بن العاص والي مصر، والحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي والي العراق.[1] وقد كانت سلطة كل من هؤلاء شبه مطلقة في ولايته. وكانت مهمة الوالي في العصر الأموي تتمثل في إمامة الصلاة، وقيادة الجيش، وجباية الخراج، وإدارة البريد، وسائر الأعمال الإدارية.[1] وكانت مصاريف الولاية يتم إخراجها من الضرائب المحلية، والفائض منها يُرسل إلى دمشق ليوضع في بيت المال. غير أنه في أواخر العهد الأموي، عندما أخذت سلطة الخليفة في دمشق تضعف، أخذ بعض من الولاة يحتفظون بالفائض لأنفسهم، فكونوا ثروات طائلة.[2] ولم يكن منصب الوزارة معروفًا في العصر الأموي، فقد كان الخلفاء يستيعنون ببعض المساعدين، ولكنهم لم يسموا أحدًا منهم وزيرًا، ما عدا زياد بن أبيه الذي لقبه بعضهم بالوزير في عهد معاوية.[3] وقد كانت تتبع الولايات تقسيمات إدارية فرعية، قد تتغير من وقت لآخر، وكانت أقل أهمية من الولايات، وأغلب ولاتها لم يكونوا معروفين ولم تكن تعطى ولاياتهم أهمية كبيرة. ومن أمثلة ذلك ولاية البصرة التي تبعها خلال معظم التاريخ كل المشرق وبلاد فارس، بما في ذلك خراسان وسجستان، كما كانت تُتبَع بها أحياناً أقاليم شرق الجزيرة العربية مثل البحرين واليمامة وعُمان، أو حتى تُجمَع مع الكوفة تحت وال واحد يسمى والي \"العراقين\". وكانت المدينة المنورة هي الولاية الأساسية في الجزيرة العربية، وأما شرق الجزيرة واليمن فكانت إما تسلم لولاة صغار أو تلحق بالولايات الأكبر كالبصرة، وأما مكة والطائف فكانتا تجمعان معاً حيناً، ومستقلتان حيناً، وتتبعان المدينة حيناً.[4]", "الدولة الأموية\nكان الخلفاء الراشدون يعيشون حياةً بعيدة عن الأبّهة، ولم تكن تختلف عن حياة أي مواطن عادي في عهدهم، فلم يكن أبو بكر على سبيل المثال، يتقاضى راتبًا، وكان عمر يستعين على الإنفاق على نفسه أبّان خلافته بما يربحه من التجارة. وعندما أعلن معاوية بن أبي سفيان نفسه خليفةً، إثر مقتل الإمام علي بن أبي طالب، تأثّر بنظم الحكم التي كان البيزنطيون يطبقونها في الشام فعاش حياة الملوك، واتخذ عرشًا للملك، وأقام الشرطة لحراسته، ودفعه مقتل ثلاثة خلفاء من قبله إلى أن يبني مقصورةً خاصةً في المسجد يُصلي بها منفردًا عن الناس. وحين عُهد بولاية العهد إلى ابنه يزيد استحدث للدولة الإسلامية تقليدًا جديدًا، فقد أصبحت الخلافة ملكًا وراثيًا بعد أن كانت باختيار أهل الحل والعقد لأبي بكر والتعيين لعمر والاختيار من أصحاب الشورى الستة لعثمان .[167] وقد عارض أهل الحجاز وخاصة المدينة المنورة، بما فيهم أبناء الصحابة عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر، وعبد الله بن عمر، وعبد الله بن الزبير، وعبد الله بن عباس، وعبد الله بن جعفر بن أبي طالب، عارضوا جعل الخلافة الإسلامية وراثية، فأعلن عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر استنكاره لولاية العهد قائلاً: . كما قال عبد الله بن عمر: . وقد عُرف التوريث بالهرقلية أو الكسروية تشبهًا بنظام أباطرة الروم وأكاسرة فارس الوراثي.[168] وكان الخليفة طوال عهد الأسرة الأموية ملكًا لا يتقيد، في حكم البلاد، بدستور. وكانت جميع السلطات تجتمع في شخصه، فهو رئيس الدولة، وجميع الذين ينوبون عنه في إدارة الولايات، مسؤولون تجاهه.[167]", "قائمة الخلفاء\nيطلق لقب الخلفاء الراشدون علي أبا بكر وعمر وعثمان وعلي والبعض يضيف إليهم الحسن بن علي وعمر بن عبد العزيز. أول من تولى خلافة المسلمين هو أبو بكر الصديق ولقب بالخليفة لأنه خلف النبي محمد في الحكم، ثم خلفه عمر بن الخطاب وكان لقبة خليفة خليفة رسول الله إلا أن الناس عدلوا عن ذلك اللقب، وتغير إلى أمير المؤمنين وقد ظل هذا اللقب مستخدماً حتى تولى العثمانيون الخلافة واحتفظوا بلقبهم السلطان.", "دينار أموي\nالدينار الأمويّ هو العملة الأساسية التي كانت متداولة في الدولة الأموية منذ تأسيسها. سكَّت النقود في الدولة الأموية منذ عهد معاوية بن أبي سفيان، إلا إنَّها شهدت تعريباً وتنظيماً كبيراً في عهد الخليفة الأموي الخامس عبد الملك بن مروان في سنة 74 هـ، بعد أن أمر بضربها معَ صورة الخليفة وشهادة الإسلام بدلاً من اللغة الرومانية مع صورة هرقل كما كان في السابق، حيث كانت تضرب النقود المتداولة في الدولة بالبلاد الأجنبية.", "أمويو الأندلس\nاستطاع الحاجب المنصور أن يؤسس دولة داخل الدولة حتى أن بعض المؤرخين سماها الدولة العامرية. استمرت سيطرة العامريين على مقاليد الحكم طوال عهد الخليفة هشام المؤيد بالله، حيث خلف الحاجب المظفر أباه المنصور عام 392 هـ في كافة سلطاته ومناصبه، ثم خلفه أخاه شنجول بعد وفاته عام 399 هـ. تمادى شنجول في أطماعه، فلم يمض شهر من حكمه، حتى أجبر الخليفة المؤيد بالله على إعلان ولاية عهده لشنجول.", "قائمة ولاة الأندلس الأمويين\nقائمة ولاة الأندلس من الفتح الإسلامي للأندلس على يد طارق بن زياد وموسى بن نصير حتى تولي السلطة عبد الرحمن الداخل، وهو أول أمير الأموي.", "الدولة الفاطمية\nلم تدم خلافة المستعلي طويلاً، فقد توفي خلال سبع سنين، فخلفه ابنه البكر الآمر بأحكام الله ذي الخمس سنوات، بناءً على رغبة وزير الدولة الملك الأفضل.[95] كان الآمر خليفةً قويًّا، فما إن بلغ سنَّ الرشد حتى بدأ بفرض ثقله في الدَّولة، وقد أحسَّ بنفوذ وزيره الشَّديد في دولته، فدبَّر لاغتيال الملك الأفضل، وعيَّن مكانه المأمون البطائحي.[92] إلا أنَّه رغم ذلك لم يحسن السِّيرة، فساءت أوضاع الدولة في عهده. وقد قتل اغتيالاً سنة 524 هـ (1130م).[95]", "تاريخ إسلامي\nبعد وفاة مروان بن الحكم خلفه ابنه عبد الملك بن مروان تولي الحكم سنة 65 هـ والدولة في حالة انقسام وضعف فأعاد الوحدة وجمع كلمة المسلمين وقضي علي الفتن لذلك اعتبره المؤرخون المؤسس الثاني ، قام عبد الملك بن مروان بارسال جيش بقيادة الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي إلى مكة لاستعادتها من يد عبد الله بن الزبير الذي كان قد جعلها عاصمة له ولخلافته لكنه هزم وقتل على يد الحجاج وأصبحت مكة تحت سيطرة الأمويين. في عهده عُرِبت الدواوين، ووضعت النقاط على الحروف في المصحف لتسهيل القراءة، كما أقام مسجد قبة الصخرة ببيت المقدس. اهتم عبد الملك بن مروان بنشر العلم والثقافة الإسلامية وعَمَدَ إلى استقطاب العلماء والمفكرين، وقد ازدهرت الدولة الأموية في عهده وارتفعت راية الإسلام في بلاد لم تكن إسلامية قبل الحكم الأموي.", "الدولة الأموية\nقامت - داخلياً - الكثير من القلاقل في بداية عهد معاوية بن أبي سفيان، حيث حاولَ الخوارج أن يثوروا من جديد على الخلافة، ولذلك فقد قاتلهم معاوية، وبحلول عام 45 هـ نجحَ في إخماد ثورتهم وعادَ الاستقرار الداخليُّ إلى الدولة،[26] وظلَّ الوضع كذلك حتى وفاة معاوية في شهر رجب سنة 60 هـ (شهر أبريل سنة 680 م). وكان معاوية قد جعل أهل الشام والمدينة يُبايعون ابنه يزيد منذ سنة 50 هـ، فكان ذلك، وأصبح يزيد وليَّ العهد،[27] وبما أنه كان بعيداً عن دمشق عند وفاة والده فقد أخذ البيعة له الضحاك بن قيس، وعندما عاد بدأت الوفود بالقدوم لتعزيته بوفاة أبية وتهنئته بالخلافة.[28] أعاد يزيد تعيين عقبة بن نافع قائداً لجيوش المغرب، فقادَ هذا حملته الكبيرة سنة 62 هـ التي عبرَ فيها ساحل شمال أفريقيا بأكمله حتى بلغ مدينة طنجة على سواحل المحيط الأطلسي، وهُناك قال مقولته الشهيرة: «اللهم اشهد أني قد بلغت المجهول، ولولا هذا البحر لمضيتُ في البلاد، أقاتل من كفر بك حتى لا يُعبَد أحدٌ دونك».[29][30] لكن عندما كان عائداً من حملته هذه لم يَكن معه سوى جيش صغير من 300 مقاتل بعد أن سرَّحَ معظم جيشه وتركه يَسير أمامه على مسافة بعيدة، وعلمَ بذلك الرُّوم،[30] فتحالفوا مع الأمير الأمازيغي كسيلة بن كمرم (الذي كان قد أسلم، لكنه ضغن لعقبة لأنه كان قد أهانه قبل ذلك) ونصبوا كميناً لجيش المسلمين،[31] وقُتلَ في الكمين عقبة بن نافع وكل من كانوا معه، كما قتلَ في الكمين قائد المغرب السَّابق أبو المهاجر دينار،[32] وكان ذلك في عام 63 هـ.[33] وإثرَ اندحار جيش المسلمين فقد تمكّن كسيلة على رأس جيوش الأمازيغ من شقّ طريقه بسهولة واستعادة أرض أفريقية ومدينة القيروان، ومضى زمنٌ طويل قبل أن يَستعيد المسلمون هذه المناطق،[32] واضطرُّوا على إثر ذلك إلى الانسحاب حتى إقليم برقة.[33] كما شهدَ عهد يزيد بعض الفتوحات المحدودة في المشرق بخراسان وما وراء النهر.[23]", "الدولة الأموية\nكان يُفتَرض أن يَرث معاوية بن يزيد الحُكم بعد أن عيَّنه والده ولياً للعهد قبل وفاته، لكنه تنازل عن الخلافة وقال أنه لا يُمكنه حمل عاتقها، وتوفيَّ بعد ذلك بأسابيع.[44] وهُنا تقدم شيخ بني أمية ووالي المدينة مروان بن الحكم وطالبَ بالخلافة لنفسه وبايعه أهل المدينة واليمن، غير أن ابن الزبير أعلنَ نفسه خليفة في الآن ذاته، وبايعه أهل العراق ومصر بل ومعظم أهل الشام، ومنهم الضحاك بن قيس الفهريّ، فسارَ إليه مروان والتقاه في معركة مرج راهط، وقُتل الضحاك في المعركة وبُويع مروان، وقد استعادَ أيضاً مصر دون قتال كثير، كما أنه قضى سريعاً على ثورة التوابين عندما واجه عبيد الله بن زياد بجيش قوامه 60,000 مقاتل الثائرين الـ3,000، غير أن مروان سُرعان ما توفيَّ في شهر رمضان سنة 65 هـ (685 م) بعد حكم دامَ عشرة شهور. وقد تابع بعده ابنه عبد الملك، لكنه استلمَ الحكم وبلاد المسلمين مقسومة بين خمس دول، فإلى جانب الدولة الأموية في مصر والشام كانت هناك دولة ابن الزبير في الحجاز والعراق، كما نجحَ المختار الثقفي بعد ثورته في السَّيطرة على الكوفة، وسيطر بعض الخوارج بعد ثورتين على إقليمي الأهواز والنجدات. سُرعان ما قضى مصعب بن الزبير بجيشه على المختار الثقفي، والتحمَ عبد الملك بعد ذلك معه في «معركة دير الجاثليق» سنة 71 هـ فاستعاد العراق، وفي آخر الأمر أرسلَ جيشاً بقيادة الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي إلى مكة سنة 73 هـ فحاصرَ ابن الزبير هُناك في الكعبة، وضربَ الكعبة بالمنجنيقات كما حدثَ من قبل، فأصابت الحجارة ابن الزبير وصرعته. كوفئ الحجاج بأن أصبح والي العراق والمشرق، وهكذا استتبَّ الحكم أخيراً لخليفة واحد في البلاد بعد أن عصفَت الصراعات الداخلية بالدولة الأموية لعقد ونصفٍ تقريباً، وسُميت سنة 73 هـ بـ«عام الجماعة الثاني».[23][45]", "أطلس تاريخ الدولة الأموية\nأطلس تاريخ الدولة الأموية هو كتاب من تأليف الشيخ الداعية سامي المغلوث يتحدث الكتاب عن تاريخ الدولة الأموية منذ نشأتها ونهضتها إلى سقوطها بالخرائط والصور الموضحة وقد خصص الكتاب لكل خليفة من خلفاء الدولة الأموية فصل خاص يتحدث به عنه وعن ما قدم للدولة من فتوحات وإسهامات ، ويبدأ الكتاب بتنازل الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب بالخلافة إلى معاوية بن أبي سفيان ثم يفصل خلافة معاوية وما دار فيها من أحداث حتى وفاته ويستمر الأمر كذلك مع بقية الخلفاء الأمويين حتى ينتهي الكتاب بمقتل آخر الخلفاء الأمويين مروان بن محمد وبدء الخلافة العباسية وللكتاب جزء ثانٍ أيضا يتحدث عن تاريخ الخلافة العباسية بنفس النمط", "الجامع الأموي (دمشق)\nفي أعقاب الانتفاضة التي أنهت حكم الأمويين عام 750م على يد العباسيين، وأصبحت الخلافة الإسلامية تحت حكم السلالة العباسية الذين قاموا نقل عاصمة الخلافة من دمشق إلى بغداد. وبصرف النظر عن موقع دمشق الإستراتيجي والتجاري، لم يكن للعباسيون مصالح في دمشق. وبالتالي، فإن المسجد الأموي قد عانى في بداية حكمهم، مع القليل من نشاط البناء المسجل بين القرنين 8 و 10 .[31] ومع ذلك، فإن العباسيين نظروا للمسجد ليكون رمزا رئيسيا لانتصار الإسلام، وبالتالي نجا المسجد من منهجية القضاء على تركة الأمويين في مدينة دمشق. .[32] وقام الفضل بن صالح بن علي الحاكم العباسي في دمشق، ببناء قبة في القسم الشرقي من المسجد في 780م .[33] وبعد تسع سنوات، بدأ بتشييد قبة الخزينة بغرض إدخار أموال المسجد [32] و جاء في مذكرات الجغرافي المقدسي، أن العباسيين قاموا ببناء المئذنة الشمالية ( \"مئذنة العروس \" ) من المسجد في عام 831 في عهد الخليفة المأمون (813-833) .[31][32] وقد أمر المأمون بإزالة و استبدال النقوش الأموية في المسجد.[31] بحلول القرن 10م، تم تركيب ساعة ضخمة عند المدخل في الجزء الغربي من الجدار الجنوبي للمسجد ( باب زيادة ) ويبدو أن هذه الساعة قد توقفت عن عملها بحلول منتصف القرن 12م.[31][34]", "بنو أمية (قبيلة)\nيوجد عدد كبير من الصحابة الأمويين، من أشهرهم:", "إبراهيم محمد ديدي\nإبراهيم محمد ديدي (؛ توفي عام 1980) (المعروف أيضا باسم Velaanaagey إبراهيم ديدي) كان أول نائب رئيس جزر المالديف. في حين أن الناس طالبوا منه أن يكون الرئيس وفقا للشروط حيث أن شغور منصب الرئيس يؤدي إلى صعود نائب الرئيس إلى الرئاسة، شغل إبراهيم ديدي أيضا منصب الرئيس من 2 سبتمبر 1953 إلى 7 مارس 1954 بعد نفي محمد أمين ديدي.", "القضاء في العصر الأموي\nكان للقضاة دور كبيرٌ في ضمان سير العدل في الدولة الأموية، وقد خالفوا الخلفاء والولاة أنفسهم عندما لزمَ ذلك ووجهوهم إلى اللالتزام بالشريعة الإسلامية، مثل ما حدثَ عندما أراد والي مصر عبد العزيز بن مروان (65 - 85 هـ) أخذ الجزية من المسلمين الجدد، فعارضه قاضي مصر آنذاك \"ابن حجيرة\" قائلاً: \"\"أعيذك بالله أيها الأمير أن تكون أول من سنَّ ذلك بمصر\"\". وقد تحقَّق عدل شبه كامل في كل الجوانب المالية بالدولة عندما جاء عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز. لكن على الرغم من أن دخول المال إلى بيت مال المسلمين كان يَخضع لرقابة كبيرة من طرف القضاة، فإن خروجها منه لم يَكن بالمثل، إذ أن خلفاء بني أمية لم يَتبعوا الخلفاء الراشدين في هذا الأمر، حيث امتنع أولئك تماماً عن الاقتراب من بيت المال أو لمس ما فيه، وأما الخلفاء الأمويون فلم يعد في عهدهم فرق بين بيت مال الدولة وأموالهم الخاصة، وأصبحوا يأخذون منه ما يشاؤون ويغدقون المال على أغراضهم الخاصة، وأصبحوا أثرياء هم وأبناؤهم وعائلاتهم. ولم يُصلَح هذا الوضع حتى جاء عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز، الذي كبحَ بني أمية ومنعهم من لمس بيت المال، وردَّ الأموال إلى أصحابها، وتحرَّى العدل في مختلف جوانب الدولة. غير أن أواخر الخلفاء الأمويين مع ذلك انحرفوا مجدداً عن هذا الطريق وأسرفوا في أموال الدولة كثيراً.", "عبد الملك بن مروان\nأبو الوليد عبد الملك بن مروان بن الحكم بن أبي العاص بن أمية القرشي (26 هـ - 86 هـ / 646 - 705م) الخليفة الخامس من خلفاء بني أمية والمؤسس الثاني للدولة الأموية.[1] ولد في المدينة وتفقه فيها علوم الدين، وكان قبل توليه الخلافة ممن اشتهر بالعلم والفقه والعبادة، وكان أحد فقهاء المدينة الأربعة، قال الأعمش عن أبي الزناد: «كان فقهاء المدينة أربعة: سعيد بن المسيب، وعروة بن الزبير، وقبيصة بن ذؤيب، وعبد الملك بن مروان».[2] استلم الحكم بعد أبيه مروان بن الحكم سنة 65 هـ الموافق 684م، وحكم دولة الخلافة الإسلامية واحدًا وعشرين عامًا.", "الجامع الأموي (دمشق)\nالمسجد الأموي هو أحد المساجد القليلة في العالم الإسلامي التي حافظت على نفس الهيكل العام والمعالم المعمارية ،منذ بنائه الأول في وقت مبكر من القرن الثامن ، وطابعه الأموي لم يتغير إلى حد كبير. ومنذ إنشائه، أستعمل المسجد لتأدية صلاة الجماعة في سوريا، ولجميع أنحاء العالم الإسلامي. ووفقا لمؤرخ فينبار باري فلوود، \"بناء مسجد دمشق لم يغير المشهد الحضري لمدينة دمشق فقط، بل أكد أثر هيمنة العمارة الأموية في العالم الإسلامي، وأضاف المسجد الأموي في دمشق بعدا أخر في عمارة المساجد في سوريا والعالم الإسلامي بشكل عام\".[101] ومن أمثلة المساجد التي تأثرت بالمسجد الأموي كنموذج أولي هي:[102]", "محمد بن عبو\nبعد استشهاد محمد بن أمية اقترح قواد الثورة، بيعة أحد قائدي المتطوعين ، حسين أو أخيه. فرفضا و اقترحا مبايعة ابن عبو شرط أن يوافق أمير امراء الجزائر على ذلك. فوصلت موافقة هذا الأخير مع بعض التعزيزات العسكرية بعد ثلاثة شهور، فنصب ابن عبو سلطانا للأندلس تحت اسم عبد الله محمد بن عبو، و قد انظم إلى الثورة في أوجها ما يقارب ثلاثين ألف مقاتل, منهم حوالي 5.000 من المتطوعين الأتراك و الجزائريين و المغاربة.", "أمويو الأندلس\nبرز العديد من الشخصيات الأموية في المناصب الإدارية في الدولة. ففي عهد عبد الرحمن الداخل، تولى حبيب بن عبد الملك طليطلة وأعمالها وعبد الملك بن عمر الذي تولى إشبيلية وابنه عبد الله والي مورور وحفيده العباس بن عبد الله بن عبد الملك الذي تولى باجة في عهد هشام الرضا وابنه سعيد بن العباس والي ماردة للأمير محمد بن عبد الرحمن وأحمد بن البراء بن مالك بن عبد الله بن عبد الملك بن عمر والي سرقسطة في عهد الأمير المنذر بن محمد وغيرهم الكثير.", "الجزيرة الخضراء (إسبانيا)\n• محمد بن أبي عامر: (938 - 8 أغسطس 1002)، الحاكم الفعلي للخلافة الأموية في الأندلس في عهد الخليفة الأموي المؤيد بالله. أسس محمد بن أبي عامر الدولة العامرية ولقب نفسه الحاجب المنصور. بلغت الدولة الأموية ذروة قوتها في عهده.", "مسلمة بن عبد الملك\nبعد وفاة مسلمة بـ 11 سنة في عام 132 هـ هُزِم مروان بن محمد آخر خليفة أموي على يد العباسيين وقُتِل، وقُتِل معه الكثير من الأمويين، وبعد الهزيمة دخل الأمير العباسي عبد الله بن علي بن عبد الله بجيشه إلى الشام فأفدح فيها وارتبك الكثير من المجازر بالمدنيين، ونبش كثيراً من القبور، خصيصاً بعض قبور بني أمية، ومن القبور الأموية التي نبشها عبد الله والعباسيون قبر مسلمة في قنسرين فأخرج جثمانه، وأخذ جمجمته فأحرقها.", "الدين والسياسة\nوبعد وفاة يزيد بن معاوية سنة (64هـ=683م) تعرضت الدولة الأموية للفوضى والاضطراب، وزادها اضطرابا امتناع معاوية بن يزيد عن تولي الخلافة، ولم تجد الأمة خيرا من عبد الله بن الزبير لتولي هذا المنصب لعلمه وفضله وقدرته وكفاءته؛ فبايعته بالخلافة، ولم تتخلف بلدة عن مبايعته سوى الأردن في الشام، التي انطلق منها الأمويون لمواجهة عبد الله بن الزبير، وتحقق لهم ما أرادوا، وأعادوا الحكم إلى بيتهم، ونجحوا في القضاء على دولة عبد الله بن الزبير.دولة بني العباس نسبة إلى عم محمد العباس بن عبد المطلب، هي ثالث اخلافة إسلامية في التاريخ الإسلامي. أستطاع بنو العباس حل مكان بني أمية في حمل راية المسلمين من خلال السيطرة على أراضي الدولة الإسلامية وبمساعدة من بلاد فارس، وبعض من الفرق الأخرى.", "الدولة الأموية\nسقطت الدولة الأموية على يد القائلين بأحقية آل البيت بِالخلافة، وبعد فشل ثورات القائلين بأحقية سلالة علي بن أبي طالب بالخلافة، تحولت الدعوة إلى القائلين بأحقية سلالة العباس بن عبد المطلب عم النبي محمد بالخلافة. وقد تطور الحزب العباسي تطورًا تدريجيًا والتزم الهدوء طوال عهود القوة الأموية واستغل ضعف الاقتصاد لتفجير ثورته؛ فضلاً عن ذلك يرى الباحث عبد العزيز الدوري أن العباسيين قد استغلوا أيضًا التمييز العنصري والطبقي الذي كان يمارسه الأمويون بين العرب وغير العرب في الوظائف والضرائب والجيش، فكونوا بذلك قاعدة شعبية عريضة لدى غير العرب خصوصًا في أوساط فلاحي الريف وعمال المدن الفقراء. وقد قام أبو مسلم الخراساني بإعلان قيام الدولة العباسية في خراسان وحارب نصر بن سيار الوالي الأموي فيها وانتصر عليه، ثم احتلّ مدينة مرو ومنها انتقل زعيم الحركة أبو العباس إلى الكوفة في أغسطس سنة 742م بشكل سري، وظل مختفيًا حتى 29 أكتوبر 750م، الموافق فيه 12 ربيع الأول سنة 132هـ حين بايعه أهل الكوفة بالخلافة، لتدخل عملية خلق الدولة العباسية مرحلتها الأخيرة، إذ التقى إثر ذلك الجيش الأموي بقيادة مروان بن محمد وجيش العباسيين بقيادة أبي العباس قرب نهر الزاب شمال العراق بين الموصل وأربيل، وكانت الغلبة للعباسيين، الذي أتموا فتح العراق وانتقلوا منها إلى بلاد الشام فمصر حيث طاردوا فلول الجيش الأموي وقتلوا الخليفة مروان بن محمد في معركة بوصير. وبفتحهم مصر دانت لهم سائر الأمصار التي كانت تابعة للأمويين وتأسست الدولة العباسية، ثالث مراحل تاريخ الخلافة.", "ميسون بنت بحدل\nميسون بنت بحدل بن أنيف الكلبية (ماتت في عام 80 هـ/700م)، زوجة الخليفة الأموي الأول ومؤسس الخلافة الأموية معاوية بن أبي سفيان، ووالدة الخليفة الأموي الثاني يزيد بن معاوية، وبهذا كان لها دور كبير في الحياة السياسية في الخلافة الأموية. \nوهى من أقدم الشاعرات العربيات ذوات السمعة الطيبة. إلا أنه قد يبدو أن هذه الشهرة تعود إلى امرأة أخرى لها الاسم ذاته، هى \"ميسون بنت جندل الفزارية\".\nكانت من قبيلة بدو بنو كلب، وتنتمي إلى الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية،. وهى أبنة زعيم القبيلة \"بحدل بن أنيف بن دلجة بن قنافة بن زهير بن حارثة بن جناب\". تزوجت من معاوية في عام 645 بدوافع سياسية، فهي ابنة زعيم قبيلة بني كلب التي ظلت محايدة إلى حد كبير عند دخول المسلمين إلى سوريا. وعندما أودى الطاعون بحياة الكثيرين من جيش المسلمين في دمشق، استطاع معاوية بزواجه من ميسون أن يجند المسيحيين السريان الأرثوذكس ضد الرومان. وأنجبت طفلها الوحيد يزيد في عام 646. ", "الجامع الأموي (دمشق)\nيتميز الجامع الأموي أيضًا بكونه أول مسجد ظهر فيه المحراب والحنية، نتيجة طراز البناء الذي كان يشكل كنيسة يوحنا المعمدان سابقاً،[6][7] أما مئذنته الشمالية، وهي أقدم مآذنه الثلاث فتعود لعهد الوليد بن عبد الملك، واستخدمت أيضًا منارةً لمدينة دمشق، كما كانت ستعمل خلال القرون الوسطى للمنقطين للتأمل والصلاة، ومنه انتشر نموذج المئذنة المربعة إلى سائر أنحاء سوريا وشمال إفريقيا والأندلس. يحوي الجامع على مدفن جسد يوحنا المعمدان - النبي يحيى - نسيب المسيح، ولم يبق من آثاره المسيحية سوى جرن العماد ونقش باليونانية في مدح المسيح على أحد الجدران،[8] كما يحوي المسجد أيضًا على الفتحة التي وضع فيها رأس الحسين بن علي حين حمل إلى دمشق، وألحق بالمسجد مقبرة تضم رفات صلاح الدين الأيوبي. احترقت أجزاء من الجامع ثلاث مرات، الأولى عام 1069، والثانية على يد تيمورلنك عام 1400، والثالثة عام 1893، وفي العصر الحديث كانت آخر عمليات الترميم عام 1994.[9]", "موسى بن نصير\nأبو عبد الرحمن موسى بن نصير (19 هـ/640 م - 97 هـ/716 م) قائد عسكري في عصر الدولة الأموية. شارك موسى في فتح قبرص في عهد الخليفة معاوية بن أبي سفيان، ثم أصبح واليًا على إفريقية من قبل الخليفة الوليد بن عبد الملك، واستطاع ببراعة عسكرية أن ينهي نزعات البربر المتوالية للخروج على حكم الأمويين،[1] كما أمر بفتح شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية، وهو الغزو الذي أسقط حكم مملكة القوط في هسبانيا.", "خلافة إسلامية\nالخليفة الأول أبو بكر الصديق: تم اختياره كخليفة أول بعد الرسول محمد عن طريق البيعة بعد نقاش دار في سقيفة بني ساعدة بين الأنصار والمهاجرين. وكانت أسبقية أبي بكر في الإسلام ومكانته عند الرسول وخصوصا اختياره لإمامة المسلمين في الصلاة من قبل الرسول أثناء مرضه أحد الإشارات التي اعتمد عليها جمع من الصحابة لتأكيد أفضلية أبي بكر، كما ذُكر في القرآن كأحد اثنين في الغار أثناء هجرته مع رسول الله إلى يثرب. وتمت البيعة له وظل في الحكم لعامين. الخليفة الثاني عمر بن الخطاب: عُين الخليفة الثاني عمر بن الخطاب عن طريق وصية مباشرة من أبي بكر الصديق، واستمر في حكمه مدة 10 أعوام. الخليفة الثالث عثمان بن عفان: قام عمر بعد أن طعنه أبو لؤلؤة وإحساسه بدنو أجله بتشكيل مجلس مؤلف من ستة أشخاص مرضيين من قبل رسول الله في الإسلام. على أن يتم الاختيار من بينهم بالشورى. وتم أول ما يمكن تسميته بانتخابات ضمن المجتمع الإسلامي الوليد للاختيار بين عثمان بن عفان وعلي بن أبي طالب، وأسفرت النتائج كما تقول المصادر عن العملية الاستفتائية التي قام بها عبد الرحمن بن عوف عن تسمية عثمان بن عفان خليفة للمسلمين، واستمر في الحكم 12 عاما. الخليفة الرابع علي بن أبي طالب: بعد استشهاد الخليفة عثمان بن عفان في أول فتنة تشهدها الدولة الإسلامية استلم علي بن أبي طالب الخلافة بمبايعته من قبل جمع من الصحابة ليستلم بذلك دولة في حالة اضطراب شديد اضطر فيها لنقل مركز الخلافة من المدينة المنورة إلى الكوفة، ورفض والي الشام وقتها معاوية بن أبي سفيان مبايعة علي بن أبي طالب تذرعا بضرورة القصاص أولا من قتلة الخليفة عثمان مما أدى إلى فتنة بين المسلمين ومعارك بين الجانبين، واستمر علي في الحكم 5 أعوام. بعد اغتيال الخليفة علي بن أبي طالب على يد عبد الرحمن بن ملجم تمت البيعة لابنه الحسن بن علي الذي قضى ما يقارب السبعة أشهر في الحكم قبل أن يتنازل عن الخلافة لمعاوية محققا بذلك ما يؤمن المسلمون بكونها نبؤة للرسول محمد بأنه سيد وسيصلح بين فئتين عظيمتين، بعد تقلد معاوية بن أبي سفيان للخلافة في دمشق عمل على التوصية بالخلافة - خلال حياته - لابنه يزيد بن معاوية. وبعد وفاة معاوية أصبح ابنه يزيد هو الحاكم الجديد مما أدى إلى رفض بعض الصحابة من ضمنهم الحسين بن علي لذلك الأمر، فقرر الحسين الدعوة لنفسه رافضا أن تتحول الخلافة إلى حكم وراثي، مما أدى لنشوب معركة كربلاء التي استشهد فيها الحسين على يد عبيد الله بن زياد، وبعد وفاة يزيد تولى ابنه معاوية بن يزيد مقاليد الحكم وراثيا ولكنه أعلن رفضه للأمر وقرر الانعزال وترك الأمر شورى بين المسلمين. وفي تلك الأثناء كانت البيعة قد تمت لعبد الله بن الزبير في العراق وأصبح بذلك الخليفة الشرعي وبشكل تمرد على الدولة الإسلامية، إلا أن مروان بن الحكم وقف في وجه هذا التمرد وتم اختياره من قبل الأغلبية خليفة للمسلمين ومن بعده ابنه عبد الملك بن مروان والذي خرج على الخليفة في الحجاز عبد الله بن الزبير ونشبت معارك قادها رجل عبد الملك بن مروان الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي انتهت باستشهاد الخليفة عبد الله بن الزبير بجوار الكعبة لينتهي بذلك الأمل في عودة الخلافة إلى شورى بين المسلمين. وبشكل عام تعتبر بداية تولي معاوية بن أبي سفيان هي بداية نهاية الخلافة وتحولها لملك عضوض وحكم وراثي منحصر في أسر حاكمة تتنافس فيما بينها على الحكم.", "أحمد الناصر لدين الله\nالناصر لدين الله أوّل خليفة عبّاسي استوزر رجلاً علويّاً هو نصير الدين ناصر بن مهدي ، العلوي الرازي ، وهكذا دخل العلويون والحنابلة رغم شافعية الخليفة، وكانوا قبل أعداء دخلوا في خدمة الدولة العبّاسية ، وأصبحوا بنعمة الله إخواناً ، ولم يبق للتعصّب المذهبي الذي ضعضع الدولة العبّاسية أثراً ، فلا تزال الطائفية شوكاً على الدول قديماً وحديثاً ، والحاكم الصالح هو الذي يقمع الطائفية بالعدل والإنصاف والمساواة ، وبذل العناية والمراعاة لجميع طوائف شعبه وأفرادهم ، وهكذا كان الخليفة الناصر لدين الله ، حتى أتى بمعجزة بشريّة في الحكم ، ما نالها الخلفاء الأوّلون ولا أدركها الآخرون ، وكان كل مَن آنس منه تعصّباً ذميماً من رجال الدولة ضربه ضربة قاسية ، وصار قدوة صالحة لرجال الدولة ؛ فأذعنوا جميعاً راضين ، واستبان للمؤرّخ المنتصف أنّ أكثر التعصّب المذهبي المفرط كان من بابة الاحتراف والاشتغال ، والأعمال لنيل المناصب وتحصيل المكاسب والاستئثار بالأموال ، ولا صلة له بحقيقة الدين وكنه البقير .", "تاريخ اليمن الإسلامي\nاستمرت الدولة الأموية في اليمن لما يقارب 90 عاماً (661-750م) بعشرين واليا جلهم من أقرباء الأمويين ومن كبار قادتهم، وكان أولهم عثمان بن عثمان الثقفي وخلفه عتبة بن أبي سفيان أخو الخليفة معاوية. وكان آخر الولاة الأمويين الوليد بن عروة.", "أبو العاص بن أمية\nومن نسله أتى الخلفاء والأمراء المروانيون مِثل:", "الدولة العباسية\nأصيبت الدولة الأموية بالضعف إثر وفاة عاشر خلفائها هشام بن عبد الملك يوم 10 يناير سنة 743م، الموافق فيه 9 ربيع الأول سنة 125هـ وتعاقب من بعده أربع خلفاء هم الوليد بن يزيد الذي قتلته الأسرة الأموية لانشغاله عن الدولة وأمور السياسة ويزيد بن الوليد وإبراهيم القاسم ومروان بن محمد، وتميزت فتراتهم بانقسام داخلي حاد واستشراء الحروب الداخلية، فضلاً عن الوضع الاقتصادي المتردي،[4] ما ساهم في تقوية الجماعات والأحزاب الدينية والحركات السياسية المعارضة لحكمهم والتي كانت منتشرة بشكل أساسي في العراق وإيران، البعيدة عن حاضرة الخلافة في دمشق.[5] وأبرز تلك الأحزاب التي عارضت بني أمية الحزب القائل بأحقية سلالة علي بن أبي طالب بالخلافة والحزب القائل بأحقية سلالة عباس بن عبد المطلب عم النبي محمد بالخلافة.", "إيمسو\nإمسو، أو إم-زوم، كان الملكالأشوري من الفترة المبكرة وفقا لقائمة ملوك آشور الذي ذكر فيها أنه السابع من أصل سبعة عشر ملكا مِن مَن عاشوا في الخيم. وكثيرا ما تم تفسيره على أنها قائمة أسلاف الملك الأموريشمشي أدد الأول الذي غزا مدينة آشور. وتذكر قائمة الملوك أنه خليفة الملك مندارو. وأن حارسو خلفه في الحكم.", "هشام بن عبد الملك\nهشام بن عبد الملك الأموي القرشي (71-125 هـ) (691 م - 743 م) كان عاشر خلفاء بني أمية (حكم: 105-125 هـ/724-743 م)، في عهده بلغت الإمبراطورية الإسلامية أقصى اتساعها، حارب البيزنطيين واستولت جيوشه على ناربونه وبلغت أبواب بواتيه (فرنسا) حيث وقعت معركة بلاط الشهداء. ولد في دمشق.[1] بويع للخلافة بعد وفاة أخيه يزيد عام 723 م. وتزايدت في عهده العصبية القبلية بين المضرية واليمانية، واشتعلت فتن وثورات عديدة في أنحاء الدولة: ثورة الخوارج والشيعة في الكوفة (بقيادة زيد بن علي بن الحسين)، والبربر في المغرب؛ وكذلك اضطربت الفتن في بلاد ما وراء النهر.", "الدولة الأموية\nاتَّبعَ الأمويون نفس أسلوب الخلفاء الراشدين في تعيين القضاة. حيث يَقوم الخلفاء بتعيين قاضٍ على كل إقليم من أقاليم الدولة حسبَ كفاءته وأهليته للعمل. وقد دوَّن بعض هؤلاء القضاة أحاكمهم، مثل قاضي مصر في عهد معاوية بن أبي سفيان «سليم التجيبي» الذي كان أوَّل قاض يدون أحكامه، وقد أصبحت بعض هذه الأحكام فيما بعد قواعد فقهية عندَ تدوين الفقه في العصر العباسي. ومن أبرز القضاة الأمويين: عامر بن شراحيل الشعبي وعبد الله بن عامر بن يزيد اليحصبي وأبو إدريس الخولاني وعبد الرحمن بن حجيرة وأبو بردة بن أبي موسى الأشعري وعبد الرحمن بن أذينة وهشام بن هبيرة، وآخرون غيرهم.[164]", "الدولة الأموية\nتوفيَّ عمر بن عبد العزيز في شهر رجب سنة 101 هـ (يناير سنة 720 م)، بعدَ أن دامت خلافته لسنتين ونصف تقريباً. وقد تولّى الخلافة بعده ابن عمِّه يزيد بن عبد الملك.[93] يَعتبر الكثير من المؤرخين - مثل ابن كثير - أن يزيد تأثر بعمر في بداية خلافته، وأرادَ اتباعه في خلافته وحسن سيرته، غير أن أقران السوء أفسدوه.[102][103] وعلى أي حال فإن يزيد بن عبد الملك لم يَكن ذا خبرة ومقدرات تؤهله للخلافة، إذ كان شاباً لا يزيد عمره عن 29 عاماً قضى أغلب حياته في اللهو والترف، وقد كان يُمكن لعهده أن يَشهد انحطاطاً كبيراً للدولة لولا بعض رجالها الذين حافظوا على قوتها مثل مسلمة بن عبد الملك، وقد كان عهده بالفعل عهد ضعف نسبيٍّ للدولة.[102]", "أمويو الأندلس\nنجحت المراسلات بين عبد الرحمن بن معاوية وموالي الأمويين في الأندلس في التمهيد لعبوره إلى الأندلس الذي تم في ربيع الآخر 138 هـ. استطاع موالي الأمويين أن يجمعوا قوات مؤيدة لعبد الرحمن تمكنوا بها هزيمة آخر ولاة الأندلس يوسف بن عبد الرحمن الفهري في موقعة المصارة في ذي الحجة 138 هـ، ليدخل بذلك عبد الرحمن بن معاوية قرطبة عاصمة الأندلس، مؤسسًا بذلك إمارة أموية مستقلة في الأندلس. قضى عبد الرحمن الداخل سنوات حكمه في تثبيت أركان دولته، والقضاء على الثورات الداخلية التي اندلعت في كافة أرجاء الأندلس، ليترك الأندلس لخلفائه من بعده ولاية مستقرة. ورغم ذلك، ظلت الدولة الأموية في الأندلس معظم فترتها تحارب الخارجين على سلطتها سواء من المولدين أو البربر أو المستعربين أو العرب أنفسهم. بل واستطاعت بعض الأسر والأفراد أن تؤسس إماراتهم شبه المستقلة التي كانت لا تخضع لسلطة الدولة إلا بالاسم في فترات ضعف دولة الأمويين خاصة في المناطق الشمالية التي كانت بعيدة نوعًا ما عن قرطبة. كان من أبرز هذه الكيانات المستقلة بنو قسي وبنو تجيب ومحمد بن عبد الملك الطويل وعبد الرحمن بن مروان الجليقي في الشمال، وعمر بن حفصون في الجنوب.", "عبد الرحمن بن جبلة\nالفتنة الرابعة أو الحرب الأهلية العباسية الكبرى، كانت نزاع بين الشقيقين الأمين والمأمون على خلافة العرش العباسي. والدهما، هارون الرشيد، كان قد اختاره الأمين كأول خليفة له، لكنه أيضاً اختار المأمون كخليفة ثاني ومنحه خراسان كإقطاعية، بينما ابنه الثالث، القاسم، خليفة ثالث. بعد وفاة هارون الرشيد عام 809، خلفه الأمين في بغداد. بتشجيع من بلاط الخلافة في بغداد، بدأ الأمين يحاول أن يعلن الحكم الذاتي في خراسان؛ وسرعان ما غاب القاسم عن المشهد. رداً على ذلك، طلب المأمون الدعم من سادة المقاطعات في خراسان، وقام بتحركات للتأكيد على الحكم الذاتي لخراسان. بزيادة الفجوة بين الشقيقين، أعلن الأمين ابنه موسى ولياً للعهد، وحشد جيش كبير. تحركت قوات الأمين نحو خراسان، لكنه طاهر بن الحسين قائد قوات المأمون تمكن من هزيمتهم في معركة الري، ثم غزا العراق وحاصر بغداد نفسها. سقطت المدينة بعد عام، وأُعدم الأمين، وأصبح المأمون خليفة، لكنه ظل يحكم من خراسان وليس من بغداد.", "أمينو (ملك)\nمن خلال متابعة قائمة ملوك آشور تبين لنا انه خلف أباه إيلا كبكابو وخلفه ابنه سوليلي على حكم آشور، وفي مكان آخر على القائمة أيضاً تذكر لنا عندما تصل إلى الملك شمشي أدد الأول بالتحديد بأنه كان أحد أبناء إيلا كبكابو. ولكن القائمة لم تحدد فيما إذا لو كان إيلا كبكابو والد امينو هو نفسه إيلا كبكابو والد شمشي ادد الأول، أو كونهما شخصين مختلفين، ففي الحالة الاولى معناها إن شمشي ادد كان شقيقاً لأمينو، وهذه العلاقة هي محل بحث. حيث هناك فارق تاريخي شاسع بين الأثنين حيث أمينو يسبق شمشي أدد بزمن طويل." ]

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[ "Goggle-Eyes was adapted for television by the BBC as a four-episode mini-series, which was broadcast in 1993. It starred Honeysuckle Weeks as Kitty. The screenwriter, Deborah Moggach, won the Writer's Guild Award for Best Adapted TV Serial. Anti-nuclear protests had diminished after the 1991 close of the Cold War so the story was revised to feature a more timely issue, Green politics. Goggle-Eyes Goggle-Eyes, or My War with Goggle-Eyes in the US, is a children's novel by Anne Fine, published by Hamilton in 1989. It features a girl who hates her mother's boyfriend, she thinks. In the frame story, set in", "Goggle-Eyes years through 2011. \"Goggle-Eyes\" was adapted for television by the BBC in 1993. Little, Brown published a US edition under its Joy Street Books imprint in 1989, entitled \"My War with Goggle-Eyes\". The story is told in the first person, by Kitty Killen. It is set in Scotland in the 1980s, when anti-nuclear protests were prominent in the news. When Helen runs out of the classroom in distress, Mrs Lupey sends Kitty after her, despite the two not being particular friends. Kitty soon realises that Helen dislikes the man her mother is going to marry, so she tells her the", "What is a Masterpiece? What is a Masterpiece? What is a Masterpiece? is a 1979 non-fiction book by British historian Kenneth Clark. It is a transcribed version of the Walter Neurath memorial lectures given by Clark. The work, initially released on 1 January 1979, received a Thames & Hudson republication on 1 May 1992. Kenneth Clark had already achieved fame with a series of popular books while also serving as, from 1969 on, the writer, producer and presenter of the BBC programme, \"Civilisation\", a pioneering television documentary series. The prestigious series earned a Peabody Award as well as general commercial success. In the work,", "Box for One Box for One Box for One is a live television play which has been presented three times, twice on British broadcaster BBC and once on Australian broadcaster ABC. It is a drama about a \"spiv\", and the entire 30-minute drama takes place in a London telephone box. It was written by Peter Brook. The 1949 version aired on BBC, and starring Marius Goring, Ivan Craig and Josée Richard. Broadcast live, it was likely never telerecorded, and is lost. The 1953 version also aired on the BBC, and was an episode of \"Wednesday Theatre\". It featured Robert Helpmann and Harold Lang.", "Box for One This version is likely lost, as the BBC rarely telerecorded shows during 1953. The 1958 version aired on Australian broadcaster ABC, and aired live on ABC's Melbourne station ABV-2. A telerecording (also known as a kinescope) was made and shown in Sydney on station ABN-2. This version also featured Robert Helpmann. It is not known if the kinescope recording still exists. Box for One Box for One is a live television play which has been presented three times, twice on British broadcaster BBC and once on Australian broadcaster ABC. It is a drama about a \"spiv\", and the entire 30-minute", "What a Widow! What a Widow! What a Widow! is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film produced by and starring Gloria Swanson, and distributed through United Artists. The film was directed by Allan Dwan. \"What a Widow!\" was Swanson's second talkie and was executive produced by her then lover Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. The film received generally positive reviews and was noted for its animated title sequence created by William Dietz but was met with lukewarm box office returns. This film is now considered a lost film. The soundtrack is preserved at the UCLA Film and Television Archive while the trailer is", "What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get is the autobiography of British businessman and TV personality Lord Alan Sugar. The 640-page book, which was published in May 2011, tells the story of Alan Sugar's birth and childhood in a deprived part of London, how he founded the company Amstrad aged just 21 years old, and how he eventually became a successful multi-millionaire tycoon, received a knighthood, and was appointed to the House of Lords. Sir Alan also reveals his main method of business and entrepreneurial activity: (a) observing what market leaders are", "What You See Is What You Get (book) doing, (b) making better and cheaper products than the market leaders, and (c) not focusing on the exclusive or more expensive parts of the market, rather selling to the mass market. What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get is the autobiography of British businessman and TV personality Lord Alan Sugar. The 640-page book, which was published in May 2011, tells the story of Alan Sugar's birth and childhood in a deprived part of London, how he founded the company Amstrad aged just 21 years old, and how he eventually became a successful", "What Is... Cliff Clavin? book \"Brainiac\", noted that \"Jeopardy!\"-related sitcom episodes had become common at the time. On the first episode of \"Jeopardy!\" season 31, which aired on September 15, 2014, \"Jeopardy!\" champion Elizabeth Williams echoed Cliff Clavin's answer in her response to the Final Jeopardy clue. Williams's $600 wager combined with her opponents' incorrect responses allowed Williams to triumph that day, nonetheless. The episode inspired the term \"Clavin's Rule\" in reference to maximizing all the winnings at the final round and losing them all. What Is... Cliff Clavin? \"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\" is an eighth season episode of the American television series \"Cheers\".", "Apple Interactive Television Box Apple Interactive Television Box The Apple Interactive Television Box is a set-top box developed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) in partnership with a number of global telecommunications firms, including British Telecom and Belgacom amongst others. Prototypes of the unit were tested in parts of the United States and Europe in 1994-1995, but the product was cancelled shortly thereafter, and was never mass-produced or marketed. The set-top box was designed as an interface between a consumer and an interactive television service. The unit's remote control would allow a user to choose what content would be shown on a connected television," ]

[ "Goggle-Eyes story of how she first loathed Gerald, her mother's boyfriend, and how she gradually got used to him, despite his anti-CND views. \"Goggle-Eyes\"' is the nickname Kitty gives Gerald, because of the way he stares (\"goggles\") at Kitty's mother. The story is told in a cloakroom cupboard during one morning, with occasional interruptions from Liz and Mrs Lupey. \"Goggle-Eyes\" was awarded the Carnegie Medal for 1989 and the Guardian Prize in 1990, the two most prestigious British awards for children's literature. It was also shortlisted for the Smarties Award in 1990 and the German Youth Literature Prize in 1993. \"Goggle-Eyes\"", "Goggle-Eyes Goggle-Eyes Goggle-Eyes, or My War with Goggle-Eyes in the US, is a children's novel by Anne Fine, published by Hamilton in 1989. It features a girl who hates her mother's boyfriend, she thinks. In the frame story, set in a Scottish day school, that girl Kitty tells her friend Helen about hating her mother's boyfriend. Fine won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject, She also won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a similar award that authors may not win twice. Six books have won both awards in 45", "Goggle jacket Goggle jacket Goggle jackets are a hooded windproof type jacket released in 1988 made by C.P. Company for the sponsoring of Mille Miglia and open car endurance race and became popular across Europe and in Britain. They zip up to cover the head and face completely, except for two built-in goggles, sometimes covered with transparent mesh or various lenses and sometimes including a mesh mouth area for ease of breathing. Some people wear them to protect their faces against cold and driven rain, some for concealment. Police have claimed goggle jackets could be used by gangs and criminals to conceal", "Dai Sentai Goggle-V Dai Sentai Goggle-V The Dark Science Empire Desdark launches its scheme for world conquest from their Destopia Castle in Germany. Dr. Hideki Hongo, founder of the Future Science Laboratory, is saved from one of their attacks by world class explorer Kenichi Akama. Using his Computer Boys & Girls, Hongo recruits five people, including Akama, to form the Dai Sentai Goggle-V (Goggle 5), the only force capable of stopping Desdark. The Goggle-V is a team that was recruited and formed by the Future Science Laboratory; their battle phrase is . Like Denziman, their surnames include their color. The team has many", "Dai Sentai Goggle-V propulsion winds wreak destructive chaos underneath. A Goggle-V movies was released on March 13, 1982 at the Toei Manga Festival. It takes place some time between episodes 8 and 14. Dai Sentai Goggle-V The Dark Science Empire Desdark launches its scheme for world conquest from their Destopia Castle in Germany. Dr. Hideki Hongo, founder of the Future Science Laboratory, is saved from one of their attacks by world class explorer Kenichi Akama. Using his Computer Boys & Girls, Hongo recruits five people, including Akama, to form the Dai Sentai Goggle-V (Goggle 5), the only force capable of stopping Desdark. The", "Goggle Fishing Bear lion use the shark to ride back to land as the cartoon irises out. Goggle Fishing Bear Goggle Fishing Bear is a 1949 MGM cartoon, featuring Barney Bear who attempts to go goggle fishing, with the aid of a sea lion. It is the 16th Barney Bear cartoon and the last Barney Bear cartoon to be supervised by Michael Lah and Preston Blair. The cartoon starts with Barney driving a motor boat at sea, where he attempts to fish. After dropping the anchor, a sea lion assumes they're playing catch and brings the anchor back. Barney tricks the sea lion", "Goggle Fishing Bear Goggle Fishing Bear Goggle Fishing Bear is a 1949 MGM cartoon, featuring Barney Bear who attempts to go goggle fishing, with the aid of a sea lion. It is the 16th Barney Bear cartoon and the last Barney Bear cartoon to be supervised by Michael Lah and Preston Blair. The cartoon starts with Barney driving a motor boat at sea, where he attempts to fish. After dropping the anchor, a sea lion assumes they're playing catch and brings the anchor back. Barney tricks the sea lion into swimming the other way by pretending to throw the anchor in one direction,", "Goggle jacket their identity. A Northumbria Police spokesman said the jackets were totally legal. \"A hat, scarf and glasses combination could obscure someone's identity so there are no legal powers to stop anyone wearing these jackets.\" he added. One web site calls them \"burqas for the boys\". Goggle jacket Goggle jackets are a hooded windproof type jacket released in 1988 made by C.P. Company for the sponsoring of Mille Miglia and open car endurance race and became popular across Europe and in Britain. They zip up to cover the head and face completely, except for two built-in goggles, sometimes covered with transparent", "12 in a Box 12 in a Box 12 in a Box is a 2007 Independent British comedy film written and directed by John McKenzie. \"12 in a Box\" sees twelve people attend what they think is a school reunion lunch but when they get there they discover that, as part of the last wish of a dead classmate, they will inherit £1,000,000 each if they can all stay together in the house for 96 hours. With one of the participants due to be married and another dropping stone dead on the first day, they have their work cut out to go the distance.", "12 in a Box dull moments, and it actually succeeds in pulling off the twists.\" The film was also praised by \"The Film Review\" and \"CineVue\". \"The Guardian\", however, gave it a poor review, as did the \"Radio Times\" and the \"Daily Express\". The DVD was released in 2013 marketed under Miranda Hart's name due to her fame; Hart only makes a brief appearance, however, and her screen time is only 5 minutes. 12 in a Box 12 in a Box is a 2007 Independent British comedy film written and directed by John McKenzie. \"12 in a Box\" sees twelve people attend what they", "This Is What You Came For cut short due to time constrains. Calvin Harris makes a brief cameo appearance in the video, driving a sports car (Lamborghini Aventador). As the video ends, Rihanna walks outside, revealing the box has been set up on a dark, deserted soundstage. Two months after its release, the video reached 500 million views, and on 29 November 2016, the video reached one billion views. As of December 2018, it has reached 2.1 billion views, and is the site's 24th most viewed video. \"This Is What You Came For\" received mixed reviews. Lary Barleet from \"NME\" stated that \"As it builds to", "Box social Box social Box social is a term for a social event that was widely used in the early 1900s with varying definitions in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. In the U.S. state of Vermont the tradition is that women decorate a cardboard box and fill it with a lunch or dinner for two. The men bid on the women's boxes anticipating a meal with the woman whose box it is. Generally the boxes are anonymous, so the men don't know which woman belongs to which box, nor what the box contains, the mystery and sometimes humorous results", "Post box Post box A post box (British English; also written postbox), also known as a collection box, mailbox, letter box or drop box (American English) is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a country's postal service. The term \"post box\" can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail. In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in and around Paris. By 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France. The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw", "The purpose of a system is what it does be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes", "Box truck used as platforms for box trucks. Small box trucks often use the cab of full size vans from Ford, Chrysler or General Motors (eg Ford E-Series/Econoline/Ford Transit, Dodge Ram Van, Chevrolet Express/Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura/GMC Savana), though pre-manufactured cutaway van chassis vehicles are the basis (rather than an actual cargo van), in order to reduce the labour required for production. In British English, box van is a term for a four-wheeled covered goods wagon (freight vehicle) with a fully enclosed body. In British English the word \"truck\" more commonly refers to a railway freight car, with \"lorry\" more commonly employed for", "What Is a Nation? What Is a Nation? \"What is a Nation?\" (\"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?\") is an 1882 lecture by French historian Ernest Renan (1823–1892), known for the statements that a nation is \"a daily referendum\", and that nations are based as much on what the people jointly forget, as what they remember. It is frequently quoted or anthologized in works of history or political science pertaining to nationalism and national identity. Renan wrote \"What is a Nation\" in order to symbolize the nationalism which was born in France as a result of the French Revolution of 1789. Renan begins his essay by noting", "For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film) a model ship in a tank. Based on a popular stage adaptation of the novel, the movie was a big success at the box office, running for eight weeks in Sydney at Queens Hall in 1908. It played in cinemas on and off until World War I. Screenings were usually accompanied by an actor, who would provide descriptive commentary to what was on screen. For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film) For the Term of His Natural Life is a 1908 Australian silent film based on the 1874 novel by the same name by Marcus Clarke. The film", "What Is History? and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what \"facts of the past\" they determined into \"facts of history\". British historian Richard J. Evans said \"What Is History?\" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said \"What Is History?\" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.", "What Is Life a combination that became the top-selling single of 1971 in that country. \"What Is Life\" is one of Harrison's most commercial and popular songs – a \"spiritual guitar quest\" that \"became [a] classic\", according to \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. On release, \"Billboard\" magazine's reviewer wrote of \"What Is Life\" and \"Apple Scruffs\" as \"intriguing rhythm follows-ups\" to Harrison's previous single, which were \"sure to repeat that success\" and \"should prove big juke box items\". In their \"Solo Beatles Compendium\", authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter refer to it as an \"intensely catchy track\" and view its pairing with \"My Sweet Lord\"", "What Is a Nation? to the reasons based on race, geography, history and so on. They argue that Renan maintains his intellectual background but subtly, i.e. the arguments he explicitly used in \"What is a Nation?\" are not consistent with his thinking. The concept of \"daily plebiscite\" would be ambiguous. They argue that the definition is an opportunist idealization and it should be interpreted within the Franco-Prussian War and in the midst of the dispute concerning the Alsace-Lorraine region. What Is a Nation? \"What is a Nation?\" (\"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?\") is an 1882 lecture by French historian Ernest Renan (1823–1892), known for the statements", "Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music The original 25th anniversary box set peaked at #3 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified Diamond in Canada. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Songs also on the 25th anniversary box set. Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music is a 4-CD box set released in 1996 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Juno Awards. A second box set, Oh What a Feeling 2, was released in 2001 to mark the awards' 30th anniversary, and a third set, Oh What a Feeling 3, was released in 2006 for the", "Oh! What a Lovely War a self-contained dramatic entity.\" The film presently has a score of 77% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews, with an average grade of 8.2 out of 10. It was the 16th most popular film at the UK box office in 1969. Oh! What a Lovely War Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee,", "The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,", "Particle in a box position depends upon its state, and is given by Thus, for any value of \"n\" greater than one, there are regions within the box for which formula_41, indicating that \"spatial nodes\" exist at which the particle cannot be found. In quantum mechanics, the average, or expectation value of the position of a particle is given by For the steady state particle in a box, it can be shown that the average position is always formula_43, regardless of the state of the particle. For a superposition of states, the expectation value of the position will change based on the cross term", "What Is Life about it …\" In September 2014, this instrumental version also appeared as a bonus track on the 2014 \"Apple Years 1968–75\" reissue of \"All Things Must Pass\".<ref name=\"Marchese/SecondDisc\">Joe Marchese, \"Give Me Love: George Harrison’s 'Apple Years' Are Collected On New Box Set\", The Second Disc, 2 September 2014 (retrieved 26 September 2014).</ref> Coinciding with the release, Harrison's widow and son, Olivia and Dhani, held an online competition in which filmmakers were invited to create a video clip for \"What Is Life\". The winner received a $5000 cash prize and their entry became the official video for the track, appearing on", "This Is What You Came For of Am–F–G–C, and Rihanna's vocals span from G to E. The official music video for the song directed by Emil Nava with Director of Photography Martin Coppen and edited by Ellie Johnson, was released to YouTube on 16 June 2016. In it, a giant white box is shown sitting in a variety of places, such as a misty field and a forest. The scene then cuts to Rihanna, dressed in a sparkly blue jumpsuit, singing while standing and dancing inside the box. While she performs, graphics are projected onto all 5 sides around her. Lasers were the only other effects", "What a Widow! preserved at the Library of Congress. What a Widow! What a Widow! is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy film produced by and starring Gloria Swanson, and distributed through United Artists. The film was directed by Allan Dwan. \"What a Widow!\" was Swanson's second talkie and was executive produced by her then lover Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. The film received generally positive reviews and was noted for its animated title sequence created by William Dietz but was met with lukewarm box office returns. This film is now considered a lost film. The soundtrack is preserved at the UCLA Film and", "Fools Gold/What the World Is Waiting For Fools Gold/What the World Is Waiting For \"Fools Gold\" and \"What the World Is Waiting For\" are two songs by British rock band the Stone Roses. They were released together as a double A-side single on 13 November 1989 through Silvertone Records. \"Fools Gold\" would go on to appear on certain non-UK versions of their self-titled debut studio album (1989). \"Fools Gold\" became the band's biggest commercial hit at the time. It was their first single to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart and stayed in the top-75 for fourteen weeks, peaking at number eight. \"Fools Gold\"", "What is a Masterpiece? confluence of memories and emotions forming a single idea\", that it has \"a power of recreating traditional forms so that they become expressive of an artist's own epoch and yet keep a relationship to the past\". The highest masterpieces are said to be \"illustrations of great themes.\" Clark also implicitly excluded the erotic from considerations of what constituted a masterpiece, based on his perspective that a necessary condition is the balance between sense and form (works that are too sensual are, therefore, unbalanced and not to be categorised at masterpiece level). What is a Masterpiece? What is a Masterpiece? is", "Fools Gold/What the World Is Waiting For vinyl, Cassette and CD the same as 1989 releases\" Fools Gold/What the World Is Waiting For \"Fools Gold\" and \"What the World Is Waiting For\" are two songs by British rock band the Stone Roses. They were released together as a double A-side single on 13 November 1989 through Silvertone Records. \"Fools Gold\" would go on to appear on certain non-UK versions of their self-titled debut studio album (1989). \"Fools Gold\" became the band's biggest commercial hit at the time. It was their first single to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart and stayed in the top-75", "What Is Theosophy? a \"vulgar pseudoscientific mythology.\" What Is Theosophy? \"What Is Theosophy?\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the Theosophical magazine \"The Theosophist.\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and included into the 2nd volume of the \"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\" According to a doctoral thesis by Tim Rudbøg, in this \"important\" article Blavatsky \"began conceptualizing her idea of 'Theosophy'.\" Blavatsky writes that, \"according to lexicographers, the term \"theosophia\" is composed of two Greek words—\"theos\" \"god,\" and \"sophos\" \"wise.\" She then writes that Noah Webster defines it as \"a supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent attainment of superhuman", "What Is Theosophy? What Is Theosophy? \"What Is Theosophy?\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the Theosophical magazine \"The Theosophist.\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and included into the 2nd volume of the \"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\" According to a doctoral thesis by Tim Rudbøg, in this \"important\" article Blavatsky \"began conceptualizing her idea of 'Theosophy'.\" Blavatsky writes that, \"according to lexicographers, the term \"theosophia\" is composed of two Greek words—\"theos\" \"god,\" and \"sophos\" \"wise.\" She then writes that Noah Webster defines it as \"a supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent attainment of superhuman knowledge, by \"physical processes,\"", "Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music is a 4-CD box set released in 1996 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Juno Awards. A second box set, Oh What a Feeling 2, was released in 2001 to mark the awards' 30th anniversary, and a third set, Oh What a Feeling 3, was released in 2006 for the 35th anniversary. All of the sets feature popular Canadian songs from the 1960s onward. The sets were titled for the song \"Oh What a Feeling\" by rock band Crowbar.", "British Tamil British Tamil British Tamils (, [pirittāṉiyat tamiḻar]) are British people of Tamil origin. The term is used to denote people who have their homeland in Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. However, \"Tamil\" is not one of the predefined tick-box answers for the ethnicity question on the UK Census. The tick-box options under the \"Asian\" category include \"Indian\", \"Pakistani\" and \"Bangladeshi\", but respondents can also tick an \"Any other Asian\" box and write in their own answer. In the 2011 Census, the number of respondents writing in \"Tamil\" was 24,930 in England, 128 in Wales, 99 in Scotland", "What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) Hot Country Singles for the week of March 12, 1988. What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is", "That's What Love Is For of Amy. One where she is in a giant, tall green dress. Another shot shows a black & white close up of Amy in a very retro-mod hair style. Remixes (feat. Chris Cox) – EP U.S. Promotional A&M CD Single U.S. Myrrh promotional CD single U.K. retail single That's What Love Is For \"That's What Love Is For\" is a 1991 Billboard Adult Contemporary chart #1 hit single and a Billboard Hot 100 top 10 single by Christian music singer Amy Grant. It was the third pop single off her 5x platinum selling album Heart in Motion and the only", "That's What Love Is For That's What Love Is For \"That's What Love Is For\" is a 1991 Billboard Adult Contemporary chart #1 hit single and a Billboard Hot 100 top 10 single by Christian music singer Amy Grant. It was the third pop single off her 5x platinum selling album Heart in Motion and the only one from the album to be released both to secular and Christian radio. It was the second Christian radio single. In the United States the song was #1 for 3 weeks on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, spending 13 weeks in the Top 10 and 32 weeks on the", "What Is Life clouds above the Krishna scene – so Wilkes abandoned the concept and instead used a darkened photo of Harrison inside the house as the album poster. The more common picture sleeve internationally was a close-up of Feinstein's \"All Things Must Pass\" front-cover image, taken on the main lawn of Friar Park. In Denmark, the sleeve featured four shots of Harrison, again with guitar, taken on stage during the Delaney & Bonnie tour. At the end of March, \"What Is Life\" peaked at number 10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 7 on \"Cash Box\"s Top 100 chart, making Harrison", "What Is a Rumpletilskin? McGurk, VP of Radio & Retail Promotion at Poindexter, who later became the first Marketing Director of Redeye Distribution and Yep Roc Records of Haw River, NC. What Is a Rumpletilskin? What Is a Rumpletilskin? is the first and only album by hip hop group Rumpletilskinz, released on July 13, 1993, on RCA Records and produced by the group's producer, R.P.M. The album failed to make it to any of the \"Billboard\" charts, but two singles did, \"Attitudes\" and \"Is It All Right?\" Both made it to #24 on the Hot Rap Singles. This release received extensive national independent retail", "What Is a Rumpletilskin? What Is a Rumpletilskin? What Is a Rumpletilskin? is the first and only album by hip hop group Rumpletilskinz, released on July 13, 1993, on RCA Records and produced by the group's producer, R.P.M. The album failed to make it to any of the \"Billboard\" charts, but two singles did, \"Attitudes\" and \"Is It All Right?\" Both made it to #24 on the Hot Rap Singles. This release received extensive national independent retail promotion through Poindexter International Marketing & Promotions, which was employed by RCA Records. It was also one of the first projects managed by James \"DJ Ras J\"", "Pick a Box of the prize. Here appears one of the program's catch phrases, \"The money or the box?\" To increase the risk/suspense, he would sometimes offer increasing amounts of cash to contestants who chose the box. After receiving the cash or prize, contestants had the option of leaving the show undefeated, or returning to play for more prizes, at the risk of losing those already won. This format remained largely unchanged throughout its entire run. The first contestant to make a name for himself was Ken Eccleston who gained fame over 10 weeks in 1958 when he achieved what was then the", "What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" debuted on the U.S. \"Billboard\"", "Cute Is What We Aim For where they will continue their 10-year anniversary tour. Current members Former members Cute Is What We Aim For Cute Is What We Aim For is a rock band from Buffalo, New York. The band formed in 2005, and have since released two albums: \"The Same Old Blood Rush with a New Touch\" and \"Rotation\". The band was previously signed with record label Fueled by Ramen for their two releases, but are currently unsigned. The original members of Cute Is What We Aim For were childhood friends. When the band was formed in January 2005, the members were still in their", "Cute Is What We Aim For Cute Is What We Aim For Cute Is What We Aim For is a rock band from Buffalo, New York. The band formed in 2005, and have since released two albums: \"The Same Old Blood Rush with a New Touch\" and \"Rotation\". The band was previously signed with record label Fueled by Ramen for their two releases, but are currently unsigned. The original members of Cute Is What We Aim For were childhood friends. When the band was formed in January 2005, the members were still in their teenage years. Since the band's inception, it has been subject to several", "Living in a Box Lexicon of Love II. In 2016 Living in a Box reformed with British soul singer Kenny Thomas replacing Darbyshire. Since then the band has appeared at live festival events in the UK like Let's Rock, Rewind and Flashback throughout the summer of 2016 and continued through 2017. Plans to record some new music and tour in 2018 are yet to be confirmed. The song \"Living in a Box\" was later covered by Bobby Womack, who had also worked with Living in a Box on their single, \"So the Story Goes.\" Living in a Box Living in a Box are a", "This Is What You Came For France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Slovakia. The song has reached the top 10 in all except three of the countries it has charted in. Taylor Swift performed \"This is What You Came For\" on the piano for the first time live at the United States Grand Prix in Austin, Texas, on 22 October 2016. Swift then performed an acoustic guitar version at the DirecTV Super Saturday Night in Houston, Texas, on 4 February 2017. This Is What You Came For \"This Is What You Came For\" is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris,", "What Is the What What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as \"murahaleen\" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight", "Hollinger box Hollinger box A Hollinger box, also known as a \"document box\" or \"archives box,\" is a specially constructed cardboard box used in archives for preservation of documents and photographs. The term \"Hollinger\" refers to the manufacturer, Hollinger Metal Edge, a company founded in 1945 in Arlington, Virginia. Hollinger Metal Edge worked with officials at the Library of Congress and National Archives of the United States to develop acid free papers, storage boxes and envelopes that would preserve archival collections. The boxes are designed for long-term storage, and typically rest on standard library shelving. The Society of American Archivists defines it", "Living in a Box Living in a Box Living in a Box are a British band founded in 1985. They are best known for their eponymous debut single, produced by Richard James Burgess. The group currently consists of founding members Anthony \"Tich\" Critchlow (drums) and Marcus Vere (synthesisers) along with vocalist Kenny Thomas. Living in a Box were formed in 1985 in Manchester. The group named themselves after the first song they had recorded together in the studio. It was in fact this song that had brought them together in the first place. Vere and Critchlow were recording the demo version of the tune", "What Is a Nation? today\". At the current time, however, the existence of separate nations serves to guarantee liberty, in a way which would be lost if the whole world served under one law and one master. \"Each brings one note to the great concert of humanity...\" Renan gives Switzerland as a prime example of a nation established by volition (choice, will): Renan's argument was summarized in the German term \"Willensnation\" (\"nation-by-volition\"), used to describe the status of Switzerland as a federal state by choice, and not along ethnic boundaries. The term became popular to describe the Swiss political model after World War I", "Cardboard box the energy of oncoming objects. In 2012, British stuntman Gary Connery safely landed via wingsuit without deploying his parachute, landing on a high crushable \"runway\" (landing zone) built with thousands of cardboard boxes. Cardboard box Cardboard boxes are industrially prefabricated boxes, primarily used for packaging goods and materials and can also be recycled. Specialists in industry seldom use the term cardboard because it does not denote a specific material. The term \"cardboard\" may refer to a variety of heavy paper-like materials, including, card stock, corrugated fiberboard, or paperboard. The meaning of the term may depend on the locale, contents, construction,", "What Is the What That Happens Will Happen Today\". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when", "The World Is What It Is in 1996. The biography has been extensively reviewed: the reviewers include Paul Theroux, who wrote an earlier book about Naipaul. The biography was selected by the editors of the \"New York Times Book Review\" as one of the \"Times\"' \"10 Best Books of 2008\". It won the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography, and the British literary award the Hawthornden Prize. The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in", "What a Man (2011 film) What a Man (2011 film) What a Man is a 2011 German comedy film directed by Matthias Schweighöfer. It was well received by German critics and also a success at the box office. It received US$17.3 million at the box office 30-year-old Alex discovers that his girlfriend Carolin has an affair with their neighbour, photographer Jens, and is forced to move out of their shared flat. He moves in with his friend, animal welfare activist Nele who has a long-distance-relationship with her French boyfriend Etienne who lives in China. Alex tries to find out why his relationship with Carolin failed", "Junk box fun. Homebrewing is a slang term in amateur radio referring to building an alternative to a commercially available piece of equipment or accessory by hand. \"Homebrewers\" often naturally maintain a sizeable junk box, and amateur radio publications have often employed the term in DIY project articles such as \"\"The 'Junker' Amplifier\"\" from QST, Oct 1970, an RF amplifier built from scrounged and junk-box parts. Junk box Junk box is a term used by amateur radio operators (hams) to describe a collection of spare parts and old equipment kept to assist in building and repairing their station. Typical items found in", "Coach's box simply a term for the typical area that the coach or manager is standing. Coach's box The coach's box is a term used in numerous sports. In baseball, it is the space where the first base coach and third base coach stands. It is also common practice for a coach who has a play at his base to leave the coach’s box to signal the player to slide, advance or return to a base. This may be allowed by the umpire if the coach does not interfere with the play in any manner. In basketball, it's a line that represents", "A Is for Acid about the term \"corpus delicti\", wrongly assuming it means murder cannot be proven without the presence of a body. He subsequently dreams up what he believes to be the perfect murder and experiments by dissolving mice in sulphuric acid. After learning that Betty gave birth to a daughter and moved away, Haigh travels to London upon his release, where he finds employment as an engineer. After being sacked from his job because of a relationship with his boss's daughter, Gillian Rogers, Haigh sets himself up as an inventor. He bumps into a former employer, Donald McSwan, who has a successful", "What a Beautiful Surprise all the while Silvia has just been a figment of Guido's imagination. What a Beautiful Surprise What a Beautiful Surprise () is a 2015 Italian comedy film written and directed by Alessandro Genovesi and starring Claudio Bisio. It grossed $5,626,528 at the Italian box office. Guido, a Milanese who has relocated to Naples, is a somewhat romantic teacher of Italian literature. When his wife leaves him for a young Belgian, Guido becomes depressed and it seems his life has gone to pieces. Not even the support of his parents Giovanni and Carla and his friend Paolo, a physical education teacher,", "What a Beautiful Surprise What a Beautiful Surprise What a Beautiful Surprise () is a 2015 Italian comedy film written and directed by Alessandro Genovesi and starring Claudio Bisio. It grossed $5,626,528 at the Italian box office. Guido, a Milanese who has relocated to Naples, is a somewhat romantic teacher of Italian literature. When his wife leaves him for a young Belgian, Guido becomes depressed and it seems his life has gone to pieces. Not even the support of his parents Giovanni and Carla and his friend Paolo, a physical education teacher, can lift his morale. Everything changes when Guido meets his new neighbor,", "Living in a Box (album) Living in a Box (album) Living in a Box is the eponymous debut album from British pop group Living in a Box. It was released on Chrysalis Records on 27 April 1987, and features their biggest U.S. hit, the self-titled single, which reached a peak of number 17 that year. In the UK, the album peaked at number 25, while the title track reached number 5. A second single, \"Scales of Justice\" went top 30. A third track, \"So the Story Goes,\" the single version of which featured additional vocals from singer Bobby Womack (though Womack is not featured on", "Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen the history of Box Office Entertainment Awards, there have been actresses who have received multiple awards for Box-Office Queen. Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen The Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen is an award presented annually by the Memorial Scholarship Foundation, led by Corazon Samaniego. It was first awarded at the 1st Box Office Entertainment Awards ceremony in 1971. Nora Aunor was the first recipient the of the Box Office Queen award. Sharon Cuneta is the only actress to be elevated to the Box Office Hall of Fame in 1990 by holding the Box Office", "Living in a Box (album) the album version), hit number 34 in the U.K., while peaking at 81 in the U.S. The fourth and final single taken from the disc, \"Love is the Art\" reached number 45. The CD version has the bonus track \"Superheroes\" (Darbyshire/Vere/Critchlow). Living in a Box (album) Living in a Box is the eponymous debut album from British pop group Living in a Box. It was released on Chrysalis Records on 27 April 1987, and features their biggest U.S. hit, the self-titled single, which reached a peak of number 17 that year. In the UK, the album peaked at number 25,", "What a Hero! Hong Kong Police Force's Taekwondo tournament. Finally, conflicts launched the two into the Taekwondo finals where compete against each other. At the earlier rounds, Wah was at a disadvantage until he uses his Super Whirlwind Kick and wins the championship, while Cheung loses and is convinced. Afterwards, Wah opens a martial arts school which specializes in training the Whirlwind Kick to students, attracting many youths to register in order to learn from him. The film grossed HK$11,534,659 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run 27 February to 11 March 1992 in Hong Kong. What a Hero! What", "Bible box hammer could improvise a Bible box. The term \"Bible box\" is sometimes wrongly used in the United States to qualify antique objects which are in fact simple portable desks with no biblical connection. A more modern, cheaper and more portable version of the bible box is the bible case. For an example of a c.1640s Bible box (nautical desk) belonging to Royal Gov. A. Spotswood of VA, visit http://royalgovernorspotswoodbibledesk.blogspot.com Bible box A Bible box is a small container that is used to store a bible. About the size of a bible, this box could be used to transport in safety", "Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen The Box Office Entertainment Award for Box Office Queen is an award presented annually by the Memorial Scholarship Foundation, led by Corazon Samaniego. It was first awarded at the 1st Box Office Entertainment Awards ceremony in 1971. Nora Aunor was the first recipient the of the Box Office Queen award. Sharon Cuneta is the only actress to be elevated to the Box Office Hall of Fame in 1990 by holding the Box Office Queen title five times and later on holding the most box office queen titles in history with nine. Throughout", "Box social raising money for a school, church, or civic project. A notable example from pop culture is the second act of Oklahoma!, which is set at a box social. Within the university environment, a box social can be an annual social gathering for a sports club. Box social Box social is a term for a social event that was widely used in the early 1900s with varying definitions in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. In the U.S. state of Vermont the tradition is that women decorate a cardboard box and fill it with a lunch or dinner for", "Cereal box prize Cereal box prize A cereal box prize, also known as a cereal box toy in the UK and Ireland, is a form of advertising that involves using a promotional toy or small item that is offered as an incentive to buy a particular breakfast cereal. Prizes are found inside or sometimes on the cereal box. The term \"cereal box prize\" is sometimes used as a broader term to also include premiums that can be ordered through the mail from an advertising promotion printed on the outside of the cereal box. Cereal box prizes and premiums have been distributed in four", "The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story is a compilation album by British electronic music duo The KLF, comprising six versions of their techno track \"What Time Is Love?\". By 1989 (see 1989 in music), the popularity of the \"Pure Trance Original\" of \"What Time Is Love?\" in European clubs had reportedly spawned eighteen unauthorised cover versions and sound-alikes. In a novel move, some of these were collated by The Orb's Alex Paterson at The KLF's behest, and released as a compilation album entitled \"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story\", which was sold commercially for", "Say Kids What Time Is It? 2 minutes 22 seconds long, cutting out roughly 2 minutes of the original track. A1 \"Say Kids What Time Is It?\" B1 untitled B2 untitled B3 untitled B4 untitled A \"Say Kids (What Time Is It?)\" B1 untitled (instrumental cut-up) B2 untitled (instrumental cut-up) B3 untitled (samples for scratching) B4 untitled (samples for scratching) A \"Find a Way\" B1 \"Say Kids\" B2 \"Untitled (Breaks)\" B3 \"Untitled (Breaks)\" Say Kids What Time Is It? \"Say Kids What Time Is It?\" is the debut single of British dance music duo Coldcut. It is renowned as one of the first tracks to be", "Box-office bomb Box-office bomb In the motion picture industry, a \"box-office bomb\" or \"box-office flop\" is a film that is considered highly unsuccessful or unprofitable during its theatrical run, often following significant hype regarding its cost, production, or marketing efforts. Generally, any film for which the production and marketing costs exceed the combined revenue recovered after release is considered to have \"bombed\". \"Box-office bomb\" is a subjective term, as gauging the financial success of a film is difficult. There is also no reliable definition of the term. Not all films that fail to earn back their estimated costs during their theatrical runs", "Bulk box Bulk box A bulk box, also known as a bulk bin, skid box, pallet box, bin box, or octabin is a pallet-size box used for storage and shipping of bulk quantities. In the U.S. and Canada, the term \"gaylord\" is sometimes used for triplewall corrugated pallet boxes; this is due to the first bulk bins being manufactured by the original Gaylord Container Company of St. Louis, which was acquired by Crown Zellerbach of San Francisco in 1955. Bulk boxes are often made of corrugated fiberboard, either doublewall or triplewall. Many corrugated bulk boxes have covers. The main body of some", "Mult box state of the art mult box to the cash-starved African Union in a formal ceremony, in which they also presented new interns who will be trained to use it. Mult box A mult box is \"a metal box with multiple outputs of a single audio source (one microphone connected to twenty jacks so that twenty people can record that microphone).\" A mult box is sometimes called a 'press box', but that term is usually reserved for the sports media's section of an arena. It may also be called a press mult box or press bridge. The sound engineer connects several", "Mult box Mult box A mult box is \"a metal box with multiple outputs of a single audio source (one microphone connected to twenty jacks so that twenty people can record that microphone).\" A mult box is sometimes called a 'press box', but that term is usually reserved for the sports media's section of an arena. It may also be called a press mult box or press bridge. The sound engineer connects several microphones to allow all of them to get clean, high-quality audio. Reporters use a mult box frequently at press conferences, especially when politicians give such interviews in small spaces,", "This Is What You Came For This Is What You Came For \"This Is What You Came For\" is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris, featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on 29 April 2016, through Columbia Records and Westbury Road. The song was written by Taylor Swift, who was initially credited with the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg. Rihanna and Harris had previously collaborated on her sixth studio album, \"Talk That Talk\", which included the international chart-topper \"We Found Love\" and US top five single \"Where Have You Been\", the former of which was written and produced by Harris. He played the", "Is This What You Want? Come Back\". The 2010 remaster offered previously unreleased songs recorded during Lomax's two years on Apple Records, as well as additional tracks for download, including alternative mixes of \"Sour Milk Sea\", \"The Eagle Laughs at You\" and \"New Day\". Omitted from this 2010 CD, \"Going Back to Liverpool\" and the stereo mix of \"New Day\" instead appeared on the bonus discs included in the 17-disc \"Apple Box Set\". On release, \"Is This What You Want?\" received enthusiastic reviews. In a 1970 interview with Robert Greenfield of \"Rolling Stone\", however, Lomax lamented that commentators tended to focus on the line-up of", "What Is a Nation? and continues to be invoked. Political historian Karl Deutsch, in a quote sometimes mistakenly attributed to Renan, said that a nation is \"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours\". Benedict Anderson's 1983 work Imagined Communities, which states that a nation is an \"imagined political community\", argues that Renan contradicts himself when he says French people must have forgotten the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, yet does not explain what it is. In other words, Renan assumes that all his readers will remember the very massacre he says they have forgotten.", "What Is a Nation? French citizen has to have forgotten the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, or the massacre that took place in the South in the thirteenth century. While many nations, such as France, begin with a feudal regime such as a monarchy, others, such as the United States and Switzerland, are formed by acts of consensual aggregation. France and many others, however, survived their feudal roots while maintaining their identity. Renan inquires what is the organizing principle? It can't be race, because France is \"Celt, Iberian, German...The most noble countries, England, France and Italy, are the ones where the blood is most mixed.\"", "Cute Is What We Aim For to finish up high school and after that I was like, 'Wow, I miss playing music.' I was blessed enough to get that opportunity again.\" However, Cimato left the band once again in March 2008. It was announced that Dave Melillo would play bass until further notice. In 2008, Cute Is What We Aim For entered the studio to record with producer John Feldmann. \"Rotation\" debuted at #21 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart selling around 22,000 copies. In 2010, it was announced that the band Cute Is What We Aim For lost all of its members except for", "This Is What You Came For among artists to 73). \"This Is What You Came For\" became Rihanna's 25th and Harris's fourth number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart, where it became the first song since 2013's \"Wake Me Up\" to stay at number one for two weeks. As of October 2016, the single has sold 1.2 million copies in the United States. \"This Is What You Came For\" debuted at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart, and peaked at number one in Australia, Canada and Ireland. The song also reached the top 10 in Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,", "What a Man My Man Is been re-recorded numerous times by Anderson, including on her Grammy-nominated 2004 album, \"The Bluegrass Sessions\". What a Man My Man Is \"What a Man My Man Is\" is the name of a No. 1 U.S. country music hit by Lynn Anderson, from 1974. This was Anderson's last No. 1 country hit, staying at the top for one week and spending a total of nine weeks on the chart. It was also her last pop entry on the Hot 100, reaching number 93. For the next few years, Anderson would place hits in the Country top 15 and 20, but wouldn't", "What a Man My Man Is What a Man My Man Is \"What a Man My Man Is\" is the name of a No. 1 U.S. country music hit by Lynn Anderson, from 1974. This was Anderson's last No. 1 country hit, staying at the top for one week and spending a total of nine weeks on the chart. It was also her last pop entry on the Hot 100, reaching number 93. For the next few years, Anderson would place hits in the Country top 15 and 20, but wouldn't reach the top 10 again until 1979 with \"Isn't it Always Love\". The song has", "Without a Box group eventually decided to give those profits away in grants to student artists. Straus liked the meaning behind the name Without a Box so much, he later created the company which became the largest community and advocacy for Independent filmmakers worldwide and sold it to IMDb.com, a division of Amazon.com, in 2008. Without a Box Without a Box is the oldest improvisational comedy group at the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California. The group performs both short-form and long-form improv and makes frequent use of music in its performances. Without a Box is student run and directed. Without a Box was", "Betty Box it takes eight weeks to film and nine months to produce.\" Box was awarded the OBE in 1958. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire aged 83 from cancer in 1999. A posthumous autobiography \"Lifting the Lid: The Autobiography of Film Producer Betty Box\" was published in 2000. \"Lifting the Lid\" by Betty Box, published posthumously in 2000, Betty Box Betty Evelyn Box, (25 September 1915 – 15 January 1999) was a prolific British film producer. Usually credited as Betty E. Box, she is considered one of the best of her generation, with a flair for making genuinely popular British films. Born", "What a Country! What a Country! What a Country! is an American sitcom that aired in syndication from September 27, 1986 to May 23, 1987. It was based on the 1977-1979 British sitcom \"Mind Your Language\". The series was intended as somewhat of a showcase for comedian Yakov Smirnoff, whose catchphrase provided the show's title. \"What a Country!\" is set in a class of recent immigrants to the United States who are trying to pass the citizenship test. Their teacher, Taylor Brown (played by Garrett M. Brown) is an American English language teacher, while the students include Nikolai (a Russian taxi driver), Laszlo", "What Is a Man Without a Moustache? What Is a Man Without a Moustache? What Is a Man Without a Moustache? () is a 2005 Croatian romantic comedy-drama film. Hrvoje Hribar directed the film and wrote the screenplay as an adaptation of Ante Tomić's 2000 novel of the same name. Starring Leon Lučev and Zrinka Cvitešić and set against a background of a country still recovering from the Croatian War of Independence, the film tells the story of a young widow who falls in love with a local priest and a difficult choice that the priest faces when being forced to choose between the woman and his", "Betty Box Betty Box Betty Evelyn Box, (25 September 1915 – 15 January 1999) was a prolific British film producer. Usually credited as Betty E. Box, she is considered one of the best of her generation, with a flair for making genuinely popular British films. Born in Beckenham, Kent, England, she initially planned to be a commercial artist or journalist. She entered the motion picture industry in 1942, joining her brother Sydney Box and his wife Muriel at Verity Films, where she helped produce more than 200 wartime propaganda shorts. Box: Sitting around was no good for me, my brother said, and", "What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse the NES game \"\", where it appears in a text box during the in-game transition from day to night. An eponymous song was later recorded for the band's 2007 album \"Nocturnal\". The song \"Burning the Hive\" was re-recorded for the band's 2002 EP, \"A Cold-Blooded Epitaph\". What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse is a demo album by the American metal band The Black Dahlia Murder, released independently in May 2001. It is the band's only record to feature Sean Gauvreau on bass. Although The Black Dahlia Murder are considered a", "Black box flow diagram centered in the box. The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a \"clear box\" or a \"glass box\"). The modern meaning of the term \"black box\" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as \"black boxes\" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm", "Pocket box from a belt and hold a cell phone. The term is also used generically by a variety of manufactures to describe the relative size of packaging for a variety of products. Later editions were printed in a larger box. Pocket box A pocket box is a small box or pocket-sized container, so named to emphasise its portability. In the 1980s \"pocket box\" was used by Steve Jackson Games to describe the (usually black) plastic boxes designed to hold a rulebook and related game components. They replaced ziplock bags previously used for the same games. Steve Jackson Games also sold empty", "Penalty box Penalty box The penalty box or sin bin (sometimes called the bad box, or simply bin or box) is the area in ice hockey, roller derby, rugby league, rugby union and some other sports where a player sits to serve the time of a given penalty, for an offence not severe enough to merit outright expulsion from the contest. Teams are generally not allowed to replace players who have been sent to the penalty box. Ice hockey has popularized the term \"penalty box.\" In most cases it is a small isolated bench surrounded by walls on all four sides, with" ]

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[ "United States Department of Health and Human Services United States Department of Health and Human Services The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is \"Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America\". Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is appointed by the President with the" ]

[ "United States Secretary of Health and Human Services United States Secretary of Health and Human Services The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with health matters. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The office was formerly Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1980, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services, and its education functions and Rehabilitation Services Administration were transferred to the new Department of Education. Patricia Roberts Harris headed the department before and after it was renamed. Nominations", "Health Resources and Services Administration Health Resources and Services Administration The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services located in North Bethesda, Maryland. It is the primary federal agency for improving access to health care services for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. Comprising six bureaus and 13 offices, the Health Resources and Services Administration provides leadership and financial support to health care providers in every state and U.S. territory. Health Resources and Services Administration's grantees provide health care to uninsured people, people living with HIV/AIDS, and pregnant women, mothers and children.", "United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services The Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services (formerly the Under Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1953–1979, and the Under Secretary of Health and Human Services, 1979–1990) is the chief operating officer of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Deputy Secretary oversees all operations within the Department, including overseeing Medicare, Medicaid, public health, medical research, food and drug safety, welfare, child and family services, disease prevention, Indian health, and mental health services. The incumbent Deputy Secretary is Eric Hargan. The Deputy Secretary is also the Regulatory", "Oregon Department of Human Services seniors and people with disabilities. Oregon Department of Human Services The Oregon Department of Human Services (ODHS) is the principal human services agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon. ODHS helps Oregonians achieve wellbeing and independence through opportunities that protect, empower, respect choice and preserve dignity, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. DHS provides direct services to more than 1 million Oregonians each year. These services provide a key safety net for those who are most vulnerable or who are at a difficult place in their life. 1971: The Oregon Legislature created the", "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; pronounced ) is a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is charged with improving the quality and availability of treatment and rehabilitative services in order to reduce illness, death, disability, and the cost to society resulting from substance abuse and mental illnesses. The Administrator of SAMHSA reports directly to the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. SAMHSA's headquarters building is located in Rockville, Maryland. SAMHSA was established in 1992 by Congress as part of a", "Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities The Administration on Developmental Disabilities (ADD) is the United States federal agency responsible for implementation and administration of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (DD Act) and the disability provisions of the Help America Vote Act. Organizationally, the Administration on Developmental Disabilities is located within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and is part of the Department's Administration for Children and Families. ADD's mission is to improve and increase services to and assure that individuals with developmental disabilities have opportunities to make their own choices, contribute to", "National Alliance for Hispanic Health National Alliance for Hispanic Health The National Alliance for Hispanic Health (NAHH) is a nonprofit and nonpartisan advocacy organization dedicated to improving the health and well being of Hispanics and working to secure the best outcomes. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health is science-based and community-driven. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health is a paid subscriber to the \"Best in America\" seal from Independent Charities of America. Funds are not accepted from tobacco or alcohol companies. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health conducts Signature and Demonstration programs. Signature Programs include (1) Annual STEM Scholarships: Awarded 10 high school students. (2)", "Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities society, have supports to live independently, and are free of abuse, neglect, financial and sexual exploitation, and violations of their legal and human rights. Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities The Administration on Developmental Disabilities (ADD) is the United States federal agency responsible for implementation and administration of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (DD Act) and the disability provisions of the Help America Vote Act. Organizationally, the Administration on Developmental Disabilities is located within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and is part of the Department's Administration for Children and Families. ADD's", "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The agency focuses on minimizing human health risks associated with exposure to hazardous substances. It works closely with other federal, state, and local agencies; tribal governments; local communities; and healthcare providers. Its mission is to \"Serve the public through responsive public health actions to promote healthy and safe environments and prevent harmful exposures.\" ATSDR was created as an advisory, nonregulatory agency by the Superfund legislation and was formally", "Bureau of Health Workforce as of May 6, 2013, in accordance with 78 FR 20473. Bureau of Health Workforce The Bureau of Health Workforce is a part of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. HRSA programs train health care professionals and place them where they are needed most. Grants support scholarship and loan repayment programs at colleges and universities to meet critical workforce shortages and promote diversity within the health professions. HRSA’s health professions programs began in June 1967 and were originally part of the Public Health Service. Over the next decade, these", "Department of Health & Human Services (Victoria) Government: Department of Health & Human Services (Victoria) The Department of Health & Human Services is a government department responsible for health, ambulance services, families and children, youth affairs, public housing, disability, ageing, mental health and sport policy in the state of Victoria, Australia. Formerly the Department of Health, Department of Human Services and Sports and Recreation Victoria, the department was reconstituted as a single unit on 1 January 2015. The department is responsible for developing and delivering policies, programs and services that support and enhance the wellbeing of all Victorians. The department provides advice to four ministers of the", "Health Resources and Services Administration the Health Resources and Services Administration, replacing acting administrator, Jim Macrae, who returned to his position as administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration's Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC). Health Resources and Services Administration The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services located in North Bethesda, Maryland. It is the primary federal agency for improving access to health care services for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. Comprising six bureaus and 13 offices, the Health Resources and Services Administration provides leadership and financial support to", "Oregon Department of Human Services Oregon Department of Human Services The Oregon Department of Human Services (ODHS) is the principal human services agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon. ODHS helps Oregonians achieve wellbeing and independence through opportunities that protect, empower, respect choice and preserve dignity, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. DHS provides direct services to more than 1 million Oregonians each year. These services provide a key safety net for those who are most vulnerable or who are at a difficult place in their life. 1971: The Oregon Legislature created the Oregon Department of Human Resources,", "Medicare Australia Medicare Australia Medicare Australia is one of the Master Programs of the Australian Government Department of Human Services(DHS). Prior to 1 October 2005, Medicare Australia was known as the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). On 1 July 2011, Medicare Australia and Centrelink were integrated into the Department of Human Services by the \"Human Services Legislation Amendment Act 2011\". Medicare Australia administers health-related programs. It is a prescribed agency under the \"Financial Management and Accountability Act 1997 (Cth)\" and a statutory agency within the Department of Human Services, under the \"Public Service Act 1999 (Cth)\". The National Office of Medicare Australia is", "GLIFAA GLIFAA GLIFAA (Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender etc. (LGBT+) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Commercial Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government. The acronym comes from its original name, Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies. As of 2014, the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan \"LGBT+ pride in foreign affairs agencies\" to underscore its inclusive composition. GLIFAA was founded in 1992", "Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security The Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is the symbol of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and is used to represent the organization and authenticate certain official documents. The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership, employees, and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts. The Ad Council, which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign, and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity. The seal is also featured on the DHS flag, which consists of the seal", "Bureau of Health Workforce Bureau of Health Workforce The Bureau of Health Workforce is a part of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. HRSA programs train health care professionals and place them where they are needed most. Grants support scholarship and loan repayment programs at colleges and universities to meet critical workforce shortages and promote diversity within the health professions. HRSA’s health professions programs began in June 1967 and were originally part of the Public Health Service. Over the next decade, these programs were transferred to the National Institutes of Health. By 1980", "Bureau of Health Professions Bureau of Health Professions The Bureau of Health Professions is a part of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. HRSA programs train health care professionals and place them where they are needed most. Grants support scholarship and loan repayment programs at colleges and universities to meet critical workforce shortages and promote diversity within the health professions. HRSA’s health professions programs began in June 1967 and were originally part of the Public Health Service. Over the next decade, these programs were transferred to the National Institutes of Health. By 1980", "Public Health Service Achievement Medal Public Health Service Achievement Medal The Public Health Service Achievement Medal is a decoration of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is issued to those personnel who display meritorious achievement and excellence in accomplishing the mission of the Department of Health and Human Services. Activities warranting the award of the Public Health Service Achievement Medal could include advancement of program objectives, sustained above-average dedication to duty over a relatively short period of time, or a single act of distinction to the betterment of the United States of America in the area of public health. The Public", "Association of State and Territorial Health Officials Association of State and Territorial Health Officials The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) represents the public health agencies of all 50 states in the United States, the District of Columbia, the five U.S. territories, and the three freely associated states. ASTHO members, the chief health officials in each of these jurisdictions, formulate and influence public health policy and work to protect and promote good health in the populations they serve. ASTHO assists state health agencies by collecting and disseminating promising public health practices, facilitating or directly providing technical assistance, and providing opportunities for state health agency staff", "Department of Human Services and Health Department of Human Services and Health The Department of Human Services and Health was an Australian government department that existed between December 1993 and March 1996. The Department was created when the Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community Services changed its name. Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements and in the Department's annual reports. According to the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO) made on 15 December 1993, the Department dealt with: The Department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who", "4-H 4-H 4-H is a U.S.-based network of youth organizations whose mission is \"engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development\". Its name is a reference to the occurrence of the initial letter H four times in the organization's original motto ‘head, heart, hands, and health’ which was later incorporated into the fuller pledge officially adopted in 1927. In the United States, the organization is administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 4-H Canada is an independent non-profit organization overseeing the operation of branches throughout", "Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products. As of 2017, 3/4th of the FDA budget (approximately $700 million) is funded by the pharmaceutical companies due to", "Department of Health & Human Services (Victoria) Department of Health & Human Services (Victoria) The Department of Health & Human Services is a government department responsible for health, ambulance services, families and children, youth affairs, public housing, disability, ageing, mental health and sport policy in the state of Victoria, Australia. Formerly the Department of Health, Department of Human Services and Sports and Recreation Victoria, the department was reconstituted as a single unit on 1 January 2015. The department is responsible for developing and delivering policies, programs and services that support and enhance the wellbeing of all Victorians. The department provides advice to four ministers of the Victorian", "Hawaii Department of Health Hawaii Department of Health The Hawaiʻi Department of Health (DOH) is a state agency of Hawaiʻi, with its headquarters in Honolulu CDP, City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu. The Hawai'i Department of Health is organized into three administrations: Health Resources, Behavioral Health, and Environmental Health. The role of the Health Resources Administration is to prevent, detect, and manage disease and threatening situations, and assure care to people with special health needs. The Behavioral Health Administration is responsible for improving the lives of those suffering from drug and alcohol abuse and mental health illness by providing education,", "United States Public Health Service Security Agency was abolished and most of its functions, including the PHS, were transferred to the newly formed Department of Health, Education and Welfare. In 1955 the Indian Health Service was established upon transfer of these functions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Food and Drug Administration, which traces its origins to 1862, became part of the PHS in 1968. In 1980 the Department of Health, Education and Welfare was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services. The other four agencies of the PHS were formed between 1980 and 1992. In the area of environmental protection and", "Health departments in the United States Health functioned from 1879–1883. Not until 1939 was another federal agency established to manage public health on a national level. It went through several iterations a federal agency called the Federal Security Agency that had health functions such as the United States Public Health Service (PHS), and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1953, that agency was reorganized and its health functions were elevated to a cabinet-level position to establish the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), which was renamed in 1980 to become the current and modern United States Department of Health and", "Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (ASD(HA)) is chartered under United States Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 5136.1 in 1994. This DoDD states that the ASD(HA) is the principal advisor to the U.S. Secretary of Defense on all \"DoD health policies, programs and activities.\" In addition to exercising oversight of all DoD health resources, ASD(HA) serves as director of the Tricare Management Activity. The ASD(HA) reports to the Undersecretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness), or USD(P&R). A political appointee responsible for the United States Department of Defense's Military Health System ,", "North Carolina LINKS Program North Carolina LINKS Program North Carolina LINKS is a program of the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Social Services. The agency's website states that the name LINKS was chosen as a word that captures the purposes and intent of the Foster Care Independence Act also known as The John H Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. (CFCIP) It is not an acronym. Social work research has shown that older youth and young adults who have experienced extended time in foster care are at increased risk of negative consequences once they leave care, such as dropping out", "Defense Health Agency Defense Health Agency The Defense Health Agency (DHA) is a joint, integrated Combat Support Agency that enables the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force medical services to provide a medically ready force and ready medical force to Combatant Commands in both peacetime and wartime. The DHA supports the delivery of integrated, affordable, and high quality health services to MHS beneficiaries and is responsible for driving greater integration of clinical and business processes across the MHS by: The United States Department of Defense established the DHA as part of a larger effort meant to reorganize its health care programs", "HIV.gov AIDS.gov developed and promoted an accompanying widget with videos from the campaigns, and with the President's NHTD message. For National HIV Testing Day (NHTD) on June 27, 2010, AIDS.gov worked with HUD's Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS Program, SAMHSA's Center for Mental Health Services, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the CDC, and others to develop the HIV/AIDS Prevention & Service Provider Locator. By entering a location (ZIP code, city and state), an individual can locate nearby prevention, housing, mental health, substance abuse, testing, and treatment services. The locator is a widget that allows organizations and individuals to", "Alphabet soup (linguistics) Alphabet soup (linguistics) Alphabet soup is a metaphor for an abundance of abbreviations or acronyms, named for a common dish made from alphabet pasta. Use dates at least as far back as Franklin D. Roosevelt's alphabet agencies of the New Deal. In the United States, the Federal Government is described as an alphabet soup on account of the multitude of agencies that it has spawned, including the NSA, CIA, FBI, USSS, ATF, DEA, EPA, NCIS, IRS and INS. In 1938, a US barbershop harmony organization was founded, aptly named SPEBSQSA or The Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber", "VOLAG Department of Health and Human Services) to provide job placement, English language training and other social services. VOLAG VOLAG, sometimes spelled Volag or VolAg, is an abbreviation for \"Voluntary Agency\". This term refers to any of the nine U.S. private agencies and one state agency that have cooperative agreements with the State Department to provide reception and placement services for refugees arriving in the United States. These agencies use funding from the State Department's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) along with self-generated resources to provide refugees with a range of services including sponsorship, initial housing, food and clothing,", "Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) is an operating agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the managing personnel body for the United States Public Health Service. The office is under the direction of the Assistant Secretary for Health, who serves as the senior uniformed advisor on public health and science issues to the Department Secretary. The Office serves as the focal point for leadership and coordination across the Department in public health and science, provides direction to program offices within OASH, and provides advice", "PARfessionals and licensing boards in the United States and the world. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that leads public health efforts to advance the behavioral health of the nation. SAMHSA's mission is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America's communities. SAMHSA states that: In 2012, PARfessionals developed the first globally recognized online training program for peer recovery professionals. , PARfessionals offers an online distance learning pre-certification training course, a home study correspondence course and an inmate correspondence course for student-candidates", "Wisconsin Department of Health Services 1970s saw an expansion of public welfare and health services at both the federal and state levels.Notable were programs for medical care for the needy and aged (Medical Assistance and Medicare), drug treatment programs, food stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC), and increased regulation of nursing homes and hospitals. The Department of Health and Social Services was renamed the Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS), on July 1, 1996. In 2008, various programs of the DHFS were combined with others from the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, to create a new Wisconsin Department of Children and", "California Department of Public Health California Department of Public Health The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) is the state department responsible for public health in California. It is a subdivision of the California Health and Human Services Agency. One of its functions is to oversee vital records operations throughout the state. CDPH operates the Medical Marijuana Program, tasked with issuing identification cards under Compassionate Use Act of 1996, and California Senate Bill 420. CDPH administers the state's Kids' Plates program, which funds programs to protect children through the sale of customized license plates featuring one of four symbols- Heart, Hand, Star or Plus sign", "United States Public Health Service The three other divisions are designated human services agencies and are not part of the Public Health Service. These are the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Administration for Children and Families, and Administration for Community Living. The Assistant Secretary for Health is the senior official in change of the Public Health Service. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health contains the following core agencies: The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) employs more than 6,000 uniformed public health professionals for the purpose of delivering public health promotion and disease prevention programs and advancing public health science.", "Wisconsin Department of Health Services Families. The remaining health-specific programs were left under a renamed Department of Health Services. Wisconsin Department of Health Services The Wisconsin Department of Health Services (WisDHS) is a governmental agency of the U.S. state of Wisconsin responsible for maintaining public health. It administers a wide range of services in the state and at state institutions, regulates hospitals and care providers, and supervises and consults with local public health agencies. Its responsibilities include public health; mental health and substance abuse; long-term support and care; services to people with disabilities, medical assistance, and children’s services; aging programs; physical and developmental disability services;", "DHS Office of Health Affairs DHS Office of Health Affairs The Office of Health Affairs (OHA) is a component within the United States Department of Homeland Security. OHA provides health and medical expertise in support of the department's mission to prepare for, respond to, and recover from all hazards affecting the nation’s health security. The Office of Health Affairs is led by the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Health Affairs, who is appointed by the President of the United States with confirmation by the United States Senate. The current assistant secretary is Katherine Brinsfield, MD, MPH. The Office of Health Affairs is led by", "Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and counsel on public health and science issues to the Secretary. Prior to 2010, the Office was known as the Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS). As of 2018, OASH oversees 12 core public health offices, 10 regional health offices, and 10 presidential and secretarial advisory committees. The core offices are: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) is an operating agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the managing personnel body for the United States Public Health Service. The office is under the direction", "Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Security Light Blue\", specified as 307 C on the Pantone Matching System, and \"Homeland Security Green\", specified as 370 C on the Pantone Matching System. In June 2003, several months after the DHS was created, the DHS seal was unveiled. A DHS press release dated June 19, 2003 describes the seal as follows: Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security The Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is the symbol of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and is used to represent the organization and authenticate certain official documents. The seal was developed with", "Acronym (from \"United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund\") because it is more than four letters, and to style it in caps might look ungainly (flirting with the appearance of \"shouting capitals\"). While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words (such as \"and\", \"or\", \"of\", or \"to\"), this is not always the case. (A similar set of words is sometimes left as lowercase in headers and publication titles.) Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym, such as CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case, such as in the", "Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid and other crosscutting areas. The Division of Health Care Delivery Systems is responsible for functions related to health services, health organizations and health care delivery systems. The division's focus includes consumer information such as patient's bill of rights, incentives for private health insurance and health care, matters concerning the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), health care organization, and the interaction between public and private health care and insurance. The Office of Human Services Policy (HSP) is responsible for policy development and coordination, and for the conduct and coordination of research,", "Defense Human Resources Activity Defense Human Resources Activity The Defense Human Resources Activity (DHRA) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) Field Activity chartered to support the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (USD(P&R)). The scope of DHRA's mission is very broad, giving the USD flexibility to explore and field new technologies and programs that benefit warfighters, their family members, as well as DoD civilians. DHRA programs impact the delivery of benefits, readiness, force protection, and the detection and elimination of fraud. DHRA provides support and services that improve the efficiency, productivity, and quality of life throughout the Department. Leading the", "National Alliance for Hispanic Health and created the sister organization, Healthy Americas Institute, at the Keck School of Medicine. National Alliance for Hispanic Health The National Alliance for Hispanic Health (NAHH) is a nonprofit and nonpartisan advocacy organization dedicated to improving the health and well being of Hispanics and working to secure the best outcomes. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health is science-based and community-driven. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health is a paid subscriber to the \"Best in America\" seal from Independent Charities of America. Funds are not accepted from tobacco or alcohol companies. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health conducts Signature and Demonstration", "United States Department of Homeland Security Programs Directorate (NPPD) within DHS and established the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). A DHS press release dated June 6, 2003 explains the seal as follows: The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership, employees, and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts. The Ad Council – which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign – and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity. Since its inception, the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington, D.C.'s Nebraska Avenue Complex, a former naval facility. The site, across from American University, has", "Department of Human Services (Australia) Services is responsible for administering the following Australian legislation. Department of Human Services (Australia) The Department of Human Services (also called DHS) is a department of the Government of Australia charged with responsibility for delivering a range of welfare, health, child support payments and other services to the people of Australia. The Department of Human Services delivers its services through a portfolio of two organisations and three departmental master programs: The head of the department is the Secretary of the Department of Human Services, currently Renée Leon , who is responsible to the Minister for Human Services, currently the Hon.", "WASH WASH WASH (or Watsan, WaSH) is an acronym that stands for \"water, sanitation and hygiene\". Universal, affordable and sustainable access to WASH is a key public health issue within international development and is the focus of Sustainable Development Goal 6. Several international development agencies assert that attention to WASH can also improve health, life expectancy, student learning, gender equality, and other important issues of international development. Access to WASH includes safe water, adequate sanitation and hygiene education. This can reduce illness and death, and also reduce poverty and improve socio-economic development. In 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that", "WASH general is the topic of a separate article. The abbreviation WASH was used from the year 1988 onwards as an acronym for the \"Water and Sanitation for \"Health\"\" Project of the United States Agency for International Development. At that time, the letter \"H\" stood for \"health\", not \"hygiene\". Similarly, in Zambia the term WASHE was used in a report in 1987 and stood for \"Water Sanitation Health Education\". An even older USAID \"WASH project report\" dates back to as early as 1981. From about 2001 onwards, international organizations active in the area of water supply and sanitation advocacy, such as", "Wisconsin Department of Children and Families for the aged the Legislature added the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The 1960s and 1970s saw an expansion of public welfare and health services at both the federal and state levels.Notable were programs for medical care for the needy and aged (Medical Assistance and Medicare), drug treatment programs, food stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC), and increased regulation of nursing homes and hospitals. The Department of Health and Social Services was renamed the Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS), on July 1, 1996. In 2008, various programs of the DHFS were combined with others from the", "Health Alert Network Health Alert Network The Health Alert Network (HAN) is a program under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The HAN project is intended to \"ensure that each community has rapid and timely access to emergent health information; a cadre of highly-trained professional personnel; and evidence-based practices and procedures for effective public health preparedness, response, and service on a 24/7 basis.\" Currently, HAN is a strong national program, providing vital health information and the infrastructure to support the dissemination of that information at the state and", "United States Secretary of Health and Human Services born 1933); The most recent Secretary of Health and Human Services to die was Margaret Heckler (served 1983–1985, born 1931), on August 6, 2018. The most recently serving Secretary to die was Otis R. Bowen (served 1985–1989, born 1918) on May 4, 2013. United States Secretary of Health and Human Services The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with health matters. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The office was formerly Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1980, the Department", "Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 The Secretary of Health and Human Services is required to implement objective, evidence-based metrics to ensure that entities receiving such grant awards are meeting, to the extent practicable, the applicable goals of the National Health Security Strategy. Section 204 of the Act reauthorizes appropriations for FY2014-FY2018 for a program to improve public health alert communications and surveillance and public health situational awareness capability. This section adds poison control centers to the integrated system of public health alert communications and surveillance networks. Section 204 requires the Secretary to submit to the appropriate congressional committees a coordinated strategy and an accompanying implementation", "Food and Drug Administration cases the devices had been deemed so low-risk that they did not need FDA regulation. Of the 113 devices recalled, 35 were for cardiovascular health purposes. General: International: Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices", "New York City Human Resources Administration SNAP, which stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. HRA’s Employment Services, a part of the Family Independence Administration, connects HRA clients with employment and training opportunities in the private and public sector. Many employment services programs combine subsidized work and on-the-job training with guided job hunting and workshops on resume writing and interviewing skills. HRA used to provide healthcare services and information through the Medical Assistance Program. With the introduction of the Affordable Care Act, HRA now mainly caters towards specific Medicaid applicants, such as those over 65 or have disabilities. The Long Term Care Services Program offers a wide", "National Health Service Corps $170,000 in loan repayment. Also, there are a greater number of available positions because the criteria are less stringent. The legislative battle to establish the NHSC was the subject of the book, \"The Dance of Legislation\" by Eric Redman. National Health Service Corps The National Health Service Corps is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, division of Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Clinician Recruitment and Service. Members are health professionals providing primary health care services in underserved communities since 1972. In exchange, the providers are given either loan repayment or scholarship throughout their", "HIV/AIDS Bureau spent for core services. Part C funds communities for early intervention services; 75% must be spent for core services. Part D grants support services for women, infants, children and youth. Part F comprises Special Projects of National Significance, AIDS Education & Training Centers, Dental Programs and Minority AIDS Initiative. HIV/AIDS Bureau The HIV/AIDS Bureau is a part of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), a part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It was established to deal with the growing problem of HIV/AIDS in the United States since the early 1980s. HRSA drives innovation in", "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Medicaid populations. With this program, AHRQ serves as a \"science partner\" with private and public organizations in their efforts to improve the quality, effectiveness, and appropriateness of health care by synthesizing the evidence and facilitating the translation of evidence-based research findings. Topics are nominated by Federal and non-Federal partners such as professional societies, health plans, insurers, employers, and patient groups. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ; pronounced \"ark\" by initiates and often \"A-H-R-Q\" by the public) is 1 of 12 agencies within the United States Department of Health and Human Services", "Center for Development of Human Services Children’s Services, the New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance, the New York State Department of Health, and the Erie County Department of Social Services. CDHS includes these training units: As part of its mission of “strengthening human services through training, organizational and technical assistance, technology, and evaluation” CDHS/Research Foundation develops and delivers culturally sensitive, outcome-based training in keeping with the most current adult learning theory and federal mandates, including the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), and the Multi-Ethnic Placement Act (MEPA), as well as the most current New York State", "Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) oversees the care and use of research animals in Public Health Service (PHS)-funded research. The Public Health Service consists of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The agencies of the PHS are a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory", "Doctor of Health Administration Doctor of Health Administration The Doctor of Health Administration (D.H.A.), in Latin, salutem cura administrationem doctor (Sca.D), is a research doctoral degree focused on applied application in the field of health administration and with the development of theoretical knowledge in health administration. The D.H.A. requires significant coursework beyond the masters level and a dissertation that contributes to practice. The Doctor of Health Administration is a research degree, and is equivalent to the PhD in Health Administration. The only difference being that the DHA allows for either an applied application approach or a theoretical approach. The Doctor of Health Administration like", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and internationally. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety", "Emergency Medical Services for Children Reauthorization Act of 2014 Human Services’ Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). Its aim is to reduce child and youth disability and death due to severe illness or injury by increasing awareness among health professionals, provider and planners and the general public of the special (physiological and psychological) needs of children receiving emergency medical care. \"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.\" The Emergency Medical Services for Children Reauthorization Act of 2014 would amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize the Emergency Medical Services", "Acronym T-shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym's similarity to the taboo word \"fuck\". The US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects, including \"RESURRECT\", \"NIRVANA\", and \"DUDE\". In July 2010, \"Wired\" magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to \"..transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science\" named \"BATMAN\" and \"ROBIN\" for \"Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature\" and \"Robustness of Biologically-Inspired Networks\", a reference to the Batman and Robin comic-book superheroes. The short-form names of clinical trials and other scientific studies constitute a", "10 Essential Public Health Services 10 Essential Public Health Services The 10 Essential Public Health Services is a US government document which codifies the responsibilities of public health agencies and institutions in the United States. Organized according to the \"three fundamental purposes of public health\" — assessment, policy development, and assurance — the essential services include the following: In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released an assessment of the U.S. public health system titled, \"The Future of Public Health\". The report described the network of county, state, and national public health agencies as being in \"disarray\" and prompted a national discussion about the state", "State health agency State health agency A state health agency (SHA), or state department of health, is a department or agency of the state governments of the United States focused on public health. The state secretary of health is a constitutional or at times a statutory official in several states of the United States. The position is the chief executive official for the state's state health agency (or equivalent), chief administrative officer for the state's Board of Health (or equivalent), or both. Following passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, during the first ten years of the program the state health", "Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93-222 codified as 42 U.S.C. §300e) is a United States statute enacted on December 29, 1973. The Health Maintenance Organization Act, informally known as the federal HMO Act, is a federal law that provides for a trial federal program to promote and encourage the development of health maintenance organizations (HMOs). The federal HMO Act amended the Public Health Service Act, which Congress passed in 1944. The principal sponsor of the federal HMO Act was Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (MA). President Richard Nixon signed bill S.14", "Child Protective Services Child Protective Services Child Protective Services (CPS) is the name of a governmental agency in many states of the United States responsible for providing child protection, which includes responding to reports of child abuse or neglect. Some states use other names, often attempting to reflect more family-centered (as opposed to child-centered) practices, such as \"Department of Children & Family Services\" (DCFS). CPS is also known by the name of \"Department of Social Services\" (DSS) or simply \"Social Services\". List of Other Names and Acronyms for CPS: CPS/DCF is a department under a state's Health and Human Services organization. U.S. federal", "United States Department of Health and Human Services SaaS solution that specifically addresses this growing concern, automating physician time logging in compliance with contract terms to eliminate Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations. There are three tiers of health departments, the federal health department, state health department and local health department. In relation with state and local government, the federal government provides states with funding to ensure that states are able to retain current programs and are able to implement new programs. The coordination between all three health departments is critical to ensure the programs being implemented are well structured and suited to the corresponding level of health", "Qualified Mental Retardation Professional Medicaid Services (CMS) formally updated Appendix J to change the language used to describe developmental disabilities. It is possible that, as facilities start to phase out or convert to other programs (such as waiver-type settings) for people with disabilities, the terms QMRP, QDDP, and QIDP may be removed completely. There are several professional organizations for QMRPs. The most notable organization, the National Association of QDDPs, holds annual meetings around the United States and offers a network for QMRPs to stay in contact with other QMRP groups. There are also state-level organizations that provide training and resources to QMRPs. Some organizations", "Dirigo Health and proponents to Dirigo. Several organizations within the state, including the Maine State Chamber of Commerce and the Maine Association of Health Plans, of which Anthem is a member, have brought legal action against the state to argue that the SOP is improperly calculated and assessed. Dirigo Health The Dirigo Health Agency (sometimes known simply as Dirigo Health) was a government agency run by the state of Maine in the United States. It oversees the state's subsidized health insurance program, DirigoChoice. The program was launched in 2005, and takes its name from the state motto of Maine, \"Dirigo\", which is", "Department of Human Services and Health were responsible to the Minister. The Secretary of the Department was Anthony Stuart Cole (until July 1994) and then Stephen Duckett. Department of Human Services and Health The Department of Human Services and Health was an Australian government department that existed between December 1993 and March 1996. The Department was created when the Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community Services changed its name. Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements and in the Department's annual reports. According to the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO)", "United States Department of Health and Human Services had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, Labor and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people. Consequently, in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12, 1953, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The plan was approved April 1, 1953, and became effective on April 11, 1953. Unlike statutes authorizing the creation", "Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Department of Public Health (as Community Public Health Agency), Department of Mental Health, Medical Services Administration from the Department of Social Services, responsibility for Liquor Control Commission, Licensing, Monitoring and Accreditation and Division of Occupational Health from Department of Commerce, Food Service Sanitation from the Department of Agriculture and many functions of Department of Social Services. The merger of the Department of Human Services (DHS) and the Department of Community Health was announced by Governor Rick Snyder during his 2015 State of the State address. The Department has several agencies and programs operating under its management. The Bureau of Epidemiology", "Learning agenda Development, learning agendas have been developed across multiple offices and bureaus including bureaus that work on democracy and governance, health, food security, biodiversity and wildlife trafficking, as well as cross-Agency initiatives. In addition, central bureaus such as the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning has a learning agenda focused on the Program Cycle Other federal agencies that have developed learning agendas include the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Department of Labor, within the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Corporation for National", "State health agency EPA Alumni Association: Drinking Water, Half Century of Progress – a brief history of U.S. efforts to protect drinking water State health agency A state health agency (SHA), or state department of health, is a department or agency of the state governments of the United States focused on public health. The state secretary of health is a constitutional or at times a statutory official in several states of the United States. The position is the chief executive official for the state's state health agency (or equivalent), chief administrative officer for the state's Board of Health (or equivalent), or both. Following", "Healthcare Systems Bureau Healthcare Systems Bureau The Healthcare Systems Bureau is part of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. HRSA oversees the nation’s organ and tissue donation and transplantation systems, poison control and vaccine injury compensation programs, and a drug discount program for certain safety-net health care providers. HRSA oversees the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients in addition to promoting national awareness of the critical need for organ and tissue donation. HRSA also provides staff and logistics support to the Advisory Committee on Organ Transplantation,", "Office on Women's Health non-profit charities; consumer groups and state, county and local governments. Through funding and contracts with these organisations, the OWH is able to administer various strategies and programmes to improve women's health in America and increase awareness. A number of campaigns employed by the OWH have gained recognition for their work: The role of local coordinators is to comply with national strategy established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and to represent the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health by initiating campaigns in their communities. Other responsibilities include identifying regional needs in women's health and implementing activities in health", "Acronym Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service\". However, to say that \"RARS\" stands directly for that string of words, or can be interchanged with it in syntax (in the same way that \"CHF\" can be usefully interchanged with \"congestive heart failure\"), is a prescriptive misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description; the true nature of such a term is closer to anacronymic than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are. The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to \"spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations,\" but the former are irreducible in that respect; they can be annotated with parenthetical explanations,", "John Elder Robison the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The committee is responsible for producing the \"Strategic Plan for Autism\" for the federal government, and the \"Annual Summary of Advances in Autism Research\". The committee reports to the secretary of Health and Human Services, who oversees the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) autism programs. The committee also coordinates autism efforts with other government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Education and the Social Security", "Maternal and Child Health Bureau unemployment compensation and old-age provisions of the Social Security Act. In 1945, five of six functions of the Children’s Bureau were transferred to the Federal Security Agency. The move was intended to simplify the relationship between number grant-in-aid programs and complex intergovernmental efforts related to education, health, welfare and the social security in the Nation. In 1953 a new cabinet-level department was established – the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW). Functions of the Federal Security Agency, including the Children’s Bureau (and administration of the Title V MCH grants to states), were transferred to the new DHEW. Another", "VHA, Inc. in 1994, adopting the initials of its former name (\"Voluntary Hospitals of America\"). VHA is a registered trademark. VHA changed its name to move beyond the outdated and often-misunderstood concepts of \"voluntary\" and \"hospitals,\" while retaining its name recognition. VHA is a nationwide network of leading community-owned health care organizations and physicians and is not associated or affiliated in any way with the Veterans Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or Variable Housing Allowances. On April 1, 2015 VHA and UHC (University HealthSystem Consortium) merged to make one company making them the largest member owned health care", "Food and Nutrition Service Panther. Food and Nutrition Service The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The FNS is the federal agency responsible for administering the nation’s domestic nutrition assistance programs. The service helps to address the issue of hunger in the United States. FNS administers the programs through its headquarters in Alexandria, VA; regional offices in San Francisco, Denver, Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta, Boston, and Robbinsville (NJ); and field offices throughout the US. While its staff number among the USDA's fewest, its budget is by far the largest. FNS was established on August 8,", "Louisiana Department of Health role in the state of Louisiana's emergency preparedness network. Louisiana Department of Health The Louisiana Department of Health (LDH), formerly known as the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, is a state agency of Louisiana, headquartered in Baton Rouge. The agency oversees the health of the population. Since January 2016, the secretary has been Dr. Rebekah Gee, E. Gordon Gee's daughter. Gee previously served as the state Medicaid medical director. The mission of the Louisiana Department of Health is to protect and promote health and to ensure access to medical, preventive and rehabilitative services for all citizens of the state", "President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition The President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition (PCFSN) is an American government organization that aims to \"promote, encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports.\" It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Prior to June 2010, it was called the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. During the 1940s, the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness. The", "Public Health Service Achievement Medal Health Service Achievement Medal is considered a civilian decoration; however, it is occasionally awarded to members of the United States military. In such cases, the Public Health Service Achievement Medal may be worn on active duty uniforms upon application from the service member. Public Health Service Achievement Medal The Public Health Service Achievement Medal is a decoration of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is issued to those personnel who display meritorious achievement and excellence in accomplishing the mission of the Department of Health and Human Services. Activities warranting the award of the Public Health Service", "Health Data Consortium The directory currently features over fifty open health data entries. Health Data Consortium The Health Data Consortium (HDC) is a Washington, D.C.-based public-private partnership that advocates for the availability and use of health data, in particular government health datasets, and the improvement of health and health care through patient data accessibility and innovative use of data. HDC is a 501(c)(3) organization. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the Health Data Initiative to make its data available for public use and, in collaboration with the Institute of Medicine, hosted a public forum featuring various private, non-profit,", "United States Public Health Service in a project funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health of the United States in Bethesda, Maryland. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton apologized to the Republic of Guatemala for this program in 2010, in light of the serious ethical lapses in moral judgement which occurred. \"This article is based on the public domain text History of the Commissioned Corps, PHS\" United States Public Health Service The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services concerned with public health. It contains eight out of the department's eleven operating divisions.", "Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services screened against political donor lists. Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services The Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services (HFS), formerly the Department of Public Aid, is the code department of the Illinois state government that is responsible for providing healthcare coverage for adults and children who qualify for Medicaid, and for providing child support services to help ensure that Illinois children receive financial support from both parents. The department is organized into two major divisions, Medical Programs and Child Support Services. The Office of Inspector General is maintained within the agency, but functions as a separate, independent entity", "Public Health Emergency Preparedness enabling all levels of domestic response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies. Building on the existing National Incident Management System (NIMS) as well as Incident Command System (ICS) standardization, the NRF's coordinating structures are always in effect for implementation at any level and at any time for local, state, and national emergency or disaster response. Public Health Emergency Preparedness In the United States government, the Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness (or OPHEP) used to be a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It has since been renamed", "United States Department of Health and Human Services was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration. In 1995, the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health and Human Services, and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government. The 2010 United States federal budget established a reserve fund of more than $630 billion over 10 years to finance fundamental reform of the health care system. The Department of Health and Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, a member of the", "California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs of alcohol and other drug (AOD) prevention, treatment and recovery services. As of July 1, 2013, functions of ADP were transferred to the Department of Health Care Services. The Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (ADP) was established upon enactment of the Health and Safety Code, Division 10.5, Sections 11750, et seq., (Stats. 1979, Ch. 679). It is designated as the Single State Agency (SSA) responsible for administering and coordinating the State's efforts in alcohol and drug abuse prevention, treatment, and recovery services. ADP is also the primary state agency responsible for interagency coordination of these services. In partnership with", "Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, abbreviated HITECH Act, was enacted under Title XIII of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (). Under the HITECH Act, the United States Department of Health and Human Services is spending $25.9 billion to promote and expand the adoption of health information technology. The Washington Post reported the inclusion of \"as much as $36.5 billion in spending to create a nationwide network of electronic health records.\" At the time it was enacted, it was considered \"the most important piece", "VOLAG VOLAG VOLAG, sometimes spelled Volag or VolAg, is an abbreviation for \"Voluntary Agency\". This term refers to any of the nine U.S. private agencies and one state agency that have cooperative agreements with the State Department to provide reception and placement services for refugees arriving in the United States. These agencies use funding from the State Department's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) along with self-generated resources to provide refugees with a range of services including sponsorship, initial housing, food and clothing, orientation and counseling. VOLAGs may also contract with the Office of Refugee Resettlement (part of the U.S.", "Federal Acquisition Regulation available. As the original purpose of the FAR was to consolidate the numerous individual agency regulations into one comprehensive set of standards which would apply government-wide, the issuance of supplemental regulations is closely governed by the FAR. Nearly every major cabinet-level department (and many agencies below them) has issued such regulations, which often place further restrictions or requirements on contractors and contracting officers. One of the best-known examples of an agency supplement is the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS), used by the Department of Defense, which constitutes Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is the Department of Health and Human Services", "Glosa Likewise a hospital is pato-do (from the word \"pathology\" but meaning \"sickness\"), literally meaning a \"house/building for the sick\". Meals can also be formed by noun-compounding: Generally, the following derivation rules apply when creating new words for Glosa. Some basic words (often that act as specificational prefixes) are shortened (such as \"\"an\"\", \"\"fe\"\", or \"\"pe\"\"). Indefinite words remain as they are (\"ad\", \"de\", \"si\", \"kata\"). Latin o-declination-words become the nominative plural. Therefore: Words built from the perfect-tense-radix become \"-i\" (\"cepti\", \"fluxi\", \"komposi\"). Latin \"-io\", \"-ionis\" are not changed to the ablative-ending (\"-ione\") but keep the nominatives \"-io\" (\"natio\", \"okasio\", \"petitio\",", "New York City Human Resources Administration HRA services such as food stamps, employment services, and counseling. HASA was first created as a unit serving clients with HIV/AIDS in 1985, then expanded into the Division of Aids Services and Income Support in 1995. In 2000 it became the HIV/AIDS Services Administration. The Office of Domestic Violence (ODV) provides support and temporary shelter for victims of domestic violence and their children. ODV can provide counseling and advocacy on a client’s behalf, and help them obtain other HRA benefits they are eligible for. Adult Protective Services (APS) provides case management and services for mentally or physically impaired adults who", "Oklahoma Secretary of Health and Human Services Oklahoma Secretary of Health and Human Services The Oklahoma Secretary of Health and Human Services is a member of the Oklahoma Governor's Cabinet. The Secretary is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate, to serve at the pleasure of the Governor. The Secretary serves as the chief advisor to the Governor on public health and public assistance. The position of Secretary of Health and Human Services was established in 1986 by the Executive Branch Reform Act of 1986. The Act directed to the Secretary to oversee all agencies in the State relating to the public health", "10 Essential Public Health Services well as academic efforts, establishing a consortium of research institutions and other institutions of higher learning to encourage more collaborative and cross-cutting efforts, and ensuring the public health system’s capacity to perform timely epidemiological and health policy analyses. 10 Essential Public Health Services The 10 Essential Public Health Services is a US government document which codifies the responsibilities of public health agencies and institutions in the United States. Organized according to the \"three fundamental purposes of public health\" — assessment, policy development, and assurance — the essential services include the following: In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released an" ]

[ 12.0078125 ]

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[ "Just get high up and watch for danger." ]

[ "The lower ground is where we need to go.", "People are putting food in their mouths.", "Historical weather data.", "The people are talking.", "The handsome patient was named Mieczyslaw, and the whole ward knew it.", "People are curious of their future.", "Several agencies operating systems are exempted from OMB oversight." ]

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[ "Crumble Crumble A crumble is a dish of Irish origin that can be made in a sweet or savoury version, although the sweet version is much more common. A sweet variety usually contains stewed fruit topped with a crumbly mixture of fat (usually butter), flour, and sugar. A savoury version uses meat, vegetables and sauce for the filling, with cheese replacing sugar in the crumble mix. The crumble is baked in an oven until the topping is crisp. The dessert variety is often served with ice cream, cream, or custard. The savoury variety can be served with vegetables. Popular fruits used", "Crumble topping was an economical alternative to pies due to shortages of pastry ingredients as the result of rationing. To further reduce the use of rationed flour, fat and sugar, breadcrumbs or oatmeal could be added to the crumble mix. The dish was also popular due to its simplicity. In some parts of America a similar dish may be called a \"crisp\". Crumble A crumble is a dish of Irish origin that can be made in a sweet or savoury version, although the sweet version is much more common. A sweet variety usually contains stewed fruit topped with a crumbly mixture" ]

[ "Crumble in crumbles include apple, blackberry, peach, rhubarb, gooseberry, and plum. A combination of two or more of these fruits may be used. The topping may also include rolled oats, ground almonds or other nuts, and sometimes sour milk (e.g. vinegar and milk) is added to give the crumble a more extravagant taste. Brown sugar is often sprinkled over the crumble topping, which caramelises slightly when baked. In some recipes the topping is made from broken biscuits (cookies in ) or even breakfast cereals, but this is not traditional. Crumbles became popular in Ireland during World War II, when the crumble", "Concha (bread) at \"merienda\". Concha (bread) Concha (plural conchas, meaning \"shell\" in Spanish) is a typical Mexican sweet bread (\"pan dulce\"). A concha consists of two parts, a sweet bread roll, and a crunchy topping (composed of sugar, butter and flour). Conchas get their name from their round shape and the striped, broken \"shell-like\" appearance of their topping. Though the sweet roll is usually the same flavor, the top layer may have different flavors or colors (strawberry, coffee, chocolate, etc.). Conchas are popular in bakeries in Mexico and throughout the US. They are usually consumed with coffee at breakfast or as an", "Concha (bread) Concha (bread) Concha (plural conchas, meaning \"shell\" in Spanish) is a typical Mexican sweet bread (\"pan dulce\"). A concha consists of two parts, a sweet bread roll, and a crunchy topping (composed of sugar, butter and flour). Conchas get their name from their round shape and the striped, broken \"shell-like\" appearance of their topping. Though the sweet roll is usually the same flavor, the top layer may have different flavors or colors (strawberry, coffee, chocolate, etc.). Conchas are popular in bakeries in Mexico and throughout the US. They are usually consumed with coffee at breakfast or as an afternoon snack", "Nerve of a covering intersections as formula_12. By considering the natural maps formula_13 and formula_14, we can construct a simplicial object formula_15 defined by formula_16, n-fold fibre product. This is the Čech nerve, and by taking connected components we get a simplicial set, which we can realise topologically: formula_17. If the covering and the space are sufficiently nice, for instance if formula_8 is compact and all intersections of sets in the cover are contractible or empty, then this space is weakly equivalent to formula_8. This is known as \"the nerve theorem\". Nerve of a covering In topology, the nerve of an open covering is", "But What a Sweet Little Room in the series, \"But What a Sweet Little Room\" was actually the second episode to be shot, filmed in June–July 1968. But What a Sweet Little Room Jeff investigates the disappearance of a wealthy young woman's aunt. When she too is killed he is led to the regular meetings of a medium, Madame Hanska, and uses Jeannie as a decoy to foil a thieving operation in which a gang of three middle-class men murder and rob rich middle-aged widows by taking them on an apparently innocent excursion to a cottage in the county. In this episode Marty contacts a phoney", "The Rocks Crumble more art/garage punk (\"Breathtaker\") and an attempt at a slower electric track (\"Lonesome Company\"). The Rocks Crumble The Rocks Crumble is the eighth Jandek album, released as Corwood 0746. It is his third release of 1983, and is the first Jandek album to feature extensive use of drums and electric guitar. It was reissued on CD in 2001. \"The Rocks Crumble\" marks the beginning of what is often referenced as Corwood's \"first electric period,\" since the majority of the album is played on electric guitar with clattering, earsplitting drums behind it. That said, Jandek eases us into this new phase", "The Rocks Crumble The Rocks Crumble The Rocks Crumble is the eighth Jandek album, released as Corwood 0746. It is his third release of 1983, and is the first Jandek album to feature extensive use of drums and electric guitar. It was reissued on CD in 2001. \"The Rocks Crumble\" marks the beginning of what is often referenced as Corwood's \"first electric period,\" since the majority of the album is played on electric guitar with clattering, earsplitting drums behind it. That said, Jandek eases us into this new phase gently, and its approach echoes the cover, in which an old Slingerland drum set", "Nerve of a covering Nerve of a covering In topology, the nerve of an open covering is a construction of an abstract simplicial complex from an open covering of a topological space \"X\" that captures many of the interesting topological properties in an algorithmic or combinatorial way. It was introduced by Pavel Alexandrov and now has many variants and generalisations, among them the Čech nerve of a cover, which in turn is generalised by hypercoverings. Given an index set \"I\", and open sets \"U contained in \"X\", the \"nerve\" \"N\" is the set of finite subsets of \"I\" defined as follows: Obviously, if \"J\"", "But What a Sweet Little Room But What a Sweet Little Room Jeff investigates the disappearance of a wealthy young woman's aunt. When she too is killed he is led to the regular meetings of a medium, Madame Hanska, and uses Jeannie as a decoy to foil a thieving operation in which a gang of three middle-class men murder and rob rich middle-aged widows by taking them on an apparently innocent excursion to a cottage in the county. In this episode Marty contacts a phoney psychic medium who claims to be able to contact the dead husbands and wives of well-heeled middle-aged widows and widowers. To", "Queen of the Desert (film) film a mixed review, as he notes that \"While enjoyable in parts, its episodic pacing lets down the real-life story of a bold and remarkable woman.\" Geoffrey Macnab of \"The Independent\" said that \"This is the closest Herzog has come to making a conventional Hollywood movie – what it lacks is the perversity, drive and wildness that are usually his hallmark.\" Queen of the Desert (film) Queen of the Desert is a 2015 American epic biographical drama film written and directed by Werner Herzog and is based on the life of British traveller, writer, archaeologist, explorer, cartographer and political officer", "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet A rose by any other name would smell as sweet \"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a popular reference to William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\", in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family's rival house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague\". The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. This formulation is, however, a paraphrase of Shakespeare's actual language. Juliet compares Romeo to a rose saying that if he were not", "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet a man’ could be reconnected into verse through correction with Q1. Modern editors have generally concurred. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet \"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a popular reference to William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\", in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family's rival house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague\". The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. This formulation is, however, a paraphrase", "Internet as a source of prior art of the art), i.e., if it was not already disclosed in the prior art. An invention is considered inventive if it is not obvious in view of the prior art. The prior art is essentially everything available to the public before the filing date of the patent. In practice, if a device or a method was already known (e.g. described in a scientific paper) before the filing date of the patent covering the device or the method or if the device or method is obvious in view of what was known before the filing date, then, in general, it is", "Eric Crumble went on to win regional and national championships, including challenging for world championships. Crumble currently resides in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Eric Crumble Eric Crumble (born December 10, 1966) is an American former boxer, and notably one of the sport's most prolific in terms of consistent losses. Since his professional debut on June 22, 1990, Crumble has participated in 32 fights and has lost every one with the exception of a no contest in 1994. Additionally, all of his losses have occurred via knockout in either the first or second round. In thirteen years of boxing, Crumble has fought in six weight", "Chihuahuan Desert lechuguilla, guapilla (\"Hechtia glomerata\"), Queen Victoria's agave (\"Agave victoriae-reginae\"), sotol (\"Dasylirion\" spp.), and barreta (\"Helietta parvifolia\"), while the well-developed herbaceous layer includes grasses, legumes and cacti. Grasslands comprise 20% of this desert and are often mosaics of shrubs and grasses. They include purple three-awn (\"Aristida purpurea\"), black grama (\"Bouteloua eriopoda\"), and sideoats grama (\"Bouteloua curtipendula\"). Early Spanish explorers reported encountering grasses that were \"belly high to a horse;\" most likely these were big alkali sacaton (\"Sporobolus wrightii\") and tobosa (\"Pleuraphis mutica\") bottomlands. Chihuahuan Desert The Chihuahuan Desert () is a desert and ecoregion designation covering parts of northern Mexico and", "Western Desert language now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as Kalgoorlie, Laverton, Alice Springs, Port Augusta, Meekatharra, Halls Creek and Fitzroy Crossing. The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities: The Western Desert Language consists of a network of closely related dialects; the names of some of these have become quite well known (such as Pitjantjatjara) and are often referred to as 'languages'. As the whole group of dialects that constitutes the language does not have its own name it is usually referred to as the \"Western Desert Language\". WDL speakers referring to the overall", "Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini Pourtalès Gorgier for 3,400 francs in 1865. Charles Augustus Howell bought it on behalf of Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1867 at Christie's; Rossetti boasted that he had it for £20. It was bequeathed to the V&A with the collection of his patron Constantine Alexander Ionides, who had bought it from Rossetti for £315 in the 1880s. Dante Gabriel Rossetti refers to the painting in his comments on his poem \"For Spring, by Sandro Botticelli\": <poem> \"What masque of what old wind-withered New-Year\" \"Honours this Lady?* Flora, wanton-eyed\" \"For birth, and with all flowrets prankt and pied\" </poem> with his reference:", "The Banks of Sweet Dundee The Banks of Sweet Dundee The Banks of Sweet Dundee (Roud 148, Laws M25) is a folk song very popular with and frequently collected from traditional singers in Britain and Ireland, fairly common in North America, and also performed by revival singers and groups. A young woman escapes a forced marriage by shooting dead both the squire who is her intended husband and her uncle who attacks her. The song is also known as \"The Farmer's Daughter\" and \"Undaunted Mary\". A farmer and his wife die leaving a fortune (usually £500 in gold) to their beautiful daughter Mary. She goes", "Desert box turtle Desert box turtle The desert box turtle (\"Terrapene ornata luteola\") is a subspecies of box turtle which is endemic to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. They are generally terrestrial but occasionally take to the water and are most known for their boxy shell and its structural integrity. The desert box turtles are most active in late June or early July into early October, with greatest activity in July and August. The most obvious morphological feature of box turtles is their bony boxy shell that consists of scutes covering the carapace. The scutes are used to enhance structural support", "Flora of the Sonoran Desert cannot withstand frost. The Colorado Desert is the low area of the Colorado River Valley and surrounding hills and mountains. Plants must survive its hot and dry conditions. Temperatures can be greater than . Annual precipitation is sometimes less than . Density of vegetation gradulally diminishes moving from the Arizona Upland into the Colorado Desert proper. It is common to find areas where a layer of pebbles is left after wind and water removes the lighter gravels and sand, and the pebbles are cemented together with desert varnish, causing landforms called desert pavement that are impenetrable to many species. Unlike", "Violet Crumble crunchy. Thus, in 1913, the Violet Crumble bar was created. Hoadley wanted to call his new bar just Crumble, but learned that it was not possible to protect the name with a trademark. He thought of his wife (Susannah Ann née Barrett) and her favourite flower, the violet, and registered the name Violet Crumble, using a purple wrapper with a small flower logo. It was an instant success. Violet Crumbles are crispier in texture than Crunchie bars, with a slightly more marshmallow taste. Hoadley's Chocolates Ltd was acquired by English company Rowntree's in 1970, who produced Violet Crumble in Adelaide", "The Sweet Europe as Sweet and makes occasional sojourns to other markets including regular visits to Australia and \"Steve Priest's Sweet\" who tour the US and Canada. On 28 April 2009, Shout! Factory released a two-disc, career-spanning greatest hits album called \"\". It received a four-star (out of five) rating in \"Rolling Stone\". In an October 2012 appearance on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live\", Axl Rose, lead singer of Guns N' Roses, referenced Sweet as one of his favorite bands growing up along with fellow British band Queen. In April 2016, the chart topping song (1973), \"The Ballroom Blitz\" was featured in a trailer", "Eric Crumble Eric Crumble Eric Crumble (born December 10, 1966) is an American former boxer, and notably one of the sport's most prolific in terms of consistent losses. Since his professional debut on June 22, 1990, Crumble has participated in 32 fights and has lost every one with the exception of a no contest in 1994. Additionally, all of his losses have occurred via knockout in either the first or second round. In thirteen years of boxing, Crumble has fought in six weight classes, with his most notable opponents being Angel Manfredy in 1993 and Antwun Echols in 1996, both of whom", "What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch! year: What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch! \"What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch!\" (; sometimes separated by exclamation mark instead of comma) is a catchphrase and winged word from Alexander Pushkin's correspondence with one of his friends, poet Pyotr Vyazemsky. The phrase commonly expresses a joy after finishing one's work and appears particularly in several Russian literary works. In a letter dated circa November 7 or beginning of October, 1825 Pushkin, celebrating his finished drama \"Boris Godunov\" wrote to Vyazemsky: That was preceded by what Pushkin wrote to Vyazemsky on July 13 of the", "What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch! What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch! \"What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch!\" (; sometimes separated by exclamation mark instead of comma) is a catchphrase and winged word from Alexander Pushkin's correspondence with one of his friends, poet Pyotr Vyazemsky. The phrase commonly expresses a joy after finishing one's work and appears particularly in several Russian literary works. In a letter dated circa November 7 or beginning of October, 1825 Pushkin, celebrating his finished drama \"Boris Godunov\" wrote to Vyazemsky: That was preceded by what Pushkin wrote to Vyazemsky on July 13 of the same", "Dan Topping a month from his 62nd birthday) and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. Dan Topping Daniel Reid Topping (June 11, 1912 – May 18, 1974) was a part owner and president of the New York Yankees baseball team from 1945 to 1964. Daniel Reid Topping was the son of Rhea Reid and Henry J. Topping. Rhea Reid, the daughter of Daniel G. Reid, known as the \"Tinplate King\" for his vast wealth in the tin industry, was the mother of three sons, Daniel Reid Topping, Henry J. Topping (1914), and John Reid Topping (1921). Daniel Topping,", "Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams is a 1993 tribute album that features a variety of alternative rock bands covering songs written by Victoria Williams. Except for “Crazy Mary”, which she was to record on \"Loose\" and “This Moment”, all these songs had been recorded on either \"Happy Come Home\" or \"Swing the Statue!\". The project was inspired by Williams being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, and led to the creation of the Sweet Relief Fund, a charity that aids professional musicians (of any stature) in need of health care. A sequel album,", "Dan Topping Dan Topping Daniel Reid Topping (June 11, 1912 – May 18, 1974) was a part owner and president of the New York Yankees baseball team from 1945 to 1964. Daniel Reid Topping was the son of Rhea Reid and Henry J. Topping. Rhea Reid, the daughter of Daniel G. Reid, known as the \"Tinplate King\" for his vast wealth in the tin industry, was the mother of three sons, Daniel Reid Topping, Henry J. Topping (1914), and John Reid Topping (1921). Daniel Topping, along with Del Webb and Larry MacPhail, purchased the Yankees for $2.8 million from the estate of", "Sweet corn otherwise lead to pellagra; in Brazil, a combination of ground sweet corn and milk is also the basis of various well-known dishes, such as \"pamonha\" and the pudding-like dessert , while sweet corn eaten directly off the cobs tends to be served with butter. The kernels are boiled or steamed. In Europe, China, Korea, Japan and India, they are often used as a pizza topping, or in salads. Corn on the cob is a sweet corn cob that has been boiled, steamed, or grilled whole; the kernels are then eaten directly off the cob or cut off. Creamed corn is", "Volcanic desert Volcanic desert A volcanic desert is an area devoid of vegetation because of volcanic activity. Usually the term is applied to larger areas such as the Highlands of Iceland, the Rangipo Desert in New Zealand or Cordón Caulle in Chile. Occasionally the term is used for relatively small regions such as the Kaʻū Desert on the island of Hawai'i. Volcanic deserts may have enough precipitation to sustain vegetation, but due to repeated covering of tephra and acid rain after eruptions and high percolation and infiltration rates of water, vegetation is scarce. In addition to this volcanic desert shows often poor", "Flashdance... What a Feeling Flashdance... What a Feeling \"Flashdance... What a Feeling\" is a song from the 1983 film \"Flashdance\", written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder (music), Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (lyrics), and performed by Cara. In addition to topping the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Cara's only #1 song, it earned a platinum record, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. In 2004 it finished at #55 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. The song also kept Culture Club's", "What About Love (The Desert Rose Band song) a review of the \"Life Goes On\" album by the \"Los Angeles Times\", Jim Washburn mentioned the song being performed live: \"They performed the majority of the songs from the new album, including the pending single \"What About Love\" and \"That's Not the Way It's Supposed to Be,\" a couple of finely country numbers in the traditional Desert Rose Band mould.\" What About Love (The Desert Rose Band song) \"What About Love\" is a single by American country rock band The Desert Rose Band. The song was released as the lead single in 1993 from the band's fifth and final", "A Princess of Mars the planetary romance had become very popular in the emerging science fiction pulp magazines. The novel can also be classified as the closely related genre sword and planet, which consists of what are essentially sword and sorcery stories that take place on another planet. \"A Princess of Mars\" is widely considered to be the archetypal novel of the sword and planet genre. The novel also shares a number of elements of Westerns, such as desert settings, women taken captive, and a climactic life-or-death confrontation with the antagonist. Burroughs employs a literary device for \"A Princess of Mars\" to which he", "What a Whopper What a Whopper What a Whopper is a 1961 British comedy film, written by Terry Nation, from a story by Jeremy Lloyd and Trevor Peacock. Pop singer Adam Faith stars as a writer who travels with some friends to Scotland to fake a sighting of the Loch Ness Monster. The cast includes a number of leading British film actors, including Wilfrid Brambell as a local postman, Sid James, Charles Hawtrey and Terry Scott. The TV reporter Fyfe Robertson appears briefly as himself, covering the alleged sightings of the monster. Struggling young writer Tony Blake (Adam Faith) is served an eviction", "Sweet Dream (2016 song) Sweet Dream (2016 song) \"Sweet Dream\" () is a song by South Korean artists Kim Hee-chul and Min Kyung-hoon, the two stars who are known as \"Universe Cowards\" . Their stage name is a mix of Heechul's nickname \"Universe Star\" and Buzz's song \"Coward\". \"Sweet Dream\" was released digitally by SM Entertainment on November 20, 2016. The song is a part of SM Station and is a collaboration single for the variety show \"Knowing Bros\". The song proved successful, topping the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart, an achievement known as \"all-kill\". The accompanying music video features the cast of \"Knowing", "Sweet Dream (2016 song) Bros\" and Twice's Momo. Sweet Dream (2016 song) \"Sweet Dream\" () is a song by South Korean artists Kim Hee-chul and Min Kyung-hoon, the two stars who are known as \"Universe Cowards\" . Their stage name is a mix of Heechul's nickname \"Universe Star\" and Buzz's song \"Coward\". \"Sweet Dream\" was released digitally by SM Entertainment on November 20, 2016. The song is a part of SM Station and is a collaboration single for the variety show \"Knowing Bros\". The song proved successful, topping the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart, an achievement known as \"all-kill\". The accompanying music video features", "Violet Crumble new type of airtight wrapper that would keep the bar fresh. Eventually, a French company, La Cellophane, invented a moisture-resistant metallised cellophane especially for Violet Crumble. The honeycomb is produced and conveyed into an air-conditioned area where it is cut into bars. Then it goes through chocolate coating machines. The bars are double-coated to seal the honeycomb from the air. Cooling tunnels take the bars to the automatic wrapping machines. Violet Crumble Violet Crumble is an Australian chocolate bar made in Adelaide by Robern Menz. The bar is a crumbly honeycomb toffee centre coated in compound chocolate. It is similar", "Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini The Portrait of Smeralda Brandini is a tempera on panel painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli of about 1475, in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (museum no. CAI.100). The identification of the sitter is based on the old, but probably not original, inscription on the windowsill at the bottom of the picture \"Smeralda di M.Bandinelli Moglie di VI... Bandinelli\", who has been identified as the grandmother of the sculptor Baccio Bandinelli. It is likely that the inscription was added at a later date, as the sculptor only took that", "Volcanic desert or little soil formation due to slow chemical weathering caused by cold climate or coarse tephra. Volcanic desert A volcanic desert is an area devoid of vegetation because of volcanic activity. Usually the term is applied to larger areas such as the Highlands of Iceland, the Rangipo Desert in New Zealand or Cordón Caulle in Chile. Occasionally the term is used for relatively small regions such as the Kaʻū Desert on the island of Hawai'i. Volcanic deserts may have enough precipitation to sustain vegetation, but due to repeated covering of tephra and acid rain after eruptions and high percolation and", "Desert of the Heart Ann as a place to run to be alone. Along with the desert climate as a symbol, the setting of the casino in which Ann works and Evelyn visits is also considered a desert of morality. Ann is witness to what the addiction of gambling does to people of all walks of life, including the employees. Being fired from the casino frees Ann from her refusals to care about what happens to the gambling addicts, dealers, other change aprons, and the casino management, and allows her to commit to a more refined life with Evelyn. The title is taken from", "Sweet Freedom - Now What? on this rewarding, AACM-influenced inside/outside date\". \"All compositions by Max Roach except as indicated\" Sweet Freedom - Now What? Sweet Freedom - Now What? is an album by multi-instrumentalist and composer Joe McPhee, recorded in 1994 and first released on the Swiss HatHut label. Allmusic reviewer Alex Henderson states \"In 1994, Joe McPhee entered a studio in Zurich, Switzerland and recorded this thoughtful yet chance-taking response to Max Roach's ambitious \"Freedom Now Suite\" of 1960 ... McPhee doesn't treat Roach's compositions like museum pieces; instead, he embraces them on his own terms and brings many of his own ideas to", "Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini \"* The same Lady, here surrounded by the masque of Spring, is evidently the subject of a portrait by Botticelli formerly in the Pourtales collection in Paris. This portrait is inscribed \"Smeralda Bandinelli\"\". Rossetti's suggestion that the portrait depicted the model Botticelli used for his \"Spring\" now seems unlikely. Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini The Portrait of Smeralda Brandini is a tempera on panel painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli of about 1475, in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (museum no. CAI.100). The identification of the sitter is based on the old, but probably", "Desert hedgehog Desert hedgehog The desert hedgehog (\"Paraechinus aethiopicus\") is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. The desert hedgehog is one of the smallest of hedgehogs. It is long and weighs about . The spines (or quills to give their correct name) on its back can be banded with coloring similar to the four-toed hedgehog. It is usually identified by its dark muzzle. If desert hedgehogs are threatened, their muscles go tight and pull the outer layer of skin around the body, making their quills stick out in all directions. The quills tend to be longer than other hedgehogs for", "Desert hedgehog its populations, and in some areas it may suffer increased mortality due to road traffic. Desert hedgehog The desert hedgehog (\"Paraechinus aethiopicus\") is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. The desert hedgehog is one of the smallest of hedgehogs. It is long and weighs about . The spines (or quills to give their correct name) on its back can be banded with coloring similar to the four-toed hedgehog. It is usually identified by its dark muzzle. If desert hedgehogs are threatened, their muscles go tight and pull the outer layer of skin around the body, making their quills", "The Murder of My Sweet and movie soundtracks. The band's name was inspired by the 1944 film noir Murder, My Sweet. The Murder of My Sweet The Murder of My Sweet is a Swedish metal band, based in Stockholm and founded in 2006. The Murder of My Sweet was founded in Stockholm in 2006 by drummer and producer Daniel Flores. It consists of Angelica Rylin (vocals), Patrik Janson (bass), Christopher Vetter (guitar), and Daniel Flores (drums and keyboards). Their debut single \"Bleed Me Dry\" reached 14th spot in the national Swedish singles chart. In January 2010 they released their debut album \"Divanity\" on the Italian", "Sweet Freedom - Now What? Sweet Freedom - Now What? Sweet Freedom - Now What? is an album by multi-instrumentalist and composer Joe McPhee, recorded in 1994 and first released on the Swiss HatHut label. Allmusic reviewer Alex Henderson states \"In 1994, Joe McPhee entered a studio in Zurich, Switzerland and recorded this thoughtful yet chance-taking response to Max Roach's ambitious \"Freedom Now Suite\" of 1960 ... McPhee doesn't treat Roach's compositions like museum pieces; instead, he embraces them on his own terms and brings many of his own ideas to the table ... the element of surprise is exactly what McPhee is going for", "The Covering time will allow for a stronger release, the album was projected to be released in the first quarter of 2011. On January 24, 2011 Michael Sweet announced via Twitter that the official release date for the album is February 15. On September 14, 2010, it was announced that the album's first single, a cover of Black Sabbath's hit \"Heaven and Hell\", was available on iTunes. The second single, a cover of Kansas' \"Carry on Wayward Son\", was made available on iTunes on December 14, 2010. Track list credits reference Additional personnel The Covering The Covering is the thirteenth release and", "Patrick Topping Patrick Topping Patrick Topping (born 25 February 1989) is a British DJ and producer. With releases on Hot Creations, Hottrax and Relief Records Patrick has hit Number 1's on the Beatport Tech House charts, and received DJ Awards for Newcomer DJ and Track Of The Season in Ibiza for his summer hit 'Forget'. Topping has built on his early DJ career, in which he cites Simon Billany as being a huge influence. He is best known for 2 stepping with danny myers at avalon and performing on kevs infamous Paul’s boutique party bus along with Levi green also known as", "Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams \"\", was released in 1996. Music critic Roch Parisien of Allmusic praised the album, writing it \"offers a unique opportunity to introduce yourself to an enduring songwriter while savoring some of the day's most intriguing musicians.\" Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams Sweet Relief: A Benefit for Victoria Williams is a 1993 tribute album that features a variety of alternative rock bands covering songs written by Victoria Williams. Except for “Crazy Mary”, which she was to record on \"Loose\" and “This Moment”, all these songs had been recorded on either \"Happy Come Home\" or \"Swing the Statue!\". The project", "Violet Crumble Violet Crumble Violet Crumble is an Australian chocolate bar made in Adelaide by Robern Menz. The bar is a crumbly honeycomb toffee centre coated in compound chocolate. It is similar to the Crunchie made by British firm Cadbury. Its advertising slogan is \"It's the way it shatters that matters\", and previously was \"Nothing else matters\". Aside from Australia, it is common in Hawaii and a selection of other places, such as Hong Kong and Mollie Stone's Markets in California. They can also be found in some import speciality stores such as Cost Plus World Market in the United States. Abel", "Sweet potato yellow cultivars, are baked in a large iron drum and sold as street food during winter. In Korea, sweet potatoes, known as \"\", are roasted in a drum can, baked in foil or on an open fire, typically during winter. In Japan, a dish similar to the Korean preparation is called \"yaki-imo\" (roasted sweet potato), which typically uses either the yellow-fleshed \"Japanese sweet potato\" or the purple-fleshed \"Okinawan sweet potato\", which is known as \"beni-imo\". Sweet potato soup, served during winter, consists of boiling sweet potato in water with rock sugar and ginger. Sweet potato greens are a common side", "Seymour Topping Seymour Topping Seymour Topping (born December 11, 1921) is an American writer best known for his long association with \"The New York Times\" as a foreign correspondent and editor. Since 2002, he has served as the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University. Topping was born in the Harlem district of New York City on December 11, 1921 and grew up in the outer boroughs of Queens and The Bronx, where he attended secondary school. He was married to photojournalist, documentary filmmaker, and author Audrey Ronning Topping (the daughter of Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning) on November 10,", "Topping lift Topping lift The topping lift (more rarely known as an uphaul) is a line which applies upward force on a boom on a sailboat. Part of the running rigging, topping lifts are primarily used to hold a boom up when the sail is lowered. This line would run from near the free end of the boom(s) forward to the top of the mast. The line may be run over a block at the top of the mast and down to the deck to allow it to be adjusted. For small booms, the topping lift may be run from end of", "Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation is a 1996 charity record that featured a variety of alternative rock bands covering songs written by quadriplegic musician Vic Chesnutt. Some of the artists were picked to give the album an international appeal to raise more funds for the Sweet Relief Fund, which assists musicians in need of health care. The album was a sequel to the 1993 compilation \"\" and like the earlier release, proceeds went to the Sweet Relief Fund, while Chesnutt received new and widespread public interest. Chesnutt was selected by Victoria", "Topping lift sail and cause it to lose its shape. When tacking, the new windward lift must be tightened and the new leeward lift let out. A topping lift may also refer to a line on the front of the mast used to rig the spinnaker pole. It is used to trim the pole to the proper height when hoisting the spinnaker. Topping lift The topping lift (more rarely known as an uphaul) is a line which applies upward force on a boom on a sailboat. Part of the running rigging, topping lifts are primarily used to hold a boom up when", "Covering a base Covering a base In baseball, part of the infielders' and pitcher's jobs is to cover bases. That is, they stand next to a base in anticipation of receiving the ball thrown from another fielder, so that they may make a play on an opposing baserunner who is approaching that base. On a force play, the fielder covering the base stands with one foot on that base. In general, the first baseman covers first base, the second baseman or shortstop covers second, the third baseman covers third, and the catcher covers home plate. However, on ground balls hit to the first", "Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (musical) the artistic conception of the show requires a \"synthetic pop flavor\" that can only be achieved with recorded music. AFM member Scott Frankel, who composed the music for \"Grey Gardens\", stated: \"What is most special about seeing a Broadway musical, rather than some other art form, is the interaction between the orchestra musicians and the performers onstage\". The dispute is currently awaiting arbitration. Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (musical) Priscilla, Queen of the Desert is a musical with a book by Australian film director-writer Stephan Elliott and Allan Scott, using well-known pop songs as its score. Adapted from Elliott's 1994", "Sweet potato and coconut milk (\"santan\") to make a sweet dessert called \"bubur caca\" or \"bubu chacha\". A favorite way of cooking sweet potato is deep frying slices of sweet potato in batter, and served as a tea-time snack. In homes, sweet potatoes are usually boiled. The leaves of sweet potatoes are usually stir-fried with only garlic or with \"sambal belacan\" and dried shrimp by Malaysians. In the Philippines, sweet potatoes (locally known as \"camote\" or \"kamote\") are an important food crop in rural areas. They are often a staple among impoverished families in provinces, as they are easier to cultivate and", "Sweet potato in a casserole dish, topped with a brown sugar and pecan topping. The sweet potato became a favorite food item of the French and Spanish settlers and thus continued a long history of cultivation in Louisiana. Sweet potatoes are recognized as the state vegetable of North Carolina. Sweet potato pie is also a traditional favorite dish in Southern U.S. cuisine. Another variation on the typical sweet potato pie is the Okinawan (Sweet Potato) Haupia pie, which is made with purple sweet potatoes, native to the island of Hawaii and believed to have been originally cultivated as early as 500 CE.", "A Stop in a Desert participation of the author. \"A Stop in a Desert\" is the first book of poems Brodsky, composed by himself. Brodsky was a collection of the USSR, and the texts of the poems were secretly transferred to the United States. The book was published in 1970 by Chekhov Publishing House. In 1988, the publishing house \"Ardis\" second edition of the collection has been carried out. A Stop in a Desert A Stop in a Desert () is the second book of poems of Joseph Brodsky and the first composed by the poet himself. It is considered the result of the early", "The Murder of My Sweet The Murder of My Sweet The Murder of My Sweet is a Swedish metal band, based in Stockholm and founded in 2006. The Murder of My Sweet was founded in Stockholm in 2006 by drummer and producer Daniel Flores. It consists of Angelica Rylin (vocals), Patrik Janson (bass), Christopher Vetter (guitar), and Daniel Flores (drums and keyboards). Their debut single \"Bleed Me Dry\" reached 14th spot in the national Swedish singles chart. In January 2010 they released their debut album \"Divanity\" on the Italian label Frontiers Records. The lyrics deal with personal experiences, and the music is influenced by books", "Desert of the Heart his interference. Immediately after the final hearing, Evelyn and Ann decide to live together \"for a while.\" The story is set in Reno, Nevada, around which spreads an expanse of desert that initially strikes fear into Evelyn upon her arrival and has been a comfort to Ann during her existence there. It is used to describe Evelyn's lack of knowledge of what real love is, when she tells Ann that she lives \"in the desert of the heart.\" After she falls in love with Ann, the desert surrounding Reno ceases to terrify her. Simultaneously, the desert also ceases to comfort", "Desert National Park Safari enables tourists to explore a wider area of the park in relatively short span of time. Desert National Park Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India, is situated in the west Indian state of Rajasthan near the towns of Jaisalmer and Barmer . This is one of the largest national parks, covering an area of 3162 km². The Desert National Park is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert. Sand dunes form around 20% of the Park. The major landform consists of craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes. Despite a fragile ecosystem", "Desert National Park Desert National Park Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India, is situated in the west Indian state of Rajasthan near the towns of Jaisalmer and Barmer . This is one of the largest national parks, covering an area of 3162 km². The Desert National Park is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert. Sand dunes form around 20% of the Park. The major landform consists of craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes. Despite a fragile ecosystem there is an abundance of birdlife. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of", "Thin-layer chromatography Thin-layer chromatography Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose. This layer of adsorbent is known as the stationary phase. After the sample has been applied on the plate, a solvent or solvent mixture (known as the mobile phase) is drawn up the plate via capillary action. Because different analytes ascend the TLC plate at different rates, separation is achieved. The mobile phase has different", "What a Night! A Christmas Album What a Night! A Christmas Album What a Night! A Christmas Album, by American singer, pianist and bandleader Harry Connick Jr., was released on November 4, 2008., being his third Christmas album, since 1993's \"When My Heart Finds Christmas\" and 2003's \"Harry for the Holidays\". The album consists of new recordings of Christmas classics, and new songs written by Connick. The first public mentioning of recording the album, came in an interview in The Times-Picayune in June 2008. The album was first called \"Christmas Day\", but the title was changed in September 2008, to \"What a Night! A Christmas Album\".", "What Is Life What Is Life \"What Is Life\" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album \"All Things Must Pass\". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts in Australia and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, \"What Is Life\" appeared as the B-side to \"My Sweet Lord\", which was the best-selling single there of 1971. Harrison's backing musicians on the song include Eric Clapton and the entire Delaney & Bonnie Friends band,", "Flora of the Colorado Desert Flora of the Colorado Desert Flora of the Colorado Desert, located in Southern California. The Colorado Desert is a sub-region in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion of southwestern North America. It is also known as the Low Desert, in contrast to the higher elevation Mojave Desert or High Desert, to its north. The desert flora comprises terrestrial plant communities including: creosote bush scrub; alkali sink, desert dry wash, mixed scrub; desert saltbush; sandy soil grasslands; desert dunes. The higher elevation Madrean Sky Islands are dominated by pinyon pine and California juniper (\"Juniperus californica\"), with areas of Manzanita and Coulter pine (\"Pinus", "What About Love (The Desert Rose Band song) What About Love (The Desert Rose Band song) \"What About Love\" is a single by American country rock band The Desert Rose Band. The song was released as the lead single in 1993 from the band's fifth and final studio album \"Life Goes On\". Beginning with the 1991 single \"Will This Be the Day\", the band had commercially declined on both the American and Canadian Country Singles Charts. The band's 1991 album \"True Love\" failed to stop this decline and shortly after both John Jorgenson and Steve Duncan left the band. \"What About Love\" became the band's second to last", "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (soundtrack) The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (soundtrack) There were two soundtrack albums recorded by Polydor Records (Australia) at Trackdown Digital for Stephan Elliott's 1994 Academy Award winning film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. The first consists of tracks for the film that were sourced from hit records, and the second is the original music score composed by leading Australian film composer Guy Gross. \" The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack \" The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. The Priscilla Companion: Dialogue from the film & Original Music", "Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini surname in 1530. On the evidence of the inscription, the portrait may be of Esmeralda (Smeralda) Donati Brandini, the wife of Viviano Brandini, mother of the prominent Florentine goldsmith Michelangelo de Viviano de Brandini of Gaiuole, and grandmother of the sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (the son of Michelangelo and his noble wife Catarina, a daughter of Taddeo Ugolino). From archive documents it is known that in 1469 Smeralda was 30; her husband Viviano 38; their children Michelangelo 12, Giovanbatista 2, and Lucrezia 10. It has been suggested that the portrait was painted by one of Botticelli's assistants during the 1470s. William", "Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini clients for many years, is likely that Cartwright has confused Viviano with his son Michelangelo (Michele) because in 1475, the year of the tournament of La Giostra to which she refers, Michele was only 18 years old and his father was much better known. Art historians note new features in the composition: \"earlier Florentine portraits were in profile. The woman's three-quarter pose, with her hand on the window frame, was Botticelli's own invention\". The portrait is thought to be the first example of a three-quarters pose in Florentine portrait painting. \"By abandoning the profile pose traditionally used in depictions of", "Sweet potato is popular in Guangdong, Taiwan and Japan. It is also served in \"nimono\" or \"nitsuke\", boiled and typically flavored with soy sauce, \"mirin\" and \"dashi\". In Korean cuisine, sweet potato starch is used to produce \"dangmyeon\" (cellophane noodles). Sweet potatoes are also boiled, steamed, or roasted, and young stems are eaten as \"namul\". Pizza restaurants such as Pizza Hut and Domino's in Korea are using sweet potatoes as a popular topping. Sweet potatoes are also used in the distillation of a variety of Soju. In Malaysia and Singapore, sweet potato is often cut into small cubes and cooked with taro", "Syrian Desert Syrian Desert The Syrian Desert (, \"Bādiyat al-Shām\"), also known as the Syrian steppe, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badia, is a region of desert, semi-desert and steppe covering of the Middle East, including parts of south-eastern Syria, northeastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and western Iraq. It accounts for 85% of the land area of Jordan and 55% of Syria. To the south it borders and merges into the Arabian Desert. The land is open, rocky or gravelly desert pavement, cut with occasional wadis. The desert is bounded by the Orontes Valley and volcanic field of Harrat al-Shamah to the", "Realm of the Desert Sons full English language translation. \"Desert Sons\" is considered to be the middle game in terms of complexity in the trilogy, roughly on par with the original \"Entdecker\". The game takes place on a board 11 tiles wide by 11 tiles tall. Initially, only the tiles in the middle row and column are uncovered. Each tile consists of portions of desert and oasis, with connecting lines in brown or white through the centers of each tile (brown through desert portions and white through oasis portions). In addition, oasis portions may contain \"action icons\", which are used in the game. Each player", "O What a Savior O What a Savior \"O What a Savior\" is a Southern gospel song penned by the Free Will Baptist musician Marvin P. Dalton in 1948. Once I was straying in sin's dark valley,<br> No hope within could I see,<br> He searched through Heaven, and found a Savior<br> To save a poor lost soul like me. O what a Savior, O hallelujah!<br> His heart was broken on Calvary,<br> His hands were nail scarred,<br> His side was riven,<br> He gave His life-blood for even me. He left the Father with all His riches,<br> With calmness sweet and serene,<br> Came down from Heaven", "Seymour Topping (based partly on the experiences of OSS officer A. Peter Dewey). Some of his articles and those of his wife make up part of the book \"The New York Times Report from Red China\". Seymour Topping Seymour Topping (born December 11, 1921) is an American writer best known for his long association with \"The New York Times\" as a foreign correspondent and editor. Since 2002, he has served as the San Paolo Professor Emeritus of International Journalism at Columbia University. Topping was born in the Harlem district of New York City on December 11, 1921 and grew up in the", "Hill-topping (biology) male\" must be strong and thus genetically fit. Many authors consider this as a form of lekking behaviour. Many butterfly species including swallowtails, nymphalids, metal-marks and lycaenids are known to hill-top. In some \"Acraea\" butterflies, widespread infection by \"Wolbachia\" results in a rarity of males and in these species the females widely engage in hill-topping behaviour. Female butterflies at hill-topping sites are predominantly of unmated individuals. Studies have shown that even slight elevation differences on flat terrain can trigger hill-topping behaviour. Flowering or tall trees may induce hill-topping behaviour. The concentrating effect of hill-topping on butterfly populations makes such locations", "Barry H.V. Topping in Hungary. Topping has two main research fields. The first is related to ‘applied algorithms in structural design’: parallel computing, genetic algorithms, neural networks and finite element methods. The second is concerned with structural analysis: ‘design of cable membrane structures, structures subject to transient dynamic loading’ and fluid-structure interaction. Topping is the author or editor of over 100 technical publications covering various aspects of engineering computation and was the Founding Editor of two publications: \"Structural Engineering Review\" and the \"International Journal of Computing Systems in Engineering\". He is co-editor of the \"International Journal of Computers and Structures\" and the \"International", "Desert owl Desert owl The desert owl or desert tawny owl (\"Strix hadorami\"), formerly known as Hume's owl, is a species of owl. It is closely related to the more widespread tawny owl and to the range-restricted Omani owl. This species is a part of the family Strigidae, commonly known as typical owls, which contains most species of owl. The other owl family is the barn owls, Tytonidae. The desert owl breeds in Israel, northeast Egypt, Jordan, and the Arabian peninsula. Its habitat includes desert, semi-desert, rocky ravines, and palm groves. It nests in crevices and holes in cliffs. Its diet consists", "Simon Topping support of the campaign Rev. Topping organised and took part in a 400-mile trek from Birmingham to Edinburgh. Simon Topping Simon Topping is a Methodist minister and faith leader based in Hucclecote in Gloucester, England, known for his campaign work in favour of ending world poverty. Reverend Doctor Simon Topping came to prominence during his time in Birmingham and his work on the British chapter of the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. In 1998 he helped to initiate a human chain around central Birmingham during the G8 meeting of world leaders in the city. The campaign resulted in the", "Boundary layer less stable as the flow develops along the body, and eventually becomes turbulent, the process known as boundary layer transition. One way of dealing with this problem is to suck the boundary layer away through a porous surface (see Boundary layer suction). This can reduce drag, but is usually impractical due to its mechanical complexity and the power required to move the air and dispose of it. Natural laminar flow techniques push the boundary layer transition aft by reshaping the airfoil or fuselage so that its thickest point is more aft and less thick. This reduces the velocities in the", "Alvord Desert or more along of the Alvord fault. To the southwest is seasonal alkali Alvord Lake which once extended north and south—covering the desert. Several of the geothermal features in Alvord Desert Basin have been examined by a team of scientists and geologists from the University of Idaho, Boise State University, and Idaho State University. Despite the barren nature of the playa, some opportunities for wildlife observation exist. Wild horses sometimes drink from the springs on the eastern edge of the desert. In areas where natural hot springs flow into the playa, especially around the Alvord Hot Springs, one can usually", "Jack Topping Decca Records. On November 29, 2013 he released his first studio album \"Wonderful World\", the album peaked to number 73 on the UK Albums Chart. On December 13, 2013 he released his first single release a cover version of the song \"Tomorrow\" from the musical \"Annie\", the official campaign song for the charity Save the Children, for which Topping was appointed an ambassador. The Paris Boys Choir, also known in France as Les Petits Chanteurs de Sainte-Croix de Neuilly, sang with Jack on this recording of a French song :\"Caresse sur l'Océan\". Jack Topping Jack Topping (born c. 2002) is", "A Tale in the Desert A Tale in the Desert A Tale in the Desert (\"ATITD\") is a massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG) set in Ancient Egypt. The initial software download and all new content are free, with a monthly subscription required to play beyond the first 24 hours. \"A Tale in the Desert\" is a social MMORPG which does not include combat. Instead, a variety of social activities provide for the basis of most interaction in the game. The game's main focuses are building, community, research and personal or group challenges called \"Tests\". \"ATITD\" has a global foregame, midgame, and endgame: on average", "Jenny Topping to win. Topping hit a double off Jennie Finch. Topping played two more seasons in 2006 and 2009 respectively and claims a career .328 batting average. Jenny Topping Jenny Louise Topping (born May 30, 1980) is an American, former collegiate 4-time NCAA Division I First Team All-American and medal winning Olympian, retired pro All-Star left-handed hitting softball player originally from Whittier, California. She suited up primarily at the catcher's position for the University of Washington from 1999-2000 and Cal State Fullerton for the seasons 2001–2003. She is best known for being a member of the 2004 Athens Olympics Gold Medal", "The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past The first, called the Light World, is the ordinary Hyrule. The second is what was once the Sacred Realm, but became the Dark World when Ganon acquired the Triforce. The Dark World is a corrupted version of Hyrule. People change forms in the Dark World based on their nature; without the Moon Pearl to prevent it, Link turns into a pink rabbit. Each location in the Light World corresponds to a similar location in the Dark World, usually with a similar physical structure but an opposite nature (e.g. a desert in the Light World corresponds to a swamp in the", "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (soundtrack) Score by Guy Gross All music composed by Guy Gross, published by Mushroom Music Australia, except: All choral arrangements are by Derek Williams The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (soundtrack) There were two soundtrack albums recorded by Polydor Records (Australia) at Trackdown Digital for Stephan Elliott's 1994 Academy Award winning film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. The first consists of tracks for the film that were sourced from hit records, and the second is the original music score composed by leading Australian film composer Guy Gross. \" The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert:", "A Maze of Death the other members they conclude that the experiment must have been a failure. It is at this point that they notice that each of them is tattooed with the phrase, \"Persus 9.\" They decide to ask a tench what this means but doing so causes the tench to explode and the world around them to crumble to pieces. All of them, including the colonists thought to be dead, awake to find that they are actually the crew of the spaceship \"Persus 9\", stranded in orbit around a dead star with no way of calling for help. Their experiences had been", "Desert in Nebraska, are known as paleodeserts. In the Köppen climate classification system, deserts are classed as \"BWh\" (hot desert) or \"BWk\" (temperate desert). In the Thornthwaite climate classification system, deserts would be classified as arid megathermal climates. Deserts usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range, with high daytime temperatures falling sharply at night. The diurnal range may be as much as and the rock surface experiences even greater temperature differentials. During the day the sky is usually clear and most of the sun's radiation reaches the ground, but as soon as the sun sets, the desert cools quickly", "Ballad of the Desert once he successfully aided Jin Yu and Huo Qubing, quietly departed. A 35-episode drama adaptation of the novel, \"Sound of the Desert\", has been produced by Chinese Entertainment Shanghai, with Cecilia Liu, Eddie Peng and Hu Ge as the leads. The drama finished filming on 2 July 2012 and aired on Hunan Television from 1 October to 27 November 2014. Ballad of the Desert Ballad of the Desert (also known as Damo Yao, or \"大漠谣\") is a two-volume Chinese Han Dynasty romance novel written by author Tong Hua. Both parts were published by Henan Literature Publishers sequentially in 2006 and", "Hill-topping (biology) of special conservation significance. Hill-topping (biology) Hill-topping (more often spelt hilltopping) is a mate-location behaviour seen in many insects including butterflies, dragonflies, bumblebees, wasps, beetles and flies. Males of many butterfly species may be found flying up to and staying on a hilltop - for days on end if necessary. Females, desirous of mating, fly up the hill. Males dash around the top, competing for the best part of the area - usually the very top; as the male with the best territory at the top of the hill would have the best chance of mating with the occasional female,", "Hill-topping (biology) Hill-topping (biology) Hill-topping (more often spelt hilltopping) is a mate-location behaviour seen in many insects including butterflies, dragonflies, bumblebees, wasps, beetles and flies. Males of many butterfly species may be found flying up to and staying on a hilltop - for days on end if necessary. Females, desirous of mating, fly up the hill. Males dash around the top, competing for the best part of the area - usually the very top; as the male with the best territory at the top of the hill would have the best chance of mating with the occasional female, who knows the \"top", "A Stop in a Desert A Stop in a Desert A Stop in a Desert () is the second book of poems of Joseph Brodsky and the first composed by the poet himself. It is considered the result of the early works of the poet. Since 1965, Joseph Brodsky lived in Leningrad \"(where he returned after the link)\". At this time, only occasionally he managed to publish something of his poems in the Soviet press, his poems printed in emigrant magazines, and the first book of his poems published in 1965 in the United States, entitled \"Poems and Poems\". It was drawn up without the", "Desert tortoise females, and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall. Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type, owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter, reduction of water loss, and regulation of body temperature. The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse. Desert tortoises prefer sandy loam soils with varying amounts of gravel and clay, and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water-holding capacity, excess salts, or low resistance to flooding. They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels, so may prefer sites with higher calcium content. Desert tortoises", "Syrian Desert heavily degraded, grazing restrictions were supplemented by reseeding and the planting of fodder species. By the time the project ended in 2010, nearly a quarter of a million hectares had been reseeded, and nearly a hundred thousand hectares had been planted with native fodder shrubs. The result has been a great success, with some herdsmen reporting tenfold increases in the productivity of their livestock. Syrian Desert The Syrian Desert (, \"Bādiyat al-Shām\"), also known as the Syrian steppe, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badia, is a region of desert, semi-desert and steppe covering of the Middle East, including parts of", "Matthew Sweet the \"Urusei Yatsura\" character, Lum Invader. In 1993, Sweet released \"Altered Beast\", a harder rock album which drew mixed reactions with its intense and brooding tracks (such as \"Someone to Pull the Trigger\" and \"Knowing People\"). The music video for the single \"The Ugly Truth\" (directed by Sweet) featured the singer being chased in the desert by police while driving his own 1970 Dodge Challenger, while the video for \"Time Capsule\" was a literary homage to Jonathan Swift's \"Gulliver's Travels.\" In 1995, Sweet released \"100% Fun\", an alt-rock album best known for its lead-off track, the self-deprecating \"Sick of Myself\".", "Sweet bean sauce Sweet bean sauce Sweet bean sauce, also known as sweet flour sauce or sweet wheat paste (), is a thick, smooth, dark brown or black paste with either a mild, savory or sweet flavor. It is commonly used in Northern Chinese cuisine, Northeastern Chinese cuisine, as well as Korean-Chinese cuisine. Peking duck and \"jajangmyeon\" are two popular dishes that feature the sauce. The Chinese word \"tiánmiànjiàng\" () consists of characters meaning \"sweet\" (), \"flour\" (), and \"sauce\" (). It is also called \"tiánjiàng\" (), which means \"sweet sauce\". The origin of the Korean word \"chunjang\" () is unknown. One theory" ]

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[ "There are many people in this picture." ]

[ "The girls are setting off firecrackers and sparklers on 4th of July evening.", "The executive personally directs as the information technology in the organization.", "An individual with drug problems will affect themselves and their family more so than the community.", "Woman smoking cigarettes.", "She was talking nonsense.", "The person is reading to children.", "The boy is playing" ]

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[ "Two men are busy at work inside." ]

[ "Two men take a lunch break outside.", "They are on the moon", "They have found a raise in illness for vets from the Gulf war.", "Two rafts are floating in the water.", "There are people inside a subway car holding on to the rails.", "A man is on Mars.", "A woman drinks a beer." ]

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[ "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) the First Presidency. On January 16, 2018, the church announced that due to the call of Dallin H. Oaks as a counselor in the First Presidency, M. Russell Ballard would serve as Acting President. President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is the most senior apostle in the church, aside from the President of the Church. When the President of the Church dies, it" ]

[ "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Quorum during his presidency. President of the Quorum of the Twelve President of the Quorum of the Twelve (also President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, President of the Council of Twelve Apostles, and President of the Twelve) is a leadership position that exists in some of the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement. In these churches, the President is the head of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Joseph Smith organized the first Quorum of the Twelve of the Church of the Latter Day Saints in 1835, he ranked the members in order of seniority, by age.", "M. Russell Ballard M. Russell Ballard Melvin Russell Ballard Jr. (born October 8, 1928) is an American businessman and religious leader who is currently the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles since 1985. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Ballard is accepted by church members as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Currently, he is the third most senior apostle in the church. Ballard was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Melvin Russell", "Russell M. Nelson Russell M. Nelson Russell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah, Nelson attended the University of Utah for his undergraduate and medical school education. He then", "W. Craig Zwick and then on Romney's 2012 presidential campaign as national finance chair. In an interview, Zwick said his maternal ancestors go \"back in church history to Hyrum [Smith]\". W. Craig Zwick William Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS", "M. Russell Ballard the parents of seven children. One of their daughters, Brynn, is married to Peter R. Huntsman, who is the son of late billionaire industrialist Jon Huntsman Sr. and brother of Jon Huntsman Jr., a United States Ambassador and former Governor of Utah. His wife passed away on October 1, 2018. M. Russell Ballard Melvin Russell Ballard Jr. (born October 8, 1928) is an American businessman and religious leader who is currently the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a member of the church's", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve apostle is the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is set apart to the position and exercises priesthood \"keys\" of quorum presidency. The president conducts Quorum meetings and otherwise acts as administrative leader of the apostles. Due to the death of Boyd K. Packer on July 3, 2015, Russell M. Nelson became the new quorum president. In the Community of Christ, the President of the Council of Twelve Apostles is the head of the church's Council of Twelve Apostles, the second-highest leadership body of the church. The quorum president", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints body of the church; twelve other apostles form the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. When a president dies, his successor is invariably the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve (the one who has been an apostle the longest), who reconstitutes a new First Presidency. Following the death of Thomas S. Monson on January 2, 2018, senior apostle Russell M. Nelson became the presumptive successor to the church presidency; he formally was named president on January 14. These men, and the other male members of the church-wide leadership (including the first two Quorums of Seventy and the Presiding", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve President of the Quorum of the Twelve President of the Quorum of the Twelve (also President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, President of the Council of Twelve Apostles, and President of the Twelve) is a leadership position that exists in some of the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement. In these churches, the President is the head of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Joseph Smith organized the first Quorum of the Twelve of the Church of the Latter Day Saints in 1835, he ranked the members in order of seniority, by age. The oldest—and therefore most", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve was killed in 1844. As President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Brigham Young claimed the authority to lead the church after Joseph Smith's death. The majority of Latter Day Saints endorsed Young's leadership; the church Young and his followers continued is today The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other Latter Day Saint denominations were formed by Latter Day Saints who dissented from Young's leadership over the church. In the LDS Church, the President of the Quorum heads the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the second-highest leadership body in the church. The identity of the", "Robert D. Hales reduction in the number of the church's welfare farms and also divestment from the Utah and Idaho Sugar Company. In the late 1970s, while serving as a general authority, Hales also served as president of the church's England London Robert D. Hales Robert Dean Hales (August 24, 1932 – October 1, 2017) was an American businessman and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 until his death. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hales was accepted by the church as a prophet, seer,", "Dieter F. Uchtdorf two children and have six grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Dieter F. Uchtdorf Dieter Friedrich Uchtdorf (born 6 November 1940) is a German aviator, airline executive and religious leader. He is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Called as an apostle in 2004, he previously served as Second Counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the church's First Presidency from 2008 until Monson's death on 2 January 2018. Currently, Uchtdorf is the sixth most senior apostle in the ranks of the church. Uchtdorf was born to ethnic Germans", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) new President of the Twelve. The President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is the priesthood leader of the members of the Quorum. As such, all members of the Quorum report directly to him. The president's other duties consist of presiding at and conducting weekly meetings of the Quorum in the Salt Lake Temple; making decisions about the particular assignments to be made to the members of the Quorum; speaking on behalf of the Quorum to members of the church and the media; scheduling twice-annual conferences for each stake and district in the church; and acting as a liaison", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is the most senior apostle in the church, aside from the President of the Church. When the President of the Church dies, it is the President of the Quorum of the Twelve who becomes the new church president. The calling of President of the Twelve has been held by 26 men (one of whom served two non-consecutive", "Jeffrey R. Holland Jeffrey R. Holland Jeffrey Roy Holland (born December 3, 1940) is an American educator and religious leader. He served as the ninth President of Brigham Young University and is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Holland is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Currently, he is the fourth most senior apostle in the church. Holland was born and raised in St. George, Utah. After graduating from high school, his college education began at", "President of the Church the latter-day church should be similarly organized. For instance, the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) is governed by a Quorum of the Twelve; the members of the quorum are generally regarded as co-equal holders of the highest office in the church. President of the Church In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church. It was the office held by Joseph Smith, founder of the movement, and the office assumed by many of Smith's claimed successors, such as Brigham Young, Joseph Smith III, Sidney Rigdon, and James", "Gerrit W. Gong Gerrit W. Gong Gerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he served as Assistant to the President of Brigham Young University (BYU) for", "Rosemary M. Wixom and was succeeded by Joy D. Jones. In November 2017, she and her husband began service as president and matron of the Salt Lake Temple. Rosemary M. Wixom Rosemary Mix Wixom (born 26 December 1948) was the general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2010 to 2016. She was the twelfth general president of the Primary, the organization that is responsible for the instruction of the church's children ages three to eleven. Wixom is a native of Salt Lake City, Utah. She attended Utah State University and graduated with a", "Dieter F. Uchtdorf Dieter F. Uchtdorf Dieter Friedrich Uchtdorf (born 6 November 1940) is a German aviator, airline executive and religious leader. He is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Called as an apostle in 2004, he previously served as Second Counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the church's First Presidency from 2008 until Monson's death on 2 January 2018. Currently, Uchtdorf is the sixth most senior apostle in the ranks of the church. Uchtdorf was born to ethnic Germans Karl Albert Uchtdorf and Hildegard Else Opelt in Moravská", "Emma Smith property and debts from Emma's personal property and debts proved to be a long and potentially dangerous process for Emma and her family. The church itself was left with no clear successor and a succession crisis ensued. Emma wanted William Marks, president of the church's central stake, to assume the church presidency, but Marks favored Sidney Rigdon for the role. After a meeting on August 8, a congregation of the church voted that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles should lead the church. Brigham Young, president of the Quorum, then became de facto president of the church in Nauvoo. Relations", "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as the Acting President of the Quorum when the actual President of the Quorum is unable to perform his duties due to ill health or other incapacitation. The formal calling of Acting President of the Quorum has been held seven times by six men: Rudger Clawson, Joseph Fielding Smith, Spencer W. Kimball, Howard W. Hunter, Boyd K. Packer, and M. Russell Ballard. Additionally, two earlier apostles—Orson Hyde and Brigham Young Jr.—have acted as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles when they were \"not\" the second-most senior apostle in the church, and therefore may be said to have played", "Ulisses Soares Ulisses Soares Ulisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Soares is accepted by the LDS Church as a prophet, seer, and", "Quorum of the Twelve from the 1850s Reorganization, it is attempting to follow similar patterns of that prior reorganization. The First Presidency of the Remnant Church is not drawn from the apostles. Instead, the president of the church is chosen by Jewish Laws of Inheritance. The current members of the Quorum are: Don Burnett (President of the Quorum), Robert Murie Jr., Terry W. Patience, Roger Tracy, and Mark Deitrick. Quorum of the Twelve In the Latter Day Saint movement, the Quorum of the Twelve (also known as the Council of the Twelve, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Council of the Twelve Apostles, or", "John Willard Young of the Twelve Apostles for the longest period of time. Since Young had never been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, he could not become the president of the church if Snow died. On April 5, 1900, the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve unanimously approved the new policy. On October 10, 1901, Snow died. Five days later, Young arrived in Salt Lake City from New York City, possibly with the intent of assuming the presidency of the church. However, due to the new policy, Joseph F. Smith was ordained the new president of the church", "John Taylor (Mormon) the LDS Church hymnal includes two hymns with lyrics by Taylor, \"Go Ye Messengers of Glory\" (no. 262) and \"Go, Ye Messengers of Heaven\" (no. 327). Following Brigham Young's death in 1877, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles governed the church, with John Taylor as the quorum's president. Taylor became the third president of the church in 1880. He chose as his counselors Joseph F. Smith and George Q. Cannon, the latter being the nephew of his wife, Leonora. As church president, Taylor oversaw the expansion of the Salt Lake community; the further organization of the church hierarchy; the establishment", "Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle) Mission. In these positions, Richards also served as editor of the \"Millennial Star\" and as director of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund's operations in Europe. From 1889 until his death, Richards was the church's twelfth official Church Historian. When Wilford Woodruff died on September 2, 1898, Snow succeeded him as church president. As the second apostle in seniority, Richards assumed the role of President of the Quorum of the Twelve. His term ended when he died fifteen months later. He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve for more than 50 years, the longest tenure of any person who", "Brigham Young Jr. Brigham Young Jr. Brigham Young Jr. (December 18, 1836 – April 11, 1903) served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1899 until his death. His tenure was interrupted for one week in 1901 when Joseph F. Smith was the president of the Quorum. Young was born in Kirtland, Ohio, the son of Brigham Young and Mary Ann Angell. Young's twin sister, Mary, died at age seven from the effects of injuries received at age two in a wagon accident. At age twelve, Young drove an", "Mormonism in the 19th century crisis occurred in the Latter Day Saint movement. Hyrum Smith, the Assistant President of the Church, was intended to succeed Joseph as President of the Church, but because he was killed with his brother, the proper succession procedure became unclear. Initially, the primary contenders to succeed Joseph Smith were Brigham Young, Sidney Rigdon, and James Strang. Young, president of the Quorum of the Twelve, claimed authority was handed by Smith to the Quorum of the Twelve. Rigdon was the senior surviving member of the First Presidency, a body that led the church since 1832. At the time of the Smiths'", "Brigham Young Jr. buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Brigham Young Jr. Brigham Young Jr. (December 18, 1836 – April 11, 1903) served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1899 until his death. His tenure was interrupted for one week in 1901 when Joseph F. Smith was the president of the Quorum. Young was born in Kirtland, Ohio, the son of Brigham Young and Mary Ann Angell. Young's twin sister, Mary, died at age seven from the effects of injuries received at age two in a wagon accident.", "Quentin L. Cook appointment of Henry B. Eyring to the First Presidency. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Cook is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Quentin L. Cook Quentin LaMar Cook (born September 8, 1940) is an American lawyer, business executive, and religious leader who is currently a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Currently, he is the eighth most senior apostle in the church. Born in Logan, Utah, Cook is among three children of Bernice Kimball and J. Vernon Cook. He", "Boyd K. Packer Quorum in the church's history, Packer served the longest in that capacity and is the only one to serve under two different church presidents. In 1999, Packer dedicated the Regina Saskatchewan Temple. Packer became President of the Quorum of the Twelve on February 3, 2008, when Monson became church president. In 2012, Packer dedicated the Brigham City Utah Temple. Packer was well known for several talks and teachings, and several of his stories have been adapted into short films. His sermon about singing a hymn to drive off bad thoughts was adapted into the video \"Worthy Thoughts\". His Parable of", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve is recommended by the First Presidency and is formally elected by the World Conference. The position is not based on seniority in the Council. As of 2014, the President of the Council of Twelve Apostles is Linda L. Booth; she is the first woman to serve in this position. In The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite), the President of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles is the administrative head of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles and is selected from its membership. The President of the Church is also selected from the membership of the Quorum and remains a member of the", "D. Todd Christofferson D. Todd Christofferson David Todd Christofferson (born January 24, 1945) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 1993. Currently, he is the ninth most senior apostle in the church. Christofferson was born in American Fork, Utah, and raised in Pleasant Grove, Utah; Lindon, Utah; and Somerset, New Jersey. As a young man, he served as a LDS Church missionary in Argentina. His mission president during his period of service was Richard G. Scott, who would already", "Gary E. Stevenson Gary E. Stevenson Gary Evan Stevenson (born August 6, 1955) is an American religious leader and former businessman who is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the church's Presiding Bishop and was the fourteenth man to serve in that position. He has been a general authority of the church since 2008. Stevenson was appointed to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in October 2015. Currently, he is the twelfth most senior apostle in the church. Stevenson was born in Ogden, Utah, and", "Joseph B. Wirthlin Joseph B. Wirthlin Joseph Bitner Wirthlin (June 11, 1917 – December 1, 2008) was an American businessman, religious leader and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained to the Twelve on October 4, 1986, and ordained an apostle on October 9, 1986, by Thomas S. Monson. He became an apostle following the death of church president Spencer W. Kimball. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Wirthlin was accepted by the church membership as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Born in Salt Lake", "D. Todd Christofferson conference when Thomas S. Monson was sustained as church president, Christofferson was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Christofferson is regarded by church membership as a prophet, seer, and revelator. D. Todd Christofferson David Todd Christofferson (born January 24, 1945) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 1993. Currently, he is the ninth most senior apostle in the church. Christofferson was born", "Quorum of Twelve Apostles (Bickertonite) the Quorum of Twelve Apostles are: Paul Palmieri, Thomas M. Liberto, Peter Scolaro, John R. Griffith, Paul Liberto, Leonard A. Lovalvo, James Crudup, Joel Gehly, Frank Natoli, Paul Aaron Palmieri and Jerry Valenti. Joel Gehly currently serves as church president, with Peter Scolaro and Frank Natoli as counselors. Isaac Smith and Richard T. Christman are currently emeritus apostles. Quorum of Twelve Apostles (Bickertonite) In The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite), the Quorum of Twelve Apostles is composed of the chief governing officers of the church. Currently, the president of the church and his two counselors are not separated from the", "Religious views on masturbation attitudes that can be mentally corrupting\". Spencer W. Kimball, the twelfth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), urged Latter-day Saints to abandon the habit before going on a mission, receiving the priesthood, or attending the temple. He taught that masturbation indicated \"slavery to the flesh, not the mastery of it and the growth toward godhood which is the object of our mortal life\". As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Kimball stated: \"Masturbation, a rather common indiscretion, is not approved of the Lord nor of His Church regardless of what may", "Boyd K. Packer Boyd K. Packer Boyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his death. Packer was born on September 10, 1924, in Brigham", "Joseph Fielding Smith Joseph Fielding Smith Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. (July 19, 1876 – July 2, 1972) was an American religious leader and writer who served as the tenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1970 until his death in 1972. He was the son of Joseph F. Smith, who was the sixth president of the LDS Church, and the grandson of Hyrum Smith, brother of LDS Church founder Joseph Smith. Smith was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1910, when his father was the church's president. When Smith became president of the", "George Miller (Latter Day Saints) of the United States. Upon hearing about the death of Joseph Smith, Miller returned to Nauvoo. A succession crisis ensued whereby a variety of men vied for the leadership of the Latter Day Saints. The majority of Latter Day Saints accepted the leadership of Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve, and Miller provided lukewarm support for this decision. Because he was one of two bishops in the church, Miller was appointed by Young to be a legal trustee-in-trust for the church on August 9, 1844, Miller was sustained as the president of Nauvoo high priests quorum and the", "Dale G. Renlund Dale G. Renlund Dale Gunnar Renlund (born November 13, 1952) is a cardiologist and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2009. Currently, he is the thirteenth most senior apostle in the church. Renlund was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Mats Åke Renlund and Mariana Andersson. Renlund's parents were from Finland and Sweden and emigrated to the United States so they could marry in an LDS Church temple. Since his parents did not yet know English,", "Hyrum Smith was effectively discontinued and the incumbent, Eldred G. Smith, was given the title patriarch emeritus. M. Russell Ballard, the current Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church, is also a direct descendant of Smith. In 1918, Smith's descendants erected a monument to him in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. Hyrum Smith Hyrum Smith (February 9, 1800 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the original church of the Latter Day Saint movement. He was the older brother of the movement's founder, Joseph", "Howard W. Hunter which he dedicated in 1989. In 1970, when Joseph Fielding Smith became president of the church, Hunter succeeded Smith as Church Historian and Recorder. Hunter held this position until 1972, and was succeeded by Leonard J. Arrington. In November 1985, when Ezra Taft Benson became President of the Church, Hunter was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve; this was in recognition of the infirmity of Marion G. Romney, who had succeeded as President of the Twelve by seniority. Hunter became President of the Quorum of the Twelve upon Romney's death in 1988. Hunter became President of the", "Boyd K. Packer Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson as his counselors in the First Presidency. Packer was the fourth apostle in seniority among the ranks of the church, behind Hunter, Hinckley and Monson. This created a situation where the only apostles senior to Packer were members of the First Presidency. As a result, Packer was named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve. When Hunter died in 1995 and was succeeded by Hinckley, Monson was again retained in the First Presidency and Packer was again asked to be Acting President of the Twelve. Of the five acting presidents of the", "Thomas S. Monson three church presidents, and was the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from March 12, 1995, until he became President of the Church on February 3, 2008. He succeeded Gordon B. Hinckley as church president. Monson received four honorary doctorate degrees, as well as the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Buffalo and the World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf—both awards are the highest awards in each organization. He was a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America, the organization's governing body. Monson was chairman of the Boards of Trustees/Education of the", "Merrill J. Bateman Merrill J. Bateman Merrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding bishop in 1994 and 1995. In 2003 and 2004, Bateman was the general president of the church's", "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smith's authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the central governing body of the church after Smith's death. Then, in 1847, the Twelve reorganized the First Presidency with Young as President, and the Twelve took on a supporting role within a chain of command under the First Presidency, a role that continues to the present. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the LDS Church has some general similarities to the College of Cardinals of the", "Brigham Young Jr. December 9, 1899. When church president Lorenzo Snow died on October 10, 1901, Smith served as President of the Quorum until he was made church president on October 17, 1901. The death of Snow dissolved the First Presidency, returning First Counselor Joseph F. Smith to the Quorum of the Twelve as President of the Quorum. The LDS Church at that time did not draw a distinction between President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In that time, the person who in the modern church would be called the Acting", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve senior—member was believed to be Thomas B. Marsh; he was designated by Smith as the quorum president. When new members were added to the quorum due to vacancies caused by death, apostasy, or excommunication, the new member was received as the junior member of the quorum, regardless of their age. The principle was established that the senior member of the quorum was to be its president. When Marsh was excommunicated from the church in 1839, Brigham Young was the senior member of the quorum, and he therefore became the President of the Quorum. Young still held this position when Smith", "Spencer W. Kimball the number of temples. Kimball was the first church president to state publicly that the church expects all able-bodied male members to serve missions in young adulthood, resulting in an increase in missionary service. Kimball's paternal grandfather, Heber C. Kimball, was one of the original LDS apostles who were called when Joseph Smith first organized the Quorum of the Twelve in February 1835. Kimball later served as first counselor to Brigham Young in the church's First Presidency from 1847 until his death in 1868. Kimball's maternal grandfather, Edwin D. Woolley, was a prominent LDS bishop in Salt Lake City for", "George Q. Cannon 2009. Another descendant, George I. Cannon, became a general authority of the church. At BYU football games, the BYU ROTC celebrates touchdowns with cannon named \"George Q\" to honor him. George Q. Cannon George Quayle Cannon (January 11, 1827 – April 12, 1901) was an early member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and served in the First Presidency under four successive presidents of the church: Brigham Young, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, and Lorenzo Snow. He was the church's chief political strategist, and was dubbed \"the Mormon premier\"", "Spencer W. Kimball Spencer W. Kimball Spencer Woolley Kimball (March 28, 1895 – November 5, 1985) was an American business, civic, and religious leader, and was the 12th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1973 to 1985. Grandson of the LDS apostle Heber C. Kimball, Spencer was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He spent most of his early life in Thatcher, Arizona, where his father, Andrew Kimball, farmed and served as the area's stake president. From 1914-1916, he served an LDS mission (see below), then worked for various banks in Arizona's Gila Valley as", "Robert D. Hales Robert D. Hales Robert Dean Hales (August 24, 1932 – October 1, 2017) was an American businessman and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 until his death. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hales was accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. At the time of his passing he was the fifth most senior apostle in the church. Hales was born in New York City and raised in both Queens and Great Neck, New York. He was the youngest", "President of the Church (LDS Church) was the living apostle who had become a member of the Quorum of the Twelve at the earliest date. In another instance, Ezra Taft Benson left active status in the quorum for a time when he was serving as the United States Secretary of Agriculture in the Eisenhower administration. However, Benson did not lose seniority in the Quorum, and he became the president of the church upon the passing of Spencer W. Kimball. If the President of the Quorum of the Twelve has been called to be a counselor in the First Presidency, the most senior apostle not in the", "George F. Richards a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and retained his seniority within that body. With the death of LDS Church president Heber J. Grant, Richards became the second-most senior apostle in the church and thus the President of the Quorum of the Twelve on May 21, 1945, a position which he held until his death. He is the only person in the church's history to have been both the Presiding Patriarch and the President of the Quorum of the Twelve. Richards died in Salt Lake City of coronary thrombosis. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. After", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) detail argues for the reality of some such experience.\" Sidney Rigdon denied such a metamorphosis took place, and accused Young of lying about it. With the support of the majority of adherents, Brigham Young assumed leadership of the church. He met with the Twelve and members of the Anointed Quorum on August 9; Bishops Newel K. Whitney and George Miller \"were appointed to settle the affairs of the late Trustee-in-Trust, Joseph Smith, and be prepared to enter upon the duties as Trustees of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.\" Meanwhile, Sidney Rigdon did not abandon his claims and", "Florence S. Jacobsen Utah; the Jacob Hamblin home in Santa Clara, Utah; the Newell K. Whitney store in Kirtland, Ohio; and the interior of the Manti Utah Temple. On April 21, 2010, Jacobsen was awarded the Junius F. Wells Award by the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation. At that time, church president Thomas S. Monson and Boyd K. Packer, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, both spoke of Jacobsen's leadership in preserving historical sites for the LDS Church and her leadership in the Young Women organization. In regards to her leadership of the Young Women organization, Monson stated, \"You lifted them to", "President of the Church (LDS Church) their errors will not result in \"the permanent injury of the work.\" Thus, the current prophet can clarify, correct, or change any previous teachings. When a new president of the church is selected, he chooses counselors to assist him. Most presidents have had a minimum of two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required more than two. For example, David O. McKay had five counselors during the final years of his presidency and at one point, Brigham Young had eight. Counselors are usually chosen from among the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, but there have been a number", "Orson Pratt Orson Pratt Orson Pratt, Sr. (September 19, 1811 – October 3, 1881) was an American mathematician and religious leader who was an original member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles of the Church of the Latter Day Saints. He became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and was a leading Mormon theologian and writer until his death. Pratt was born in Hartford, New York, the son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickenson. He was the younger brother of Parley P. Pratt, who introduced him to Latter Day", "David B. Haight David B. Haight David Bruce Haight (September 2, 1906 – July 31, 2004) was the oldest member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Haight was born in Oakley, Idaho, on September 2, 1906, the son of Hector Caleb Haight and Clara Josephine Tuttle. Hector was the son of Horton D. Haight, who had been involved in many trips in the Mormon trek and served as the first president of the LDS Church stake that included Oakley. David's maternal grandfather, Norton Ray Tuttle, was the first", "Joseph Fielding Smith LDS Church, he was 93 years old; he began his presidential term at an older age than any other president in church history. Smith's tenure as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1951 to 1970 is the third-longest in church history; he served in that capacity during the entire presidency of David O. McKay. Smith spent some of his years among the Twelve Apostles as the Church Historian and Recorder. He was a religious scholar and a prolific writer. Many of his works are used as references for church members. Doctrinally, Smith was known for rigid orthodoxy", "Howard Biddulph of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and the first president of the church's Ukraine Kiev Mission, where he oversaw the opening of missionary work in Ukraine. In the LDS Church, Biddulph has also been a bishop and Regional Representative of the Quorum of the Twelve. Biddulph and his wife Colleen are the parents of five children. Biddulph also wrote the book \"The Morning Breaks\" (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1996). Articles by Biddulph include the 1983 article \"Local Interest Articulation at CPSU Congress\", \"Soviet Intellectual Dissent as a Political Counter Culture\" in \"Western Political Quarterly\", Vol. 25, No. 3, p. 522-533,", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) a violation of proper proceedings of the church. On December 27, 1847, when Young organized a new First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve only had seven of its twelve members present to represent a council to decide the Presidency. William Smith, John E. Page, and Lyman Wight had previously denounced the proceedings and were not present. John Taylor and Parley P. Pratt were in the Salt Lake Valley and could not have known of the proceedings. This left just seven present, a majority of one meaning Young would have to vote for himself in order to gain a majority", "David A. Bednar vacancies created by the July 2004 deaths of quorum members David B. Haight and Neal A. Maxwell. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Bednar is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. He is currently the seventh most senior apostle in the church. Bednar was born in Oakland, California to Lavina Whitney Bednar and Anthony George Bednar. His mother came from a long line of Latter-day Saints, but his father did not join the church until Bednar was in his late twenties. He served as a full-time missionary in Southern Germany and then attended", "Dieter F. Uchtdorf Uchtdorf has also participated in the dedication of many other temples as a member of the Twelve and the First Presidency. In May 2016, Uchtdorf traveled to the Czech Republic to create the first stake in that nation. At the time of Monson's death on January 2, 2018, with the dissolution of the First Presidency, Uchtdorf returned to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, along with Monson's First Counselor, Henry B. Eyring. When the First Presidency was subsequently reorganized under new church president Russell M. Nelson, Uchtdorf was not retained as a counselor in the First Presidency and continued his", "President of the Church (LDS Church) official in the church and has always become the next church president. However, the appointment is not made official until the Quorum of the Twelve meets and selects the next president of the church. Since the late 19th century, the Quorum of the Twelve has moved quickly to reconstitute the First Presidency within days or weeks of the late church president's death. However, Brigham Young presided over the church for three years as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve before the First Presidency was reconstituted after the death of Joseph Smith. The tradition of waiting for two to", "Russell M. Nelson and as a member of a stake high council. Before being appointed an apostle, he served as a stake president in Salt Lake City from 1964 to 1971, with Joseph B. Wirthlin serving as his second counselor. Nelson also served for eight years as the church's Sunday School General President, and four years as a regional representative. Nelson was called as an apostle by church president Spencer W. Kimball, to whom he had served as a personal physician for many years. Nelson was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 7, 1984, during the", "Rigdonite 1845 — fifteen years after the original organization of the church — Rigdon presided over a General Conference of Rigdonite Latter Day Saints in Pittsburgh, establishing a new hierarchy. He himself was sustained as President of the Church. The new Quorum of the Twelve Apostles consisted of: William E. McLellin, George W. Robinson, Benjamin Winchester, James Blakeslee, Josiah Ells, Hugh Herringshaw, David L. Lathrop, Jeremiah Hatch, Jr., E.R. Swackhammer, William Small, Samuel Bennett. Carvel Rigdon became Presiding Patriarch, and a Standing High Council, Quorum of the Seventy, Presiding Bishopric, and other quorum presidencies were established. In addition, Rigdon called seventy-three", "President of the Church (LDS Church) time to John Willard Young to object. From then on, apostles were not ordained without also being called to the Quorum. On November 23, 1918, Anthon H. Lund, the most senior apostle, was called to serve in the First Presidency. Rather than give up his title as President of the Quorum, as had been done earlier, he maintained his title, and Rudger Clawson was given the title of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. That pattern is the pattern that is followed today. Following the January 2, 2018 death of the 16th church president, Thomas S. Monson,", "George F. Richards Richards's death, Delbert L. Stapley was called in the October general conference of that year to fill the vacancy, and David O. McKay became President of the Quorum. George F. Richards George Franklin Richards (February 23, 1861 – August 8, 1950) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 9, 1906 until his death. He also served as Acting Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from 1937 to 1942 and President of the Quorum of the Twelve from May 25, 1945 until his death. Richards", "Earl C. Tingey For periods of time he has also been a member of the University of Utah Alumni Board and the National Advisory Board of the Utah Symphony. Tingey is the author of \"The Atonement: Fulfilling God's Great Plan of Happiness\". Earl C. Tingey Earl Carr Tingey (born June 11, 1934) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1991. From 2001 to 2008, he was the senior (presiding) president of the Quorums of the Seventy. Tingey was born in Bountiful, Utah, the oldest of ten children born to William W. Tingey and", "David B. Haight addition to his service as mission president, he served in the church as president of the Palo Alto Stake and a regional representative. He was called as a general authority, as an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in April 1970. He also served as a special assistant to the president of Brigham Young University. The vacancy in the church's Quorum of the Twelve, from the death of Hugh B. Brown in December 1975, was filled by Haight. He was ordained an apostle on January 8, 1976. Haight died the morning of July 31, 2004, of causes incident", "Rigdonite have been allowed to be what he claimed to be — a \"guardian\" over the church until proper proceedings could decide the next president — and that proceedings which resulted in Brigham Young leading the church constituted a procedural violation. On December 27, 1847, when Young organized a new First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve only had seven of its twelve members present to represent a council to decide the Presidency. William Smith, John E. Page, and Lyman Wight had previously denounced the proceedings and were not present. John Taylor and Parley P. Pratt were in the Salt Lake", "Quorum of the Twelve Quorum of the Twelve In the Latter Day Saint movement, the Quorum of the Twelve (also known as the Council of the Twelve, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Council of the Twelve Apostles, or the Twelve) is one of the governing bodies or (quorums) of the church hierarchy organized by the movement's founder Joseph Smith, and patterned after the twelve apostles of Christ (see Mark 3). Members are considered to be apostles, with a special calling to be evangelistic ambassadors to the world. The Twelve were designated to be a body of \"traveling councillors\" with jurisdiction outside areas where", "George F. Richards George F. Richards George Franklin Richards (February 23, 1861 – August 8, 1950) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 9, 1906 until his death. He also served as Acting Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from 1937 to 1942 and President of the Quorum of the Twelve from May 25, 1945 until his death. Richards was born in Farmington, Utah Territory, the son of Franklin D. Richards and Nanny Longstroth. Richards' father was an apostle of the LDS Church and a member of", "John Henry Smith and 1875, Smith served as a missionary in Europe. He spent most of this mission in England, particularly in and around the city of Birmingham. From 1875 to 1880, Smith was the bishop of the Salt Lake 17th Ward. In October 1880, LDS Church president John Taylor called Smith to be a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. On October 27 of that year, he was ordained an apostle by Wilford Woodruff, who at that time was the quorum president. Smith served in that capacity until the death of First Presidency member John R. Winder in 1910; he", "President of the Church Jeffs was succeeded by his First Counselor and son, Warren Jeffs. Despite the younger Jeffs' resignation from the Presidency in 2011 following his imprisonment for child sexual assault, and a brief tenure by Wendell Loy Nielsen as President of the Church's corporate assets, most FLDS members continue to regard Jeffs as a prophet. Some sects in the Latter Day Saint movement do not accept the office of President of the Church as a valid office in the priesthood; these groups often maintain that because Jesus' original church was led by twelve apostles, not by a president or a three-man presidency,", "Dieter F. Uchtdorf 1994. On 7 April 1996, he was transferred to the First Quorum of Seventy. Uchtdorf became a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy on 15 August 2002. Uchtdorf was sustained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on 2 October 2004. He was ordained an apostle on 7 October 2004 by church president Gordon B. Hinckley. Uchtdorf and David A. Bednar were called to fill the vacancies created by the July 2004 deaths of quorum members David B. Haight and Neal A. Maxwell. Uchtdorf was the first church apostle ordained in the 21st century. As an", "History of the Latter Day Saint movement Church continues to be led by Brigham Young's successors. Young reorganized the First Presidency in 1847, and the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles have continued the same succession pattern: when the Prophet dies, the senior Apostle becomes the head of the LDS Church. As of January 2018, Russell M. Nelson is the church president. Among other things, the LDS Church has become known for its proselyting and humanitarian work worldwide. The Community of Christ, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS) until 2001, is the second largest group, with over", "Boyd K. Packer later as supervisor of church's seminaries and institutes. Packer served a four-year term on the Brigham City City Council. In 1961, Packer was called by LDS Church president David O. McKay to serve as a general authority as an Assistant to the Twelve, a position that no longer exists. While serving in the position, Packer was assigned to serve as president of the church's New England States Mission. He also served for a time as the managing director of the church's military relations committee. Following McKay's death in January 1970, Packer, then 45 years old, was called by new church", "President of the Church (LDS Church) Willard Young (ordained 1855 but never in the Quorum) became the senior apostle, and Brigham Young, Jr. (ordained 1864 and added to the Quorum 1868), the senior apostle serving in the Quorum. However, on April 5, 1900, the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve unanimously decided that the date an individual became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve was the relevant date for succession purposes, not the date an individual was ordained as an apostle. Thus, Joseph F. Smith (ordained apostle 1866 and added to the quorum 1867) became president of the church in 1901, since he", "Russell M. Nelson the Church Boards of Trustees/Education, the governing body of the Church Educational System, and the chairman of its Executive Committee. He was succeeded as chairman of the Executive Committee by Oaks. Following the death of Boyd K. Packer on July 3, 2015, Nelson became the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve and the quorum's president. Nelson was set apart as the quorum president on July 15, 2015, by Thomas S. Monson. Nelson made his first international trip as quorum president to Central America from August 20–31, 2015. The following month, Nelson dedicated the renovated Aaronic Priesthood Restoration", "President of the Church Veazey and he was ordained as the Prophet–President on June 3, 2005. The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints continues to believe in the lineal succession through the Jewish Laws of Inheritance. As such, the president of the Remnant Church, Frederick Niels Larsen, is a direct descendant (maternal 2nd great-grandson) of Joseph Smith, Jr. Similar to other denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement, in The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite), the \"President of the General Church\" is also a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles. The tiny Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite), headquartered in Independence,", "Quorum of the Twelve church. The church seeks to strictly follow the church organization of the Bible and the Book of Mormon, and teaches that church offices added by Joseph Smith after publication of the Book of Commandments, such as a President of the Church and a First Presidency, were not consistent with the Bible and Book of Mormon, and therefore were not revelations from God . The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has an Apostolic Quorum that is, as yet, incomplete by design. As the Remnant Church seeks to be a \"renewal\" of the Latter Day Saint movement resulting", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the largest sect of Mormonism by a factor of fifty (with 16,118,169 members worldwide, as of December 31, 2016). His two counselors were Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards, the latter of whom was present when Joseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a", "Richard G. Hinckley became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Following his missionary service, Hinckley obtained a degree in economics from the University of Utah and an MBA from Stanford University. Prior to his call as a general authority, Hinckley served as a bishop (twice), stake president and as a member of two other stake presidencies. Hinckley's father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had also served as stake presidents. Hinckley also served as a sealer in the Salt Lake Temple. From 2001 to 2004, Hinckley was president of the church's Utah Salt Lake City Mission. At the church's April 2005 general conference,", "Anthon H. Lund From 1911 to 1921, Lund was the president of the Salt Lake Temple. Lund died in Salt Lake City on March 2, 1921, from a duodenal ulcer, an ailment that plagued him for many years. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. John A. Widtsoe was called to the Quorum of the Twelve after his death. Anthon H. Lund Anthon Henrik Lund (15 May 1844 – 2 March 1921) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a prominent Utah leader.", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) quorum vote in favor of his leadership. Young chose two of the other apostles, Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards, as his counselors in the First Presidency. This left only four members of the Quorum of the Twelve present to vote in favor of creation of the new First Presidency: Orson Hyde, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and Orson Pratt. The Church of Jesus Christ views this action as a violation of church law compromising the authority of Sidney Rigdon without a majority quorum vote. The LDS Church actively opposes this view of the proceedings. After his excommunication by the", "Abraham H. Cannon the \"Deseret News\" publishing. He also became the editor and publisher of \"The Contributor\". On October 9, 1882, Cannon became a member of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of the church. On October 7, 1889, church president Wilford Woodruff named Cannon a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He was ordained an apostle on that date by Joseph F. Smith. Cannon served in this capacity until his death. Early in the summer of 1896, Cannon visited California, where he presumably visited the ocean, swam in it, and got ocean water trapped within his ear. This led", "Gordon B. Hinckley the \"Encyclopedia of Mormonism\" to the Vatican. After Benson's death, Howard W. Hunter became President and retained Hinckley and Monson as counselors in the First Presidency. With Hunter as President of the Church, the title of President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles fell to Hinckley per the tradition of seniority. When Hunter died after a presidency of nine months, Hinckley succeeded to the presidency of the church at the age of 84, on March 12, 1995. Hinckley immediately showed a change in approach and tone from his predecessors by making the meeting with the press where his call", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) had been excommunicated and later restored to fellowship. With this rule in place, it was John Taylor who led the church after Young's death in 1877, first as President of the Twelve and after 1880 as President of the Church with Wilford Woodruff as President of the Twelve. After Taylor died in 1887, Woodruff did not reorganize the First Presidency until 1889. But before his own death in 1898, he advised the Quorum of the Twelve that \"in all future time, when the President of the Church should die and thereby the First Presidency become disorganized, it would be the", "Joseph B. Wirthlin in Frankfurt, Germany and covered all of Europe and Africa. Wirthlin's call to the Quorum of the Twelve came shortly after his call to serve in the church's Presidency of the Seventy. Wirthlin married Elisa Young Rogers on May 26, 1941, in the Salt Lake Temple; they had eight children. She died in August 2006 of causes incident to age. On December 1, 2008, Wirthlin \"had gone to bed at his Salt Lake City home, and died peacefully at about 11:30 pm of causes incident to age.\" At the time of his death, Wirthlin was the oldest apostle among the", "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) Apostles. The Acting President assumes all of the duties that would normally rest upon the President of the Quorum. The title of Acting President was first used in 1918 for Rudger Clawson. The position has also been used during times of infirmity of a President of the Twelve: for example, Howard W. Hunter was Acting President for the infirm Marion G. Romney from 1985 to 1988. Boyd K. Packer was the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1994 to 2008 when Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson were presidents of the Quorum but also in", "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints divine calling as biblical prophets. The President's responsibility is primarily over the church as a whole. Church members believe his stewardship also extends to all humanity as the Lord's chosen mouthpiece. He is entitled to guide the church through revelation, acting as God's spokesman. After the death of church president, Thomas S. Monson, on January 2, 2018, President Russel M. Nelson was sustained and set apart as the current President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on January 18, 2018, The First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the Presiding Bishopric and the First and Second", "Charles W. Penrose Charles W. Penrose Charles William Penrose (4 February 1832 – 16 May 1925) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1904 to 1911. Penrose was also a member of the First Presidency of the church under church presidents Joseph F. Smith and Heber J. Grant from 1911 until his death. Penrose was born in London, England. It is said that he learned to read the Bible by the age of four. Penrose was introduced to the LDS Church and baptized at the age of eighteen", "Stephen L Richards served as its executive secretary. Richards died in Salt Lake City at the age of 79, shortly before his 80th birthday. Stephen L Richards Stephen L Richards (June 18, 1879 – May 19, 1959) was a prominent leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church and the First Counselor in the First Presidency. Richards was born in Mendon, Utah Territory. He was the oldest of ten children born to Stephen Longstroth Richards and Emma Louise Stayner. He was raised in the", "Francis M. Lyman Francis M. Lyman Francis Marion Lyman (January 12, 1840 – November 18, 1916) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the President of the Quorum from 1903 until his death. Lyman's father and son were also apostles in the church: his father was Amasa M. Lyman and his son was Richard R. Lyman. Both his father and son were excommunicated from the church while serving as apostles. Francis M. Lyman was born as the first son of Amasa M. Lyman and Louisa Maria Tanner", "Adam S. Bennion the director of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. In 1953, LDS Church president David O. McKay selected Bennion to become a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Bennion served in this capacity until his death. Bennion died in Salt Lake City and was buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery. Adam S. Bennion Adam Samuel Bennion (December 2, 1886 – February 11, 1958) was a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Taylorsville, Utah Territory, Bennion received degrees from the University of Utah, Columbia University, and the University of California. He", "Gerrit W. Gong Soares were sustained to fill the vacancies created from the deaths of Thomas S. Monson and Robert D. Hales. In May 2018, Gong and his wife spoke at the BYU Women's Conference. As of June 2018, he is chair of the church's Scriptures Committee (which, among other things, oversees the translation of the scriptures) and as a member of the Leadership and Training Committee, the Priesthood and Family Executive Council, and the Outreach Committee. He also has responsibility in the Quorum of the Twelve for the church's Asia and Asia North areas. Gerrit W. Gong Gerrit Walter Gong (born December", "W. Craig Zwick W. Craig Zwick William Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as president of the church's Chile Santiago South Mission. Since becoming a general" ]

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[ "Anders Björkqvist\nAnders Björkqvist (30. lokakuuta 1741 Nousiainen – 7. syyskuuta 1809 Vehmaa) oli Vehmaan kappalainen, joka tunnetaan parhaiten postillasta Uskon harjoitus Autuuteen (1801). Siitä on otettu seitsemän suomenkielistä ja kolme ruotsinkielistä painosta, ja se on siten levinneimpiä suomalaisia saarnakirjoja. Postillan nousu yhdeksi Suomen 1800-luvun menestysteoksista alkoi vuonna 1841, kun Björkqvistin kuolemasta oli kulunut jo yli 30 vuotta. Teoksen julkaisi Wulffin kirjapaino Vaasassa. Nuori pastori julkaisi arkkiveisuina kaksi virttä vuonna 1772." ]

[ "Michael Björklund\nMichael Björklund (s. 1975 Saltvik) on ahvenanmaalainen kokki, joka tunnetaan muun muassa suomenruotsalaisesta lifestyle-televisio-ohjelmasta Strömsö. Hän on Ahvenanmaan tunnetuin kokki.", "Kasper Björkqvist\nSuomen A-maajoukkueessa Björkqvist on pelannut kuusi ottelua ilman tehopisteitä. Hän teki A-maajoukkuedebyyttinsä Euro Hockey Challengessa 5. huhtikuuta 2018 Turun Marli Areenalla Valko-Venäjää vastaan. Björkqvist sai ottelussa myös yhden kahden minuutin jäähyn estämisestä. Hänen MM-leirityksensä päättyi lopulta loukkaantumiseen Czech Hockey Gamesissa.", "Luettelo jääkäreistä B\n(26. syyskuuta 1896 Snappertuna – 25. heinäkuuta 1927) oli suomalainen Viron armeijan luutnantti ja maanviljelijä. Hänen vanhempansa olivat maanviljelijä Gustaf Alfred Björklöf ja Hilda Emilia Sundholm. Hänet vihittiin avioliittoon vuonna 1920 Elna Maria Heleniuksen kanssa. Alfons Algot Björklöf kävi viisi luokkaa Tammisaaren yhteiskoulua. Hän liittyi vapaaehtoisena Saksassa sotilaskoulutusta antavaan Jääkäripataljoona 27:n 3. komppaniaan 29. marraskuuta 1915, josta hänet siirrettiin 9. heinäkuuta 1917 pataljoonan 2. konekiväärikomppaniaan. Hän otti osaa taisteluihin ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Saksan itärintamalla Misse-joella, Riianlahdella ja Aa-joella. Hän saapui Suomeen (Vaasaan) jääkäreiden pääjoukon mukana aliupseeriksi ylennettynä 25. helmikuuta 1918. Hänet komennettiin joukkueenjohtajaksi Suomen sisällissotaan 5. jääkäripataljoonan konekiväärikomppaniaan, josta hänet siirrettiin 2. jääkärirykmenttiin 26. maaliskuuta 1918 ja 4. jääkäripataljoonan konekiväärikomppaniaan 17. huhtikuuta 1918. Suomen sisällissodassa hän otti osaa taisteluihin Kalevankankaalla, Tampereella, Rajamäellä, Tarpilassa, Raivolassa, Kaislahdessa ja Inon saaristossa. Sisällissodan päätyttyä hän jatkoi palvelua 2. jääkärirykmentissä (nimi myöhemmin Porin jalkaväkirykmentti N:o 2) kuuluen sen 2. ja 3. konekiväärikomppaniaan. Suomen armeijasta hän erosi 11. helmikuuta 1919. Alfons Björklöfin sotainto ei loppunut sisällissotaan vaan hän liittyi Viron vapaussotaan 13. helmikuuta 1919. Hän toimi konekivääriosaston päällikkönä ensimmäisessä suomalaisessa vapaajoukossa. Viron vapaussodasta palattuaan hänen verensä veti taistelukentille ja hän liittyi 16. huhtikuuta Aunuksen retkikuntaan, jossa toimi aluksi 1. rykmentin 1. pataljoonassa joukkueenjohtajana ja myöhemmin hän sai komentoonsa pataljoonan konekiväärikomppanian. Aunuksen sotaretkellä hän otti osaa taisteluihin Aunuksen kaupungissa, Santamäessa, Tuksajoella ja Tuuloksessa. Sotaretkeltä palattuaan hän liittyi suojeluskuntaan ja toimi Espoon suojeluskunnan opetusupseerina ja kansliapäällikkönä. Alfons Björklöf kuoli 25. heinäkuuta 1927 ja on haudattu Espooseen. Ylennykset: aliupseeri 11. helmikuuta 1918, varavääpeli 10. huhtikuuta 1918, vääpeli 7. toukokuuta 1918, luutnantti 15. helmikuuta 1919, suojeluskuntaupseeri 6. lokakuuta 1922. Kunniamerkit: Vapaudenristi 4.lk. miekkojen kera, Vapaussodan muistomitali, Aunuksen muistomitali, Jääkärimerkki, Viron vapaussodan muistomitali.", "Bengt Magnus Robert Björkenheim\nBengt Björkenheimin vanhempi veli Gösta Björkenheim toimi samaan aikaan Kaukaan tehtaan toimitusjohtajana. Gösta koki veljensä tapaan väkivaltaisen kuoleman, kun hänet ammuttiin sisällissodan aikana 1918. Muita sisaruksia oli muun muassa diakonissa Hia Björkenheim. Bengt Björkenheim avioitui Eva Elisabeth Viktorina Gripenbergin kanssa vuonna 1902. Perheeseen syntyi kaksi poikaa vuosina 1903 ja 1906.", "Anders Björkqvist\nBjörkqvist syntyi Nousiaisissa Härjänsilmän talossa. Hänen isänsä oli kuudennusmies Antti Kreunpoika Härjänsilmä, joka julkaisi neljä virttä vuonna 1768. Antti-poika lähetettiin vuonna 1751 Turun katedraalikouluun. Koulutielle lähtiessään Antti Härjänsilmä otti nimekseen Anders Björkqvist, mikä ilmeisesti oli paikallisen vallesmannin nimi. Björkqvist tuli ylioppilaaksi vuonna 1760 ja sai pappisvihkimyksen vuonna 1765. Hän työskenteli ensin armovuoden saarnaajana Sauvossa ja Loimaalla. Vuonna 1768 hänet nimitettiin Sauvon pitäjänapulaiseksi. Vuonna 1780 hänet kutsuttiin Vehmaan kappalaiseksi, mitä virkaa hän hoiti kuolemaansa saakka. Vuosina 1800–1805 hän hoiti virkaatekevänä pitäjän kirkkoherran virkaa. Varapastorin arvonimen hän sai vuonna 1797. Postillaansa hän valmisteli kahdeksan vuotta. Lopulta Uskon harjoitus Autuuteen painettiin vuonna 1801. Sitä arvostetaan etenkin rukoilevaisuuden ja herännäisyyden piirissä.[1]", "Anders Carlsson (rikollinen)\nCarlsson pääsi ajoittain lomille sairaalasta, ja kahteen otteeseen hänen onnistui paeta. Hän menehtyi laitoksessa sairauteen heinäkuun puolessavälissä 2007, jolloin hän oli 65 vuoden ikäinen.", "Brynolf Blomqvist\nJohan Brynolf Blomqvist (4. maaliskuuta 1855 Viapori– 31. tammikuuta 1921 Viipuri) oli suomalainen arkkitehti. ", "Anders Björkqvist\nPostillassa on 69 saarnaa, joissa selitetään kirkkovuoden ensimmäisen vuosikerran evankeliumitekstit. Jokaisessa saarnassa on esipuhe, joista 29:n aiheena on Vanhan testamentin teksti. Saarnan pääaiheen esitys on yleensä kaksi- tai kolmiosainen. Uskonnollisista kirjailijoista Björkqvist mainitsee muun muassa Lutherin, Nohrborgin, Freseniuksen ja Arndtin. Myös Erik Pontoppidanin teos Collegium pastorale oli Björkqvistin käytössä. Saarnoissa ei käsitellä yleisluontoisia kysymyksiä, kuten kirkko-oppia, esivaltaa ja kasvatusta, vaan lähinnä käytännöllisiä uskonelämän kysymyksiä, kuten sanan ja ihmisen kokemusten yhteensovittamista. Postillan nimessä uskon harjoitus viittaa juuri tähän.[5] Vilpittömät askeleet autuuden tiellä, kuten Björkqvist niitä kuvasi, edellyttivät ”uskon elävätä hartautta ja harjoitusta”, jatkuvaa kilvoittelua, puhtaan omantunnon vaalimista, itsekieltäymystä, nöyryyttä ja sitä, ettei ”anna kieldäns wääryden, turhuden ja - - kelwottamain puheitten” välikappaleeksi.[6]", "Anders Björkqvist\nIlmestymisvuonnaan 1801 Björkqvistin postilla oli ainoa suomenkielisen kirjoittajan suomeksi julkaisema teos. Tarja-Liisa Luukkanen on huomauttanut, että Björkqvistin teos ei ollut ainoastaan uskonnollinen opastaja, vaan useine painoksineen yksi niistä teoksista, jotka edistivät modernin lukutaitoisuuden leviämistä uskonkysymyksistä kiinnostuneen suomenkielisen rahvaan parissa. Teos levisi paitsi useina painoksina myös ilmeisesti lainakirjastojen välityksellä. Björkqvistin postilla oli herätysliikerajat ylittänyt teos: sitä lukivat sekä rukoilevaiset, heränneet että evankeliset.[2]", "Johannes Björklund\nJulius Johannes Björklund (13. syyskuuta 1888 Oulu – 17. joulukuuta 1962 Helsinki) oli suomalainen kenttäpiispa. Hänet nimitettiin 1939 sotarovastiksi ja 1941 Suomen ensimmäiseksi kenttäpiispaksi, jota virkaa hän hoiti vuoteen 1956. Hän oli laivaston pastori 1924–1939 ja väitteli tohtoriksi 1939.", "Robert Björkenheim\nLars Magnus Robert Björkenheim (28. elokuuta 1835 Eurajoki – 30. tammikuuta 1878 Helsinki) oli suomalainen kartanonomistaja ja ruukinpatruuna. Vuojoen kartanossa syntynyt Björkenheim perusti Kaukaan lankarullatehtaan, josta myöhemmin kehittyi metsäteollisuusyhtiö Kaukas Oy.", "Luettelo jääkäreistä S\n() oli suomalainen jääkärivääpeli ja reservin luutnantti. Sundqvistin vanhennat olivat kirvesmies Anders Sundqvist ja Maria Sofia Grönlund. Hänet vihittiin avioliittoon vuonna 1920 Gerda Louise Lill-Broändan kanssa. Hän kävi kansakoulun ja Kruunupyyn kansanopiston sekä suoritti yksityisesti Kokkolan ruotsalaisen keskikoulun kurssin vuonna 1930. Sundqvist liittyi vapaaehtoisena Saksassa sotilaskoulutusta antavaan jääkäripataljoona 27:n täydennysjoukkoon 5. huhtikuuta 1916, josta hänet siirrettiin pataljoonan 2. komppaniaan 22. elokuuta 1916. Hän otti osaa taisteluihin ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Saksan itärintamalla Riianlahdella ja Aa-joella. Hän saapui Suomeen (Vaasaan) jääkäreiden pääjoukon mukana varavääpeliksi ylennettynä 25. helmikuuta 1918. Hänet komennettiin Suomen sisällissotaan joukkueenjohtajaksi 5. Jääkärirykmentin 14. jääkäripataljoonan 1. komppaniaan. Hän otti osaa sisällissodan taisteluihin Karjalankannaksella. Sundqvist palveli sisällissodan jälkeen edelleen 5. Jääkärirykmentissä, josta muodostettiin myöhemmin Kuopion jalkaväkirykmentti 4. Hän toimi rykmentissä koulutusaliupseerina 4. komppaniassa. Hänet siirrettiin 5. syyskuuta 1918 alkaen Itämeren jalkaväkirykmentti 1:een, jossa hän toimi niin ikään koulutusaliupseerina. Sundqvist erosi armeijasta 16. joulukuuta 1918 ja liittyi Suojeluskuntajärjestöön, jossa hän toimi 25. maaliskuuta – 15. lokakuuta 1919 välisenä aikana harjoituspäällikkönä Etelä-Lohjan suojeluskunnassa, jonka jälkeen hän siirtyi Kruunupyyn suojeluskuntaan, jossa hän toimi 15. lokakuuta 1919 – 1. marraskuuta 1922 välisen ajan paikallispäällikkönä. Hänet nimitettiin 1. marraskuuta 1922 Vaasan suojeluskuntapiirin VIII:n alueen päälliköksi. Seuraavaksi hänet nimitettiin 1. huhtikuuta 1927 alkaen X:n alueen päälliköksi ja 1. heinäkuuta 1928 alkaen XII:n alueen päälliköksi. Edelleen hänet nimitettiin 1. elokuuta 1928 alkaen XIII:n alueen ja 1. maaliskuuta 1934 alkaen XI:n alueen päälliköksi. Sundqvist sai sotilaskoulutusta Reserviupseerikoulussa vuonna 1928 ja useilta kursseilta Suojeluskuntain päällystökoulussa. Hän kuoli keuhkotautiin 6. syyskuuta 1934. Ylennykset: Varavääpeli 11. helmikuuta 1918, Vääpeli 15. toukokuuta 1918, Suojeluskuntaupseeri 23. joulukuuta 1921, Reservin vänrikki 20. syyskuuta 1928. Reservin luutnantti 23. syyskuuta 1932. Kunniamerkit: Vapaudenristi 4. lk. miekkojen kera, Suojeluskuntain rautainen ansioristi, Vapaussodan muistomitali soljen kera, Jääkärimerkki.", "Anders Hellander\nKirkkoherran elämä syrjäisellä Utsjoella oli köyhää, vaikka hän sai virastaan säännöllistä palkkaa. Vaikeutena oli erityisesti se, että palkan sai Ruotsin rahana, vaikka ruokaostokset piti tehdä Norjan puolella, ja Norjan kauppiaat eivät ottaneet mielellään Ruotsin rahaa vastaan. Hän sai toimessaan hankaluuksia myös siitä, että oli loukannut norjalaisen papiston etuja. Eräässä kantelussa väitettiin, että Hellander oli saarnannut Norjan puolella Ruotsin ja Tanskan alamaisille karjalan kielellä ja ottanut ennen paluumatkaansa vastaan lahjoja, muutamia juustoja. Asian selvittely kesti hänen kuolemaansa asti. Lapinkoulunkaan opetus ei mennyt ihan sääntöjen mukaan. Lääninrovasti Ervasti havaitsi tarkastusmatkallaan, että Hellander oli opettanut oppilaitaan kirjoittamaan. Rovastin mielestä kirjoittamisen opetteluun kulutettu aika olisi pitänyt hyödyntää kristinoppia lukemalla. Elämä oli myös yksinäistä, koska pappila sijaitsi kaukana muusta asutuksesta. Lähistöllä ei ollut kirkon ja pappilan lisäksi kuin muutamia väliaikaiseen asumiseen tarkoitettuja kirkkotupia. Lapinkoulu lopetti toimintansa 1750–luvun alussa, ja Hellanderin toimeliaisuus väheni hänen sairastelunsa vuoksi. Hellanderin lopun ajan sairastelun arvellaan johtuneen siitä, että hän vuonna 1744 oli kauppamatkallaan eksynyt rajuilmalla edellä ajavasta oppaastaan ja palelluttanut itsensä pahasti vietettyään viisi yötä tunturissa. Eväänä oli ollut vain puolikas leipää ja tilkka paloviinaa. Vuoden 1757 rovastintarkastuspöytäkirjassa kerrotaan, että Hellander ja hänen rouvansa ovat hyvin sairaalloisia ja heikkoja. Säälitellään lisäksi sitä, että he sellaisessa kunnossa joutuvat elämään hirvittävien vuorien ja tunturien keskellä ilman sopivaa seuraa ja sairaanhoitoa. Anders Hellander kuoli myöhemmin samana vuonna ainoastaan 38-vuotiaana. Hänen puolisonsa Margareta muutti miehensä kuolemaa seuranneiden armonvuosien jälkeen Ylitornion Hietaniemeen, jossa hän kuoli vuonna 1767.", "Birger Sjöberg\nSjöberg työskenteli myös toimittajana muun muassa \"Stockholms Dagbladissa\" ja \"Helsingborgs-Postenissa\". Hän kuoli 43-vuotiaana ja jätti jälkeensä laajan käsikirjoitus- ja luonnoskokoelman, jonka omaiset luovuttivat 1948 Göteborgin yliopiston kirjastolle. Noin 13 000 käsikirjoitusliuskan joukosta löytyi myös aiemmin julkaisemattomia töitä, joita on julkaistu postuumisti. Vuonna 1961 perustettiin Birger Sjöberg -seura edistämään käsikirjoituskokoelman tutkimusta ja muuta Sjöbergiin liittyvää toimintaa.", "Anders Björkqvist\nKun ihmisellä oli tämä oikea mielenlaatu, hän halusi toisilta ihmisiltä ns. oikeita asioita ja halusi toimia itse samoin myös muita ihmisiä kohtaan. Jos kristityksi itseään kutsuva ei ollut ”ihmisrakas”, hän ei voinut olla Jeesuksen seuraaja, Björkqvist esitti.", "Anders Gustaf Ramsay\nRamsayn isän kuoltua 1855 hän sai perinnönjaossa haltuunsa Björkbodan ja Sunnanån ruukit. Ramsay ryhtyi innokkaasti modernisoimaan molempia ruukkeja mutta innoissaan ja kokemattomana hän teki virheratkaisuja ja koki myös vastoinkäymisiä kun Sunnanån uusittu ruukki paloi vakuuttamattomana ja rautalastissa ollut laiva menetettiin haaksirikossa. Ramsay oli velkaantunut ruukkeja kehittäessään ja kun 1860-luvussa alussa tuli katovuosia ja raudan hinta laski Ramsay menetti omaisuutensa vararikossa 1863. Ramsay lähti tämän jälkeen äitinsä taloudellisen tuen turvin kiertomatkalle Saksaan, Ranskaan, Italiaan ja Englantiin. Palattuaan Suomeen hän ryhtyi hoitamaan tilanhoitajana äitinsä takaisin hankkimaa Björkbodan kartanoa.\nVastoinkäymiset kuitenkin jatkuivat ja Ramsay menetti Björkbodan lopullisesti 1868. Hän muutti tämän jälkeen sisarensa kanssa Turun lähelle sijainneeseen Metsäkylän kartanoon ja ryhtyi puutavaran hankkijaksi. Aluksi puukaupat sujuivat hyvin mutta laskusuhdanne ja Ramsayn omat virheet pakottivat hänet siirtymään pois tältä alalta. Samoihin aikoihin Ramsay menetti myös omaisuutensa kun Metsäkylän kartano irtaimistoineen tuhoutui vakuuttamattomana tulipalossa. Ramsay yritti nyt hankkia toimeentulonsa erilaisilla sekalaisilla liiketoimilla. Viimeksi hän perusti 1881 Tukholmaan \"Ab Thetis\" nimisen osakeyhtiön jonka tarkoitus oli markkinoida kankaanvalmistajille uutta kankaiden kyllästysmenetelmää mutta tämä yritys ei lupaavasta alusta huolimatta lähtenyt menestymään. ", "Gösta Sundqvist\nSundqvist kuoli 46-vuotiaana sydänkohtaukseen kotonaan Espoossa 16. elokuuta 2003. Paananen oli puhunut Sundqvistin kanssa puhelimessa muutamaa päivää aikaisemmin; heidän suunnitelmissaan oli tehdä seuraavasta levystä ”iloista poppia”. Viimeisenä iltana he menivät studioon ja tekivät yhdestä edellisen albumin kappaleesta uuden version, joka jäi ”julkaisemattomaksi kappaleeksi”. Sundqvistin kuoleman jälkeen Risto Paananen, Juha Karastie ja Niklas Nylund päättivät yhdessä lopettaa yhtyeen toiminnan, sillä Leevi and the Leavings ilman Sundqvistia olisi ollut mahdoton ajatus. Vuonna 2011 he kuitenkin ilmoittivat palaavansa nimellä Leavings-Orkesteri ja aikovansa tehdä keikkoja, joilla he soittavat omien kappaleidensa lisäksi myös joitain Leevi and the Leavingsin kappaleita.", "Luottamus tai kuolema!\nKuukautta aikaisemmin oli puukotettu kuoliaaksi Agnetta Nyholm Tukholmassa. Kaksi vuotta myöhemmin syyskesällä 1960 Sundbybergissä surmattiin Ulla Persson ja siitä kahden viikon kuluttua Berit Lindqvist. Perssonin oli nähty nousevan kaksiväriseen henkilöautoon, jonka kuljettajaksi epäiltiin ulkomaalaista miestä. Sekä häntä että Lindqvistiä oli kuristettu ja puukotettu. Kuten Lövqvistiltä, myös näiltä kolmelta oli viety pikkuesineitä, kenkiä, kelloja ja kameroita. Hansin tiedetään asuneen Sundbybergissäkin.", "Anders Björkqvist\nlaina o Jesu mul kärsimystä ettän tämän elämä ehton, Woittaisin caikki mun wihollisen nij cuin yx wäkevä sangar, Et coscan tääl taistellut Wijnamies, Sit weisata saimin Karizalle, Jesuxel mun iloni Herrallen häis.", "Edit Björkholm\nEdit Matilda Björkholm (14. maaliskuuta 1899 Pietarsaaren maalaiskunta – 5. huhtikuuta 1987 Pietarsaari) oli suomalainen opettaja, pienviljelijä ja ruotsin kielellä kirjoittanut kirjailija.", "Kasper Björkqvist\nPittsburgh Penguins varasi Björkqvistin toisella kierroksella 61. pelaajana . Kaudeksi 2016–2017 hän siirtyi Providence Collegen yliopistojoukkueeseen. \"Sophomore -vuotenaan\" 2017–2018 Björkqvist jakoi 16 osumallaan joukkueensa sisäisen maalipörssin voiton Erik Foleyn kanssa.", "Edvard Nyqvist\nSisällissodan jälkeen Nyqvist oli vangittuna Helsingissä ensin Sörnäisten kuritushuoneella, sitten Isosaaren vankileirillä ja myöhemmin Suomenlinnan vankileirillä Susisaaressa. Valtiorikosoikeus tuomitsi hänet elinkautiseen kuritushuonerangaistukseen. Hän luultavasti säästyi kuolemantuomiolta, koska lukuisten todistusten mukaan hän oli Helsingissä pyrkinyt estämään punakaartien rikoksia. Useat suojeluskuntalaiset antoivat hänestä myönteisiä lausuntoja, joiden mukaan hänen toimintansa oli pelastanut ihmishenkiä. Nyqvistin elinkautinen lievennettiin myöhemmin kymmenen vuoden kuritushuonerangaistukseksi. Presidentti K. J. Ståhlberg armahti hänet vuoden 1921 alussa.", "Michael Nyqvist\nNyqvist kuoli keuhkosyöpään.", "Nils Törnqvist\nNils Arthur Törnqvist (25. kesäkuuta 1939 Helsinki – 19. heinäkuuta 2018 Helsinki) oli suomalainen alkeishiukkasfyysikko ja dosentti. Hän oli Suomen viitatuimpia fyysikoita.", "Alexander Blomqvist\nHän kävi Helsingin triviaalikoulua 1804–1811 ja Porvoon lukiota 1811–1815 päästen ylioppilaaksi 1815. Blomqvist opiskeli sitten Turun akatemiassa ja valmistui filosofian kandidaatiksi ja maisteriksi 1819. Blomqvist oli Turun akatemian ylimääräinen kirjastoamanuenssi 1820, kamarikirjuri 1822–1826 ja vt. akatemiavouti 1822–1824 sekä kreikan kirjallisuuden dosentti 1823–1828. Hän toimi Helsingin yleisen kirjaston kirjastonhoitajana 1826–1828, Helsingin yliopiston apulaisena ja varakirjastonhoitajana 1828–1838, oppihistorian professorina 1838–1848 sekä yliopiston kirjastonhoitajana 1845–1848. Blomqvist oli lisäksi Uusmaalaisen osakunnan inspehtori 1840–1847 ja yliopiston pysyvä rahastontarkastaja 1845. Blomqvist toimi myös Suomen virallisen lehden Finlands Allmänna Tidningin toimittajana 1826-1848.", "Luottamus tai kuolema!\n1963 Ruotsin poliisi tutki Hansin mahdollista osuutta maassa sattuneisiin ja selvittämättä jääneisiin nuorten naisten murhiin. Ehkä tunnetuin niistä oli tehty huhtikuussa 1958, jolloin oli löydetty Birgitta Lövqvistin alaston ruumis Västerbackenista läheltä Tukholmaa. Yhtymäkohtia Suomessa tapahtuneisiin veritekoihin olivat teltta ja kaunis järvenranta sekä se, että Birgitan kello ja toinen kenkä olivat kateissa. Hansin tiedetään asuneen elämänsä jossakin vaiheessa myös Västerbackenissa.", "Anders Nyström\nAnders \"Blakkheim\" Nyström (s. 22. huhtikuuta 1975 Tukholma) on ruotsalainen muusikko. Hänet tunnetaan parhaiten metalliyhtye Katatonian kitaristina. Nyström toimii myös Bloodbathin kitaristina. Hän on myös soittanut yhtyeessä Bewitched ja sooloprojektissaan Diabolical Masquerade.", "Erik Jorpes\nTutkijantyönsä ohella Jorpes kirjoitti yleistieteellisiä artikkeleita Gävlessä ilmestyvään sosialidemokraattiseen Arbetarbladet-lehteen. Useita eri kieliä hallinneena hän käänsi ruotsiksi venäjänkieliä teoksia sekä kirjoitti useita elämäkertoja Nobel-palkituista tiedemiehistä. Jorpesin tunnetuin teos on Jöns Jacob Berzeliuksen elämäkerta.[5] Erik Jorpes jäi eläkkeelle professorin virastaan vuonna 1963 ja kuoli leukemiaan kymmenen vuotta myöhemmin.[2][8]", "Anton Nilson\nNilson tuomittiin kuolemaan, ja hänen kaksi rikostoveriaan, nuoret, työttömät Ungsocialisterna-järjestön jäsenet Algot Rosberg ja Alfred Stern tuomittiin pakkotyöhön elinkaudeksi. Ennen teloitusta Nilson kuitenkin sai armahduksen, ja hänenkin rangaistuksekseen tuli elinkautinen pakkotyö. Aluksi yleinen mielipide ja työväenliike tuomitsivat pommiattentaatin kauhistuneina, mutta myöhemmin mielipiteet muuttuivat, samalla kun työväenliikkeen vaikutusvalta Ruotsissa kasvoi. Vankien vapauttamiseksi alkoi valtava kampanja, joka sai pian kansainväliset mittasuhteet. Heidän tuekseen järjestettiin tuhansia kansainvälisiä kokouksia, muun muassa yli 600 Yhdysvalloissa Joe Hillin johdolla. Ruotsissa kerättiin vankien vapauttamiseksi 130 000 nimen adressi, joka jätettiin korkeimmalle oikeudelle.", "Anders Sunesen\nHän asui viimeiset vuotensa koillis-Skoonessa, jossa hän kuoli vuonna 1228 Ivö Järvellä sijaitsevalla Ivön Saarella. On arveltu, että hänen kuolemansa on katsottu johtuvan leprasta. Anders Sunesen on haudattu sarkofagiin Lundin Katedraaliin.", "Knut Holmqvist\nKnut Anders Holmqvist (15. heinäkuuta 1918, Trollenäs – 28. elokuuta 2000, Rydsgård) oli ruotsalainen kilpa-ampuja ja olympiamitalisti.", "Gunnar Holmqvist\nTalvisotaan Holmqvist osallistui toimistoinsinöörinä Päämajan Ilmavoimatoimistossa. Hän haavoittui Mikkelin pommituksissa 5. tammikuuta 1940. Välirauhan aikana hän toimi kuten ennen sotiakin Vacuum Oil Companyssä. Jatkosodan puhjettua hänet komennettiin toimistoinsinööriksi Ilmavoimien esikuntaan, mutta kotiutettiin jo kohta sodan syttymisen jälkeen ja hän jatkoi tointaan Vacuum Oil Companyssa (myöhemmältä nimeltään Mobil Oil Oy Ab) nyt toimitusjohtajana ja johtokunnan puheenjohtajana aina vuoteen 1961 saakka. Hänet haudattiin Helsingin Hietaniemen hautausmaahan.", "Johan Björkman\nJohan Björkman, alun perin Juho Niilonpoika Pirttimaa, (19. syyskuuta 1833 Tornio – 18. helmikuuta 1892 Tornio) oli Oulussa toiminut puuseppä ja valokuvaaja.", "Luettelo jääkäreistä B\n26. lokakuuta 1890 Porvoo – 2. joulukuuta 1959) oli suomalainen jääkäriluutnantti ja liikemies. Hänen vanhempansa olivat työnjohtaja Anders August Bäckstöm ja Emilia Sofia Mattsson. Hänet vihittiin avioliittoon vuonna 1929 Helena Ossowskyn kanssa. Tämä kansakoulun ja kolme luokkaa Porvoon ruotsalaista lyseota käynyt konttoristi liittyi vapaaehtoisena Saksassa sotilaskoulutusta antavaan Jääkäripataljoona 27:n 2. komppaniaan 23. joulukuuta 1915, josta hänet siirrettiin pataljoonan haupitsipatteriin 10. huhtikuuta 1916. Hän otti osaa taisteluihin ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Saksan itärintamalla Misse-joella, Riianlahdella, Ekkau-Kekkaussa ja Aa-joella. Hän toimi pataljoonan haupitsipatterin kansliassa ja jäi Saksaan pataljoonan palattua Suomeen helmikuussa 1918 ja työskenteli Wahnin räjähdysainetehtaassa Kölnissä. Hän palasi sisällissodan jälkeen Suomeen elokuussa 1918 ja toimi liikemiehenä vuodet 1918–1922. Hän astui Asevarikko N:o 1:n palvelukseen vuonna 1922 ollen ensin varastomiehenä ja myöhemmin varastonhoitajana tehtävässä hän oli vuoteen 1923 asti, jonka jälkeen hän siirtyi Riihimäen ammusvaraston varastonhoitajaksi, jossa tehtävässä oli vuoteen 1926 asti. Vallilan ammusvaraston varastonhoitajaksi hän siirtyi vuonna 1926 ja toimi myöhemmin myös ammustarkastajana ja vartioston esimiehenä vuosina 1937–1939. Talvisodan ja välirauhan aikana hän toimi ammustarkastajana ja varaston esimiehenä Asevarikko n:o 1:ssä ja jatkosodan aikana hänet siirrettiin ammustarkastajaksi Asevarikko 5:een. Hän erosi vakinaisesta palveluksesta vuonna 1944 ja siirtyi Oy Grönblom Ab:n palvelukseen. Hänet on haudattu Malmille. Ylennykset: Sotilasalivirkamies 1928, Sotilasvirkamies 1941, Vänrikki 1941, Luutnantti 1944. Kunniamerkit: Vapaudenristi 4. lk; Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun 2. lk. mitali, Talvisodan muistomitali, Jääkärimerkki, Saksan maailmansotaan osallistuneiden kunniaristi, Unkarin maailmansotaan osallistuneiden kunniaristi.", "Paula Björkqvist\nUseat pariskunnan tunteneet ovat kertoneet, että Jarmo Björkqvistin käytös oli viime aikoina muuttunut ja että hänestä oli tullut entistä väkivaltaisempi. Paula Björkqvist oli äänittänyt kännykällään Jarmo Björkqvistin puhetta ennen surmaa. ", "Anders Haugen\nAnders Haugen (24. lokakuuta 1888 Oslo, Norja – 17. huhtikuuta 1984 Kalifornia, Yhdysvallat) oli yhdysvaltalainen mäkihyppääjä.", "Christoffer Sundqvist\nKamarimuusikkona Sundqvist on aktiivinen. Vuonna 1997 hän oli mukana perustamassa Arktinen hysteria -puhallinkvintettiä. Hänelle toinen tärkeä kamarimusiikkikoonpano on ollut turkulainen Plus Ensemble. Sundqvist on esiintynyt useissa kamarimusiikkikokoonpanoissa ja konsertoinut Suomessa ja ulkomailla sekä kantaesittänyt suomalaisia teoksia, mm. Pehr Henrik Nordgrenin, Atso Almilan ja Magnus Lindbergin sävellyksiä.", "Anders Björkqvist\nBeutel, Albrecht Kirchengeschichte im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Ein Kompendium. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2009 Björkqvist, Anders, Uskon harjoitus autuuteen. Turku, Frenckell 1801 & Turku, Wilén 1876. Luukkanen, Tarja-Liisa, Postuumisti painosten kuninkaaksi. Antti Härjänsilmän Uskon harjoitus autuuteen. Historiallinen Aikakauskirja 4/2014, s. 429-438. Citation error, replace with{{cite book| author = Perälä, Väinö| title = Antti Björkqvist ja hänen saarnakirjansa| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKHS| year = 1936| version = Suomen Kirkkohistoriallisen Seuran vuosikirja}} Rosendal, Mauno Suomen herännäisyyden historia XIX:llä vuosisadalla. Ensimmäinen osa. 1796–1836. Oulu 1902. Salminen, Seppo J.: Den finländska teologin under frihetstiden. SKHS:n toim. 168. SKHS 1994. Sparn, Walter, Vernünftiges Christentum. Über die geschichtliche Aufgabe der theologischen Wissenschaften im 18. Jahrhundert in Deutschland.Teoksessa Wissenschaften im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1985. Citation error, replace with{{cite book| author = Tiililä, Osmo| title = Rukoilevaisten kirjoja| location = Helsinki| publisher = Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden seura| year = 1961| version = Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 270}} Virrankoski, Pentti: Björkqvist, Anders. Teoksessa Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Suomen kansallisbiografia. 1: Aaku-Browallius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-746-441-X}}", "Carl Jonas Love Almqvist\nAlmqvist opiskeli papiksi ja työskenteli muun muassa opettajana ja sanomalehtimiehenä. Hän joutui hankaluuksiin Ruotsissa ja muutti ensin Yhdysvaltoihin ja sieltä Saksaan, missä hän kuoli.", "Anders Ahlqvist\nAnders Eric Olof Ahlqvist (17. helmikuuta 1945 Tukholma – 23. elokuuta 2018 Kirkkonummi) oli suomalainen kielitieteilijä (keltologi) ja professori.", "Luettelo Lapin kullankaivajista\nBjörklund kuoli eräässä oululaisessa kapakassa ollessaan valmistautumassa keväällä 1873 Ivalojoelle lähtöön. Hänen mukaansa on nimetty Ivalojoella Björklundinkoski, Björklundinoja ja Björklundinsuvanto.", "Michael Brecker\nBreckerin ensimmäinen sooloalbumi julkaistiin vuonna 1987. Hänellä todettiin vuonna 2005 myelodyspastinen oireyhtymä, joka aiheutti hänen kuolemisensa leukemiaan tammikuussa 2007. Kampanjasta huolimatta hänelle ei ollut löydetty sopivaa luuytimen luovuttajaa. Breckerin hautajaiset pidettiin 15. tammikuuta. Hän oli esiintynyt Suomessa yli kymmenen kertaa, ja hänet nähtiin maassa viimeisen kerran vuoden 2002 Pori Jazzeilla.", "Anneli Björkling\nTuula Anneli Björkling (s. 1952) on suomalainen missi. Hän voitti Miss International-kilpailun vuonna 1973 Osakassa. Samana vuonna hänet kruunattiin Helsingissä Miss Skandinaviaksi. Vuonna 1972 Björkling osallistui Miss Maailma-kilpailuun, jossa sijoittui kuudenneksi.", "Rolf Björklund\nBjörklund kuului Rooman kesäolympialaisissa 1960 Suomen 4×500 metrin kajakkiyksikköviestijoukkueeseen Juhani Heleniuksen, Paavo Vaskion ja Torbjörn Blomqvistin kanssa. Kyseisellä matkalla kilpailtiin ainoan kerran olympiahistoriassa. Suomen nelikko jäi alkueränsä viimeiseksi mutta eteni keräilyerän kautta välieriin, missä se karsiutui loppukilpailusta.", "Runar Björklöf\nRunar Rafael Björklöf (21. syyskuuta 1911 Pohja – 16. kesäkuuta 1998) oli suomalainen pika- ja keskimatkojen juoksija.", "Raoul Wallenberg\nNiin sanottuihin Leinon vankeihin kuulunut suomalainen Boris Björkelund kertoo teoksessaan \"Stalinille menetetyt vuoteni\", että Raoul Wallenberg kuoli sairauteen elokuussa 1955 Krasnojarskin siirtoleirillä, jonne oli koottu armahdettuja ulkomaisia poliittisia vankeja kotiin lähetettäväksi. Diehl–nimisen saksalaisen vangin mukaan vainaja oli seuraavana päivänä haudattu merkitsemättömään hautaan.", "Sven Björkman\nSven Krister Björkman (23. elokuuta 1898 Helsinki – 18. syyskuuta 1981) oli Suomen Puolustusvoimien eversti ja panssarikomentaja.", "Puukkojunkkarit (kirja)\nAlkio kannatti demokratiaa sekä Suomen itsenäisyyttä, mutta johti myös nuorisoseuraliikettä. Tällä hän halusi vaalia ennen kaikkea raittiutta ja terveitä elämäntapoja, mikä on ollut painava syy kirjoittaa Puukkojunkkarit. Hänelle itsekasvatus oli tärkeä ihanne, jota hän korosti nuorisoseurassa. Puukkojunkkareiden tarkoituksena on ollut herättää sen aikaiset nuoret puukkojunkkareiden eli häjyjen ihannoinnista ja kunnioittamisesta. Nämä olivat rauhanhäiritsijöitä ja yleisiä rettelöitsijöitä, joita tuli kaikista yhteiskuntaluokista. Heitä oli hyvin vaikea vangita, sillä harva suostui todistamaan junkkaria vastaan. Syy heidän ihannointiinsa oli pääasiassa uskallus vastustaa yhteiskuntaa ja virkavaltaa. Alkio kuoli Laihialla 1930.", "Jussi Hagberg\nArvi Järventauksen vuonna 1925 julkaisemaa teosta \"Runoilija Aatami Kuuskosken elämä\" pidetään Hagbergin elämäkertana, sillä se perustuu hänen käsikirjoitukseensa. Hän kuoli vielä saman vuoden joulukuussa 45-vuotiaana Helsingin diakonissalaitoksella. Hagberg oli loukannut jalkansa junasta hypättyään, mutta kieltäytyi tulehtuneen jäsenen amputoinnista kohtalokkain seurauksin. Hagberg on haudattu Tuusulan vanhalle hautausmaalle.", "Ingeborg Sjöqvist\nSjöqvist kuoli 22. marraskuuta 2015 Helsingborgissa 103 vuoden iässä. Hän oli kuollessaan vanhimpia elossa olleita olympiaurheilijoita, epävirallisesti kuolinhetkellään vanhin vanhemman kiinalaisen Guo Jien kuoltua viikko häntä ennen. Sjöqvistin aviomies ehti myös viettää satavuotissyntymäpäiväänsä ennen tämän kuolemaa, ja he ehtivät olla naimisissa 75 vuotta.", "Emilie Björkstén\nBjörksténillä oli 1840-luvun lopulla salainen rakkaussuhde runoilija Johan Ludvig Runebergiin. He jatkoivat kirjeenvaihtoa ja seurustelua aina vuoteen 1863 jolloin Runeberg halvaantui saatuaan aivoverenvuodon. Björkstén ei mennyt koskaan naimisiin eikä hänellä ollut mitään varsinaista ammattia vaan hän asui sukulaistensa luona eri puolilla Suomea.", "Luettelo jääkäreistä B\n(13. syyskuuta 1895 Raippaluoto – 27. helmikuuta 1970) oli suomalainen jääkäri ja poliisikonstaapeli. Hänen vanhempansa olivat maanviljelijä Abraham August Björkqvist ja Emma Beata Nåhls. Karl Petter Björkqvist kävi kolme luokkaa kansakoulua ja Itä-Uudenmaan ruotsalaista kansanopistoa vuosina 1922–1923. Hän toimi maanviljelijänä ennen liittymistään vapaaehtoisena Saksassa sotilaskoulutusta antavaan Jääkäripataljoona 27:n 4. komppaniaan 6. maaliskuuta 1916. Hän otti osaa taisteluihin ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Saksan itärintamalla Misse-joella, Riianlahdella ja Aa-joella. Rintamapalveluksen jälkeen hänet siirrettiin 28. maaliskuuta 1917 Altonan työosastoon, josta hänet laskettiin siviilitöihin 4. elokuuta 1917. Karl Petter Björkqvist palasi Suomeen sisällissodan jälkeen 29. marraskuuta 1918. Hän asettui maanviljelijäksi kotiseudulleen ja sivutoimena harjoitti myös kalastusta. 27. marraskuuta 1929 hänet nimitettiin nuoremmaksi konstaapeliksi Raippaluodon nimismiespiiriin. Hänet on haudattu Raippaluotoon. Kunniamerkit: Jääkärimerkki.", "Lars Magnus Ericsson\nHän vältteli turhaa julkisuutta ja ei tahtonut nousta saavutuksistaan huolimatta palvonnan kohteeksi. Hänen kerrotaan olleen vaativa mutta toisaalta hänen alaisensa tunsivat suurta kunnioitusta häntä kohtaan. Liiketoimissaan hän oli epäileväinen ja varovainen. Vuonna 1900 hän jäi eläkkeelle L.M. Ericssonilta 54-vuotiaana. Yhtiön osakkeet hän piti vuoteen 1905 saakka kunnes myi ne kaikki pois. Ericssonin kuoltua 1926 hänet haudattiin Botkyrkaan Hågelbyhyn, merkitsemättömään hautaan hänen omasta pyynnöstään.", "Björkhagen (Kauklahti)\nTanssilava suljettiin 1977, kun talkootyöläisistä ja parkkipaikoista alkoi olla pulaa. Jotkut kauklahtelaiset olivat helpottuneita, kun melu ja liikenne lakkasi, mutta monen mieleen Björkhagen kuitenkin tuo nuoruuden kultaisen ajan. Moni on löytänyt sieltä puolison tai ainakin ihastunut ja ehkä rakastunutkin Mankinjoen rannalla. 1980-luvulla ja 1990-luvun alussa Björkhagenissa järjestettiin vuosittaiset Kauklahtipäivät, mutta sitten lava jäi käyttämättömäksi ja se purettiin 2000-luvulla.", "Magnus Björkenheim\nEdvard Magnus Immanuel Björkenheim (16. maaliskuuta 1899 Isokyrö – 19. elokuuta 1981 Helsinki) oli suomalainen ruotsin kielellä kirjoittanut kirjallisuuden tutkija.", "Anders Käcklund\nPohjanmaan Purmosta kotoisin ollut Käcklund opiskeli ruotsinkielisessä Korsholman maamieskoulussa (Korsholms lantmannaskola), ja työskenteli sen jälkeen kuusi vuotta rättärinä, joutuen virkansa puolesta osallistumaan muun muassa torpparihäätöihin nimismiehen apulaisena. Vuonna 1883 Käcklund muutti Helsinkiin, jossa hän työskenteli mallipuuseppänä suorittaen vapaa-aikanaan kansanopistojen ja Helsingin yliopiston järjestämiä kesäkursseja. Käcklund lähti myös mukaan työväenliikkeen toimintaa, ja oli vuonna 1898 perustamassa Helsingin ruotsalaista työvenyhdistystä yhdessä Jean Boldtin, Reino Drockilan, Axel Weüdelin ja Gustaf Wistbackan kanssa. Kaksi vuotta myöhemmin yhdistys perusti ruotsinkielisen \"Arbetaren\"-työväenlehden, jonka päätoimittajana Käcklund oli Drockilan jälkeen 1904–1905. Hänet tunnettiin radikaalista luokkataistelua kannattaneesta linjastaan, joka puolestaan aiheutti ristiriitoja muun muassa yhdistyksen piirissä vuosina 1902–1903 toimineiden perustuslaillisten ylioppilaiden kanssa. Käcklund piti itseään jopa syndikalistina ja otti ruotsalaisen Hinke Bergegrenin kautta vaikutteita myös anarkismista. ", "Paula Björkqvist\nOikeudenkäynti alkoi Jämsän käräjäoikeudessa 12. joulukuuta 2006. Björkqvist sai syytteen murhasta. Kihlakunnansyyttäjä Pentti Hiidenheimo piti tekoa erityisen raakana ja julmana ja vaati syytetylle elinkautista vankeusrangaistusta. Syyttäjä piti todennäköisenä motiivina teolle aviokriisiä. Mielentilatutkimuksessa Brörkvistin todettiin olleen täydessä ymmärryksessä. Johtava kihlakunnansyyttäjä Pentti Hiidenheimo vaati Jarmo Björkqvistille elinkautista rangaistusta murhasta. Jarmo Björkqvist tunnusti tapon, mutta kiisti murhan. Käräjäoikeudessa Paula Björkqvistin äiti vaati Jarmo Björkqvistiltä korvauksia 50 000 ja isä puolestaan 30 000 euroa. ", "Arlex Blomqvist\nFrans Arlex Ernfrid Blomqvist (24. helmikuuta 1898 Degerby – 26. helmikuuta 1918 Kirkkonummi) oli suomalainen maanviljelijä ja ruotsin kielellä kirjoittanut runoilija.", "Kasper Björkqvist\nBjörkqvist pelasi myös alle 18-vuotiaiden MM-kilpailuissa vuonna 2015, jolloin hän toimi Suomen kapteenina ja johdatti joukkueen hopeaan. Björkqvist valittiin Sveitsiä vastaan pelatun välieräottelun päätteeksi Suomen ottelun parhaaksi pelaajaksi. Björkqvist pelasi myös alle 18-vuotiaiden Ivan Hlinkan muistoturnauksessa vuonna 2014. Yhteensä hän on pelannut 13 nuorten ja 45 poikien maaottelua.", "Mathias Björkqvist\nMathias Alexander Björkqvist (s. 21. helmikuuta 1980 Kokkola) oli suomalainen keskimatkojen juoksija. Hän edusti Kyrkslätt Idrottsföreningiä ja hänen valmentajanaan toimi Tom Andtbacka. Kalevan kisoista Björkqvist voitti hopeaa ja kaksi pronssia 800 metrin juoksusta. Lisäksi hän saavutti sisäratojen SM-kilpailuista hopeaa 800 metrin juoksussa. Virallisissa kilpailuissa Björkqvist ei ole esiintynyt vuoden 2007 jälkeen.", "Paula Björkqvist\nPaula Annikki Björkqvist (3. tammikuuta 1975 – 18. heinäkuuta 2006) oli suomalainen keskustalainen paikallispoliitikko. Jämsän kunnallispolitiikassa vaikuttanut Björkqvist joutui raa'asti surmatuksi. Murhasta tuomittiin aviomies Jarmo Björkqvist.", "Albert Björkman\nAlbert Björkman (30. marraskuuta 1865 Porvoo – 31. tammikuuta 1929 Tampere) oli suomalainen lääkäri. Hän toi psyykkisesti sairaiden hoitoon uusia vapaampia hoitokäytäntöjä. Hän valmistui lääketieteen lisensiaatiksi 1896 ja toimi ylilääkärinä Kuopion Niuvanniemessä vuodesta 1899, Pitkäniemen sairaalassa 1909–1913 ja Nikkilän mielisairaalassa 1913–1917.", "Arno Almqvist\nAlmqvist aloitti sotilasuransa Haminan kadettikoulussa ja siirtyi sen vuonna 1903 tapahtuneen lakkauttamisen jälkeen opiskelemaan Mihailovin tykistöakatemiaan Pietariin. Ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana hän palveli tykistöupseerina Kronstadtin linnakkeella. Lokakuun vallankumouksen yhteydessä hän tuli bolševikkien pidättämäksi ja vietti yhteensä viisi kuukautta Kronstadin vankilassa.", "Anders Berglund\nAnders Berglund (s. 21. heinäkuuta 1948) on ruotsalainen säveltäjä, kapellimestari ja pianisti. Hän toimi Melodifestivalenin kapellimestarina 16 kertaa ja Ruotsin kapellimestarina Eurovision laulukilpailussa 13 kertaa, vuosina 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991 (voittoesitys), 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996 ja 1998. Vuonna 1992 Ruotsin isännöidessä kilpailua hän toimi myös avaus- ja väliaikanumeroiden sekä Ruotsin lisäksi myös Jugoslavian kappaleen kapellimestarina.", "Anders Andersson\nHän palkkautui joulukuussa 1927 lujuuslaskijaksi Bayerische Flugzeugwerken tehtalle (BFW) Augsburgiin. Tehtaan pääsuunnittelija oli Willy Messerschmitt. Andersson nousi lujuuslaskijoiden päälliköksi. Vuonna 1930 hän palasi Svenska Aero AB (Lidingössä) ainoaksi lujuuslaskijaksi ja pääsuunnittelijaksi. Hän suunnitteli J 6 Jaktfalken hävittäjän. Svenska Aeron johtaja oli Clemens Bücker. Tehdas meni nurin vuonna 1933 - sen toiminnot siirtyivät ASJAlle, joka toimi Linköpingissä. ", "The Allman Brothers Band\nKesken seuraavan albumin äänitysten Berry Oakley joutui moottoripyöräonnettomuuteen 11. marraskuuta 1972, kun hän törmäsi linja-autoon Maconissa lähellä Duanen onnettomuuspaikkaa, muutaman kadunkulman päässä. Oakley oli onnettomuuden jälkeen vielä elossa ja palasi kotiinsa, mutta hän menehtyi muutaman tunnin kuluttua saamaansa päävammaan. Oakley ei koskaan toipunut hyvän ystävänsä Duanen kuolemasta ja oli viimeisen vuotensa hyvin masentunut sekä vakavasti päihderiippuvainen.", "Björkqvistin puisto\nBjörkqvistin puisto sijaitsee Upan kaupunginosassa Seinäjoen kantakaupungin alueella. Puisto sijaitsee Pajuluoman rannalla palvelutalojen ja kerrostalojen välisellä alueella. Puisto on suunniteltu erityisesti seniori-ikäisiä kaupunkeja huomioiden mm. varjostavien köynnösrakenteiden ja penkkien avulla. Björkqvistin puistoon on istutettu noin 60 erilaista kasvilajia.", "Jan Björklund\nJan Arne Björklund (s. 18. huhtikuuta 1962 Skene, Länsi-Götanmaa) on ruotsalainen poliitikko. Hän toimi opetusministerinä Fredrik Reinfeldtin johtamassa hallituksessa vuosina 2007–2014 ja hallituksen varapääministerinä 2010–2014. Björklund on johtanut liberaaleja syyskuusta 2007 alkaen. Hän toimi Tukholman paikallispolitiikassa ennen nousuaan Ruotsin valtiopäiväedustajaksi vuonna 2006. Koulutustaustaltaan Björklund on upseeri. Hän on naimisissa ja kahden lapsen isä.", "Sune Birger Johan af Björkesten\nBjörkstén oli naimisissa vuodesta 1855 Olivia Matilda Aspelinin kanssa. Heidän pojistaan Birger Fredrik Björkstén (af Björkesten, 1862–1949) oli vankeinhoitohallituksen virkamies ja valtiopäivämies, Sune Bertil Björkstén (af Björkesten, 1866–1939) oli Turun hovioikeuden hovioikeudenneuvoksena 1918–1936, Karl Ragnar Björkstén (af Björkesten, 1876–1965) toimi pankkimiehenä ja pörssimeklarina Helsingissä omistaen vuodesta 1914 \"Söderhjelm & Thesleff\" yhtiön ja lääketieteen lisensiaatti Sigurd Waldemar af Björkesten (1878–1957) omisti ja johti vuodesta 1914 Mäntymäen (Tallbacka) sairaalaa Helsingissä .", "Anders Björkqvist\nKanssakäymisessä toisten ihmisten kanssa kristittyä piti ohjata lähimmäisenrakkaus. Kristityn lähimmäisiä olivat kaikki ihmiset, sekä ystävät että viholliset. Oikea, kaikkiin ihmisiin kohdistuva rakkaus ei koskaan väsy, se ei sano koskaan paljon tehneensä, kun taas ulkokultaisen ihmisen rakkaus väsyy nopeasti ja luettelee hyviä töitänsä, Björkqvist opetti. Jos ihminen oli Jeesuksen opetuslapsi, hänellä oli ihmisrakas, hiljainen, ystävällinen, siveä ja rakkaudella täytetty mieli kuten Kristuksella. Jos ihmisrakkautta ei ollut, ihmisen vakuutukset omasta kristillisyydestään olivat ”wahingolliset luulot ja turhat uni-näöt”, kuten todetaan postillan vuoden 1876 painoksessa. Kristityn ei ole raskas rakastaa kaikkia ihmisiä, koska hänessä vallitsee Kristuksen mielenlaatu, Björkqvist opasti.[11]", "Lars Magnus Björkenheim\nLars Magnus Björkenheim (ent. Björkman 6. marraskuuta 1793 Tukholma – 25. joulukuuta 1869 Turku) oli suomalainen teollisuudenharjoittaja. Hän omisti useita merkittäviä teollisuuslaitoksia, kuten Orisbergin rautaruukin Isossakyrössä, Kimon ruukin Jepualla ja siihen kuuluneen Oravaisten masuunin, Vuojoen kartanon Eurajoella sekä Kellokosken ruukin ja maatilan. Hän kuuluu 1800-luvun suomalaisten maatalousalan ja teollisuuden harjoittajien taitavimpiin. Björkenheim aateloitiin vuonna 1834, ja vuorineuvoksen arvo hänelle myönnettiin 1864.", "Nils Björklöf\nBjörklöf voitti yhteensä 16 Suomen mestaruutta kajakkiyksiköissä ja -kaksikoissa. Vuonna 1956 hän muutti Ruotsiin ja sai maan kansalaisuuden 1963.", "Anders Hallbäck\nAnders Hallbäck (30. elokuuta 1861 Kaarela – 2. toukokuuta 1941 Kokkola) oli suomalainen ruotsin kielellä kirjoittanut runoilija.", "Åke Blomqvist\nÅke Blomqvist kuoli 18. syyskuuta 2013 aamupäivällä äkilliseen sairauskohtaukseen ollessaan kävelyllä kotinsa lähettyvillä Helsingissä.", "Aulis Kähkönen\nKäh­kö­nen luo­pui ra­vin­to­las­taan Helsingissä ja muut­ti per­hei­neen Yh­dys­val­toi­hin vuo­den 1985 lo­pus­sa. Aluk­si Käh­kö­nen asui Taco­mas­sa Wa­shing­to­nis­sa, jos­sa hän työs­ken­te­li kir­ves­mie­he­nä. Elä­ke­päi­viä Au­lis ja Tui­ja Käh­kö­nen viet­ti­vät Lake Worthissa Flo­ri­das­sa. Au­lis Käh­kö­nen kuo­li Yh­dys­val­lois­sa 20.6.2016.", "Niklas Nylund\nNiklas Anders Nylund (s. 1964) on suomenruotsalainen muusikko, säveltäjä ja tuottaja. Parhaiten hänet tunnetaan Leevi and the Leavings -yhtyeestä, jonka rumpaliksi hän tuli vuonna 1987. Nylund soitti yhtyeessä ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1988 julkaistulla \"Häntä koipien välissä\" -albumilla ja toimi yhtyeen rumpalina aina sen lopettamiseen asti. Yhtye lopetettiin vuonna 2003, kun sen keulahahmo Gösta Sundqvist menehtyi sydänkohtaukseen. Nylund soitti yhtyeessä rumpujen ja lyömäsoittimien lisäksi levyillä myös kitaraa ja kosketinsoittimia. Vuonna 2011 yhtyeen jäljelle jääneet jäsenet päättivät tehdä paluun Leavings-Orkesterina, jossa Nylund toimii solistina.", "Emilie Björkstén\nAlbert Edelfeltin sisar Berta julkaisi vuonna 1922 muokatun ja toimitetun version Emilie Björksténin päiväkirjoista. Alkuperäiset päiväkirjat oli poltettu Björksténin toivomuksesta. Gunnar Castren julkaisi vuonna 1940 Runebergin Emilielle kirjottamat kirjeet. Emilie Björksten on haudattu Porvooseen Näsinmäen hautausmaalle lähelle Runebergin hautaa.", "Anders Björkqvist\nBjörkqvistin uskonnollisen position määritteleminen näyttää olleen hankalaa. Hänen on esitetty kuuluneen niin sanottuun varhaisempaan herätykseen ollen sen viimeinen edustaja tai välittäjä vanhan ja uuden herännäisyyden välillä. Björkqvistiä on kommentoitu vakaan kirkollisuuden edustajaksi vastakohtana harhaantuneille separatisteille ja aikansa hurmahenkisille liikehdinnöille. On pohdittu, oliko hän kokenut opiskeluaikanaan uskonnollisen herätyksen ja oliko hän omaksunut herrnhutilaisia vaikutteita. Saarnakirjasta on sanottu löydetyn herätyskristillisyyttä sekä viitteitä aikaisemmasta puhdasoppisuudesta ja myöhemmästä evankelisuudesta.[7] Sen sijaan ei ole mietitty, vaikuttiko Björkqvistin käsitysten muotoutumiseen opiskelu Turun Akatemiassa tai, mahdollisesti hänen vanhempiensa kautta, isovihan tuottama uskonnollinen murros.", "Michael Björklund\nBjörklund on valittu sekä Suomen että Ruotsin Vuoden kokiksi ja hän on sijoittunut viidenneksi Bocuse d’Or -maailmanmestaruuskilpailuissa. Björklund on työskennelyt monta vuotta kokkina göteborgilaisravintoloissa. Hän suosii pohjoismaisia paikallisesti tuotettuja raaka-aineita, joissa on puhtaat maut. Björklundilla on Smakbyn-ravintola lähellä Kastelholman linnaa Sundissa Ahvenanmaalla.", "Jeanette Björkqvist\nJeanette Björkqvist (s. 1973 Porvoo) on suomenruotsalainen kirjailija ja toimittaja. Hän on työskennellyt uutistoimittajaan Hufvudstadsbladetissa Helsingissä, Svenska Dagbladetin avustajana Helsingissä ja vuodesta 2016 freelancerina. Björkqvist on vakiovieras radio-ohjelmassa \"Eftersnack\" ja on ollut mukana Aamu-TV:n perjantaipaneelissa \"Jälkiviisaat\". Hän sai vuonna 2010 Euroopan Unionin journalistipalkinnon ja 2011 Midaspalkinnon reportaasistaan \"Det oönskade folket\", joka käsitteli itäeurooppalaisia romaneja. Keväällä 2014 sai Ruotsalaisessa teatterissa ensi-iltansa näytelmä \"Kvinna till salu\", jossa Björkqvist oli yksi kirjoittajista. Näytelmä sai suomenruotsalaisen näytelmäkirjailijapalkinnon 2014. Syksyllä 2015 Björkqvist sai vuoden Fredrika Runebergin stipendin ja vuonna 2017 hänelle myönnettiin Topeliuspriset.", "Efraim Kronqvist\nVuonna 1918 Kronqvist toimi Riihimäen punakaartin johtomiehenä, ja punakaartin reservijoukkojen komentajana. Hän kuoli vankileirillä.", "Andreas Holmqvist\nPer Robert Andreas Holmqvist Pedersen (s. 23. heinäkuuta 1981 Tukholma, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkopuolustaja ja maailmanmestari, joka siirtyi kaudeksi 2012–2013 DEL-liigan Kölner Haieen. Hän on isokokoinen ja pelaa rightin puolelta.\nHolmqvist on Djurgårdens IF:n oma kasvatti, mutta hän siirtyi jo juniorina Hammarby IF:ään, jossa voitti J20 SuperElitin hopeaa keväällä 2000. Holmqvist pelasi Hammarbyssä ensimmäiset miesten pelinsä kaudella 2000–2001 HockeyAllsvenskanissa. Hänet varattiin tulokaskautensa jälkeen kesällä Tampa Bay Lightningiin toisella kierroksella numerolla 61. Kaudeksi 2002–2003 Holmqvist siirtyi sarjatasoa ylemmäs Elitserieniin ja Linköpingiin. Siellä hän teki ensimmäisellä Elitserien-kaudellaan 43 ottelussa tehot 4+9=13.", "Konsta Lindqvist\nSuomen sisällissodan aikana Lindqvist oli Suomen kansanvaltuuskunnan liikenneasiain valtuutettuna. Sodan loppuvaiheessa hän pakeni Venäjälle jossa hän toimi Buissa ym. paikoissa vallankumousasioiden järjestelijänä, työskenteli SKP:n teollisuuskomitean palveluksessa ja toimi viimeksi puolueen sotilasjärjestössä. Lindqvist oli yksi Kuusisen klubin murhien uhreista, ja hänet haudattiin Pietarin Mars-kentälle.", "Oswald Boelcke\nBoelcke kuoli lento-onnettomuudessa 28. lokakuuta. Hänen ryhmänsä oli taistelemassa joitakin brittiläisiä Airco DH.2 -koneita vastaan. Boelcke ja Erwin Böhme ajoivat yhdessä takaa yhtä konetta, kun Böhme joutui väistämään toista DH.2-konetta, jota Richthofen ampui. Böhmen kone osui Boelckeen, jonka koneen yläsiipi romahti, mikä aiheutti koneen syöksymisen. Boelcken kone syöksyi maahan lähellä Bapaumea. Hänet haudattiin Dessauhun valtiollisin hautajaismenoin.", "Bengt Magnus Robert Björkenheim\nBengt Magnus Robert Björkenheim (23. elokuuta 1872 Tuusula – 1. syyskuuta 1906 Lappeenranta) oli suomalainen insinööri, joka toimi Lappeenrannassa Kaukaan sellutehtaan teknisenä johtajana. Työntekijöiden epäsuosioon joutunut Björkenheim murhattiin syyskuussa 1906. Tekijä oli 27-vuotias työmies August Friari, jonka Björkenheim oli hieman aikaisemmin erottanut Kaukaan tehtaalta ja aiheuttanut myös hänen irtosanomisensa toiselta sellutehtaalta. Björkenheimin murha oli yksi lukuisista yhteiskunnallisista väkivallanteoista, joita Suomen suuriruhtinaskunnassa tapahtui vuosien 1905–1907 aikana.", "Vastauskonpuhdistus Ruotsissa\nEnsimmäinen pohjoismainen tutkija, joka pääsi tutkimaan ulkomaisia lähteitä vastauskonpuhdistuksesta, oli ruotsalainen A. G. Ahlqvist. Hän sai vuonna 1883 luvan jäljentää käsin joitakin Vatikaanin arkiston dokumentteja. Ahlqvist kuitenkin kuoli, ennen kuin hän ehti hyödyntämään lähteitä, ja ne toimitettiin Riksarkivetin haltuun Tukholmaan. Lisäksi ruotsalainen H. R. Huldt pääsi ensimmäisten joukossa tutkimaan Borghesen suvun arkistoja, mutta hänkin ehti kuolla ennen kuin ehti tehdä lähteiden pohjalta tutkimusta. Vatikaanin arkisto hankki myöhemmin Borghesen arkistot kokoelmiinsa. Tutkimuksellisesti merkittävämpiä julkaisuja olivat italialaisen Pietro Ferraton vuonna 1876 julkaisema Antonio Possevinon kirjoitus ”Seconda relazione delle cose pertinenti alla cognizione dello stato presente del Regno di Suezia”, joka oli aiemmin ollut vain käsikirjoituksena mantovalaisen Capilupin suvun hallussa, sekä August Pergerin kirjoittama elämäkerta Jesuiterpateren Laurits Nielssen saakaldt ’Klosterlasse’, joka ilmestyi vuonna 1896. Pergerin teos oli aikanaan tärkeä, mutta se vain poimi uutta tietoa kuudesta dokumentista, jotka olivat kopioita jesuiittojen Saksan-provinssin alkuperäisistä.[12]", "Max Kronqvist\nKronqvist työskenteli tehdastyöläisenä Pietarsaaressa ennen liittymistään vapaaehtoisena Saksassa sotilaskoulutusta antavan jääkäripataljoona 27:n 3. komppaniaan 11. marraskuuta 1915. Hän otti osaa taisteluihin ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Saksan itärintamalla Misse-joella, missä hän koki kohtalonsa joutumalla omalla vartiovuorollaan vihollisen kovaan rumputuleen 25. kesäkuuta 1916 ja menehtyi samalla saamiinsa haavoihin. Kuollessaan hän oli naimaton. Kronqvist haudattiin Gallingin sotilashautausmaahan. Kunniamerkit: Jääkärimerkki.", "Carl Björkman\nBjörkman teki itsemurhan vuonna 1961. Hänen jälkeensä Dagens Nyheterin elokuva-arvostelijaksi tuli Jörn Donner.", "Anders Larsson\nAnders Larsson (2. heinäkuuta 1892 Varberg – 4. tammikuuta 1945 Göteborg) oli ruotsalainen vapaapainija ja olympiavoittaja.", "Anders Celsius\nAnders Celsius kuoli tuberkuloosiin vuonna 1744 Uppsalassa.\nCelsiuksen kuva on ollut maalattuna Norwegian Air Shuttlen kahden sittemmin käytöstä poistetun Boeing 737–800 -koneen pyrstöön.", "Nils Björklöf\nNils Torolf Björklöf (13. huhtikuuta 1921 Inkoo – 16. syyskuuta 1987 Tukholma, Ruotsi) oli suomalainen meloja ja olympiamitalisti.", "Rolf Winqvist\nLentolaivue 44 vaihtoi kalustonsa Junkers Ju 88 -koneisiin keväällä 1943. Tässä vaiheessa Winqvistillä oli takanaan 100 sotalentoa Blenheim-koneen tähystäjänä. Winqvist kaatui 23. kesäkuuta 1944, kun paluulennolla ollut Junkers-kone (JK-259) syöksyi maahan Salmin pitäjän Manssilassa. Onnettomuudessa koko miehistö sai surmansa mukaan lukien Winqvist. Winqvist on haudattu Paijalan hautausmaalle Tuusulaan.", "Albert Björkman\nBjörkman kannatti rotuhygieniaa ja oli huolissaan väestön perimän rappeutumisesta. Hän yritti vuonna 1912 perustaa muiden lääkärien avulla Suomeen rotuhygieenisen seuran, mutta epäonnistui. Björkman vaati ratkaisuna degeneroituneiden sterilointeja. Hänen kuolemansa jälkeen eduskunta sääti lain, joka mahdollisti steriloinnin ilman steriloitavan suostumusta.", "Adolf Edvard Björkenheim\nAdolf Edvard Björkenheim (29. tammikuuta 1856 Turku – 10. kesäkuuta 1934 Helsinki) oli suomalainen maanviljelysneuvos, ruukin johtaja, vapaakirkollinen vaikuttaja sekä raittiusmies.", "Anders Björkqvist\nNeologian hengessä Björkqvist sivuutti teologis-dogmaattiset pohdinnat, opetti käytännön kristillisyyttä, kritisoi ulkokohtaista ja ulkopäin määriteltyä uskonnonharjoitusta sekä tunne-elämän kiihotukselle perustuvaa epärationaalista hurmahenkisyyttä. Neologia oli rationaalinen, erinäisiä uskonoppeja kritisoinut, saarnan yleistä ymmärrettävyyttä sekä käytännön kristillisyyttä korostanut suuntaus. Valistusteologia ei ollut kiinnostunut perinteisestä dogmaattisesta pohdinnasta. Se oli rationaalinen, erinäisiä uskonoppeja kritisoinut, kristillistä rakkautta ja sen toteuttamista korostanut suuntaus. Neologia siirsi uskonelämän painopisteen uskonlauseista ja -opeista käytännön elämään. Tämä asennoituminen merkitsi sekä henkilökohtaisen uskonelämän että sen käytännön toteuttamisen korostamista. Uskon haluttiin realisoituvan elämässä; opetettiin hyve-etiikkaa, uskossa kilvoittelua ja hyvän tekemistä. Kaikkea tätä edustaa myös Björkqvistin, 1700-luvun suomalaisen pietistin, postilla.[10]", "Henrik Blomqvist\nKaudella 2003–2004 Blomqvist jatkoi pelejään Allsvenskanissa ja palasi Växjö Lakersin riveihin. Hän palasi sieltä kesken toisen kautensa 2004–2005 takaisin Troja-Ljungbyyn. Joukkue putosi Ruotsin I-divisioonaan keväällä 2005, mutta Blomqvist siirtyi seuraavaksi kaudeksi norjalaisen Stjernen Hockeyn riveihin. Hän oli 146 minuutillaan Norjan pääsarjan jäähykuningas. Blomqvist jätti Stjernenin 12 ottelun jälkeen kaudella 2006–2007, mutta hän oli jo siihen mennessä kerännyt jopa 126 jäähyminuuttia, joilla Blomqvist oli kauden päätyttyä jäähypörssin viides. Hän pyörähti kahden ottelun ajan Ruotsin I-divisioonan Tingsryds AIF:n riveissä, mutta siirtyi loppukaudeksi Tanskan liigan Odense Bulldogsiin. Kauden 2007–2008 Blomqvist pelasi samaa liigaa AaB Ishockeyssä.", "Albina Palmqvist\nKurikoiden liitto päättyi eroon ja Anna avioitui Nurmekseen, minne myös Albina Palmqvist muutti joksikin aikaa. Palmqvist palasi Helsinkiiin, missä hän asui sisarensa Hilman kanssa. Hilman puoliso August Robert Svanström (1838–1901) oli Aleksis Kiven läheinen ystävä. Albina Palmqvist kuoli lyhyen sairastelun jälkeen 73-vuotiaana.", "Anki Lindqvist\nAgneta Elisabeth (Anki) Lindqvist (27. syyskuuta 1945 Helsinki – 15. marraskuuta 2007 Muonio) oli suomalainen muusikko sekä tv-ohjaaja ja -tuottaja. Hänen yhtyeitään olivat muun muassa Cumulus ja Anki, Bosse ja Robert -trio. Hän julkaisi myös useita soololevyjä.", "Fredrik Björkqvist\nFredrik Björkqvist (1. joulukuuta 1859 Kangasala – 2. helmikuuta 1935 Tampere) oli tamperelainen tukkukauppias ja kauppaneuvos. Hän testamenttasi omaisuutensa taloudelliseen valistustyöhön ja hyväntekeväisyyteen.", "Anni Blomqvist\nBlomqvist vietti koko elämänsä Ahvenanmaan saaristossa. Blomqvistista tuli kirjailija kun hänen miehensä ja poikansa hukkuivat myrskyssä. Suruaan Blomqvist purki kirjoittamalla, ja hänen ensimmäinen teoksensa \"I stormens spår\" ilmestyi vuonna 1966. Kirjailijan toinen teos ja samalla ensimmäinen Myrskyluoto-sarjan kirja \"Vägen till Stormskäret\" ilmestyi vuonna 1968. Kirja ilmestyi suomeksi vuonna 1974 nimellä \"Tie Myrskyluodolle\". Hänen kirjansa käsittelevät saariston menneen ajan elämää ja ne perustuvat Blomqvistin ja hänen sukulaistensa kokemuksiin. Esimerkiksi \"Anna Beata\" -romaanisarjan päähenkilön esikuvana oli Blomqvistin oma isoäiti." ]

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[ "Freddie Mercury 22 November 1991, Mercury called Queen's manager Jim Beach over to his Kensington home to discuss a public statement, which was released the following day: On the evening of 24 November 1991, just over 24 hours after issuing that statement, Mercury died at the age of 45 at his home in Kensington. The official cause of death was bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS. Mercury's close friend, Dave Clark of the Dave Clark Five, had taken over the bedside vigil when he died. Austin phoned Mercury's parents and sister to break the news of his death, which reached newspaper and television" ]

[ "The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness was a benefit concert held on Easter Monday, 20 April 1992 at Wembley Stadium in London, England for an audience of 72,000. The concert was produced for television by Ray Burdis and broadcast live on television and radio to 76 countries around the world, with an audience of up to one billion. The concert was a tribute to Queen's lead vocalist, Freddie Mercury, who died of complications related to AIDS on November 24, 1991. The show marked bassist John Deacon's final full-length concert with Queen (save a", "Eric Carr MTV Video Music Awards in September 1991. Not long afterwards, he suffered an aneurysm and was rushed to the hospital. Several days later, he suffered a brain hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. On November 24, 1991, Carr died at the age of 41. He died on the same day as Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of the British rock band Queen, whose death attracted more media attention. Carr had also been in a nearly four-year relationship with future model/actress Carrie Stevens at the time of his death. In keeping with Carr's accessibility to his fans, his family decided to open", "Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour was a world concert tour by Queen guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, joined by singer Paul Rodgers under the moniker of Queen + Paul Rodgers. The tour was Queen's first since The Magic Tour in 1986, and the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury in November 1991. The band's drummer Roger Taylor commented; \"We never thought we would tour again, Paul (Rodgers) came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry. Paul is just such a great singer. He's not trying to be Freddie.\" Bassist John", "1991 in music to be considered one of the best hip hop albums of the 1990s. A Tribe Called Quest, along with De La Soul, Dream Warriors, Gang Starr and the Poor Righteous Teachers, help define what comes to be known as alternative rap with important releases this year. On 24 November, Queen frontman Freddie Mercury died. Mercury was at home in London on 24 November, due to AIDS complications. Rumors had been circulating that Mercury had AIDS and he confirmed it to the press a day before his death, but the death comes as a shock to millions of fans and the", "Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour line up of \"The Show Must Go On\", \"All Right Now\", \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are The Champions\" would be played, before the band would leave the stage, Taylor throwing his drumsticks into the audience. Additional musicians: Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour was a world concert tour by Queen guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, joined by singer Paul Rodgers under the moniker of Queen + Paul Rodgers. The tour was Queen's first since The Magic Tour in 1986, and the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury in November 1991. The band's", "Queen live performances collaboration with Paul Rodgers. One-off performances Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour was a world concert tour by Queen lead guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, joined by singer Paul Rodgers under the moniker of Queen + Paul Rodgers. The tour was Queen's first since The Magic Tour in 1986, and the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury in November 1991. Roger Taylor commented; \"We never thought we would tour again, Paul (Rodgers) came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry. Paul is just such a great singer. He's not trying to be Freddie.\" Bass guitarist John", "We Will Rock You cover of \"We Will Rock You\". It was the fourth single released from their second studio album, \"Invincible\" (1999). Released on 17 July 2000, the song features two members of Queen: Brian May on guitar and Roger Taylor on drums; however, they do not sing any vocals on the track. Freddie Mercury had died in November 1991, nearly a decade before this version's release, and John Deacon had retired from public life three years before its release. The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, making it Five's second number-one single, and their ninth consecutive top-ten hit.", "The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert from the concert have also been released in audio-only format: Queen were backed by the following musicians: The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness was a benefit concert held on Easter Monday, 20 April 1992 at Wembley Stadium in London, England for an audience of 72,000. The concert was produced for television by Ray Burdis and broadcast live on television and radio to 76 countries around the world, with an audience of up to one billion. The concert was a tribute to Queen's lead vocalist, Freddie Mercury, who died of complications related to AIDS", "HIV/AIDS of the late prime minister Anthony Eden. On November 24, 1991, the virus claimed the life of British rock star Freddie Mercury, lead singer of the band Queen, who died from an AIDS-related illness having only revealed the diagnosis on the previous day. However, he had been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987. One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was Arthur Ashe, the American tennis player. He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. Further tests within 24 hours of", "Kiss (band) enlist Ezrin to produce their next album. Before recording could begin in earnest, however, tragedy struck. In March 1991, it was discovered that Carr had a tumor on his heart. It was successfully removed the following month, but more tumors were soon discovered in his lungs. Carr received chemotherapy and was pronounced cancer-free in July. However, in September he suffered the first of two cerebral hemorrhages. He died on November 24, 1991, at the age of 41. Coincidentally, Queen frontman Freddie Mercury died the same day. Despite the tragic loss of a longtime member, Kiss continued, introducing veteran drummer Eric", "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young) No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young) \"No-One But You (Only the Good Die Young)\" is a song recorded by the remaining three members of the British rock band Queen in 1997 following the death of the lead singer Freddie Mercury in 1991. Guitarist Brian May – the writer of the song – and drummer Roger Taylor share lead vocals. The song was released on the album \"Queen Rocks\" and it was also released as a double a-side single with \"Tie Your Mother Down\". The impetus for the song came after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in", "Made in Heaven Made in Heaven Made in Heaven is the fifteenth and final studio album by the British rock band Queen, released on 6 November 1995 by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom and by Hollywood Records in the United States. It is the band's first release since the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury in 1991. Following Mercury's death, guitarist Brian May, drummer Roger Taylor, and bass guitarist John Deacon worked with vocal and piano parts that Mercury recorded before his death, adding new instrumentation to the recordings. Both stages of recording, before and after Mercury's death, were completed at the", "Queen (band) music publications. The last concert featuring their classic line up–the final live performance of Mercury–took place at Knebworth, England, in August 1986. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. May and Taylor have performed under the Queen name with Paul Rodgers and Adam Lambert as vocalists on tours since. Estimates of their record sales range from 170 million to 300 million records, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists. Queen received the Outstanding Contribution to British Music Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1990. They were inducted into the", "Brian May was released on Record Store Day, 16 April 2016, with profits from the sale of the single going to benefit animal charities. At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005, with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as Queen + Paul Rodgers, not replacing the late Freddie Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. Between 2005 and 2006 Queen and Paul Rodgers embarked on a world tour, the first", "Freddie Mercury hits for Queen, including \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Killer Queen\", \"Somebody to Love\", \"Don't Stop Me Now\", \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\", and \"We Are the Champions\". He also led a solo career while performing with Queen, and occasionally served as a producer and guest musician for other artists. Mercury died in 1991 at age 45 due to complications from AIDS, having confirmed the day before his death that he had contracted the disease. As a member of Queen, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003, and the UK", "Brian May \"Hammer to Fall\", \"Save Me\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"The Show Must Go On\". May was a co-founder of Queen with lead singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, having previously performed with Taylor in the band Smile, which he had joined while he was at university. Within five years of their formation in 1970 and the recruitment of bass player John Deacon completing the lineup, Queen had become one of the biggest rock bands in the world with the success of the album \"A Night at the Opera\" and its single \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". From the mid-1970s until", "Gail Ann Dorsey Gail Ann Dorsey Gail Ann Dorsey (born November 20, 1962) is an American musician. With a long career as a session musician, she is perhaps best known for her lengthy residency in David Bowie's band, from 1995 to Bowie's death in 2016. Aside from playing bass, she sang lead vocals on live versions of \"Under Pressure\" (taking the part originally sung by Queen frontman Freddie Mercury) and dueted with Bowie on other songs, including \"The London Boys\", \"Aladdin Sane (1913-1938-197?)\", \"I Dig Everything\", accompanying Bowie on clarinet, and a cover of Laurie Anderson's \"O Superman\". From 1993 to 1996, Dorsey", "Gail Ann Dorsey substance in the work. That is my responsibility to the music and the audience.\" Gail Ann Dorsey Gail Ann Dorsey (born November 20, 1962) is an American musician. With a long career as a session musician, she is perhaps best known for her lengthy residency in David Bowie's band, from 1995 to Bowie's death in 2016. Aside from playing bass, she sang lead vocals on live versions of \"Under Pressure\" (taking the part originally sung by Queen frontman Freddie Mercury) and dueted with Bowie on other songs, including \"The London Boys\", \"Aladdin Sane (1913-1938-197?)\", \"I Dig Everything\", accompanying Bowie on", "John Deacon Deacy Amp which guitarist Brian May used to create guitar orchestras throughout Queen's career. From the third album, \"Sheer Heart Attack\", onwards, he wrote at least one song per album, several of which became hits. As well as bass, Deacon played some guitar and keyboards on Queen's studio work. Following lead singer Freddie Mercury's death in 1991, and the following year's Tribute Concert, Deacon only performed a few times with the remaining members of Queen before retiring from the music industry in 1997 after recording \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\". He has not performed on any of", "I Want It All (Queen song) it reached number two in the Netherlands, number four in Italy and Norway, and the top 10 in Australia, Germany, and Switzerland. The song was first played live on 20 April 1992, three years after its release, during The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, performed by the three remaining members of Queen, with Roger Daltrey singing lead vocals and Tony Iommi playing rhythm guitar. Mercury himself never performed the song live, as he died in November 1991 from AIDS at the age of 45, and his final performance with Queen was at the end of The Magic Tour, at Knebworth Park", "Jonny Kennedy getting them off their clouds, doing drops of 1,000 feet and then pulling up. I think you need to spice things up a bit.\" He died in his wheelchair, whilst being filmed for the documentary, on a train returning from a meeting at 10 Downing Street with Cherie Blair. One of Kennedy's favourite bands was Queen; at his funeral, the Queen song \"Don't Stop Me Now\" was played. His childhood friend Lord Redesdale was in attendance and spoke as per Kennedy's request. Jonny Kennedy Jonny Kennedy (4 November 1966 – 26 September 2003) was the subject of the documentary \"The", "Brian May Brian May Brian Harold May, (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and photographer. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the band's members; and in 2018, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award which recognises \"the most distinctive recordings in music history\". He uses a home-built electric guitar called the Red Special. His compositions for the band include \"We Will Rock You\", \"Tie Your Mother Down\", \"I Want It All\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"Flash\",", "Seal (musician) Henry Günther Adeola Dashtu Samuel (born 12 September 2005), Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel (born 22 November 2006) and daughter Lou Sulola Samuel (born 9 October 2009). On 22 January 2012, Seal and Klum announced that they were separating after nearly seven years of marriage. Klum filed for divorce from Seal on 6 April 2012, but they remain close friends. Their divorce was finalised on 14 October 2014. In April 1992 Seal performed with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held at Wembley Stadium. Seal performed on his own singing the 1986", "Hugh Whittow Hugh Whittow Hugh Whittow is a British newspaper editor. Whittow worked for the \"Western Telegraph\" and the \"South Wales Echo\", before moving to London to work on the \"London Evening News\", and then the \"Daily Star\". In the mid-1980s, he joined \"The Sun\", where he became known for obtaining scoops. In October 1986, Whittow became one of the first journalists to report that Queen singer Freddie Mercury could be suffering from AIDS, just a couple of months after his final live performance with the band at Knebworth Park. Whittow approached Mercury at Heathrow Airport where he was returning from a", "Elton John AIDS Foundation losing two friends to AIDS in the span of a year. One was Ryan White, a young man who was infected with HIV by a blood transfusion and who died in 1990. White's personable and compassionate persona helped to reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards people living with HIV, an effort that EJAF continues. John also lost his friend Freddie Mercury, a fellow musician (the lead singer of the rock band Queen), who died of AIDS-related bronchial pneumonia in 1991. John paid tribute to both of them in concert–– he performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute: Concert for AIDS Awareness in 1992", "Gay icon Marshall of \"Gay Times\" expressed the following opinion: \"[Mercury] was a 'scene-queen,' not afraid to publicly express his gayness, but unwilling to analyse or justify his 'lifestyle' ... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself for some was a statement.\" Many assumed him to be either gay or bisexual and not sexually active. He would often distance himself from his later partner, Jim Hutton, during public events. On the evening of November 24, 1991, Mercury died at the age of 45 at his home in", "Howard New of S Club fame), Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin, Mikey Graham from Boyzone and Gary Barlow from Take That. Jools Holland once commented that with his own piano skills and New's voice, they could be Ray Charles He was killed in a car crash aged 42 near his home in Manchester. His wife was called Jane and he had a daughter named Scarlett. His parents Brian and Ellen New survived him as did his two sisters Angela and Carol as well as brother Brian Jnr. His funeral took place at St Joseph’s Church in Penketh on Monday 14 September 2009.", "Queen (Queen album) Queen (Queen album) Queen is the self-titled debut studio album by the British rock band Queen, released on 13 July 1973 by EMI Records in the UK and by Elektra Records in the US. It was recorded at Trident Studios and De Lane Lea Music Centre, London, with production by Roy Thomas Baker, John Anthony and the band members themselves. The album was influenced by contemporary progressive rock, hard rock and heavy metal music. The lyrics are based on a variety of topics, including folklore (\"My Fairy King\") and religion (\"Jesus\"). Lead singer Freddie Mercury composed five of the ten", "Dave Clark (musician) Clark released remastered versions of all the Dave Clark 5 singles on a CD, \"Glad All Over Again\". All the proceeds went to him, rather than the band or its former members. Clark was a close friend of Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury, whom he had known since 1976. Clark had taken over the bedside vigil of Mercury when he died in November 1991. In 2008, marking the 50th anniversary of the founding of the band, the Dave Clark Five was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Clark, making a rare public appearance, and the two other", "Happiness? (Roger Taylor album) Happiness? (Roger Taylor album) Happiness? is the third solo album by the English musician Roger Taylor, best known as the drummer for the band Queen. It was his first album since Queen's 1991 album \"Innuendo\", and his first solo album since 1984's \"Strange Frontier\". Writing of Roger Taylor's material spanned way before initial recording in 1993. Taylor, like his other band mates, were mourning the death of lead singer, Freddie Mercury. Recording mostly took place in his home studio over the final months of 1993 to the beginning of 1994. Halfway through recording, Taylor had collaborated with Japanese musician, Yoshiki.", "Happiness? (Roger Taylor album) Happiness? (Roger Taylor album) Happiness? is the third solo album by the English musician Roger Taylor, best known as the drummer for the band Queen. It was his first album since Queen's 1991 album \"Innuendo\", and his first solo album since 1984's \"Strange Frontier\". Writing of Roger Taylor's material spanned way before initial recording in 1993. Taylor, like his other band mates, were mourning the death of lead singer, Freddie Mercury. Recording mostly took place in his home studio over the final months of 1993 to the beginning of 1994. Halfway through recording, Taylor had collaborated with Japanese musician, Yoshiki.", "Norman Sheffield to date and won awards for its innovation to music technology. Sheffield died during retirement in Cornwall on 20 June 2014 aged 75. He had suffered from throat cancer. Norman Sheffield Norman Sheffield (25 September 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a music and advertising industry figure, most noted for his music industry recording and management roles, ownership of the former Trident Studios, and being the original manager of the rock band Queen. Sheffield was born in Enfield, the son of Walter Sheffield, a panel beater. He was educated at Albany Boys School. Sheffield enjoyed moderate chart success as a", "Queen discography positions here for the compilation albums are their peak positions on the French Compilation Albums Chart. Queen discography British rock band Queen consisted of vocalist Freddie Mercury (d. 1991), guitarist Brian May, drummer Roger Taylor, and bassist John Deacon (r. 1997). Founded in 1970, Queen released their self-titled debut album in 1973. Despite not being an immediate success, Queen gained popularity in Britain with their second album \"Queen II\" in 1974. Their 1975 song, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", was number 1 for nine weeks (and a further five weeks in 1991) and is the third biggest selling single of all time in", "Queen (band) Queen (band) Queen are a British rock band that formed in London in 1970. Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury (lead vocals and piano), Brian May (lead guitar and vocals), Roger Taylor (drums and vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar). Their earliest works were influenced by progressive rock, hard rock and heavy metal, but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works by incorporating further styles, such as arena rock and pop rock, into their music. Before forming Queen, May and Taylor had played together in the band Smile. Mercury, then known by his birth name, Farrokh Bulsara,", "Queen Rock Montreal Queen Rock Montreal Queen Rock Montreal is a live album by the English rock band Queen. It was released on 29 October 2007 as a double CD, Blu-ray, DVD, and triple vinyl. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Forum on 24 November and 25 November 1981, ten years to date before lead singer Freddie Mercury died of AIDS. Allmusic described Queen's performance as being \"deliberately theatrical and often majestic\". This marks the first official release of the film soundtrack to the concert film \"We Will Rock You\" on an audio-only format. Unlike the original video release of", "Mother Love (Queen song) Mother Love (Queen song) \"Mother Love\" is a song by Queen, from the album \"Made in Heaven\", released in 1995 after Freddie Mercury's death in 1991. It was written by Mercury and Brian May. The song features the last ever vocals sung by Mercury in May 1991, 6 months before his death. \"Mother Love\" was the final song co-written by Mercury and May, and was also Mercury's last-ever vocal performance. Mercury's vocals were recorded between 13–16 May 1991 after the \"Innuendo\" sessions. On his website, May discussed the writing process he and Mercury had (writing both separately and together, and", "Brian May in Hell\" by Brian May, Denis Pellerin and Paula Fleming was published. In 2017, May published \"Queen in 3-D\", chronicling the group's 50-year history. It contains over 300 of his own stereoscopic photos and is the first book about the band published by one of its members. Included with the book is May's patented \"OWL Stereoscopic Viewer\". Brian May Brian Harold May, (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and photographer. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "George Michael \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It did not appear on any George Michael studio album, but was included on his solo collections \"\" in 1998 and \"Twenty Five\" in 2006. The video featured Michael (sporadically) as a director filming supermodels Linda Evangelista, Beverly Peele, Tyra Banks, Estelle Lefébure and Nadja Auermann at a fashion show. Michael performed at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert on 20 April 1992 at London's Wembley Stadium. The concert was a tribute to the life of the late Queen frontman, Freddie Mercury, with the proceeds going to AIDS research. In his last ever radio interview Mercury had praised", "Queen (band) want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off.' He had no fear, really.\" The band's second greatest hits compilation, \"Greatest Hits II\", followed in October 1991; it is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide. On 23 November 1991, in a prepared statement made on his deathbed, Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS. Within 24 hours of the statement, he died of bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS. His funeral service on 27 November in", "David Bowie Bowie to be \"in exquisite taste\", \"a show of wrong, obscene images\", requiring air-brushing and patching to render the figures sexless. Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album \"\" failed commercially, the band drifted apart, and Bowie, though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels, resumed his solo career. On 20 April 1992, Bowie appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, following the Queen singer's death the previous year. As well as performing \"Heroes\" and \"All the Young Dudes\", he was joined on \"Under Pressure\" by Annie Lennox, who took Mercury's vocal part; during his appearance, Bowie knelt and", "Queen live performances of Queen performed on stage was in January 1997 at Paris in France for the world premiere of Bejart Ballet For Life. Joining the surviving trio were Spike Edney on keyboards/backing-vocals and Elton John who sang lead vocals. They only performed one song, namely \"The Show Must Go On\" which was one of the two songs they had performed together at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, and this was the last reported appearance of John Deacon on stage. Following Freddie Mercury's death and John Deacon's retirement, May and Taylor continued to make sporadic live appearances in addition to their long-term", "Death of David Bowie Death of David Bowie On 10 January 2016, English singer, songwriter and actor David Bowie died at his Lafayette Street home, having suffered from liver cancer for 18 months. He died two days after the release of his twenty-fifth studio album, \"Blackstar\", which coincided with his 69th birthday. Bowie kept his illness private, and friends and fans alike were surprised by his death. Makeshift memorials were created in London, New York City, Berlin, and other cities in which Bowie had lived; sales of his albums and singles saw a significant increase. Many commentators noted Bowie's impact on music, fashion and", "Charcoal-burning suicide rooms online. Such a group will typically use sleeping pills and charcoal stoves in a van parked in a remote area. On 9 March 2007, Brad Delp, the lead singer of the American rock band Boston, killed himself using this method. On 18 December 2017, Kim Jong-hyun, a member of the South Korean idol group SHINee, was found unconscious in a Gangnam residential hotel. He was later pronounced dead in the ICU. The police ultimately ruled his death a suicide through the earlier text messages sent to his sister, after the discovery of charcoal briquette remnants in a frying pan", "The Brian May Band tour ended in December 1993, when May returned to the studio with fellow Queen band mates Roger Taylor and John Deacon for Queen's final studio album, \"Made In Heaven\". Meanwhile, Cozy Powell and Neil Murray returned to work with Black Sabbath, and both later joined Peter Green's Band. The band reunited in 1998 to promote Brian May's \"Another World\" album. Eric Singer, of later KISS fame, was brought as the last minute replacement for Cozy Powell, who had died in a car accident earlier that year. In 2005, both Jamie Moses and Spike Edney joined the Queen + Paul Rodgers", "Free (band) and 1990s, and in the bands The Firm and The Law. Subsequently, Rodgers joined two of the three remaining members of Queen (Brian May and Roger Taylor), as vocalist. In September 2008, Queen + Paul Rodgers released their first studio album \"The Cosmos Rocks\". Rodgers also performed Free and Bad Company songs whilst on tour with Queen, in addition to the traditional Queen songs and new cuts from their most recently released album. Rodgers and Kirke toured again with Bad Company from 2012 to 2016. Andy Fraser died on 16 March 2015. In 2017, Paul Rodgers embarked on a Free", "Constantine Maroulis Julius. Maroulis was featured on the \"\" compilation with \"My Funny Valentine\". His rendition of the Queen classic \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" earned him the praise of judges. At the personal invitation of Queen's guitarist Brian May, Maroulis later recorded a studio version of the track for \"\", which was released on August 9, 2005 on Queen's label, Hollywood Records. Maroulis became the lead vocalist of Pray for the Soul of Betty in 2003, after winning over 150 auditioners. The band rose to national attention when Maroulis appeared on \"Idol\". His audition clip showed him \"quitting\" the band amongst the displeasure of", "Joe Cocker September 2013. While performing a concert at Madison Square Garden on 17 September 2014, fellow musician Billy Joel stated that Cocker was \"not very well right now\" and endorsed Cocker for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame before impersonating the singer in a take on \"With a Little Help From My Friends\". Cocker died from lung cancer on 22 December 2014 in Crawford, Colorado, at the age of 70. He had smoked 40 cigarettes a day until 1991. The two remaining living ex-Beatles, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, were among those who paid tribute to the singer,", "Nathan Wyburn Dec 1st 2016, Wyburn created a red glitter portrait of singer & Queen icon, Freddie Mercury, who died of the disease in 1991. Throughout March and April 2017, the Welsh language channel S4C, aired 7 consecutive art segments featuring 7 unique artworks being created by Wyburn. These included a painting of Gareth Bale with his feet, Sam Warburton with mud, Zoella with glitter and Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow created using sand and seaweed on Barry Island beachfront. In May 2017, Wyburn created a celebratory image of Skepta for the British music company The Famous Company by using images", "Freddie Mercury heroes\", alongside England's 1966 FIFA World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore, children's author Roald Dahl, novelist Jane Austen, pioneering pilot Amy Johnson, and aviation entrepreneur Sir Freddie Laker. As the first major rock star to die of AIDS, Mercury's death represented an important event in the history of the disease. In April 1992, the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised \"The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness\", to celebrate the life and legacy of Mercury and raise money for AIDS research, which took place on 20 April 1992. The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since", "Terrence Higgins Trust Trust. Stephen Fry hosted, with Steven Wright, Hugh Laurie, Elton John, Ruby Wax, Rowan Atkinson, Eddie Izzard, Craig Ferguson, Lenny Henry, Julian Clary, Josie Lawrence, Jools Holland, Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Ian McKellen, Edwin Starr, Clement Freud, Beverly Craven, Ben Elton, and Tony Slattery. The charity received almost a million pounds in donations over the Christmas of 1991, with the proceeds of Queen's re-released chart-topper Bohemian Rhapsody going entirely to the charity, following the recent AIDS-related death of lead singer Freddie Mercury. After being diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987, Mercury had been concerned that financial support should be available", "We Will Rock You (musical) final performance on 28 January 2006, four years after the musical opened at the Dominion Theatre, and the event was celebrated with May appearing on stage to perform the guitar solo during the \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" encore. On 5 September 2006, the London show celebrated what would have been Freddie Mercury's 60th birthday. During the song \"Don't Stop Me Now\", ordinarily sung by Killer Queen, the band \"McFly\" (who were at No. 1 with the song on the singles charts the previous week) emerged onto the stage to sing it instead. Brian May and Roger Taylor joined the encore, performing Taylor's", "Jon English Spearfish. Many new songs were written and recordings were set to start March 14, 2016... In late February 2016, English was hospitalized due to \"unexpected health problems\" and he was forced to cancel several scheduled performances due to planned surgery for an aortic aneurysm. He died following post-operative complications late in the evening of 9 March 2016, 17 days short of his 67th birthday. A public memorial service commemorating his life was held at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney on the evening of Monday 4 April 2016. The memorial took the form of a tribute concert and included performances by the", "Queen Rock Montreal \"We Will Rock You\", which has been re-released as \"Queen Rock Montreal\", the album and CD features the full show (including \"Flash\" and \"The Hero\") fully remixed. <nowiki>*</nowiki> previously unreleased Queen Rock Montreal Queen Rock Montreal is a live album by the English rock band Queen. It was released on 29 October 2007 as a double CD, Blu-ray, DVD, and triple vinyl. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Forum on 24 November and 25 November 1981, ten years to date before lead singer Freddie Mercury died of AIDS. Allmusic described Queen's performance as being \"deliberately theatrical and", "Sacha Baron Cohen is that Baron Cohen is fiercely private: \"...according to the UK press, his publicists denied not only that he attended a party for the London premiere of \"Borat\", but also that a party even occurred.\" In September 2010, representatives for Cohen confirmed that he was set to play Freddie Mercury in a biopic about the rock singer. He dropped out of the project in July 2013, citing \"creative differences\" between him and the surviving members of Queen. Queen guitarist Brian May later said that even though the band and Baron Cohen were on good terms, they felt that Cohen's presence", "Phil Curtis early days and inspired many students and indeed staff with his knowledge and stories of the music industry. Phil has a wonderful and well-documented career, a great bass player, a musical genius but more importantly, a true gentleman and all round wonderful man.\" In his final years Phil spent time in Los Angeles, reuniting with old music friends and collaborating on new work as well as doing more bass sessions. Phil died on 14 March 2018, aged 66. Following news of his death Kiki Dee posted a tribute to Phil on her official Twitter account: \"I am sad to say", "1970s eras died within eight weeks of each other in 1977. Elvis Presley, the best-selling singer of all time, died on August 16, 1977. Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18, 1977. Bing Crosby, who sold about 50 million records, died on October 14, 1977. His single, White Christmas, remains as the best selling single of all time, confirmed by the Guinness Records. In addition to the early 70s deaths, in 1970 bands such as Simon and Garfunkel broke-up as did the Beatles, over the next few years Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Everly Brothers and more. Statistically, Led", "Mike Stone (record producer) he worked with Queen's then producer, Roy Thomas Baker, to engineer the unique vocal layering for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Following Baker's departure as Queen's producer, the band hired Stone as their engineer for his expertise in over-dubbing vocals. By the early eighties, Stone had produced popular top-selling albums for both Asia and Journey. Stone was scheduled to oversee the re-mastering of the Queen catalogue when he died in 2002. Queen's Brian May wrote of Stone in a eulogy: \"Mike's production style of big chorus building and hitting hard, the ability to treat vocals uniquely, and find space in a recording have", "Freddie 'Fingers' Lee 1950s rock 'n' roll music scene at the time. He destroys a piano at the end of his song with an axe. Throughout the 1980s, Lee made many appearance at rock and roll festivals and played extensively across Europe. He suffered two strokes in 2002 and 2006 which ended his stage career. Forced to retire from live stage appearance, Lee died on 13 January 2014 at the age of 76 from pneumonia in Northampton, England. Freddie 'Fingers' Lee Freddie 'Fingers' Lee (November 24, 1937 – January 13, 2014) (born Frederick John Cheesman) was a British singer, guitarist and pianist. His", "Bruce Forsyth decline, with his wife commenting that he struggled to move easily following his surgery. On 26 February 2017, he was again admitted to hospital with a severe chest infection and spent five days in intensive care, before returning home on 3 March 2017. On 18 August 2017, Forsyth died of bronchial pneumonia at his Wentworth Estate home in Virginia Water, aged 89. Several celebrities paid tribute to Forsyth following his death, including his former \"Strictly Come Dancing\" co-host Tess Daly; his friends Michael Parkinson, Jimmy Tarbuck, and Des O'Connor, the BBC director general Tony Hall and Prime Minister Theresa May.", "John Deacon October 1993, and at the opening of the Bejart Ballet in Paris on 17 January 1997, performing only \"The Show Must Go On\" with Elton John on lead vocals – he made the decision to retire from music, re-appearing only briefly by joining his former bandmates in October 1997 for the recording of the final Queen song \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\", included on the \"Queen Rocks\" album released a month later. Deacon has reportedly spoken unfavourably about the May/Taylor/Robbie Williams cover of \"We Are the Champions\", recorded for \"A Knight's Tale\". Deacon has stayed out of", "1970s in music adults who grew up during the 1940s and early 1950s, and not the rock record-buying youth); his most successful hits of the decade were \"It's Impossible\" (1970) and the Don McLean song \"And I Love Her So\" (1973). Two of popular music's most successful artists died within eight weeks of each other in 1977. Elvis Presley, the best-selling singer of all time, died on August 16, 1977. Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18, 1977. Bing Crosby, who sold about half a billion records, died October 14, 1977. His single, White Christmas, remains as the best selling", "Queen Forever Queen Forever Queen Forever is a compilation album by the British rock band Queen. Released on 10 November 2014, it features tracks the band had \"forgotten about\" with vocals from original lead singer Freddie Mercury. Queen’s bass guitarist John Deacon is also on the tracks. Drummer Roger Taylor spoke about the album in December 2013, stating that he and guitarist Brian May were \"getting together...in the new year to finish what we've got there and then we're going to fashion some kind of album\". May announced the title as a compilation album in a radio interview on BBC Radio Wales", "Greg Puciato referring to other bands that would appear that day of the festival, especially Puddle of Mudd. The act caused much controversy and had them on the verge of being banned in the UK. Greg Puciato Gregory John Puciato (born March 27, 1980) is best known as the lead singer of the disbanded The Dillinger Escape Plan and is currently the lead singer of The Black Queen and Killer Be Killed. He is noted for reckless live performances, wide vocal range, outspoken views, and controversy stemming from his bands' performances and interviews. In the December 2007 issue of \"Revolver\" Puciato was", "Paul Rodgers he would sing lead vocals on a European tour. Rodgers thus joined Brian May and Roger Taylor (former bassist John Deacon retired in the late 1990s), with the group billed as Queen + Paul Rodgers and they subsequently toured worldwide in 2005 and 2006. The participants clearly stated, including on Brian May's own website, \"that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as: \"Queen + Paul Rodgers\", not replacing the late Freddie Mercury\". The group subsequently released a live album with songs from Queen, Bad Company and Free, called \"Return of the Champions\", and a DVD of the same name. Both", "Queen (band) band in performing \"Tie Your Mother Down\" to open the ceremony before being joined on stage by May, Taylor, and Paul Rodgers, who played a selection of Queen hits. On 15 August 2006, Brian May confirmed through his website and fan club that Queen + Paul Rodgers would begin producing their first studio album beginning in October, to be recorded at a \"secret location\". Queen + Paul Rodgers performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park, London on 27 June 2008, to commemorate Mandela's ninetieth birthday, and again promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The first", "Freddie King the year. In 1976 he began suffering from stomach ulcers. His health quickly deteriorated, and he died on December 28 of complications of this illness and acute pancreatitis, at the age of 42. According to those who knew him, King's untimely death was due to stress, a legendary \"hard-partying lifestyle\", and poor diet (he was in the habit of consuming Bloody Marys rather than solid food so as not to waste time when setting up shows). King had an intuitive style, often creating guitar parts with vocal nuances. He achieved this by using the open-string sound associated with Texas blues", "Brian May 20 May 2009, May and Queen bandmate Roger Taylor performed \"We Are the Champions\" live on the season finale of \"American Idol\" with winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert providing a vocal duet. In November 2009, May appeared with Taylor on \"The X Factor\", with Queen mentoring the contestants, then later performing \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". In April 2010, May founded the \"Save Me\" 2010 project to work against any proposed repeal of the British fox-hunting ban, and also to promote animal rights in Britain. In February 2011, it was announced that May would tour with Kerry Ellis, playing 12 dates", "Under Pressure chose not to perform the song before an audience until the 1992 Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, when he and Annie Lennox sang it as a duet (backed by the surviving Queen members). However, after Mercury's death and the \"Outside\" tour in 1995, Bowie performed the song at virtually every one of his live shows, with bassist Gail Ann Dorsey taking Mercury's vocal part. The song also appeared in set lists from A Reality Tour mounted by Bowie in 2004, when he frequently would dedicate it to Freddie Mercury. Queen + Paul Rodgers have recently performed the song; and in summer", "Jean-Paul Mauric uptempo song \"Printemps, avril carillonne\" (\"Springtime, April calling\") finished in a respectable fourth place of the 16 entries. (Its lyric of \"Bing et bong et bing et bong...\" is often cited as setting a precedent which would become very prolific in later Eurovisions.) Mauric's record releases tailed off as the 1960s progressed, but he remained a popular live performer. His career was cut short when he was taken ill in December 1970, and died on 5 January 1971 from complications of cardiomyopathic disease, aged 37. Jean-Paul Mauric Jean-Paul Mauric (17 June 1933, Hyères, Var – 5 January 1971, Marseille) was", "Let Me Live Let Me Live \"Let Me Live\" is a song by Queen, from the album \"Made in Heaven\". Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May share lead vocals, with Mercury singing the first verse, Taylor singing the second verse & bridge, and May singing the last verse. During the choruses, all of the band members sing (except for John Deacon), as well as a background choir, giving it a gospel sound reminiscent of the band's 1976 single \"Somebody to Love\". The single reached #9 in the UK Single Charts. Freddie Mercury stated in an interview that this song was originally recorded", "Roger Daltrey a Heart Could Ever Want\". This was his first major effort as a songwriter for his own solo career. In 1987, Daltrey released \"Take Me Home\"; the song is a cover of 1983's \"Cargo\" by French artist Axel Bauer. Daltrey's version is written by Axel Bauer, Nigel Hinton and himself. In 1992, Daltrey appeared in the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, singing the hard rock Queen song \"I Want It All\", to pay homage to his friend Freddie Mercury, who died the previous year one day after a public announcement that he suffered from AIDS. Daltrey celebrated his 50th birthday in", "Keep Yourself Alive All Time\". According to Mark Hodkinson, author of \"Queen: The Early Years\", \"Keep Yourself Alive\" was conceived on acoustic guitars during Queen's practice sessions at Imperial College and the garden at Ferry Road in 1970. At the time, Queen had not yet found a permanent bassist; the group consisted of lead singer Freddie Mercury, guitarist May, and drummer Roger Taylor. In a radio special about their 1977 album \"News of the World\", May said he had penned the lyrics thinking of them as ironic and tongue-in-cheek, but their sense was completely changed when Mercury sang them. The first version of", "Queen (band) but behind-closed-doors insight into a deeply private, complicated, internationally beloved superstar.\" After the release of the film, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" re-entered the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the third time (having previously charted in 1976 and 1992), charting at number 33 on 12 November 2018. Current members Former members Long-term Queen + vocalists Current touring members Former touring members Early members Queen (band) Queen are a British rock band that formed in London in 1970. Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury (lead vocals and piano), Brian May (lead guitar and vocals), Roger Taylor (drums and vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar).", "Norman Sheffield companies within the Trident Group, was also the original manager of the British rock band Queen, as well as other acts. Trident invested heavily in the band, while its members were still students at a time when the name of the band provoked shock and proved difficult to promote, and therefore played a major role in breaking them into the mainstream by helping them obtain a contract with EMI Records. The song \"Death on Two Legs\" was written by Freddie Mercury about the band's falling out with Sheffield. Though the song makes no direct reference to him, Sheffield was appalled", "Ian Dury helped on and off stage. Dury died of metastatic colorectal cancer on 27 March 2000, aged 57. An obituary in \"The Guardian\" read: \"one of few true originals of the English music scene\". Meanwhile, he was described by Suggs, the singer of Madness, as \"possibly the finest lyricist we've seen.\" The Ian Dury website opened an online book of condolence shortly after his death, which was signed by hundreds of fans. He was cremated following a humanist funeral at Golders Green Crematorium with 250 mourners at the service, including fellow musicians Suggs and Jools Holland as well as other \"celebrity", "Greg Puciato Greg Puciato Gregory John Puciato (born March 27, 1980) is best known as the lead singer of the disbanded The Dillinger Escape Plan and is currently the lead singer of The Black Queen and Killer Be Killed. He is noted for reckless live performances, wide vocal range, outspoken views, and controversy stemming from his bands' performances and interviews. In the December 2007 issue of \"Revolver\" Puciato was voted one of the \"37 greatest metal frontmen\" of all time. In 2013 he was named number one by MetalSucks in their listing of \"top 25 modern metal frontmen\". Greg Puciato grew up", "Paul Rodgers Rodgers received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. Rodgers has been cited as a significant influence on a number of notable rock singers. In 1991, John Mellencamp called Rodgers \"the best rock singer ever\". Freddie Mercury, the original Queen vocalist, in particular liked Rodgers and his aggressive style. Paul Bernard Rodgers was born in Middlesbrough, England. He played bass for a band named The Roadrunners. Colin Bradley originally had the lead vocal slot, but convinced Paul to sing and front the band as Colin was primarily interested in playing rhythm guitar and his oldest", "2000s (decade) William Mizell (Jam Master Jay) of the hip hop group Run-D.M.C was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens. On December 25, 2006, James Brown – an American recording artist known as the \"Godfather of Soul\" died of pneumonia at the age of 73. On September 12, 2003, Johnny Cash – an American musician known as the \"Man in Black\" died of diabetes at the age of 71. On June 10, 2004, Ray Charles – an American musician best known as one of the pioneers of soul music died of liver failure at the age", "Morgan (band) children's TV series and, more recently, founded the funk band aMIGO; whilst Fisher continued performing, first (briefly) with Third Ear Band then Mott the Hoople and later recording as a solo artist. Maurice Bacon went on to play drums with John Otway and later to manage him and other artists. Bob Sapsed was killed in a road accident in 1985. Staffell's previous band Smile replaced him with Freddie Mercury and went on to massive global success as Queen, who supported Mott the Hoople on their early UK/US tours in 1974. Fisher would play keyboards with Queen on their 1982 Hot", "Guy Pratt concert tour. This led to other engagements including a stint with Pink Floyd. He also spent some time in Los Angeles where he played with Madonna and Michael Jackson. In 1986 the Smiths' bassist Andy Rourke was arrested on drug possession charges shortly before the band was scheduled to leave for its North American tour in support of \"The Queen Is Dead\". Expecting that Rourke would thus be denied work visas for the U.S. and Canada, the band's guitarist, Johnny Marr, asked Pratt to step in. He spent nearly two weeks with Rourke and the band, learning bass lines and", "Freddie Mercury took place on 9 August 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 160,000. With the British national anthem \"God Save the Queen\" playing at the end of the concert, Mercury's final act on stage saw him draped in a robe, holding a golden crown aloft, bidding farewell to the crowd. As a young boy in India, Mercury received formal piano training up to the age of nine. Later on, while living in London, he learned guitar. Much of the music he liked was guitar-oriented: his favourite artists at the time were the Who,", "Freddie Gorman Freddie's independent solo album, \"It's All About My Love\". Ty Hunter died on February 24, 1981, followed by Joe Stubbs on February 5, 1998. He was with the group for about six months in the 1966, as well as a member of The Falcons, The Contours and 100 Proof. C.P. Spencer died from a heart attack on October 20, 2004, and Freddie Gorman died, of lung cancer, on June 13, 2006 at the age of 67. Walter Gaines died January 17, 2012, after a long illness. Dixon is now the only surviving, and active, founding member of the original group.", "Tim Staffell Tim Staffell Timothy John Staffell (born 24 February 1948) is an English rock musician, visual artist, model maker and designer. He was a member of Smile, a band which included guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor. Upon Staffell's departure, Smile were joined by Freddie Mercury and John Deacon to form the band Queen. Staffell was born in Ealing, London, England. He attended Hampton Grammar School and was the singer in a band called the Railroaders when in 1964 he attended a concert where he met fellow Hampton pupil Brian May. They then put together a blues-rock band called '1984'", "Mr. Bad Guy Mr. Bad Guy Mr. Bad Guy is the only solo album from Queen singer, Freddie Mercury. Released in 1985, during a period in which Queen were on hiatus from recordings, it contains eleven songs, all written by him. Mercury drew on disco and dance music influences for the album; this was in contrast to Queen's typically rock-oriented work. The album took nearly two years to record, as Mercury had to gather enough material while committing to band activities. Initially, the album was supposed to feature duets with Mercury and Michael Jackson. They recorded \"There Must Be More to Life Than", "Chris Cornell who might still be alive if he had gotten the help he needed. Two months after Cornell's death, on July 20, 2017, the day that would have been Cornell's 53rd birthday, Chester Bennington, lead singer of Linkin Park, also died by suicide by hanging. Bennington had been a close friend of Cornell's; the two had performed together on occasion and Bennington was godfather to Cornell's son Christopher. Bennington also sang Leonard Cohen's \"Hallelujah\" at Cornell's funeral. Bennington's family and bandmates said he had taken Cornell's death hard. Bennington's Linkin Park bandmate Mike Shinoda said that the singer had been unable", "Rob Halford Dio and Bruce Dickinson, Halford is one of the pioneers of the pseudo-operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time. Halford describes himself as \"a huge Queen fan\" since they began and saw their very early shows. He has called Freddie Mercury, the late lead singer of the band, his \"ultimate hero\" and expressed regret that he never got to know him. As a vocalist, Halford was influenced by Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Janis Joplin and Robert Plant. He was also", "David Hughes (tenor) to do Sunday concerts in theatres all over the UK. His popularity also saw him presenting his show \"Make Mine Music\" with the Midland Light Orchestra on BBC Radio. He was on \"Desert Island Discs\" twice . On 21 May 1956 as a pop singer and on 23 November 1970 as a tenor. On 8 October 1972, he fell ill while singing the part of Pinkerton at the London Coliseum. He collapsed in the wings near the end but managed to complete the final scene. He died the following day, from heart failure. Just before the ambulance men took him", "Neil Brewer as Pat Hutchins died on 7 November 2017 of cancer, and John Cunliffe died on 20 September 2018 from heart failure. Neil Brewer Neil Brewer (born 1954) is a British musician who is best known for being a member of the 1970s rock band Druid and for presenting the last four series of \"Rosie and Jim\". Brewer played the role of a musical narrowboat owner, who while floating along the canals, would make up songs based on the experiences he had. He sang a song at the end of each episode, accompanying himself on the concertina, and sometimes played the", "Queen (band) In January 1997, Queen performed \"The Show Must Go On\" live with Elton John and the Béjart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered, and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon, who chose to retire. The Paris concert was only the second time Queen had played live since Mercury's death, prompting Elton John to urge them to perform again. Brian May and Roger Taylor performed together at several award ceremonies and charity concerts, sharing vocals with various guest singers. During this time, they were billed as \"Queen +\" followed by the guest singer's", "Bing Crosby the stage into an orchestra pit, rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month in the hospital. His first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977 (the day singer Elvis Presley died); when the power went out during his performance, he continued singing without amplification. In September, Crosby, his family and singer Rosemary Clooney began a concert tour of Britain that included two weeks at the London Palladium. While in the UK, Crosby recorded his final album, \"Seasons\", and his final TV Christmas special with guest David Bowie on September 11 (which aired", "Stage diving stage diving has become common at hardcore punk and thrash metal performances. Stage diving has occasionally caused serious injuries. One example is when Peter Gabriel of Genesis at the Friars club in Aylesbury on June 19th 1971 stage dived during the end of their song \"The Knife\", landing on his foot, thus spraining his ankle. On 20 August 2010, Charles Haddon, the lead singer of English synthpop band Ou Est Le Swimming Pool, died after a performance at Pukkelpop, Belgium. He committed suicide by jumping from a telecommunications mast in the backstage artists' parking area. Haddon was reported to have", "Bob Geldof with other artists, such as David Gilmour and Thin Lizzy. A performance of \"Comfortably Numb\" with Gilmour is documented in the 2002 DVD \"David Gilmour in Concert\". In 1992, he performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with the surviving members of Queen at the old Wembley Stadium, singing a song he jokingly claimed to have co-written with Mercury, called \"Too Late God\". The song was actually co-written by Karl Hyde. Geldof has also worked as a DJ for XFM radio. In 1998, he erroneously announced Ian Dury's death from cancer, possibly due to hoax information from a listener who", "Queen Forever on 23 May 2014 at the Hay Festival. It is the first Queen album to feature unreleased material from Mercury (who died from complications related to AIDS in November 1991) since the 1995 album \"Made in Heaven\" and Deacon (who retired from the music business in 1997) since the 1997 compilation album \"Queen Rocks\". The album was released by Hollywood Records in the United States on 10 November 2014. Brian May said most of the material \"comes from the 80s, when we were in full flight. It is quite emotional. It is the big, big ballads and the big, big", "Queen (band) with Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee. As part of the Jubilee celebrations, Brian May performed a guitar solo of \"God Save the Queen\", as featured on Queen's \"A Night at the Opera\", from the roof of Buckingham Palace. The recording of this performance was used as video for the song on the 30th Anniversary DVD edition of \"A Night at the Opera\". Following the Las Vegas premiere on 8 September 2004, Queen were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk in Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles. The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre,", "Freddie Mercury for HIV. Despite the denials, the British press pursued the rumours over the next few years, fuelled by Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance, Queen's absence from touring, and reports from former lovers to various tabloid journals. By 1990, the rumours about Mercury's health were rife. At the 1990 Brit Awards held at the Dominion Theatre, London, on 18 February, a visibly frail Mercury made his final appearance on stage when he joined the rest of Queen to collect the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Towards the end of his life, he was routinely stalked by photographers, while \"The Sun\"", "1990s saw the death of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury from AIDS-related pneumonia. Contemporary R&B and quiet storm continued in popularity among adult audiences, which began during the 1980s. Popular American contemporary R&B artists included Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, D'Angelo, Lauryn Hill, Whitney Houston, Brandy, Sade, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child, Toni Braxton, Boyz II Men, Dru Hill, and Vanessa L. Williams. The Tibetan Freedom Concert brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China. Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain, Selena, Tupac Shakur, and The Notorious B.I.G. are the most publicized music-related deaths of the", "Queen II Tour Queen II Tour The Queen II Tour was a concert tour by British rock group Queen to promote their 1974 album \"Queen II\". It was the second major tour by the group and started only a month and a half after the end of the Queen I Tour. The band visited major cities in the UK and also went on to tour the United States, supporting Mott the Hoople. The band had to cancel all other concerts after 12 May 1974 as guitarist Brian May contracted hepatitis. In March the band commenced a UK tour to promote their new album", "Keith Richards ash-snorting anecdote was true. Musician Jay Farrar from the band Son Volt wrote a song titled 'Cocaine And Ashes', which was inspired by Richards' drug habits. The incident was also referenced in the 2017 song \"Mr Charisma\" by The Waterboys, featuring the lyrics: \"\"Hey Mr Charisma, what will your next trick be? Slagging Sgt Pepper, snorting your old man's bones, or falling out of a tree?\"\" Doris Richards, Richards' mother, died of cancer at age 91 in England on 21 April 2007. An official statement released by a family representative stated that Richards kept a vigil by her bedside during", "There Must Be More to Life Than This There Must Be More to Life Than This \"There Must Be More to Life Than This\" is the eighth track on Queen singer Freddie Mercury's debut solo album \"Mr. Bad Guy\", released on 29 April 1985 by Columbia Records. The song was originally recorded by Queen for 1982's \"Hot Space\", but failed to make the final version of the album. It was previously recorded as a duet between Mercury and Michael Jackson, along with two other songs: \"State of Shock\" (later reworked with Mick Jagger for a version by The Jacksons) and \"Victory\" (which remains unreleased). After Michael Jackson's death", "One More Light World Tour stated: \"Our fans know how much love we put into our live show. They know how much we enjoy the connection when we play a fan favorite on stage. The emotional and sonic content of this new batch of songs is going to bring a whole new dimension to the show.\" On July 20, 2017, Chester Bennington died by suicide inside his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California. His final performance with the band was on July 6 at the Barclaycard Arena in Birmingham, England. Due to his death, the status of the remaining tour dates was placed into question." ]

[ 11.828125 ]

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[ "Early capture of design and manufacturing knowledge was the result of best practices." ]

[ "Leading commercial companies still struggle with these problems and have found no solution as of yet.", "The old couple jogs down the path.", "He has been doing it thus far and that made Drew unhappy.", "You cannot go shopping for clothing or jewelery here", "John closed the door behind us as we entered his study.", "The band performs.", "Then what happened?" ]

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[ "Have you ever heard of Pfeiffer Rim?" ]

[ "We want to do a three day weekend at the Grand Canyon.", "A group of men are shopping for Valentine's Day.", "There are blackhorns.", "I stood in the center of the room with a look of relief on my face.", "A human being wears blue.", "People are swimming.", "The man is drinking a beer in a pub." ]

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[ "A girl jumps into the lake." ]

[ "The girl was asleep in her bed.", "I think so.", "Women are competing in a contest.", "The four punctures eerily evoked a guitar.", "The man who had waylaid them was at the foot of the steps.", "A motorcycle gang hangs out in a bar at night", "Our car industry would have been just find regardless if we had help or not." ]

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[ "Barbadians Barbadians Barbadians, or Bajans, are the people who are identified with the country of Barbados, be it the citizens of the country or their descendants in the Barbadian diaspora. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural. For most Barbadians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their identity. Barbadians are a multi-ethnic and multicultural society of various different ethnic, religious and national origins. Many Barbadians now live overseas and outside of Barbados; the majority have migrated to Anglophone countries, including 37,780 Barbadians in Canada, some 19,000 in the United Kingdom, around 65,000" ]

[ "Culture of Barbados Culture of Barbados The culture of Barbados is a blend of West African and British cultures present in Barbados. English is the official language of the nation, reflecting centuries of British influence, but the Bajan dialect in which it is spoken is an iconic part of the Barbadian culture. This dialect is a combination of the languages from the different inhabitants in its history. The island's British influence stretches back almost 400 years to 1625, when Captain John Powell claimed it in the name of King James I. The first British colonists arrived two years later, founding a settlement of", "Barbadian nationality law Barbadian nationality law The Barbadian nationality law is governed by both the Barbados Citizenship Act and the Barbados Constitution. Section 4 of the Constitution of Barbados defines citizens of Barbados as \"Every person born in Barbados after the 29th November 1966.\" The only exceptions are persons born on Barbadian soil whose parents possess diplomatic immunity and are not Barbadian citizens as well as children of enemy occupiers of Barbadian soil, or if neither parent is a citizen of Barbados (except in certain situations of statelessness for the child if the mother is a Barbadian citizen, or a UK/Colonies citizen if", "Redleg Redleg Redleg is a term used to refer to poor whites that live on Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada and a few other Caribbean islands. Their forebears came from Ireland, Scotland and the West of England. According to folk etymology, the name is derived from the effects of the tropical sun on their fair-skinned legs (AKA sunburn). However, the term \"Redlegs\" and its variants were also in use for Irish soldiers of the same sort as those later transported to Barbados by the English. The variant \"Red-shankes\" is recorded as early as the 16th century by Edmund Spenser in his dialogue", "Mighty Gabby in a service at the Sons of God Apostolic Spiritual Baptist Church in Ealing Grove, Christ Church, Barbados. Gabby, who had recently visited Nigeria, was given the name Omowale, which means \"our son has returned\". The service was also to coincide with the United Nations designated Black Civilisation Day. Gabby is regarded as the \"foremost folk singer in Barbados\". Mighty Gabby Anthony Carter (born 30 March 1948), better known as Mighty Gabby or simply Gabby, is a Barbadian calypsonian and folk singer, and a Cultural Ambassador for the island of Barbados. Born in Emmerton, Carter was given the nickname \"Gabby\"", "Barbados–United Kingdom relations a voyage from Brazil, Captain John Powell claimed Barbados in the name of England in 1625. Upon returning to England, his employer Sir William Courteen instructed John Powell to return to Barbados with settlers. John Powell's ship returned to England having not successfully located the island. A second voyage then led by (sibling) Captain Henry Powell in 1627 was successful. A group of 80 English settlers (along with 12 African slaves captured from the Spanish-at sea), established the first permanent European settlement on the island of Barbados on 17 February 1627 at present-day town of Holetown, Saint James. Barbados was", "Redleg and brothels that serve the wealthier blacks. Redleg Redleg is a term used to refer to poor whites that live on Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada and a few other Caribbean islands. Their forebears came from Ireland, Scotland and the West of England. According to folk etymology, the name is derived from the effects of the tropical sun on their fair-skinned legs (AKA sunburn). However, the term \"Redlegs\" and its variants were also in use for Irish soldiers of the same sort as those later transported to Barbados by the English. The variant \"Red-shankes\" is recorded as early as the 16th", "Kaiso early kaisos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a chantwell. Kaiso songs are generally narrative in form and often have a cleverly concealed political subtext. Kaiso performers are known as kaisonians. In Barbados, \"kaiso\" refers to a form of stage-presented calypso, such as at the crop over festival. The term \"kaiso\" is said to derive from a Ibibio/Efik word used as an exclamation of approval, such as \"Bravo!\" The word is often used synonymously with calypso today, but often with the connotation that the former is more authentic, showing approval consistent with its original meaning. The Ibibio", "Bajan Creole Bajan Creole Bajan () or Barbadian English is an English-based creole language with African influences spoken on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Bajan is primarily a spoken language, meaning that in general, standard English is used in print, in the media, in the judicial system, in government, and in day-to-day business, while Bajan is reserved for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary. Ethnologue estimates that Barbados has around 1,000 people who use English as their main language and 286,000 people who use Bajan as their main language. Bajan is the Caribbean creole with grammar that most resembles", "Queen's Personal Barbadian Flag Queen's Personal Barbadian Flag The Queen's Personal Barbadian Flag is the personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of Barbados. The flag was approved for use in the 1970s and is only used by the Queen when she is in Barbados, or attending an event abroad in her role as head of state of Barbados. The Queen's representative, the Governor-General of Barbados has her own flag . The Queen's flag in banner form: The flag consists centrally of a bearded fig tree, a long established symbol of the island of Barbados and the national flower the", "Barbados its men took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and it became an English and later British colony. As a wealthy sugar colony, it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807, with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833. On 30 November 1966, Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth realm with the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as hereditary head of state. It has a population of people, predominantly", "United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean The Ambassador of the United States to Barbados, the Eastern Caribbean, and the OECS is the official title of the U.S. Ambassador to several island nations of the Caribbean. The ambassador concurrently represents the United States to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The ambassador is resident at the U.S. Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados and is also accredited to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Larry Leon Palmer, a former ambassador to Honduras, was appointed to the post", "Monarchy of Barbados Monarchy of Barbados The Monarchy of Barbados is the core of the country's Westminster style parliamentary democracy, being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. The current Barbadian monarch and head of state, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II. As the sovereign, she is the personal embodiment of the Barbadian Crown. Although the person of the sovereign is equally shared with 15 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled \"Queen of Barbados\" and, in this", "Richard B. Moore Richard B. Moore Richard Benjamin Moore (9 August 1893 – 1978) was a Barbados-born African-Caribbean civil rights activist and prominent Socialist. He was also one of the earlier advocates of the term African American as opposed to Negro, or \"black\". Richard Benjamin Moore was a Barbadian writer born on 9 August 1893 in Barbados, West Indies, to Richard Henry Moore and Josephine Thorne Moore. In Barbados, the Richard Henry and Josephine Moore family was considered middle-class in terms of socioeconomic status. Richard Henry Moore was the moneymaker of the family, working as a preacher and building contractor in Barbados. Unfortunately,", "Barbadian nationality law Chapter II, section 3.2.), may also apply for registration and be registered as Barbadian citizens, as determined at the Government Minister's discretion. Non-Commonwealth citizens may apply to the Minister for naturalization if they fulfill certain requirements, such as residing in Barbados for 5 of the 7 years prior to the application and all 12 .onths prior to the application (or any 12 continuous months within 6 months of the application, contingent upon the Minister's approval) and intends to reside in Barbados thereafter and swears allegiance to the Queen of Barbados. Section 9 of the constitution allows parliament to make \"provision\"", "Governor-General of Barbados Governor-General of Barbados The Governor-General of Barbados is the representative of the Barbadian monarch (presently Queen Elizabeth II). Under the government's Table of Precedence for Barbados, the Governor-General of Barbados is regarded as being the most important of all personnel of the Barbados government. The office is accorded legitimacy by Chapter IV of the Constitution of Barbados. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Barbados. The Governor-General exercises executive powers and who assents to bills in the monarch's name before they can become promulgated into law. The Barbados constitution limits the powers", "Mighty Gabby Mighty Gabby Anthony Carter (born 30 March 1948), better known as Mighty Gabby or simply Gabby, is a Barbadian calypsonian and folk singer, and a Cultural Ambassador for the island of Barbados. Born in Emmerton, Carter was given the nickname \"Gabby\" as a child, and first had success as a calypsonian in 1968, when his \"Heart Transplant\" won him the title of Barbados Calypso Monarch. He won the title again in 1969 with \"Family Planning\", Rather than build on this success, he instead concentrated on acting for the next few years, joining the Barbados Theater Workshop and composing much of", "Barrington Yearwood Barrington Yearwood Barrington Bjorn Beckenbauer Yearwood (born 18 August 1986) is a Barbadian cricketer, similar in his short build to West Indies international Tino Best. Yearwood has been described as \"fabulously named\" by the \"Daily Mail\". Yearwood caught the eye in August 2003 when he took 7/37 for Barbados Under-19s against their Leeward Islands equivalents in the TCL Regional Under 19 Challenge; his captain Martin Nurse said that Yearwood had bowled with both pace and swing, and had bowled \"very, very well\"; while Yearwood himself said that he had \"big goals\" he wanted to achieve. He made his debut in", "Redleg on the current condition of Ireland. In addition to \"Redlegs\", the term underwent extensive progression in Barbados and the following terms were also used: \"Redshanks\", \"Poor whites\", \"Poor Backra\", \"Backra Johnny\", \"Ecky-Becky\", \"Poor Backward Johnnie\", \"Poor whites from below the hill\", \"Edey white mice\" or \"Beck-e Neck\" (Baked-neck). Historically everything besides \"poor whites\" was used as derogatory insults. Many of the Redlegs' ancestors were forcibly transported by Oliver Cromwell consequent to his Conquest of Ireland. Others had originally arrived on Barbados in the early to mid-17th century as indentured servants. Small groups of Germans and Portuguese were also imported as", "Barbados of African descent. Despite being classified as an Atlantic island, Barbados is considered to be a part of the Caribbean, where it is ranked as a leading tourist destination. Forty percent of the tourists come from the UK, with the US and Canada making up the next large groups of visitors to the island. The name \"Barbados\" is from either the Portuguese term \"Os Barbados\" or the Spanish equivalent, \"Los\" \"Barbados\", both meaning \"the bearded ones\". It is unclear whether \"bearded\" refers to the long, hanging roots of the bearded fig-tree (\"Ficus citrifolia\"), indigenous to the island, or to the", "High Commission of Canada in Barbados and consular services to residents and visitors to and from Canada. Additionally, the High Commissioner also serves as the honorary leader of the non-profit \"Canada Barbados Business Association\" (CCBA) organisation and a liaison for Canada to the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB). The current resident High Commissioner from Canada stationed in Bridgetown is Marie Legault, who has a long career in international diplomacy. The office of the High Commissioner also works with the 3,000-4,000 registered Canadian permanent residents who reside in Barbados. Canadian immigration services were moved from Barbados to Trinidad in recent years for the purposes of cost savings. This", "Barbadian British result of this close bond between the two nations is that the UK proves the most popular destination for Barbadian emigrants who then find it much easier to settle into society than many other English and non-English speaking immigrant groups. Leading on from British colonial rule in Barbados, one of the island nation's most popular pastimes is playing cricket (a sport introduced and still played by the British). The culture of the Barbadian community in the UK is also heavily influenced by West African cultures, due to traditions dating back to the slave trade generation. The music of Barbados is", "Irish immigration to Barbados are characterized by anomalies and difficulties to survive on the island. Irish immigration to Barbados Irish immigration to Barbados dates back to the 1620s, when Irish people began arriving on the island. The majority were emigrants, indentures, and merchants, though with an unknown number of political and convict transportees during the 1650s The Irish settled in Barbados with the English from the 1620s, as emigrants, merchants and indentured servants. While Irish indentured servants are often conflated with African chattel slaves (see Irish slaves myth), this is incorrect, as chattel slavery was a different legal category based on race, and did", "United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean in 2012. For the individual posts, see: United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean The Ambassador of the United States to Barbados, the Eastern Caribbean, and the OECS is the official title of the U.S. Ambassador to several island nations of the Caribbean. The ambassador concurrently represents the United States to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The ambassador is resident at the U.S. Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados and is also accredited to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Larry Leon Palmer, a former ambassador", "Irish people this hypothesis, Quinn explains phenotypical similarities between the \"Atlantean Irish\" and the populations of Iberia and the Berbers. Quinn's Atlantean thesis has not been accepted by the Irish academic establishment, who have criticised it is as non-scholarly and lacking hard evidence to back his theories. Afro-Caribbean people descended from Irish settlers in the Caribbean, especially those on Barbados and Montserrat, are referred to as \"Black Irish\". The people concerned often have Irish surnames, speak a form of Caribbean English influenced by the Irish vernacular and, in some cases, sing Irish songs. One Roman historian records that the Irish people were", "Barbados Saint Martin, and Barbados. It was introduced to the West Indies in the late 17th century when slave trade ships travelled to the Caribbean from West Africa. The 2010 national census conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service reported a resident population of 277,821, of which 133,018 were male and 144,803 were female. The life expectancy for Barbados residents is 74 years. The average life expectancy is 72 years for males and 77 years for females (2005). Barbados and Japan have the highest per capita occurrences of centenarians in the world. The crude birth rate is 12.23 births per 1,000 people,", "Samuel Fraunces Fraunces Tavern\" (1985): \"Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known references where Fraunces was described as a black man\" during his lifetime. There is a tradition that Fraunces was of French ancestry and came from the West Indies. There are claims that he was born in Jamaica, Haiti, Martinique, and the possibility that he was related to a Fraunces family in Barbados. Although his surname implies that he was of French extraction, there is no evidence that he spoke with a French accent. There is also no record of where he learned his skills as a", "Visa policy of Barbados Barbados for 12 hours, except for nationals of Algeria and Morocco, who must obtain a transit visa. Visa policy of Barbados Visitors to Barbados must obtain a visa at one of the Barbadian diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries. Holders of passports issued by the following countries and territories do not require a visa to visit Barbados: In addition, nationals of holding a Titre de Voyage issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa for stays of up to 28 days. Holders of diplomatic or service/official passports issued to nationals of Haiti", "Demographics of Barbados Demographics of Barbados This article is about the demographics of Barbados, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. At the 2010 census Barbados had an estimated population of 277,821. The tabulated population was only 226,193 due to a high undercount (estimated at 18%). The estimated population of is (). The population of Barbados is predominantly black (92.4%) or mixed (3.1%). 2.7% of the population is white and 1.3% South Asian. The remaining 0.4% of the population includes East Asians (0.1%) and Middle Easterners (0.1%). English is the", "Barbados–Guyana relations Barbados–Guyana relations Barbados–Guyana relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Barbados and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana. The former maintains non-resident diplomatic representation from Bridgetown, while Guyana which prior had a High Commissioner to Barbados appointed its first resident Consul-General, Michael Brotherson to Bridgetown in January 2012. The relations between Guyana and Barbados began while both were part of the British Empire. Shorty after Great Britain secured (then British Guiana) from the Dutch, waves of migrants were encouraged to move and settle the new expansive area. Barbados was one such location where large numbers of migrants came from.", "Buxton, Guyana Hector John, Webster Ogle, Chance Bacchus and James Rodney Sr, leading to riots. After the governor refused to hear the complaints of the delegations from Buxton, six village leaders set sail for England to air their grievances to the Queen. After arriving in Barbados, the Barbadian governor met with the delegation and advised his counterpart to absolve their properties of tax duties. This betrayal upset the other villagers, it also threatened the wellbeing of the members of the delegation who claimed they were not aware of the contents of the letter. In another effort to settle this dispute, some villagers", "Vehicle registration plates of Barbados outside Barbados is 'BDS'. Owners may use white on black plates, front and rear, or black on white (front) and yellow(rear). Vehicle registration plates of Barbados Barbadian Vehicle registration plates consist of letters and numbers. The Barbados Licensing Authority issues licence plates to all new motor vehicle owners. Each licence plate has one or two letters which represents the part of the island which the vehicle's owner resides or previously resided at the time the vehicle was registered. The first part consists of one or two letters which determine the part of the island the registration is from, or category", "Barbados Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown. Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Amerindians, Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown. It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese visited the island in 1536, but they left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the \"Olive Blossom\", arrived in Barbados in 1625;", "Culture of Barbados pickled pork dish), black pudding, macaroni pie, and sweet desserts such as tamarind balls and baked custard. Food sold by street vendors is popular on the island, and key locations include Baxter's Road near Bridgetown, and Oistins, with its Friday Night Fish Fry. Culture of Barbados The culture of Barbados is a blend of West African and British cultures present in Barbados. English is the official language of the nation, reflecting centuries of British influence, but the Bajan dialect in which it is spoken is an iconic part of the Barbadian culture. This dialect is a combination of the languages", "Barbados Barbados Barbados ( or ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America. It is in length and up to in width, covering an area of . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 13°N of the equator. It is about east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and north-east of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Visa policy of Barbados Visa policy of Barbados Visitors to Barbados must obtain a visa at one of the Barbadian diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries. Holders of passports issued by the following countries and territories do not require a visa to visit Barbados: In addition, nationals of holding a Titre de Voyage issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa for stays of up to 28 days. Holders of diplomatic or service/official passports issued to nationals of Haiti do not require a visa for Barbados. Holders of passports issued by any country can transit through", "Governor-General of Barbados to act entirely on his/her own discretion. The Governor-General of Barbados also chairs the Privy Council of Barbados. On 30 November 1966, Barbados achieved independence from Britain. According to the First Schedule section of the Constitution of Barbados, the official Oath of office for the Governor-General of Barbados is as follows: Governor-General of Barbados The Governor-General of Barbados is the representative of the Barbadian monarch (presently Queen Elizabeth II). Under the government's Table of Precedence for Barbados, the Governor-General of Barbados is regarded as being the most important of all personnel of the Barbados government. The office is accorded legitimacy", "Linda Swartz Taglialatela Linda Swartz Taglialatela Linda Swartz Taglialatela (born October 22, 1949) is a diplomat and United States Ambassador to Barbados, the Eastern Caribbean and the OECS. She was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate on December 9, 2015. On February 1, 2016, she presented her credentials to Sir Elliott Belgrave, Governor-General of Barbados. Taglialatela was born Linda Swartz to Anne and Leon E. Swartz, a veteran and I.B.M. employee. She grew up in Broome County, New York. In 1967 she graduated from Vestal High School. She completed her undergraduate studies in 1971 at the State University of New", "Monarchies in the Americas British Crown's authority in the British West Indies, and then, after an attempt in 1958 at a federation with other West Indian colonies, continued as a self-governing colony until, on 30 November 1966, the country gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly formed monarchy of Barbados. The monarch is represented in the country by the Governor-General of Barbados, Sir Elliott Belgrave. In 1966, Elizabeth's cousin, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, opened the second session of the first parliament of the newly established country, before the Queen herself, along with", "Barbados Postal Service Barbados Postal Service The Barbados Postal Service (B.P.S.) is the national postal operator of Barbados and operates as a department within the Government of Barbados where it reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Barbados Postal Service (B.P.S.) is headed by the Postmaster General: Margaret Ashby, who is responsible for maintaining the island’s postal services, subject to the laws of the island. In 1852, the Postal services for Barbados were reconstituted following the passage of local legislation enabling the delivery of inland postage. As under the \"Post Office Act\" the postal service is empowered to process express mail and", "Garfield Sobers forthcoming for Sobers. The award was originally intended to be made in the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours, but since there was a royal visit to Barbados planned for February 1975, it was moved forward to the New Year list so that Sobers could be knighted by the Queen in person during the visit. The very short turnaround between the decision to make the award and its announcement meant that the Governor-General of Barbados was not informed of the award before the public announcement, which caused some hurt feelings between London and Bridgetown. He was the subject of \"This Is Your", "Barbadian British the Caribbean to the UK which saw 550,000 people migrate between 1948 and 1973, with the majority doing so before the passing of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. They were recruited to fill labour shortages in the UK in sectors such as transport and healthcare. Migration from Barbados to the UK between 1951 and 1971 represented 12 per cent of the population of Barbados. According to the 2001 UK Census, 21,601 people born in Barbados were living in the United Kingdom, representing around 8 per cent of all Caribbean-born people living in the country. In 2001, Barbados was the second", "Coromantee 1816 in Barbados, also known as the Bussa's Rebellion, was led by an enslaved man by the name of Bussa. Not much is known about his life prior to the revolt; scholars today are currently in dispute over his possible origins. It is highly likely that Bussa was a Coromantee, yet there is also reasonable speculation that he may have descended from the Igbo peoples of modern-day south-eastern Nigeria. It is also possible that Bussa had both ancestries, since slaves imported prior to the rebellion (mid- to late 16th-century shift in colonial demand for enslaved Africans from the Slave Coast)", "Barbados bullfinch Barbados bullfinch The Barbados bullfinch (\"Loxigilla barbadensis\") is a seedeater bird that is found only on the Caribbean island-nation of Barbados, where it is the only endemic bird species. The Barbados bullfinch was previously considered a subspecies of the Lesser Antillean bullfinch (\"Loxigilla noctis\"), which is found on neighboring islands. Despite the misleading nature of its name, the Barbados bullfinch is not a bullfinch at all but a seedeater. The bird is known locally as a Sparrow. The Barbados bullfinch is a small bird, 14–15 cm (5.5–6 in). The upperparts are a dark olive-grey, the wings are mostly brown, underparts", "Irish immigration to Barbados Irish immigration to Barbados Irish immigration to Barbados dates back to the 1620s, when Irish people began arriving on the island. The majority were emigrants, indentures, and merchants, though with an unknown number of political and convict transportees during the 1650s The Irish settled in Barbados with the English from the 1620s, as emigrants, merchants and indentured servants. While Irish indentured servants are often conflated with African chattel slaves (see Irish slaves myth), this is incorrect, as chattel slavery was a different legal category based on race, and did not cease after a period of time (usually 7 years). Though", "Barbados–Guyana relations of Guyana. both nations also explored an initiative of twinning in the hospitality and tourism sector as well as an arrangement for joint collaboration in the overlapping maritime EEZ between both nations. Barbados–Guyana relations Barbados–Guyana relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Barbados and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana. The former maintains non-resident diplomatic representation from Bridgetown, while Guyana which prior had a High Commissioner to Barbados appointed its first resident Consul-General, Michael Brotherson to Bridgetown in January 2012. The relations between Guyana and Barbados began while both were part of the British Empire. Shorty after Great Britain", "Bajan Creole Igbo language. Bajan Creole Bajan () or Barbadian English is an English-based creole language with African influences spoken on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Bajan is primarily a spoken language, meaning that in general, standard English is used in print, in the media, in the judicial system, in government, and in day-to-day business, while Bajan is reserved for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary. Ethnologue estimates that Barbados has around 1,000 people who use English as their main language and 286,000 people who use Bajan as their main language. Bajan is the Caribbean creole with grammar that", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines language is English. The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named \"Youloumain\" by the native Island Caribs who called themselves Kalina/Carina (\"l\" and \"r\" being pronounced the same in their language). The Caribs aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent until 1719. Prior to this, formerly enslaved Africans, who had either been shipwrecked or who had escaped from Barbados, Saint Lucia and Grenada and sought refuge in mainland Saint Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became known as Black Caribs or Garifuna. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. Following a series of wars and", "Bridgetown swamp at the centre of Bridgetown. It was thought that this bridge was created by a people indigenous to the Caribbean known as the Tainos. Upon finding the structure, the British settlers began to call what is now the Bridgetown area \"Indian Bridge\". Scholars widely believe that the Tainos were driven from Barbados to the neighbouring island of Saint Lucia, during an invasion by the Kalinagos, another indigenous people of the region. Eventually after 1654 when a new bridge was constructed over the Careenage by the British, the area became known as \"The Town of Saint Michael\" and later as", "The Honourable Persons appointed to Her Majesty's Privy Council in London are styled \"The Right Honourable\". Persons accorded with the Order of Barbados are styled \"Sir\" (male), or \"Dame\" (female) as a Knight or Dame of St Andrew; or \"The Honourable\" as Companion of Honour. Persons made a National Hero of Barbados are styled \"The Right Excellent\". In Puerto Rico, much like the continental United States, the term \"Honorable\" (in Spanish) is used, but not required by law, to address Puerto Rican governors as well as city mayors, members of state and municipal legislatures, judges and property registrars, as well as when", "Culture of Barbados reflected as an essential part of Barbados' culture. The most popular sport in Barbados, its cricket team has won numerous regional titles. Many players on the team go on to greater success on the West Indies team to compete in international games. One of the most highly regarded cricket players of all time, Sir Garfield Sobers, is a Barbados native. The country's architecture pays further establishment testament to Britain, with many historic buildings still standing. In addition to traditional wood and stone, coral was also used in construction, lending a unique Barbadian flair. Jacobean, Georgian, and Victorian styles dominate. But", "Black British Black British Black British people are British citizens of black origins or heritage, including those of African-Caribbean (sometimes called \"Afro-Caribbean\") background and may include people with mixed ancestry. The term has been used from the 1950s, mainly to refer to Black people from former British colonies in the West Indies (i.e., the New Commonwealth) and Africa, who are residents of the United Kingdom and who consider themselves British. The term black has historically had a number of applications as a racial and political label and may be used in a wider sociopolitical context to encompass a broader range of non-European", "Governor-General of Barbados of the Governor-General (known as a constitutional monarchy system of governance). This effectively limits the powers of the Queen, as it does the Governor-General, who, in most instances, exercises authority on the advice of the prime minister or other persons or bodies within Barbados. The Office of the Governor-General was established when Barbados gained independence in 1966. Since the settlement of Barbados by the British, Barbados has had 68 Governors and subsequently 8 Governors-General. The Queen, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoints a Governor-General to be her representative in Barbados. Both the Queen and the Governor-General hold much", "Monarchy of Barbados the Royal Prerogative, no parliamentary approval is required. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of Barbados; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The governor-general, on behalf of the Queen, also accredits Barbadian High Commissioners and ambassadors and receives diplomats from foreign states. In addition, the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative and, as such, all Barbadian passports are issued in the monarch's name. The sovereign, along with the Senate and the House of Assembly, is one of the three components of parliament, called the \"Queen-in-Parliament\". The authority of the Crown therein is embodied", "Fred Trueman nicknamed him \"\"Mr Bumper Man\" and someone wrote a calypso about him that was based on the sea shanty \"Drunken Sailor\". He fell foul of off-field incidents too, including one in which he and Tony Lock were blamed for something done by Denis Compton who, as the \"golden boy\" of English cricket, was effectively beyond reproach. It was while the team was in Barbados that one of the most repeated \"Trueman stories\" is said to have originated, although it is almost certainly apocryphal. At a dinner, Trueman is said to have ordered a local dignitary, apparently the Indian High Commissioner:", "Commonwealth realm in each realm considered separately. However, though the monarchy is therefore no longer an exclusively British institution, having become \"domesticated\" in each of the realms, it may in the media and legal fields often still be elaborated as the \"British Crown\" for reasons historical, of convenience, or political, regardless of the different, specific, and official national titles and terms used when addressing the Queen of the citizenry in each jurisdiction. For example, in Barbados the Queen is titled as \"Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados\", or simply the \"Queen of Barbados\", with her full title making mention of her position as", "Cabinet of Barbados Cabinet of Barbados The Cabinet, formally Her Majesty’s Barbados Ministers, are individuals of Barbados which execute the duties of the Government of Barbados. Under a Westminster system of governance, these powers are vested nominally in Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (represented by the Governor-General), but are exercised in practice by a Cabinet of Ministers, presided over by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Governor-General: the Governor-General must appoint as Prime Minister someone who can control a majority of votes in the House of Assembly. In practice, this is normally the leader of the largest political", "High Commission of Canada in Barbados means that all Caribbean people applying to immigrate to Canada from islands surrounding Barbados must apply through the office in Port of Spain, Trinidad. In 2011 the High Commission investigated relocating as it was believed it might have been built above a subterranean cave. High Commission of Canada in Barbados The High Commission of Canada in Barbados () is Canada's main diplomatic mission to Barbados. The exact location is Bishop's Hill Court in Bridgetown, St. Michael. The auspices of the High Commission to Barbados also include issues involving the neighbouring Eastern Caribbean islands of Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint", "Government of Barbados is the legal system through which punishments are handed out to individuals who break the law. The Judiciary also settles disputes. The Functions of The judiciary: °To Enforce Laws °To interpret Laws °To conduct court hearings °To hear court appeals The local court system of Barbados is made up of: Transparency International ranked Barbados as 17th place (of 179) in the world on its Corruption Perceptions Index in 2010, with only one nation scoring better in the Americas. () Government of Barbados The Government of Barbados (GoB), is symbolically headed by the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State.", "Languages of the Caribbean described in terms of this continuum. Papiamento, spoken on the so-called 'ABC' islands (Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao), shows traces of both indigenous languages and Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch lexicons.). In Jamaica , though generally English speaking island, a patois, often called \"patwa\" drawing on a multitude of influences including Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, Arawak and African languages as well as Irish. In Barbados, a dialect often known as \"bajan\" have influences from West Africa languages can be heard on a regular day basis. Contact between French- and English-lexified creoles is fairly common in the Lesser Antilles (apart from Saint Lucia), and", "Embassy of Barbados in Washington, D.C. Embassy of Barbados in Washington, D.C. The Embassy of Barbados in Washington, D.C. is the primary diplomatic mission of Barbados to the United States of America, and the Organisation of American States (OAS). It is maintained by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Barbados. The present Ambassador is Noel Anderson Lynch, appointed on October 1, 2018, who replaced Selwin Charles Hart. It is located to the East of the official Embassy Row area at 2144 Wyoming Avenue N.W. in Washington, D.C.'s Kalorama neighborhood. The embassy also operates two Consulates-General in: Miami and New York City; a Permanent Mission to the", "Foreign relations of Barbados Kosovo. Foreign relations of Barbados This article deals with the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Barbados. At the political level, these matters are officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which answers to the Prime Minister. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, since November 2008 is: Senator The Hon. Maxine McClean. Barbados is a moderate political and economic power in the Caribbean region. Between independence in 1966 and the 1990s, Barbados has used a pro business and investment policy to expand its influence in the world. Through the usage of its network of international bilateral relations, the", "Barbados–France relations Barbados–France relations Barbadian-French relations are the bilateral relations between the two countries, Barbados and France. Both countries have established diplomatic relations on May 3, 1968. Barbados is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). France is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Castries (Saint Lucia), led by and an additional honorary consulate in Bridgetown. The bilateral relations and trade between the two nations remain modest. In 2006, France exported to Barbados mainly: electrical equipment, wood, paper, and cardboard products. Barbados also has trade with France's territories in the Caribbean, such as Guadeloupe and Martinique. The Government of", "Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations Commissioner to the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations describe relations between the governments of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados. Barbados maintains non-resident representation to Port of Spain, and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago maintains non-resident representation to Bridgetown. Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago formally established diplomatic relations on Barbados' national date of independence 30 November 1966. Both countries are members of many shared organisations including: The Association of Caribbean States, the Commonwealth of Nations, CARICOM, CARIFORUM, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Early bilateral interactions", "Senate of Barbados must be a Barbadian citizen of at least 21 years of age who has resided in the country for the past twelve months. A person is ineligible for appointment if they are in bankruptcy, have a mental illness, hold an allegiance to a foreign state, have a capital punishment sentence, have been in prison for a time exceeding six months, or have been convicted of a crime involving electoral fraud, treason, or other dishonourable acts. Furthermore, a Senator cannot also serve as a civil servant, a member of the armed forces or police, a judge, a public prosecutor, a controller,", "Postage stamps and postal history of Barbados the mail until 1745 when a service, based on Dummer's original plans, was reintroduced by the Post Office. Postal markings first appeared on mail from Barbados in the 1760s. At the time the name of the colony was spelt ‘Barbadoes’, this lasted till about 1850. The British Post Office was responsible for the internal postal system until 1 August 1851 when it was handed over to the Barbados Legislature. The British continued to operate the Packet Agency, for overseas mail, till 1858. So during this period, 1851 to 1858, there were 2 separate Post Offices on the island. Unlike several", "Immigration to Barbados Indians, Europeans, and a small community of Asians and Middle Easterners (Lebanese and Syrians) developed their own communities in Barbados in the late 20th century. In April 2012 the Prime Minister of Barbados held the first official new citizens ceremony at the Llyod Erskine Sandiford Centre in St. Michael. In November 2012 the second new citizens ceremony took place. Nationals of CARICOM member states, the USA, Canada, the UK, and some Commonwealth countries can travel directly to Barbados with acceptable proof of nationality and identity (a valid passport from their country and/or original birth certificate with national photo identification) and", "High Commission of Canada in Barbados High Commission of Canada in Barbados The High Commission of Canada in Barbados () is Canada's main diplomatic mission to Barbados. The exact location is Bishop's Hill Court in Bridgetown, St. Michael. The auspices of the High Commission to Barbados also include issues involving the neighbouring Eastern Caribbean islands of Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, as well as three British overseas territories: Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat. It also includes consular and trade services for Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Martin and Sint Maarten. The High Commission provides business", "Barbados used by slaves, and that it derives from the Igbo term \"bém\" from \"bé mụ́\" meaning 'my home, kindred, kind', the Igbo phoneme /e/ in the Igbo orthography is very close to [ɪ]. The name could have arisen due to the relatively large percentage of enslaved Igbo people from modern-day southeastern Nigeria arriving in Barbados in the 18th century. The words 'Bim' and 'Bimshire' are recorded in the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" and \"Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionaries\". Another possible source for 'Bim' is reported to be in the \"Agricultural Reporter\" of 25 April 1868, where the Rev. N. Greenidge (father of", "Prime Minister of Barbados by the Governor-General of Barbados, they are almost always the leader of the majority party. Prior to the establishment of the Caribbean Court of Justice in 2005, it was common for Barbadian prime ministers to be nominated to the British Privy Council, whose large membership includes prominent British persons and persons from other Commonwealth nations that continue to share the same person as monarch. Prime Ministers added to the Privy council (by year): Prime Minister of Barbados The Prime Minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is appointed by Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados", "Grantley Adams International Airport on Aruba and Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport on Guadeloupe. GAIA, also remains an important air-link for cruise ship passengers departing and arriving at the Port of Bridgetown, and a base of operations for the Regional Security System (RSS), and the Regional (Caribbean) Police Training Centre. The airport's former name was \"Seawell Airport\" before being dedicated posthumously in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. The airport's timezone is GMT −4 and is in World Area Code region No. 246 (by the US Department of Transportation). It was a hub for now-defunct Barbadian carriers Caribbean Airways", "Queen's Park, Bridgetown (Barbados) the site of numerous cultural events, CARIFESTA 1981, the annual Healthy Lifestyle Extravaganza and the traditional Christmas Morning Service. Queen's Park, Bridgetown (Barbados) Queen’s Park is a national park in Barbados. The park was the former home of the Commander of the British Troops stationed in Barbados for the West Indies. Situated in the northeastern segment of the capital city Bridgetown, the park's borders are roughly Roebuck and Crumpton Streets to the north and west, and Halls and Constitution Roads located east and south. It shares parts of its grounds with Harrison College and the Headquarters of the Barbados Transport", "Barbados allegedly bearded Caribs who once inhabited the island, or, more fancifully, to a visual impression of a beard formed by the sea foam that sprays over the outlying reefs. In 1519, a map produced by the Genoese mapmaker Visconte Maggiolo showed and named Barbados in its correct position. Furthermore, the island of Barbuda in the Leewards is very similar in name and was once named \"\"Las Barbudas\"\" by the Spanish. It is uncertain which European nation arrived first in Barbados. One lesser-known source points to earlier revealed works predating contemporary sources indicating it could have been the Spanish. Many if", "Culture of Barbados Barbados Jazz Festival. In mid-February, Barbados hosts the Barbados Holetown Festival which celebrates the arrival of the first English settlers. Singer Rihanna was born and raised in Barbados. Although the better portion of her work mainly appeals to R&B audiences, her first album Music of the Sun contains a mixture of Barbadian rhythms and American urban-pop songwriting, just as her Loud album has a mixture of Ragga / Ska rhythms, along with Pop music and R&B / Hip Hop. Robyn \"Rihanna\" Fenty was also declared Barbados' ambassador of Tourism, which secured her a seat in the island's political arena from", "Prime Minister of Barbados Prime Minister of Barbados The Prime Minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is appointed by Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (represented by the Governor-General) under the terms of the 1966 Constitution. As the nominal holder of executive authority, the Governor-General holds responsibility for conducting parliamentary elections and for proclaiming one of the candidates as Prime Minister. As a former British colony, Barbados has largely adopted British political models and follows the Westminster, or Cabinet, system of government, in which the executive branch of government is responsible to the legislature. The Prime Minister is", "Reynolds (surname) previously held by the Irish. This family migrated to Ireland during two periods, first with the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, and later, in the 17th century giving rise to the Reynells of Reynell castle. In some cases it is difficult to distinguish early migrants from native Irish Reynolds who derive their name from McRannell, formerly spelled \"Mac Ragnaill\". Among colonisers of North America bearing the family name Reynolds were Henry, Samuel, Thomas Reynold who joined the colonisation of the Barbados in 1688; Christopher Reynolds settled in Virginia in 1622; Nathaniel Reynold settled in Salem in 1630; Robert Reynolds settled in", "ABC Highway ABC Highway The ABC Highway is the main urban highway in Barbados. Opened in 1989, it is named after three famous Barbadian politicians: John Michael Geoffrey Manningham (\"Tom\") Adams, Errol Barrow, and Hugh Gordon Cummins. From the east, the highway stretches from the Grantley Adams International Airport in Christ Church, to the western end at Cave Hill Road and University Drive, Cave Hill Campus, University of the West Indies, in Saint Michael. It roughly encircles the Parish of Saint Michael and wider metropolitan area of Bridgetown. The highway consists of both two-lane and dual carriageway sections with at-grade intersections, mostly", "Immigration to Barbados Immigration to Barbados In more recent history Barbados comparatively is experiencing increased levels of immigration than some of its nearby neighbours in the Caribbean region. The British that first landed in Barbados recorded that there were no persons living in Barbados at the time of landing at James Town in the 17th century. The British Government next sent large numbers of persons from Scotland to the island, many were indentured servants sent in order to work off or settle debts owed to the British Government. In the years that followed, Jewish migrants from the then Dutch controlled areas of modern-day", "Monarchy of Barbados the United Kingdom and the then Dominions and special Acts of Parliament in each, as well as the UK. Today the sovereign is regarded as the personification, or legal personality, of the Barbadian state. Therefore, the state is referred to as \"Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Barbados\"; the state is referred to as such, or simply \"Regina\", if a lawsuit is filed against the government. The monarch, in his or her position as sovereign, and not as an individual, is thus the owner of all state lands (called \"Crown land\"), buildings and equipment (called \"Crown held property\"), state-owned", "Belonger status overseas territories citizen who was born in Montserrat; or (b) is a British overseas territories citizen who was born outside Montserrat and (c) was born in or outside Montserrat of a father or mother who was born in Montserrat and is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as a Montserratian by virtue of this subsection; or (d) has been granted Montserratian status in accordance with any law; or (e) was immediately before the commencement of this Constitution deemed to belong to Montserrat by virtue of any law. There are two main ways through which a person acquires", "Foreign relations of Barbados Foreign relations of Barbados This article deals with the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Barbados. At the political level, these matters are officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which answers to the Prime Minister. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, since November 2008 is: Senator The Hon. Maxine McClean. Barbados is a moderate political and economic power in the Caribbean region. Between independence in 1966 and the 1990s, Barbados has used a pro business and investment policy to expand its influence in the world. Through the usage of its network of international bilateral relations, the country", "Barbados and CARICOM classified as fitting into More Developed Country (MDC) range. As such, Barbados is a large stake holder in the CARICOM Regional Development Fund for other CARICOM member states to borrow. The seat of Barbadian non-resident accreditation to the other countries of CARICOM is from Bridgetown, and is the same for all members. No members of CARICOM currently maintain resident accreditation to Bridgetown, Barbados. The accreditation to Barbados is the following: Barbados and CARICOM The nation of Barbados has been an avid supporter of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Barbados was one of the four founding members in 1973 which then along", "Music of Barbados Music of Barbados The music of Barbados includes distinctive national styles of folk and popular music, including elements of Western classical and religious music. The culture of Barbados is a syncretic mix of African and British elements, and the island's music reflects this mix through song types and styles, instrumentation, dances, and aesthetic principles. Barbadian folk traditions include the Landship movement, which is a satirical, informal organization based on the British navy, tea meetings, tuk bands and numerous traditional songs and dances. In modern Barbados, popular styles include calypso, spouge, contemporary folk and world music. Barbados is, along with Guadeloupe,", "Barbados passport Barbados passport A Barbados passport is a travel document issued to citizens of Barbados, in accordance with Citizenship Act (CAP. 186) from 1978, the Immigration Act (CAP. 190) from 1997, and the Barbados Constitution, for the purpose of facilitating international travel. It allows the bearer to travel in foreign countries and the Commonwealth of Nations, in accordance with visa requirements, and facilitates the process of securing assistance from Barbados consular officials abroad, if necessary. A Barbados passport is a document for valid proof of citizenship. The passport is also a Caricom passport, as Barbados is a member of the Caribbean", "Henry Brockman (colonist) conflicting and misleading material that has been published on the web. This ranges from Henry being a knight 1 to Henry having parents named Thomas and Amey Brookman who died on Barbados [2]. The following account is from William Everett Brockman's later works with some revisions by current genealogists who have re-investigated records in Maryland and Kent UK to correct some minor errors. Henry was Orphaned during the commonwealth period in England and apparently exiled by Cromwell's Roundheads, as a result of his closest relatives activities as royalists. He either fled or was sent to the \"Barbadoes\", a British possession", "Postage stamps and postal history of Barbados Postage stamps and postal history of Barbados This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Barbados. The first Europeans to arrive on the island were probably the either the Spanish or Portuguese in about the year 1500. In 1605 Sir Olave Leigh landed on the island and claimed it for King James. The first group of English settlers, about 30, arrived on the island in about 1624. More English settlers continued to arrive and by 1650 some 20,000 people had settled on the island. The British Post Office established a Packet Agency on the island of", "Music of Barbados Brazilian exiles however, along with sugarcane introduced Samba to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with African influences which soon developed into Soca-Samba which is indigenous to Barbados. Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements, with Irish, Scottish, and modern American and Caribbean (especially Jamaican) influences as well. By the 19th century, the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts, and specifically, the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution. As a result, the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves. At the same", "Landship (Barbados) for its contribution to Barbados' intangible heritage by the Government of Barbados. It engages in social activities and is also said to mimic the British navy in its organization and structure. It is also said that the Landship was founded in Britton's Hill in Seamen's Village, Barbados. This is not correct as it was more likely developed on the plantations in the countryside, since its members were plantation workers. The Landship was said to have been formed by Moses Wood, a retired Barbadian seaman who had served in the British Royal Navy and then lived in Cardiff and Southampton. According", "Irish people in Jamaica indentured servants were transported unwillingly. More than 2,000 children alone were sent on ships from Galway Bay. Of those surviving the long journey many more succumbed to disease, the harsh conditions and unfamiliar tropical conditions. One of the first English colonies in the Caribbean was established on Barbados in 1626. Irish merchant families from towns like Galway, Kinsale and Waterford established their trading networks in the Caribbean. Irish transportees were first brought to Jamaica in large numbers as slaves under the English republic of Oliver Cromwell following the capture of Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655 by William Pen and", "Foreign relations of Barbados in Toronto, Miami, and New York City. Australia, Brazil, Cuba, Canada, Colombia, People's Republic of China, Guatemala, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela have ambassadors or high commissioners resident in Barbados. ACP • ACCP • ACS • AOSIS • BIS • C • CAF-BDLA • Carib-Export • CARICOM • CARIFORUM • CARTAC • CCJ • CDB • CDERA • CITEL • CTO • CXC • CFATF • CRNM • CROSQ • CSME • ECLAC • FAO • G33 • G77 • IADB • IDB • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICCt • ICFTU • ICJ • ICRM", "Garfield Sobers Life\" in 1975 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while attending a reception at the Barbados High Commission in London to celebrate his recent knighthood. Sobers was made a National Hero of Barbados by the Cabinet of Barbados in 1998 and is thus accorded the honorary prefix \"The Right Excellent\". He is one of only ten people to have received this honour and the only recipient still living. Sobers coached internationally, having a one-time stint with Sri Lanka. In 2003 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia, where he had played many first-class games for South", "Barbados passport fees vary per country. Barbados passports are dark blue in colour, with logo of CARICOM and the words CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY followed by BARBADOS inscribed on top of the booklet. The Barbados coat of arms is prominently emblazoned in the centre of the cover page, followed on the bottom by the inscription of the words PASSPORT on ordinary passports, and DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT on diplomatic passports. The following information is printed on the identification page, in: English, French, and Spanish. The standards are: Barbados passports contain on their inside cover the following words in English only: As of 1 January 2017, Barbadian", "Postage stamps and postal history of Barbados in 1882. Aerogrammes were first issued in 1949 Postage stamps and postal history of Barbados This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Barbados. The first Europeans to arrive on the island were probably the either the Spanish or Portuguese in about the year 1500. In 1605 Sir Olave Leigh landed on the island and claimed it for King James. The first group of English settlers, about 30, arrived on the island in about 1624. More English settlers continued to arrive and by 1650 some 20,000 people had settled on the island. The British Post Office", "National symbols of Barbados declared that there are ten national heroes of Barbados, all of whom would be elevated to the title of \"The Right Excellent\". The ten official National Heroes of Barbados are: National symbols of Barbados National emblems of Barbados are the symbols that are used in Barbados to represent the independent nation. The emblems reflect different aspects of its cultural life and history. The trident centred within the flag is a representation of the mythological Neptune, god of the sea. The trident in its original unbroken form was taken from the former colonial seal, which itself was replaced by the current", "Caribbean English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations. The region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest of America. The two most prevalent pronunciations of \"Caribbean\" outside the Caribbean are (), with the primary stress on the third syllable, and (), with the stress on the second. Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable. This is the older", "Human trafficking in Barbados to engage in prostitution. Some of these women are exploited in forced prostitution subsequent to their arrival. Some other foreign women who entered the country illegally are exploited in involuntary domestic servitude in private homes. Foreign men have been transported to Barbados for the purpose of labor exploitation in construction and other sectors. Sex traffickers, primarily organized criminals from Guyana, form partnerships with pimps and brothel owners from Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados, and lure women to Barbados with offers of legitimate work. Trafficking victims tend to enter the country through legal means, usually by air; traffickers later use force", "Belonger status or who, if deceased, would, if alive, so belong to the Virgin Islands; (c) is a child adopted in the Virgin Islands by a person who belongs to the Virgin Islands by birth or descent; (d) is born outside the Virgin Islands of a father or mother who is a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of birth in the Virgin Islands or descent from a father or mother who was born in the Virgin Islands or who belongs to the Virgin Islands by virtue of birth in the Virgin Islands or descent from a father or mother who was", "Laurence Konmla Bropleh of European, Native American, East Indian and West Indian ancestry. Both Bropleh’s parents have ethnically diverse backgrounds. His mother is a descendant of mixed race West Indians from Barbados and Bahamas and African-Americans from Georgia and Mississippi who were described as Octoroon. His father comes from Kru and Fante people who are mixed-race with varying degrees of Dutch, Portuguese and French ancestry. Laurence Konmla Bropleh Laurence Konmla Bropleh (born April 13, 1967) is a Liberian Politician, Diplomat, United Methodist clergyman, Lawyer, former Cabinet-Level government official, and business executive. Bropleh was Minister of information, Cultural Affairs and Toursim of the Republic", "Robin Jackman county fast-medium bowler who finally had his England chance at (the age of) 35 when Bob Willis broke down in the West Indies in 1981\". His appearance in Guyana was popular with English supporters and players, but not appreciated by the local politicians. Being married to a South African, Jackman had naturally made several visits to that, then outlawed, country, and was duly served a deportation order by the Guyanese authorities. The second Test was cancelled, with the whole tour hanging in the balance, until Jackman was accepted in the more politically relaxed state of Barbados. The cricket writer, Alan", "The Right Excellent The Right Excellent The honorific prefix \"The Right Excellent\" is a form of address that is used in several countries. In Jamaica, members of the Order of National Hero are entitled to use the style of \"The Right Excellent\". An example is Sir Alexander Bustamante, who was the first Prime Minister of Jamaica. In Barbados, the Barbadian National Heroes have been given the style of \"The Right Excellent\". An example is Sir Garfield Sobers, who was a prominent cricket player. In Saint Kitts and Nevis, the style is used in relation to such people as Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw and Simeon", "Garfield Sobers team become unbeatable. In the 1975 New Year Honours, Queen Elizabeth II created Sobers a Knight Bachelor for his services to cricket. The award was made in the British Diplomatic and Overseas section of the list, rather than on the nomination of the Government of Barbados, which had stopped putting forward recommendations for British honours. This caused the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office some unease, as shown by papers released by The National Archives in 2005. However, since Barbados had not yet introduced its own system of honours, the Prime Minister of Barbados was pleased that an honour would be" ]

[ 11.84375 ]

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[ "It is snowy." ]

[ "It's a warm summer day.", "Phone sex counts, too.", "A woman eats a burrito outdoors.", "All plaintiffs have won and have been awarded millions after suing tobacco producers.", "A man is walking", "There are several people in this picture, and they are in competition.", "a man outside" ]

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[ "2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season The 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season was the inaugural season for the A1 Grand Prix series. It began on 25 September 2005, and finished on 2 April 2006 after eleven races. This first season was won by A1 Team France on 12 March 2006. 25 teams, each representing a different country, signed up for the first A1 Grand Prix season. All teams used a control chassis (Lola), engine (Zytek) and tyre (Cooper Avon). The following teams competed in the 2005–06 championship: The first A1 Grand Prix season consisted of 11 races, all held in different", "2007–08 Top 14 season fans to each of the two fixtures they played at Stade de France in both seasons. However, even if the Stade de France fixtures are not included, per-game attendance was 8,549 in 2005-06 and 9,267 in 2006-07, both well above the 2004-05 figures. The final average attendance for the 2007-08 regular season was 11,106, another increase from the previous season. The LNR also reported that league-wide season ticket sales were up by 11% from 2006-07. The most-attended matches were the three Stade Français matches played at Stade de France, each of which drew more than 75,000, and Toulouse's three games" ]

[ "2006–07 Ukrainian First League FSC Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk was created in place of Fakel to participate in the 2007-08 Ukrainian First League season. 2006–07 Ukrainian First League The 2006–07 Ukrainian First League is the sixteenth since its establishment. There were 20 teams competing. Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2005-06. Four teams were promoted from the 2005–06 Ukrainian Second League. These four teams were promoted from Druha Liha at the start of the season: Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2005–06 season after finishing on the bottom of the competition: In 2006-07 season, the Ukrainian First League consists of", "2006–07 Pro A season to 16 between the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, only 1 club is promoted from 2006-07 LNB Pro B league (French 2nd division) and 3 clubs are sent to 2007-08 Pro B league. Teams promoted from 2005–06 Pro B Teams relegated to 2006–07 Pro B Teams promoted from 2006–07 Pro B Teams relegated to 2007–08 Pro B 2006–07 Pro A season The 2006–07 LNB Pro A season was the 85th season of the French Basketball Championship and the 20th season since inception of the Ligue Nationale de Basketball (LNB) . The regular season started on September 23, 2006 and ended on", "2007–08 Sunderland A.F.C. season 2007–08 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2007–08 season was the 113th full season in Sunderland A.F.C.'s history, their 107th in the league system of English football and 7th in the Premier League. After finishing 1st in the Championship during the 2006–07 season, Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League as champions. Sunderland had been relegated in the 2005–06 season with the record low points tally at the time of 15. The 2007–08 season was Roy Keane's first as a manager in the Premier League having won the Championship in his debut season. Keane introduced 12 new signings in pre-season and allowed", "2007–08 Cypriot First Division replaced by 2006–07 Second Division champions APOP Kinyras, runners-up Alki Larnaca and third-placed team Doxa Katokopias. The first 12 teams were divided into 3 groups. Points were carried over from the first round. 2007–08 Cypriot First Division The 2007-08 Cypriot First Division started on 1 September 2007. The defending champions were APOEL. This year, for the first time, the championship featured a group stage play-off system. Teams were divided into 3 groups; 1st-4th, 5th-8th and 9th-12th. Points were carried over from the first round. Anorthosis won the championship three games before the end of the season, without losing a single", "2005–06 Cypriot First Division THOI Lakatamia. 2005–06 Cypriot First Division The 2005–06 Cypriot First Division was the 67th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. Apollon won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2005–06 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last three teams were relegated to the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division. The champions ensured their participation in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League and the runners-up in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup. The teams had to declare their", "2005–06 Cypriot First Division 2005–06 Cypriot First Division The 2005–06 Cypriot First Division was the 67th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. Apollon won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2005–06 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last three teams were relegated to the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division. The champions ensured their participation in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League and the runners-up in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup. The teams had to declare their interest to", "2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season The 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season was the second season for the A1 Grand Prix series. It began on 1 October 2006, at Circuit Park Zandvoort, and the season ended at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007. A1 Team Germany won it with 128 points, 35 points lead ahead Team New Zealand. 24 teams, each representing a different country, signed up for the second A1 Grand Prix season. All teams and drivers competed in Zytek-powered, Cooper Avon-shod and Lola chassis. The following teams competed in the 2006-07 championship: 3 A1GP Teams did not participate in", "2007–08 Maltese First Division 2007–08 Maltese First Division The Maltese First Division 2007–08 (known as BOV First Division 2007–08 for sponsorship reasons) started on October 9, 2007 and ended on May 23, 2008. Marsa F.C. and St. George's F.C. were the teams which were relegated from the Maltese Premier League 2006-07. Dingli Swallows and Mellieha were the promoted teams from the Maltese Second Division 2006-07. Tarxien Rainbows finished as champions and were promoted to the Maltese Premier League 2008-09. They were joined with Qormi, who won a play-off with Mosta 4-3 on penalties, following a 0-0 draw. The play-off was necessary because the two", "2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division a loss. Teams promoted to 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division Teams relegated from 2005–06 Cypriot Third Division Teams promoted from regional leagues Teams relegated to regional leagues 2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division The 2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division was the 22nd season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league. Spartakos Kitiou won their 1st title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to the 2007–08 Cypriot Third Division", "2006–07 Cypriot First Division Ayia Napa. 2006–07 Cypriot First Division The 2006–07 Cypriot First Division was the 68th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. APOEL won their 19th title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last three teams were relegated to the 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division. The champions ensured their participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and the runners-up in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup. The teams had to declare their", "2006–07 Cypriot First Division 2006–07 Cypriot First Division The 2006–07 Cypriot First Division was the 68th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. APOEL won their 19th title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last three teams were relegated to the 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division. The champions ensured their participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and the runners-up in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup. The teams had to declare their interest to", "2005–06 Croatian First Football League Croatian Second Football League team, Belišće, failed to secure a license to compete in Prva HNL. Therefore, Međimurje automatically kept their first-league status for the 2006–07 season. 2005–06 Croatian First Football League The 2005–06 Croatian First Football League (officially known as the Prva HNL Ožujsko for sponsorship reasons) was the fifteenth season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 20 July 2005 and ended on 13 May 2006. Hajduk Split were the defending champions, having won their eighteenth championship title the previous", "2007–08 National Division One 2007–08 National Division One The 2007–08 National Division One was the 21st full season of rugby union within the second tier of the English league system, currently known as the RFU Championship. New teams included Northampton Saints (relegated from the Guinness Premiership 2006-07) and Esher and Launceston (both promoted from National Division Two 2006-07). After two seasons Rotherham dropped the 'Earth' from their name to return to 'Rotherham Titans' (which they had been rebranded to in 2005 for the 2005-06 season) as sponsor Earth Mortgages ran into financial difficulties and Complete Technical Services instead became the club's new sponsor. Following", "2006–07 Omani League the relegation zone in the 2005–06 season. The two relegated teams were replaced by Second Division League teams Al-Khaboura SC and Al-Salam SC. 2006–07 Omani League The 2006–07 Omani League was the 31st edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 13 October 2006 and finished on 3 May 2007. Muscat Club were the defending champions, having won the previous 2005–06 Omani League season. On Thursday, 3 May 2007, Al-Nahda Club won 1-0 away in their final league match against Mjees SC and emerged as the champions of the 2006–07 Omani League with a total of 43", "2006–07 Croatian First Football League team twice (home and away). During matches 23–33 each team plays every other team once. \"Zadar win 6–2 on aggregate and are promoted to 2007–08 Prva HNL.\" 2006–07 Croatian First Football League The 2006–07 Croatian First Football League (officially known as Prva HNL Ožujsko for sponsorship reasons) was the sixteenth season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 29 July 2006 and ended on 19 May 2007. Dinamo Zagreb were the defending champions, having won their eleventh championship title the previous season,", "2006–07 Maltese First Division 2006–07 Maltese First Division The Maltese First Division 2006–07 (known as BOV First Division 2006-07 due to sponsorship reasons) started on September 3 and finished on May 13. Mosta F.C. and Hamrun Spartans were the teams which were relegated from the Maltese Premier League 2005-06. Qormi and Vittoriosa Stars were the promoted teams from Maltese Second Division 2005-06. Hamrun Spartans finished as champions and returned to the Premier League, having just been relegated. Mqabba were also promoted as runners-up. San Gwann and Naxxar Lions were relegated to the Second Division. The Maltese First Division 2006–07 was made up of these", "2006–07 La Liga from a 1–0 deficit to beat Mallorca 3–1 and clinch the title on head-to-head superiority. Teams promoted from 2005–06 Segunda División Teams relegated to 2006–07 Segunda División The Pichichi Trophy is awarded to the player who scores the most goals in a season. The Zamora Trophy is awarded to the goalkeeper with least goals to games ratio. \"Last updated 17 June 2007\" Cuco Ziganda (Osasuna head coach) and David Belenguer (Getafe footballer) 2006–07 La Liga The 2006–07 La Liga season, the 76th since its establishment, started on 27 August 2006 and finished on 17 June 2007. Real Madrid won La", "2007–08 Rugby-Bundesliga 2007–08 Rugby-Bundesliga The 2007-08 Rugby-Bundesliga was the 37th edition of this competition and the 88th edition of the German rugby union championship. The season went from 25 August 2007 to 31 May 2008, ending with the relegation final. In 2007-08, eight teams played a home-and-away season with a final between the top two teams at the end, which was won by the SC 1880 Frankfurt. It was the clubs fifth German title and its first in 83 years, having last won it in 1925. It was a rematch of the 2006-07 final, also played in Frankfurt am Main, which SC", "2006–07 Maltese First Division teams: \"To read this table, the home team is listed in the left-hand column.\" 2006–07 Maltese First Division The Maltese First Division 2006–07 (known as BOV First Division 2006-07 due to sponsorship reasons) started on September 3 and finished on May 13. Mosta F.C. and Hamrun Spartans were the teams which were relegated from the Maltese Premier League 2005-06. Qormi and Vittoriosa Stars were the promoted teams from Maltese Second Division 2005-06. Hamrun Spartans finished as champions and returned to the Premier League, having just been relegated. Mqabba were also promoted as runners-up. San Gwann and Naxxar Lions were relegated", "2006–07 Ukrainian First League 2006–07 Ukrainian First League The 2006–07 Ukrainian First League is the sixteenth since its establishment. There were 20 teams competing. Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2005-06. Four teams were promoted from the 2005–06 Ukrainian Second League. These four teams were promoted from Druha Liha at the start of the season: Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2005–06 season after finishing on the bottom of the competition: In 2006-07 season, the Ukrainian First League consists of the following teams: Statistics are taken from here. On November 28, 2006 PFL Bureau has excluded FC Spartak", "2007–08 Ukrainian First League and with help of Hryhoriy Surkis, it became possible to preserve the club in professional competitions. MFK Mykolaiv was admitted to the 2008-09 Ukrainian Second League instead of the third team of Dynamo, FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv. 2007–08 Ukrainian First League The 2007–08 Ukrainian First League is the seventeenth since its establishment. There were 20 teams competing. Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2006-07. Four teams were promoted from the Ukrainian Second League 2006-07. These four teams were promoted from Druha Liha at the start of the season: Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2006–07", "2006–07 in Danish football 2006–07 in Danish football This is the 2006–07 season in Danish football, starting in July 2006 and ending in June 2007. From the 2006–07 season, B 1909, B 1913 and Dalum IF merged into FC FYN. All three clubs played in the 2005–06 season in 2nd Division West. FC FYN will also play in the 2nd Division. From this season, the Cup will take a make-over. The current eight rounds will be shorted to seven. The teams from 1st Division placed 1 to 4 in 2005–06 and the teams from Superligaen placed 5–12 in 2005–06 will start in the 2nd", "2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season circuit. It was announced the races would start behind the safety car, as the first corner was also deemed unsafe. Both races were uneventful, particularly the Sprint Race which took place almost entirely behind the safety car after course officials failed to remove a single spun car in a timely fashion. On 1 April 2006, during the penultimate round of the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix season in Shanghai, a fake timetable of the 2006-2007 season was published. This schedule included a night time race in Lapland, an A1GP USA race in Baghdad, a race in Middle-earth at 'The Ring', a", "2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship 2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship The 2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 37th club hurling competition since its establishment in 1970–71. The first matches of the season were played on 22 October 2006 and the championship ended on 17 March 2007. Portumna went into the 2006–07 championship as defending champions, having won their first All-Ireland title the previous year. The championship culminated with the All-Ireland final, held at Croke Park, Dublin. The match was contested by Ballyhale Shamrocks and Loughrea. It was their first meeting in the final. Ballyhale won the game by 3–12 to 2–8. It", "2006–07 in Swedish bandy Sweden played the following matches and won the silver medals. In the Bandy World Championship for women 2007, Sweden played the following matches and won the gold medals, becoming world champions for the third time. 2006–07 in Swedish bandy The 2006–07 season in Swedish bandy, starting August 2006 and ending July 2007: Played between 8 November 2006 – 29 December 2006. Played between 10 November 2006 – 29 December 2006. Played between 3 January 2007 – 18 February 2007. Played between 3 January 2007 – 18 February 2007. ---- ---- In the Russian Government Cup 2006, played in Irkutsk and", "2006–07 Omani League 2006–07 Omani League The 2006–07 Omani League was the 31st edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 13 October 2006 and finished on 3 May 2007. Muscat Club were the defending champions, having won the previous 2005–06 Omani League season. On Thursday, 3 May 2007, Al-Nahda Club won 1-0 away in their final league match against Mjees SC and emerged as the champions of the 2006–07 Omani League with a total of 43 points. This season the league had 12 teams. Al-Suwaiq Club and Oman Club were relegated to the Second Division League after finishing in", "2005–06 Croatian First Football League 2005–06 Croatian First Football League The 2005–06 Croatian First Football League (officially known as the Prva HNL Ožujsko for sponsorship reasons) was the fifteenth season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 20 July 2005 and ended on 13 May 2006. Hajduk Split were the defending champions, having won their eighteenth championship title the previous season. Dinamo Zagreb won the title, after a win against Osijek on 6 May 2006, which started his eleventh year dominance. Playoff wasn't needed after the second-placed", "2006–07 Sydney FC season 2–1, Sydney lost the return game 2–0, losing 3–2 on aggregate and being eliminated from the finals series. ---- 2006–07 Sydney FC season The 2006–07 season is Sydney FC's second season of soccer in Australia. Sydney FC contested in the 2006–07 A-League, and after winning the inaugural A-League Championship in 2005–06, competed in the 2007 AFC Champions League as one of Australia's two representatives. After winning the A-League Championship in his first season with the club, head coach Pierre Littbarski signalled his intentions to remain with Sydney FC for the following season in April, whilst the club indicated that an", "2007–08 Süper Lig TFF First League for the 2006–07 season: The teams relegated to the TFF First League for the 2006–07 season: 2008 Turkcell Super League Fixture List weekly Turkish Turkcell Super League Reviews and news by Ahmet Turgut 2007–08 Süper Lig The 2007–08 Süper Lig season, (also known as the Turkcell Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons), was the 50th anniversary of top-flight professional football in Turkey. It was won by Galatasaray, who won their 17th championship. Since Turkey had climbed from 15th to 14th position in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2006–07 season, and UEFA Champions League-bound", "2005–06 Mersin İdmanyurdu season Then Engin Korukır and Nasır Belci took the position within the season. Serkan Merç and Birand Yataş were mostly appeared players with 36 appearances. Ferdi Yanık was the season top goalscorer with 9 goals. Mersin idmanyurdu participated in 2005–06 Second League Category A (the league has been played under the name of \"Second League Category A\" between 2001–02 and 2005–06; \"TFF League A\" in 2006–07; and \"TFF First League\" since 2007–08. Also sponsor names have been included in various seasons.). 18 teams attended in the league. Winners and runners-up were directly promoted to 2006–07 Süper Lig. The teams placed 3rd", "2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup /> <section end=table /> \"Last updated May 27, 2007\" 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup The 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup (also known as Iran Pro League) was the 24th season of Iran's Football League and sixth as Iran Pro League since its establishment in 2001. Esteghlal were the defending champions. The season featured 14 teams from the 2005–06 Iran Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2005–06 Azadegan League: Mes Kerman as champions and Paykan as runner-up. The league started on 9 September 2006 and ended on 28 May 2007. Saipa won the Pro League title for the first time", "2006–07 in Swedish bandy 2006–07 in Swedish bandy The 2006–07 season in Swedish bandy, starting August 2006 and ending July 2007: Played between 8 November 2006 – 29 December 2006. Played between 10 November 2006 – 29 December 2006. Played between 3 January 2007 – 18 February 2007. Played between 3 January 2007 – 18 February 2007. ---- ---- In the Russian Government Cup 2006, played in Irkutsk and Shelekhov, Sweden won the silver medals. The Russian club team Baykal-Energiya Irkutsk replaced Finland, as the Finns chose not to come to the tournament. In the Bandy World Championship 2007, Sweden played in Group A.", "2006–07 Mersin İdmanyurdu season İlyas Tüfekçi took the position within the season. Kahraman Karataş finished the season. Taylan Eliaçık was both most appeared player and top goalscorer. Mersin idmanyurdu participated in 2006–07 TFF League B (the league has been played under the name of \"Second League Category B\" between 2001–02 and 2005–06; \"TFF League B\" in 2006–07; and \"TFF Second League\" since 2007–08. Also sponsor names have been included in various seasons.). League was played by 50 teams in three stages. League was started on 12 August 2006. In the first stage teams fought in regionally specified five ranking groups (10 teams in each)", "Montenegrin First Handball League 2006/07 Montenegrin First Handball League 2006/07 The 2006–07 Montenegrin First Handball League was first season of the Montenegrin First League of Men's Handball, Montenegro's premier handball league. First season of Montenegrin Handball League was established two months after the Montenegrin independence. As the National Handball Federation of Montenegro proposed, First league in its first season has eight participants. Among them were two clubs which played in 2005/06 First League of Serbia and Montenegro (Lovćen and Berane) and six teams which previously (at the season 2005/06) participated in the second level (Pljevlja, Mornar, Sutjeska, Mojkovac, Boka and Cepelin). Following the propositions of", "2007–08 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007–08 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina The 2007-08 Premijer Liga season, the eighth since its establishment and the sixth as a unified country-wide league, began on 4 August 2007. FK Sarajevo are the defending Premijer Liga champions, having won their first Premijer Liga title and fourth league championship overall the previous season. The 2006-07 season saw Borac and Radnik relegated to the Prva Liga RS. They were replaced by Laktaši and Travnik from the Prva Liga RS and FBiH respectively. Coaches of each team in the league decided to vote for players who have impressed the most in the", "2005–06 in English football deals see List of English football transfers 2006–07\" 2005–06 in English football The 2005–06 season was the 126th season of competitive association football in England. England qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, after finishing top of UEFA Qualifying Group 6. Chelsea, on 91 points, won their second Premier League title in a row. Manchester United, whose 83-point tally would have been enough for title glory in most seasons, finished runners-up. Liverpool's league form improved drastically following the previous season and they finished in third place, just one point behind United; in addition, they also won the FA Cup, giving", "2007–08 Pro A season 2006–07 and 2007-08 seasons, only 1 club is promoted from 2006-07 Pro B league (French 2nd division) and 3 clubs are sent to 2007-08 Pro B league. Teams promoted from 2006–07 Pro B Teams relegated to 2007–08 Pro B Teams promoted from 2007–08 Pro B Teams relegated to 2008–09 Pro B 2007–08 Pro A season The 2007–08 LNB Pro A season was the 86th season of the French Basketball Championship and the 21st season since inception of the Ligue Nationale de Basketball (LNB). The regular season started on September 29, 2007 and ended on May 14, 2008. The play-offs were", "2006–07 Cypriot Second Division points for a loss. Teams promoted to 2006–07 Cypriot First Division Teams relegated from 2005–06 Cypriot First Division Teams promoted from 2005–06 Cypriot Third Division Teams relegated to 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division The 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division was the 52nd season of the Cypriot second-level football league. APOP Kinyras won their 2nd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted", "2006–07 Luxembourg National Division signing Thierry Joly and Alexandre Lecomte, whilst also holding on to most of their existing players. By comparison, Jeunesse Esch and Etzella Ettelbruck, Dudelange's closest challengers in 2005-06, have lost key players; Jeunesse captain Manuel Cardoni became player-manager of US Rumelange, whilst Etzella lost Patrick Grettnich to retirement, and both Luc Mischo and Marc Reuter to Racing FC Union Luxembourg. As a result of their victory, FC Victoria Rosport remained in the National Division for the 2007-08 season. 2006–07 Luxembourg National Division The 2006-07 season of Luxembourg's National Division ran from 5 August 2006 to 30 May 2007. F91 Dudelange", "2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup The 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup (also known as Iran Pro League) was the 24th season of Iran's Football League and sixth as Iran Pro League since its establishment in 2001. Esteghlal were the defending champions. The season featured 14 teams from the 2005–06 Iran Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2005–06 Azadegan League: Mes Kerman as champions and Paykan as runner-up. The league started on 9 September 2006 and ended on 28 May 2007. Saipa won the Pro League title for the first time in their history (total third Iranian title). <section begin=table", "2006–07 in Danish football round. The teams from Superligaen placed 1–4 in 2005–06 will start in the 3rd round. Parken Stadium will be expanded in the autumn 2006 from 42,100 seats to 42,765. The Coca-Cola stand will be demolished, and a new one will come up. The current Coca-Cola stand is from the 1950s and is the only memory from the old Idrætsparken. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Denmark scores first Key 2006–07 in Danish football This is the 2006–07 season in Danish football, starting in July 2006 and ending in June 2007. From the 2006–07 season, B 1909, B 1913 and Dalum IF merged into FC FYN.", "2006–07 Cypriot First Division participate in the 2007 UEFA Intertoto Cup before the end of the championship. At the end of the championship, the higher placed team among the interested ones participated in the Intertoto Cup (if they had not secured their participation in any other UEFA competition). Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss. APOP Kinyras, APEP and THOI Lakatamia were relegated from previous season and played in the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division. They were replaced by the first three teams of the 2005–06 Cypriot Second Division, AEP Paphos, Aris Limassol and", "2006–07 Cypriot Third Division zero points for a loss. Teams promoted to 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division Teams relegated from 2005–06 Cypriot Second Division Teams promoted from 2005–06 Cypriot Fourth Division Teams relegated to 2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division The 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division was the 36th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. Ermis Aradippou won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were", "2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand pit stop outside of the proper window. The team loses is 8th final positions and was classified 14th. Therefore, Pakistan score its first point of the season. Neel Jani announce he's available for the rest of the season for Switzerland. Its priority is won the A1GP championship and don't want to return in Champ Car World Series this year. Tony Teixeira, A1GP chairman, congratulate Alex Yoong with a cake to mark his 50th race in the series. 2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand The 2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand is an A1 Grand Prix race,", "2007–08 Ukrainian First League 2007–08 Ukrainian First League The 2007–08 Ukrainian First League is the seventeenth since its establishment. There were 20 teams competing. Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2006-07. Four teams were promoted from the Ukrainian Second League 2006-07. These four teams were promoted from Druha Liha at the start of the season: Two teams were relegated from the Ukrainian Premier League 2006–07 season after finishing on the bottom of the competition: On June 26, 2008 MFC Mykolaiv was withdrawn from competitions. On July 1, 2008 the club was announced about the official disbandment. Due to the public pressure", "2007–08 Cypriot Second Division points for a loss. Teams promoted to 2007–08 Cypriot First Division Teams relegated from 2006–07 Cypriot First Division Teams promoted from 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division Teams relegated to 2007–08 Cypriot Third Division 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division The 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division was the 53rd season of the Cypriot second-level football league. AEP Paphos won their 2nd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted", "2007–08 Süper Lig 2007–08 Süper Lig The 2007–08 Süper Lig season, (also known as the Turkcell Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons), was the 50th anniversary of top-flight professional football in Turkey. It was won by Galatasaray, who won their 17th championship. Since Turkey had climbed from 15th to 14th position in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2006–07 season, and UEFA Champions League-bound Zenit Saint Petersburg won the 2007–08 UEFA Cup, the domestic cup winner, Kayserispor, which had qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, was promoted to the first round, filling the unused title", "Medaille College Medaille Men's Soccer undefeated streak in the AMCC of five years was snapped. On September 25, 2010, the Franciscan University Barons pulled off the biggest upset in history, winning the match 2-1, and the baseball team won the AMCC championship in 2007. The women's basketball team made appearances in the NCAA tournament in 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08 and the men's soccer made appearances in 2005 and 2006. The 2008-2009 men's basketball team reached the AMCC finals for the first time in 2009, the team won its first AMCC championship against Pitt-Bradford, four years after going 0-25. With the win the team", "2005–06 New Zealand Football Championship 3 (Canterbury) gets a second chance to make the Grand Final by playing the winner of Game 4 (Wellington). The Game 4 loser is eliminated. Canterbury, as winners, go on to face Auckland City in the Grand Final. Auckland City are the champions of the 2005–06 New Zealand Football Championship and, along with league runners up YoungHeart Manawatu, will go on to represent New Zealand in the Oceania Club Championship 2006 2005–06 New Zealand Football Championship The 2005–06 New Zealand Football Championship was the second season of the New Zealand Football Championship. The final was won by Auckland City, who", "2007–08 Maltese Second Division 2007–08 Maltese Second Division The Maltese Second Division 2007–08 (known as BOV Second Division 2007-08 due to sponsorship reasons) started on 21 September 2007 and ended on 18 May 2008. San Gwann and Naxxar Lions were relegated from Maltese First Division 2006-07.The promoted teams from Maltese Third Division 2006-07 were Mgarr United, Sirens and Zurrieq.The league was won by San Gwann.They finished on 47 points,level with Balzan Youths and Rabat Ajax.They were declared champions for their superior goal difference.Balzan Youths and Rabat Ajax had to play a promotion play-off for the team to get promoted.The play-off was won 3-0 by", "2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship contested the All-Ireland final. 2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship The 2006–07 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 37th club hurling competition since its establishment in 1970–71. The first matches of the season were played on 22 October 2006 and the championship ended on 17 March 2007. Portumna went into the 2006–07 championship as defending champions, having won their first All-Ireland title the previous year. The championship culminated with the All-Ireland final, held at Croke Park, Dublin. The match was contested by Ballyhale Shamrocks and Loughrea. It was their first meeting in the final. Ballyhale won the game by", "2007–08 EIHL season 2007–08 EIHL season The 2007–08 Elite Ice Hockey League season began September 5, 2007 and ran until April 6, 2008. It was the fifth season of Elite League competition. The defending league champions were the Coventry Blaze, who were also the holders of the Challenge Cup. The Nottingham Panthers looked to defend the Play Off Championship they won for the first time in eighteen years in 2007. The season began on September 5, 2007 with a \"Charity Shield\" style game between the 2006–07 league champions and Challenge Cup winning Coventry Blaze and the playoff champions Nottingham Panthers at the National", "2005–06 Cypriot Second Division 2005–06 Cypriot Second Division The 2005–06 Cypriot Second Division was the 51st season of the Cypriot second-level football league. AEP Paphos won their 1st title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2005–06 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to 2006–07 Cypriot First Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division. Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero", "2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia The 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia is an A1 Grand Prix race, to be held on 4 February 2007 at Eastern Creek Raceway in Sydney, Australia. This was the seventh race in the 2006-07 A1 Grand Prix season and the second meeting held at the circuit. Nico Hülkenberg, who won both the Sprint and Main races, set the still standing (as of March 2013) outright lap record for the original 3.93 km (2.44 mi) long circuit with a time of 1:19.1420 in his A1 Team Germany Lola A1GP Zytek. The Sprint", "2006–07 Croatian First Football League 2006–07 Croatian First Football League The 2006–07 Croatian First Football League (officially known as Prva HNL Ožujsko for sponsorship reasons) was the sixteenth season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 29 July 2006 and ended on 19 May 2007. Dinamo Zagreb were the defending champions, having won their eleventh championship title the previous season, and they defended the title again, after a win against Međimurje on Matchday 29, played on 28 April 2007. During matches 1–22 each team plays every other", "2006–07 DFB-Pokal (women) 2006–07 DFB-Pokal (women) The Frauen DFB-Pokal 2006–07 was the 27th season of the cup competition, Germany's second-most important title in women's football. The first round of the tournament was held on 2–3 September 2006. In the final which was held in Berlin on 26 May 2007 FFC Frankfurt defeated FCR 2001 Duisburg 5–2 on penalties, thus claiming their sixth title. The game was replayed due to a referee's mistake in the penalty shootout. The best nine teams from the 2005–06 Bundesliga season entered the competition in this round. Defending champion Turbine Potsdam had a quick exit from the competition, losing", "2006–07 DFB-Pokal (women) their initial match at home against FCR 2001 Duisburg. 2006–07 DFB-Pokal (women) The Frauen DFB-Pokal 2006–07 was the 27th season of the cup competition, Germany's second-most important title in women's football. The first round of the tournament was held on 2–3 September 2006. In the final which was held in Berlin on 26 May 2007 FFC Frankfurt defeated FCR 2001 Duisburg 5–2 on penalties, thus claiming their sixth title. The game was replayed due to a referee's mistake in the penalty shootout. The best nine teams from the 2005–06 Bundesliga season entered the competition in this round. Defending champion Turbine", "2006–07 New Zealand Football Championship 2006–07 New Zealand Football Championship The 2006–07 New Zealand Football Championship was the third season of the New Zealand Football Championship and began on 14 October 2006, and finished on 16 April 2007. Auckland City FC won the title, following up their wins in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. In the regular season, all teams played each other three times. The playoff stage was changed slightly (reverting to the old format used during the 2004 season), with the top three teams now going through to the playoffs (as opposed to the previous season's five). In the playoff system, the games are broken", "2007–08 A.S. Roma season 2007–08 A.S. Roma season During the 2007–08 season Associazione Sportiva Roma played the 75th Serie A season in its history. As in the previous season, Roma finished in second place in Serie A behind Internazionale, but had the chance to win the Championship until the last match. Further, because \"giallorossi\" won the 2006–07 Coppa Italia, they played the Supercoppa Italiana for the second consecutive time against Inter, and won the trophy thanks to a 1–0 victory in the first match of the season in San Siro. In the European competitions, Roma played 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and, starting from the", "2006–07 Sydney FC season 2006–07 Sydney FC season The 2006–07 season is Sydney FC's second season of soccer in Australia. Sydney FC contested in the 2006–07 A-League, and after winning the inaugural A-League Championship in 2005–06, competed in the 2007 AFC Champions League as one of Australia's two representatives. After winning the A-League Championship in his first season with the club, head coach Pierre Littbarski signalled his intentions to remain with Sydney FC for the following season in April, whilst the club indicated that an \"in-principle agreement\" with Littbarski had been finalised. In May 2006 however, it was revealed that Littbarski would not accept", "2005–06 Danish Superliga 2005–06 Danish Superliga The 2005–06 Danish Superliga season was the 16th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association. It took place from the first match on July 19, 2005 to the final match on May 14, 2006. FC København will, as Danish champions, qualify for UEFA Champions League 2006-07 qualification and the Royal League 2006-07. Brøndby IF will, as runners-up, qualify for UEFA Cup 2006-07 qualification and Royal League. Odense BK will, as 3rd placed, qualify for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 2006 and Royal League, while Viborg FF, as the 4th placed team, just", "2007–08 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship 2007–08 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship The 2007–08 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 38th club hurling competition since its establishment in 1970–71. The first matches of the season were played on 14 October 2007 and the championship ended on 17 March 2008. Ballyhale Shamrocks went into the 2007–08 championship as defending champions, having won their fourth All-Ireland title the previous year. The championship culminated with the All-Ireland final, held at Croke Park, Dublin. The match was contested by Birr and Portumna. It was their first meeting in the final. Portumna won the game by 3–19 to 3–9. It", "2005–06 ECHL season league for the 2006–07 season, while the Sea Wolves were allowed to return for the 2007–08 season. While most leagues adopted the entire NHL rule change package for 2005–06 (based on the 2004–05 AHL rule changes), the ECHL kept the shootout at five players, and kept the automatic icing rule which has been used in the league. The ECHL All-Star Game was held at the Save Mart Center in Fresno, California, and was hosted by the Fresno Falcons. The National Conference All-Stars defeated the American Conference All-Stars 7–6, with Fresno's Luke Curtin named Most Valuable Player. \"Note: GP = Games", "2005–06 Cypriot Third Division 2005–06 Cypriot Third Division The 2005–06 Cypriot Third Division was the 35th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. AEM Mesogis won their 1st title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2005–06 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 2006–07 Cypriot Fourth Division. Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and", "2006–07 Cypriot Second Division 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division The 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division was the 52nd season of the Cypriot second-level football league. APOP Kinyras won their 2nd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to 2007–08 Cypriot First Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 2007–08 Cypriot Third Division. Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero", "2006–07 UCI Asia Tour 2006–07 UCI Asia Tour The 2006–07 UCI Asia Tour was the third season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 22 October 2006 with the Japan Cup and ended on 17 September 2007 with the Tour de Hokkaido. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Ghader Mizbani from Iran was the defending champion of the 2005–06 UCI Asia Tour. Hossein Askari of Iran was crowned as the 2006–07 UCI Asia Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races", "2006–07 UCI Europe Tour 2006–07 UCI Europe Tour The 2006–07 UCI Europe Tour was the third season of the UCI Europe Tour. The season began on 15 October 2006 with the Chrono des Nations and ended on 18 October 2007 with the Giro del Piemonte. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Europe Tour cycling jersey. Niko Eeckhout of Belgium was the defending champion of the 2005–06 UCI Europe Tour. Alessandro Bertolini of Italy was crowned as the 2006–07 UCI Europe Tour. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races", "2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Shanghai, China The first edition will be in the last event of this 2007-08 season, on May 2–4, 2007-08, Great Britain. Like the past season, A1GP organize a vote for the fan's favorite 2007-08 A1 team. All A1GP fan, and other, can vote in the official A1GP site. The winning team, revealed at the A1GP's Gala Awards, on May 5, 2008, receive a special award. Neel Jani (Switzerland) score the pole position for each Sunday races. For the second consecutive venue, Mexico start from the back of the grid in each race because of bad performances. For the Sprint race, Switzerland take", "2007–08 Mersin İdmanyurdu season Mersin idmanyurdu participated in 2007–08 TFF Second League (the league has been played under the name of \"Second League Category B\" between 2001–02 and 2005–06; \"TFF League B\" in 2006–07; and \"TFF Second League\" since 2007–08. Also sponsor names have been included in various seasons.). League was played by 50 teams in three stages. League was started on 19 August 2007. In the first stage teams fought in regionally specified five ranking groups (10 teams in each) for top two rankings to be qualified for Promotion Group in the next stage. In the second stage 10 teams fought for promotion", "2007–08 Maltese FA Trophy 2007–08 Maltese FA Trophy The Maltese Cup 2007-08 (known as U*BET Fa Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was the 70th season since its establishment.It features 20 teams from Maltese Premier League and First Division.The competition started on 3 November 2007 and ended on 24 May 2008 with the final,which Birkirkara F.C. won 2-1 against Hamrun Spartans. Hibernians were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Valletta. When the draw was conducted four teams received a bye to the Quarterfinals. Hibernians received a bye because they won the 2006–07 Maltese Cup. Other three teams who received a bye directly", "2006–07 Scottish First Division semi-final advanced to the final. First legs Second legs The two semi-final winners played each other over two legs. The winning team was awarded a place in the 2007–08 First Division. First leg Second leg Stirling Albion were promoted to the First Division Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Winner Other nominees: 2006–07 Scottish First Division The 2006-07 First Division season was the twelfth season of the Scottish First Division in its current format of ten teams. It began on August 5, 2006 and ended on April 28, 2007. Gretna gained promotion to the Premier League as champions, by a single point", "2005–06 Ekstraklasa Białystok 2-1 Jagiellonia Białystok relegated to Polish Second League and Arka Gdynia promoted to 2006–07 Ekstraklasa. 2005–06 Ekstraklasa The 2005-06 Ekstraklasa season started on 24 July 2005 and ended 13 May 2006. Legia Warsaw were crowned champions after ending Wisła Kraków's three season winning streak. This was Legia's first title since 2002. Wisła Płock took part in the UEFA Cup as they won the Puchar Polski 3-1 against Zagłębie Lubin Amica Wronki and Lech Poznań merged after the end of the season leaving Lech in the top division while Amica joined the third division as a feeder club for Lech.", "2007–08 in Welsh football a result of Neath Athletic's promotion from the Welsh Football League. This meant that all teams were in action on every matchday whereas for the previous 2 seasons there were 17 teams with one team inactive every weekend. Cwmbran Town's relegation from the Welsh Premier League in the 2006-07 season saw them play in the First Division for 2007-08. Barry Town, historically the most successful team in the League of Wales, suffered further relegation from the First Division to Second Division. This followed their relegation from the Welsh Premier League in 2004. 2007–08 in Welsh football 2007-08 saw Wales continue", "2006–07 Cypriot Third Division 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division The 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division was the 36th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. Ermis Aradippou won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 2006–07 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to the 2007–08 Cypriot Second Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 2007–08 Cypriot Fourth Division. Teams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and", "2005–06 Scottish First Division to the Scottish Second Division. Scottish Second Division winners Gretna and playoff winners Partick Thistle were promoted. The average attendances for First Division clubs for season 2005/06 are shown below: The playoff semi-finals took place on 3 May 2006 and 6 May 2006. The final took place on 10 May 2006 and 14 May 2006. Semi-finals Final (Partick Thistle win 4–2 on penalties, aet) 2005–06 Scottish First Division The 2005–06 Scottish First Division was won by St Mirren. As league champions, St Mirren were promoted to the Scottish Premier League. Allan Jenkins scored the Stranraer winner on a 2 January", "2006–07 Hong Kong First Division League 2006–07 Hong Kong First Division League The 2006–07 Hong Kong First Division League season was the 95th since its establishment. In this season, the First Division was composed by 10 teams. HKFC and WTai Po have been promoted from the Second Division. The two bottom teams of the First Division in last season, South China and Hong Kong 08, were reinstated. South China won their 28th league title by defeating Lanwa Redbull in their last match of the season on 27 April 2007. (C) – Champions (R) - Relegated According to the HKFA League Rules, if two or more clubs", "2005–06 Mersin İdmanyurdu season 2) tie-break; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored. In the score columns first scores belong to MİY.<br> (C): Champions; (P): Promoted to 2006–07 Süper Lig; (Q): Qualified to Promotion Play-offs; (R): Relegated to 2006–07 TFF Second League.<br>Source: 2005–06 TFF First League pages from TFF website, Turkish-Soccer website, and Maçkolik website. Results of games MİY played in 2005–06 Second League Category A by rounds: Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) 2005–06 Second League Category A season first half game reports is shown in the following table. Kick off times are in EET and EEST. \"Sources\": 2005–06 TFF First League pages. Mersin İdmanyurdu", "World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (video game) World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (video game) World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (Or, \"WSC\" 07-08) is a sport simulation video game, released for the Nintendo DS on 26 October 2007. \"WSC 07-08\" was the first in the World Snooker Championship video games series to be released exclusively for handheld consoles. The game received average to poor reviews from critics, with both the overly hard AI, and lack of network modes being a major concern. \"WSC 2007-08\", unlike other releases in the World Snooker Championship video games series, was released for the Nintendo DS, and would add the moniker of \"Season\"", "2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup 2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup The 2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup is a multi race tournament over a season for cross-country skiers. The season began on 28 October 2006 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf which was eventually won by Marit Bjørgen of Norway. This season, Tour de Ski was a part of the World Cup for the first time. The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping, snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others. Both men's and women's events tend to be held at the same resorts over", "2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup teams may be counted for team sprints. 2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup The 2006–07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup is a multi race tournament over a season for cross-country skiers. The season began on 28 October 2006 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf which was eventually won by Marit Bjørgen of Norway. This season, Tour de Ski was a part of the World Cup for the first time. The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping, snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others. Both men's and women's events tend to", "2005–06 Danish Superliga qualify for Royal League. SønderjyskE and AGF relegated to the 1st Division. The 1st Division champions and runners-up will promote to the Superliga. The team listed to the left, is the home team. 2005–06 Danish Superliga The 2005–06 Danish Superliga season was the 16th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association. It took place from the first match on July 19, 2005 to the final match on May 14, 2006. FC København will, as Danish champions, qualify for UEFA Champions League 2006-07 qualification and the Royal League 2006-07. Brøndby IF will, as runners-up, qualify", "2006–07 Montenegrin First League as the league's first ever champions under the new FA, and thus qualified as the country's first ever UEFA Champions League competitor. In order of their 2005-06 league table position. 2006–07 Montenegrin First League The 2006–07 Montenegrin First League season was the inaugural season of the league as Montenegro's top-tier football competition. Although the league existed before, it was previously a second-tier league, underneath the Serbo-Montenegrin First League. Upon the independence of Montenegro, and the establishment of a Montenegrin Football Association, the league became disassociated with the Serbo-Montenegrin league and thus was given its present position. The league played its", "2006–07 Logan Cup 2006–07 Logan Cup The 2006–07 Logan Cup was a first-class cricket competition held in Zimbabwe from 12 April 2007 – 13 May 2007. It was won by Easterns, who remained unbeaten in their five matches to top the table with 44 points. Following the cancellation of the 2005–06 competition, Zimbabwe Cricket reformatted the Logan Cup, including the addition of a Kenya Select side. However, the tournament received a lot of negative publicity after firstly no fixture list was published, and later the scorecards and statistics were unavailable. The latter issue prompted concern that the matches could lose their first-class status", "2007–08 Cypriot First Division 2007–08 Cypriot First Division The 2007-08 Cypriot First Division started on 1 September 2007. The defending champions were APOEL. This year, for the first time, the championship featured a group stage play-off system. Teams were divided into 3 groups; 1st-4th, 5th-8th and 9th-12th. Points were carried over from the first round. Anorthosis won the championship three games before the end of the season, without losing a single match. Fourteen teams participated in the 2007–08 Cypriot First Division. Each team played against every other team twice, once at home and once away, for a total of 26 matches. After these matches,", "2006–07 Danish Superliga League 2007–08 qualification. The runners-up qualified for UEFA Cup 2007–08 qualification. The third-place finishers qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 2007. The 11th and 12th placed teams were relegated to the 1st Division. The 1st Division champions and runners-up are promoted to the Superliga. The fixture schedule can be seen here. \"To read this table, the home team is listed in the left-hand column.\" 2006–07 Danish Superliga The 2006–07 Danish Superliga season was the 17th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, which determined the winners of the Danish football championship. It was governed by the Danish Football Association. It", "2006–07 Logan Cup provided the majority of information to the statisticians and general public on an almost daily basis. 2006–07 Logan Cup The 2006–07 Logan Cup was a first-class cricket competition held in Zimbabwe from 12 April 2007 – 13 May 2007. It was won by Easterns, who remained unbeaten in their five matches to top the table with 44 points. Following the cancellation of the 2005–06 competition, Zimbabwe Cricket reformatted the Logan Cup, including the addition of a Kenya Select side. However, the tournament received a lot of negative publicity after firstly no fixture list was published, and later the scorecards and", "Sri Lankan cricket team in New Zealand in 2006–07 Lanka won by 217 runs to level the test series 1-1. The player of the match was Chamara Silva after scoring 213 runs in the match. Match Abandoned Sri Lankan cricket team in New Zealand in 2006–07 The Sri Lankan cricket team toured New Zealand for cricket matches during the 2006–07 cricket season. It was the third successive season Sri Lanka visited New Zealand, after the 2005–06 tour was aborted and reschuled for the winter of 2005–06. Originally, the tour had been set to include three Tests and five One Day Internationals, but New Zealand Cricket chief executive Martin Snedden", "2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup while in team sprint events two teams contribute towards the total, with the usual World Cup points (100 to winning team, etc.) awarded. 2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup The 2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers. The season began on 27 October 2007 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf, won by Natalia Matveeva of Russia, who took her first World Cup victory. Finnish skier Virpi Kuitunen won the overall women's cup for the 2nd consecutive season and Lukáš Bauer of Czech Republic won the overall men's cup. The World Cup", "2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup 2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup The 2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers. The season began on 27 October 2007 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf, won by Natalia Matveeva of Russia, who took her first World Cup victory. Finnish skier Virpi Kuitunen won the overall women's cup for the 2nd consecutive season and Lukáš Bauer of Czech Republic won the overall men's cup. The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping, snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others. Both men's", "2006–07 Slovak Superliga 2006–07 Slovak Superliga The 2006–07 Slovak Superliga (known as the Slovak Corgoň Liga for sponsorship reasons) was the 14th season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. This season started on 14 July 2006 and ended on 30 May 2007. FC Artmedia Bratislava are the defending champions. A total of 12 teams was contested in the league, including 9 sides from the 2005–06 season and three promoted from the 1. liga, due to the league's expansion. Relegation for SK Matador Púchov to the 2006–07 Slovak First League was confirmed on 27 May 2006. The one relegated", "2005–06 Austrian Cup 2005–06 Austrian Cup The Austrian Cup 2005–06 (German: \"ÖFB-Cup\") was the seventy-second season of Austria's nationwide football cup competition. It started on July 26, 2005 with the first game of the Preliminary Round. The final was held at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna on 9 May 2006. The competition was won by Austria Vienna after beating Mattersburg 3–0. Due to Austria Vienna qualifying for European competition through winning the Bundesliga, Mattersburg qualified for the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup 2006-07 as cup runners-up. The Preliminary Round involved 60 lower league clubs from all regional federations. Thirty games were played between", "2006–07 Adelaide United FC season 2006–07 Adelaide United FC season The 2006–07 Adelaide United FC season was the club's second season of the A-League. The club had success winning the 2005–06 Adelaide United FC season Premiership and finishing third in the finals series. Adelaide began their 2006-07 season with a 2-2 draw with local club Adelaide Galaxy and a 2-1 win over a State Select in their pre-season fixtures. This was followed up with a highly successful pre-season cup which the Reds won, defeating Central Coast Mariners on penalties in the grand final. Adelaide United finished second in the 2006-07 Premiership. Competing for the Championship,", "2006–07 UCI America Tour 2006–07 UCI America Tour The 2006–07 UCI America Tour was the third season for the UCI America Tour. The season began on 1 October 2006 with the Clasico Ciclistico Banfoandes and ended on 15 September 2007 with the Tour de Leelanau. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI America Tour cycling jersey. José Serpa of Colombia was the defending champion of the 2005–06 UCI America Tour. Svein Tuft of Canada was crowned as the 2006–07 UCI America Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage", "2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour 2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour The 2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour was the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour. The season began on 8 October 2006 with the Herald Sun Tour and ended on 5 May 2007 with the Oceania Cycling Championships. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. Gordon McCauley of New Zealand was the defending champion of the 2005–06 UCI Oceania Tour. Robert McLachlan of Australia was crowned as the 2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within", "2006–07 UCI Africa Tour 2006–07 UCI Africa Tour The 2006–07 UCI Africa Tour was the third season of the UCI Africa Tour. The season began on 6 October 2006 with the Grand Prix Chantal Biya and ended on 16 September 2007 with the Dome 2 Dome Cycling Spectacular. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Africa Tour cycling jersey. Rabaki Jeremie Ouedraogo of Burkina Faso was the defending champion of the 2005–06 UCI Africa Tour. Hassen Ben Nasser of Tunisia was crowned as the 2006–07 UCI Africa Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the", "2007–08 La Liga 2007–08 La Liga The 2007–08 La Liga season, the 77th since its establishment, started on 25 August 2007 and finished on 18 May 2008. Real Madrid defended their La Liga title successfully after a 2–1 victory over Osasuna. This season, all European leagues ended earlier than the previous season, due to the UEFA Euro 2008 championship. It also was the first year of the new La Liga television agreement that had La Sexta mark its first year of television broadcasting. Teams promoted from 2006–07 Segunda División Teams relegated to 2007–08 Segunda División The Pichichi Trophy is awarded to the player", "Sport in the Czech Republic World Championships in the 10 kilometre race in 2005 and 2007. She also won 18 races in the FIS Cross-Country World Cup. Bauer won the overall and distance World Cups in the 2007–08 seasons, as well as a silver and two bronze medals at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics, and a silver in the 15 kilometre classical event at the 2009 World Championships. He is also a double winner of the Tour de Ski in 2008 and 2010. In the sport of Biathlon World Championship golds have been won by Kateřina Holubcová (in the 15 kilometre individual event in", "World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (video game) even online matches? It's a real missed opportunity.\" \"videogamer.com\" were also scathing about the omission \"The lack of wireless multiplayer is a real killer and an oversight that is quite unforgivable for a sports title.\" World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (video game) World Snooker Championship: Season 2007-08 (Or, \"WSC\" 07-08) is a sport simulation video game, released for the Nintendo DS on 26 October 2007. \"WSC 07-08\" was the first in the World Snooker Championship video games series to be released exclusively for handheld consoles. The game received average to poor reviews from critics, with both the overly hard AI," ]

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[ "Bad Boys (Inner Circle song) Bad Boys (Inner Circle song) \"Bad Boys\" is a 1987 song by the Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle, which obtained high popularity in the United States after its re-release in 1993, peaking at number 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream. It is well known as the opening theme to the U.S. TV show \"Cops\". The song was originally released in 1987 on the album \"One Way\" and obtained minor airplay and poor sales. However, in 1992, it was also included on the \"Bad to the Bone\" album, and the song was released" ]

[ "Cops (TV program) On April 25, 2018, the video recorded by the \"Cops\" camera crew was released. The video was shown in open court and The Omaha World Herald requested a copy, which it later released. The wrongful death lawsuit filed against the City of Omaha by Trevor Dion is still ongoing. The show's theme song is \"Bad Boys\", performed by reggae group Inner Circle, which is played over a montage of clips. All episodes of \"Cops\" begin with a disclaimer which was introduced in the third season: The disclaimer in the first two seasons was slightly different by stating: \"\"COPS\" is filmed", "Dan Cooper Morrow among many others, while the cop roles were acted by 35 real police officers. He later produced two other films and a music video for the NYPD's \"Operation SPECDA\", a classroom anti-drug program that were shown to fifth and sixth grade children at school in 1986. The song, which was called \"The SPECDA Theme Song\" was sung by police officer Robin Vance accompanied by 200 children. In the late 80s he was asked to produce another two films for the NYPD, \"Police Women\" and \"Restoring Dignity: Frontline Response to Sexual Assault\". In the mid-1980s, Cooper was brought on by", "Cops (TV program) on location as it happens. All suspects are considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.\" Burt Lancaster provided the following narration on the pilot episode. \"\"Cops\" is about real people, and real crime. It was filmed entirely on location, with the men and women who work in law enforcement.\" During at least the first season, episodes featured original scoring in a vein similar to the instrumental backing of the opening song. Some cues were short, others longer, usually over montages. Among the composers who scored episodes were Michael Lewis and Nathan Wang. In 1993, reruns of \"Cops\"", "Jinian Wilde project, performing vocals and backing vocals on \"The Whoa Song\" and receiving credit as Jin Wilde. The track was released on Ebul / Sony BMG. 14th Precinct also sampled a Uniting Nations track \"All Out of Love (Dance Remix)\" and used the Jinian Wilde vocals. The song was used as the theme song for the American television series \"Cagney & Lacey\". Wilde was also featured in One Track Mind's song \"Voices\", a remake of band The Police track and Emma J's \"When I'm Gone\". Other credits include guitar and programming on Bass Monkeys track \"Beautiful (Thrill Bill)\" on and lead", "Greg Benson comedy division at the 2006 Evil City Film Fest. \"Retarded Policeman\" is an American YouTube comedy web series written, directed, and edited by Benson, and based on an idea by his wife, producer and performer, Kim Evey. Scott Perry, Luke \"The Ponceman\" Perry's brother, has worked on the series. The videos are uploaded on YouTube under the channel MediocreFilms. The fictional series follows learning impaired Officer Ponce (Josh \"The Ponceman\" Perry) as he pulls over members of the public. The following is the lyrics to the 8 second long theme song played at the start of the video. Episode 15", "Hardball (1989 TV series) Brandon Tartikoff saw this series as inspired by the \"Lethal Weapon\" films and Battles was patterned after Pete Rose. The series was created by Robert Palm and executive produced by John Ashley and Frank Lupo. The series' theme song \"Roll It Over\", was written by Sylvester Levay and Eddie Money. Money also performed the tune. Hardball (1989 TV series) Hardball is an American crime drama television series that ran on NBC during the 1989–90 television schedule. \"Hardball\" is a variation of the buddy cop genre that focused on two cops, Charlie \"C.B.\" Battles (John Ashton) and Joe \"Kaz\" Kaczierowski (Richard", "Cop Rock was working on another Bochco series at the time, \"Doogie Howser, M.D.\"), while Episode 8 featured cameos by \"L.A. Law\" stars Jimmy Smits and Michele Greene. The series' theme song, \"Under the Gun\", was written by Randy Newman, who also performed it in the series' title sequence music video-style in a recording studio, complete with a full backing band and the show's cast (appearing out of character) serving as an audience. Mike Post, who served as \"Cop Rock\"s music supervisor, was also part of Newman's band in that opening sequence; Post is the keyboardist in dark glasses sitting next to", "Campus PD various locations across the country. The theme song for the first two seasons was The Clash song \"Police on My Back\". The entire series is available on iTunes. As of January 10, 2017, reruns of \"Campus PD\" can be seen on cable network Spike. On April 30, 2011 a helicopter associated with Campus PD crashed into student housing in Indiana, Pennsylvania, where the show was gathering video for a segment on Indiana University of Pennsylvania. FAA spokesman Jim Peters was quoted as stating that all the people on the helicopter had injuries ranging from minor to critical with two crew", "Police Academy (franchise) a pop song entitled \"I'm Gonna Be Somebody\" by Jack Mack is used at the end of #1. For #4, a rap song, \"Citizens on Patrol\", was written by John Debney and sung by Michael Winslow and LA Dream Team. As of September 2003, plans were set in motion for an eighth \"Police Academy\" film to be released in 2007 after more than thirteen years of absence. Says series creator Paul Maslansky: \"I felt it was time to start again. I saw that \"Starsky & Hutch\" and a number of other revivals were doing really well. \"Police Academy\" has such", "Hot Cop barbichette\". It has been included on a number of Village People compilation albums, including \"Greatest Hits\" and \"The Best of Village People\". Hot Cop \"Hot Cop\" is a song by the American disco group Village People recorded for their third studio album \"Cruisin'\" (1978). It was written by Jacques Morali and Village People lead singer Victor Willis. It served as Willis' theme song with the Village People. Although not released as a single, it was a disco hit. A medley with \"Y.M.C.A.\" reached number 2 on \"Billboard's\" Hot Disco Singles chart. \"Hot Cop\" is a mid-tempo disco song. Its danceability", "K9 Cop sniff out an Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department employee with drugs on him, Chi-ho realizes that Bah-da knows how to detect illegal substances and recommends that Bah-da be train as a police dog. Madam Chung also forces Yat-tsau's to transfer to the Police Dog Unit so that he can learn some disciplinary. The main opening theme song \"You Got Me\" (你懂我) was sung by Linda Chung, composed by Dominic Chu and lyrics by Hayes Yeung. A Mandarin Chinese sub theme song sometimes played during the closing credits named \"Listen to the Sea\" (聽海) is performed by \"The Voice\" season four", "COPS (animated TV series) in “The Case of the Ransomed Rascal”). The music for the series was created by Shuki Levy, while the \"COPS\" theme music was written and composed by Haim Saban. Numerous characters were featured in the cartoon that did not have action figures (including Mainframe, Brian O’Malley, Whitney Morgan, Nightshade, Ms. Demeanor, and Mirage). COPS is short for Central Organization of Police Specialists. They were assembled in order to combat C.R.O.O.K.S. and other bad guys. Characters include: C.R.O.O.K.S. is a crime syndicate that commits crimes in Empire City. Recurring characters include: Other villains in the show were unaffiliated with Big Boss’", "Nasty Boys (TV series) Franz, who played Lieutenant Stan Krieger. William Russ played Lieutenant Farlow in the pilot movie and was killed off unexpectedly. Basil Poledouris composed most of the episode scores. The theme song was \"Nasty\" by Janet Jackson, though the song was performed by Lisa Keith and the lyrics were changed to fit the TV series. Jimmy Jackson and Larry Bradley were technical advisors/actors. Nasty Boys (TV series) Nasty Boys was a television action drama series based on the real life Narcotics Officers of the North Las Vegas Police Department. It follows the 1989 film \"Nasty Boys\" and aired on NBC. The", "Star Cops be Easy\", was written and performed by Justin Hayward, the lead vocalist with the Moody Blues. The theme was produced by record producer Tony Visconti who also composed, with Hayward, the incidental music for every episode. Gridneff hoped that the theme would act as a gentle method of enticing casual viewers into the series. Reaction to the music and Hayward's song in particular, has generally been negative. \"SFX\" magazine, in particular, has been highly critical of the theme tune: in one issue it was placed twenty-ninth in a list article titled \"The 50 Worst Things About SF Ever!\" while in", "Hot Cop Hot Cop \"Hot Cop\" is a song by the American disco group Village People recorded for their third studio album \"Cruisin'\" (1978). It was written by Jacques Morali and Village People lead singer Victor Willis. It served as Willis' theme song with the Village People. Although not released as a single, it was a disco hit. A medley with \"Y.M.C.A.\" reached number 2 on \"Billboard's\" Hot Disco Singles chart. \"Hot Cop\" is a mid-tempo disco song. Its danceability is enhanced by its cyclical beat. Allmusic critic Amy Hanson describes the vocals as having a \"funk style\" that ranges from \"righteous", "Mike Post and video game composers. The following singles credited to Mike Post charted on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and/or on the Adult Contemporary chart: Mike Post Mike Post (born Leland Michael Postil, September 29, 1944) is an American multi Grammy and Emmy-winning composer, best known for his TV theme songs for such series as \"Law & Order\", \"\", \"The A-Team\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Renegade,\" \"The Rockford Files\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Quantum Leap\", \"Magnum, P.I.\", and \"Hill Street Blues\". Post's first credited work in music was cutting demos using two singing sisters, Terry and Carol Fischer. With Sally Gordon, they went on", "Give Police a Chance asked them to make the police more popular. Give Police a Chance \"Give Police a Chance\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". This episode is also known as \"Love the Police\" and \"Police Public Image\" and as \"Police Brutality\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies are asked to help with the public image of the police, because nobody likes them. The police have no idea why they are so unpopular. Deputy Commissioner Butcher of the City Police, and the sergeant accompanying him, rough the Goodies up, demanding", "Fuck tha Police to the song in his single Still D.R.E., where he states he's \"Still not loving police.\" Kanye West alludes to the song in his single \"All Falls Down\", \"I say 'fuck the police', that's how I treat 'em\". \"Cop Killer\", a song by Ice-T's metal band Body Count, also contains the lyrics \"fuck the police\", as does \"Still No Surrender\" by Bone Thugs N Harmony. The Game references the song in his song, \"Doctor's Advocate\" off the album of the same name, expressing his shame of leaving Aftermath and going into beef with fellow rapper and former labelmate at the", "Star Cops episode \"Death on the Moon\" was planned but abandoned following industrial action at the BBC. A very small amount of merchandising has been produced for \"Star Cops\". To coincide with the broadcast of the series in 1987, BBC Enterprises released Justin Hayward's theme song \"It Won't Be Easy\" as a 7-inch and 12-inch single. The 7-inch included the track \"Outer Space\" by Hayward and Tony Visconti, which was one of the incidental music tracks written for \"An Instinct for Murder\", on the B-side. The 12-inch had an extended version of \"It Won't Be Easy\" on the A-Side and the 7-inch", "Inventions from the Blue Line He also refers to police with the traditional nickname of \"blues\", as in \"The Thin Blue Line\" which refers to the police in general and to police camaraderie (one of the tracks is called \"The Blue Line\", which Post calls 'the comradery theme'). Inventions from the Blue Line Inventions from the Blue Line is a 1994 music CD containing some of the best known TV cop-show themes written by Mike Post up to then. The album includes several themes from the TV series \"NYPD Blue\". It also includes themes from the series \"Law & Order\", \"Silk Stalkings\" and \"Renegade\". The", "Greg Benson had a rock remix of the theme song performed by Dave Days. \"He is a cop\", \"And he's learning impaired,\" \"He's the retarded policeman! (that's me!)\" Greg Benson Gregory Charles Benson (born January 23, 1968) is an American comedian, actor and director. His production company, Mediocre Films, creates comedic short films, generally for YouTube. He is a frequent director for \"The Guild\". Born in Dallas, Texas in 1968, Benson graduated from W. T. White High School in 1986. Eventually he moved to California, where he has since appeared in several television commercials. Benson is a sometime member of the ACME", "Tom Scott (musician) musician. He wrote the theme songs for the television shows \"Starsky and Hutch\" and \"The Streets of San Francisco\". He played the soprano saxophone solo on the No. 1 hit single \"Listen to What the Man Said\" by the band Wings. In 1976 he played the theme \"I Still Can't Sleep\" in \"Taxi Driver\". In 1982, he collaborated with Johnny Mathis on \"Without Us\", the theme to the 1980s sitcom \"Family Ties\". Scott was a founding member of the Blues Brothers Band, despite his absence in the two films, \"The Blues Brothers\" and \"Blues Brothers 2000\". According to Bob Woodward's", "Glory Daze (TV series) president and head of programming for TBS, TNT, and Turner Classic Movies said: \"\"Glory Daze\" is a sharply written, laugh-out-loud comedy with a talented ensemble cast, including comic veteran Tim Meadows. The time is right for this feel-good, funny, and fresh take on college life in the '80s.\" \"Glory Daze\" was filmed at USC's Mudd Hall of Philosophy and on both the UCLA campus and the former Ambassador College campus in Pasadena, CA. The show's theme song, \"Police on My Back\", is performed by The Clash. The show received a mixed reaction. On Metacritic, the series received \"mixed or average", "Mike Post Mike Post Mike Post (born Leland Michael Postil, September 29, 1944) is an American multi Grammy and Emmy-winning composer, best known for his TV theme songs for such series as \"Law & Order\", \"\", \"The A-Team\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Renegade,\" \"The Rockford Files\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Quantum Leap\", \"Magnum, P.I.\", and \"Hill Street Blues\". Post's first credited work in music was cutting demos using two singing sisters, Terry and Carol Fischer. With Sally Gordon, they went on to become The Murmaids. Their first single, \"Popsicles and Icicles\" (written by David Gates), was a #3 hit song in January 1964. Post also provided", "Two Bad Neighbors Homer and Bart hand out fliers for the upcoming garage sale, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon is seen washing his car while singing Cheap Trick's 1979 song \"Dream Police\". Homer's song at the rummage sale is set to the tune of the songs \"Big Spender\" and \"Stayin' Alive\". In its original broadcast, \"Two Bad Neighbors\" finished 52nd in the ratings for the week of January 7 to January 14, 1996, with a Nielsen rating of 9.9. The episode was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following the Post Game NFC Championship. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive", "Cops (TV program) patrolling the Dune Sea on the planet Tatooine run into some very familiar characters while being recorded for the hit Imperial TV show \"Troops\". Several short lived shows paid homage to \"Cops\" format, such as \"\" and \"Police POV\", among numerous others. Jay Leno made several parodies of the program on \"The Tonight Show\" in the mid-90s, which included rewrites of the theme song, suggesting such spin-offs as: DUMB COPS \"\"Whatcha gonna do, with a low I.Q.?\"\", SHORT COPS \"\"Whatcha gonna do, when you're 4-foot-2!?\"\", and MALL COPS \"\"Whatcha gonna do, when there's nothin' to do?\"\". A 1999 United States", "X-Cops conclusion of the seventh season, Gilligan was given the green light because it was seen as an experiment. In the tradition of the real-life \"Cops\" program, the entire episode was shot on videotape and featured several members of the crew of \"Cops\". The episode has been thematically analyzed for its use of postmodernism and its presentation as reality television. The episode begins with the standard opening credit sequence of the reality television program \"Cops\" and its theme song \"Bad Boys\". Keith Wetzel (Judson Mills), a deputy with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, is accompanied by a \"Cops\" film crew", "John from Cincinnati Florence, Shane Beschen, and Herbie Fletcher. The series' theme song is \"Johnny Appleseed,\" performed by Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros. A diverse soundtrack includes \"Tic\" by Kava Kava and songs from TV on the Radio, Muse, Buddy Guy, Kasabian, and the Yardbirds. The pilot for the series was shown directly after the highly anticipated series finale of \"The Sopranos\", but it failed to sustain an audience. \"The Sopranos\" received an audience of 11.9 million people according to Nielsen ratings, but \"John from Cincinnati\" held onto only 3.4 million viewers. Subsequent episodes initially lost viewers, but ratings began to see a", "Phantom Planet Phantom Planet Phantom Planet is an American rock band from Los Angeles, formed in 1994. The band consists of Alex Greenwald (vocals, rhythm guitar), Darren Robinson (lead guitar), Sam Farrar (bass guitar) and Jeff Conrad (drums). The band is best known for its track \"California\", which became the theme song for the TV series \"The O.C.\". The band featured actor Jason Schwartzman on drums until 2003 and continued to release well-received albums in his absence. On November 25, 2008, the band announced in a blog entry on their website that they are going on \"hiatus, and will not be playing", "Carlton Lassiter terrible president (after he refused when Shawn asked him to punch him because he was undercover). He also reveals this by referring to residents of a local commune as \"flag burners.\" He has the theme song of the show \"Cops\" as his ringtone. He also hints to being a Republican when he says he believes that there is no room for interpretation in the Constitution, and through his admiration of both Chuck Norris and the NRA. Lassiter has also mentioned that he believes climate change is hoax. Additionally, in the seventh season episode \"Deez Nups\", he refers to having been", "Joe E. Ross Patrolman Gunther Toody of New York's 53rd Precinct. Fred Gwynne, another \"Bilko\" alumnus, played Toody's partner, Francis Muldoon. Toody could usually be counted on at some point to say \"Ooh! Ooh!\", or \"Do you mind? Doyoumind?\". Ross became so identified with his policeman role that he recorded an album of songs entitled \"Love Songs from a Cop\". Roulette Records released the LP in 1964. Ross did the voice for Toody for the episode \"Car 54\" of Hanna-Barbera's \"Wait Till Your Father Gets Home\", in which Toody and Muldoon moonlight running a day care center and one of the children turns", "Law & Order series of the franchise. The UK-aired Channel Five versions of seasons 7–16 of \"Law & Order\" and Seasons 1–9 of \"\" feature the song \"I'm Not Driving Anymore\" by Rob Dougan in the opening credits with \"Urban Warfare\" by Paul Dinletir being used for Seasons 10–11 after that Seasons 16–20 of Law & Order and Seasons 12+ of SVU used the US theme. Another Rob Dougan track, \"There's Only Me\", was used as the theme for seasons 1–6 of \"\", with Urban Warfare again being used for Seasons 7–8 and the US theme being used for Seasons 9–10. For the", "Mike Post of the television shows \"Hill Street Blues\" in 1981 and \"L.A. Law\" in 1988 as well as another Grammy in 1981 for Best Instrumental Performance for the \"Hill Street Blues\" theme, which also reached number 10 in the U.S. Post won an Emmy for his \"Murder One\" theme music, and had previously been nominated for \"NYPD Blue\", among others. He has won BMI Awards for the music for \"L.A. Law\", \"Hunter\", and the various \"Law & Order\" series. The theme for \"The Greatest American Hero\" (co-written with Stephen Geyer) is one of the few television themes to reach as high", "Moonlighting (theme song) Moonlighting (theme song) \"Moonlighting\" is the theme song to the ABC comedy-crime drama of the same name, which ran from 1985 to 1989 and starred Bruce Willis and Cybill Shepherd. The theme song was performed by Al Jarreau, who wrote the song with Lee Holdridge; it was produced by Nile Rodgers. Included on the soundtrack album for the series and released as a single in 1987, the song reached number 23 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and spent one week at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart. In 1988 the song earned two Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop", "Cold Case at 9:00 pm. The ratings increased to 10 million viewers, but it was not enough to keep \"Cold Case\". On February 14, 2010, \"Cold Case\" returned to its original schedule, at 10:00 pm. CBS announced the show would not be renewed for an eighth season. A soundtrack CD was released in 2008 by Lakeshore Records, featuring incidental music composed by Michael A. Levine from the first four seasons, as well as the song 300 Flowers, sung by Robbyn Kirmsse. Cold Case Cold Case is an American police procedural television series which ran on CBS from September 28, 2003 to May", "Conviction (2006 TV series) The pilot and all other aired episodes are now available for purchase. NBC announced the series would not be renewed for a second season on May 14, 2006, having been routinely beaten in the ratings by CBS's math police procedural \"Numb3rs\". The theme song to \"Conviction\" is \"Destiny\", by the English electronic music group Syntax. It can be found on their 2004 album \"Meccano Mind\". \"Conviction\" has aired on Five US and Hallmark Channel in the United Kingdom. Re-runs can currently be seen on Universal HD and Hulu in the United States. In March 2008, the show debuted in Australia,", "Give Police a Chance Give Police a Chance \"Give Police a Chance\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". This episode is also known as \"Love the Police\" and \"Police Public Image\" and as \"Police Brutality\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies are asked to help with the public image of the police, because nobody likes them. The police have no idea why they are so unpopular. Deputy Commissioner Butcher of the City Police, and the sergeant accompanying him, rough the Goodies up, demanding that they help. The Goodies are terrified, but", "Deep Cover newcomer at the time) and Dr. Dre from 1991 to 1992. Deep Cover Deep Cover is a 1992 American crime-thriller film starring Laurence Fishburne and Jeff Goldblum and directed by veteran actor Bill Duke. It is also notable for its theme song of the same name, composed by Dr. Dre and the then-newcomer Snoop Dogg. Fishburne plays a police officer who goes undercover in a sting operation in Los Angeles to bring down a West Coast drug cartel. The film received positive reviews, being likened to film noir by a critic. In Cleveland, 1972, Russell Stevens Jr. is the son", "Axel F YouTube video (as well as the third oldest video to reach 1 billion views) in the 100 most viewed YouTube videos after \"The Gummy Bear Song\". Australia UK Axel F \"Axel F\" is the electronic instrumental theme from the 1984 film \"Beverly Hills Cop\" performed by Harold Faltermeyer. It was an international number 1 hit in 1985. The title comes from the main character's name, Axel Foley (played by Eddie Murphy), in the film; moreover, it is composed in the key of F minor. Faltermeyer recorded the song using five instruments: a Roland Jupiter-8 provided the distinctive \"supersaw\" lead sound,", "Law & Order 62 at Chelsea Piers (where the series was mostly shot) was renamed \"Law & Order Way\" in tribute to the series. The music for \"Law & Order\" was composed by veteran composer Mike Post, and was deliberately designed to be minimal to match the abbreviated style of the series. Post wrote the theme song using electric piano, guitar, and clarinet. In addition, scene changes were accompanied by a tone generated by Post. He refers to the tone as \"The Clang\", while \"Entertainment Weekly\" critic Ken Tucker has referred to the sound as the \"ominous \"chung CHUNG\"\", actor Dann Florek (in", "Joey Lawrence 100, #13 United Kingdom, #68 Australia). The song was used as the end-title theme from the movie \"Cop and a Half\"; its music video received heavy airplay on MTV and MuchMusic, and Lawrence was invited to perform live on MTV's Spring Break, \"The Arsenio Hall Show\", and the UK's \"Top of the Pops\" in 1993. In June 2011, he released a single, \"Rolled\", which was available as a free download for one week on ABC Family's website. In July, Joey released a second single, \"Give It To Ya (Acoustic)\" via Pledge Music. In 2017 Joey started a band with Matt", "Stuck in the Middle with You \"Reservoir Dogs\" in the basement while the song plays. An episode of \"Supernatural\" is titled \"Stuck in the Middle (With You),\" in which the characters re-enact a scene from \"Reservoir Dogs\". A disco cover version by Louise was a chart hit in 2001. Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album \"Guilty Pleasures\". Their version was used in the 2014 film \"Let's Be Cops\" and released on the soundtrack album. In \"I Am the Future,\" the season finale of \"Happy!\", Happy re-enacts the scene from \"Reservoir Dogs\" by tickling another imaginary friend while the song", "Fuck tha Police time 50 Cent: \"I'm not askin' you to take my side in the beef, But you told me it was okay to say 'Fuck The Police.'\" Chris Rock specifically refers to the song in a sketch from \"The Chris Rock Show\", \"How to not get your ass Kicked by the Police\": \"If you're listening to loud rap music ...turn that shit off! Blastin' \"Fuck tha Police\" while you're getting pulled over by the police is just ign'ant.\" Jason Mewes' character Jay sings the song after having an incident with the police in the 2001 movie \"Jay and Silent Bob Strike", "Jail (TV series) Jail (TV series) Jail (stylized as JAIL) is a reality television series that follows suspected criminals from booking through incarceration. The series was created and produced by John Langley and his son, Morgan Langley, through their Langley television and film Productions company who also produce \"Cops\". The show premiered on Court TV as \"Inside American Jail\" on August 2, 2007. It was repackaged for MyNetworkTV's 2007 Fall schedule as \"JAIL\" beginning September 2, 2007 with a different theme song, \"Get Me Out\", performed by rapper Lil' Droppa. It was later syndicated on TruTV, under the name \"Inside American Jail\", and", "Justin Hayward album in 2004. During the 1980s, Hayward composed and performed for film and television, including the theme song \"It Won't Be Easy\" for the 1987 BBC2 science-fiction series \"Star Cops\", \"Something Evil, Something Dangerous\" for the film \"\", \"Eternal Woman\" for the film \"She\", and music for the animated television series \"The Shoe People\". In 1989, with producer-arranger Mike Batt, Hayward released \"Classic Blue\", an album of pop standards written by other composers set to orchestration arranged by Batt. \"Classic Blue\" included a cover version of Led Zeppelin's hit \"Stairway to Heaven\". Hayward's solo album \"The View from the Hill\"", "Deep Cover Deep Cover Deep Cover is a 1992 American crime-thriller film starring Laurence Fishburne and Jeff Goldblum and directed by veteran actor Bill Duke. It is also notable for its theme song of the same name, composed by Dr. Dre and the then-newcomer Snoop Dogg. Fishburne plays a police officer who goes undercover in a sting operation in Los Angeles to bring down a West Coast drug cartel. The film received positive reviews, being likened to film noir by a critic. In Cleveland, 1972, Russell Stevens Jr. is the son of a drug addicted, alcoholic man, who tells his son never", "Pawn Shoppe Heart \"C'mon C'mon\" is the theme song for the American comedy-drama television show, \"Rescue Me\". It is featured on the EA videogames \"Burnout 3: Takedown\" and \"MVP Baseball 2004\". The track \"Mairead\" is about Queens of Noize DJ Mairead Nash, who has been associated with Jason Stollsteimer. MLB Network uses a brief clip of \"C'mon C'mon\" as the opening of their new show \"30 Clubs in 30 Days\". \"C'mon C'mon\" was also released as downloadable content for Rock Band and Rock Band 2 on March 31, 2009 for Xbox 360 and April 2, 2009 for PS3. This track became available as", "John Benitez SiriusXM Satellite Radio (Channel 54). Studio 54 Radio launched August 15, 2011. It features 1970s and 1980s classic dance from Jellybean's personal collection and the vaults and collections of Studio 54 insiders. Benitez composed the theme song to \"The Ricki Lake Show\" and \"The Charles Perez Show.\" He produced motion pictures and was nominated for a \"Golden Globe Award\" and an \"Emmy\" for his role as an Executive Producer for HBO's \"\" starring Andy Garcia. He served as music supervisor and created and mixed tunes for many soundtracks. Among the motion pictures for which he served as Music Supervisor are:", "The John Larroquette Show show after him. The show was videotaped, but processed by NBC to make it look like it was recorded on film. The series' theme song, \"The Skrewy St. Louis Blues\", is a bluesy tune performed by David Cassidy on acoustic guitar with a scat vocal. A version of the performance lasting approximately one minute was used in the opening and closing sequences of the show during its first season. A much shorter edit of the song (lasting less than ten seconds) was heard only during the opening logo during the later seasons. An upbeat, jazzy instrumental tune was occasionally used", "Crime Story (TV series) and magazines, in particular \"Life\". For the vintage cars in the show, they bought or rented from private owners. Three famous rock and roll musicians of the past contributed to \"Crime Story\": Del Shannon sang a revised version of his hit \"Runaway\" as the theme song, and Todd Rundgren started the musical direction of the series, with Al Kooper taking over as the series musical director. While early episodes played music of the era or earlier, Kooper later allowed tunes from years after 1963 to appear on the soundtrack. Like \"Miami Vice\", \"Crime Story\" featured heavy use of up-and-coming actors;", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series) Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series) Hawaii Five-O is an American police procedural drama series produced by CBS Productions and Leonard Freeman. Set in Hawaii, the show originally aired for 12 seasons from 1968 to 1980, and continues in reruns. At the airing of its last episode it was the longest-running police drama in American television history. Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett, the head of a special state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s. The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Many episodes would", "Star Cops constructed, the decision was taken to drop \"Death on the Moon\" and bring \"Information Received\", now titled \"Little Green Men and Other Martians\", forward. The three-day recording block for this episode began on 16 February 1987 just two days after recording of episode 8 had finished. Recording was further complicated when Erick Ray Evans fell ill and his lines had to split amongst the rest of the cast at the last minute with most of Theroux's dialogue going to Pal Kenzy. Production on \"Star Cops\" finally wrapped on 18 February 1987. The theme song for the series, titled \"It Won't", "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Hall, and California State University, Los Angeles. While shooting took place primarily at Universal Studios in Universal City, California, Santa Clarita's surroundings had proven so versatile, \"CSI\" still shot some outdoor scenes there. \"CSI\"'s theme song was, since the last episode of season one, \"Who Are You\", written by Pete Townshend with vocals by lead singer Roger Daltrey of The Who. Daltrey made a special appearance in the episode \"Living Legend\", which also contained many musical references such as the words \"Who's next\" on a dry-erase board in the episode's opening sequence. In certain countries, to avoid music licensing fees,", "Theme music features her Drake & Josh co-star Drake Bell, hitting number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100. Jan Hammer had a major hit with the theme from \"Miami Vice\" in the 1980s. \"Theme From \"Dr. Kildare\" (Three Stars Will Shine Tonight)\", recorded by Richard Chamberlain, the star of the television series, was in 1962 a top 10 hit in the U.S. and a top 20 in the UK and Believe It or Not, from The Greatest American Hero, a #2 hit for Joey Scarbury in 1981. The theme to the anime Baka and Test, \"Perfect-area Complete!\" was a hit for Natsuko", "Voisper on the June 24 episode and getting their first solo win on the October 28 episode. On July 13, Voisper released its fourth single \"Crush on You\". It also included a remake of the 1987 song \"Days Gone By\" by Yoo Jae-ha. It was followed by the group's fifth single \"Save As\", released on October 29. Voisper also released \"Let's Not Ask\" on December 4, the first installment for the original soundtrack of television series \"Two Cops\" (2017). On January 6, 2018, Voisper released the single \"Missing U\". Voisper 1st Whisper, the group's first concert, was held at the Veloso", "Ford Riley the 2000 Annecy Awards for best TV Animation programme. \"Ice Breakers\" was also nominated for a 2000 Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Special Class Animation Program. The theme song that Riley co-wrote with Mike Himelstein for \"Special Agent Oso\" was nominated for a 2010 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song. The song \"Sisi Ni Sawa\", that Riley co-wrote with Beau Black, Sarah Mirza and Kevin Hopps for \"The Lion Guard\" was nominated for a 2017 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song. Ford Riley Ford Riley is an American producer, screenwriter, lyricist, and voice actor. He", "City Guys teen issues, such as cheating on tests, peer pressure, racism, and dealing with school violence. The theme song for \"City Guys\" was written by Joey Schwartz, Eric Swerdloff and Michael Muta-Ali Muhammad and composed by Joey Schwartz (who also composed the incidental music used to denote scene changes and breaks in the program). The rap and R&B-infused theme included a chorus, \"C-I-T-Y you can see why, these guys, the neat guys, smart and streetwise,\" which repeating twice consecutively during the beginning, middle and near the end of the song. \"City Guys\" ran in syndication on local television stations throughout the", "Rob Hegel skills. For Don Kirshner, Hegel arranged and sang background vocals (with Jay Siegel of The Tokens) for \"The Kids from C.A.P.E.R.\" project, and two albums by Sarah Dash; her eponymous debut album that featured \"Sinner Man\" and the follow-up \"Oo-La-La\". During this time, Hegel was also hired to write, arrange, and perform the theme songs for two television pilots: \"Say Uncle\" (starring Richard B. Shull) and \"Stick Around\" (starring Andy Kaufman). Producer Steve Katz called Hegel into the studio to sing multi-overdub background vocals for the \"Sad Song\" track on \"Lou Reed Live\", and for Harper Hug at Thunder Underground", "Dad (TV series) \"2point4 Children\". The title of each episode was a pun on the word 'Dad'. The theme tune for the first series was the 1965 hit 'Tijuana Taxi' performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass. For the second series this was replaced with the song 'Go Daddy-O' by Californian swing revival band Big Bad Voodoo Daddy. Initially, due to Julia Hills being in \"2point4 Children\", which was still running come the transmission of 'Dad', the BBC didn't want her to be in it. However after her audition, any fears and doubts were quickly quashed. Alan Hook - Kevin McNally Brian", "Moonlighting (theme song) Vocal Performance, Male and for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. Moonlighting (theme song) \"Moonlighting\" is the theme song to the ABC comedy-crime drama of the same name, which ran from 1985 to 1989 and starred Bruce Willis and Cybill Shepherd. The theme song was performed by Al Jarreau, who wrote the song with Lee Holdridge; it was produced by Nile Rodgers. Included on the soundtrack album for the series and released as a single in 1987, the song reached number 23 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and spent one week at number one on the", "Don Blackman Tupac Shakur's album \"R U Still Down? (Remember Me)\", and is a featured song in the video game \"Grand Theft Auto V\". Other compositions include \"Dear Summer\", which appeared on Memphis Bleek's album \"534\" featuring Jay-Z, and \"Holding You, Loving You\", which appeared on Master P.'s album \"I Got The Hook Up\". On television, he scored and wrote music for commercials, TV shows, and movies, appearing on Fox Network's \"New York Undercover\", producing and writing the theme song for Nickelodeon's show \"Gullah Gullah Island\", as well as producing songs for the MTV Network movie \"Joe's Apartment\". Don Blackman died, aged", "Chase Holfelder Want For Christmas Is You\". Within a week of being uploaded, the video received over 3.5 million views and social media shares from various celebrities, including Ashton Kutcher, George Takei, and Lil Wayne. On October 30, 2017, Chase's minor-key arrangement of \"Every Breath You Take\" by The Police was performed by the \"Dancing With The Stars\" band during Frankie Muniz and Witney Carson's contemporary routine. On November 1, 2017, Sara Bareilles shared Chase's cover of her song \"She Used To Be Mine\" from the musical \"Waitress\". On September 8, 2015, Chase compiled all of his major-to-minor renditions up to that", "The Rockford Files (theme) The Rockford Files (theme) \"The Rockford Files\" is a 1975 instrumental by Mike Post and co-composer Pete Carpenter. The song is the theme from the TV series \"The Rockford Files\" starring James Garner. It appears at the opening and ending of each episode with different arrangements. Throughout the show's tenure, the theme song went through numerous evolutions, with later versions containing a distinct electric guitar-based bridge section played by session guitarist Dan Ferguson. The song spent four months on the charts and in August 1975 became a Top 10 hit in the U.S. (#10, for two weeks) and in Canada", "Hill Street Blues hospital\". The theme song for \"Hill Street Blues\" was written by Mike Post (featuring Larry Carlton on guitar), was released as a single and reached #10 on the US \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 in November 1981. It was also an Adult Contemporary hit in the U.S. and in Canada. Pilot: Brandon Tartikoff commissioned a series from MTM Productions, which assigned Bochco and Kozoll to the project. The pilot was produced in 1980, but was held back as a mid-season replacement so as not to get lost among the other programs debuting in the fall of 1980. Barbara Bosson, who was married", "Police and Thieves the \"\" movie where it is performed by Dave Grohl, who is listed in the credits under the pseudonym \"Sprechen Sie Deutsch\". Several other versions have been recorded, including several on tribute albums to the Clash. Police and Thieves \"Police and Thieves\" ( \"Police and Thief\") is a reggae song first recorded by the falsetto singer Junior Murvin in 1976. It was covered by the punk band The Clash and included on their self-titled debut album released in 1977. The song was originally written by Junior Murvin. Murvin approached Lee \"Scratch\" Perry in May 1976 and auditioned the song at", "Pink (singer) the deal saying \"I am super-duper excited to continue onwards and upwards with RCA and my team there\". It was announced in September 2014, that Pink and Dallas Green, lead singer of City and Colour, worked together on a collaborative album, under the band name You+Me. The album, titled \"Rose Ave.\", was released on October 14, 2014. The album debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 and at number one on the US Folk Albums chart. In August 2015, Pink recorded the theme song for the 13th season of \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\". The song, \"Today's the Day\", was", "Bob James (musician) With Gary Burton Bob James (musician) Robert McElhiney James (born December 25, 1939) is an American Grammy Award-winning jazz keyboardist, arranger, and record producer. He founded the band Fourplay and wrote \"Angela,\" the theme song for the TV show \"Taxi. \"He is most famous for standards such as \"Nautilus\", \"Westchester Lady\", \"Heads\", \"Night Crawler\", \"Touchdown\", \"Blue Lick\", \"Sign Of the Times\", \"Spunky\", \"Marco Polo\", \"Courtship\" and \"Just One Thing\". Music from his first seven albums has often been sampled and has contributed to the formation of hip hop. Robert McElhiney James was born on Christmas Day 1939 in Marshall, Missouri", "Cote de Pablo puts their lives in grave danger.\" In August 2016 Deadline reported that Syfy passed on the show. On August 28, 2018 \"Deadline\" announced that de Pablo and former NCIS cast mate, Michael Weatherly, would be the executive producers of the upcoming CBS detective drama, \"MIA\", written by Shepard Boucher. De Pablo performed a portion of Tom Waits' song \"Temptation\" on the \"NCIS\" episode, \"\", which first aired in the U.S. on September 23, 2008. Her full performance of the song, including some lyrics in French, appears for the first time on \"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack\", which was released on", "Mavis Staples 2017/18 Hootenanny. In 2018 she co-wrote and sang on Hozier's single \"Nina Cried Power\". During her career Staples has appeared in many films and television shows, including \"The Last Waltz\", \"Graffiti Bridge\", \"Wattstax\", \"New York Undercover\", \"Songs of Praise\", \"Soul Train\", \"Soul to Soul\", \"The Psychiatrist\", and \"The Cosby Show\". Staples performed the title theme song for 1989's \"National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation\". \"Mavis!\", the first feature documentary about Staples and the Staple Singers, directed by Jessica Edwards, had its world premiere at the South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2015. \"Mavis!\" screened in theaters and was broadcast on HBO", "The Good Guys (2010 TV series) use it as the team vehicle. Production work on the series began in January 2010 and principal photography of the pilot wrapped in early February 2010. Cast members spent time shadowing their real-life Dallas counterparts to prepare for their roles. The title sequence uses the song \"Slink (A Hymn)\" by the group Locksley as the show's theme. \"The Good Guys\" was originally known by the working title \"Jack and Dan\". For several months the series was to be known as \"Code 58\", the Dallas Police Department code for \"routine investigation\", and then briefly as \"The Five Eight\" before producers settled", "Low Rider Handbook\", \"Love Potion No. 9\", \"The Odd Life of Timothy Green\", \"The Internship\" and \"Beverly Hills Chihuahua\". \"Low Rider\" is the theme song for \"George Lopez\", \"Lopez Tonight\", and for its titular star's stand up comedy appearances. At the 2007 ALMA Awards, George Lopez called this song, \"The Chicano National Anthem\", and performed it live. \"Low Rider\" is mentioned in \"That '70s Show\" in the episode \"Sparks\", when the lyrics are inscribed on Eric's wedding ring to Donna. Low Rider \"Low Rider\" is a song written by American funk band War and producer Jerry Goldstein, which appeared on their album", "Danny Gatton of all time, would be Lenny Breau. He was the best I have ever seen.\" Nine years after his last album, he released \"Unfinished Business\" (1987), an eclectic collection of pop, rock, and country music that \"Guitar World\" magazine named the tenth best album of the 1980s. He got a contract with his first major record label and released another eclectic album, \"88 Elmira Street\" (Elektra, 1991), which contained a cover version of the theme song from the animated TV series \"The Simpsons\". Gatton turned toward jazz for the albums \"New York Stories\" (Blue Note, 1992) and \"Relentless\" (1994) with", "Ira Newborn credits also include a small acting role in \"Xanadu\", in which he appears as a 1940s band leader. Newborn’s most famous association is possibly as the soundtrack composer for the \"Naked Gun\" series of police satires starring Leslie Nielsen. Newborn’s brassy big band/blues theme song for the franchise first appeared on the TV series that inspired the movies, 1982’s \"Police Squad!\". Newborn has also worked in concerts and commercials, on Broadway, and in the recording industry as performer, arranger, composer, and conductor. Newborn is also a professor at New York University, from which he received his bachelor's degree in 1972.", "Heartbeat (UK TV series) \"Heartbeat\"'s theme song — the Buddy Holly song of the same name. Berry's recording reached number 2 on the UK singles chart in 1992. In later series, the role of the village policeman continued to be central to the storyline but the main cast were listed in alphabetical order in the opening credits, reflecting the show's evolution into an ensemble drama. In the 2005 series no fewer than twelve regular actors had their names and faces included in the opening credits— at the time a record for any British series. In series 18 (2008–10) this had increased to thirteen. The", "Simon & Simon De Vorzon (who had previously composed the theme to the 1970s police drama, \"S.W.A.T.\") and Michael Towers, was introduced. The theme consists primarily of an electric bottle-slide guitar lead with a saxophone interlude and remained until the last episode of the final season. Both theme songs had extended versions released; the Thrasher Brothers in 1982, and De Vorzon/Towers's version in 1984. The episode \"Emeralds Are Not a Girl's Best Friend\" concludes a crossover that begins on the \"Magnum, P.I.\" episode \"Ki'is Don't Lie\", wherein Higgins helps the Simons track the woman with stolen Hawaiian artifacts to Latin America. For repeat", "Movin' On (TV series) Movin' On (TV series) Movin' On is an American drama series that ran for two seasons (and a total of forty-four episodes), between 1974 and 1976. It originally appeared on the NBC television network. The pilot episode for the series was known as In Tandem. \"Movin' On\" stars Claude Akins as old-time independent \"big-rig\" truck driver Sonny Pruitt, and Frank Converse as his college-educated co-driver Will Chandler. The theme song, \"Movin' On\", was written and performed by Merle Haggard, and was a No. 1 single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in July 1975. The series was likened to", "Mike Marciano the jazz field, including jazz greats like Wynton Marsalis (and his Grammy-nominated “Joe Cool’s Blues”), Clark Terry, Elvin Jones, and Steve Coleman. His work with Don Braden was used as the theme song for \"Cosby\". In 2011, he received his first Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album \"The Mosaic Project\" by Terri Lynne Carrington. Then, in 2013 he received his second Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, \"Money Jungle-Provocative in Blue,\" by Terri Lynne Carrington. His work on \"Impromptu\" by the Rodriguez Brothers was nominated for a Grammy award in 2016. His work on Madera Latino by Brian", "Dicks (band) 1985 on Alternative Tentacles. The group disbanded in 1986, although occasional one-off reunion shows featuring the Austin lineup occurred through the '80s and '90s. San Antonio's Butthole Surfers ended their 1984 album \"Psychic... Powerless... Another Man's Sac\" with the cowpunk anthem \"Gary Floyd\" in tribute to the Dicks' bandleader. Dicks saw a resurgence in popularity at the onset of the grunge craze when Sub Pop Records released a cover of Dicks' \"Hate The Police\" by Seattle band Mudhoney. Soon after, Chicago noise rockers The Jesus Lizard (three fourths of whom were also from Austin, Texas) released their cover version of", "Emerson Hart hit, \"Almost Perfect\", which reached the top 25 on the Hot AC chart. Hart co-wrote the theme song, \"Generation\", for the NBC drama \"American Dreams\", which premiered in 2002. He earned an ASCAP award for \"Best Theme Song of Television\" in 2003. In February 2007, Hart signed a solo record deal with EMI/Manhattan Records to release his debut solo effort \"Cigarettes and Gasoline\". It was released on July 17, 2007. Hart's first single, \"If You're Gonna Leave\", received airplay on American radio stations beginning in June 2007, while his second single, \"I Wish the Best for You\", received airplay beginning", "Ally Burnett Ally Burnett Ally Burnett is an American singer and songwriter best known for song placements on MTV shows such as \"Jersey Shore\", her theme song for the \"Seinfeld\" episode \"The Seven\", and her lawsuit against Carly Rae Jepsen and Owl City for their song \"Good Time\". Before 2010, the solo artist went under the stage name Ally Cupcake. Before breaking off as a solo artist in 2009, Burnett fronted power-pop groups such as Atlanta based band The Soundtrack. Her first solo release was her 2009 EP titled \"Talk of the Town\", which was produced by former A Day to Remember", "Fuck tha Police Back\". In 2007, English comedian Adam Buxton performed a 'cleaned up' version of the song, entitled 'Help the Police', as part of the BBC3 sketch show \"Rush Hour\". In 2008, Lil Wayne's hit single \"Mrs. Officer\" specifically referenced \"Fuck tha Police,\" but in a much more literal sense (i.e., having sex with the police). Also in 2008, James Franco yelled \"fuck da police\" in a scene during the movie \"Pineapple Express\". The song and group were parodied in the 1994 hip-hop mockumentary film \"Fear of a Black Hat\" and its soundtrack album, as a single for the fictional gangsta-rap group", "Batter Up Batter Up \"Batter Up\" is a single by American rapper Nelly and the St. Lunatics, released on September 11, 2001. It was produced by Steve \"Blast\" Wills, taken from Nelly's 2000 album \"Country Grammar\". \"Batter Up\" is included as a bonus track on the \"Free City\" album and remixed on \"Da Derrty Versions\". It was also the last single to be released from that album. The song's hook and chorus allude to the theme song of the television sitcom \"The Jeffersons\". The show's star, Sherman Hemsley, appears in the music video for \"Batter Up\", initially as a sports announcer and", "Cold Case flashbacks, the show examined many issues related to 20th century history, including: racism, homophobia, sexism, abortion, and police brutality. Some of the cases were based on real life events or victims, akin to the \"ripped from the headlines\" style from shows like \"Law & Order\". The theme song is an excerpt from \"Nara\" by E.S. Posthumus, with an introduction by series composer Michael A. Levine that begins with an otherworldly wail from vocalist Elise Morris. Besides Levine's original music, each episode makes extensive use of era-appropriate music for flashbacks to the year in question. Some episodes contain music only from", "Gee, Officer Krupke Gee, Officer Krupke \"Gee, Officer Krupke\" is a comedy number from the musical \"West Side Story\". The song was composed by Stephen Sondheim (lyrics) and Leonard Bernstein (music), and was featured in both the Broadway musical and subsequent 1961 motion picture. The song is sung by members of the street gang the Jets, who poke fun at the gruff Police Sergeant Krupke by singing about the societal forces that led them to join a gang. Following a theme used throughout the musical, the song begins with a tritone on the word \"\"Dear\",\" in this case held longer to signify its", "The Jam debut album of the same name. The album, like those of the Clash and the Sex Pistols, featured fast, loud and pointed songs. What set it apart from the records of those two bands was its more prevalent 1960s rock influences. The Jam covered Larry Williams's \"Slow Down\" (also covered by the Beatles) and the theme song of the 1960s TV series \"Batman\", which was somewhat of a standard for 1960s rock bands. Their originals revealed the influence of Motown Records, the Beatles and the Who. The Jam had political lyrics, condemning police brutality (\"In the City\") and expansionist development", "Ally Burnett Song Anyway\", was featured on season three of \"Jersey Shore\" episode 7, \"Cabs Are Here\". Her music has also been featured on \"The Hills\" and \"Friendzone\". Ally Burnett Ally Burnett is an American singer and songwriter best known for song placements on MTV shows such as \"Jersey Shore\", her theme song for the \"Seinfeld\" episode \"The Seven\", and her lawsuit against Carly Rae Jepsen and Owl City for their song \"Good Time\". Before 2010, the solo artist went under the stage name Ally Cupcake. Before breaking off as a solo artist in 2009, Burnett fronted power-pop groups such as Atlanta", "Law & Order (franchise) examiners are also shared among the shows. Occasionally, crossovers of main characters or shared storylines between two of the shows will occur. A few major characters have also left the cast of one show within the franchise only to eventually join another. The music, style, and credits of the shows tend to be similar, with the voiceover in the opening of every series performed by Steven Zirnkilton. The shows share the iconic \"dun, dun\" sound effect of a jail cell locking, created, along with the theme songs, by Mike Post. Past episodes of the American series are in syndication with", "Mike Post music for the short-lived detective series \"Toma\" in 1973, but his big breakthrough (together with co-composer Pete Carpenter) came in the following year with his theme song for \"The Rockford Files\", another series by producer Stephen J. Cannell. The theme also got cross-over Top 40 radio airplay and earned a second Grammy for Post. \"The Rockford Files\" theme became a Top 10 hit in both the U.S. (#10) and Canada (#8). It ranks as the 85th biggest U.S. hit of 1975, and the 84th biggest Canadian hit of 1975. Post subsequently won Grammys for Best Instrumental Composition for the themes", "Mary J. Blige two further hit singles, the European only single \"Dance for Me\" featuring Common with samples from \"The Bed's Too Big Without You\" by The Police, and the Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis-produced title track (originally recorded for the \"Mary\" album), which sampled \"Nadia's Theme\", the piano-driven theme song to the daytime drama \"The Young and the Restless\". Though the album sold nearly two million copies in the U.S., MCA was underwhelmed by its sales, and subsequently repackaged and re-released the album on January 29, 2002. The \"No More Drama\" re-release featured a new album cover, deleted three of the songs", "Inspector Gadget the \"Inspector Gadget\" theme song were released in 1985. The Kartoon Krew also released \"Inspector Gadget\" on ZYX Music, which contains vocal samples and quotes from the popular cartoon series reenacted by the Rap Group for the song. Brownsville rap group Bad Boys & K-Love released a record on Starlite Records called \"Bad Boys\" that was featured on the UK hip hop compilation \"Street Sounds Electro 9\". Following the trend, Slick Rick and Doug E. Fresh used samples from the \"Inspector Gadget\" theme song on their single \"The Show\". The theme song has been heavily sampled in the years since", "Axel F Axel F \"Axel F\" is the electronic instrumental theme from the 1984 film \"Beverly Hills Cop\" performed by Harold Faltermeyer. It was an international number 1 hit in 1985. The title comes from the main character's name, Axel Foley (played by Eddie Murphy), in the film; moreover, it is composed in the key of F minor. Faltermeyer recorded the song using five instruments: a Roland Jupiter-8 provided the distinctive \"supersaw\" lead sound, a Moog modular synthesizer 15 provided the bass, a Roland JX-3P provided chord stabs, a Yamaha DX7 was used for bell and vibraphone sounds and a LinnDrum was", "Ima Robot Treasure\" has been featured as the theme song of the USA Network legal drama, \"Suits\", since 2011. The band has been inactive since 2011 as its members have been busy with side projects. Alex Ebert has stated that he is \"still in Ima Robot.\" Ima Robot Ima Robot is a band based in Los Angeles, California that formed in the late 1990s. Their B-side track, \"Greenback Boogie\", is the theme song for the TV series \"Suits\". Following vocalist Alex Ebert's previous band's (The Lucky 13) breakup, Ima Robot formed in the late 1990s. In the early 2000s, the band signed", "Tomas Costanza Teenage Drama Queen\", \"Summer Catch\", \"The Nut Job\" and \"Zootopia\" which have collectively sold over 4.2 million copies worldwide R.I.A.A.. Costanza also wrote and produced two of the theme songs for Live with Kelly and Ryan as well as songs for \"The Good Wife\", American Horror Story, \"The View\", \"The Academy Awards\", \"Grey's Anatomy\", \"True Blood\", \"Ugly Betty\" and \"Dexter\". Tomas Costanza Tomas Costanza is an American record producer, songwriter, and CEO of Killingsworth Recording Company (Los Angeles/New York). Born on Long Island, New York, he was first noted in the music industry as the lead singer and guitarist for", "Holly Palmer the Beeb\". Her cover of the Bob Dylan song \"All I Really Wanna Do\" was included on the \"Party Of Five\" soundtrack ('96), and her compositions can also be heard in films including \"According to Spencer\" (\"Something Else\"), \"Forces of Nature\" (\"A Rose By Any Other Name\") and \"The Price of Kissing\" (\"Scandinavian Ladies\"). Palmer co-wrote the theme song to 2013 television series \"Mob City\" with Mark Isham entitled \"Hello Again\" and performed it. She sang background vocals and played acoustic guitar for Broadway star Idina Menzel (\"Wicked\", \"Rent\") on her I Stand Tour. Holly Palmer Holly Palmer (born c.", "The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band was then delayed while Chad Dukes replaced his pants. The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band has been featured on Sirius Satellite Radio, has played multiple showcases at the South by Southwest music conference, and has been the musical guest on \"Michael Feldman's Whad'Ya Know?\". Their music is featured in the award-winning film Mississippi Cold Case by Canadian documentarian David Ridgen. Their song \"Your Cousin's On Cops\" led to a gig as the house band on a Jerry Springer Pay-Per-View special. In 2008 the band was featured in the Bikes, Blues and Barbecue motorcycle festival in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The band was", "Stella Stevens continued into the 1990s with \"The Commish\" (1993), \"Burke's Law\" (1994), \"\" (1995), \"Silk Stalkings\" (1996) and \"General Hospital\" (1996, 1999). She also appeared in the critically acclaimed miniseries, \"In Cold Blood\" (1996). Her television career continued into the 2000s when she appeared in an episode of \"Twenty Good Years\" (2006). In the 1960s Stevens was a member of a five-voice vocal ensemble called \"The Skip-Jacks.\" That group is best known for performing the theme songs for the television programs \"The Flintstones\"' and \"The Patty Duke Show\". Stevens appeared in several stage productions, including a touring production of an all-female", "Wiseguy him in hiding there, a would-be assassin's bullet missed Vinnie and critically wounded McPike, propelling Vinnie on a final pursuit of justice. Arc Cast After the third season ended, Ken Wahl left \"Wiseguy\" over a dispute with CBS over the direction of the show. Steven Bauer was brought in to be the new lead character, a former United States Attorney named Michael Santana who had recently been disbarred. Jonathan Banks and Jim Byrnes returned in their regular roles, and new addition Cecil Hoffman rounded out the cast. A new theme song by Mike Post, who wrote the original theme, was", "Alex Ebert in a scene from season 2 of HBO's How to Make it in America (Episode - \"Mofongo\") \"40 Day Dream\" is featured on the 6th episode of season 3 of Chuck. \"A Million Years\" is featured on Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner, the 21st episode of season 4 of Chuck. \"Home\" has been featured on the shows Modern Family, Suburgatory, Raising Hope, Community, Marry Me and Glee (Season 6). \"Green Back Boogie\" by Alex's Ima Robot group is the theme song for Suits. Ebert is a supporter of Bernie Sanders, saying \"[There’s] the idea that you’re not going to support", "Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons of songs written by others. For example, a cover of \"The Star Spangled Banner\" sung by the character Bleeding Gums Murphy, and a cover of Terry Cashman's \"Talkin' Baseball\" called \"Talkin' Softball\", that Cashman himself sung on the show, are included. The main theme song of \"The Simpsons\", written by Danny Elfman, is also featured. The album was released on the Rhino Records label on November 2, 1999, during the eleventh season of the show. It peaked at number 197 on the \"Billboard\" 200, number two on Top Kid Audio and number 14 on Top Internet Albums. The album remained", "Charles Dierkop played a member of the Hole in the Wall Gang, and as \"Floyd\" in \"The Sting\" (1973), he acted as a bodyguard to Robert Shaw's New York gangster/griftee, Doyle Lonnegan. He is best known for playing Detective Pete Royster on the television series \"Police Woman\" between 1974 and 1978. Dierkop appears briefly in the music video of \"Man on the Moon\", a hit song by the American alternative rock band R.E.M. Dierkop married Joan Addis in 1958. They have a daughter and a son. Dierkop's film and television credits span from 1961 to 2002. Charles Dierkop Charles Dierkop (born September" ]

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[ "Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\"—which manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose." ]

[ "In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an \"epic age\" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually \"transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets\". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.", "The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری‎) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.", "The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.", "Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง [sa dɛːŋ] \"perform\" starts with a consonant cluster \"สด\" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant \"ส\"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.", "In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.", "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.", "The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22–25 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22–25 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the \"No-name Line\" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained \"Line Kansas\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \"Line Kansas\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953." ]

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[ "The men are looking in different directions." ]

[ "The men are looking at each other.", "No one is playing soccer.", "The medicinal career is progressive in multiple ways", "It has no flavour at all.", "A man wearing a black ball-cap.", "Someone's car is getting a ticket.", "A number of people shopping." ]

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[ "They took into account the probability of the ticket being changed could have hurt the party at the time." ]

[ "They did not consider any polls til the election was long over.", "I could not shoot lightning out of my fingers.", "humans outside", "BLM is planning to revise the performance elements in its senior exective performance plans for the 2002 performance appraisal cycle to reflect the priorities of BLM and the Department of the Interior, according to the BLM officials.", "That is different from what we have.", "A cafe with square tables has a lot of people there.", "There's no possibility that he will have to send a cable or something similar." ]

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[ "Pyramus and Thisbe Pyramus and Thisbe, the mistaken belief in one lover's death leads to consecutive suicides. The earliest version of Romeo and Juliet was published in 1476 by Masuccio Salernitano, while it mostly obtained its present form when written down in 1524 by Luigi da Porto. Salernitano and Da Porto both are thought to have been inspired by Ovid and Boccaccio's writing. Shakespeare's most famous 1590s adaptation is a dramatization of Arthur Brooke's 1562 poem \"The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet\", itself a translation of a French translation of Da Porto's novella. In Shakespeare's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (Act V, sc" ]

[ "Pyramus and Thisbe 1), written in the 1590s, a group of \"mechanicals\" enact the story of \"Pyramus and Thisbe\". Their production is crude and, for the most part, badly done until the final monologues of Nick Bottom, as Pyramus and Francis Flute, as Thisbe. The theme of forbidden love is also present in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (albeit a less tragic and dark representation) in that a girl, Hermia, is not able to marry the man she loves, Lysander, because her father Egeus despises him and wishes for her to marry Demetrius, and meanwhile Hermia and Lysander are confident that Helena is in", "A Midsummer Night's Dream to Kehler, significant 19th-century criticism began in 1808 with August Wilhelm Schlegel. Schlegel perceived unity in the multiple plot lines. He noted that the donkey's head is not a random transformation, but reflects Bottom's true nature. He identified the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe as a burlesque of the Athenian lovers. In 1817, William Hazlitt found the play to be better as a written work than a staged production. He found the work to be \"a delightful fiction\" but when staged, it is reduced to a dull pantomime. He concluded that poetry and the stage do not fit together. Kehler", "Ninus Midsummer Night's Dream\" has the story of Pyramus and Thisbe as a play-within-a-play. The actors constantly mispronounce the location \"Ninus' Tomb\" as \"Ninny's Tomb,\" though they are corrected initially, and in vain, by \"director\" Peter Quince. The story of Ninus and Semiramis is taken up in a different form in a 1st-century AD Hellenistic romance called the \"Ninus Romance\", the \"Novel of Ninus and Semiramis\", or the \"Ninus Fragments\". A scene from it is perhaps depicted in mosaics from Antioch on the Orontes In his compendium, the Etymologiae, Isidore of Seville, claimed that idolatry was the invention of Ninus, who", "Pyramus and Thisbe love with Demetrius. Spanish poet Luis de Góngora wrote a \"Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe\" in 1618, while French poet Théophile de Viau wrote \"Les amours tragiques de Pyrame et Thisbée\", a tragedy in five acts, in 1621. In 1718 Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello wrote his only opera \"La Tisbe\" for Württemberg court. François Francoeur and François Rebel composed \"Pirame et Thisbée\", a lyric tragedy in 5 acts and a prologue, with libretto by Jean-Louis-Ignace de La Serre; it was played at the Académie royale de musique, on October 17, 1726. The story was adapted by John Frederick Lampe as a", "14871 Pyramus has an albedo of 0.069. This is in line with a generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion that gives a diameter of 4 to 9 kilometers for an albedo between 0.05 and 0.25. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained of \"Pyramus\". The asteroid's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. This minor planet was named from Greco-Roman mythology after Pyramus, the lover of Thisbe \"(see minor planet 88 Thisbe)\" from which the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately originated. As narrated in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", the two ill-fated lovers committed suicide as their parents were against their marriage. The asteroid's", "Andreas Gryphius of which the most famous are the \"Kirchhofsgedanken\" (\"Cemetery thoughts\", 1656). His best works are his comedies, one of which, \"Absurda Comica, oder Herr Peter Squentz\" (1663), is evidently based on the comic episode of Pyramus and Thisbe in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". \"Die geliebte Dornrose\" (1660), written in a Silesian dialect, contains many touches of natural simplicity and grace, and ranks high among the comparatively small number of German dramas of the 17th century. \"Horribilicribrifax\" (1663), founded on the \"Miles Gloriosus\" of Plautus, is a rather labored attack on pedantry. Besides these three comedies, Gryphius wrote five tragedies. In", "Pyramus and Thisbe (opera) largely deadpan, though there are the standard Handelian rage and revenge arias. The full score (London, 1745/ R 1988) omits the secco recitatives, a dance and the last chorus. Pyramus and Thisbe (opera) Pyramus and Thisbe is a \"mock opera\" by the German-born composer John Frederick Lampe on the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. It was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre, London on 25 January 1745. The anonymous libretto (possibly the work of the composer or Henry Carey) is based on Richard Leveridge's \"The Comickal Masque of Pyramus and Thisbe\" (1716), itself inspired by the \"play within a play\"", "Mechanical (character) Mechanical (character) A mechanical is any of six characters in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" who perform the play-within-a-play \"Pyramus and Thisbe\". Named for their occupations as skilled manual laborers, they are a group of amateur and mostly incompetent actors from around Athens, looking to make names for themselves by having their production chosen among several acts as the courtly entertainment for the royal wedding party of Theseus and Hippolyta. The biggest ham among them, Bottom, becomes the unlikely object of interest for the fairy queen Titania after she is charmed by a love potion and he is turned into a", "Jacques Pradon piece, by opposition with Euripide, Sénèque and Racine's versions. Jacques Pradon Jacques Pradon, often called Nicolas Pradon (1632 – 14 January 1698), was a French playwright. Early in his career, he was helped by Pierre Corneille and was introduced to the salons at the Hôtel de Nevers and the Hôtel de Bouillon by Madame Deshoulières. Pradon was born in Rouen and is the author of eight tragedies: \"Pyrame et Thisbé\" (1674) (see Pyramus and Thisbe), \"Tamerlan, ou la mort de Bajazet\" (1676), \"Phèdre et Hippolyte\" (1677), \"La Troade\" (1679), \"Statira\" (1680), \"Regulus\" (1688), \"Germanicus\" (1694) and \"Scipion\" (1697). His plays", "A Midsummer Night's Dream to understand the love and self-sacrifice of Pyramus and Thisbe. In 1968, Stephen Fender offered his own views on the play. He emphasised the \"terrifying power\" of the fairies and argued that they control the play's events. They are the most powerful figures featured, not Theseus as often thought. He also emphasised the ethically ambivalent characters of the play. Finally, Fender noted a layer of complexity in the play. Theseus, Hippolyta, and Bottom have contradictory reactions to the events of the night, and each has partly valid reasons for their reactions, implying that the puzzles offered to the play's audience", "Pyramus and Thisbe Pyramus and Thisbe Pyramus and Thisbē are a pair of ill-fated lovers whose story forms part of Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". The story has since been retold by many authors. In Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", Pyramus and Thisbe are two lovers in the city of Babylon who occupy connected houses/walls, forbidden by their parents to be wed, because of their parents' rivalry. Through a crack in one of the walls, they whisper their love for each other. They arrange to meet near Ninus' tomb under a mulberry tree and state their feelings for each other. Thisbe arrives first, but upon seeing a lioness with", "A Midsummer Night's Dream 1961, Frank Kermode wrote on the themes of the play and their literary sources. He counted among them fantasy, blind love, and divine love. He traced these themes to the works of Macrobius, Apuleius, and Giordano Bruno. Bottom also briefly alludes to a passage from the First Epistle to the Corinthians by Paul the Apostle, dealing with divine love. In 1964, R.W. Dent argued against theories that the exemplary model of love in the play is the rational love of Theseus and Hippolyta. He argued that in this work, love is inexplicable. It is the offspring of imagination, not reason.", "Pyramus and Thisbe attracting his attention by dropping pieces of stone and straw through the crack. In the 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, in his \"The Legend of Good Women\", and John Gower, in his \"Confessio Amantis\", were the first to tell the story in English. Gower altered the story somewhat into a cautionary tale. John Metham's \"Amoryus and Cleopes\" (1449) is another early English adaptation. The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately sprang from Ovid's story. Here the star-crossed lovers cannot be together because Juliet has been engaged by her parents to another man and the two families hold an ancient grudge. As in", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film) Demetrius does not love Hermia any more, Theseus overrules Egeus's demands and arranges a group wedding—Hermia to marry Lysander, and Helena to marry Demetrius. The lovers decide that the previous night's events must have been a dream. That night at the wedding, they all watch Bottom and his fellow players perform \"Pyramus and Thisbe\". Unprepared as they are, the performers are so terrible playing their roles, the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy. Before the encore, the guests sneak away and retire to bed. Afterwards, Oberon, Titania, Puck, and the other fairies enter, and bless", "Nick Bottom at all. He quickly decides that he will \"get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream\", and that \"it shall be called 'Bottom's Dream,' because it hath no Bottom\". Upon being reunited with his friends, he is not even able to utter what has happened and says \"For if I tell you, I am no true Athenian\". Theseus ends up choosing \"Pyramus and Thisbe\" as the performance for his amusement, now also the wedding day of the young Athenian lovers. The play is poorly written and poorly acted, though obviously performed with a great deal of passion. Bottom", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn) Midsummer Night's Dream\" in 1842, 16 years after he wrote the Overture. It was written to a commission from King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Mendelssohn was by then the music director of the King's Academy of the Arts and of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. A successful presentation of Sophocles' \"Antigone\" on 28 October 1841 at the New Palace in Potsdam, with music by Mendelssohn (Op. 55) led to the King asking him for more such music, to plays he especially enjoyed. \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" was produced on 14 October 1843, also at Potsdam. The producer was Ludwig Tieck.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream a suitor chosen by her father, or else face death. Theseus offers her another choice: lifelong chastity while worshipping the goddess Artemis as a nun. Peter Quince and his fellow players Nick Bottom, Francis Flute, Robin Starveling, Tom Snout and Snug plan to put on a play for the wedding of the Duke and the Queen, \"the most lamentable comedy and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe\". Quince reads the names of characters and bestows them on the players. Nick Bottom, who is playing the main role of Pyramus, is over-enthusiastic and wants to dominate others by suggesting himself", "A Midsummer Night's Dream men to make sure Lysander doesn't get hurt or killed. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from Lysander so Lysander can return to love Hermia, while Demetrius continues to love Helena. Meanwhile, Quince and his band of six labourers (\"rude mechanicals\", as they are described by Puck) have arranged to perform their play about Pyramus and Thisbe for Theseus' wedding and venture into the forest, near Titania's bower, for their rehearsal. Bottom is spotted by Puck, who (taking his name to be another word for a jackass)", "A Midsummer Night's Dream 1840s. Instead, it was heavily adapted in forms like Henry Purcell's musical masque/play The Fairy Queen (1692), which had a successful run at the Dorset Garden Theatre, but was not revived. Richard Leveridge turned the Pyramus and Thisbe scenes into an Italian opera burlesque, acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1716. John Frederick Lampe elaborated upon Leveridge's version in 1745. Charles Johnson had used the Pyramus and Thisbe material in the finale of \"Love in a Forest\", his 1723 adaptation of \"As You Like It\". In 1755, David Garrick did the opposite of what had been done a century earlier:", "Amoryus and Cleopes single manuscript, Princeton University Library, MS Garrett 141, fols. 17b-56b., which was first edited by Hardin Craig in 1916. In 1999, Stephen F. Page produced a student-friendly edition for the TEAMS series published by Western Michigan University’s Medieval Institute. Amoryus and Cleopes Amoryus and Cleopes is a poem written in 1449 by John Metham; it was an early English adaptation of the Pyramus and Thisbe narrative from Book 4 of Ovid‘s Metamorphoses. John Metham was very probably one of the sons of Sir Thomas Metham, who had held the position of High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1442 and 1459. Metham’s", "John Baptist Chatelain of a fine landscape after Pietro da Cortona, and another named 'The Storm,' in which Poussin has introduced the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. He engraved, also for Boydell, eleven views in London and in Italy. He died in London in 1771. The following list comprises his most important works: Attribution: John Baptist Chatelain John Baptist Chatelain (1710–1758) was an English draughtsman and engraver of French background, specialized in landscapes. Chatelain was born in London into a Huguenot family, surname Phillippe, and changed his name later in life. He died in May 1758, as shown in an advertisement placed by", "Robin Starveling \"Pyramus and Thisbe\" before Theseus' court is often highlighted by scholars as among the funnier parts of the play. Although the court makes fun of all the players, Starveling is mocked the most by Hippolyta, who is very vocal in her opinion that his attempt to be moonshine is a ridiculous failure, although very humorous. He is also the only mechanical to be cut off in his monologue as opposed to being mocked afterwards, causing him to fluster and summarise his lines rather than giving them. This summary is usually played angrily or irritably, but has also been performed as", "Pyramus and Thisbe \"Mock Opera\" in 1745, containing a singing \"Wall\" which was described as \"the most musical partition that was ever heard.\" In 1768 in Vienna, Johann Adolph Hasse composed a serious opera on the tale, titled \"Piramo e Tisbe\". Edmond Rostand adapted the tale, making the fathers of the lovers conspire to bring their children together by pretending to forbid their love, in \"Les Romanesques\", whose musical adaptation, Fantasticks, became the world's longest-running musical. Pyramus and Thisbe Pyramus and Thisbē are a pair of ill-fated lovers whose story forms part of Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". The story has since been retold by many", "Abraham Cowley to school. As early as 1628, that is, in his tenth year, he composed his \"Tragicall History of Piramus and Thisbe\", an epic romance written in a six-line stanza, a style of his own invention. It is not too much to say that this work is the most astonishing feat of imaginative precocity on record; it is marked by no great faults of immaturity, and possesses constructive merits of a very high order. Two years later the child wrote another and still more ambitious poem, \"Constantia and Philetus\", being sent about the same time to Westminster School. Here he displayed", "Philostrate possible that the \"Midsummer Night's Dream\" character is meant to be the same person in a continuation of the story. However, the two characters have little else in common. Another candidate for the source of Philostrate's character is Philostratus the Elder, the author of \"Comus\", a play which has similarities to \"Midsummer Night's Dream\". Philostrate's duty in Theseus' court is to examine the play that Nick Bottom and the others are about to perform and to make suggestions for improvement. It is also his duty to advise Theseus on matters of entertainment. Theseus calls him \"our usual manager of mirth\".", "Thomas Hemsley 1953. He was principal baritone at the Aachen Opera from 1953 to 1956, the Deutsche Oper am Rhein from 1956 to 1963, and the Zürich Opera from 1962 to 1967. In 1960, Hemsley created the role of Demetrius in Britten's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" with the English Opera Group at Aldeburgh. His other work in contemporary opera included his Covent Garden debut in 1970 as Mangus in Tippett's \"The Knot Garden\", Iain Hamilton's opera \"The Catiline Conspiracy\" in 1974 at Scottish Opera as Caesar, and the role of Rev Wringhim in Thomas Wilson's opera \"The Confessions of a Justified Sinner\"", "Lucky and Squash away is strong as a result of the increased tension. She calls the dog characters endearing and writes, \"This title will be a hit at storytime or in a one-on-one setting\". Connie Fletcher of \"Booklist\" also gives the book a positive review, comparing the two eponymous characters to Pyramus and Thisbe, two lovers in Ovid's poem \"Metamorphoses\". In her review, Fletcher calls the book \"a fun canine fantasy with humor, excitement, a happy ending, and, most important of all, two ridiculously adorable dogs that end up getting their way - as dogs tend to do\". The \"Publishers Weekly\" reviewer is", "Mechanical (character) presented in the lovers' story, as well as interacting with Titania in the fairies' story. Francis Flute's occupation is a bellows-mender. He is forced to play the female role of Thisbe in \"Pyramus and Thisbe\", a play-within-the-play which is performed for Theseus' marriage celebration. In the play Flute (Thisbe) speaks through the wall (played by Tom Snout) to Pyramus (Nick Bottom). Flute is a young, excited actor who is disappointed when he finds he is meant to play a woman (Thisbe) in their interlude before the duke and the duchess. Flute's name, like that of the other mechanicals, is metonymical", "Charles Bennett (screenwriter) Paris from 1925 to 1926. During this time, while acting in the evenings he wrote his first three full-length plays: \"The Return\", based on his war service, \"Blackmail\" and \"The Last Hour\". In December 1926 Bennett played Theseus in a production of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" at London's Winter Garden Theatre. In April 1927 he was in a production of \"Othello\" alongside John Gielgud, Robert Loraine and Gertrude Eliot. In May 1927 Bennett appeared in a production of his own play \"The Return\", which he also directed. Peggy Ashcroft was in the cast. In December 1927 he appeared in Loraine's", "William Rignold amusing as a foppish man of the world\" in \"The Romance of a Poor Young Man\" at the same theatre. His brother George was also a member of the company at the Theatre Royal. In the production of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" with which the new Theatre Royal, Bath, opened on 4 March 1863 William played Lysander, and George played Theseus, in a cast that included Charles Coghlan, Henrietta Hodson, Ellen Terry, William Robertson and his daughter Madge. Rignold made his London debut in 1869 in \"Marie Antoinette\" at the Princess's Theatre, receiving a good review from the leading theatrical", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera) Thisbe\" at the final wedding takes on an added dimension as a parody of nineteenth-century Italian opera. Thisbe's lament, accompanied by obbligato flute, is a parody of a Donizetti \"mad scene\" (\"Il dolce suono\"). The opera contains several innovations: it is extremely rare in opera that the lead male role is written for the countertenor voice to sing. The part of Oberon was created by Alfred Deller. Britten wrote specifically for his voice, which, despite its ethereal quality, had a low range compared to more modern countertenors. Oberon's music almost never requires the countertenor to sing both at the top", "Orpheus of Demeter Chthonia and that of the \"Kóres Sōteíras\" (Greek \"Κόρες Σωτείρας\" \"Saviour Maidens\"). Also in Taygetus a wooden image of Orpheus was said to have been kept by Pelasgians in the sanctuary of the Eleusinian Demeter. According to Diodorus Siculus, Musaeus of Athens was the son of Orpheus. The \"Argonautica\" () is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. Orpheus took part in this adventure and used his skills to aid his companions. Chiron told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same", "Pythagoras Bias of Priene, Thales, or Anaximander (a pupil of Thales). Other traditions claim the mythic bard Orpheus as Pythagoras's teacher, thus representing the Orphic Mysteries. The Neoplatonists wrote of a \"sacred discourse\" Pythagoras had written on the gods in the Doric Greek dialect, which they believed had been dictated to Pythagoras by the Orphic priest Aglaophamus upon his initiation to the orphic Mysteries at Leibethra. Iamblichus credited Orpheus with having been the model for Pythagoras's manner of speech, his spiritual attitude, and his manner of worship. Iamblichus describes Pythagoreanism as a synthesis of everything Pythagoras had learned from Orpheus, from", "A Midsummer Night's Dream play within a play, Pyramus & Thisbe, with music written by Rusty Magee. The music for the rest of the show was written by Andrew Sherman. The Donkey Show \"The Donkey Show\" is a disco-era experience based on \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", that first appeared off Broadway in 1999. Other In 1949 a three-act opera by Delannoy entitled \"Puck\" was premiered in Strasbourg. Progressive Rock guitarist Steve Hackett, best known for his work with Genesis, made a classical adaptation of the play in 1997. Hans Werner Henze's Eighth Symphony is inspired by sequences from the play. The Alexander W. Dreyfoos", "AP Latin Literature his \"Metamorphoses\": Apollo and Daphne (lines 452-567 from Book 1), Pyramus and Thisbe (lines 55-166 from Book 4), Daedalus and Icarus(lines 183-235 from Book 8), Baucis and Philemon (lines 616-724 from Book 8), and Pygmalion (lines 283-297 from Book 10). They were also required to read 1.1, 1.3, 1.9, 1.11, 1.12, and 3.15 from his \"Amores\". The AP Latin Literature exam tested students' abilities to: The AP Latin Literature exam began with a 60-minute multiple-choice section. Students were given four passages, three of which were shared with the exam and one of which was a passage of Catullus that students", "Dieter Dorn 1986, who translated the complete texts: \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (1978), \"Twelfth Night\" (1980), \"Troilus and Cressida\" (1986), \"King Lear\" (1992), \"The Tempest\" (1994), and \"Cymbeline\" (1998). The stage sets were by Jürgen Rose who built large empty spaces. One of his protagonists was Rolf Boysen who played Lear, for example. Dorn promoted contemporary theatre, such as world premieres of the plays of Botho Strauß, in 1988 \"Besucher\" (Visitors), in 1991 \"Schlusschor\" (Final Chorus), and in 1996 \"Ithaka\", with Bruno Ganz. Dorn had become the theatre's director in 1983. Since 2001, he has been the director of the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel", "Carl Orff of considerable debate and analysis. His \"Carmina Burana\" was hugely popular in Nazi Germany after its premiere in Frankfurt in 1937. Given Orff's previous lack of commercial success, the monetary factor of \"Carmina Burana\"'s acclaim was significant to him. But the composition, with its unfamiliar rhythms, was also denounced with racist taunts. He was one of the few German composers under the Nazi regime who responded to the official call to write new incidental music for \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" after the music of Felix Mendelssohn had been banned. Defenders of Orff note that he had already composed music for", "Lewis Theobald only \"Electra\" and \"Ajax\" were completed and the series was unpublished). He translated Sophocles's \"Oedipus Rex\" in 1715. Theobald also wrote for the Tory \"Mist's Journal.\" He attempted to make a living with drama and began to work with John Rich at Drury Lane, writing pantomimes for him including \"Harlequin Sorcerer\" (1725), \"Apollo and Daphne\" (1726), \"The Rape of Proserpine\" (1727), and \"Perseus and Andromeda\" (1730); many of these had music by Johann Ernst Galliard. He also probably plagiarized a man named Henry Meystayer. Meystayer had given Theobald a draft of a play called \"The Perfidious Brother\" to review, and", "Lambert Osbaldeston possession of his preferments \"as much as the times would allow.\" He bore the character of a learned man, and was an excellent master, being \"very fortunate in breeding up many wits.\" It is also said that he \"had at the present [1638] above fourscore doctors in the two universities, and three learned faculties, all gratefully acknowledging their education under him\". The \"Tragical History of Piramus and Thisbe,\" one of Abraham Cowley's \"Poetical Blossoms\" (1633), is dedicated \"To the Right Worshipful, my very loving Master, Mr. Lambert Osbolston.\" Another of his scholars was Thomas Randolph, who addressed to him a", "Felix Mendelssohn a cultural centre (including the establishment of a music school, and reform of music for the church), the obvious choice to head these reforms was Mendelssohn. He was reluctant to undertake the task, especially in the light of his existing strong position in Leipzig. Mendelssohn nonetheless spent some time in Berlin, writing some church music, and, at the King's request, music for productions of Sophocles's \"Antigone\" (1841 - an overture and seven pieces) and \"Oedipus at Colonus\" (1845), \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (1843) and Racine's \"Athalie\" (1845). But the funds for the school never materialised, and various of the court's", "Isabella Lampe role at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane where she appeared several more times in small roles for the next two years. This was followed by several concert appearances and she did not return to the stage again until 1737 when she sang the heroine Margery in John Frederick Lampe’s burlesque opera \"The Dragon of Wantley\". A tremendous success, Isabella portrayed the role for several seasons in more than 100 performances. In the middle of the production's lengthy run she married the composer and subsequently created roles in all his stage works, including Thisbe in \"Pyramus and Thisbe\" (1745). Most of", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn) This was followed by incidental music for Sophocles' \"Oedipus\" (Potsdam, 1 November 1845; published posthumously as Op. 93) and Jean Racine's \"Athalie\" (Berlin, 1 December 1845; Op. 74). The \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" Overture, Op. 21, originally written as an independent piece 16 years earlier, was incorporated into the Op. 61 incidental music as its overture, and the first of its 14 numbers. There are also vocal sections and other purely instrumental movements, including the Scherzo, Nocturne and \"Wedding March\". The vocal numbers include the song \"Ye spotted snakes\" and the melodramas \"Over hill, over dale\", \"The Spells\", \"What hempen", "Michele Oka Doner Ballet's production of George Balanchine's \"A Midsummer Nights Dream\" (Spring, 2016). Sets and costumes were inspired by images of undersea creatures photographed at the Marine Invertebrate Museum collection at the Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami, Prof. Nancy Voss, Director. The images were also the subject of the book and e-book, \"Into the Mysterium\", a Regan Arts book, also published at this time. Her work is in collections worldwide, notably the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, and The Cooper-Hewitt, New York; La Musée Des Artes Décoratifs, The Louvre, Paris; The", "Dido twelve times in his plays: four times in \"The Tempest\", albeit all in one dialogue, twice in \"Titus Andronicus\", and also in \"Henry VI Part 2\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"Hamlet\", \"Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream,\" and most famously in \"The Merchant of Venice\", in Lorenzo's and Jessica's mutual wooing: In 1794 Germany, Charlotte von Stein wrote her own drama named \"Dido\", with an autobiographical element - as von Stein had been forsaken by her own lover, the famous Goethe, in a manner which she found reminiscent of Aeneas. Even today, Dido appears in Sid Meier's strategy games \"Civilization", "A Midsummer Night's Dream writing to be \"subtle and ethereal\", and standing above literary criticism and its reductive reasoning. Also in 1849, Georg Gottfried Gervinus wrote extensively about the play. He denied the theory that this play should be seen as a dream. He argued that it should be seen as an ethical construct and an allegory. He thought that it was an allegorical depiction of the errors of sensual love, which is likened to a dream. In his view, Hermia lacks in filial obedience and acts as if devoid of conscience when she runs away with Lysander. Lysander is also guilty for disobeying", "Luis de Góngora mythological episode described in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\": the love of Polyphemus, one of the Cyclops, for the nymph Galatea, who rejects him. In the poem's end, Acis, enamored with Galatea, is turned into a river. Góngora's \"Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe\" (\"Fable of Pyramus and Thisbe\") (1618) is a complex poem that mocks gossiping and avaricious women. Góngora also wrote sonnets concerning various subjects of an amatory, satirical, moral, philosophical, religious, controversial, laudatory, and funereal nature. As well as the usual topics (\"carpe diem\" etc.) the sonnets include autobiographical elements, describing, for example, the increasing decrepitude and advancing age of the", "Carl Orff these earlier works were released (some even with Orff's approval). As an historical aside, \"Carmina Burana\" is probably the most famous piece of music composed and premiered in Nazi Germany. \"Carmina Burana\" was in fact so popular that Orff received a commission in Frankfurt to compose incidental music for \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", which was supposed to replace the banned music by Mendelssohn. After several performances of this music, he claimed not to be satisfied with it, and reworked it into the final version that was first performed in 1964. Orff was reluctant to term any of his works simply", "Queen Mab \"Nymphidia\". In Poole's work \"Parnassus\", Mab is described as the Queen of the Fairies and consort to Oberon, Emperor of the Fairies. \"Queen Mab\" is a 1750 pantomime by actor Henry Woodward. \"Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem\" (1813) is the title of the first large poetic work written by the famous English Romantic poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822). Herman Melville's epic American novel \"Moby Dick\" (1851) includes a chapter called \"Queen Mab\". The 31st chapter of Melville's work is entitled such because it describes a dream by Captain Ahab's second mate, Stubb. In J. M. Barrie's \"The Little White Bird\"", "A Midsummer Night's Dream glade. They wake up the lovers and, since Demetrius no longer loves Hermia, Theseus over-rules Egeus's demands and arranges a group wedding. The lovers at first believe they are still in a dream and can't recall what has happened. The lovers decide that the night's events must have been a dream. After they exit, Bottom awakes, and he too decides that he must have experienced a dream \"past the wit of man\". In Athens, Theseus, Hippolyta and the lovers watch the six workmen perform \"Pyramus and Thisbe.\" The performers are so terrible playing their roles that the guests laugh as", "Philostrate Egeus, Hermia's strict father. There is only one scene in Act V where both Egeus and Philostrate are present, and in this scene Egeus' character would have taken all of Philostrate's lines as his own. As Theseus's head guard, Philostrate is asked to defend his Lord and also makes recommendations for plays to help while away the time. He is also the one who chooses plays for Theseus. Theseus rejects all of the plays except \"Pyramus and Thisbe\", which Philostrate has given a particularly bad review. He advises the betrothed king not to choose \"The Mechanicals'\" (the workers') play because", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera) herself completely dominated by Oberon and Puck, the couple that are usually considered to really hold power in The Dream. Their cruel pranks eventually quell her coloratura, which until she is freed from the power of the love-juice is fiendishly difficult to sing. Britten also parodied operatic convention in less obvious ways than \"Pyramus and Thisbe\". Like many other operas, \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" opens with a chorus, but it is a chorus of unbroken boys' voices, singing in unison. After this comes the entrance of the prima donna and the male lead, who is as far away as possible", "A Midsummer Night's Dream fall in love with an ass. In the forest, both couples are beset by problems. Hermia and Lysander are both met by Puck, who provides some comic relief in the play by confounding the four lovers in the forest. However, the play also alludes to serious themes. At the end of the play, Hippolyta and Theseus, happily married, watch the play about the unfortunate lovers, Pyramus and Thisbe, and are able to enjoy and laugh at it. Helena and Demetrius are both oblivious to the dark side of their love, totally unaware of what may have come of the events", "Antun Vrančić have it published. Croatian poet Brne Karnarutić dedicated his version of \"Pyramus and Thisbe\" to Antun Vrančić in 1586. Antun Vrančić High School in Vrančić's native Šibenik has been named after him since 1991, while a street in the old town centre also bears his name. Many other towns in Croatia have a street named after Vrančić. Croatian Post issued a stamp depicting Vrančić in 2004 honoring 500th anniversary of his birth. Antun Vrančić Antun Vrančić or Antonio Veranzio (May 29, 1504 – June 15, 1573) was a Croatian prelate, writer, diplomat and Archbishop of Esztergom of the 16th century.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film) puts all to rights, pairing Lysander back with Hermia and Demetrius with Helena, and reconciling with his own queen, Titania. In the final part, Bottom and his troupe of \"rude Mechanicals\" perform their amateur play, based on the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe, before Duke Theseus (David Strathairn), his wife Hippolyta (Sophie Marceau), and the court, unintentionally producing a comedy that turns to be a tragedy. \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" was filmed on location in Lazio and Tuscany, and at Cinecittà Studios, Rome, Italy. The action of the play was transported from Athens, Greece, to a fictional Monte Athena, located", "The Midsummer Marriage for Sarastro and his priests, and so on. But the composer's first inspiration for the work was visual: Tippett recalled imagining \"a wooded hill-top with a temple, where a warm and soft young man was being rebuffed by a cold and hard young woman to such a degree that the collective, magical archetypes take charge – Jung's \"anima and animus\".\" The character Sosostris is named after \"Madame Sosostris, the famous clairvoyante,\" in T. S. Eliot's poem \"The Waste Land\", and King Fisher's name is inspired by the Fisher King character mentioned in the same poem. Tippett was first given the", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn) finished on 6 August 1826). Contemporary music scholar George Grove called it \"the greatest marvel of early maturity that the world has ever seen in music\". It was written as a concert overture, not associated with any performance of the play. The Overture was written after Mendelssohn had read a German translation of the play in 1826. The translation was by August Wilhelm Schlegel, with help from Ludwig Tieck. There was a family connection as well: Schlegel's brother Friedrich married Felix Mendelssohn's Aunt Dorothea. While a romantic piece in atmosphere, the Overture incorporates many classical elements, being cast in sonata", "A Midsummer Night's Dream was John Dryden, writing in 1677. He was preoccupied with the question of whether fairies should be depicted in theatrical plays, since they did not exist. He concluded that poets should be allowed to depict things which do not exist but derive from popular belief. And fairies are of this sort, as are pigmies and the extraordinary effects of magick. Based on this reasoning, Dryden defended the merits of three fantasy plays: \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", \"The Tempest\", and Ben Jonson's \"Masque of Witches\". Charles Gildon in the early 18th century recommended this play for its beautiful reflections, descriptions, similes,", "Yekaterina Shipulina prize by the \"Ballet\" magazine and the same year played a role of Kitri in \"Don Quixote\". During the same year she also participated in both \"Symphony in C\" and \"Magrittomania\" where was a soloist and played a role of Aegina in \"Spartacus\". In 2005 she joined John Neumeier's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" where she played a role of Hermia. Later on, she redid the same Symphony in 2008 and participated in the Christopher Wheeldon's \"Misericordes\". Prior to all of it, in 2001 she played in Yuri Grigorovich's adaptation of the \"Swan Lake \"called \"Three Swans\" and next year did", "The Two Noble Kinsmen direct source, but is similar to scenes in \"The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn\" (1613), by Francis Beaumont, from which the performance by the yokels is derived. The Schoolmaster who organises it recalls Rombus in Sir Philip Sidney's one-act play \"The Lady of May\" (1579?). In other respects, he resembles Peter Quince in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Links between \"The Two Noble Kinsmen\" and contemporaneous works point to 1613–14 as its date of composition and first performance. A reference to Palamon, one of the protagonists of \"Kinsmen,\" is contained in Ben Jonson's play \"Bartholomew Fair\" (1614). In", "Felix Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 1809 4 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early romantic period. Mendelssohn wrote symphonies, concertos, oratorios, piano music and chamber music. His best-known works include his Overture and incidental music for \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", the \"Italian Symphony\", the \"Scottish Symphony\", the overture \"The Hebrides\", his mature Violin Concerto, and his String Octet. His \"Songs Without Words\" are his most famous solo piano compositions. After a long period of relative denigration due to changing musical tastes and antisemitism", "A Midsummer Night's Dream for the characters of Thisbe, the Lion, and Pyramus at the same time. He would also rather be a tyrant and recites some lines of Ercles. Bottom is told by Quince that he would do the Lion so terribly as to frighten the duchess and ladies enough for the Duke and Lords to have the players hanged. Snug remarks that he needs the Lion's part because he is \"slow of study\". Quince ends the meeting with \"at the Duke's oak we meet\". In a parallel plot line, Oberon, king of the fairies, and Titania, his queen, have come to the", "A Midsummer Night's Dream and mocking his prospective father-in-law. Pyramus and Thisbe also lack in filial obedience, since they \"woo by moonlight\" behind their parents' backs. The fairies, in his view, should be seen as \"personified dream gods\". They represent the caprices of superficial love, and they lack in intellect, feeling, and ethics. Gervinus also wrote on where the fairyland of the play is located. Not in Attica, but in the Indies. His views on the Indies seem to Kehler to be influenced by Orientalism. He speaks of the Indies as scented with the aroma of flowers and as the place where mortals live", "Titus Andronicus the issue of co-authorship. Ravenscroft had hinted at this in 1678, but the first modern scholar to look at the theory was John Mackinnon Robertson in 1905, who concluded that \"much of the play is written by George Peele, and it is hardly less certain that much of the rest was written by Robert Greene or Kyd, with some by Marlow.\" In 1919, T.M. Parrott reached the conclusion that Peele wrote Act 1, 2.1 and 4.1, and in 1931, Philip Timberlake corroborated Parrott's findings. The first major critic to challenge Robertson, Parrott and Timberlake was E.K. Chambers, who successfully exposed", "Phaedra (Seneca) head!\" The story of the Hippolytus–Phaedra relationship is derived from one of several ancient Greek myths revolving around archetypal Athenian hero, Theseus. The Greek playwright Euripides wrote two versions of the tragedy, the lost \"Hippolytus Veiled\" and the extant \"Hippolytus\" (428 B.C.E.). The generally accepted historical assumption is that \"Hippolytus Veiled\" was not favorably received in a tragic competition due to its portrayal of Phaedra as brazen and forward in her pursuit of her stepson. Many historians believe that Euripides wrote \"Hippolytus\" in order to correct this characterization, and to present Phaedra as chaste, and suffering at the hands of", "A Midsummer Night's Dream first bliss of new and reunited lovers. The wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta and the mistaken and waylaid lovers, Titania and Bottom, even the erstwhile acting troupe, model various aspects (and forms) of love. Both David Wiles of the University of London and Harold Bloom of Yale University have strongly endorsed the reading of this play under the themes of Carnivalesque, Bacchanalia, and Saturnalia. Writing in 1998, David Wiles stated that: \"The starting point for my own analysis will be the proposition that although we encounter \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" as a text, it was historically part of an aristocratic", "Tristan and Iseult scholars believe Ovid's \"Pyramus and Thisbe\", as well as the story of Ariadne at Naxos might have also contributed to the development of the Tristan legend. The sequence in which Tristan and Iseult die and become interwoven trees also parallels Ovid's love story of Baucis and Philemon in which two lovers are transformed in death into two different trees sprouting from the same trunk. However this also occurs in the saga of Deidre of the Sorrows making the link more tenuous. In its early stages, the tale was probably unrelated to contemporary Arthurian literature, but the earliest surviving versions already", "Ovid and continues describing the love of Jupiter with Callisto and Europa. The third book focuses on the mythology of Thebes with the stories of Cadmus, Actaeon, and Pentheus. The fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and Perseus and Andromeda. The fifth book focuses on the song of the Muses, which describes the rape of Proserpina. The sixth book is a collection of stories about the rivalry between gods and mortals, beginning with Arachne and ending with Philomela. The seventh book focuses on Medea, as well as Cephalus and Procris. The eighth book", "Richard Porson master of Clare Hall (the then name of Clare College), observing that Porson might collect his manuscripts at home. In 1786, a new edition of Thomas Hutchinson's \"Anabasis\" of Xenophon was called for, and Porson was asked by the publisher to supply notes, which he did in conjunction with Walter Whiter. These are a good example of the terse style of Latin notes he practised. They also show his acquaintance with his two favourite authors, Plato and Athenaeus, and a familiarity with Eustathius of Thessalonica's commentary on Homer. The following year Porson wrote his \"Notae breves ad Toupii emendationes in", "Edwin Atherstone and Panthea\" (1821) and \"A Midsummer Day's Dream\" (1824). He was a close friend and associate of the painter John Martin, whose well-known painting \"The Fall of Nineveh\" was produced in conjunction with Atherstone's poem. He also produced two novels, \"The Sea Kings in England\" and \"The Handwriting on the Wall\". The first one tells about the Viking invasion of England at the time of king Alfred the Great. Atherstone's plays were published posthumously by his daughter, Mary Elizabeth Atherstone in 1888. Edwin Atherstone Edwin Atherstone (1788–1872) was a poet and novelist. His works, which were planned on an imposing", "A Midsummer Night's Dream interconnecting plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen, Hippolyta, which are set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland, under the light of the moon. The play opens with Hermia, who is in love with Lysander, resistant to her father Egeus's demand that she wed Demetrius, whom he has arranged for her to marry. Helena, Hermia's best friend, pines unrequitedly for Demetrius, who broke up with her to be with Hermia. Enraged, Egeus invokes an ancient Athenian law before Duke Theseus, whereby a daughter needs to marry", "Elisabetta Brusa of Music of all ages but the latter are never quoted or imitated in her works. These include two Symphonies, the tone poem \"Florestan\", based on the Florestan side of Robert Schumann's personality; the \"Nittemero Symphony\", inspired by the words \"night\" and \"day\" in ancient Greek; the tone poem \"Messidor\", which alludes strongly to (without actually quoting) Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music to \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (the work is dedicated to her husband), a \"Fanfare\", an \"Adagio\", \"Firelights\", a \"Requiescat\", \"Favole\", \"Merlin\", \"Simply Largo, all of which for orchestras of different sizes, among other works. Brusa describes her musical style", "Martha Clarke Polo\" for the Munich Biennale, the Hong-Kong Festival, and the New York City Opera, and Gluck’s \"Orfeo and Euridice\" for the English National Opera and the New York City Opera. She directed A Midsummer Night’s Dream for the American Repertory Theater and a music/theater work, \"Belle Epoque\", based on the life of Toulouse-Lautrec at Lincoln Center Theater. She has collaborated with Richard Greenberg, Charles L. Mee, and Alfred Uhry, among many others. While Clarke does not compose the musical scores or texts (when present) for her original works, her creative undertaking goes far beyond choreography to include and shape all", "A Midsummer Night's Dream entering the labyrinth. Also in 1979, Harold F. Brooks agreed that the main theme of the play, its very heart, is desire and its culmination in marriage. All other subjects are of lesser importance, including that of imagination and that of appearance and reality. In 1980, Florence Falk offered a view of the play based on theories of cultural anthropology. She argued that the play is about traditional rites of passage, which trigger development within the individual and society. Theseus has detached himself from imagination and rules Athens harshly. The lovers flee from the structure of his society to the", "Sophocles way that was more natural to them and more expressive of their individual character feelings. Sophocles Sophocles (; \"Sophoklēs\", ; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than or contemporary with those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: \"Ajax\", \"Antigone\", \"Women of Trachis\", \"Oedipus Rex\", \"Electra\", \"Philoctetes\" and \"Oedipus at Colonus\". For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated", "A Midsummer Night's Dream comic to win the World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction, in 1991. Terry Pratchett's book \"Lords and Ladies\" (1992) is a parody of the play. Laura Frankos' \"A Late Symmer Night's Battle\", published in \"Turn the Other Chick\", is a humorous sequel, told by the female soldiers who guard Oberon and Titania's realm. Henry Purcell \"The Fairy-Queen\" by Henry Purcell consists of a set of masques meant to go between acts of the play, as well as considerable rewriting of the play to be current to 17th century audiences. Felix Mendelssohn In 1826, Felix Mendelssohn composed a concert overture,", "Sophocles Sophocles Sophocles (; \"Sophoklēs\", ; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than or contemporary with those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: \"Ajax\", \"Antigone\", \"Women of Trachis\", \"Oedipus Rex\", \"Electra\", \"Philoctetes\" and \"Oedipus at Colonus\". For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the", "William Arrowsmith of Petronius’s \"Satyricon\" (1959) and Aristophanes’ plays \"The Birds\" (1961) and \"The Clouds\" (1962), as well as Euripides’ \"Alcestis, Cyclops, Heracles, Orestes, Hecuba\", and \"The Bacchae\", as well as other classical and contemporary works. He was the general editor of the 33-volume \"The Greek Tragedy in New Translations\" (Oxford, 1973) and of Nietzsche's \"Unmodern Observations\" (Yale, 1989). Arrowsmith translated other modern works, including \"The Storm and Other Things\" (Norton, 1985) by Eugenio Montale, the Nobel laureate Italian poet; \"Hard Labor\" (Grossman, 1976) by Cesare Pavese, for which he won the U.S. National Book Award in category Translation (a split award);", "Brian Asawa San Francisco Opera in 1991 in Hans Werner Henze's \"Das verratene Meer\" where he also sang the Shepherd in \"Tosca\" and Oberon in Benjamin Britten's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" in 1992. While at the SFO he continued voice studies with Jane Randolph. He also made his first opera appearance in New York City in 1992 at the Mozart Bicentennial celebration at Lincoln Center, singing the title role in Mozart's \"Ascanio in Alba\" with the Mostly Mozart Festival Chorus and the New York Chamber Symphony under conductor Ádám Fischer. In 1993, Asawa was awarded a career grant from the Richard Tucker", "Christophe Lacassagne by Jean-Pierre Brosmann as a member of the Opéra national de Lyon troupe. There he made his debut with Papageno in \"The Magic Flute\", Theseus in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" and Figaro in \"The Marriage of Figaro\". Since then, he has performed on international stages such as the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels, the Bunkamura in Tokyo and the Teatro Lirico of la Scala in Milan. He works with conductors such as Kent Nagano, Peter Eötvös, David Robertson and directors such as Klaus Michael Grüber, Tamas Asscher, Michel Fau, Jean-Pierre Vincent, and Robert Carsen. Lacassagne has performed more than", "Thomas Hood Thomas de Quincey, Allan Cunningham, Bryan Procter, Serjeant Talfourd, Hartley Coleridge, the peasant-poet John Clare and other contributors, he gradually developed his own powers. Hood married in May 1824, and \"Odes and Addresses\" – his first volume – was written in conjunction with his brother-in-law J. H. Reynolds, a friend of John Keats. Coleridge wrote to Lamb averring that the book must be the latter's work. Also from this period are \"The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies\" (1827) and a dramatic romance, \"Lamia\", published later. \"The Plea\" was a book of serious verse, but Hood was known as a humorist", "Jacques Pradon Jacques Pradon Jacques Pradon, often called Nicolas Pradon (1632 – 14 January 1698), was a French playwright. Early in his career, he was helped by Pierre Corneille and was introduced to the salons at the Hôtel de Nevers and the Hôtel de Bouillon by Madame Deshoulières. Pradon was born in Rouen and is the author of eight tragedies: \"Pyrame et Thisbé\" (1674) (see Pyramus and Thisbe), \"Tamerlan, ou la mort de Bajazet\" (1676), \"Phèdre et Hippolyte\" (1677), \"La Troade\" (1679), \"Statira\" (1680), \"Regulus\" (1688), \"Germanicus\" (1694) and \"Scipion\" (1697). His plays enjoyed a certain limited success, but were severely judged", "Metamorphoses (play) characters.\" Miriam Chirico describes the work as \"enacting myth does not require creating a plausible character, but rather an emblematic figure who demonstrates a particular, identifiable human trait.\" The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is told twice, each to emphasize their individual stories and act like mirrors with reflecting stories of love and loss; the first being from Orpheus' point of view from Ovid's tale from 8 A.D., then Eurydice's tale in 1908 inspired by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke. Orpheus is an archetype for strong human emotion and expressing it through poetry and music. Music is related to Orpheus'", "Hester Dowden Vere, Earl of Oxford, not Bacon. On this occasion the spirits confirmed Allen's views. It was revealed that Oxford was the leader of a collaborative effort among poets and scholars to create the works. It was also revealed that Oberon in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" was a portrait of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, who was in fact the illegitimate son of Oxford and Queen Elizabeth I. The spirit of Bacon told Allen that he had been misquoted when Dowden had received the messages she passed on to Dodd, but that Dowden was not to blame because another spirit", "James Morwood to breathe, Morwood's lyrics find a quietly effective rhythm of their own:” <poem> </poem> The \"Medea\" was part of a major project undertaken with Oxford University Press to provide new translations of all 19 of Euripides’ extant plays, including the disputed \"Rhesus\". This collection was published in five volumes as the Oxford World's Classics Euripides series (republished in a revised edition in 2016). Morwood translated and provided notes for three volumes in the series: \"Medea and other plays\", \"Bacchae and other plays\", and \"The Trojan Women and other plays\". He also provided notes for the other two volumes, \"Orestes and", "Erichtho century play, \"Faust\", as well as John Marston's Jacobean play \"The Tragedy of Sophonisba\". The character Erichtho may have been created by the poet Ovid, as she is mentioned in his poem \"Heroides XV\". It is likely that the character was inspired by the legends of Thessalian witches developed during the Classical Greece period. According to many sources, Thessaly was notorious for being a haven for witches, and \"folklore about the region has persisted with tales of witches, drugs, poisons and magical spells ever since the Roman period.\" However, Erichtho's popularity came several decades later, thanks to the poet Lucan,", "Dinko Zlatarić with a richer language. His translation of Sophocles' \"Electra\" reveals not only Zlatarić's education, taste and versifying ability, but also his poetic gift. \"Love of Pyramus and Thisbe\" is closer to a prose translation. In general, Zlatarić's translations can be considered independent poetic achievements, widening the range of Croatian Renaissance literature. Dinko Zlatarić Dominko \"Dinko\" Zlatarić (1558–1613) was a Croatian poet and translator from Republic of Ragusa, considered the best translator of the Renaissance. Dominiko was the most famous member of the Zlatarić noble family from Dubrovnik. Dinko was born in 1558 as the son of Žimun (Simone Slatarich) Zlatarić", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera) Deller. Atypically for Britten, the opera did not include a leading role for his partner Pears, who instead was given the comic drag role of Flute/Thisbe. \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" was first performed on 11 June 1960 at the Jubilee Hall, Aldeburgh, UK as part of the Aldeburgh Festival. Conducted by the composer, it was directed by the choreographer John Cranko. The work received wide critical approval following its early performances. Howard Taubman in his review of the Aldeburgh premiere wrote that the orchestral colors of the score conveyed a sense of \"soaring illusion\" that never wavered and concluded: Not", "Philocles parodied in Aristophanes' \"The Birds\" along with Sophocles' treatment of the same subject. A scholiast has noted that Philocles' \"Tereus\" was part of his \"Pandionis\" tetralogy. An extant fragment shows that Philocles wrote a play covering the story of Hermione, Neoptolemus and Orestes, a story also addressed by Euripides in his play \"Andromache\" and by Sophocles in his \"Hermione\". In Pholocles' version of the Hermione myth, Hermione is betrothed to Neoptolemus by her father Menelaus while she is pregnant with Orestes' child. Philocles also wrote plays entitled \"Oedipus\" and \"Philoctetes\". The Suda also names the following as plays of Philocles:", "Aeneas Olympus\", Aeneas is regarded as the first Roman demigod, son of Venus rather than Aphrodite. Aeneas is a title character in Henry Purcell's opera \"Dido and Aeneas\" (c. 1688), and one of the principal roles in Hector Berlioz' opera \"Les Troyens\" (c. 1857). Canadian composer James Rolfe composed his opera \"Aeneas and Dido\" (2007; to a libretto by André Alexis) as a companion piece to Purcell's opera. Despite its many dramatic elements, Aeneas's story has generated little interest from the film industry. Portrayed by Steve Reeves, he was the main character in the 1961 sword and sandal film \"Guerra di", "A Midsummer Night's Dream finds the comment to be more of an indication of the quality of the theatrical productions available to Hazlitt, rather than a true indication of the play's supposed unsuitability to the stage. She notes that prior to the 1840s, all stage productions of this play were adaptations unfaithful to the original text. In 1811–1812, Samuel Taylor Coleridge made two points of criticism about this play. The first was that the entire play should be seen as a dream. Second, that Helena is guilty of \"ungrateful treachery\" to Hermia. He thought that this was a reflection of the lack of principles", "A Midsummer Night's Dream aristocratic wedding (for example that of Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley), while others suggest that it was written for the Queen to celebrate the feast day of St. John, but no evidence exists to support this theory. In any case, it would have been performed at The Theatre and, later, The Globe. Though it is not a translation or adaptation of an earlier work, various sources such as Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\" and Chaucer's \"The Knight's Tale\" served as inspiration. According to John Twyning, the play's plot of four lovers undergoing a trial in the woods was intended as a \"riff\" on \"Der", "Theatre of France tragic theatre was Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle (and modern commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Lodovico Castelvetro), although plots were taken from classical authors such as Plutarch, Suetonius, etc. and from short story collections (Italian, French and Spanish). The Greek tragic authors (Sophocles, Euripides) would become increasingly important by the middle of the century. Important models for both comedy, tragedy and tragicomedy of the century were also supplied by the Spanish playwrights Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Tirso de Molina and Lope de Vega, many of whose works were translated and adapted for the French stage.", "Thomas May of May's tragedy \"Cleopatra\", although it isn't known where or by whom; it was printed later in 1639. A manuscript version in the British Library, of uncertain date, contains a number of small but interesting textual variants. During the next few years he wrote two further classical tragedies, \"Antigone\" (published 1631) and \"Julia Agrippina\" (1639); the first was probably never staged but the second claims a 1628 performance on its title page. May's tragedies are modelled on Jonson and are also plausibly influenced by Massinger; they concentrate on political themes, rather than erotic passions; \"Cleopatra\" and \"Antigone\" draw linguistically and", "Locus amoenus Night's Dream\" and \"Titus Andronicus\". In the 20th century the \"locus amoenus\" appears in the work of T. S. Eliot, as in the Rose Garden of \"Burnt Norton\" and in J. R. R. Tolkien's Shire and Lothlórien. The split-off obverse of the \"locus amoenus\" is the apparently delectable but in fact treacherous garden, often linked to a malign sexuality, as in Circe's palace or the Bower of Bliss in Edmund Spenser's \"Faerie Queene\". Locus amoenus Locus amoenus (Latin for \"pleasant place\") is a literary topos involving an idealized place of safety or comfort. A \"locus amoenus\" is usually a beautiful,", "Antigone (Sophocles play) as Antigone and Patrick O'Kane as Kreon. Other TV adaptations of \"Antigone\" have starred Irene Worth (1949) and Dorothy Tutin (1959), both broadcast by the BBC. Antigone (Sophocles play) Antigone ( ; ) is a tragedy by Sophocles written in or before 441 BC. Of the three Theban plays \"Antigone\" is the third in order of the events depicted in the plays, but it is the first that was written. The play expands on the Theban legend that predates it, and it picks up where Aeschylus' \"Seven Against Thebes\" ends. Prior to the beginning of the play, brothers Eteocles and" ]

[ 7.4375 ]

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[ "I wasn't responding to the economic report Kazin made or didn't make." ]

[ "I was talking about Kazin's economic report and not to his cultural critique.", "A man is walking through a wal-mart with a cart full of stuff.", "A man in black is eating next to other people", "Someone posing for a camera.", "You are not in the right place.", "a band plays inside", "boy sleeps" ]

[]

[]

[ "201119 - ทุกการจากลาเจ็บปวดเสมอ - AE [03-05-2017 08.00.58] (ตอบ 0, ชม 102)\n201118 - สมาคมเฮฮา ไร้กฎ ขอแค่มารยาท วัยทำงาน แวะมาเป็นเพื่อนกันนะคะ คนโสดก็มีเยอะคะ ทอมดี้เลส - หาเพือน คุยสนุก [03-05-2017 07.59.19] (ตอบ 0, ชม 109)\n201117 - เธอเปลี่ยนไปแล้ว . . . - หญ้าในสายลม [03-05-2017 07.55.34] (ตอบ 1, ชม 182)\n201116 - ผีเสื้อใจร้ายกับดอกไม้ใจอ่อน - น้ำตาฟ้า [03-05-2017 07.46.05] (ตอบ 4, ชม 99)\n201115 - สวัสดีวันพระมีบุญมาฝาก.. - Nobody'sperfect [03-05-2017 07.32.05] (ตอบ 12, ชม 92)\n201114 - ช่วยตอบเราหน่อย - ว่างเปล่า [03-05-2017 07.17.11] (ตอบ 5, ชม 306)\n201113 - ต้องการทอมหรือเลสคิงอายุไม่เกิน 30 คุยด้วยค่ะ :) - daintyloli [03-05-2017 04.20.14] (ตอบ 6, ชม 121)\n201112 - ใครสักคนคุยเพื่อพัฒนา..เมื่อก่อนไม่เคยคิดจะตั้งกระทู้ เพราะเพียงเข้ามาอ่านและเท่านั้น - ปลายดินสอ [03-05-2017 01.46.18] (ตอบ 6, ชม 265)\n201111 - เศร้าและเหงาสุดๆๆๆ นานแค่ไหนแล้วที่เป็นแบบนี้ จะเป็นนี้อีกนานเท่าไร - ใจสลาย [03-05-2017 01.23.23] (ตอบ 6, ชม 253)\n201110 - นอนไม่หลับค่ะ อยากคอลกับใครสักคน - ตี1 [03-05-2017 01.21.08] (ตอบ 3, ชม 220)\n201109 - อยากคุยกับดี้โปรไฟล์ดีคะ - BetterOne [03-05-2017 01.06.00] (ตอบ 0, ชม 212)\n201108 - หาเลสแบบไม่ผูกมัดจ้า กทม.ขอคนไม่ซีเรียสเรื่องหุ่นและหน้าตาน้า - Wan [03-05-2017 00.24.17] (ตอบ 4, ชม 157)\n201107 - หาคนคุยเป็นเพื่อน ขออายุ 28 + นะคะ - น้ำฝน [03-05-2017 00.06.33] (ตอบ 0, ชม 152)\n201106 - หาเพื่อนคุย - ทอมโสด [02-05-2017 23.47.54] (ตอบ 2, ชม 93)\n201105 - ขอบคุณที่ทิ้งกัน - ภูเขา [02-05-2017 23.34.50] (ตอบ 3, ชม 184)\n201104 - แหวนเพชรแท้ ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ - ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ [02-05-2017 22.13.50] (ตอบ 0, ชม 9)\n201103 - คนแก่เหงา - คนแก่ [02-05-2017 21.32.29] (ตอบ 6, ชม 373)\n201102 - มาเป็นเพื่อนกันก่อน - วันอาทิตย์ [02-05-2017 21.15.15] (ตอบ 2, ชม 175)\n201101 - (มีรูป)อยากรู้จัง? ต้องตั้งกระทู้ยังไง? ทอมถึงจะสนใจมายิ้มให้คะ - ดี้อยากกินหนมครก [02-05-2017 21.09.55] (ตอบ 29, ชม 597)\n201100 - สามทุ่มสองนาทีของคืนวันอังคาร - ดี้อยากกินฮันนี่โทส [02-05-2017 21.02.38] (ตอบ 1, ชม 113)\n201099 - .........ฟ้าสีเทา * * - ........... [02-05-2017 20.57.44] (ตอบ 4, ชม 128)\n201097 - เลสอวบๆ - king [02-05-2017 20.31.54] (ตอบ 9, ชม 171)\n201096 - ไลน์กลุ่ม 30 อัพ ทอม ดี้ ค่ะ - แอดมิน [02-05-2017 20.30.40] (ตอบ 0, ชม 90)\n201095 - เพื่อนคุย เที่ยว กิน เฉพาะดี้โสดคับ - Me [02-05-2017 19.28.39] (ตอบ 1, ชม 60)\n201094 - เพื่อน กิน เที่ยว คุย รับเฉพาะคนโสด - Me [02-05-2017 19.26.35] (ตอบ 3, ชม 71)\n201092 - หาทอมโสดค่ะ อายุ 40 ปีขึ้นไป - จ๊ะเอ๋ [02-05-2017 19.08.27] (ตอบ 1, ชม 330)\n201091 - ไลน์กลุ่มเฉพาะเลส - ไลน์กลุ่ม [02-05-2017 18.57.19] (ตอบ 0, ชม 166)\n201090 - ทอมวัยทำงานคัฟ หาแฟนวัยทำงานคัฟ โสดคัฟฟ - T O M [02-05-2017 18.51.15] (ตอบ 0, ชม 134)\n201089 - หาเพื่อนไปปฎิบัติธรรม - เอ [02-05-2017 16.27.37] (ตอบ 8, ชม 201)\n201088 - ไลน์กลุ่มเลส ยินดีต้อนรับค่ะ - With love [02-05-2017 15.55.17] (ตอบ 1, ชม 199)\n201087 - ขอรบกวนเป็นสื่อกลางตามหาเลสที่ใช่ - เอ [02-05-2017 15.37.57] (ตอบ 2, ชม 253)\n201086 - หาเพื่อนชื่อ ญ - อม อต. [02-05-2017 14.57.35] (ตอบ 1, ชม 102)\n201085 - หาเพื่อนที่ชื่อญ - อม อต. [02-05-2017 14.56.01] (ตอบ 0, ชม 29)\n201084 - หาเพื่อนชื่อ หญิงๆชอบเข้ามาอ่านหรือตั้งกระทู้ในเลสล่า - อม อต. [02-05-2017 14.53.32] (ตอบ 0, ชม 120)\n201083 - จากกระทู้ 201055 ขอบคุณที่ช่วยเหลือ - ไหผู้ดี [02-05-2017 12.13.05] (ตอบ 0, ชม 239)\n201082 - ก็แค่คนธรรมดาคนนึง - Les... [02-05-2017 11.42.03] (ตอบ 0, ชม 208)\n201081 - ขอเพื่อนที่ไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้จักแต่เป็นเพื่อนที่จริงใจปรึกษาได้ระบายได้ - Mars [02-05-2017 11.30.16] (ตอบ 27, ชม 598)\n201080 - แหวนเพชรแท้ ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ - ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ [02-05-2017 11.06.17] (ตอบ 0, ชม 12)\n201079 - หาเพื่อน - 00 [02-05-2017 10.59.11] (ตอบ 0, ชม 111)\n201078 - ตามหาคุณดี้โสด - ทอมคนนึง [02-05-2017 09.20.53] (ตอบ 1, ชม 103)\n201077 - อยากย้อนเวลากลับไป - อ้วน [02-05-2017 09.02.58] (ตอบ 0, ชม 108)\n201076 - อยากย้อนเวลากลับไป - อ้วน [02-05-2017 08.59.05] (ตอบ 0, ชม 43)\n201074 - I am me - PLOY [02-05-2017 08.41.33] (ตอบ 0, ชม 187)\n201073 - มาต่อกลอนกันค่ะ^____* - แอนนาจิว [02-05-2017 08.17.41] (ตอบ 10, ชม 195)\n201072 - .........เมื่อใช้ชีวิตร่วมกัน หาเงินใช้ร่วมกัน. ก็อย่าเอาเปรียบกัน เพราะจะทำให้แยกทางกันได้ - ดี้ชรา [02-05-2017 07.49.49] (ตอบ 3, ชม 301)\n201071 - ช้อค - ทาม [02-05-2017 07.39.06] (ตอบ 2, ชม 214)\n201070 - แบบนี้ก็มีด้วยหรอ - ผู้ทอมเดินดิน [02-05-2017 01.46.01] (ตอบ 3, ชม 374)\n201069 - ดี้แอดไลน์มาคุยกันนะชอบคนอายุมากกว่าออกไบรท์มานะ - Tomหาดี้ [02-05-2017 01.24.54] (ตอบ 0, ชม 108)\n201067 - เที่ยงคืนสิบเจ็ดนาที - ดี้อยากกินฮันนี่โทส [02-05-2017 00.18.53] (ตอบ 4, ชม 169)\n201066 - เหงาจัง ต้องการหาเพื่อนไปดูหนังด้วย - เหงาลิซึ่ม [02-05-2017 00.02.41] (ตอบ 0, ชม 105)\n201065 - แหวนเพชรแท้ ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ - ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ [02-05-2017 00.00.39] (ตอบ 0, ชม 12)\n201064 - ชอบจริงๆเล้ยสาวผมสั้น - ชอบบบบ [01-05-2017 23.43.16] (ตอบ 10, ชม 323)\n201063 - ทำไมทำเท่าไหร่ก้อไม่เคยดีพอ เหนื่อย ทำไมถึงลืมเธอไม่ได้ซักที ทำยังไงดี เจ็บ - เท็น [01-05-2017 23.07.13] (ตอบ 1, ชม 129)\n201062 - หาเพื่อนคุยค่ะ เป็นคนตรง โลกส่วนตัวสูง จิตใจดี อายุ35+ ไม่จีบค่ะ - มิว [01-05-2017 23.06.07] (ตอบ 0, ชม 334)\n201061 - หาทอมคุยwe chat ทะลึ่งๆค่ะ - ดี้อ้วน [01-05-2017 23.01.30] (ตอบ 1, ชม 210)\n201060 - ดี้อกหัก ขอทอมดีๆดามใจค่า - angel [01-05-2017 22.58.24] (ตอบ 20, ชม 294)\n201059 - ไม่เบื่อกันบ้างเหรอ กระทู้หาคู่ ทั้งแบบโจ่งแจ้ง และแบบแอ๊บๆ - บ้าบอคอแตก [01-05-2017 22.57.48] (ตอบ 9, ชม 393)\n201058 - เอาไงดีเมื่อแฟนพูดแบบนี้ - 15 [01-05-2017 22.36.43] (ตอบ 4, ชม 407)\n201057 - มันจะเหงาๆหน่อย - A [01-05-2017 22.29.49] (ตอบ 1, ชม 208)\n201056 - เบื่อ เศร้า เหงา โคตรเซ็ง - เจณ [01-05-2017 22.21.19] (ตอบ 0, ชม 127)\n201055 - เลสคะ ช่วยอะไรหน่อยสิ ขอร้องด่วนๆเลย (ล๊อคกระทู้ งดดราม่า) - ไหผู้ดี [01-05-2017 22.19.55] (ตอบ 0, ชม 389)\n201053 - Me Myself.. - Nobody'sperfect [01-05-2017 21.41.22] (ตอบ 3, ชม 111)\n201052 - แม่จิ๋วหลิวชวนมาทำเกี๊ยวซ่า - เกี๊ยวซ่าเจไส้เต้าหู้กับผักตั้งโอ๋ - จิ๋วหลิวของแม่เอ้ย [01-05-2017 21.39.56] (ตอบ 11, ชม 123)\n201051 - หาเพื่อนคุย ถ้าclick พร้อมจะพัฒนา มีสเปกเล็กน้อยค่ะ - Nine9 [01-05-2017 21.39.33] (ตอบ 9, ชม 392)\n201050 - @ แมงเม่า ปีกอ่อน!!! - ผู้ชม [01-05-2017 21.20.06] (ตอบ 0, ชม 97)\n201049 - เหงาๆๆมาคุยกันค่ะ - กานต์ [01-05-2017 21.06.27] (ตอบ 2, ชม 230)\n201048 - หรรษาพาเพลิน วันนี้พร้อมรู้จักกับคุณคะ - คุณค่าที่คุณคู่ควร [01-05-2017 21.01.18] (ตอบ 12, ชม 362)\n201047 - อยากมีเพื่อนคุยๆเพื่อนความฮา - พบปะ [01-05-2017 20.53.08] (ตอบ 0, ชม 109)\n201046 - หาคนลุยๆ มีไหมคะ^^ - chocolate [01-05-2017 20.37.53] (ตอบ 7, ชม 278)\n201043 - แปลกไหมที่เคยคบทอม แล้วจะเปลี่ยนมาชอบผู้หญิงเหมือนกัน - เดือนสิงหา [01-05-2017 20.20.36] (ตอบ 6, ชม 217)\n201042 - คุยก่อนดีค่อยว่ากัน - ลองคุย [01-05-2017 20.08.50] (ตอบ 1, ชม 225)\n201041 - หาคนคุยพัฒนาความสัมพันธ์ค่ะ - เครื่องปรุง [01-05-2017 19.59.45] (ตอบ 16, ชม 436)\n201039 - คิดชื่อหัวข้อไม่ออกค่ะ - attention [01-05-2017 19.41.44] (ตอบ 18, ชม 512)\n201038 - มาตามหาใครสักคนที่เป็นนี้ - ช่องว่าง [01-05-2017 19.35.59] (ตอบ 2, ชม 241)\n201037 - เหงามากๆทอมหรือเลสแอดมาคุยกันหน่อยคะ - Dy30+ [01-05-2017 19.30.41] (ตอบ 1, ชม 253)\n201036 - หาดี้โสด ไม่คุยเล่น - เรา [01-05-2017 19.13.12] (ตอบ 3, ชม 169)\n201035 - ถึงคุณเปรม... - อิโง่ [01-05-2017 19.02.39] (ตอบ 0, ชม 237)\n201034 - หาเพื่อนคุยปลอบกัน - Pnt [01-05-2017 18.46.26] (ตอบ 0, ชม 127)\n201032 - ทอมต้องการดี้โสดคบหาสร้างอนาคตคับ - กันต์ [01-05-2017 17.25.23] (ตอบ 1, ชม 192)\n201031 - หาเพื่อนเรียนเนติ - จขกท [01-05-2017 17.18.59] (ตอบ 2, ชม 105)\n201030 - มาลองคุยกันดูคร้า - อีฟ [01-05-2017 17.17.11] (ตอบ 0, ชม 120)\n201029 - โตแล้ว ฟินได้ - my me [01-05-2017 17.13.37] (ตอบ 1, ชม 189)\n201028 - โสดมานานละ อยากคนดูแลจริงใจค่ะ - Yammy [01-05-2017 16.39.11] (ตอบ 1, ชม 288)\n201027 - มีใครพร้อมรับฟัง เป็นที่ปรึกษาบ้างไม๊ - คนหลงทาง [01-05-2017 16.30.17] (ตอบ 3, ชม 168)\n201025 - ทอมผู้ใหญ่ดูดี อยากมีดี้ดีดีดูแลกัน คุยกันค่ะ - โสด [01-05-2017 15.41.07] (ตอบ 1, ชม 257)\n201024 - ขอ ควีน เชียงใหม่ โสด มาทำความรู้จักกันค่ะ - เผื่อจะมีวาสนา ต่อ ใครสักคน ;) [01-05-2017 15.20.12] (ตอบ 10, ชม 234)\n201023 - วันนี้วันเกิด ดี้ 40 กะรัต อวยพรให้หน่อยคร่า...(เพราะโสดเลยเหงา) - ดี้ ดี๊ดี [01-05-2017 15.14.40] (ตอบ 16, ชม 180)\n201022 - ลูก1 มีความต้องการอยากหาคนคุย - หาคนคุย [01-05-2017 14.50.17] (ตอบ 0, ชม 250)\n201021 - หาเพื่อนใหม่ ใครอยากมีเพื่อนแอดมา - Bubble B [01-05-2017 14.47.48] (ตอบ 0, ชม 158)\n201020 - อากาศร้อนๆให้เปิดแอร์ ถ้าต้องการคนเทคแคร์ให้เปิดไลน์มาหาเราาาาาาาาา - ืnoww [01-05-2017 14.41.06] (ตอบ 2, ชม 172)\n201018 - รอควีน โสด ยังมีว่าง ให้เราดูแล สักคนมั้ยนะ :) เชียงใหม่ - รอ มาย ควีน ^^ ☺️ [01-05-2017 14.07.57] (ตอบ 3, ชม 230)\n201017 - ไม่ต้องเข้ามาแจ้งลบนะคั่บ - m [01-05-2017 13.52.52] (ตอบ 1, ชม 220)\n201016 - คนที่รอคอยคือเทอรึเปล่า - apple [01-05-2017 13.51.23] (ตอบ 0, ชม 148)\n201015 - เอาชัวร์คือ//!! - m [01-05-2017 13.47.53] (ตอบ 0, ชม 131)\n201014 - สมมุติถ้าผู้หญิงแบบนี้มีจริง เค้าควรจะมีแฟนแบบไหน - ทอมสงสัย [01-05-2017 13.19.58] (ตอบ 14, ชม 522)\n201013 - รอเพื่อนทอมดี้เลสมาคุยกันนะคะ - พิงค์ [01-05-2017 12.42.13] (ตอบ 1, ชม 61)\n201012 - #หาเพื่อนคุย#สาวชุดขาว#ความชอบส่วนตัว - me [01-05-2017 12.40.46] (ตอบ 2, ชม 95)\n201011 - ความพอดี ความลงตัว แล้วทุกอย่างจะนำพาเรามาเจอกัน - ทอม..อร่อยดี [01-05-2017 12.27.33] (ตอบ 7, ชม 234)\n201010 - No reason to stay is a good reason to go - The lily [01-05-2017 12.06.37] (ตอบ 11, ชม 281)\n201009 - อยากรู้หาแฟนนี่ได้แฟนกันบ้างไหมในนี้ - จีมิน [01-05-2017 11.50.56] (ตอบ 5, ชม 285)\n201008 - เป็นคนที่ไม่เข้าตาใคร - หาคนคุย [01-05-2017 11.36.12] (ตอบ 0, ชม 176)\n201007 - แหวนเพชรแท้ แหวนแต่งงาน ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ ขอนแก่น - ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ [01-05-2017 11.35.43] (ตอบ 0, ชม 17)\n201006 - เคยเป็นกันบ้างมั๊ย คิดว่าแฟนเก่าบล๊อคไลน์ไม่ได้คุยกันหลายปี - ช่างแอร์ในตำนาน [01-05-2017 11.07.59] (ตอบ 2, ชม 168)\n201003 - เลสกวนๆมีไหม๊ - ม๋ามึน [01-05-2017 08.43.09] (ตอบ 0, ชม 171)\n201002 - หาเพื่อนทอมคุยค่ะ - ดี้ที่มีลูกแล้ว [01-05-2017 07.23.42] (ตอบ 1, ชม 167)\n201001 - คุยกันม๊ะ!!!..*** - ป้า.เลข5 [01-05-2017 06.58.02] (ตอบ 5, ชม 235)\n201000 - ทอมเกย์ที่คิดจิงจังน่ะมีมั้ย - ทอมเกย์ [01-05-2017 06.49.37] (ตอบ 3, ชม 132)\n200999 - ใครชอบอ่านการ์ตูน อ่านนิยาย ดูอนิเมสายYuri มาคุยกัน - เหงาจนชิว [01-05-2017 02.31.23] (ตอบ 14, ชม 211)\n200998 - อยากให้เพื่อนๆ และ เค้าคนนั้นได้เข้ามาอ่าน และ จำไว้เป็นบทเรียนราคาแพงที่เราไม่อยากให้เกิดขึ้นกับคู่อื่น - To Smy [01-05-2017 00.38.41] (ตอบ 1, ชม 320)\n200997 - อยากรู้ แต่ไม่อยากถามค่ะ - JJ [01-05-2017 00.10.37] (ตอบ 2, ชม 381)\n200996 - อยากรุ้จักดี้ ตัวเล็กน่ารัก - เหินฟ้า [30-04-2017 23.49.58] (ตอบ 6, ชม 157)\n200995 - เตือนใจเตือนสติค่ะ - สังึมมันอยู่ยาก ถ้าขาดสติ [30-04-2017 23.28.41] (ตอบ 0, ชม 280)\n200994 - ดูแลตัวเองกันดีๆล่ะพี่น้องชาวเลสล่าเอ้ยยยยย - ขอให้ทุกคนมีสติค่ะ [30-04-2017 23.26.43] (ตอบ 1, ชม 611)\n200993 - ดูแลตัวเองดีๆนะ - คนเคยพลาด [30-04-2017 23.20.54] (ตอบ 0, ชม 210)\n200992 - เชิญแชร์ประสบการณ์ คบ คุย กะคนที่คุณคิดว่าโปรฟายดี - ex [30-04-2017 23.14.06] (ตอบ 33, ชม 727)\n200991 - แหวนเพชรแท้ ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ - ห้างเพชรกาญจน์ [30-04-2017 23.12.48] (ตอบ 0, ชม 8)\n200990 - ไลน์กลุ่ม มุมสบาย มาพักกายพักใจ เรื่องหนักเรื่องเบาเล่าสู่กันฟังได้ในห้องนั่งเล่นนะคะ - ห้องนั่งเล่น [30-04-2017 22.51.33] (ตอบ 0, ชม 121)\n200988 - ไลน์กลุ่ม มุมสบาย มาพักกายพักใจ เรื่องหนักเรื่องเบาเล่าสู่กันฟังได้ในห้องนั่งเล่นนะคะ - ห้องนั่งเล่น [30-04-2017 22.48.19] (ตอบ 0, ชม 96)\n200984 - ดี้ 30+ คุยกันนะ เราอยากรู้พวกคุณคิดยังไง - nat [30-04-2017 22.41.48] (ตอบ 5, ชม 212)\n200983 - หาทอม เลสคิง คุย(หาแฟน) - กุลิโก๊ะ [30-04-2017 22.37.18] (ตอบ 14, ชม 238)\n200982 - ขอเพื่อนทอมวัยทำงานคุยกันค่ะใครนอนดึกมาคุยนะค่ะ - Wibeeii [30-04-2017 22.37.14] (ตอบ 8, ชม 277)\n200981 - หาเพื่อน หาเเฟน หาอะไรก็ได้ - ยิ้ม [30-04-2017 22.35.33] (ตอบ 7, ชม 247)\n200980 - เวลานัดเจอกันส่วนมากนัดที่ไหนกันหรอคะ - กทม [30-04-2017 22.27.23] (ตอบ 3, ชม 785)\n200979 - ขอทอมหุ่นดี สักคนมาเดินคู่กันไป - js [30-04-2017 22.20.34] (ตอบ 8, ชม 223)\n200978 - I’ll get back to you tomorrow - Sleep on it [30-04-2017 21.32.58] (ตอบ 0, ชม 90)\n200977 - หาเพื่อนค่ะ ขอคนที่คุยเก่งๆ โสดๆยิ่งดีค่ะ - ดี้ค่ะ [30-04-2017 21.00.58] (ตอบ 0, ชม 225)\n200976 - อยากมีใครสักคนที่คุยกันได้ทุกเรื่องมีบ้างมั้ย - สายหมอก [30-04-2017 20.28.33] (ตอบ 2, ชม 181)\n200975 - หาดี้40อัพเพื่อคอยดูแลกันและกันตลอดไป - ทอมเอ [30-04-2017 20.27.04] (ตอบ 0, ชม 164)\n200974 - ห้ามดุ ห้ามไม่เห็นด้วย ต้องการคนตามใจเท่านั้น ขออ้อนหน่อยไม่มากไปใช่ไหม? - น้องเมีย [30-04-2017 20.16.07] (ตอบ 18, ชม 228)\n200973 - แฟนไม่ให้ลงรูปคู่ ห้าม tag ใน Facebook - ดินฟ้าอากาศ [30-04-2017 20.06.05] (ตอบ 8, ชม 341)\n200972 - หาเพื่อนคุยวัยทำงาน0843243270 - หาเพื่อนคุยวัยทำงาน0843243270 [30-04-2017 19.38.14] (ตอบ 1, ชม 146)\n200971 - เป็นไบค่ะ อยากลองคุยกับทอม - Lady [30-04-2017 18.58.02] (ตอบ 2, ชม 234)\n200969 - จม - กาล...ครั้งหนึ่ง [30-04-2017 18.35.50] (ตอบ 9, ชม 236)\n200968 - ขอทอมโสดจริงใจ อายุไม่เกิน30คุยค่ะ - ดี้ค่ะ [30-04-2017 18.35.45] (ตอบ 8, ชม 155)\n200967 - ใกล้จะถึงวันเกิดแล้ว อยากให้เทอมาเป็นของขวัญวันเกิดของเรา - M@Y [30-04-2017 18.15.32] (ตอบ 1, ชม 148)\n200966 - หาเพื่อนเที่ยว คุยสนุก เฮฮา ร่าเริง ปาจิงโกะ.... สายธรรมชาตินะ - ตลกดี [30-04-2017 17.47.09] (ตอบ 0, ชม 145)\n200965 - เคยเป็นไหม - โอม [30-04-2017 17.45.23] (ตอบ 0, ชม 123)\n200964 - ตามหาคนธรรมดา....ที่อยู่ด้วยแล้วสบายใจ^^ - ichiban [30-04-2017 17.38.51] (ตอบ 3, ชม 375)\n200963 - หาผู้หญิง เลส ชลบุรีค่ะ No Tomboy เป็นเพื่อนเที่ยว 18+ - Sterile [30-04-2017 17.36.17] (ตอบ 0, ชม 84)\n200962 - คิดถึงพี่ปาน พี่จ๋าคะ...เมียจ๋าคิดถึงมากน่ะค่ะ.. - หัวใจในกรง [30-04-2017 17.02.25] (ตอบ 4, ชม 213)\n200961 - ขอเป็นดีเจสักวัน.......... - หิ่งห้อย [30-04-2017 17.01.15] (ตอบ 17, ชม 85)\n200960 - ..........หนีพี่ๆ มารับสมัคร เพื่อนคนรู้ใจ 40up - หนูดื้อ [30-04-2017 17.00.42] (ตอบ 14, ชม 339)\n200957 - เปนดี้อ้วนๆจ้า อยู่ประเทศลาว หาเพื่อนทอม35อัพคุยกันจ้า ชอบคนสวยเชีญป้ายหน้าค่ะ - ดี้อ้วน [30-04-2017 15.04.09] (ตอบ 1, ชม 120)\n200956 - หาคนคุยไปนานๆไม่ทับซ้อน - OAAA [30-04-2017 14.07.55] (ตอบ 1, ชม 215)\n200954 - ค่อยๆกลับมาทีละน้อย..ลายเส้นที่หายไป.. - Nobody'sperfect [30-04-2017 13.51.15] (ตอบ 2, ชม 102)\n200953 - หาเพื่อนดี้ วัยทำงานก็ดีนะคับ - เจ ครับ [30-04-2017 12.15.26] (ตอบ 0, ชม 92)\n200948 - หาดี้ 35-45 ปี เข้ากลุ่มค้าบ หนุ่มฯรออยู่ค้าบ - พี่เน [30-04-2017 11.30.06] (ตอบ 8, ชม 238)\n200947 - ช่วยอ่านทีนะคะ - คนรอ [30-04-2017 10.39.21] (ตอบ 5, ชม 355)\n200946 - อยากหาที่เที่ยว นั่งดริ้งฟังเพลง ผับเลส ใน กทม. ตอนนี้ยังมีไหมคะ - แวะมา [30-04-2017 10.28.34] (ตอบ 3, ชม 254)\n200945 - นครศรี หาเลสควีน ใต้ ขาว น่ารักเรียบร้อย ไม่หื่น คุยกันคะ - สายใยรัก [30-04-2017 10.19.58] (ตอบ 0, ชม 70)\n200944 - ใครเคยเจอใครในนี้ และรักกันบ้างคะ - AAA [30-04-2017 10.04.45] (ตอบ 3, ชม 294)\n200942 - ขอระบายเมื่อเราเข้าใจผิดว่าเลสต้องบุคลิกหญิงสาวเหมือนกัน - ดูแลตัวเอง [30-04-2017 09.33.47] (ตอบ 8, ชม 556)\n200941 - อยากมีเพื่อนคุยแบบไม่หายอ่ามีป่าว - คนดีๆ [30-04-2017 09.16.32] (ตอบ 3, ชม 200)\n200940 - อยากมีเพื่อนคุยแบบไม่หายอ่ามีป่าว - คนดีๆ [30-04-2017 09.15.22] (ตอบ 1, ชม 62)\n200939 - ในบางครั้ง กับบางสิ่งที่หายไป อาจพบเจอบางสิ่งใหม่เสมอ.... - ดี้ 37+ [30-04-2017 09.02.41] (ตอบ 27, ชม 533)\n200938 - หาเพื่อนคุยคะ - orraya [30-04-2017 08.47.20] (ตอบ 0, ชม 181)\n200937 - ไม่ได้อยากจะให้วันสุดท้ายของเราคือวันเดียวกับวันแรกที่เจอกัน - อยากรักเทอถึงวันสุดท้ายของชีวิ [30-04-2017 08.21.27] (ตอบ 3, ชม 285)\n200936 - เสียดายที่โลกอนุญาตให้เรารู้จักกันแค่นี้ - อยากบอกว่าฉันเสียใจ [30-04-2017 07.09.20] (ตอบ 14, ชม 593)\n200935 - Back at one (Shayne Ward) - ชิล ชิล ชิลลี่ [30-04-2017 06.59.10] (ตอบ 14, ชม 254)\n200934 - ทอม ดี้ 35-50 สาระ จริงใจ เข้ากลุ่ม - พี่แนน [30-04-2017 06.50.17] (ตอบ 10, ชม 260)\n200933 - คิดเหมือนกันหรือป่าว - เกรียน [30-04-2017 06.11.50] (ตอบ 5, ชม 213)\n200932 - ขอไอดีเลสควีน - คนนอนดึก [30-04-2017 02.03.18] (ตอบ 3, ชม 105)\n200931 - อยากทำความรู้จักทอมอายุไม่เกิน 30 ค่ะ (มีรูป) - marusan [30-04-2017 00.16.12] (ตอบ 1, ชม 338)\n200930 - ค่ำคืนนี้#วันหยุดของฉัน♡ - กาเเฟหอมกรุ่น ♡ [30-04-2017 00.08.26] (ตอบ 31, ชม 238)\n200929 - ใครนอนไม่หลับ มาคุยกันนะ - ดี้นอนดึก [30-04-2017 00.07.48] (ตอบ 5, ชม 144)\n200928 - จะรู้ได้ไงว่ามีใจหรือแค่เฟรนด์ลี่ - คิดไปไกล [29-04-2017 23.46.56] (ตอบ 11, ชม 419)\n200927 - ...เขียนในใจ ร้องในเพลง... - ..... [29-04-2017 23.30.14] (ตอบ 2, ชม 87)\n200926 - เกือบ20ปี #พีาไม่เปลี่ยนเลย - รุ่นน้อง [29-04-2017 23.27.48] (ตอบ 7, ชม 163)\n200925 - หาเพื่อนทอม30+ค่ะ - ดี้คนนึง [29-04-2017 23.12.50] (ตอบ 4, ชม 233)\n200924 - จริงๆแล้ว พอเรามาถึงช่วงชีวิตหนึ่ง เราอาจต้องการคนเข้าใจมากกว่าคนรัก - ความเข้าใจ [29-04-2017 23.06.33] (ตอบ 17, ชม 533)\n200923 - หาเลสนัดเจอคืนนี้ค่ะ>< - Bearbear107 [29-04-2017 22.58.50] (ตอบ 3, ชม 182)\n200922 - อยากมีเพื่อนสนิท - dydy [29-04-2017 22.29.35] (ตอบ 8, ชม 372)\n200921 - อยากหาใครสักคนที่คุยด้วยแล้วสบายใจ พร้อมพัฒนาไปอีกขั้น - Aomaom [29-04-2017 22.24.36] (ตอบ 9, ชม 377)\n200920 - หาคู่ชีวิตค่ะ - เลสทู [29-04-2017 22.24.12] (ตอบ 0, ชม 199)\n200919 - ทำใจได้ยากจริงๆ - Ning [29-04-2017 22.21.58] (ตอบ 2, ชม 189)\n200918 - อยากมีเพื่อนสนิท - dydy [29-04-2017 22.01.04] (ตอบ 3, ชม 139)\n200917 - คุณเคยไหมที่เวลามีเรื่องไม่สบายใจแล้วอยากระบายกับใครสักคนที่ไม่รู้จัก - คนไม่รู้จัก [29-04-2017 21.51.56] (ตอบ 12, ชม 448)\n200916 - อยากคุยกับอาจารย์มหาลัย - มา [29-04-2017 21.47.26] (ตอบ 8, ชม 351)\n200915 - มีเพือนคนไหรเรียนอยู่ต่างประเทศบ้าง - น้ำฝน [29-04-2017 21.45.40] (ตอบ 0, ชม 78)\n200914 - หาคนทีพร้อมจะเดินไปด้วยกันอะ - เลสคิง [29-04-2017 21.43.48] (ตอบ 1, ชม 147)\n200913 - ห้ามหึง ห้ามหวง แต่ห่วงได้.... ทำไม่ต้องนิยามนี้ด้วย แล้วสถานนะนี้คือ? - Aomaom [29-04-2017 21.40.44] (ตอบ 1, ชม 165)\n200912 - กลั้นน้ำตาเอาไว้ไม่ไหวจริงๆคะ สะเทือนใจมากเรื่องนี้ ถามอะไรหน่อยสิคะคุณพี่ - น้องเมีย [29-04-2017 21.34.34] (ตอบ 23, ชม 511)\n200911 - I Can't Tell You Why. - never [29-04-2017 21.30.46] (ตอบ 3, ชม 133)\n200910 - อยากมีเเฟนเพื่อนเยอะแล้ว - ไม่อยากมีเพื่อน [29-04-2017 21.11.39] (ตอบ 0, ชม 146)\n200909 - หาเลสจริงจังจริงใจสักคน - เด็กวิศวะ [29-04-2017 20.34.15] (ตอบ 1, ชม 153)\n200907 - หาเลสโสดที่ชอบLifestyle แบบเรา ขอคนเดียวที่ใจตรงกัน - Lifetime partner [29-04-2017 20.18.26] (ตอบ 22, ชม 484)\n200906 - ใครสักคนที่เกิดมาคู่กัน - ni [29-04-2017 19.59.15] (ตอบ 3, ชม 208)\n200905 - ปรึกษาจ้า - แมนออกสาว 55555 [29-04-2017 19.30.05] (ตอบ 1, ชม 336)\n200904 - เพราะโสดทำให้เหงาใช่มั้ย - ดี้ ดี๊ดี [29-04-2017 19.12.51] (ตอบ 10, ชม 260)\n200903 - เราเป็นดี้นะคะ หาเพื่อนคุยเพศทอม ดี้ เลส คุยค่ะ (ไม่คุยเรื่องทะลึ่งนะคะ) - บี [29-04-2017 19.12.31] (ตอบ 2, ชม 273)\n200902 - หาเพื่อนคุยค่ะ - J [29-04-2017 19.02.31] (ตอบ 0, ชม 162)\n200901 - หาเลสควีนคุยด้วยค่ะ - หมอยา [29-04-2017 18.57.30] (ตอบ 4, ชม 274)\n200900 - หาดีั จิตใจดี - P\"koye [29-04-2017 18.46.09] (ตอบ 0, ชม 89)" ]

[ "🤗สวัสดีวันพฤหัสฯนะคะคุณลูกค้า บีณีนมารออยู่หน้าตึกวรวัฒน์ สีลมนะคะ ถ้าไม่สะดวกวันนี้ ไม่เป็นไร^^~ พบกันอีกทีพฤหัสฯที่ 7 ก.ย ค่ะ สั่งซื้อonlineก็สะดวกมากนะคะ 🚀ส่งฟรีEMSเมื่อซื้อ2ชิ้นขึ้นไป(กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch ^\nตึกวรวัฒน์ สีลม\n3:36am 08/24/2017 0 23\n3:35am 08/24/2017 0 20\nล้อมไว้หมดแล้วนะคะ^^~ แวะมานะคะตอนนี้ที่ตลาดนัดยาสูบ.. Jacketทหารลายพราง มี2สี เขียว และเทา ขนาดหน้าอก44\" บ่ากว้าง16.5\" ความยาวเสื้อ20\" ราคา 590 บาท สั่งซื้อonlineก็สะดวกมากนะคะ 🚀ส่งฟรีEMSเมื่อซื้อ2ชิ้นขึ้นไป(กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch ^\n10:42am 08/20/2017 0 18\n8:51am 08/20/2017 0 17\nBest Seller🔥 Casual style trousers: กางเกงผ้า ทรงปล่อย ขา5 ส่วนจัมป์ปลายขา ผ้าใส่สบาย มี 5 สี : กรม ดำ ส้ม เทา ครีม Size: Free size (เอว 24-42\" สะโพก 50\"ความยาว 34”) Price: 590.- สั่งซื้อonlineก็สะดวกมากนะคะ 🚀ส่งฟรีEMSเมื่อซื้อ2ชิ้นขึ้นไป(กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n12:12pm 08/19/2017 1 13\n12:11pm 08/19/2017 0 15\nBANG🔥 BANG🔥 BANG🔥 @victoriagardenshop แวะมานะคะ งานมีถึง3ทุ่มค่ะ สั่งซื้อonlineก็สะดวกมากนะคะ 🚀ส่งฟรีEMSเมื่อซื้อ2ชิ้นขึ้นไป(กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n9:05am 08/19/2017 0 17\nจักรวาลอยู่ทางนี้ข่ะ☄ ↘Beneen มาออกบูธที่ VictoriaGardens (เพชรเกษม69)ตลาดสุดชิคของคนฝั่งธนฯ งานมี3วันนะคะภึงวันอาทิตย์นี้ แวะมานะคะ^^~ 🚩ร้านบีณีนอยู่หน้าร้านSushi-ooนาจา สั่งซื้อonlineก็สะดวกมากนะคะ 🚀ส่งฟรีEMSเมื่อซื้อ2ชิ้นขึ้นไป(กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\nNew In!🌟 เอี๊ยมลูกฟูกขายาว cuttingเนี๊ยบ มี 3 สี น้ำตาลทอง เขียวทหาร และเทา สะโพก40\"++ ทรงสวย ใส่แล้วเป้าไม่รั้งค่ะ ราคา 350 บาท 🚀ส่งฟรีEMS (กทม.&ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n5:34am 08/17/2017 0 22\n🌞พรุ่งนี้เรามีนัดกันที่ตลาดนัดตัวหนอน(พระราม4) โรงงานยาสูบนะคะ^^~ มาแต่เช้าาาาาเลยคร้าาาา⛅ OMG!brand shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n1:05pm 08/15/2017 4 24\nสดใสเบอร์แรงส์🍒 SevenHeaven&Oh!MyGod Bramd shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\nโอ้ย!สวย^^~ เดรสผ้ายืดสกรีนลายสุดชิค OMG!brand shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n1:14pm 08/12/2017 1 14\n⛅🌩EveryDay Look 🌞🌛 🏴ศ.ส.อา. 11-13/08/17 Victoria Gardens (เพชรเกษม69) แล้วพบกันนะคะ💋 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n5:13am 08/11/2017 3 16\n👖กางเกงทรงสวยผ้าดีมากค่ะ ดีไซน์เรียบหรู ✔ Color: Black Size: S ,M S: (เอวWaist 24-36\" สะโพกHip 46\"ความยาว Length 2 M: (เอวWaist 26-38\" สะโพกHip 48\"ความยาว Length 27”) ⛦บ่ายวันนี้เราพบกันนะคะ⛧ 🏴ศ.ส.อา. 11-13/08/17 Victoria Gardens (เพชรเกษม69) แล้วพบกันนะคะ💋 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n4:12am 08/11/2017 0 13\n🔊ปักหมุดหยุดshopกันค่ะคุณลูกค้า 💰พ.09/08/17 ตลาดนัดตัวหนอน(โรงงานยาสูบพระราม4 ) 👌พฤ.10/08/17 สีลม หน้าอาคารวรวัฒน์ 🏴ศ.ส.อา. 11-13/08/17 Victoria Gardens (เพชรเกษม69) แล้วพบกันนะคะ💋 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n11:27am 08/08/2017 0 18\nเฉียบ! สั่งซื้อวันนี้ดูดีวันนี้^^~ OMG! & SH brand เสื้อยืด ตัวละ250บาท ซื้อ2ตัว =450บาท ส่งฟรีEMSถูกไปอี๊กกกกคร้า (กทม.และปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n12:28am 08/08/2017 0 24\nมันก็จะขวางๆ ลายๆ ริ้วๆ ทางๆ นิดๆ Oh!My God brand 🏁🏳🏴⚫⚪⚬◻⬜⬛ .sevenheaven brand. shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n6:52am 08/05/2017 0 13\nสวยรักษ์โลก👑รณรงค์ใช้กระเป๋าผ้ากันนะคะ^^~ .sevenheaven brand. shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n5:47am 08/04/2017 0 16\n5:45am 08/04/2017 0 16\n_./\\_ขอบคุณคุณลูกค้าทุกท่านที่แวะมาอุดหนุน ทั้งทางหน้าร้านและแบบOnlineนะคะ😊 สัปดาห์หน้าเราพบกันใหม่ค่ะ 🚩จ.07/08/17 ตลาดนัดกรมศุลฯคลองเตย ⭐พ.09/08/17 ตลาดนัดตัวหนอน(โรงงานยาสูบพระราม4 ) 👌พฤ.10/08/17 สีลม หน้าอาคารวรวัฒน์ 🏴ศ.ส.อา. 11-13/08/17 Victoria Gardens (เพชรเกษม69) แล้วพบกันนะคะ💋 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n2:16am 08/04/2017 0 17\n🔊ยาสูบจ้า ยาสูบ..ไม่ได้ขายยาสูบ แต่พรุ่งนี้วันดี ศุกร์ทั้งวันคร้า..บีณีนลงขายที่ตลาดนัดโรงงานยาสูบ(พระราม4)..🕪 เรียนเชิญคุณลูกค้าVVIPทุกท่านนะคะ...แล้วพบกันค่ะ^^~ 😎04/08/17 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n7:39am 08/03/2017 2 16\nOverSize Style👕 วันนี้ 3/08/17 ที่ตลาดข้างตึกทรูพัฒนาการ34นาจา🚩 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n2:24am 08/03/2017 0 16\n🙋พร้อมนะคะ..มาคร้า.. พฤหัสพรุ่งนี้03/08/17แวะมาshopกันที่ตลาดข้างตึกทรูพัฒนาการ34นาจา🚩 shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n11:39am 08/02/2017 0 12\nฝากเนื้อ ฝากตัวกับคุณลูกค้าที่ใหม่ด้วยนะคะ 🚩พรุ่งนี้ อ.01/08/17บีณีนไปขายที่ตลาดตึกกรุงเทพประกันภัน(สาทร)YWCA เป็นตลาดช่วงสายๆ ถึง บ่ายโมง ...แวะมาให้กำลังใจกันนะคะ^^~ shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n3:24am 07/31/2017 6 23\nHello!Last Day Of This Month😎สบายดีนะคะคุณลูกค้า..กลับมาทำงานที่เรารักกันค่ะ💘 🚩พรุ่งนี้ อ.01/08/17บีณีนไปขายที่ตลาดตึกกรุงเทพประกันภัน(สาทร)YWCA...แวะมาให้กำลังใจกันนะคะ^^~ shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n3:09am 07/31/2017 0 15\n🌹เซท 2 ชิ้น เสื้อ +กางเกงนื้อผ้าคอตตอนลินิน แมทกับเสื้อสกรีนดอกไม้สีเดียวกัน เลิศ! SIZEเสื้อ หน้าอก 36-38\" SIZEกางเกง เอว 24-36\"สะโพก 36-38\" ราคา 590 บาท ส่งฟรีEMS(กทม+ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n11:52am 07/27/2017 0 16\nวันนี้27/07/17 พบกันที่สีลมหน้าอาคารวรวัฒน์นะคะ shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n3:37am 07/27/2017 0 15\n🔊พรุ่งนี้27/07/17พบกันที่สีลมหน้าอาคารวรวัฒน์นะคะ แล้วพบกันคร้า^^~ shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n9:25am 07/26/2017 1 11\nฮิปสะเตอร์😉 Sevenheaven & Oh!My God Brand shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n11:17am 07/24/2017 0 13\n♩🎵สบายๆ ถูกใจก็ทักไลน์มา🎵🎶 ชุดลำลอง setเสื้อ+กางเกงขาสั้น Size:เสื้อ หน้าอก46\" ความยาวเสื้อ22\" กางเกงยาว13.5\" shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n5:54am 07/24/2017 1 18\n⬅slide➡ 😎มันก็จะโชว์หัวไหล่นิดๆ เสื้อเปิดหัวไหล่สีครีมตกแต่งริบบิ้นตัวอักษรสุดชิค เนิ้อผ้าบางใส่สบายไม่ร้อน Size:หน้าอก38\" ความยาวเสื้อด้านหน้า 21\" ความยาวเสื้อด้านหลัง22.5\" ริบบิ้นมี สีเทาตัวอักษรขาว และริบบิ้นสีขาวตัวอักษรดำนะคะ ราคา 290 บาท shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n4:02am 07/24/2017 0 21\nเรียบ หรู ดูดี💥 ชุดsetเสื้อ+กางเกงเข้าทรง เนื้อผ้ายืดได้เล็กๆใส่สบายลายสวย จับแมทชุดกันหรือแยกชุดกันก็ได้ Size: เสื้อ อก 38-44\" กางเกง เอว 24-38\" สะโพก 38-44\" ราคา 550 บาท ส่งฟรีEMS(กทม+ ปริมณฑล) shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n3:51am 07/22/2017 2 16\nNew in!เซทเสื้อ+กางเกง สกรีนลายหมา ผ้าคอตตอนผสมอย่างดี ยืดหยุ่น Size: อก 38-48\" เอว 24-38\" สะโพก 40-48\" มี 2 สี ขาว ดำ ราคา 550บาท shopponline⬇ Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n4:46am 07/21/2017 0 15\n💥มินิเดรสงานแบรนด์USA งานเเต่งHood เนื้อผ้ามีน้ำหนัก ทรงปล่อยหลวม ขนาด: อก 36-40\" ยาว 33\" มี 2 สี ชมพูนม, ขาวครีม ราคา 450บาท ส่งฟรีEMS* (กทม. และ ปริมณฑล)* 🕇 🌟🌟🌟⭐⭐⭐🌟🌟🌟 Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n2:33am 07/17/2017 0 10\nเลื่อมสลับลาย..ไม่ใช่ละคร ผ่าม!! แต่เป็นลายเสื้อยืดสุดชิค Oh!My God brand.. New Arrival!กร๋สุดๆค่ะคุณลูกค้า.. วันนี้แวะมาอุดหนุนได้ที่ วิคตอเรียการ์เด้นส์ (เพชรเกษม69) พรุ่งนี้ จันทร์17/07/17 @ที่ตลาดนัดกรมศุลฯคลองเตยนะคะ SEE YA🕇 🌟🌟🌟⭐⭐⭐🌟🌟🌟 Follow,Follow me.. IG/LINE: beneenshop Your Clothing,Your Style #shopponline #ขอบค ุณที่มาอุดหนุนค่ะ#เดรสผ ้ายืด#เดรสกำมะหย ี่ #Thankyou #thankforsupport #thankGod #happynewyear2017 #loveyouall #beneenshop #beneenbyชายร ุจ#beneen #fashion #brandname #brandthai #sevenheavenbrand #ohmygodbrand #titica ca#asos #pullandbear #koreastyle #dailylook #japanstyle #yourclothing #yourstyle #bangkok #thailand #market #officestyle #mixandmatch\n4:19am 07/16/2017 0 21", "#คาม ิเน่ส้ม\n#คาม ิเน่แดง\n#แมมคาม ิเน่\n#ไม ้สะสม\n#mammillariacamenae\n#babycactuss\nเปลี่ยนดินใหม่ เดี๋ยวไม่นานจะงามขึ้น #gimnocalycium #gimnocalyciummihanovichii #cactus #แคคต ัสของตุ๊ก\n📍 Astrophytum Asterias\nเป็นแอสโตรมีหลายจุดเล็กๆน่ารัก วางที่ไหนก็ปุ๊กปิ๊กไปหมด 🤍🔆\nปล. ดูแลไม่ยากแต่ดูแลบ้างก็ได้ 🤣\n☀️ แดด 100% จะดีมาก\n🌧 ดินแห้งค่อยรด หรือ 4-5วัน/ครั้ง\n💰 price : 66.-\n📏เส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางประมาณ 4 cm.\n#cactus #cactusthailand #cactuslover #cactus 🌵 #cactusflower #astro #astrophytum #astrophytumthailand #astrophytumasterias #astrophotography #asterias #ตะบองเพชร #กระบองเพชร #กระบองเพชรสวยๆ #ขายของออนไลน ์ #ขายต ้นไม้ออนไลน์ #ต ้นไม้ตกแต่งห้อง #แต ่งคอนโด #ตกแต ่งโต๊ะทำงาน #แคคต ัส #astro\n💙𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐞 Mihanocactus✨🌵\nยิมโน(ไม้เมล็ด) สายเขียว\n💗แถมให้อีก 1 ต้น\n(เค้าเลือกแถมให้เองนะคะ)\nSale 100.-\n#myfridaycactus\nEms +50 เคาะรากส่ง\nLine: knichnm\n🌵💚🌵💚🌵💚🌵\n#gymnocalycium #ย ิมโน #plants #flowers #cactus #แคคต ัส #ไม ้หนาม #ย ิมโนด่าง #กระบองเพชร #ไม ้สะสม #ไม ้เมล็ด #ไม ้หนาม #thailand #mihanocactus #ย ิมมิฮาโน\nComing soon, painted pot by our in-house artist 🤩\n𝘎𝘺𝘮𝘯𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘤𝘪𝘶𝘮 𝘮𝘪𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘪 var. 𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘪 is native to Paraguay 🇵🇾.\n#cactuslove #cactus #cactusmania #cacti #piantegrasse #cactusofinstagram #cactuslover #lovecactus #succulents #succulentlove #succulentlover #succulentsofinstagram #instacactus #кактус #succulent #cactusgram #cactus 🌵 #suculentasbrasil #cactusmagazine #plantsofinstagram #plantsmakepeoplehappy #サボテン #cactos #kaktus #succulentobsession #cactusysuculentas #cactusclub #cactusgarden #suculentas #กระบองเพชร\none of my ficus elasticas!\n#ficus #ficuselastica #ficuselasticatineke #variagata #plant #plants #leaf #cactus #cacti #succulents #houseplant #houseplants #houseplanthoarder #jungle #bedroom #bedroomjungle #green #nature #soil #water #plantpot #plantpots #pots #gardencentre\nยิมโน☁️ในกระถาง2.5นิ้ว.\nสีของดอกอยู่รูปสุดท้ายนะคะ\n💵ราคา25฿\n📮ค่าจัดส่งขั้นตำ่60฿\n💧รดนำ้สัปดาห์ละ1-2ครั้งหรือเมื่อดินเเห้งก็รดได้เลย\n🏢🏡ปลูกได้ทั้งนอกชานเเละในอาคารขอให้น้องได้โดนเเดดก็รอดเเล้วค่ะ.\n📌วิธีการสั่ง💰📦\nInbox พร้อมส่งรูปต้นไม้ที่ท่านเลือกมาได้เลยค่ะ:)\n📍📍📍ส่งฟรีนัดรับที่ บิ๊กซี90,มจธ.,ตลาดบางปะกอก,พระประเเดง,องค์พระสมุทรเจดีย์,ตามแนวBTS.\n#ต ้นกระบองเพชร #ต ้นไม้จิ๋ว #ต ้นไม้ฟอกอากาศ #ต ้นไม้น่ารัก #ต ้นไม้เล็ก #cactus #ต ้นไม้มงคล #ต ้นกระบองเพชร🌵🌵 #ตกแต ่งคอนโด #ตกแต ่งสวนถาด #ตกแต ่งสวนขวด #กระบองเพชร #ต ้นกระบองเพชรน้อย🌵 #ต ้นกระบองเพชรราคาถูก #กระบองเพชรราคาย ่อมเยาว์ #cactus #cactus 🌵\nดอกขนนกก็มานะ 🕊\n. 🌵 .\n#แค ้มป์ไม้หนาม\n#campmainham\n#กระบองเพชร #ไม ้อวบน้ำ #cactus\n‎#‫الصبار‬ #仙人掌\n#サボテン #선인장 #แอสโตรไฟต ัม #แอสโตรก ิ๊กโกะ #astrophytum #astrophytumthailand #astrophytumasterias #astrophytumkikko #astrophytumlizardskin\nLos minis consentidos de la casa 😍🌵\nDisponibles en 1$\n#PumPum 💚 #ViveFeliz #Cactus #CadaDetalleCuenta #naturaleza #Cabimas\nNous racons a casa.... #cactus #gardening #nature #plants #holidays #calm #relax\n🌸For Sale ⛅🍃 ขนแกะขนฟูน่าร้ากกก ตอนนี้ยังไม่พบหนามม ราคา 250 บาท ขนาดกระถาง2 นิ้ว #จ ัดส่งทั้งกระถาง 🌵\n#Cactusthailand #cactus\n#กระบองเพชร #แคคต ัส #saithonggarden #ขายกระบองเพชรออนไลน ์\nNaluri untuk bertahan hidup selalu dimiliki oleh makhluk hidup. Kaktus ini tadinya sudah membusuk. Mungkin karena kebanyakan disiram air. As you know, kaktus itu sebenarnya tidak perlu seeing disiram. Cukup 2-3 hari sekali. Itupun cuma disiram tanahnya sedikit saja, jangan sampai kena badan kaktusnya. Karena kaktus ini punya gentong air, tempat untuk menyimpan air dalam tubuhnya. Jadi persediaan airnya cukup untuk beberapa hari kedepan. Tapi karena Pak Su tidak tahu, kaktus ini ikut kesiram setiap hari. Dan akibatnya sebagian tubuhnya membusuk.\nKarena eman, saya segera memotong bagian kaktus yang sudah busuk. Ada separuh bagian. Dan bagian yang masih bisa ada separuh. Potnya langsung Saya pindahkan, dan tugas menyiram kaktus saya ambil alih. Lambat laun, tubuh kaktus mulai berwarna hijau dari yang tadinya coklat kering. Dan yang menggembirakan, mulai tumbuh kalus yang nantinya akan menjadi tunas. Selalu ada harapan. Membuat saya merefleksikan diri bahwa ketika manusia hidup dalam suatu masalah, segera cari solusi untuk mengatasinya, bukan dengan menghindarinya. Karena selalu ada harapan, dan selalu akan ada jalan melalui orang-orang baik yang bersedia membantu.\nKeep fighting! ☺️\n#Julipedia #plant #kaktus #tanaman #tanamanhias #sukulen #cactus #gardening #caption #instacaption #garden #motivasi #inspirasi\nNuevo modelo de maceta...\nHecho con mucho amor 💕...\n🌵Si te gusta dale Like.\n🌵Comparte el post.\n🌵Regala amor...\n#macetas #macetaspintadasamano #macetasdecoradas #arteenmacetas #decoart #decohogar #jardindeco #cactusgmm #dameamor #cactus #suculentas #macetasdecemento #macetasdeceramica #macetasdeconcreto #macetascondiseños\n''Cacti Haiku'' Snippet 1. 🌵Youtube link in bio.\n''The desert cup\nStands the sands of time''\n@birdsanddinosaurs\nVideo: @tolgatres\nSound: @al.de.s\n#cactus #nature #pachamama #videoart #sounddesign #music #musicvideo #audiovisual #adobepremiere #psychedelic #sacredgeometry #macro #botanical #birdsanddinosaurs #visual #trippy #sacredgeometry #fibonacci #biology #closeup #abletonlive #aldes #tolgatres #artist #artistsoninstagram #organic #garden #plants #flora #anima\nวั น อั ง ค า ร สี ช ม พู 🌵🌸\n#cactus #gymnocalycium\n#nanchadaxphoto\nMOWING THE PAWN\n♟ Succulent Chess Board\n🗯 The chess pieces allows nature lovers to integrate their favourite succulents or herbs into their game play. Each Chess piece can be planted with specific herbs or succulents to give them a level of individuality and personality.\n👤 Tag a friend who’d love this\n💬 Gift links in bio\n#giftideas #giftsforhim #giftsforher #gifts #housewarminggift #housewarming #igivecoolgifts #plant #planter #plants #plantlady #succulent #cactus #garden #urbangargen #deskplant #chessboard #etsy #etsygifts #etsyshop #etsyonly #coolgift #coolgifts\nBu kabak objeler çok beğenildi🎨🌵🌵🌵 👌istenilen renkte hazırlanır. Bilgi be sipariş için dm 📥🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡 #sukulent #suculents #suculentas #suculenta #cactus #cactus 🌵 #cavtuslover #cactüs #kaktüs #flowers #flowerstagram #flowers 🌸 #çiçek #bitki #bahçedekorasyonu #dekorasyon #saksı #tasarım #içmekantasarımı #organizasyon #nişanmasası #doğumgünü #baybshower #kınahediyelikleri #türkiye #hediyelik #evdekal #kabak 🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡🧡\nSummer, arid desert and design 🌵\n#cactus #pattern #design #illustration #picture #poster #cool #cute #love #arid #summer #summertime #holidays #artistic #patterns #vacation #today #artwork #cactuslover #mexican #style #composition #picoftheday #draw #inspiration #shutterstock #redbubble #etsy #rodobot\nขอเลื่อนส่งของพรุ่งนี้นะคะ 🙏🏽😁🙏🏽 #gymno #gymnocalycium #gymnocalyciumthailand #cactus #cacti #cactuslover #cactusthailand #succulent #plant #flowers #green #nature #succulentlover #succulentthailand #beautiful\ntoo purple...\n#purple #instagram #photo #gallery #cactus #beatiful #sweet #konya #color #filter #city #art\n午後から創作作業していましたが、午前中で鳴き止んだクマゼミが忙しなく飛び回る羽の音と壁やお隣のガレージの屋根にぶつかる音が頻繁にしていました。\nブーン　カツッ！\nブーン　カチッ！\nなんであんなに大騒ぎしていたんだろう。\n①ベビーサンローズの花は小さめですが鮮やかなマゼンタカラーで可愛いです。\n②先日アップした日焼けさせちゃったサボテンの2番めの花。この子も艶やか。\n③ヤナギバルイラは今日もたくさん咲きました。\n薔薇の調子はイマイチなのが心配です。\n#ベビーサンローズ\n#8月の庭\n#ヤナギバルイラソウ\n#真夏の午後\nBom dia ! ⛄❄️\n#echeveria #suculentas #suculentasbrasil #succulents #suculenta #suculents #suculentasbrasil #suculovers #suculentas 🌱 #cactos #cactos 🌵 #cactus #cactosesuculentas #colecaosuculentas #nossassuculentas #suculentasmg #cactusysuculentas #succulentcollection #succulentbabies #love #like #succulovers #cactusgarden #cactuslove #suculentasbr #suculentasbh #suculenteiros #suculindas #amosuculentas #followers #likeforlikes\nKuşadası'ndan Hülya hanım için..\n🌵 Kapıda ödeme / EFT / Havale\n🌵Düğün, Nişan, Söz Hediyelikler\n🌵 Toplu sipariş\n#seramiksaksı\n#kaktüssaksısı\n#betonsaksıüretimi\n#sukulenttasarım\n#dekorarifsaksı\n22. ขายแอสโตรจัดเซทซุปเปอร์บางต้นวีบางต้นยังไม่มีวี เซทละ 500 บาท\nค่าจัดส่ง ems 60 บาท ถอดกระถาง\n#กระบองเพชร #แคคต ัส #ขายแคคต ัส #ขายแคคต ัสออนไลน์ #ขายกระบองเพชร #ขายกระบองเพชรออนไลน ์ #แคคต ัสสวยๆ #cactusplant #cactusandsucculents\nNosso BB planta n° 1 está com a casa repaginada\n#diy #reforma #diariodereforma #plantas #dolar #espelhoadnet #cimentoqueimadoemparede #eudecoroassim #decoracaocomplantas #decor #youtube #itajai #cactus #cactos\n🌵⛱\n#cactus #summer #sea #sealine #horizon #beach #sunny #coastline #bluewater #mar #visitalgarve #cacelavelha #algarvecoast #algarve\n#seculent #seculants #suculent #suculents #succulant #succulants #succulents #kaktus #kaktüs #cactus #cactuslover #plants #nature #mygarden #mybalcony #nature #beauty #gream #gardening #homedecoration #decorative #pebbles #coloredstones #beforeandafter #creativity #tlv #telaviv #israel #תלאביב #תלאביביפו\nQue tengan un bonito comienzo de semana Milicient@s💚aquí les comparto mi 🌱Cotyledon tomentosa💕🥰🌵😘\n✨Aprende a cómo cuidar todos tus cactus y suculentas, a reproducir, regar, trasplantar y mantenerlas siempre lindas, link en mi perfil👆🏻y en #youtube 👉🏻Milicienta 😉\n#milicientah #suculentas #cactus #succulentlover #succulents #succulentlove #succulover #cactuslover #cactuslovers #propagation #propagationstation #succulentsofinstagram #succulentgarden #succulentobsession #succulentaddict #cactusysuculentas #cactuslove #succulentcollection #succulentsonly #succulentbabies #cotyledontomentosa\n109 6,790 16 hours ago\nQue linda 😍😍🌵🌵🌵\nMarque sua amiga que tbm ama suculentas 💭💭💭💭💭.\nO guia está com uma promoção de lançamento !\nMas é por tempo limitado !\nVocê vai adquirir o guia completo por APENAS 6x de R$10,71, ou uma parcela única de R$59,99 ( boleto ou cartão de crédito) .\nPara adquirir seu guia digital é so ir no perfil @colorindosuassuculentas\nE clicar no link azul 👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆👆. #repost\n📷 by @thisdoesntsucculent⁠\n.👏👏👏👏👏👏👏.\n#suculentas #suculents #succulents #suculenta #terrario #cactos #cactus #terrarium #succulover #suculentasbrasil #suculove #succulentlove #succulentgardens #plantasdecasa #jardinagem #paisagismo #bonsai #succulentsofinstagram\n12 1,251 12 hours ago\nโลบิเวียดอกแดง 50บาท\n#แคคต ัส🌵 #ไม ้อวบน้ำ #cactus #cactusthailand #แคคต ัสราคาประหยัด #succulents #กระบองเพชรราคาถ ูก #กระบองเพชร #ขายกระบองเพชร #กระบองเพชรราคาส ่ง #haworthia #ฮาโวเท ีย\n4 492 9 hours ago\nIsn't this cake incredible??!\nReposted from @maison_olivia 🌵 #cactuscake 🌵\n#cakes #cacti #succulentcake #succulentjunkie #cakery #cakerytechnique #cakedecorating #cakedecorator #bakery #bakerylife #cakelove #cakedesigner #designercake ⠀\n141 7,358 11 hours ago\nDay off from restaurant job = painting in the sun 🎨⛱☀️\n20 597 17 hours ago\nNew to the class!\nI’ll be having my next restock 8/14. We will see you there!\n10 351 15 hours ago\nWhat do you feel watching this? #SonoraArtVillage\nDesign & visualization: @maryjilavyan & @davitjilavyan .\n@architectanddesign @archdigest @archi_place @dezeen @designboom @amazing.architecture @modern.architect @architecture_hunter @_archidesignhome_ @architecturedose\n#architects #architectural #davidas_art #render #renderbox #renderzone #rendering3d #3dsmax #visualization #coronarenderer #photoshop #cgartist #art #design #instagram #exterior #cactus #fashion #cgi #cgart #archdaily #instarender #визаулизация #desert #sonorahouse\n#family #christiangriselda #callandraabigail #3yearsoldcalla #gavrielneil #7monthsoldneil #kumulobsd #cactus", "ธันวาคม 12, 2019, 11:38:04 AM\nผู้เขียน หัวข้อ: ร่วมเสนอชื่อโค๊ชและนักเตะยอดเยี่ยมประจำเดือน มิถุนายน 2553 (อ่าน 62189 ครั้ง)", "ขายล้อฟอจูน วีโก้ รีโว TRD Fortuner Vigo Revo 20 18 17 16 ล้อเก่ารับเทิร์น\nหน้า: « 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 »\nผู้เขียน หัวข้อ: ขายล้อฟอจูน วีโก้ รีโว TRD Fortuner Vigo Revo 20 18 17 16 ล้อเก่ารับเทิร์น (อ่าน 223442 ครั้ง)\nกระทู้: 2577\nRe: ขายล้อแม็ก TRD 5 4 3 New fortuner 20\" 18\" TRD Vigo Champ 17 16 15 ล้อป้ายแดง\n« ตอบกลับ #1120 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 17, 2016, 10:36:49 AM »\nล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น\n081-385-7212\n089-811-8650\nLine ID: stdauto, stdauto2\nInstagram ID: tjautomax\nรับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน\nมาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00\nคลิก https://www.facebook.../standardwheel\nคลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1\nคลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/\n« ตอบกลับ #1121 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 21, 2016, 10:08:54 AM »\nล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น [/size]081-385-7212 089-811-8650 Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 Instagram ID: tjautomax รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 คลิก https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/).../standardwheel คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1) คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)\n« ตอบกลับ #1122 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 22, 2016, 10:30:27 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1123 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 23, 2016, 10:07:04 AM »\nล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น [/size]081-385-7212 089-811-8650 Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 Instagram ID: tjautomax รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 คลิก https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/).../standardwheel คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1) คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/size]\n« ตอบกลับ #1124 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 24, 2016, 11:54:00 AM »\nล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น [/size]081-385-7212 089-811-8650 Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 Instagram ID: tjautomax รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 คลิก https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/).../standardwheel คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1) คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)\n« ตอบกลับ #1125 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 25, 2016, 11:01:16 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1126 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 28, 2016, 11:25:19 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1127 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 28, 2016, 11:29:23 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1128 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 29, 2016, 11:22:27 AM »\n[/size]081-385-7212 [/color]\n[/size]089-811-8650 [/color]\n[/size]Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 [/color]\n[/size]Instagram ID: tjautomax [/color]\n[/size]รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน [/color]\n[/size]มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 [/color]\n[/size]คลิก [/color]https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/)[/size].../standardwheel [/color]\n[/size]คลิก [/color]https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1)[/size] [/color]\n[/size]คลิก [/color]http://www.stockwheelsthai.com (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)\n« ตอบกลับ #1129 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 30, 2016, 11:52:46 AM »\nล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น [/size]081-385-7212 089-811-8650 Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 Instagram ID: tjautomax รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 คลิก https://www.facebook.../standardwheel (https://www.facebook.../standardwheel) คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1) คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/size]\n« ตอบกลับ #1130 เมื่อ: กรกฎาคม 31, 2016, 11:31:46 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1131 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 01, 2016, 02:53:53 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1132 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 02, 2016, 11:13:39 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1133 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 04, 2016, 01:48:46 PM »\n[size=0px]ล้อเดิม ตรงรุ่น ทุกรุ่น [/size][/color][/size][size=0px]081-385-7212 089-811-8650 Line ID: stdauto, stdauto2 Instagram ID: tjautomax รับบัตรเครดิต 10เดือน มาได้ทุกวัน 09:00-19:00 คลิก https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/).../standardwheel คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1) คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/size]\n« ตอบกลับ #1134 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 05, 2016, 02:02:06 PM »\nคลิก https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/).../standardwheel\nคลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1)\nคลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)\n« ตอบกลับ #1135 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 06, 2016, 02:50:19 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1136 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 07, 2016, 12:47:40 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1137 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 08, 2016, 10:33:41 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1138 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 09, 2016, 10:16:20 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1139 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 11, 2016, 10:16:07 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1140 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 12, 2016, 01:11:35 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1141 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 13, 2016, 10:21:26 AM »\nรับบัตรเครดิตผ่อน 10 เดือน[/size]081-385-7212089-811-8650ทุกวัน 09:00 น - 19:00 นUpDate ล้อและยางป้ายแดง คลิก http://www.facebook.com/TjAutomaxYangYont?ref=hl (http://www.facebook.com/TjAutomaxYangYont?ref=hl)คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1)คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/size]\n« ตอบกลับ #1142 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 14, 2016, 10:57:29 AM »\nรับบัตรเครดิตผ่อน 10 เดือน[/size]081-385-7212089-811-8650ทุกวัน 09:00 น - 19:00 นUpDate ล้อและยางป้ายแดง คลิก http://www.facebook.com/TjAutomaxYangYont?ref=hl (http://www.facebook.com/TjAutomaxYangYont?ref=hl)คลิก https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1)คลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)\n« ตอบกลับ #1143 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 15, 2016, 10:26:19 AM »\nคลิก [/size]https://www.facebook (https://www.facebook/)[/size].../standardwheel\nคลิก [/size]https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1 (https://www.facebook.com/StdMax1)[/size]\nคลิก [/size]http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/size]\nข้อความเมื่อ: สิงหาคม 12, 2016, 12:58:46 pmข้อความโดย: tamjai[/b][/color][/size][/font]\n« ตอบกลับ #1144 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 16, 2016, 11:34:30 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1145 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 18, 2016, 11:30:32 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1146 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 18, 2016, 11:33:02 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1147 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 18, 2016, 02:50:50 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1148 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 19, 2016, 11:40:31 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1149 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 20, 2016, 10:12:33 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1150 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 21, 2016, 02:23:18 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1151 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 22, 2016, 11:05:42 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1152 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 23, 2016, 11:27:16 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1153 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 25, 2016, 12:42:23 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1154 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 26, 2016, 10:04:21 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1155 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 27, 2016, 12:43:54 PM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1156 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 29, 2016, 03:56:33 PM »\nคลิก http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/ (http://www.stockwheelsthai.com/)[/b][/size][/font]\n« ตอบกลับ #1157 เมื่อ: สิงหาคม 30, 2016, 10:21:19 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1158 เมื่อ: กันยายน 01, 2016, 10:23:21 AM »\n« ตอบกลับ #1159 เมื่อ: กันยายน 02, 2016, 11:15:37 AM »\nหน้านี้ถูกสร้างขึ้นภายในเวลา 0.022 วินาที กับ 23 คำสั่ง", "นิยาย D@rK-DeviL แก๊งอันตรายกับนายอันธพาล [Re-Write] : Dek-D.com - Writer\nในโรงเรียนพวกเขาทั้งห้าคือพระเจ้าคุมความประพฤติ นอกโรงเรียนคือซาตานคอยแหกกฎที่บัญญัติไว้ แก๊งค์อันธพาลสุดโหดในคราบคณะกรรมการนักเรียน!!!\n#แก๊ง #อันตราย #อันธพาล #ประธานนักเรียน #โรงเรียน #อำนาจ #อิทธิพล #หล่อ\nอัปเดตล่าสุด : 7 พ.ย. 61 02:36 น.\nนวนิยายเรื่องนี้เคยผ่านการตีพิมพ์ที่สำนักพิมพ์ 1168 พับลิชชิ่ง\nเมื่อหมดสัญญา และ ผู้อ่านหลายคนเรียกร้องอยากอ่าน\nผู้เขียนจึงทำ E-Book ค่ะ\nในโรงเรียนพวกเขาทั้งห้าคือพระเจ้าคุมความประพฤติ\nนอกโรงเรียนคือซาตานคอยแหกกฎที่บัญญัติไว้\nแก๊งค์อันธพาลสุดโหดในคราบคณะกรรมการนักเรียน!!!\nโรงเรียนนานาชาติเซเลพาเทีย โรงเรียนเอกชนสุดหรูที่ถูกปกครองโดยเหล่าคณะกรรมการนักเรียน D@rK-DeviL ภายใต้หน้ากากของผู้คุมกฎ คือ อันธพาลวายร้ายที่ใครๆได้ยินชื่อเป็นต้องเกรงกลัว โดยมีกฎสำคัญของแก๊ง คือ ห้ามคบผู้หญิง!\nแต่จะเกิดอะไรขึ้นเมื่อจู่ๆสมาชิก D@rK-DeviL คนใหม่ อย่าง 'มิกซ์' ฝ่าฝืนกฎคบกับ 'เฟิร์น' นักเรียนใหม่ที่ย้ายเข้ามา มีหรือที่ 'คิว' ประธานนักเรียนและหัวหน้าแก๊ง D@rK-DeviL จะปล่อยให้พวกเขารักกันอย่างราบรื่น\nไม่มีวันเสียล่ะ!!!\nสารบัญ อัพเดท 7 พ.ย. 61 / 02:36\nกฎเหล็กประจำโรงเรียนนานาชาติเซเลพาเทีย\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 1 รักแรกพบ - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 1 รักแรกพบ - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 1 รักแรกพบ - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 1 รักแรกพบ - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 2 คณะกรรมการนักเรียน - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 2 คณะกรรมการนักเรียน - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 2 คณะกรรมการนักเรียน - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 2 คณะกรรมการนักเรียน - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 3 ตัวซวยของแก๊ง - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 3 ตัวซวยของแก๊ง - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 3 ตัวซวยของแก๊ง - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 3 ตัวซวยของแก๊ง - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 4 คนดีที่หนึ่ง - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 4 คนดีที่หนึ่ง - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 4 คนดีที่หนึ่ง - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 4 คนดีที่หนึ่ง - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 5 เสี่ยงตาย - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 5 เสี่ยงตาย - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 5 เสี่ยงตาย - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 5 เสี่ยงตาย - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 6 เหตุผล - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 6 เหตุผล - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 6 เหตุผล - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 6 เหตุผล - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 7 กังวล - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 7 กังวล - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 7 กังวล - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 7 กังวล - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 8 เอาคืน - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 8 เอาคืน - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 8 เอาคืน - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 8 เอาคืน - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 9 หลงกล - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 9 หลงกล - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 9 หลงกล - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 9 หลงกล - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 10 ทำร้ายจิตใจ - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 10 ทำร้ายจิตใจ - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 10 ทำร้ายจิตใจ - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 10 ทำร้ายจิตใจ - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 11 ไม่เหลือใคร - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 11 ไม่เหลือใคร - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 11 ไม่เหลือใคร - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 11 ไม่เหลือใคร - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 12 เศษเสี้ยวความสุข - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 12 เศษเสี้ยวความสุข - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 12 เศษเสี้ยวความสุข - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 12 เศษเสี้ยวความสุข - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 13 ตัดไม่ขาด - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 13 ตัดไม่ขาด - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 13 ตัดไม่ขาด - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 13 ตัดไม่ขาด - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 14 งอนง้อ - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 14 งอนง้อ - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 14 งอนง้อ - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 14 งอนง้อ - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 15 D@rK-DeviL ตัวปลอม - 25%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 15 D@rK-DeviL ตัวปลอม - 50%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 15 D@rK-DeviL ตัวปลอม - 75%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 15 D@rK-DeviL ตัวปลอม - 100%\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 16 ซ้อมแข่ง\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 17 ความสุขอยู่ไหน?\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 18 การแข่งขันอันน่าแปลกใจ\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 19 สิ่งที่ไม่ชอบ?\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 20 ความสับสน\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 21 ความห่วงใย\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 22 รู้ใจตัวเอง?\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 23 ตัดสินใจ\nD@rK-DeviL : ตอนที่ 24 เพราะฉันรักเธอ (จบ)\n280/179484\n12/25189\n10/6649\n29/19327\n145/128988\n10/21157\n10/28607\n6/71073\n11/72036\n103/160601\n0/6874\n3/12356\n1/11684\n3/14833\n9/28641\n1/41662\n2/10897\n2/64837\n1/27723\n2/15480\n3/16513\n0/17390\n0/71946\n0/16952\n92/26261\n1/8370\n2/20125\n#72 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 67)\nวันที่ 23 พฤศจิกายน 2561 / 04:51\nตลกยัยเฟิร์น 5555555555555555555\n#71 JyDeang13 (@JyDeang13) (จากตอนที่ 61)\nวันที่ 3 พฤศจิกายน 2561 / 06:29\n#71-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 61)\n6 พฤศจิกายน 2561 / 14:25\nมีการเปิดขายค่ะ ขอโทษในความไม่สะดวกด้วยนะคะ\n#70 ouyouy_15 (@ouyouy_15) (จากตอนที่ 61)\nวันที่ 3 พฤศจิกายน 2561 / 06:11\n#70-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 61)\n#69 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 60)\nวันที่ 10 ตุลาคม 2561 / 18:44\nขำความซื้อของกินนิดหน่อย ฮือ 555555555555555\n#68 Kade_ws (@Kade_ws) (จากตอนที่ 59)\nนึกว่าจะไม่อัพแล้ว\n#67 Kade_ws (@Kade_ws)\nไรท์มาอัพหน่อยนาาา อยากอ่านต่อ\n#66 0967313943 (@0967313943)\nวันที่ 12 กันยายน 2561 / 23:12\nขอล่ะนะจ๋าาาาา\n#65 phoyphailinev (@phoyphailinev)\nวันที่ 21 สิงหาคม 2561 / 08:21\n#64 JyDeang13 (@JyDeang13) (จากตอนที่ 57)\nวันที่ 11 สิงหาคม 2561 / 11:17\n55555 -ได้โล่ห์เจงๆๆพี่คิว\n#63 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 56)\nวันที่ 11 สิงหาคม 2561 / 02:27\nอีก 25% เขาจะหายงอนกันมั้ยคะเนี่ย 555555555555555\n#62 P'som (@popten) (จากตอนที่ 56)\nวันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2561 / 22:26\nคิวโง่ววววว เดี๋ยวให้นางเอกงอนเลย\n#61 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 55)\nวันที่ 9 สิงหาคม 2561 / 16:46\nโอ้ย น้องเค้าจะรอดมั้ยคะ พี่คิว มาช่วยน้องเร็ววววว 5555555555555555\n#61-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 55)\n10 สิงหาคม 2561 / 03:46\nสู้ๆ เป็นกำลังใจให้เฟิร์นด้วยยยย\n#60 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 54)\nวันที่ 9 สิงหาคม 2561 / 06:53\nเขียนว่าอะไรอ่า พี่เซนไม่กล้าบอกเลย555555555555 ตอนนี้คือซิทคอมมาก ฮือ ตลก\n#60-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 54)\n555555555555555+ ต้องรอเฉลยน้า\n#59 Coldseason (@Coldseason) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nวันที่ 19 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 02:02\n#59-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nอัพตอนกลางวันจ้า\n#58 PATTIE_TyL (@PATTIE_TyL) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nวันที่ 12 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 00:16\nโอ้ยยยมานิดเเต่มีความรู้สึกเยอะมากปะทะกันไปหมด\n#58-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 53)\n12 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 15:42\nสับสนปนเปค่า\n#57 อินโนเซ้นต์ (@praewlovejack) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nวันที่ 10 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 21:02\nโอ้ยยยย มาต่อนะ\n#57-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nค่าาาาาาาาาาาาาา\n#56 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 53)\nวันที่ 10 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 19:48\nพี่คิว กรี๊ดดดดดดดดดดฟสหสวฟยๆยฟ ถึงพี่จะร้ายแต่หนูก็รักพี่\n#56-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 53)\n12 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 15:43\n#55 Coldseason (@Coldseason) (จากตอนที่ 52)\nวันที่ 7 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 03:23\nงืออออ ค้างงงงง T_T\n#55-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 52)\nรอน้าาาาาาาาาา\n#54 phailine (@phailine)\nวันที่ 4 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 17:51\n#54-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris)\nเดี๋ยวมาต่อออออออออออออ\n#53 phailine (@phailine)\nวันที่ 28 มิถุนายน 2561 / 10:18\n#53-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris)\n#52 fennechwang (@KHUNDAN) (จากตอนที่ 52)\nพี่คิวเห็น! 0.0\n#52-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 52)\n12 กรกฎาคม 2561 / 15:44\n#51 JyDeang13 (@JyDeang13) (จากตอนที่ 52)\nวันที่ 24 มิถุนายน 2561 / 21:02\nอั้ยย่ะ รอๆนะคะค้างๆๆ\n#51-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 52)\nจ้าาาาาาาาาาา\n#50 Kade_ws (@Kade_ws) (จากตอนที่ 49)\nไรท์ค่ามาอัพบ่อยๆนคะๆๆๆ\n#50-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 49)\n23 มิถุนายน 2561 / 04:43\n#49 som_kiki (@som_kiki) (จากตอนที่ 48)\nค้างโว้ยไรท์????\n#49-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 48)\n23 มิถุนายน 2561 / 04:44\nอ่านต่อได้เลยน้า\n#48 PawPraewIndy (@PawPraewIndy) (จากตอนที่ 47)\nวันที่ 3 มิถุนายน 2561 / 14:38\n555โอ้ยย\n#48-1 Swordman แห่ง Iris , รมย์นลิน (@Swordman_Iris) (จากตอนที่ 47)\n10 มิถุนายน 2561 / 12:55\nฮี่ๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆๆ", "แอบชอบเพื่อนในห้อง ชช | Dek-D.com\nแอบชอบเพื่อนในห้อง ชช\t[ไม่ยินดีให้แชร์]\n21/05/62 21:26 0 แชร์ 257 วิว\n#เพศที่สาม #แอบรัก\nผมเป็น ช รัก ช นะ ผมชอบผู้ชายคนนึง ขอสมมติชื่อขึ้นมาละกัน ชื่อ เอ เอเป็นคนที่ตรงสเป็คผมทุกอย่าง หล่อ ขาว ตี๋ สูง นิสัยดี ชอบช่วยเหลือผู้อื่น แต่ปัญหาคือ ผมกับเอไม่ค่อยสนิทกัน และที่ทำให้เจ็บมากคือเพื่อนในกลุ่มผมอะสนิทกับเอทุกคนเลยยกเว้นผมเพราะเพื่อนผมกับเอชอบเตะบอลก็เลยชวนไปเตะบอลด้วยกันบ่อยๆแต่ผมอะไม่ชอบเล่นบอลผมเลยไม่สนิทกับเอ สัปดาห์นึงอะคุยกันไม่ถึง10ประโยคด้วยซ้ำ บางวันก็ไม่ได้คุยกันเลย แต่เอก็ยังไม่เคยมีแฟนนะ แต่ดูทรงแล้วเขาก็น่าจะชอบผู้หญิงแหละ เห้อ เบื่อตัวเองมากเลยแอบชอบทั้งที่รู้ว่ามันเป็นไปไม่ได้ แอบชอบมาตั้งแต่ ม4จนตอนนี้ ม.6 ก็จะจากกันและ ก็ได้แค่แอบมองเห็นเขามีความสุขเราก็มีความสุขไปด้วยอะนะ แค่มาโพสระบายความในใจเฉยๆอะนะ แต่ชีวิตตอนนี้โคตรน่าเบื่อเลย ได้แต่แอบมองเห็นเพื่อนเราไปคุยกับเอเล่นกับเอ เราก็รู้สึกอิจฉาอะนะว่าทำไมเราไม่ได้คุยบ้าง แต่บางทีเขาก็มาคุยกับเรานะ แต่แบบโอกาสคือ 3ใน10ที่เขาจะทักเราอะ ฮือ มาแชร์เรื่องราวกันได้นะ\nJang_Gyuri\n22 พ.ค. 62 11:36 น.\nงื้ออออ ไม่เป็นไรนะคะ\n22 พ.ค. 62 20:52 น.\n24 พ.ค. 62 23:20 น.\nเข้าใจความรู้สึกน้องเลย เพราะมีประสบการณ์คล้ายๆกัน ต่างกันที่พี่กับเพื่อนสนิทกันสุดๆ และกว่าจะยอมรับได้ว่ารักเกินกว่าคำว่าเพื่อนเวลาก็ผ่านมานานแล้ว 55+ // เห็นว่าไม่สนิทนะ ถ้าทนไม่ไหว พี่ว่าบอกไปเถอะ แต่ทำใจเผื่อไว้ด้วยนะ อย่างเลวร้ายที่สุดอาจทำให้เขาเกลียด อย่างดีเขาก็อาจเฉยๆ\n25 พ.ค. 62 12:03 น.\nเอาจริงๆ ในห้องก็มีคนที่เป็นตุ๊ดนะ แต่เขาก็ไปเล่นไปคุยกับตุ๊ดได้ เขาไม่ได้เกลียดเพศที่3อะนะ แต่เราไม่กล้าบอกความในใจ มันอาจทำให้ความสัมพันธ์เปลี่ยนไป แต่เขาก็คงไม่เกลียดเราหรอกแต่ก็ไม่กล้าบอกอยู่ดีแหละ ก็อย่างที่บอกไปเขาก็คงชอบผู้หญิงแหละ มันคงเป็นไปไม่ได้\nZennity_kn\n27 พ.ค. 62 03:42 น.\nไม่คาดหวัง ไม่ผิดหวัง จริงๆ ^^\n27 พ.ค. 62 18:12 น.\nTT เสียใจ\n3 มิ.ย. 62 05:27 น.\nสู้ๆนะครับบบวันนี้เศร้าได้ถึงเวลาลองเปิดใจให้คนใหม่ๆดูยังไงเพื่อนก็ควรคิดแบบเพื่อนต่อไปดีแล้วเก่งมากครับที่ทำได้\n3 มิ.ย. 62 19:02 น.\n9 มิ.ย. 62 14:51 น.\nปัญหาคือตัวนายเองไม่กล้าคุย\nนายก็เปิดเรื่องคุยกะเขาสิ อย่างผมอยากคุยกับเพื่อนผู้หญิงพอผมเป็นคนชวนเขาคุยเงี้ยแต่พออีกวันเขาไม่ทักหาเราก่อน บางทีมันก็ไม่อยากคุยอะ ถ้าเพื่อนมันชวนเตะบอลอะ ลองไปหนนึงก่อน เล่นไม่เป็นก็นั่งดูมันเล่นไปเดี่ยวมันก็ชวนเราเล่นเอง เราจะได้มีสังคมกับเขาบ้าง วิธีคุยก็หาเรื่องอะไรก็ได้ที่เขาชอบคุยอะ\nอย่าทำตัวเงียบ มันจะทำให้เราอยุ่นอกสายตาจากเพื่อนๆ\nปล.ชวนเขาคุยทุกๆวันอะ ถ้าเขาเป็นคนจิตใจเขาก็อยากมีเราเป็นเพื่อนแหละ\n11 มิ.ย. 62 20:05 น.\n22 มิ.ย. 62 08:14 น.\nเรื่องนี่ก็ผ่านมานานแล้วนะ!\nแต่เราก็ลืมไม่ลงเลย. มีเพื่อนคนนึงที่เป็นเพื่อนกันมาตั้งเเต่อนุบาล จนป.6 เราได้เคยจะคิดมีอะไรกันเพราะมันเกิดความรัก บางคนคิดว่าแก่แดดก็ชั่ง! ตอนนั้นเราเคยได้มีอะไรกันเเต่ก็ไม่สำเร็็จอาจเป็นเพราะอายุมั้ง\nเราก็ได้มีอะไรกันจริงๆตอน ม.3 เราเป็นฝ่ายรับ เราได้เริ่มมีอะไรกัน เริ่มตั้งเเต่ไซ้ ดูดเลีย แหย่ เเต่เขาก็มีอวัยวะเพศไม่ใหญ่ แต่ตอนนั้นเราก็ร้องไห้เลยนะเพราะเจ็บมาก เขาทำเเรงจนเราเดินไม่ได้เลยเพราะโดนเปิดซิง เวลาอึ้โคตรร!!จะทรมาน แต่เราก็ไม่ได้รักเขานะ เป็นเพราะอะไรก็ไม่รู้ที่ต้องยอมเสียตัว\nพอหลังจากมีอะไรกัน เขาก็บอกว่าเขารักเราชอบเรา เขาขอคบเเต่เราปฏิเสธ เพราะเขาหน้าตาไม่ดีเลย (เราเห็นเเก่ตัวนะ) หลังจากนั้นก็ไม่ได้ติดต่อกันอีกเลย\nเมื่อวานนี้ เวลา 20:16 น.\nทำไมชีวิตมันซับซ้อนแบบนี้นะ TT\nโดนผู้ชายเมิน ช รัก ช\nกระทู้หมายเลข : 3927538\nชื่อกระทู้ : แอบชอบเพื่อนในห้อง ชช", "ผู้เขียน หัวข้อ: >>>>> ชุดของผมเอง <<<<< (อ่าน 707879 ครั้ง)\n« ตอบกลับ #40 เมื่อ: วันที่ 13 มิถุนายน 2010, 07:45:41 น. »\nอ้างจาก: pop2000 ที่ วันที่ 12 มิถุนายน 2010, 23:42:08 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #41 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 11:50:34 น. »\n« แก้ไขครั้งสุดท้าย: วันที่ 18 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 09:57:40 น. โดย nui67 »\n« ตอบกลับ #42 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 11:58:45 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #43 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 12:33:31 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #44 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 12:37:54 น. »\nอ้างจาก: wut ที่ วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 11:58:45 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #45 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 18:41:13 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #46 เมื่อ: วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 19:30:44 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #47 เมื่อ: วันที่ 24 กรกฎาคม 2010, 09:09:56 น. »\nอ้างจาก: mimic522 ที่ วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 19:30:44 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #48 เมื่อ: วันที่ 25 กรกฎาคม 2010, 15:39:35 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #49 เมื่อ: วันที่ 25 กรกฎาคม 2010, 18:41:45 น. »\nอ้างจาก: nui67 ที่ วันที่ 23 กรกฎาคม 2010, 12:33:31 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #50 เมื่อ: วันที่ 25 กรกฎาคม 2010, 22:53:48 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #51 เมื่อ: วันที่ 27 กรกฎาคม 2010, 13:56:32 น. »\nอ้างจาก: w_thongchai ที่ วันที่ 25 กรกฎาคม 2010, 15:39:35 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #52 เมื่อ: วันที่ 27 กรกฎาคม 2010, 14:00:20 น. »\nอ้างจาก: Ranger ที่ วันที่ 25 กรกฎาคม 2010, 18:41:45 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #53 เมื่อ: วันที่ 27 กรกฎาคม 2010, 16:10:03 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #54 เมื่อ: วันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2010, 17:48:16 น. »\n« แก้ไขครั้งสุดท้าย: วันที่ 18 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 10:00:29 น. โดย nui67 »\n« ตอบกลับ #55 เมื่อ: วันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2010, 19:33:42 น. »\nอ้างจาก: nui67 ที่ วันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2010, 17:48:16 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #56 เมื่อ: วันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2010, 20:00:04 น. »\nอ้างจาก: taweelap ที่ วันที่ 10 สิงหาคม 2010, 19:33:42 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #57 เมื่อ: วันที่ 1 กันยายน 2010, 21:31:10 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #58 เมื่อ: วันที่ 2 กันยายน 2010, 15:43:03 น. »\nอ้างจาก: natt ที่ วันที่ 1 กันยายน 2010, 21:31:10 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #59 เมื่อ: วันที่ 2 กันยายน 2010, 18:18:24 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #60 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 21:06:29 น. »\n« แก้ไขครั้งสุดท้าย: วันที่ 18 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 10:10:48 น. โดย nui67 »\n« ตอบกลับ #61 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 21:51:04 น. »\nอ้างจาก: pop2000 ที่ วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 21:33:07 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #62 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:13:29 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #63 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:26:53 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #64 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:30:32 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #65 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:40:55 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #66 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:51:29 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #67 เมื่อ: วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:56:20 น. »\nอ้างจาก: tooss ที่ วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:40:55 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #68 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 00:50:37 น. »\nอ้างจาก: nui67 ที่ วันที่ 17 กันยายน 2010, 22:56:20 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #69 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 06:59:45 น. »\nอ้างจาก: pop2000 ที่ วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 01:01:58 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #70 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 08:16:15 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #71 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 08:52:35 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #72 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 10:58:17 น. »\nอ้างจาก: np74 ที่ วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 08:52:35 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #73 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 11:00:38 น. »\nอ้างจาก: champ143 ที่ วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 08:16:15 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #74 เมื่อ: วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 11:50:40 น. »\nอ้างจาก: klao ที่ วันที่ 18 กันยายน 2010, 00:50:37 น.\n« ตอบกลับ #75 เมื่อ: วันที่ 25 กันยายน 2010, 19:48:55 น. »\n« แก้ไขครั้งสุดท้าย: วันที่ 18 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 10:15:57 น. โดย nui67 »\n« ตอบกลับ #76 เมื่อ: วันที่ 25 กันยายน 2010, 21:18:07 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #77 เมื่อ: วันที่ 19 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 17:52:08 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #78 เมื่อ: วันที่ 19 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 18:14:08 น. »\n« ตอบกลับ #79 เมื่อ: วันที่ 19 พฤศจิกายน 2010, 18:20:09 น. »", "อุปกรณ์และขั้นตอนการทำพิมเสนน้ำ 1.พิมเสน 1 ส่วน 2.การบูร 2 ส่วน 3.เมลทอล 3 ส่วน 4.น้ำมันยูคาลิปตัส นิดหน่อย 4.ครกบดยา วิธีทำ นำพิมเสนใส่ครกตำให้ละเอียด จากนั้นใส่การบูรตามลงไปตำให้ละเอียด แล้วใส่เมลทอลตามลงไปคนให้เข้ากันเมลทอลจะเป็นตัวทำละลาย...\nการปลูกมะนาวในกระถาง ทำเงิน หลักการปลูกและแนวคิดการเร่งดอกนอกฤดู ในหน้าแล้ง...\n1เราเป็นเถาองุ่นแท้ และพระบิดาของเราทรงเป็นผู้ดูแลรักษา 2แขนงทุกแขนงในเราที่ไม่ออกผล พระองค์ก็ทรงตัดทิ้งเสีย และแขนงทุกแขนงที่ออกผล พระองค์ก็ทรงลิดเพื่อให้ออกผลมากขึ้น 3ท่านทั้งหลายได้รับการชำระให้สะอาดแล้วด้วยถ้อยคำที่เราได้กล่าวแก่ท่าน 4จงเข้าสนิทอยู่ในเรา...\nการผสมปุ๋ยใช้เอง ทำให้เกิดผลดีต่อเกษตรกรหลาย อย่าง เช่น ลดค่าใช้จ่ายในการซื้อปุ๋ย , ลดน้ำหนักปุ๋ยที่จะต้องขนไปใส่ในไร่นาสวน , ลดแรงงานในการหว่านปุ๋ย แต่เกษตรกรยังได้เนื้อธาตุปุ๋ย ใส่ในพืชได้ครบถ้วนตามต้องการ ตารางสำเร็จรูปในการผสมปุ๋ยไว้ใช้เอง สูตรปุ๋ยที่ต้องการ...\nแหนมเนือง (สูตร 1) เครื่องปรุงลูกชิ้น หมูสันในบด 500 กรัม มันหมูแข็งหั่นเป็นสี่เหลี่ยมลูกเต๋าเล็กๆ 150 กรัม น้ำปลา 2 ช้อนโต๊ะ เกลือ 1 ช้อนชา น้ำตาลทราย 1 ช้อนชา พริกไทยป่น 1 ช้อนชา กระเทียมบดละเอียด 1 ช้อนชา เครื่องปรุงน้ำจิ้ม ข้าวเหนียว 1/2 ถ้วย...\nจาจังมยอน,จาจางเหมี่ยน หรือจาจังเมียน (หมี่ดำ-เกาหลี) อร่อยๆ จ้า : (jajangmyeon) ส่วนประกอบ นำมันพืช จุงกุกทเวนจาง(เป็นซอสถั่วดำของเกาหลีหากหาไม่ได้ก็ใช้ซีอิ๊วดำเคี่ยวกับน้ำตาลและน้ำพอเหนียวนิดๆ) หมู(หมูสับจะอร่อยกว่า) ต้นหอม(สับเป็นท่อน) ขิงซอย หัวหอมสับ (...\nหน้า 3 จากทั้งหมด 6 หน้า«ก่อนหน้า12345...»ถัดไปหน้าสุดท้าย »", "ชนิดกระทู้ ผู้เขียน กระทู้: มาดู! เหตุผลที่กาชาดไม่รับบริจาคเลือดจากเกย์ กะเทย (อ่าน 32846 ครั้ง)", "เคลิ้ม - ชุดดำ ( Chut Dam )\n0m 0s0 0s0 1s1 1s1 2s2 2s2 2s2 2s2 0m 1r1-r2 0m 1m 2s0 2s0 2s0 1r2 0m\nเพลง : ชุดดำ\nSong : Chut Dam\nm เสื้อสีดำใส่ไว้อาลัยให้เธอที่จากฉันไป กะใส่แค่วันจันทร์จนถึงเมื่อวาน อังคารก็ยังไม่ถอด พุธยังชุดเดิม ทำไมไม่ลืมไม่เริ่มต้นใหม่ หา ใส่แต่เสื้อสีดำไปถึงเมื่อไหร่ วันนี้วันพฤหัส ภาพยิ่งชัดว่าฉันยังรักยังลืมไม่ได้ อาจไม่ถึงตาย ถึงตาย เพียงมันไม่ง่ายไม่ง่ายขนาดนั้น เธออยู่ทุกครั้งที่หลับตา วันศุกร์ก็ทุกข์แม้ออกไป เที่ยวเหมือนอย่างใครเขาทำกัน วันเสาร์ก็เศร้าก็ใจมันเหงาเมื่อเธอไม่อยู่ ยิ่งวันอาทิตย์ยิ่งคิดถึง ฉันเลยได้รู้ซึ้งถ้าขาดเธอไป ไม่ไหวเธอกลับมา พอทีไว้ทุกข์ในชุดสีดำ m r m m วันศุกร์ก็ทุกข์แม้ออกไป เที่ยวเหมือนอย่างใครเขาทำกัน วันเสาร์ก็เศร้าก็ใจมันเหงาเมื่อเธอไม่อยู่ ยิ่งวันอาทิตย์ยิ่งคิดถึง ฉันเลยได้รู้ซึ้งถ้าขาดเธอไป ไม่ไหวเธอกลับมา r m\nm Suea Si Dam Sai Wai-alai Hai Thoe Thi Chak Chan Pai Ka Sai Khae Wan Chan Chonthueng Muea Wan Angkhan Ko Yang Mai Thot Phut Yang Chut Doem Thammai Mai Luem Mai Roemton Mai Ha Sai Tae Suea Si Dam Pai Thueng Muearai Wanni Wan Pharue Hat Phap Ying Chat Wa Chan Yang Rak Yang Luem Mai Dai At Mai Thueng Tai Thueng Tai Phiang Man Mai Ngai Mai Ngai Khanat Nan Thoe Yu Thuk Khrang Thi Lapta Wan Suk Ko Thuk Mae Ok Pai Thiao Muean Yang Khrai Khao Tham Kan Wan Sao Ko Sao Ko Chai Man Ngao Muea Thoe Mai Yu Ying Wan Athit Ying Khitthueng Chan Loei Dai Ru Sueng Tha Khat Thoe Pai Mai Wai Thoe Klap Ma Phothi Waithuk Nai Chut Si Dam m r m m Wan Suk Ko Thuk Mae Ok Pai Thiao Muean Yang Khrai Khao Tham Kan Wan Sao Ko Sao Ko Chai Man Ngao Muea Thoe Mai Yu Ying Wan Athit Ying Khitthueng Chan Loei Dai Ru Sueng Tha Khat Thoe Pai Mai Wai Thoe Klap Ma r m\nDmaj7][/][Dmaj7][/][C#m7][/][C#m7][/( 2 ครั้ง ) Dmaj7][C#m7 Bm7][E][Amaj7][F#9][F#m ][Dmaj7][C#m7][F#m ][Bm7][E][Amaj7][Em7][A7 Dmaj7][C#m7 Bm7][E][F#m][E Dmaj7][C#m7][F#m][Bm7 ][C#m7][D][E Amaj7][/][Dmaj7][/][Dmaj7][/][Amaj7][/][F#m][/ r Bm7][/][C#m7][/][C#7][/][F#m][][F#mM7][][F#m7][][F#m6][/ Dmaj7][/][C#m7][][F#m][/][Bm7][/][E][/ Dmaj7][C#m7 Bm7][E][F#m][E Dmaj7][C#m7][F#m][Bm7][C#m7][D][E r Dmaj7][/][Dmaj7][/][C#m7][/][C#m7][/][F#m7][/ D\nm เสื้อสีดำใส่ไว้อาลัยให้เธอที่จากฉันไป กะใส่][แค่วันจันทร์จนถึงเมื่อวาน อังคารก็ยังไม่ถอด พุธยังชุดเดิม ][ทำไมไม่ลืมไม่เริ่มต้น][ใหม่ หา ][ ][ ใส่แต่][เสื้อสีดำไปถึงเมื่อไหร่ วันนี้วันพฤหัส ภาพยิ่ง][ชัดว่าฉันยังรักยังลืมไม่][ได้ อาจไม่][ถึงตาย ถึงตาย ][เพียงมันไม่ง่ายไม่ง่าย][ขนาดนั้น ][เธออยู่ทุก][ครั้งที่หลับตา วันศุกร์ก็ทุกข์แม้ออก][ไป เที่ยวเหมือนอย่างใครเขาทำกัน วันเสาร์ก็เ][ศร้าก็ใจมัน][เหงาเมื่อเธอไม่อยู่][ ยิ่งวันอาทิตย์ยิ่งคิด][ถึง ฉันเลยได้][รู้ซึ้งถ้าขาดเ][ธอไป ไม่ไหวเธอกลับ][มา ][พอทีไว้][ทุกข์ในชุดสีดำ m r m m วันศุกร์ก็ทุกข์แม้ออก][ไป เที่ยวเหมือนอย่างใครเขาทำกัน วันเสาร์ก็เ][ศร้าก็ใจมัน][เหงาเมื่อเธอไม่อยู่][ ยิ่งวันอาทิตย์ยิ่งคิด][ถึง ฉันเลยได้][รู้ซึ้งถ้าขาดเ][ธอไป ไม่ไหวเธอกลับ][มา ][ ][ r m\nใจเธอรู้ดี Chai Thoe Ru Di 6225\nไม่เคยลืม Mai Khoei Luem เคลิ้ม 6857\nภาวะจำยอม Phawa Chamyom 9797\nชุดดำ Chut Dam เคลิ้ม 2626\nMissed calls ( คิดถึงเธอ ) Missed calls ( Khitthueng Thoe ) 3444\nหยดน้ำที่เคลื่อนไหว Yot Nam Thi Khlueanwai 8743\nหลอกฝัน Lok Fan เคลิ้ม 4466\nรักกันเมื่อยังหายใจ Rak Kan Muea Yang Haichai 18384\nแค่เงา Khae Ngao 1615\nขอโทษ Khothot 1797\nโสดเรื้อรัง Sot Ruearang 1280", "11 มิ.ย. 61 (14:31 น.) เปิดอ่าน ความคิดเห็น 1\nเป็นนางแบบสาวเซ็กซี่ที่ช่วงหลังหันมาเอาดีด้านการเป็นนักร้อง ด้วยความที่อยากพิสูจน์ตัวเองว่าสามารถทำอะไรมากกว่าขายรูปร่าง “เอมมี่ อมลวรรณ” จึงจริงจังกับงานนี้มาก เธอเปิดฉากชีวิตในวงการเพลงด้วยการทำเพลงเอง ก่อนที่จะมีค่ายเพลงเล็กๆ รับไปดูแล จนตอนนี้เธอมีซิงเกิลออกมาแล้วทั้งหมด 6 เพลง\nเชื่อว่าหนุ่มๆ คงรู้จักสาวคนนี้จากบทบาทนางแบบเซ็กซี่ แต่หากจะเท้าความกลับไป เอมมี่ เป็นนักแสดงมาก่อน เธอผ่านผลงานละครมาแล้วหลายเรื่อง จากนั้นจึงมีโอกาสประกวดเวทีแม็กซิม แล้วจังหวะชีวิตนำพาให้เธอกลายเป็นสาวเซ็กซี่ที่มีผลงานมากมาย\n“เอาจริงๆ หนูเข้าวงการมาไม่ได้ทางเซ็กซี่เลย เป็นดาราเคยเล่นละครช่วง 3 มาก่อน แรงเงา, ทางช้างเผือก, นิมิตมาร เป็นเด็กเล่นละคร ก็อย่างที่บอกหลังจากประกวดแม็กซิม มีข่าวเรื่องราวความรัก มันเลยกลายเป็นมีชื่อเสียงเรื่องตรงนี้เรื่อยมา”\nและแม้ถูกพูดถึงในแง่ความเซ็กซี่มาโดยตลอด แต่เธอไม่เคยมองว่าตัวเองสวย ที่สำคัญทำศัลยกรรมหน้าอกก็ไม่ได้อยากโชว์ แต่เพราะตัวเธอชอบดูการ์ตูนญี่ปุ่นที่ตัวละครผู้หญิงจะหน้าอกใหญ่ ๆ ตัวเล็ก ๆ อกผาย ๆ เธอจึงขึ้นเขียงศัลยกรรม\n“เอมมี่ไม่ได้สวยหรือเซ็กซี่เลยนะ แค่มีหน้าอกใหญ่ ที่ขนาดไม่เหมือนคนอื่น ซึ่งมันเป็นไซส์ที่เขาพูดถึงกันมากที่สุด เขาจะเรียกเอมมี่ตอนนั้น(ประกวดมิสแม็กซิม)ว่าเอมมี่ 40 และเราสามารถเข้าสู่รอบลึกๆ ได้”\nน้อยใจคนมองโชว์โป๊ ไร้ความสามารถ\nถึงแม้จะเป็นที่รู้จักจากข่าวฉาว และงานที่ขายความเซ็กซี่ แต่ เอมมี่ บอกว่าเธออยากพิสูจน์ตัวเองในเรื่องของความสามารถ และยืนยันว่าทำได้มากกว่าคำพูดเหล่านั้น\n“โชคดีที่เพลง “แรงแต่ไม่เลว” ดังพอสมควร มีคนชอบ มันเลยทำให้เรารู้สึก อยากจะทำเพลงต่อไป หลังจากนั้นพอทำเอง ก็มีผู้ใหญ่เห็นว่าเรามีความสามารถด้านนี้ ก็เลยชักชวนมาเป็นนักร้องในค่าย หลังจากนั้นเอมมี่ก็ได้เซ็นสัญญากับเขา 3 ปี ก็ปล่อยซิงเกิลที่ 3 “บริจาคผู้ด้อยโอกาส” โดยมี ฮาเวิร์ด หวัง เป็นพระเอก และมีเพลงเร็ว \"ค้างกับเค้า 1 คืน อายุยืน 1 ปี\" ทำให้เรามีงานด้านเพลงมากขึ้น มีคนสนใจความสามารถด้านนี้มาขึ้น\nตอนนี้ปล่อยเพลง “น้ำแตก” ทำเองหมด คิดเองหมด อีกเพลงชื่อ “สตรีมีคัน” เป็นเพลงที่ขอพูดแทนผู้หญิงที่ถูกแย่งผัว จริง ๆ ตอนนี้แสดงความสามารถด้านงานเพลง คือ อย่างที่บอกเราเป็นนักร้องกลางคืนอยู่แล้วในกรุงเทพ ร้องมาเกือบทุกผับแล้ว”\nmmyamalawan/\nรู้มีคนเกลียดเยอะ แต่ต้องทำใจ\nด้วยรูปลักษณ์และบุคลิกภายนอกที่ดูแรง ทำให้เอมมี่มีคนไม่ชอบเยอะ ซึ่งเธอก็ทราบเรื่องนี้ดี และยอมรับว่าเมื่อก่อนใช้ชีวิตแบบไม่ได้คิดอะไร แต่พอเราโตขึ้น ความคิดก็โตขึ้น มุมมองก็เปลี่ยนไป เธอมองย้อนกลับมา เธอก็มีลูกประกอบกับเธอบวชแล้ว จึงยอมปรับเปลี่ยนตัวเอง\n“เราคิดว่าอะไรที่สามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ก็เปลี่ยน แต่ถ้าจะให้เปลี่ยนไปเลยยังเปลี่ยนไม่ได้ จะให้ทิ้งความเซ็กซี่ไปเลยเอมมี่ทำไม่ได้ เอมมี่มีแม่ เอมมี่มีลูก มีคนรอบข้าง มีคนข้างหลังที่ต้องดูแล เพราะฉะนั้นงาน คือ เงิน เงิน คืองาน ที่สำคัญเอมมี่ไม่สามารถบอกว่าพี่มารักหนูนะ พี่มาชอบหนูนะ เอมมี่ทำอย่างนั้นไม่ได้ หนูมีความสามารถนะ หนูไม่จำเป็นต้องพรีเซนต์อย่างนั้น หนูก็แค่มีความรู้สึกแค่ ณ วันนี้ หนูจะเป็นตัวของตัวเอง เราไม่ทำร้ายเราก็คิดว่าเขาคงไม่ทำร้ายเรา วันนี้เอมมี่ก็จะพยายามทำผลงานดีๆ ออกมาให้คนดูเรื่อยๆ ถ้าไม่แก่ตายซะก่อนนะ”\nชอบช่วยเหลือคนอื่น แต่ภาพจำลบขออยู่เงียบๆ ดีกว่า\nถึงแม้ภาพจะดูแรง แต่เบื้องหลังเธอช่วยเหลือสังคมเท่าที่จะทำได้ โดยเธอพูดถึงความฝันที่คิดเล่นๆ ว่า หากวันหนึ่งรวยล้นฟ้า คงนำเงินมาช่วยเหลือคนที่ลำบาก ตัวเธออยู่ที่วัด ตื่นเช้ามาได้ใส่บาท แต่ถ้าพูดไปคนก็หาว่าสร้างภาพ ทุกคนติดภาพไม่ดีของเธอไปแล้ว\n“เงินช่วยเหลือสังคมทุกอย่าง จากเงินเก็บของเรา เราช่วยเหลือน้องๆ ผู้ด้อยโอกาส ทำด้วยตัวเอง และเพื่อนฝูงของเรา อย่างล่าสุด วันเกิด จัดผ้าป่า สามารถปิดผืนที่ดินให้เจ้าอาวาส มูลค่า 3 แสนกว่า และกำลังบินไปเชียงใหม่นำเงินไปช่วยเหลือน้องๆ ที่มูลนิธิ ส่วนเรื่องที่หลายคนมองว่าเราบ้าไสยศาสตร์ จริงๆ เป็นเรื่องของเมตรามหานิยม เรื่องพวกนี้ไม่เคยเจอกับตัวเองไม่รู้ เป็นความเชื่อส่วนตัวของเรา”\nเลี้ยงลูกด้วยสัญชาตญาณไม่ตีกรอบ\nกับบทบาทความเป็นแม่ต้องบอกว่าสาวคนนี้ทำได้ดีไม่แพ้ใคร โดยเธอยอมรับว่าเมื่อก่อนเซ็กซี่มาก แต่ตอนนั้นลูกยังเด็ก ณ วันนี้ ลูกโตขึ้น ตัวเธอเองก็ลดความเซ็กซี่ลง แต่ถามว่าลูกๆ เข้าใจเธอไหม เธอบอกว่า ลูก คือ คนที่เข้าใจเธอมากที่สุด\n“เลือกเลี้ยงลูกตามสัญชาตญาณมากกว่าการตีกรอบ ไม่กล้าตีกรอบ แม่เราเลี้ยงเรามาดีมาก พ่อแม่ทุกคนเลี้ยงลูกได้ แต่ไม่สามารถตีกรอบลูกได้ เพราะเราเคยเป็นเด็ก แม่ก็บังคับเราไม่ได้ เอมมี่จะไม่บังคับลูก แต่เราจะคุยกัน ให้เขากล้าที่จะคุยกับเรามากกว่า”\nได้รู้จักสาวเซ็กซี่ “เอมมี่ อมลวรรณ” ในอีกมุมหนึ่ง ต้องบอกว่าเวลาเปลี่ยนความคิดเปลี่ยน หากเธอจะมุ่งมั่นกับงานเพลงก็คงต้องใช้เวลาในการพิสูจน์ตัวเองต่อไป\nอัลบั้มภาพ 19 ภาพ ของ เปลือยใจ “เอมมี่ แม็กซิม” สาวเซ็กซี่ที่อยากขายความสามารถ\nเอมมี่ อมลวรรณเอมมี่ maximเอมมี่ แม็กซิมสาวเซ็กซี่playthe girls\nthe girls 24 มี.ค. 60\nส่องอกไซส์ใหม่ เอมมี่ อมลวรรณ\nthe girls 9 พ.ค. 57\nคุยเรื่องเซ็กส์ กับ เอมมี่ อมลวรรณ\nthe girls 8 มี.ค. 57\nเปิดอ่าน 464,606\nเปิดอ่าน 19,960", "อาจารย์มีความรักและชื่นชอบในเรื่องของประวัติศาสตร์เป็นอย่างมาก มองว่าเป็นเรื่องที่สนุก และด้วยความตั้งใจที่อยากให้นักศึกษาเข้าใจในประวัติศาสตร์มากขึ้น เลยแต่งตัวคอสเพลย์เพื่อสร้างความน่าสนใจ http://winne.ws/n7813\n15 ก.ย. 2559 - 09.15 น. , แก้ไขเมื่อ 15 ก.ย. 2559 - 11.15 น.\nฮือฮาเป็นอย่างมาก สำหรับอาจารย์ สิทธารถ ศรีโคตร หรืออาจารย์เจ้าของฉายา 'บูมคอสเพลย์' ซึ่งปัจจุบันนี้ อาจารย์สอนประจำอยู่ที่ คณะสังคมศาสตร์ ภาควิชาประวัติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ ซึ่งต้องบอกว่าเป็นขวัญใจของนิสิตนักศึกษาเป็นอย่างมาก\nอาจารย์บูมมีความรักและชื่นชอบในเรื่องของประวัติศาสตร์เป็นอย่างมาก อาจารย์มองว่าเป็นเรื่องที่สนุก และด้วยความตั้งใจที่อยากให้นักศึกษาเข้าใจในประวัติศาสตร์มากขึ้น เลยแต่งตัวคอสเพลย์เพื่อสร้างความน่าสนใจและความเข้าใจในวิชาเรียนมากขึ้นนั้นเอง\nอยากเห็นกันแล้วใช่ไหมค่ะ ว่าอาจารย์จะเท่แค่ไหน น่าสนใจแค่ไหน เห็นแล้วอยากไปเรียนเลยหล่ะค่ะ\nเรามาดูภาพเท่ ๆของอาจารย์ บูม สิทธารถ ศรีโคตร หรืออาจารย์เจ้าของฉายา 'บูมคอสเพลย์'เลยค่ะ\nขอบคุณภาพประกอบ : FB Sitthard Srikotr\nhttp://campus.sanook.com/1382877/\n20 ก.ค. 2560 - 09.00 น.", "【พนัน esport】เล่นพนันบอล pantip\nvpl | 2019-06-18 | อ่านเรื่องเต็ม(854) | ทบทวน(444)\n【บอล ออนไลน์ โบนัส 100】เว็บ แทง บอล น้ํา ดี\nzxp | 2019-06-18 | อ่านเรื่องเต็ม(983) | ทบทวน(856)\n【บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก】เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip\nrp0 | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(719) | ทบทวน(400)\n【พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ ไหน ดี】ประวัติ พนัน บอล\nhb0 | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(836) | ทบทวน(523)\n【แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต 100】ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู\npzx | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(677) | ทบทวน(160)\n【ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ช่อง 7】พนัน ออนไลน์ pantip\nl0x | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(395) | ทบทวน(672)\n【เว็บแท่งบอลออนไลน์】แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100\nvjn | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(485) | ทบทวน(228)\n【ดู บอล สด ออนไลน์ ภาษา ไทย】ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล\n0pn | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(389) | ทบทวน(531)\n【เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด】ฟุตบอล ดารา pantip\nlj0 | 2019-06-18 | อ่าน(182) | ทบทวน(698)\n【แทงบอล ส คืออะไร】พนันออนไลน์ pantip\npnh | 2019-06-17 | อ่าน(439) | ทบทวน(171)\n【ดูบอลออนไลน์ ภาคไทย】ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ไทย สิงคโปร์\np9h | 2019-06-17 | อ่าน(107) | ทบทวน(596)\n【วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน】พนันบอลออนไลน์ พันทิป\nrnx | 2019-06-17 | อ่าน(550) | ทบทวน(204)\n【สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019】วิเคราะห์บอลวันนี้ พันทิป\n9bd | 2019-06-17 | อ่าน(884) | ทบทวน(871)\n【เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100】การ พนัน ฟุตบอล\nbr9 | 2019-06-16 | อ่าน(970) | ทบทวน(319)\n【ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รวม ไว้ เยอะ ที่สุด】เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด pantip\nhrl | 2019-06-16 | อ่าน(657) | ทบทวน(381)\nเว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี |พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ pantip | เกี่ยวกับเว็บไซต์นี้ | พาร์ทเนอร์ | |คู่มือการส่ง | การสรรหาชนชั้นนำ | ติดต่อเรา | คำแถลงทางกฎหมาย | รีวิวที่ผ่านมา\nเว็บไซต์นี้（fishing.rootermankalamazoo.com）ให้ข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับ（เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี）เนื้อหา\nพนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู วิเคราะห์บอล ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ไทย สิงคโปร์ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ราชนาวี ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ภาค ไทย เว็บพนันบอล สมัครขั้นต่ํา100 พนัน ออนไลน์ ฟรี rb88 สมัคร สมาชิก ใหม่ ฟรี เดิมพัน ทันที การพนันฟุตบอล หมายถึง สูตรแทงบอลสด เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต 100 โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ฟรี พนันบอล โบนัส 200% รับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 เว็บ พนัน บอล แจก เสื้อ ดูบอลออนไลน์ จริงจัง ศัพท์พนันบอล pantip ผลบอลออนไลน์ 888 กติกา พนัน บอล พนัน บอล โบนัส 100พนัน บอล โลก 2019 เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี ฎีกา พนัน บอล การจัดอันดับแอพเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม พนันบอลออนไลน์ pantip ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รวม ไว้ เยอะ ที่สุด เครือข่ายการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง คํา ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล จับ พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ พนันบาส pantip โปรแกรมพนันบอล rb88 สมัคร สมาชิก ใหม่ ฟรี เดิมพัน ทันที บอลออนไลน์ เล่นยังไง บทความ การ พนัน บอล เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 แอพพนันกีฬาฟุตบอล พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 ผลบอลออนไลน์ วันนี้ บอลออนไลน์ ฟรี เว็บพนันบอล 168 เว็บพนันบอล ยอดนิยม เว็บแท่งบอลออนไลน์ ศัพท์พนันบอล pantip ดูบอลออนไลน์ ช่อง36 บอลออนไลน์ ฟรี rb88 สมัคร สมาชิก ใหม่ ฟรี เดิมพัน ทันที สมัคร แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 แทงบอล ส คืออะไร แทง บอล มวย โต๊ะพนันบอล ราคา ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ คืน นี้ ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี การพนันฟุตบอลถูกกฎหมาย สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี พนัน e sport ติด พนัน บอล pantip พนัน บอล โบนัส 200 การพนันฟุตบอล วิจัย ฟุตบอลออนไลน์เจลีก แทงบอล 69 บอล ไทย จีน ออนไลน์ สมัครแทงบอล m88 แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี ฎีกา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว็บ แทง บอล ที่ ดี ที่สุด แทง บอล เว็บ ไหน ดี pantip บริษัท พนัน บอล เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด แทงบอลฟรีเครดิต ไม่ต้องฝาก บอลออนไลน์ pantip ปัญหา การ พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์ ดู แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก 2019 เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา100 แทงบอล 0-0.5 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports ดูบอลออนไลน์ ภาคไทย คดี พนัน บอล พนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ แอพพนันฟุตบอล พนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ พนัน dota2 เงินจริง พนันฟุตบอล ผิดกฎหมาย สโมสรฟุตบอลไทย pantip เว็บพนันบอล ขั้นต่ํา10 ฎีกา พนัน บอล เว็บ แทง บอล น้ํา ดี เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ฟัง การพนันฟุตบอลฮ่องกง แทง บอล เว ป ไหน ดี แทงบอล ยูฟ่า แทงบอล 1.5 แอพเดิมพันกีฬา ซอฟต์แวร์การพนันฟุตบอล เล่นบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip โปร โม ชั่ น บอล ออนไลน์ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 บอลออนไลน์ วันนี้ ไทย แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รวม ไว้ เยอะ ที่สุด ศัพท์ พนันบอล เว็บพนันบอล ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 โต๊ะพนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ เว็บพนันบอล พนันฟุตบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ บอลออนไลน์ pptv เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ w88 ดี ไหม โหลดแอพ พนันบอล เว็บ พนัน บอล คืน ค่า คอม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู จับ เว็บ พนัน บอล การเดิมพันบาสเก็ตบอล บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ สูตร แทง บอล ส เต็ ป แทงบอล ฟรี แทงบอลชุด pantip ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip พนัน esport เทคนิค แทง บอล ออนไลน์ แอพพนันกีฬาฟุตบอล แทงบอลฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก 2019 แทงบอล ส คืออะไร พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี2019 กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ พนันบอล เว็บไหนดี ผลบอลออนไลน์ 888 สมัคร แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ได้ ที่ นี่ พนันบอล โบนัส 200% เว็บ พนัน บอล ไม่ ผ่าน เอเย่นต์ พนัน ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip เว็บไซต์การพนันฟุตบอล แพลตฟอร์มการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง เว็บพนันบอล รีวิว แทงบอลฟรี 300 กติกาการเดิมพันฟุตบอล พ.ร.บ.การพนันฟุตบอล แอพเดิมพัน LOL แทงบอลออนไลน์ ขั้นต่ํา 10 ดูบอลออนไลน์ช่อง7 แทง บอล เว็บ ไหน ดี pantip วิจัยการพนันฟุตบอล เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip สูตรแทงบอล ได้ชัวร์ ปัญหา การ พนัน บอล ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ยูฟ่า วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน เว็บพนันบอล ไม่ผ่านเอเย่นต์ แทงบอลฟรี 300 ประวัติ โต๊ะพนันบอล แอพเดิมพันบาสเก็ตบอล เล่นบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip เครดิตเดิมพันฟรี พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว ศัพท์พนันบอล pantip เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต ฟุตบอลออนไลน์96 เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 โต๊ะพนันบอล ราคา พนันบอล ดีไหม เกมส์ ตู้ ปลา พนัน เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip rb88 สมัคร สมาชิก ใหม่ ฟรี เดิมพัน ทันที ฟุตบอล ทีม ชาติ ไทย pantip แทงบอล ส คืออะไร ฟุตบอลออนไลน์u19 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุด พนันบอลออนไลน์ พันทิป เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ยูฟ่า การ พนัน ฟุตบอล บอลออนไลน์ มือถือ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ฟรี พนัน บอล โบนัส 200 พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย ไหนดีกว่าสำหรับการเดิมพันฟุตบอลรอบนอก? ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ยูฟ่า แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 วิทยุ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 96 พนันบอล โบนัส 100% เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 โบนัส 100 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู การพนันฟุตบอล วิจัย เว็บพนันบอล พันทิป เว็บพนันบอล ที่ดีที่สุด เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา200 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ 168 กลุ่มการพนันฟุตบอล พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ pantip เสริม ดวง การ พนัน บอล ศัพท์ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี การพนันบอล คำ ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล ดู บ บอล ออนไลน์ แอพพนันเอ็นบีเอ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย แอพพนันฟุตบอล เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ กลุ่ม พนัน บอล แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด pantip สถานีพนันฟุตบอล เทคนิค แทง บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ 168 คําขวัญ การพนันบอล บอลออนไลน์ 7m บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ พนันออนไลน์ฟรี แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรีเครดิต เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด พันทิป ฟุตบอลออนไลน์99 โต๊ะ พนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ การพนันฟุตบอล เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ไทย ญี่ปุ่น เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 แอพพนันเอ็นบีเอ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ 168 พนันบอลออนไลน์ pantip พนันฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก ก่อน เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา100 ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รวม ไว้ เยอะ ที่สุด โปร โม ชั่ น บอล ออนไลน์ แทงบอล ส คืออะไร เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด pantip เอเชียนคัพ 2019 พันทิป บอลออนไลน์ 7 การพนันฟุตบอล หมายถึง แทงบอล 0-0.5 เดิมพันเครือข่ายการพนันกีฬา โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ออนไลน์ พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ pantip บอลออนไลน์ pptv พนันฟุตบอล ผิดกฎหมาย จับ เว็บ พนัน บอล เทคนิค แทง บอล สด ผลบอลสด 365 bet เล่นพนันบอล pantip ฎีกา พนัน บอล สูตรแทงบอล สูง ต่ํา เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก สูตร แทง บอล ส เต็ ป เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว จับ เว็บ พนัน บอล พนันฟุตบอล โทษ พนัน บอล โบนัส 200 แทงบอล หวย ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ราชนาวี ฟุตบอล ดารา ช่อง 3 pantip พนันบอล โบนัส 200% บทความ การ พนัน บอล เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด 2019 พนันฟุตบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บน เว็บ เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ เปิด ยู เซอร์ ฟรี แทงบอล ฟรี เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บน เว็บ การพนันฟุตบอล กฎหมาย พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip บอลออนไลน์888 เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุดในไทย ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด pantip แทงบอลออนไลน์ ขั้นต่ํา 10 เว็บพนันบอลW88 เว็บ แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต 2019 แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก เงิน พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี เว็บพนันบอล ยอดนิยม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ไทย สิงคโปร์ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019 วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน พรุ่งนี้ สปอร์ต พลู แทงบอล 1.0 ดูบอลออนไลน์ช่อง7 พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว การเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์อยู่ที่ไหน? เว็บ พนัน บอล ไม่ ผ่าน เอเย่นต์ พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip ฟุตบอล ทีม ชาติ ไทย pantip พนัน ออนไลน์ ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 พร บ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล คำ ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล การ พนัน จุด โทษ บทความ การ พนัน บอล พนันฟุตบอลโลก 2019 บอลออนไลน์ 88 สูตร แทง บอล ส เต็ ป รหัสรับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ พนันฟุตบอล กฎหมาย สูตรแทงบอล ได้ชัวร์ แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด พันทิป บอล ออนไลน์ โบนัส 100 ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รักสุดทีน เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 2019 ซื้อที่ไหนการพนันฟุตบอลในมาเก๊า แอพเดิมพันกีฬา พนัน บอล ขั้น ต่ํา 10 บาท ศัพท์ พนัน ฟุตบอล บอล ออนไลน์ โบนัส 100 ดูบอลออนไลน์ บอลหญิง บอล ไทย จีน ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์u19 เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด 2561 พนันบอล ดีไหม ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี เว็บ พนัน บอล แจก เสื้อ พนันฟุตบอลโลก 2019 ฟุตบอล ดารา ช่อง 3 pantip พนันออนไลน์ ฟรี ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ราชนาวี โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ฟรี สมัครแทงบอลยูฟ่าเบท แอพจับสลากฟุตบอล แทงบอล ค่าคอม แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ พนัน บอล โบนัส 200% ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ไม่มี ขั้น ต่ํา ผลบอลสด 365 bet เกมส์ บอล ออนไลน์ 2019 การ พนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ การจัดอันดับแอพเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 com ฃ เทคนิค แทง บอล สด พนัน บอล โบนัส 100พนัน บอล โลก 2019 พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว ศัพท์ บอล ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ พนันฟุตบอลโลก 2019 บริษัท เดิมพันข้อมูลการพนันฟุตบอลโลก เว็บพนันบอล ฟรีเครดิต เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด พันทิป วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน คํา ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล pantip เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต สูตรแทงบอล ได้ชัวร์ เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล ประวัติ โต๊ะพนันบอล พนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี2019 การพนันบอล ฟุตบอล ดารา ช่อง 3 pantip เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ฟรีเครดิต ดู บ บอล ออนไลน์ การพนันฟุตบอล โทษ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย เอเชียนคัพ 2019 พันทิป การพนันฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุดในไทย คําขวัญ พนัน บอล โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ออนไลน์ เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บน เว็บ เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ สูตรแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล พนัน บอล รวย จริง หรือ กติกา พนัน บอล พนัน บอล รวย จริง หรือ วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน ดูบอลออนไลน์ บอลหญิง ศัพท์ พนัน ฟุตบอล แทง บอล บวก ทุก วัน หนังสือ พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์ 888 แอพพนันกีฬาฟุตบอล ฎีกา พนัน บอล แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports แทงบอลชุด pantip พนันออนไลน์ ฟรีเครดิต พนัน e sport กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip บอลออนไลน์ pptv เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด พนัน บอล โบนัส 100พนัน บอล โลก 2019 ฟุตบอลออนไลน์96 พ.ร.บ.การพนันฟุตบอล เข้าเดิมพัน E-sport ผ่าน ได้ไม่อั้น พนันฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ พนัน ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ bet สล็อต คือ บริษัท พนัน บอล พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุด เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ ไหน ดี แทง บอล ฟรี 300 แทงบอลฟรีล่าสุด เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา100 ช่อง 5 ออนไลน์ บอล สมัคร แทง บอล ฟรี บริษัท เดิมพันข้อมูลการพนันฟุตบอลโลก เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip วิเคราะห์บอลวันนี้สปอร์ตพลูสปอร์ตแมน กลุ่มการพนันฟุตบอล บอล ออนไลน์ ทรู4 ข้อหา พนัน บอล รับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 การพนันฟุตบอล หมายถึง เว็บพนันบอล หวย พนัน ออนไลน์ pantip เทคนิค แทง บอล สด แทงบอล 1.5 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 แทงบอล 777 แทงบอลฟรี 300 วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู sbobet ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ภาค ไทย เว็บพนันบอลดีที่สุด เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี ศัพท์พนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ บอลออนไลน์ ดู สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู แอพเดิมพัน LOL กลุ่ม พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์ 888 บอล ออนไลน์ 4k เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ 168 แทงบอลฟรี 300 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด pantip เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ไม่มี ขั้น ต่ํา เครือข่ายการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง พนันฟุตบอล ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก แทง บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ ไหน ดี pantip วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู วิเคราะห์บอล แทงบอลฟรีเครดิต ไม่ต้องฝาก ข้อหา พนัน บอล แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี 300 การพนันฟุตบอล เว็บพนันบอล วิเคราะห์บอลวันนี้ พันทิป เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ฟรี แทงบอล 1.0 โต๊ะพนันบอล ราคา แอพเดิมพันกีฬา E-sports เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต เว็บพนันบอล พันทิป สถานีพนันฟุตบอล กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา50 พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด pantip เว็บ แทง บอล น้ํา ดี ช่อง 7 ออนไลน์ บอล แพลตฟอร์มการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง ดูบอลออนไลน์ช่อง7 เว็บ แทง บอล น้ํา ดี กติกาการเดิมพันฟุตบอล สมัครแทงบอลฟรี เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย รณรงค์ การ พนัน บอล สมัคร แทง บอล ฟรี การพนันฟุตบอล พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล คืน ค่า คอม เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุดในไทย แทงบอลฟรีล่าสุด แทง บอล มวย เว็บพนันบอล 365 บอล ออนไลน์ โบนัส 100 แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก เงิน แทงบอล 2 ฝั่ง กติกา พนัน บอล รับ เครดิต เดิมพัน ฟรี เว็บพนันบอล m88 การจัดอันดับแอพเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ วิทยุ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 96 บทความ การ พนัน บอล ทีวี ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล สด ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด pantip ศัพท์ พนัน ฟุตบอล แทง บอล ฟรี 300 แทงบอล ยูฟ่า เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์ คืนนี้ เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 เครือข่ายการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง วิเคราะห์บอลวันนี้สปอร์ตพลูสปอร์ตแมน แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ เว็บ พนัน บอล ไม่ ผ่าน เอเย่นต์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 เว็บพนันบอล พันทิป ดูบอลออนไลน์ ภาคไทย เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 แทงบอลออนไลน์ ขั้นต่ํา 10 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู ฎีกา พนัน บอล การพนันฟุตบอล โทษ วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู วิเคราะห์บอล วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 ผลบอลสด 365 bet แทงบอลฟรีไม่ต้องฝากถอนได้ กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา50 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ยูฟ่า บอล ไทย จีน ออนไลน์ แอพเดิมพัน LOL ข้อหา พนัน บอล เครือข่ายการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง แทง บอล มวย เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ฟรี โหลดแอพ พนันบอล พนันบอล รวย การพนันฟุตบอลถูกกฎหมาย ช่อง 7 ออนไลน์ บอล แทง บอล เว ป ไหน ดี พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี เครดิต เว็บพนันบอล จับ เว็บ พนัน บอล การพนันฟุตบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก ก่อน พนันบอล ผิดกฎหมาย ดูบอลออนไลน์ ช่อง36 เล่น เกมส์ บอล ออนไลน์ 2012 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip บอลออนไลน์ พากย์ไทย พนันออนไลน์ ฟรีเครดิต ดูบอลออนไลน์ ซิดนีย์ เอฟซี เทคนิค แทง บอล ออนไลน์ แพลตฟอร์มการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 ช่อง 7 ออนไลน์ บอล พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 เปิดบัญชี แทงบอลฟรี2019 พนัน esport แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี กลุ่มการพนันฟุตบอล วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู sbobet ดูบอลออนไลน์ จริงจัง ดู บ บอล ออนไลน์ โปรแกรมพนันบอล เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ไม่มี ขั้น ต่ํา แอพเดิมพันกีฬา แทงบอลออนไลน์ 789 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย พนันออนไลน์ pantip แทงบอล ส คืออะไร แทงบอล ฟรีเครดิต ไม่ต้องฝาก บอล ออนไลน์ วัน นี้ ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก เงิน พนันออนไลน์ ฟรี ดูบอลออนไลน์ บอลหญิง ฟัง วิทยุ ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล สด เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด ซอฟต์แวร์การพนันฟุตบอล ฎีกา พนัน บอล การพนันฟุตบอล กฎหมาย เว็บพนันบอล ถูกกฎหมาย พันทิป เข้าเดิมพัน E-sport ผ่าน ได้ไม่อั้น ฟัง วิทยุ ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล สด บอลออนไลน์ ภาคไทย สูตรแทงบอลสูงต่ํา กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip แทงบอล ฟรี บอลออนไลน์ พากย์ไทย ฟุตบอลออนไลน์99 เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด ผลบอลออนไลน์ เว็บ พนัน บอล คืน ค่า คอม เว็บพนันบอล พันทิป พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด เล่น บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ ไหน ดี pantip พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ ไหน ดี วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู sbobet บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา10 พ.ร.บ.การพนันฟุตบอล เทคนิค แทง บอล สด พนัน e sport ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ไทย จีน เว็บพนันบอล ถูกกฎหมาย พันทิป เกมส์ ตู้ ปลา พนัน พนันบอล โบนัส 100 ดูบอลออนไลน์ช่อง7 สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019 เว็บพนันบอลที่ดีที่สุด ดูบอลออนไลน์ ภาคไทย สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ยูฟ่า พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip ประวัติ โต๊ะพนันบอล เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ w88 ดี ไหม พนัน e sport สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019 เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ w88 ดี ไหม ติด พนัน บอล pantip แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี 300 บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก พนัน ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ปัญหา การ พนัน บอล เว็บ พนัน บอล ที่ ดี ที่สุด พนันบอล รวย ฟุตบอล ญี่ปุ่น pantip การเดิมพันบาสเก็ตบอล ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ไทย สิงคโปร์ สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019 พนัน dota2 เงินจริง สมัคร แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 บอลออนไลน์เล่นยังไง พนันฟุตบอล กฎหมาย พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ pantip แทงบอล 2.5 คือ บอลออนไลน์ ดู โหลดแอพ พนันบอล พนันออนไลน์ ฟรี แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก เงิน พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรี pantip แทง บอล ฟรี 300 สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม ผลบอลออนไลน์ย้อนหลัง แทง บอล ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก 2019 แทง บอล ฟรี 300 บอล ออนไลน์ ทรู4 แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ ผลบอลออนไลน์ฟรี ดูบอลออนไลน์ จริงจัง แทง บอล เว็บ ไหน ดี pantip ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ช่อง ท รู สปอร์ต 3 เว็บแท่งบอลออนไลน์ พ.ร.บ.การพนันฟุตบอล เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา10 ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล แทงบอลฟรีไม่ต้องฝากถอนได้ เว็บพนันบอล ถูกกฎหมาย พันทิป สูตรแทงบอล สูง ต่ํา เล่นบอลออนไลน์ pantip ธุรกิจ พนัน บอล สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม แทง บอล บวก ทุก วัน เว็บพนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรีเครดิต พนันออนไลน์ ฟรี สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา รหัสรับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 จับ พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุดในไทย วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู วิเคราะห์บอล พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี2019 เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ราชนาวี สูตรแทงบอลสด พนันบอลออนไลน์ ฟรี2019 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด บอลออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล เว็บพนันบอลดีที่สุด ไหนดีกว่าสำหรับการเดิมพันฟุตบอลรอบนอก? แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ สมัคร แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล พนันฟุตบอล pantip บอลออนไลน์888 พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 เปิดบัญชี พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip บอลออนไลน์ 7 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip พนันออนไลน์ pantip ศัพท์พนันบอล ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ 7m บอลออนไลน์ 88 เว็บพนันบอล ฟรีเครดิต เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุดในไทย ฟัง วิทยุ ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล สด การพนันฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด พันทิป คําขวัญ พนัน บอล แทงบอล ยูฟ่า ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี แพลตฟอร์มการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง กติกาการเดิมพันฟุตบอล เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา10 รับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุด แทงบอล ยูฟ่า เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา200 เว็บพนันบอล พันทิป การจัดอันดับแอพเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ พนันบอลออนไลน์ฟรีเครดิต จับ พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 พนัน บอล ขั้น ต่ํา 20 บาท พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 พนันบอล รวย พนันบอลออนไลน์ 888 วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน พรุ่งนี้ สปอร์ต พลู เทคนิค แทง บอล สด คําขวัญ พนัน บอล วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู สปอร์ตแมน แทงบอล 1688 การพนันฟุตบอล พนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ ข่าว แทงบอลฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก 2019 เว็บพนันบอล ขั้นต่ํา10 พนัน ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผลบอลออนไลน์ 888 ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก พนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี พนันบอลออนไลน์ พันทิป เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ฟรี เว็บ แทง บอล น้ํา ดี คําขวัญ การพนันบอล โหลดแอพ พนันบอล โต๊ะพนันบอล ออนไลน์ เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด วิจัยการพนันฟุตบอล แพลตฟอร์มการพนันฟุตบอลอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วง เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip คํา ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย พนัน ออนไลน์ pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 โบนัส 100 แทง บอล มวย ผลบอลออนไลน์ 888 กลอน พนัน บอล ฟุตบอล ดารา ช่อง 3 pantip ดู บอล สด ออนไลน์ ภาษา ไทย พนัน บอล ขั้น ต่ํา 10 บาท บอล ไทย จีน ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ พรีเมียร์ลีก อังกฤษ เว็บ แทง บอล ที่ ดี ที่สุด เครดิตเดิมพันฟรี สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา รับ เครดิต เดิมพัน ฟรี ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 วิเคราะห์ บอล 7m วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู เว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี แทงบอลฟรีไม่ต้องฝากถอนได้ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ คืนนี้ เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ibc เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด เว็บพนันบอล ไม่ผ่านเอเย่นต์ สูตรแทงบอล สูตรแทงลูกเตะมุม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 99 แอพเดิมพัน LOL เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด การ พนัน จุด โทษ เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ibc การพนันฟุตบอล โทษ ประวัติ พนัน บอล เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา200 กลุ่ม พนัน บอล การพนันฟุตบอล เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด บอล ออนไลน์ 4k พนันฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล 365 ดู บอล สด ออนไลน์ ภาษา ไทย แทงบอลฟรีล่าสุด ข้อหา พนัน บอล เล่นบอลออนไลน์ pantip การพนันฟุตบอล เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 สมัครแทงบอลฟรี ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ 7m แทงบอลฟรีเครดิต100 เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ เปิด ยู เซอร์ ฟรี สูตรแทงบอล ได้ชัวร์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี พนัน บอล โบนัส 100พนัน บอล โลก 2019 พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี เครดิต รหัสรับฟรีเดิมพัน w88 สูตรแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ไม่มี ขั้น ต่ํา ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รวม ไว้ เยอะ ที่สุด สมัครแทงบอลฟรี พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี การพนันฟุตบอลออนไลน์ คือ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์96 เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา50 เกมส์ ตู้ ปลา พนัน ฟุตบอล ญี่ปุ่น pantip การพนันฟุตบอล หมายถึง เว็บไซต์การพนันฟุตบอลทั่วไป ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก เว็บพนันบอลที่ดีที่สุด เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ ไหนดีกว่าสำหรับการเดิมพันฟุตบอลรอบนอก? แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต ถอน ได้ บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ เว็บพนันบอล หวย เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 2019 พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี พนันบอล โบนัส 100% เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต เว็บพนันบอล ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี ดู บอล สด ออนไลน์ ภาษา ไทย ลิ้ ง ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก ฟุตบอลออนไลน์99 ดูบอลออนไลน์ จริงจัง การพนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ เว็บพนันบอล หวย จับ เว็บ พนัน บอล เว็บแท่งบอลออนไลน์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ pantip บอลออนไลน์ พากย์ไทย เล่นพนันบอลยังไงให้รวย pantip พนันบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip สมัคร แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ได้ ที่ นี่ กลุ่มการพนันฟุตบอล ทํา ไม ลิเวอร์พูล ไม่ เคย ได้ แชมป์ pantip โต๊ะ พนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ เว็บพนันบอล หวย แทงบอลฟรี ไม่ต้องฝาก 2019 พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี เครดิต เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด 2019 สูตรแทงบอล ได้ชัวร์ โหลดแอพ พนันบอล เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด เครดิตเดิมพันฟรี ดูบอลออนไลน์ บอลหญิง บ้านผลบอล ผลบอลออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ผ่าน ยู ทู การพนันฟุตบอล วิจัย พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 เปิดบัญชี พนันบอลฟรีเครดิต เว็บพนันบอล ที่ดีที่สุด โต๊ะพนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ ฟุตบอลออนไลน์ฟัง ดูบอลออนไลน์ ช่อง36 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี 300 คําขวัญ การพนันบอล แอพเดิมพันกีฬา เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด pantip ดู บ บอล ออนไลน์ ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บุรีรัมย์ ยูไนเต็ด ราชนาวี พนัน บอล โบนัส 100 ดูบอลออนไลน์ จริงจัง เว็บ แทง บอล ทดลอง เล่น ฟรี เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา10 พนันบอลออนไลน์ pantip เว็บพนันบอล อังกฤษ แทงบอล 1688 เว็บ แท่ง บอล ออนไลน์ เปิด ยู เซอร์ ฟรี พนัน บอล ภาษา อังกฤษ โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ฟรี พนันฟุตบอล โทษ เว็บพนันบอล m88 การพนันบอล pantip พนันออนไลน์ ฟรี พนัน บอล ขั้น ต่ํา 10 บาท ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 เปิดบัญชี เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ มือ ถือ ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ช่อง ท รู สปอร์ต 3 บอลออนไลน์ ดู พนันฟุตบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ บอลออนไลน์888 เล่นบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล ฝาก ขั้น ต่ํา 100 บริษัท พนัน บอล สูตร แทง บอล ส เต็ ป พนัน บอล โบนัส 100 สมาชิก ใหม่ เดิมพัน ฟรี 2019 ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ 2019 แทง บอล ออนไลน์ 168 เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ที่ดีที่สุดในไทย เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด พันทิป วิเคราะห์ บอล วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู วิเคราะห์บอล เกมส์ ตู้ ปลา พนัน พนัน dota2 เงินจริง ผลบอลออนไลน์ย้อนหลัง พนันบอล โบนัส 100% สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา ไหนดีกว่าสำหรับการเดิมพันฟุตบอลรอบนอก? เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ เว็บไหนดี คํา ศัพท์ การ พนัน ฟุตบอล วิเคราะห์ บอล 7m วัน นี้ สปอร์ต พลู ประวัติ พนัน บอล เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล ดู บอล ออนไลน์ ช่อง 5 บอลออนไลน์ 888 เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด กติกา พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์เล่นยังไง พนัน บอล ขั้น ต่ํา 20 บาท พนันบาส pantip พนันบอลออนไลน์ พันทิป โปร โม ชั่ น แทง บอล ออนไลน์ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ฟรี 300 เว็บพนันบอล ดีที่สุด เว็บ แทง บอล ฟรี เครดิต 2019 ข้อหา การ พนัน ฟุตบอล เว็บ พนัน บอล ดี ที่สุด เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ ถูกกฎหมาย เว็บพนันบอล ฝากขั้นต่ํา50 พนันบอลออนไลน์ pantip พนันบอลออนไลน์ พันทิป ติด พนัน บอล pantip พนันบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ บอลออนไลน์เล่นยังไง ว็บ บอล ออนไลน์ สมัคร ฟรี ผลบอลออนไลน์ฟรี พนันออนไลน์ฟรี แทงบอล ฟรี เว็บพนันบอล pantip เว็บ พนัน บอล ไม่ ผ่าน เอเย่นต์ พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 แทง บอล มวย เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด pantip เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด ดู บอล ออนไลน์ รักสุดทีน รับ เครดิต เดิมพัน ฟรี บอล ออนไลน์ ทรู4 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip กีฬากอล์ฟ pantip แทง บอล ฟรี 300 เว็บพนันบอล สโบเบ็ต เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ ที่ ดี ที่สุด เกม ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ บน เว็บ เกมส์ บอล ออนไลน์ 2019 เว็บ แทง บอล ออนไลน์ pantip ธุรกิจ พนัน บอล บอลออนไลน์789 แทง บอล เว ป ไหน ดี พ.ร.บ.การพนันฟุตบอล บอล ออนไลน์ ไม่ กระตุก สูตร แทง บอล สูง ต่ํา การพนันฟุตบอลโลก 2019 ฟุตบอล ออนไลน์ ไทย สิงคโปร์ พนันบอลออนไลน์ 888 พนันบอล เว็บไหนดี เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ฟรี โปร โม ชั่ น บอล ออนไลน์ ผลบอลออนไลน์ เว ป เล่น พนัน บอล เว็บพนันบอล ที่ดีที่สุด ดูบอลออนไลน์ 7-11 ผลบอลออนไลน์ วันนี้ พนันบอล รวย พนันฟุตบอล ภาษาอังกฤษ ช่อง 7 ออนไลน์ บอล บอล ออนไลน์ ทรู4 พนัน บอล ออนไลน์ ขั้น ต่ํา 20 วิเคราะห์บอลวันนี้ พันทิป บอลออนไลน์ 88 การจัดอันดับแอพเดิมพันกีฬาอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด", "คือน้ำจริงๆที่ดีสำหรับคุณ\nเราทุกคนได้รับการบอกเล่าว่าน้ำเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นที่จะใช้ชีวิต แต่ส่วนใหญ่ของเราไม่ได้ตระหนักถึงบทบาทของน้ำที่สำคัญเล่นในแทบทุกอวัยวะและการทำงานของร่างกายของเรา น้ำไม่มากกว่าการดำรงชีวิต น้ำ “ดี” จริงสามารถปรับปรุงสุขภาพกายของเราและแม้กระทั่งการปรากฏตัวของเรา น้ำ “เลว” สามารถทำตรงข้าม\nเกิดขึ้นโดยน้ำอะไร?\nเราเป็นผู้ใหญ่ที่มีสุขภาพดีสามารถไปสำหรับสัปดาห์ในเวลาไม่ต้องกินอาหาร แต่เราจะตายในเวลาไม่กี่วันโดยไม่ใช้น้ำ – ได้เร็วขึ้นในสภาพอากาศที่อบอุ่นที่เหงื่อทำให้เราสูญเสียน้ำอย่างรวดเร็ว จะไม่มีน้ำสามารถมีผลร้าย สิ่งเหล่านี้ผลที่เป็นไปได้?\n* ขาดดุล 1% ในน้ำของร่างกายในการสร้างความกระหาย\n* ขาดดุล 5% ทำให้เกิดไข้เล็กน้อย\n* ขาดดุล 10% และคลื่นลิ้นไตเริ่มที่จะล้มเหลวและ\nกล้ามเนื้อ * เข้าไปในกล้ามเนื้อ เดินเป็นไปไม่ได้\n* ณ หรือก่อนที่จะสูญเสีย 20%, รอยแตกผิวอวัยวะบดให้หยุดและการตายเกิดขึ้น\nน้ำอะไรไม่อยู่ในร่างกาย\nน้ำเป็นสารอาหารที่สำคัญที่สุดเพียงอย่างเดียวร่างกายจะใช้เวลาใน; ทุกเซลล์เนื้อเยื่อและอวัยวะที่ต้องการน้ำในการทำงานอย่างถูกต้อง:\nน้ำ * ลำเลียงวิตามินที่ละลายในน้ำและสารอาหารที่จำเป็น (เช่นโปรตีนแร่ธาตุวิตามิน B & C) ว่าเซลล์เนื้อเยื่อและอวัยวะจำเป็นต้องทำงานอย่างถูกต้อง\nน้ำ * moistens ตาปากของเราและจมูกช่วยให้อวัยวะที่ดำเนินการอย่างถูกต้องและทำให้เราสะดวกสบายทางร่างกาย\nน้ำ * ช่วยควบคุมอุณหภูมิของร่างกายทำให้ร่างกายเย็นเมื่อมันร้อนและฉนวนมันเมื่อเงื่อนไขข้างนอกเย็น\nน้ำ * ช่วยให้เซลล์ของร่างกายในการรักษาโครงสร้างของพวกเขาและพาออกซิเจนไปยังเซลล์\nน้ำ * ฟองน้ำรองอวัยวะและทำหน้าที่เป็นโช้คอัพเพื่อลดความเครียดและความเสียหายให้กับอวัยวะ น้ำให้การหล่อลื่นที่เหมาะสมสำหรับข้อต่อ ไตวูบวาบน้ำที่จะกำจัดร่างกายของสารพิษ น้ำนำขยะออกจากร่างกาย\n* อิเล็กยอดคงเหลือทางน้ำ (แร่ธาตุเช่นโพแทสเซียมโซเดียมคลอไรด์) ที่ช่วยควบคุมอุณหภูมิของร่างกายและควบคุมความดันโลหิต\nน้ำ * เป็นแหล่งที่มีคุณค่าของแร่ธาตุเช่นแมกนีเซียมแมงกานีสโคบอลต์และทองแดง\nน้ำดื่ม * สามารถปรับปรุงสุขภาพของคุณและความเป็นอยู่\nน้ำ * ช่วยรักษาปริมาณเลือดซึ่งรักษาพลังงานของคุณ\n* ความชุ่มชื้นที่เหมาะสมช่วยเพิ่มความเข้มข้นและเวลาปฏิกิริยาของคุณโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งระหว่างการออกกำลังกาย\nน้ำ * เพิ่มจำนวนแคลอรี่ที่คุณเผาระหว่างการทำกิจกรรมประจำวัน\n* น้ำสามารถช่วยลดความทุกข์กระเพาะอาหารยารักษาโรคที่มีความเข้มข้นสามารถก่อให้เกิด\nน้ำ * ช่วยให้ร่างกายกำจัดของโซเดียมส่วนเกินซึ่งอาจทำให้เกิดการเก็บน้ำ\n* การศึกษา * การแสดงระหว่างการบริโภคน้ำสูงและการลดความเสี่ยงจากโรคภัยไข้เจ็บเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ เช่นหวัด, ท้องผูกและการติดเชื้อทางเดินปัสสาวะเพื่อเงื่อนไขที่รุนแรงมากขึ้นรวมทั้งก้อนนิ่วในไตและโรคมะเร็งกระเพาะปัสสาวะ\nดื่มน้ำบ่อย * ป้องกันการคายน้ำมากในหมู่เด็กและผู้ใหญ่ (การคายน้ำเป็นหนึ่งในสาเหตุสำคัญของการรับสมัครโรงพยาบาลสำหรับผู้ที่มีอายุมากกว่า 65 ปี.)\n* น้ำอาจช่วยให้คุณลดน้ำหนักและปรับปรุงลักษณะที่ปรากฏของคุณ\n* ร่างกายมักจะกระหายความผิดพลาดสำหรับ pangs ความหิวเพื่อให้ผู้คนมักจะกินของว่างเมื่อร่างกายของพวกเขามีความกระหายหิวไม่ได้ การศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่าคนที่ดื่มน้ำจำนวนมากมักจะรู้สึกหิวน้อยลง\nน้ำ * ช่วยให้คุณมีพลังงานมากขึ้นระหว่างการออกกำลังกายและเพิ่มแคลอรี่ที่คุณเผาระหว่างการออกกำลังกาย\n* การศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่าน้ำยังอาจช่วยลดไขมัน\nน้ำช่วยให้ผิว * ชุ่มชื้นทิ้งมันไว้ที่เรียบเนียนนุ่มอ่อนนุ่มมากขึ้นและอื่น ๆ ที่ปราศจากริ้วรอย (น้ำถึงผิวที่ผ่านมาถ้าร่างกายไม่ได้รับน้ำเพียงพอผิวจะรู้สึกผลกระทบเร็วกว่าอวัยวะอื่น ๆ .)\nเท่าไหร่น้ำที่คุณต้องการ?\n* ร่างกายของคุณต้องการน้ำแม้ว่าคุณจะไม่รู้สึกกระหายน้ำ\n* ในขณะที่ความต้องการส่วนบุคคลขึ้นอยู่กับปัจจัยหลายอย่างที่เป็นแนวทางทั่วไปก็คือค​​นเฉลี่ยควรดื่มระหว่าง 1.5 และ 2.5 ลิตร (ประมาณ 1.5-2.5 quarts) ทุกวัน\nเครื่องดื่มที่มีคาเฟอีน * – กาแฟ, ชา, Colas และ – จริงคายน้ำร่างกายปล้นอวัยวะโดยใช้น้ำมากขึ้นกว่าการประมวลผลที่พวกเขาให้\n* เครื่องดื่มแอลกอฮอล์ยังก่อให้เกิดการคายน้ำ\nน้ำผลไม้และเครื่องดื่ม * กีฬาดับความกระหายของร่างกาย แต่พวกเขายังอาจให้แคลอรี่ที่ไม่พึงประสงค์\n* ความหลากหลายของแหล่งที่มาถูกนำมาใช้สำหรับข้อมูลนี้รวมทั้งศูนย์ควบคุมโรค, คุณภาพน้ำสมาคมสมาคมโรคมะเร็งอเมริกันสมาคมโภชนาการอเมริกันและสมาคมหัวใจอเมริกัน (USA)\nผมคิดว่าเราทุกคนสามารถยอมรับว่าน้ำจะจัดขึ้นถัดจากออกซิเจนที่มันมาถึงความสำคัญ แต่น้ำที่เราดื่มปลอดภัยทุกวันคืออะไร? แม้ว่าจะมาในขวดมันเป็นเรื่องความปลอดภัยหรือไม่ คุณรู้ได้อย่างไร หรือเราจะใช้มันเพื่อรับ\nผมคิดว่าเราสามารถใช้สำหรับรับว่าดวงอาทิตย์จะเกิดขึ้นในวันพรุ่งนี้หรือว่ามันจะได้รับความมืดในเวลากลางคืน เรา แต่จริงๆคุณต้องการที่จะ “คิด” ว่าสิ่งที่ออกมาจากก๊อกน้ำของเรามีความปลอดภัย?\nลองดูบนอินเทอร์เน็ตที่แผนของน้ำในเขตเทศบาล หลายชุมชนในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือมีปัญหาน้ำอย่างรุนแรงที่ไม่เป็นสาธารณะจนกว่าสถานการณ์ร้ายแรงเกิดขึ้นเช่นการเจ็บป่วยหรือเสียชีวิต\nนี่คือตัวอย่างหนึ่งของผลชุมชนสำหรับการถ่ายน้ำของพวกเขาเพื่อรับ% http://www.gw.govt.nz/council-reports/pdfs 5C2002_543_8_Attach.pdf% 5Creportdocs คือ\nเราจำเป็นต้องรับผิดชอบในสิ่งที่เราใส่ในร่างกายของเราและที่มีสิ่งที่เราดื่ม\nบทความต่อไปของฉันชื่อ “วิธีการที่จะต่อสู้กลับและให้ความปลอดภัยทางน้ำของคุณ” จะแสดงวิธีการรับผิดชอบครอบครัวของคุณที่\nPrevious Previous post: อาหารเพื่อสุขภาพและอาหารที่ดีเป็นสิ่งที่คุณต้องเริ่มต้นการลดคอเลสเตอรอลของคุณ\nNext Next post: โดยการใช้สารอาหารที่เหมาะสมและวิตามินต่อมลูกหมากที่คุณสามารถช่วยให้ร่างกายของคุณในการป้องกัน cancer_", "นิยาย Kämiya ✖ THEME V.2 > ตอนที่ 34 : Russian Roulette [Red Velvet] : Dek-D.com - Writer\nตอนที่ 34 : Russian Roulette [Red Velvet]\n<div style=\"position: fixed; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; padding: 2px; font-size: 14px !important;\"> <a href=\"http://my.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=1471996\" target=\"_blank\">K A M I Y A</a> </div> <style name=\"thanyapit114\" type=\"text/css\"> body{ background:#ddf0ff!important; background-repeat:repeat; background-position:center!important; background-attachment:fixed!important; } div#main.clear{ background:none!important; } .writer-section-body,.publishWrap,.story, #big_head,.content, #content_name,.box03,.box06,.box04_page, .cm-box-area,.comment-tabbable .comment-tabs .active button, .cm-box-area .member,.cm-box-area .guest,.reviews01, .reviews02,.more_review{ background:#fff!important; border:none!important; } .head1{ background:#ff729f!important; border:none!important; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; border-radius: 0px; } p#big_text{ color:#fefefe!important; font-family:tahoma; 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background-position:center!important; } </style> <style name=\"delete\" type=\"text/css\"> /***ลบบางอย่างออกไป***/ #head{display:none!important;} /*ลบแถบ Writer เหนือชื่อบทความ*/ #sec-head,.banner_menu,.menulist{display:none!important;} /*ลบหมวดนิยายเหนือแถบ Writer*/ #google_ads_comment1{display:none!important;} /*ลบโฆษณาที่แทรกระหว่างคอมเม้นท์*/ p>a>img{display:none!important;} /*ลบแบนเนอร์นิยายใต้กล่องคอมเม้นท์*/ .app-footer{display:none!important;} /*ลบข้อตกลง/เงื่อนไขการใช้งาน*/ .accord-big{display:none!important;} /*ลบแถบเด็กดี Copyright ล่างสุดของบทความ*/ .box01{display:none!important;} /*ลบแถบค้นหาบทความใต้รายชื่อตอนย่อย*/ .box01{display:none!important;} /*ลบแถบค้นหาบทความใต้รายชื่อตอนย่อย*/ .toolbar-container{box-shadow:none!important;border:none!important;} .toolbar-user-menu{box-shadow:none!important;border:none!important;} img.tb-user-thumb{border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;} div>div>div { background:none!important; } .toolbar-menu-item{ box-shadow:none!important;border-right:none!important; } /*ลบ\"ข้อมูลเบื้องต้นของเรื่องนี้\"-Sakurai Winter*/ div.story .desc_head { display: none; } /*ลบอ่านตอนนี้เลย*/ .chapter-item { border-bottom: none !important; } /*betting-bet*/ /*ลบอ่านตอนนี้เลย*/ .action-view-link .call-to-action { display: none; } /*betting-bet*/ .desc_head,#content_name{ display:none!important; }</style>\n#214 wanwan2549 (@wansai2549) (จากตอนที่ 34)\nวันที่ 29 สิงหาคม 2561 / 20:54\n#212 Jkiop369 (@Notys_123) (จากตอนที่ 34)", "เรียนภาษาเยอรมัน วันที่ 7 – Thai Women Living Abroad\nสวัสดีค่ะ วันนี้เรามาเรียนเรื่อง คำนำหน้านาม กันค่ะ มันคือคำที่เขาจะวางไว้หน้าคำนาม มีทั้งแบบเจาะจงชี้ชัดว่าเป็นอันไหน และแบบไม่เจาะจง คือ อันไหนก็ได้ แล้วก็ต่อด้วยหน้าที่ของคำนามเลยค่ะ ในภาษาไทยเราไม่มีแบบนี้ มาดูรายละเอียดกันเลยค่ะ\nก่อนจะเลือกคำนำหน้านามที่ถูกต้องให้กับคำนามได้ เราต้องรู้ก่อนว่า คำนามคำนั้นมีเพศอะไรด้วยนะคะ คราวที่แล้วเราเรียนเรื่องเพศของคำนามกันไปแล้ว ถ้าจำไม่ได้ก็กลับไปทบทวนก่อนนะคะ ถ้าเราคิดว่าเราเลือกคำนำหน้านามได้ถูกต้องแล้ว ลองมาเช็คกับเวปไซต์นี้ดูค่ะ ว่าเราเลือกได้ถูกต้องไหม\nSun – Leo: Ubersetzung\nพิมพ์คำศัพท์ที่เราอยากรู้เป็นภาษาอังกฤษหรือเยอรมันลงไปในช่องขาวตามรูป แล้วกด enter ที่คีย์บอร์ด แล้วเว็บนี้ เขาจะโชว์คำนำหน้านามที่ถูกต้องให้เราดูค่ะ เหมือนมีครูส่วนตัวช่วยสอนในยามที่เราต้องการและฟรีด้วยค่ะ 🤩\nตอนนี้ไปที่ยูทูป แล้วพิมพ์คำว่า Regeln für Artikel im Deutschen หมายถึงกฏเกณฑ์เกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านาม และ Die 4 Fälle หมายถึง หน้าที่ของคำนามทั้ง 4 แบบค่ะ ไล่ดูไปทีละวิดีโอ ยาขอให้ทุกคนเรียนกันอย่างสนุกสนานค่ะ\nApril 9, 2019 Trevor Bideพูดภาษาเยอรมัน, อ่านภาษาเยอรมัน, เขียนภาษาเยอรมัน, เรียนภาษาเยอรมัน, เรียนภาษาเยอรมันวันที่ 7\nOne thought on “เรียนภาษาเยอรมัน วันที่ 7”\nPingback: เรียนภาษาเยอรมัน วันที่ 6-10 – Thai Women Living Abroad\nPrevious Previous post: เรียนภาษาอิตาลี วันที่ 7\nNext Next post: ชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ในประเทศฝรั่งเศส บทสัมภาษณ์น่าอ่านจากคนไทย", "เพลง detskaya konopushki วิดีโอ - ใครเป็นผู้ลบจุดเลเซอร์บน\nใจกังวล : ธัญญ่า อาร์ สยาม [Official MV] ผิวคล้ำในผิวหนังของใบหน้าที่จะทำ\nครีมราคาถูกและมีประสิทธิภาพของจุดเม็ดสี ฝ้ากระจูบทูตสวรรค์, ครีมรูปภาพหนังคล้ำ ผิวขาวที่ดีที่สุดสูตร. เกาหลีเป็นฝ้ากระ จากสิ่งที่บางคนมีกระ, วิชีไวท์เทนนิ่งครีมหน้าความคิดเห็น ที่ถูกปกคลุมด้วยตาคล้ำฝ้ากระหรือบาง.\nHolly Dolly /// Dolly Song ( Ieva's polka ) ไวท์เทนนิ่งครีม Siberika\nโทนสีครีมที่ zamazhet จุดเม็ดสี จุดด่างดำบนใบหน้าและการกำจัดของพวกเขา, รากชะเอมของจุดเม็ดสี จุดบนว่า. เลเซอร์ resurfacing ฝ้ากระบนใบหน้า สูตรส่วนผสมสำหรับคนจุดอายุ, ยอดนางแบบที่มีจุดเม็ดสี wraps จุดเม็ดสี.\nเพลงสำหรับทำวิดีโอครบรอบ ♡ เรตินมือขวาผิวครีมไวท์เทนนิ่งครีมลดน้ำหนัก เพลง detskaya konopushki วิดีโอ\nครีมของจุดเม็ดสีสำหรับเด็ก จุดด่างดำบนใบหน้าหน้ากากของกาแฟ, วิธีการกำจัดฝ้ากระบนใบหน้าของเขาที่บ้าน เซรั่มวิชี idealia ของจุดเม็ดสี. Tonalynыy dlya pigmentnыh pyaten มีจุดและมีอาการคันที่ว่ามันคืออะไร, ผิวคล้ำและครีม skinoren ชื่อครีมไวท์เทนนิ่ง.\nเพลงญี่ปุ่นน่ารักๆ V.1 Japanese love song [kawai] บอดี้ทำไม konopushki\nปอกเปลือกเพื่อลบฝ้ากระ aloэคนผิวคล้ำ dlya, ซึ่งมีจุดด่างดำบนใบหน้า ไวท์เทนนิ่งครีมจากหิมะขาว. Vesnushki ลูกวัววิธี izbavitysya ครีมจากริ้วรอยและผิวคล้ำ, ฝ้ากระแข่งขัน 2015 โซดาและมะนาวผิวขาว.\nน้องสิดีกว่าเขาหลายอ้ายเชื่อโลด - เจี๊ยบ กนกพร ท็อปไลน์ [OFFICIAL MV] ครีม pigmentatsiy ไปแล้ว เพลง detskaya konopushki วิดีโอ\nPigmentnoe pyatno Vokrug Schrama ข้อเสนอแนะจากเปลือกครีมฝ้ากระและจุดด่างอายุ, Celandine จุดอายุบนหลังของเขา แสดงให้เห็นว่ากลุ่มของฝ้ากระ. จุดและเนื้องอก วิธีที่ดีที่สุดเพื่อลบจุดอายุบนใบหน้า, วิธีการกำจัดฝ้ากระ ครีมฟอกสี achromin ก่อนและหลัง.\nแนะนำ เพลงลูกทุ่งเพราะๆซึ้งๆ ไม่จำกัดค่าย✔ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นไปได้ที่จะเอาชนะรอยสักบนฝ้ากระ\nจุดบนใบหน้าของสีแดง กระชั้นนำและ kipyatosha, เพราะมีจุดด่างดำ ถ้าท้องตั้งครรภ์เป็นจุดด่างดำ. ฝ้ากระที่มีความสวยงามใช่ไม่ใช่ bodyaga จุดอายุบนใบหน้า, ดิ้นรนกับกระ หน้ากาก dlya แสง vesnushek.\ntechno dance party music วิธี Vive pigmentnыe pyatna\nKonopushki หัวเราะแฟนทั้งหมด ฉันจะได้รับฝ้ากระบนใบหน้า, เลเซอร์ลอกหน้าด้วยผิวคล้ำ Celandine จุดอายุบนใบหน้าของสูตร. ครีมที่ดีที่สุดกับกระ ครีมและครีมจุดบนใบหน้า, รูปภาพสาว ๆ สีแดงที่มีฝ้ากระและตาสีเขียว ถ้าผู้หญิงที่มีฝ้ากระและผมหยิกมีพ่อ.\nเสียงประกอบวีดีโอเพราะๆ (music 2015) ความคิดเห็นของสูตรการฟอกสีครีมจากคุณยาย Agafia เพลง detskaya konopushki วิดีโอ\nลบจุดอายุจากใบหน้าของห้องโดยสาร การกำจัดของ pigmentary คราบ Almaty เลเซอร์, ครีมไวท์เทนนิ่งใบหน้า แก้ไขจุดอายุนิ่ง. ไวท์เทนนิ่งร่างกายสิวผิว ไฝครีมฟอกสี, กระในคณะละครสัตว์ สารสกัดจากรากชะเอมของจุดเม็ดสี.\nItro & Tobu - Cloud 9 [NCS Release] มูลนิธิหรือผงกระ\nวอลนัทกับจุดอายุ หน้ากากจุดผิวคล้ำ, จุดด่างดำบนผิวด้วยการเดินเท้า เด็กกระกลุ่มแสดง. ผิว chuvstvitelynaya และ vesnushki ฝ้ากระจุดด่างอายุการกำจัด, ฝ้ากระแต่งหน้าวิดีโอ เป็นเวลา 1 วันเพื่อกำจัดฝ้ากระ.\nไม่มีใครรักฉันได้เหมือนเธอ ฝ้ากระทั้งมวลใน Yar Udmurtia\nขาวกระจ่างใสในขาหนีบ ลบจุดอายุการใช้เปอร์ออกไซด์, ทั้งหมด sonnik ใบหน้าตกกระ การรักษาของจุดเม็ดสี Voronezh. จุดเม็ดสีที่ภาพผิว ดวงตาสีเขียว, สีดำฝ้ากระคิ้ว, บุคคล omolozhenie และ otbelivanie ผิวคล้ำบนใบหน้าของหินน้ำดี.", "ธรรมะ: ทุกขัง\nเขียนโดย เพียงแค่ แสงหนึ่ง ที่ 08:40", "กระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60 - ซื้อ กระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60 ทางออนไลน์ จัดส่งฟรี\n/ ราคา: $50.01 - $60 ลบตัวกองรทั้งหมด\nสีดำ (37)\nสีแดง (25)\nบลู (23)\nสีเหลือง (19)\nสีชมพู (14)\nไวน์ (9)\nสีเบจ (8)\nสีม่วง (8)\nสีขาว (6)\nสีฟ้าอ่อน (6)\nสีน้ำเงินเข้ม (3)\nรอยัลบลู (3)\nเอมเมอรัลด์ (3)\nสีเทาเข้ม (1)\nกุหลาบทอง (1)\nสีทึบ (20)\nสบาย ๆ (3)\nผู้ใหญ่ (2)\nสำนักงานเลดี้ (2)\nเซ็กซี่ (1)\nฤดูใบไม้ร่วง (6)\nฤดูใบไม้ผลิ (5)\nกระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60\nเราพบ 105 กระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60: 1 - 60\nกระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60 ออนไลน์\nการจัดส่งฟรี กระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60\nซื้อ กระเป๋าและรองเท้า ภายใต้ $60 ออนไลน์\n56532 หนังเป้ด้านซิปรายละเอียดสองซิปบนปิดปรับสาย\nหนังคุณภาพดี ปิดซิปด้านบน รายละเอียดของซิปด้านข้าง สายสะพายปรับได้ ตัวเลือกสีแฟชั่น ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ แซฟไฟร์ โกลเด้น เบอร์กันดี โรส เหลืองสีน้ำตาล วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ ฝ้าย .. $51.29\n56528 ไดมอนด์สตรีผ้าหนังเป้สองซิปปิดสามารถปรับสายรัด\nแบ่งเป้หนังสไตล์คลาสสิค รูปแบบการเดินลายเพชร ปิดซิปด้านบน สายคู่ปรับ ตัวเลือกสีแฟชั่น ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำเงินเข้ม เบอร์กันดี เขียวเข้ม สีน้ำตาลอมเหลือง พลัม วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ.. $53.89\n56236 ผู้ชายหนังต่อสู้รองเท้ากันน้ำทนสวมใส่ซิปข้างเท้าเหล็ก\nสีดำเย็นต่อสู้รองเท้าสำหรับผู้ชาย แยกหนังบน ใส่ทน กันน้ำ เท้าเหล็ก ทันสมัย และทนทาน ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าผู้ชาย แบบจำลอง W463 สี สีดำ วัสดุด้านบน .. $56.79\n56525 กระเป๋าเป้หนังแยกหญิงไข่มุกออกแบบคู่สามารถปรับสาย\nหนังแยกวัสดุ ออกแบบสีทึบ กระเป๋าหลายสำหรับสิ่งจำเป็นสำหรับส่วนบุคคล สายคู่ปรับ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ แซฟไฟร์ กุหลาบ โกลเด้น burgundy สีเขียวน้ำทะเล วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ ฝ้าย .. $51.29\n56520 ผู้หญิงสี่เหลี่ยมแนวตั้งซิปเป้ซิปหน้ากระเป๋าสะพายสาย\nคุณภาพสูงวัสดุ cowhide ออกแบบสีทึบ ซิป-ใกล้ปิด สีสิบตัว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีเหลือง สีชมพู เบอร์กันดี โรส เขียวเข้ม สีม่วง แซฟไฟร์ สีน้ำเงินเข้ม เบจ วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ ฝ้าย .. $51.29\n56537 ซิปด้านหนังเป้สีทึบออกด้านหัวสายรายละเอียด\nหนังทนทานแยก ปิดซิป ภายในกระเป๋า สายสะพายคู่ที่เปลี่ยนแปลงได้ มีหลายตัวเลือกสีแฟชั่น ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีเขียว สีดำ สีน้ำตาล burgundy กองทัพเรือ กุหลาบเหลือง วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ .. $53.89\n8544 สุด Mens Casual หนังในหนังชั้นแรก + Khaki\nCode:shoe1025 ตราสินค้า: HORDINTINO เพศ: ชาย ลักษณะเท้า: กลม ปิดชนิด: Lacing วัสดุด้านบน: ตาข่าย วัสดุรองเท้าด้านล่าง:ยาง วัสดุซับ: ฝ้าย สี: สีน้ำตาลเข้ม น้ำตาลอ่อน Khaki Size: 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 คุณลักษณะ: จักรเย็บผ้า ลักษณะ: สบาย ๆ ฤดูกาล: ฤดูใบไม้ผลิ ฤดูใ.. $53.34\n44908 รองเท้าเดินป่า Cowhide ผู้ชายข้างปิดซิปรอบเท้ารองเท้ายุทธวิธี\nสายลูกไม้ปิดด้านหน้าคลาสสิค ข้างซิปปิดง่าย และปิด มีสองตัวเลือกสี ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้า hiker แบบจำลอง M-Climbing-shoes019 ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีเบจ วัสดุด้านบน Cowhide วัสดุซับ ตาข่าย ผลิตแต่เพียงผ.. $58.59\n32331 รองเท้าผู้ใหญ่สายไฟแบนราคากลางปูบน Vamp ยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวสีทึบ\n2 ตัวเลือกสี: สีขาว สีน้ำเงิน ไฟสะดุดตาค่ารองเท้าสำหรับผู้ใหญ่ ฟื้นฟูสีทึบ รองเท้าส้นแบนสบาย ยางทนทานแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า สตรีแสงสบาย ๆ ค่ารองเท้า แบรนด์ Tumina แบบจำลอง T-555 ประเภท อ่อนค่ารองเ.. $53.18\n56522 หน้าเป้ Cowhide สตรีทอลายกระเป๋าเปียเน้นซิปปิด\nวัสดุ cowhide แยก ทอลายด้านหน้ากระเป๋า มีซิปปิด ตัวเลือกสี สายปรับได้ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีฟ้าสีดำ สีม่วง สีเหลือง สีดำ burgundy สีน้ำตาล วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ ฝ้าย รูปร่าง .. $51.29\n56536 ผู้หญิงหนังเป้จระเข้นูนด้านหน้ากระเป๋าซิปปิด\nหนังคุณภาพดี ออกแบบสีทึบชี ปิดซิปด้านบน พ็อกเก็ต zippered ปกปิด สายคู่ปรับ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้หนัง ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำเงิน สีดำ สีน้ำตาล เหลืองส้ม ดอกกุหลาบ เบอร์กันดี วัสดุ แบ่ง cowhide วัสดุซับ ฝ้าย .. $51.29\n61612 กระเป๋าสตรีกระเป๋าหลายภายในสไตล์วินเทจหนังแท้\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้สะพายหลัง เพศ ผู้หญิง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำตาล วัสดุ หนังแท้ รูปแบบ สีทึบ รหัสสินค้า BHZ170109BA มิติและน้ำหนัก มิติ ขนาด 24 ซม. x 13 ซม. x 29 ซม. ความย.. $53.79\n60896 ผู้หญิงเหนือเข่ารองเท้าดำ PU หนังต้นขาสูงรองเท้าส้นสูง\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าบูท เพศ ผู้หญิง สี สีดำ บนวัสดุ PU ซับ PU วัสดุเดียว ยาง รูปแบบ สีทึบ นิ้วเท้า รอบ ความสูงของรองเท้า เหนือเข่า ความสูงพื้น 4.5 ซม. .. $51.49\n60131 ผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังแท้ซิปปิดช่องบัตรหลาย ด้วยสาย\nปิดซิป บัตรหลายช่อง วัสดุหนังแท้ ออกแบบสายคล้องสะดวก ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ กระเป๋าสตางค์ สี สีเหลือง วัสดุ หนังแท้ ปิด ซิป รูปแบ.. $50.99\n45212 เดินป่ากันข้อเท้ารองเท้าผู้ชายแท้หนังสีบนบล็อกออก\nรองเท้าบู๊ทนี้ hiker ทันสมัย และสะดวกสบาย หนังด้านบนออกแบบกันน้ำ สายลูกไม้ปิดด้านหน้าคลาสสิค ยางทนทานแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้า hiker แบบจำลอง M-Climbing-shoes024 ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำเงิน ฟ้า khaki สีเทา วัสดุ.. $53.69\n42378 สีบล็อกผ้าเป้หัวรายละเอียดหนังแผ่นพับสายปรับได้\nเป้นี้จะสลัก มีผืนผ้าใบเพื่อสร้างลักษณะโบราณ แผ่นพับรายละเอียด cowhide หัว สะดวกสบายสามารถปรับความกว้างไหล่ straps ช่องกว้างขวางสามารถเก็บปัจจัยของคุณทั้งหมด มีสีเทาแดง khaki สีน้ำเงิน และสีดำ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้ ตัวเลือกสี สีแดง.. $51.79\n34629 รองเท้าผู้ชาย Cowhide ข้อเท้าขูดรีดหน้าลูกไม้ขึ้นหมากฝรั่งที่มีเส้นบรรทัดยางรอบเท้าแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\nส้นแบนทำให้เท้าของคุณที่ง่าย ปัดเศษtoe และการออกแบบสีทึบ บุขนแกะมีความสะดวก สบาย ลื่นกาวยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวเป็นที่สุดทนทาน Cowhide vamp รู้สึกนุ่ม และมีความทนทานซูเปอร์ หน้าขึ้นลูกไม้อินเทรนด์และเย็บด้านบนเก็บตามสมัย ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า รองเท้าข้อเท.. $50.68\n17630 ชุดเดินป่าหลายช่อง 40L Hasky กับนกหวีดปลอดภัยบนสายสะพาย\nลักษณะการทำงาน ชื่อสินค้า ชุดเดินป่า แบบจำลอง CY-1122 แบรนด์ Hasky ตัวเลือกสี ดำมะกอกหญิงโสเภณี,, สีแดง ผ้า ผ้าไนล่อน ripstop นำเข้า ระบบการถือครอง ขึ้นอยู่กับอุปกรณ์หลัก ระบบถือครองนี้แข็งแรง และคลาสสิกมีความสะดวกสบายแล.. $57.69\n34156 หนังนิ่มคัตเอาท์ดอกไม้แพลตฟอร์มรองเท้ายาว 10 ซมส้นกริช Peep เท้ายางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\nVamp คัตเอาท์ดอกไม้งดงามและเพลา รองเท้าส้นสูงเซ็กซี่กริชและเท้า peep ซับปูเรียบ เครื่องประดับหน้าสายลูกไม้เก๋ไก๋ ดึงสะดวกในการปิด Wearable ยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า รองเท้ายาวคัตเอาท์ดอกไม้ .. $50.89\n62202 ถุง Duffle วัสดุพีวีซีกระบอกทรงสัปดาห์ถุงสีบล็อกกระเป๋าเดินทาง\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด Duffle ท่องเที่ยว ตัวเลือกสี #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8 วัสดุ พีวีซี ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ รูปแบบ บล็อกสี ปิด ซิป รหัสสินค้า BHZ170157BA มิติและน้ำหนัก มิติ ข.. $50.89\n61836 ผู้หญิงแบบสวมรองเท้าไม่มีส้นหนังแท้บนยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวขนตัดออก\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าไม่มีส้น เพศ ผู้หญิง ตัวเลือกสี สีแดง สีดำ สีเงิน บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ วัสดุเดียว ยาง รูปแบบ สีทึบ นิ้วเท้า นิ้วเท้ารอบ ปิด ใบบน รหัสสินค้า BHZ170077SH .. $51.49\n61424 ผู้ชายรองเท้าฤดูหนาวหนังนิ่มตุ๊กตาบนเรียงรายรองเท้าส้นแบนข้อเท้าเชือก\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าบูท เพศ ผู้ชาย ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำเงิน สีน้ำตาล สีเทา บนวัสดุ หนังนิ่ม วัสดุเดียว ยาง ซับ ตุ๊กตา รูปแบบ สีทึบ นิ้วเท้า นิ้วเท้ารอบ ความสูงของรองเท้า ค.. $59.59\n61359 แพ็คเอวผ้าใบผู้ชายเดินเอวกระเป๋าสายรัดปรับระดับกระเป๋าซิป\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด แพ็คเอว เพศ ผู้ชาย ตัวเลือกสี มะกอก สีน้ำตาล สีดำ สีกากี วัสดุ ผืนผ้าใบ ปิด ซิป ชุดประกอบด้วย 1 ชิ้น รหัสสินค้า BHZ170053BA มิติและน้ำหนัก มิติ ขนาด 15 ซม. x.. $57.69\n61345 ด้านบนจับ Briefcase PU สำหรับผู้ชายซิปปิดธุรกิจน้ำตาลและดำถุง\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ กระเป๋าเอกสาร ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำตาล วัสดุ PU วัสดุบุ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ปิด ปิดซิป รูปแบบ สีทึบ สายคล้อง จับ สายคล้องไหล่ รหัสสินค้า BHZ170089BA มิติและน.. $56.79\n61146 รองเท้า Knee-High ส้นกริชสำหรับผู้หญิงลูกปัดดอกไม้ตัดแต่งซิปด้านข้างนิ้วเท้ารอบ\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าบูท ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีฟ้า สีน้ำตาล เพศ ผู้หญิง บนวัสดุ หนัง nubuck ทอกระเป๋า วัสดุเพลา หนัง nubuck ทอกระเป๋า ซับ ตุ๊กตาสั้น วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง วัสดุพื้.. $51.99\n60891 ผู้ชายกระเป๋าคอมพิวเตอร์ถุง USB ชาร์จสนับสนุนด้านกาต้มน้ำออกแบบกระเป๋า\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้สะพายหลังของคอมพิวเตอร์ เพศ ผู้ชาย ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีเทา วัสดุ ไนลอน ผ้า oxford ลักษณะการทำงาน สนับสนุนการชาร์จผ่าน USB ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ รูปแบบ สีทึบ ปิด ซิ.. $55.99\n60828 ผู้ชายสีดำรองเท้าบู้เดียวยางเชือกหน้าเท้ารอบหนังวัวแท้\nหนังวัวแท้เรียบ และทนทาน ในคลาสสิกสีดำเพื่อเพิ่มสัมผัสที่หรูหรา หน้าลูกไม้ขึ้นสะดวก ซับหนาพิเศษป้องกันความสะดวกสบายในฤดูหนาว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าบูท เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ หนังวัว วัสดุเพลา หนังวัว ซ.. $53.39\n49650 แพลตฟอร์มซ่อนกริชข้อเท้ารองเท้ารอบปิดซิปด้านข้างเท้า\nให้คุณดูโดดเด่นอย่างแท้จริงในรองเท้าบู๊ทข้อเท้าแพลตฟอร์มซ่อนนี้แห่งส้นกริชยกพิเศษ ปิดซิปด้านข้างสะดวก รองเท้าบู๊ทข้อเท้าแกะให้เลือกสีดำ khaki หรืออมม่วง ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าข้อเท้า แบบจำลอง 1122-2 ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ khaki เบอร์กั.. $56.89\n47662 งูเหลือมทองพิมพ์รองเท้าหน้ากรงหลายสายออกแบบกริชชี้เท้า\nออกแบบได้แรงบันดาลใจกรงพัก พิมพ์งูเซ็กซี่ ปิดซิปด้านง่าย ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้า แบบจำลอง LSDN-1107 สี ทอง วัสดุด้านบน หนังแกะ วัสดุแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ยาง รูปร่างเท้า ชี้ ส้นชนิด ส.. $59.29\n45799 ผู้หญิงหนังชี้ข้อเท้ารองเท้า Pull-On ส้นกริชยืดหยุ่นด้าน\nขั้นตอนการออกแฟชั่นเก๋ไก๋กับข้อเท้าเหล่านี้ชี้รองเท้ามีส้นกริชยกพิเศษ ปิด pull-on มียางยืดด้านข้างให้ง่ายเปิด/ปิด ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าข้อเท้า แบบจำลอง GAOGEN10024 สี สีดำ .. $58.58\n45190 ผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังเดินป่ารองเท้า Perforated ปิดสายลูกไม้ด้านหน้าเท้า\nหนังแท้และตาข่ายด้านบน ด้วยเท้า perforated หน้าลูกไม้สายคลาสสิก ดอกยางทนทานแต่เพียงผู้เดียว กลับดึงแท็บ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้า hiker แบบจำลอง M-Climbing-shoes022 ตัวเลือกสี สีส้ม สีเทา วัสดุด้านบน หนังแท้ตาข่าย .. $51.19\n44335 หนังจระเข้นูนขึ้น Satchel ปีกเหล็กจัดรายละเอียด\nสายคล้องไหล่ที่ถอดออกได้ รายละเอียดปีกเก๋ จระเข้เย็นลายดุน วัสดุหนังแท้คุณภาพ กระเป๋าภายในสะดวก ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำเงิน burgundy สีดำสีม่วง สีดำ สีน้ำเงินสีเขียว .. $51.19\n44325 หนังแท้ถุงหิ้วซิปบนปิดสะสมจับทางที่ห้อยอยู่เน้นเสน่ห์\nปิดซิปสุดคลาสสิก รายละเอียดเสน่ห์ทางที่ห้อยอยู่ด้วย วัสดุหนังแท้คุณภาพ กระเป๋าภายในสะดวก ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด ถุงหิ้ว ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำเงิน สีดำ เบอร์กันดี แตงโม สี ดำ ม่วง วัสดุ หนั.. $51.19\n44321 จระเข้นูนหนัง Satchel ฮาร์ดแวร์สีทองด้านหน้าสายรายละเอียด\nปิดซิปเก๋สุด จระเข้เย็นลายดุน หนังแท้วัสดุ ผ้าซับใน กระเป๋าภายในสะดวก ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำเงิน อมม่วง สีน้ำเงิน ม่วง วัสดุ หนังแท้ .. $50.31\n44303 จระเข้นูน Satchel หนังสะสมจับ Filigree รายละเอียด\nรายละเอียด filigree วินเทจ จระเข้เย็นลายดุน หนังแท้วัสดุ ผ้าซับใน จัดระเบียบกระเป๋าสะดวกภายในที่เก็บสิ่งของคุณทุกวัน ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำเงิน ส้ม อมม่วง สีน้ำเงิน ม่วง .. $50.31\n44301 ด้านไปรษณีย์ Satchel กระเป๋าด้านหน้าจัดแม่เหล็กฮาร์ดแวร์สีทองรายละเอียดจัดการ\nออกแบบมินิมัลลิสต์ที่สดชื่น คุณภาพ cowhide วัสดุ ผ้าซับใน จัดระเบียบกระเป๋าสะดวกภายในที่เก็บสิ่งของคุณทุกวัน ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีน้ำเงิน สีเหลือง รีแลกซ์ สีน้ำเงิน เบอร์กันดี .. $50.31\n44300 จระเข้หนังนูนขึ้น Satchel ซิปสีทองพู่เน้นสะสมจับ\nจระเข้เย็นลายดุน วัสดุคอมโพสิต cowhide เก๋พู่และไปรษณีย์รายละเอียด จัดระเบียบกระเป๋าเลยภายในการเก็บสิ่งของคุณทุกวัน ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำเงิน ดำ ม่วง เขียวเหลือง สีน้ำเง.. $50.31\n44298 สะสมจับซับผ้าฝ้าย Mercerized กระเป๋า Satchel หนังบล็อกสี\nรายละเอียดบริการเพิ่มเติม ปิดซิปสุดคลาสสิก ออกแบบบล็อกสีสดชื่น จัดระเบียบกระเป๋าสะดวกภายในที่เก็บสิ่งของคุณทุกวัน 2 ตัวเลือกสี: สีน้ำตาล สีส้ม ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋า satchel ตัวเลือกสี สีน้ำตาล .. $50.31\n36427 กระเป๋าเป้หนัง Cowhide แยกอเนกประสงค์โดยปิดซิปรอบ\nพรีเมี่ยมนี้แบ่งเป้หนัง cowhide ในตัวสีดำ สีเบจ citrine หรือ mallow มีความคล่องตัวดี สายสะพายถอดออกได้ และปรับให้เป็นทั้งกระเป๋าสะพายและกระเป๋าเป้แฟชั่น เป้นี้ทำงานแบบซิปรอบปิดช่องหลักมีขนาดใหญ่และพ็อกเก็ต zippered กลับให้สิ่งของที่ ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า .. $52.15\n34778 ชายระบาย Pigskin Suede รองเท้าลูกไม้ขึ้นหน้าหนังเรียงรายยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\n2 สีตัวเลือก: แดง ช็อคโกแลต รูปแบบพรีเมี่ยม brogue แห่งนี้เน้นสไตล์วินเทจ สีขาวยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวดูสดชื่น และเพิ่มความปลอดภัย Heelputs แบนสบายเท้าของคุณที่ง่าย แตกขาว shoelaces และ airholes ระบายออกเสร็จสมบูรณ์ Vamp คุณภาพ pigskin หนังกลับและหนังซับให้คุณมากกว่าความสะดวกสบา.. $52.98\n33049 ข้อเท้าหนังผู้ชายรองเท้าลูกไม้สายหน้ายางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวรอบเท้าสตั๊ด\n3 ตัวเลือกสี: เหลือง น้ำตาลสีน้ำตาล สีน้ำตาลเข้ม หน้าขึ้นลูกไม้อินเทรนด์และ studs หนัง vamp ลื่นยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า คน ' รองเท้าข้อเท้าหนัง s แบรนด์ Enllerviid แบบจำลอง 757 ประเภท รองเท้าบู๊ทสั้น ตั.. $56.99\n22355 หญิงแพลตฟอร์มต่ำดำ Booties Peep เท้าโบว์รายละเอียดส้นกริชตัดออก\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชื่อสินค้า หญิงแพลตฟอร์มต่ำดำ booties แบบจำลอง KAMY-049 สี สีดำ วัสดุด้านบน หนัง cowhide ซับ ซับหนัง วัสดุแต่เพียงผู้เดียว ยางทน Outsole วัสดุ ยาง รายละเอียดวัสดุ ลูกไม้ ส้นสูง/ชนิด กริช 12 ซม. .. $55.07\n10838 กระเป๋า Satchel หนังเคลือบ ด้วย Suede แพทช์มณีฮาร์ดแวร์อร่อยเน้น\nประเภทผลิตภัณฑ์ รหัสสินค้า: 1586 ถุง ชนิด: Satchel กระเป๋าสะพาย รายการ: Zippered ปิด ตัวเลือกสี: สีดำ แชมเปญ กุหลาบ สีเบจ บ๊วย บลู เพศ: หญิง รูปร่าง: หมอน วัสดุ: PU ความแข็ง: ซอฟท์ โครงสร้างภายใน: กระเป๋าซิปหลัง x 1 1 x ผมใส่ ช่องโทรศัพท์ x 1 ใส่เหรียญ x 1 ขนาด: ความยาว 30 ซม.. $52.06\n8595 รองเท้าบุรุษสีน้ำตาลหนังระบายอากาศเครื่องมือ\nCode：shoe1036 ตราสินค้า: HORDINTINO เพศ: ชาย ลักษณะเท้า: กลม ปิดชนิด: สไตล์บูต วัสดุด้านบน: Cowhide วัสดุรองเท้าด้านล่าง:ยาง ซับวัสดุ: หนังกลับ สี: สีดำ สีน้ำตาล Size: 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 คุณลักษณะ: จักรเย็บผ้า ลักษณะ: สบาย ๆ ฤดูกาล: ฤดูหนาว ลักษณะ: ขับรถรอง.. $55.33\n62235 ผู้หญิงเป้สะพายหลังหนังแกะนุ่มวัสดุหมุดประดับปิดซิป\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด กระเป๋าเป้สะพายหลัง เพศ ผู้หญิง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีแดงม่วง สีเงิน สีเทา วัสดุ หนังแกะ ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ รูปแบบ สีทึบ ปิด ซิป รหัสสินค้า BHZ170136BA มิติและน้ำห.. $58.49\n63914 แสับปะรดสตรีรูปทรงกระเป๋าถือกระเป๋าสะพายไหล่แฟชั่นตัด\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ กระเป๋าสะพาย/กระเป๋าสะพาย ตัวเลือกสี สีเขียว สีเขียว สีส้ม สีชมพู สีกากี สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้หญิง วัสดุ PU ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์มือถือ รายล.. $51.69\n63697 ผู้ชายหนังข้อเท้าเชือกรองเท้า Pigskin/ตุ๊กตา บุรองเท้านิ้วเท้ารอบ\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าบูท ตัวเลือกสี #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8 เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide เลือกซับ Pigskin ตุ๊กตา วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ตุ๊กตา วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง ส้น.. $54.99\n63678 ผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังแท้ Messenger กระเป๋าสายรัดปรับระดับกระเป๋าสะพายข้าง\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ กระเป๋า ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำตาลอ่อน ปก สีน้ำตาล สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้ชาย วัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน กระเป๋าซิป กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์มือถือ รายละเอ.. $51.79\n63676 ผู้หญิงแฟชั่นหนังกระเป๋าปิดซิปโซ่ถอดสายคล้องไหล่\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ กระเป๋าถือ ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีเขียว สีน้ำตาล สีแดง สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้หญิง วัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน ช่องใส่กระเป๋า กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์ กระเป๋าซิป .. $59.89\n63675 กระเป๋าด้านบนซิปสะพายไหล่ซองหนัง Cowhide ดำผู้หญิง\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ ซอง ตัวเลือกสี #1, #2 สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้หญิง วัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน ช่องใส่กระเป๋า กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์ กระเป๋าซิป รายละเอียดสายรัด คู.. $58.89\n63670 สตรีซองซิปถุง Cowhide หนังกระเป๋าสะพายสายสะพายถอดได้\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ ซอง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีน้ำตาล สีเทา สีม่วง สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้หญิง วัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน ช่องใส่กระเป๋า กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์ กระเป๋าซิป รา.. $54.19\n63669 ผู้หญิงหนังแท้กระเป๋าแฟชั่นซิปด้านบนกระเป๋าสีทึบ\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ ถุงหิ้ว ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีน้ำตาล สีเทา สีเขียว ไวน์ สไตล์ แฟชั่น เพศ ผู้หญิง วัสดุ หนังแท้ cowhide ซับ โพลีเอสเตอร์ ช่องภายใน ช่องใส่กระเป๋า กระเป๋าโทรศัพท์ กระเป๋าซิป .. $59.49\n63385 ผู้ชายเชือกผ้าใบรองเท้ายางกันลื่นแต่เพียงผู้เดียวดำ/น้ำเงิน/ขาว\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าผ้าใบ ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ สีฟ้า สีขาว เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ ผืนผ้าใบ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง รูปร่างเท้า นิ้วเท้ารอบ ปิด ลูกไม้ขึ้น สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก ป้องกันกา.. $59.99\n63355 ผู้ชายดำแพลตฟอร์มรองเท้าแตะหนังแท้วัสดุ Velcro ปิดเปิดนิ้วเท้า\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าแตะ สี สีดำ สไตล์ สบาย ๆ เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า Pigskin วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า EVA ลักษณะนิ้วเท้า เปิดนิ้วเท้า ปิด Velcro .. $55.89\n63353 ผู้ชายหนังแท้รองเท้าแตะแบบสวมปิดเปิดนิ้วเท้าข้อเท้าสายดำ/น้ำตาล\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าแตะ ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำตาล เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ ซับ PU วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า PU วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า PU ลักษณะนิ้วเท้า เปิดนิ้วเท้า ปิด แบบสว.. $54.79\n63352 ผู้ชายหนังแท้รองเท้าสไตล์วินเทจเท้าแหวนออกแบบดำ/น้ำตาล\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิดผลิตภัณฑ์ รองเท้าแตะ ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ น้ำตาล สไตล์ วินเทจ เพศ ผู้ชาย บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง ลักษณะนิ้วเท้า เปิดนิ้วเท้า ปิด แบบสวม รูปแบบ สีทึ.. $55.79\n63217 ผู้หญิงบล็อกรองเท้ารัดส้นสูงสี่เหลี่ยมบนหนังแท้เท้างอโค้งสายรัด\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าแตะ เพศ ผู้หญิง ตัวเลือกสี สีดำ ขาว บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า หนังสังเคราะห์ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง รูปร่างเท้า ตารางนิ้วเท้า ชนิดส้น บล็อกส้น ปิ.. $53.49\n63214 สตรีรองเท้าแตะแพลตฟอร์มเปิดนิ้วเท้างอโค้งรายละเอียด Rhinestones สายรัดข้อเท้า\nข้อมูลจำเพาะ ชนิด รองเท้าแตะ เพศ ผู้หญิง ตัวเลือกสี สีเทา สีเขียว บนวัสดุ หนังแท้ วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า Pigskin วัสดุพื้นรองเท้า ยาง ลักษณะนิ้วเท้า เปิดนิ้วเท้า ชนิดส้น แพลตฟอร์ม ป.. $50.99\nหนังเป้ด้านซิปรายละเอียดสองซิปบนปิดปรับสาย\nไดมอนด์สตรีผ้าหนังเป้สองซิปปิดสามารถปรับสายรัด\nผู้ชายหนังต่อสู้รองเท้ากันน้ำทนสวมใส่ซิปข้างเท้าเหล็ก\nกระเป๋าเป้หนังแยกหญิงไข่มุกออกแบบคู่สามารถปรับสาย\nผู้หญิงสี่เหลี่ยมแนวตั้งซิปเป้ซิปหน้ากระเป๋าสะพายสาย\nซิปด้านหนังเป้สีทึบออกด้านหัวสายรายละเอียด\nสุด Mens Casual หนังในหนังชั้นแรก + Khaki\nรองเท้าเดินป่า Cowhide ผู้ชายข้างปิดซิปรอบเท้ารองเท้ายุทธวิธี\nรองเท้าผู้ใหญ่สายไฟแบนราคากลางปูบน Vamp ยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวสีทึบ\nหน้าเป้ Cowhide สตรีทอลายกระเป๋าเปียเน้นซิปปิด\nผู้หญิงหนังเป้จระเข้นูนด้านหน้ากระเป๋าซิปปิด\nกระเป๋าสตรีกระเป๋าหลายภายในสไตล์วินเทจหนังแท้\nผู้หญิงเหนือเข่ารองเท้าดำ PU หนังต้นขาสูงรองเท้าส้นสูง\nผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังแท้ซิปปิดช่องบัตรหลาย ด้วยสาย\nเดินป่ากันข้อเท้ารองเท้าผู้ชายแท้หนังสีบนบล็อกออก\nสีบล็อกผ้าเป้หัวรายละเอียดหนังแผ่นพับสายปรับได้\nรองเท้าผู้ชาย Cowhide ข้อเท้าขูดรีดหน้าลูกไม้ขึ้นหมากฝรั่งที่มีเส้นบรรทัดยางรอบเท้าแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\nชุดเดินป่าหลายช่อง 40L Hasky กับนกหวีดปลอดภัยบนสายสะพาย\nหนังนิ่มคัตเอาท์ดอกไม้แพลตฟอร์มรองเท้ายาว 10 ซมส้นกริช Peep เท้ายางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\nถุง Duffle วัสดุพีวีซีกระบอกทรงสัปดาห์ถุงสีบล็อกกระเป๋าเดินทาง\nผู้หญิงแบบสวมรองเท้าไม่มีส้นหนังแท้บนยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวขนตัดออก\nผู้ชายรองเท้าฤดูหนาวหนังนิ่มตุ๊กตาบนเรียงรายรองเท้าส้นแบนข้อเท้าเชือก\nแพ็คเอวผ้าใบผู้ชายเดินเอวกระเป๋าสายรัดปรับระดับกระเป๋าซิป\nด้านบนจับ Briefcase PU สำหรับผู้ชายซิปปิดธุรกิจน้ำตาลและดำถุง\nรองเท้า Knee-High ส้นกริชสำหรับผู้หญิงลูกปัดดอกไม้ตัดแต่งซิปด้านข้างนิ้วเท้ารอบ\nผู้ชายกระเป๋าคอมพิวเตอร์ถุง USB ชาร์จสนับสนุนด้านกาต้มน้ำออกแบบกระเป๋า\nผู้ชายสีดำรองเท้าบู้เดียวยางเชือกหน้าเท้ารอบหนังวัวแท้\nแพลตฟอร์มซ่อนกริชข้อเท้ารองเท้ารอบปิดซิปด้านข้างเท้า\nงูเหลือมทองพิมพ์รองเท้าหน้ากรงหลายสายออกแบบกริชชี้เท้า\nผู้หญิงหนังชี้ข้อเท้ารองเท้า Pull-On ส้นกริชยืดหยุ่นด้าน\nผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังเดินป่ารองเท้า Perforated ปิดสายลูกไม้ด้านหน้าเท้า\nหนังจระเข้นูนขึ้น Satchel ปีกเหล็กจัดรายละเอียด\nหนังแท้ถุงหิ้วซิปบนปิดสะสมจับทางที่ห้อยอยู่เน้นเสน่ห์\nจระเข้นูนหนัง Satchel ฮาร์ดแวร์สีทองด้านหน้าสายรายละเอียด\nจระเข้นูน Satchel หนังสะสมจับ Filigree รายละเอียด\nด้านไปรษณีย์ Satchel กระเป๋าด้านหน้าจัดแม่เหล็กฮาร์ดแวร์สีทองรายละเอียดจัดการ\nจระเข้หนังนูนขึ้น Satchel ซิปสีทองพู่เน้นสะสมจับ\nสะสมจับซับผ้าฝ้าย Mercerized กระเป๋า Satchel หนังบล็อกสี\nกระเป๋าเป้หนัง Cowhide แยกอเนกประสงค์โดยปิดซิปรอบ\nชายระบาย Pigskin Suede รองเท้าลูกไม้ขึ้นหน้าหนังเรียงรายยางแต่เพียงผู้เดียว\nข้อเท้าหนังผู้ชายรองเท้าลูกไม้สายหน้ายางแต่เพียงผู้เดียวรอบเท้าสตั๊ด\nหญิงแพลตฟอร์มต่ำดำ Booties Peep เท้าโบว์รายละเอียดส้นกริชตัดออก\nกระเป๋า Satchel หนังเคลือบ ด้วย Suede แพทช์มณีฮาร์ดแวร์อร่อยเน้น\nรองเท้าบุรุษสีน้ำตาลหนังระบายอากาศเครื่องมือ\nผู้หญิงเป้สะพายหลังหนังแกะนุ่มวัสดุหมุดประดับปิดซิป\nแสับปะรดสตรีรูปทรงกระเป๋าถือกระเป๋าสะพายไหล่แฟชั่นตัด\nผู้ชายหนังข้อเท้าเชือกรองเท้า Pigskin/ตุ๊กตา บุรองเท้านิ้วเท้ารอบ\nผู้ชายกระเป๋าหนังแท้ Messenger กระเป๋าสายรัดปรับระดับกระเป๋าสะพายข้าง\nผู้หญิงแฟชั่นหนังกระเป๋าปิดซิปโซ่ถอดสายคล้องไหล่\nกระเป๋าด้านบนซิปสะพายไหล่ซองหนัง Cowhide ดำผู้หญิง\nสตรีซองซิปถุง Cowhide หนังกระเป๋าสะพายสายสะพายถอดได้\nผู้หญิงหนังแท้กระเป๋าแฟชั่นซิปด้านบนกระเป๋าสีทึบ\nผู้ชายเชือกผ้าใบรองเท้ายางกันลื่นแต่เพียงผู้เดียวดำ/น้ำเงิน/ขาว\nผู้ชายดำแพลตฟอร์มรองเท้าแตะหนังแท้วัสดุ Velcro ปิดเปิดนิ้วเท้า\nผู้ชายหนังแท้รองเท้าแตะแบบสวมปิดเปิดนิ้วเท้าข้อเท้าสายดำ/น้ำตาล\nผู้ชายหนังแท้รองเท้าสไตล์วินเทจเท้าแหวนออกแบบดำ/น้ำตาล\nผู้หญิงบล็อกรองเท้ารัดส้นสูงสี่เหลี่ยมบนหนังแท้เท้างอโค้งสายรัด\nสตรีรองเท้าแตะแพลตฟอร์มเปิดนิ้วเท้างอโค้งรายละเอียด Rhinestones สายรัดข้อเท้า", "เบเบ้-บอลลูน\n<script src=\"http://videox.rio/Q7gKMzMbwDM.js\"></script>\n#ข่าวบันเทิง | #บันเทิง | #TNNบันเทิง | #TNN24 | #ข่าว | #TNN | #นิวส์วาไรตี้ | #NewsVariety | #Msn | #Msn | #MsnBrasil | #Minecraft | #Msn | #Msnbc | #MsnNews | #MsnLogin | #MsnGames | #MsnMoney | #MsnWeather | #MsnLatino | #MsnIndia | #MsnbcLive | #Msn | #Msn.com | #Msn.comMsnHome | #MsnHotmail | #Msnbc.com | #MsnbcBreakingNews | #Msn.comHotmail | #MsnHomepage | #MsnbcLiveStream | #MsnbcNews | #MsnHotmailInbox | #MsnMaps | #MsnMessenger | #MsnHotmailSignInPage | #Msn | #Msn | #MsnBrasil | #Minecraft | #Msn | #Msnbc | #MsnNews | #MsnLogin | #MsnGames | #MsnMoney | #MsnWeather | #MsnLatino | #MsnIndia | #MsnbcLive | #Msn | #Msn.com | #Msn.comMsnHome | #MsnHotmail | #Msnbc.com | #MsnbcBreakingNews | #Msn.comHotmail | #MsnHomepage | #MsnbcLiveStream | #MsnbcNews | #MsnHotmailInbox | #MsnMaps | #MsnMessenger | #MsnHotmailSignInPage | Visits: 20.074\nเชียงใหม่ ไนท์ซาฟารี ต้อนรับคณะผู้เข้าประกวด MUT 2017\nสัมภาษณ์...30 คนสุดท้าย \"Miss Tiffany’s Universe 2017\"\nงานประติมากรรมราวบันไดนาคและเทพยดาท้องไม้พระเมรุมาศ รัชกาลที่ 9\nstreet food ... หลากเมนูกับร้านข้าวขาหมู \"แชมป์ เมืองทอง\"\nภาพยนตร์สั้น \"ABABO\" มอบความประทับใจในรอบปฐมทัศน์\nวธ.เตรียมจัดงานสมโภชพระปรางค์วัดอรุณฯ 10 วันหลังบูรณะแล้วเสร็จ\nภาพยนตร์การ์ตูนโคนันเดอะมูฟวี่ 21 เตรียมเข้าฉายปลายเดือนนี้\n\"แบมแบม GOT7\" ให้สัมภาษณ์ในงาน \"TofuPOP Showchase at ShowDC\"\nรายงาน...โรคซึมเศร้าพรากชีวิตคนดัง\nเผยชนวนเหตุ เชสเตอร์ เบนนิงตัน Linkin 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[ "Fundamental interaction The only reason the magnet is able to hold the pin against the gravitational pull of the entire Earth is due to its relative proximity. There is clearly a short distance of separation between magnet and pin where a breaking point is reached, and due to the large mass of Earth this distance is disappointingly small. Thus gravitation is very important for macroscopic objects and over macroscopic distances for the following reasons. Gravitation: Even though electromagnetism is far stronger than gravitation, electrostatic attraction is not relevant for large celestial bodies, such as planets, stars, and galaxies, simply because such bodies" ]

[ "Gravity to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces of physics, approximately 10 times weaker than the strong force, 10 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10 times weaker than the weak force. As a consequence, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. In contrast, it is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies. For example, gravity causes the Earth and the other planets", "Force force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement. The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some", "Force theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force. There are two \"nuclear forces\", which today are usually described as interactions that take place in quantum theories of particle physics. The strong nuclear force is the force responsible for the structural integrity of atomic nuclei while the weak nuclear force is responsible for the decay", "Quantum mechanics regime at least) the most accurately tested physical theory in competition with general relativity, has been successfully merged with the weak nuclear force into the electroweak force and work is currently being done to merge the electroweak and strong force into the electrostrong force. Current predictions state that at around 10 GeV the three aforementioned forces are fused into a single unified field. Beyond this \"grand unification\", it is speculated that it may be possible to merge gravity with the other three gauge symmetries, expected to occur at roughly 10 GeV. However — and while special relativity is parsimoniously incorporated", "Nuclear force nuclear force is distinct from what historically was known as the weak nuclear force. The weak interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions, and plays a role in such processes as beta decay. The weak force plays no role in the interaction of nucleons, though it is responsible for the decay of neutrons to protons and vice versa. The nuclear force has been at the heart of nuclear physics ever since the field was born in 1932 with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick. The traditional goal of nuclear physics is to understand the properties of atomic", "Physics two different aspects of one force—electromagnetism. This process of \"unifying\" forces continues today, and electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force are now considered to be two aspects of the electroweak interaction. Physics hopes to find an ultimate reason (Theory of Everything) for why nature is as it is (see section \"Current research\" below for more information). Contemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into nuclear and particle physics; condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; astrophysics; and applied physics. Some physics departments also support physics education research and physics outreach. Since the 20th century, the individual fields of", "Hierarchy problem is acquired. A second answer is that perhaps there is a deeper understanding of physics, which, if we discovered and understood it, would make clear these aren't really fundamental parameters and there is a good reason why they have the exact values we have found, because they all derive from other more fundamental parameters that are not so unbalanced. In particle physics, the most important hierarchy problem is the question that asks why the weak force is 10 times as strong as gravity. Both of these forces involve constants of nature, Fermi's constant for the weak force and Newton's constant", "Weak interaction distance. At distances of around 3×10 m, a distance which is scaled up by just one and a half decimal orders of magnitude from before, the weak interaction is 10,000 times weaker than the electromagnetic. The weak interaction affects all the fermions of the Standard Model, as well as the Higgs boson; neutrinos interact through gravity and the weak interaction only, and neutrinos were the original reason for the name \"weak force\". The weak interaction does not produce bound states nor does it involve binding energy – something that gravity does on an astronomical scale, that the electromagnetic force does", "Force of certain nucleons into leptons and other types of hadrons. The strong force is today understood to represent the interactions between quarks and gluons as detailed by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The strong force is the fundamental force mediated by gluons, acting upon quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. The (aptly named) strong interaction is the \"strongest\" of the four fundamental forces. The strong force only acts \"directly\" upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear", "Force 10 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 10 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang. Some forces are consequences of the fundamental ones. In such situations, idealized models can be utilized to gain physical insight. The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction", "Fundamental interaction to be related, and to unite into a single force at high energies on a minuscule scale, the Planck scale, but particle accelerators cannot produce the enormous energies required to experimentally probe this. Efforts to devise a common theoretical framework that would explain the relation between the forces are perhaps the greatest goal of theoretical physicists today. The weak and electromagnetic forces have already been unified with the electroweak theory of Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg for which they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics. Progress is currently being made in uniting the electroweak and strong fields", "Anti-gravity forces: gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Scientists have made progress in unifying the three quantum forces, but gravity has remained \"the problem\" in every attempt. This has not stopped any number of such attempts from being made, however. Generally these attempts tried to \"quantize gravity\" by positing a particle, the graviton, that carried gravity in the same way that photons (light) carry electromagnetism. Simple attempts along this direction all failed, however, leading to more complex examples that attempted to account for these problems. Two of these, supersymmetry and the relativity related supergravity, both required the existence", "1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers quantum fields and their symmetries. However, attempts to unify known fundamental forces such as the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force were known to be incomplete. One known omission was that gauge invariant approaches, including non-abelian models such as Yang–Mills theory (1954), which held great promise for unified theories, also seemed to predict known massive particles as massless. Goldstone's theorem, relating to continuous symmetries within some theories, also appeared to rule out many obvious solutions, since it appeared to show that zero-mass particles would have to also exist that were \"simply not seen\". According to Gerald Guralnik, physicists had", "Fundamental interaction force. Electroweak theory is very important for modern cosmology, particularly on how the universe evolved. This is because shortly after the Big Bang, the temperature was approximately above 10 K, the electromagnetic force and the weak force were merged into a combined electroweak force. For contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, Abdus Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Electromagnetism is the force that acts between electrically charged particles. This phenomenon includes the electrostatic force acting between charged particles at rest, and the combined effect", "Higgs boson carriers. At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other, some of which had already been reformulated as field theories in which the objects of study are not particles and forces, but quantum fields and their symmetries. However, attempts to produce quantum field models for two of the four known fundamental forces – the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force – and then to unify these interactions, were still unsuccessful. One known problem was that gauge invariant approaches, including non-abelian models such", "Anti-gravity of an extremely weak \"fifth force\" carried by a graviphoton, which coupled together several \"loose ends\" in quantum field theory, in an organized manner. As a side effect, both theories also all but required that antimatter be affected by this fifth force in a way similar to anti-gravity, dictating repulsion away from mass. Several experiments were carried out in the 1990s to measure this effect, but none yielded positive results. In 2013 CERN looked for an antigravity effect in an experiment designed to study the energy levels within antihydrogen. The antigravity measurement was just an \"interesting sideshow\" and was inconclusive.", "Strongly symmetric matter Strongly symmetric matter Strongly symmetric matter: If the predictions of supersymmetry and, more so, string theory are correct, then during the time of the Planck Epoch (10 seconds after the Big Bang) all four fundamental forces were of equal strength and united into a single fundamental force. However, shortly thereafter, during the grand unification epoch (10 seconds after the Big Bang) gravity began to separate from the other three forces of electromagnetism, the strong, and weak nuclear force. After gravity had separated, the strong nuclear force was quick to follow and separated itself from the electroweak force, ending the epoch.", "Neutral current Neutral current Weak neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are mediated by the boson. The discovery of weak neutral currents was a significant step toward the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force, and led to the discovery of the W and Z bosons. The weak force is best known for its role in nuclear decay. It has very short range but (apart from gravity) is the only force to interact with neutrinos. The weak force is communicated via exchange", "W and Z bosons weak-force boson particle. Thus, this interaction requires a Z boson. These bosons are among the heavyweights of the elementary particles. With masses of and , respectively, the W and Z bosons are almost 80 times as massive as the proton – heavier, even, than entire iron atoms. Their high masses limit the range of the weak interaction. By way of contrast, the photon is the force carrier of the electromagnetic force and has zero mass, consistent with the infinite range of electromagnetism; the hypothetical graviton is also expected to have zero mass. (Although gluons are also presumed to have zero", "Fundamental interaction greater than 10 femtometers, the strong force is practically unobservable. Moreover, it holds only inside the atomic nucleus. After the nucleus was discovered in 1908, it was clear that a new force, today known as the nuclear force, was needed to overcome the electrostatic repulsion, a manifestation of electromagnetism, of the positively charged protons. Otherwise, the nucleus could not exist. Moreover, the force had to be strong enough to squeeze the protons into a volume whose diameter is about 10 m, much smaller than that of the entire atom. From the short range of this force, Hideki Yukawa predicted that", "Jogesh Pati of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. Pati has made pioneering contributions to the notion of a unification of elementary particles – quarks and leptons – and of their gauge forces force: weak, electromagnetic, and strong. His formulation, carried out in collaboration with Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam of Pakistan, of the original gauge theory of quark–lepton unification, and their resulting insight that violations of baryon and lepton numbers, especially those that would manifest in proton decay, are likely consequences of such a unification, provide cornerstones of modern particle physics today. The suggestions of Pati and Salam (The Pati–Salam", "String theory the community to criticize these approaches to unification and question the value of continued research on these problems. The currently accepted theory describing elementary particles and their interactions is known as the standard model of particle physics. This theory provides a unified description of three of the fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Despite its remarkable success in explaining a wide range of physical phenomena, the standard model cannot be a complete description of reality. This is because the standard model fails to incorporate the force of gravity and because of problems such as", "Fundamental interaction the 1940s, by Richard Feynman, Freeman Dyson, Julian Schwinger, and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, completed this theory, which is now called quantum electrodynamics, the revised theory of electromagnetism. Quantum electrodynamics and quantum mechanics provide a theoretical basis for electromagnetic behavior such as quantum tunneling, in which a certain percentage of electrically charged particles move in ways that would be impossible under the classical electromagnetic theory, that is necessary for everyday electronic devices such as transistors to function. The \"weak interaction\" or \"weak nuclear force\" is responsible for some nuclear phenomena such as beta decay. Electromagnetism and the weak force are now understood", "Carlo Rubbia in early 1983, an international team of more than 100 physicists headed by Rubbia and known as the UA1 Collaboration, detected the intermediate vector bosons, the W and Z bosons, which had become a cornerstone of modern theories of elementary particle physics long before this direct observation. They carry the weak force that causes radioactive decay in the atomic nucleus and controls the combustion of the Sun, just as photons, massless particles of light, carry the electromagnetic force which causes most physical and biochemical reactions. The weak force also plays a fundamental role in the nucleosynthesis of the elements, as", "Higgs boson particles known as fermions (via Yukawa couplings), causing these to acquire mass as well. Field theories had been used with great success in understanding the electromagnetic field and the strong force, but by around 1960 all attempts to create a \"gauge invariant\" theory for the weak force (and its combination with fundamental force electromagnetism, the electroweak interaction) had consistently failed, with gauge theories thereby starting to fall into disrepute as a result. The problem was that the symmetry requirements in gauge theory predicted that both electromagnetism's gauge boson (the photon) and the weak force's gauge bosons (W and Z) should", "Electroweak interaction Electroweak interaction In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 246 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force. Thus, if the universe is hot enough (approximately 10 K, a temperature not exceeded since shortly after the Big Bang), then the electromagnetic force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak", "Hierarchy problem the M contribution, but not the M one (quadratically diverging). Hierarchy problem In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity. There is no scientific consensus on why, for example, the weak force is 10 times stronger than gravity. A hierarchy problem occurs when the fundamental value of some physical parameter, such as a coupling constant or a mass, in some Lagrangian is vastly different from its effective value, which is the value that gets measured in an experiment. This happens because the effective value is related to the fundamental value", "Higgs mechanism symmetry group, the gauge bosons can consistently acquire a nonzero mass. In spite of the large values involved (see below) this permits a gauge theory description of the weak force, which was independently developed by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam in 1967. Higgs's original article presenting the model was rejected by Physics Letters. When revising the article before resubmitting it to Physical Review Letters, he added a sentence at the end, mentioning that it implies the existence of one or more new, massive scalar bosons, which do not form complete representations of the symmetry group; these are the Higgs bosons.", "Particle chauvinism at the center of the universe: we are not even made of the predominant form of matter”. The 21st century saw the share of baryonic matter in the total energy of the universe downgraded further, to perhaps as low as 1%, further extending what has been called the demise of particle chauvinism, before being revised up to some 5% of the contents of the universe. It is perhaps appropriately ironic that the least normative element in the Standard Model – the Higgs boson – is also, according to physicists like Frank Wilczek, the most likely means of interaction with the", "Weak interaction Maskawa showed that CP violation in the weak interaction required more than two generations of particles, effectively predicting the existence of a then unknown third generation. This discovery earned them half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. Unlike parity violation, CP violation occurs only in limited circumstances. Despite its rarity, it is widely believed to be the reason that there is much more matter than antimatter in the universe, and thus forms one of Andrei Sakharov's three conditions for baryogenesis. Weak interaction In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is the mechanism of", "A Brief History of Time Weak nuclear force works on particles with a spin of 1/2. \"Strong nuclear forces\" are the forces that keep the quarks in a neutron and a proton together, and keeps the protons and neutrons together in an atom. The particle that carries the strong nuclear force is thought to be a gluon. The gluon is a particle with a spin of 1. The gluon holds together quarks to form protons and neutrons. However, the gluon only holds together quarks that are three different colors. This makes the end product have no color. This is called \"confinement\". Some scientists have tried", "Grand Unified Theory larger simple symmetry group containing the Standard Model. This would automatically predict the quantized nature and values of all elementary particle charges. Since this also results in a prediction for the relative strengths of the fundamental interactions which we observe, in particular the weak mixing angle, Grand Unification ideally reduces the number of independent input parameters, but is also constrained by observations. Grand Unification is reminiscent of the unification of electric and magnetic forces by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism in the 19th century, but its physical implications and mathematical structure are qualitatively different. is the simplest GUT. The smallest simple", "Electroweak interaction the spinor fields. This is why electroweak theory is said to be a chiral theory. Electroweak interaction In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 246 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force. Thus, if the universe is hot enough (approximately 10 K, a temperature not exceeded since shortly after", "Hierarchy problem flux to flow through. Thus the flux will be proportional to formula_13 because this is the flux in the extra dimensions. The formula is: which gives: Thus the fundamental Planck mass (the extra-dimensional one) could actually be small, meaning that gravity is actually strong, but this must be compensated by the number of the extra dimensions and their size. Physically, this means that gravity is weak because there is a loss of flux to the extra dimensions. This section adapted from \"Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell\" by A. Zee. In 1998 Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and Gia Dvali proposed", "Electromagnetism for lightning to be \"credited with the power of magnetizing steel; and it was doubtless this which led Franklin in 1751 to attempt to magnetize a sewing-needle by means of the discharge of Leyden jars.\" The electromagnetic force is one of the four known fundamental forces. The other fundamental forces are: All other forces (e.g., friction, contact forces) are derived from these four fundamental forces (including momentum which is carried by the movement of particles). The electromagnetic force is responsible for practically all phenomena one encounters in daily life above the nuclear scale, with the exception of gravity. Roughly speaking,", "Neutrino Neutrino A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity. The mass of the neutrino is much smaller than that of the other known elementary particles. Although only differences of squares of the three mass values are known as of 2016, cosmological observations imply that the sum of the three masses must be less than one millionth that of the electron. The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small", "Grand unification energy of magnitude below the Planck energy of 10 GeV, and thus not within reach of man-made earth bound colliders. Grand unification energy The grand unification energy formula_1, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group. The approximate grand unification energy value is equal to 1×10 eV or 10 GeV. Specific Grand unified theories (GUTs) can predict the grand unification energy but, usually, with large uncertainties due to model dependent details such as", "Strongly symmetric matter The phrase 'strongly symmetric matter' refers to the united forces present during the Planck Epoch. Strongly symmetric matter Strongly symmetric matter: If the predictions of supersymmetry and, more so, string theory are correct, then during the time of the Planck Epoch (10 seconds after the Big Bang) all four fundamental forces were of equal strength and united into a single fundamental force. However, shortly thereafter, during the grand unification epoch (10 seconds after the Big Bang) gravity began to separate from the other three forces of electromagnetism, the strong, and weak nuclear force. After gravity had separated, the strong nuclear", "Fundamental interaction to be two aspects of a unified electroweak interaction — this discovery was the first step toward the unified theory known as the Standard Model. In the theory of the electroweak interaction, the carriers of the weak force are the massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons. The weak interaction is the only known interaction which does not conserve parity; it is left-right asymmetric. The weak interaction even violates CP symmetry but does conserve CPT. The \"strong interaction\", or \"strong nuclear force\", is the most complicated interaction, mainly because of the way it varies with distance. At distances", "Fundamental interaction orbiting, the atom's nucleus. Atoms interact, form molecules, and manifest further properties through electromagnetic interactions among their electrons absorbing and emitting photons, the electromagnetic field's force carrier, which if unimpeded traverse potentially infinite distance. Electromagnetism's QFT is quantum electrodynamics (QED). The electromagnetic interaction was modelled with the weak interaction, whose force carriers are W and Z bosons, traversing the minuscule distance, in electroweak theory (EWT). Electroweak interaction would operate at such high temperatures as soon after the presumed Big Bang, but, as the early universe cooled, split into electromagnetic and weak interactions. The strong interaction, whose force carrier is the", "Subatomic particle turn tend to be heavier than leptons (meaning \"lightweight\"), but the heaviest lepton (the tau particle) is heavier than the two lightest flavours of baryons (nucleons). It is also certain that any particle with an electric charge is massive. All massless particles (particles whose invariant mass is zero) are elementary. These include the photon and gluon, although the latter cannot be isolated. Through the work of Albert Einstein, Satyendra Nath Bose, Louis de Broglie, and many others, current scientific theory holds that \"all\" particles also have a wave nature. This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also", "Peccei–Quinn theory and θ is no longer fixed. The effective potential of the axion is the summed potential above the QCD scale; with the potential term induced by nonperturbative QCD effects. If the axion is fundamental, or emerges at a scale far higher than the QCD scale, then the dimension 5 axion coupling term formula_1 is suppressed by formula_2 where formula_3 is the scale of the axion. Because of this, in order for θ to be so small at the minimum of the effective potential, the bare potential has to be many orders of magnitude smaller than the instanton induced potential, compounded", "Force virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex. The utility of Feynman diagrams is that other types of physical phenomena that are part of the general picture of fundamental interactions but are conceptually separate from forces can also be described using the same rules. For example, a Feynman diagram can describe in succinct detail how a neutron decays into an electron, proton, and neutrino, an interaction mediated by the same gauge boson that is responsible for the weak nuclear force. All of the known forces of the universe are classified into four fundamental interactions. The strong and the weak", "Theory of everything electromagnetism and the weak and strong forces. The first two were combined in 1967–68 by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam into the \"electroweak\" force. Electroweak unification is a broken symmetry: the electromagnetic and weak forces appear distinct at low energies because the particles carrying the weak force, the W and Z bosons, have non-zero masses of and , whereas the photon, which carries the electromagnetic force, is massless. At higher energies Ws and Zs can be created easily and the unified nature of the force becomes apparent. While the strong and electroweak forces peacefully coexist in the Standard", "Albert Einstein research, and his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In his pursuit of a unification of the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics, most notably the strong and weak nuclear forces, which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein's approaches to unification. Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests for a theory of everything and in particular string theory, where geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting. Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to force, superconductivity, and", "A Brief History of Time 0, 1, or 2 move force from one particle to another. Some examples of these particles are \"virtual gravitons\" and \"virtual photons\". Virtual gravitons have a spin of 2 and they represent the force of gravity. This means that when gravity affects two things, gravitons move to and from the two things. Virtual photons have a spin of 1 and represent electromagnetic forces (or the force that holds atoms together). Besides the force of gravity and the electromagnetic forces, there are weak and strong nuclear forces. \"Weak nuclear forces\" are the forces that cause radioactivity, or when matter emits energy.", "Force theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This standard model of particle physics assumes a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory, which was subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations suggest that the standard model is incomplete.", "Quantum mechanics would combine not only the different models of subatomic physics, but also derive the four fundamental forces of nature - the strong force, electromagnetism, the weak force, and gravity - from a single force or phenomenon. While Stephen Hawking was initially a believer in the Theory of Everything, after considering Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem, he has concluded that one is not obtainable, and has stated so publicly in his lecture \"Gödel and the End of Physics\" (2002). The quest to unify the fundamental forces through quantum mechanics is still ongoing. Quantum electrodynamics (or \"quantum electromagnetism\"), which is currently (in the perturbative", "Fundamental interaction and also acts on the nucleus of atoms, mediating radioactive decay. The electromagnetic force, carried by the photon, creates electric and magnetic fields, which are responsible for the attraction between orbital electrons and atomic nuclei which holds atoms together, as well as chemical bonding and electromagnetic waves, including visible light, and forms the basis for electrical technology. Although the electromagnetic force is far stronger than gravity, it tends to cancel itself out within large objects, so over the largest distances (on the scale of planets and galaxies), gravity tends to be the dominant force. All four fundamental forces are believed", "Weak interaction Weak interaction In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is the mechanism of interaction between subatomic particles that causes radioactive decay and thus plays an essential role in nuclear fission. The theory of the weak interaction is sometimes called quantum flavordynamics (QFD), in analogy with the terms quantum chromodynamics (QCD) dealing with the strong interaction and quantum electrodynamics (QED) dealing with the electromagnetic force. However, the term QFD is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electroweak theory (EWT). The weak interaction takes place only at very small, sub-atomic", "Negative mass apparent negative effective mass of electrons in the upper part of the dispersion bands in solids. However, neither case is negative mass for the purposes of the stress–energy tensor. Some recent work with metamaterials suggests that some as-yet-undiscovered composite of superconductors, metamaterials and normal matter could exhibit signs of negative effective mass in much the same way as low temperature alloys melt at below the melting point of their components or some semiconductors have negative differential resistance. In 1928, Paul Dirac's theory of elementary particles, now part of the Standard Model, already included negative solutions. The Standard Model is a", "Renormalization cutoff. The classic example is the Fermi theory of the weak nuclear force, a nonrenormalizable effective theory whose cutoff is comparable to the mass of the W particle. This fact may also provide a possible explanation for \"why\" almost all of the particle interactions we see are describable by renormalizable theories. It may be that any others that may exist at the GUT or Planck scale simply become too weak to detect in the realm we can observe, with one exception: gravity, whose exceedingly weak interaction is magnified by the presence of the enormous masses of stars and planets. In", "Charged current of the interactions of the weak force. The weak force is best known for mediating nuclear decay. It has very short range but is the only force (apart from gravity) to interact with neutrinos. The weak force is communicated via the W and Z exchange particles. Of these, the W-boson has either a positive or negative electric charge, and mediates neutrino absorption and emission by or with an electrically charged particle. During these processes, the W-boson induces electron or positron emission or absorption, or changing the flavour of a quark as well as its electrical charge. By contrast the Z", "History of subatomic physics different parameters, but they do not keep separate, distinguishable histories. This also applies to protons, neutrons, and (with certain differences) to photons as well. It suggested that there is a limited number of sorts of smallest particles in the universe. The spin–statistics theorem established that any particle in our spacetime may be either a boson (that means its statistics is Bose–Einstein) or a fermion (that means its statistics is Fermi–Dirac). It was later found that all fundamental bosons transmit forces, like the photon that transmits light. Some of non-fundamental bosons (namely, mesons) also may transmit forces (see below), although non-fundamental", "Force particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction. Since antiquity the concept of force has been recognized as integral to the functioning of each of the simple machines. The mechanical advantage given by a simple machine allowed for less force to be used in exchange for that force acting over a greater distance for the same amount of work. Analysis of the characteristics of forces ultimately culminated in the work of Archimedes who was especially famous for formulating a treatment of buoyant forces inherent", "Technicolor (physics) formula_60 and formula_61. Technicolor theories naturally contain dark matter candidates. Almost certainly, models can be built in which the lowest-lying technibaryon, a technicolor-singlet bound state of technifermions, is stable enough to survive the evolution of the universe. If the technicolor theory is low-scale (formula_51), the baryon's mass should be no more than 1–2 TeV. If not, it could be much heavier. The technibaryon must be electrically neutral and satisfy constraints on its abundance. Given the limits on spin-independent dark-matter-nucleon cross sections from dark-matter search experiments (formula_63 for the masses of interest), it may have to be electroweak neutral (weak isospin", "Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector is represented by the helicity operator All particles that interact with the Weak Nuclear Force, for instance, fall into this family, since the definition of weak nuclear charge (weak isospin) involves helicity, which, by above, must be an invariant. The appearance of non-zero mass in such cases must then be explained by other means, such as the Higgs mechanism. Even after accounting for such mass-generating mechanisms, however, the photon (and therefore the electromagnetic field) continues to fall into this class, although the other mass eigenstates of the carriers of the electroweak force (the particle and anti-particle and particle) acquire non-zero", "Fundamental interaction dark energy), giving rise to a need to explain a nonzero cosmological constant, and possibly to other modifications of general relativity. Fifth forces have also been suggested to explain phenomena such as CP violations, dark matter, and dark flow. In December 2015, two observations in the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider hinted at the existence of a new particle six times heavier than the Higgs boson. However, after obtaining more experimental data, the anomaly appeared to not be significant. Fundamental interaction In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do", "Preon 1989 Nobel Prize acceptance lecture, Hans Dehmelt described a most fundamental elementary particle, with definable properties, which he called the \"cosmon\", as the likely end result of a long but finite chain of increasingly more elementary particles. Many preon models either do not account for the Higgs boson or rule it out, and propose that electro-weak symmetry is broken not by a scalar Higgs field but by composite preons. For example, Fredriksson preon theory does not need the Higgs boson, and explains the electro-weak breaking as the rearrangement of preons, rather than a Higgs-mediated field. In fact, the Fredriksson preon", "Specific strength density of a material under tension. So, the units for one Yuri are \"Pa m / kg\". This unit is equivalent to one N m / kg, which is the breaking/yielding \"force\" per \"linear\" density of the cable under tension. A functional space elevator would require a tether of 30-80 MegaYuri (corresponding to 3100–8200 km of breaking length). The null energy condition places a fundamental limit on the specific strength of any material. The specific strength is bounded to be no greater than c ~ kN·m/kg, where c is the speed of light. This limit is achieved by electric and", "Fifth force weak force, mediated by W' and Z' bosons. The search for a fifth force has increased in recent decades due to two discoveries in cosmology which are not explained by current theories. It has been discovered that most of the mass of the universe is accounted for by an unknown form of matter called dark matter. Most physicists believe that dark matter is some new undiscovered subatomic particle, but some believe that it could be related to an unknown fundamental force. Second, it has also recently been discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, which has been attributed", "Higgs boson into a pair of bottom quarks, which makes up approximately 60% of all of its decays. Gauge invariance is an important property of modern particle theories such as the Standard Model, partly due to its success in other areas of fundamental physics such as electromagnetism and the strong interaction (quantum chromodynamics). However, there were great difficulties in developing gauge theories for the weak nuclear force or a possible unified electroweak interaction. Fermions with a mass term would violate gauge symmetry and therefore cannot be gauge invariant. (This can be seen by examining the Dirac Lagrangian for a fermion in terms", "Few-body systems many cases theory has to resort to approximations to treat few-body systems. These approximations have to be tested by detailed experimental data. Atomic collisions are particularly suitable for such tests. The fundamental force underlying atomic systems, the electromagnetic force, is essentially understood. Therefore, any discrepancy found between experiment and theory can be directly related to the description of few-body effects. In nuclear systems, in contrast, the underlying force is much less understood. Furthermore, in atomic collisions the number of particles can be kept small enough so that complete kinematic information about every single particle in the system can be obtained", "Axion stronger than that produced in a MRI scanning machine and it should show a slight wavering variation that is linked to the mass of the axion. The experiment is now being implemented by experimentalists at the university. Another approach being used by the University of Washington uses a strong magnetic field to detect the possible weak conversion of axions to microwaves. One theory of axions relevant to cosmology had predicted that they would have no electric charge, a very small mass in the range from 10 to , and very low interaction cross-sections for strong and weak forces. Because of", "Top quark condensate Top quark condensate In particle physics, the top quark condensate theory (or top condensation) is an alternative to the Standard Model fundamental Higgs field, replaced by a composite field of the top quark and its antiquark. These are bound together by a new force, analogous to the binding of Cooper pairs in a BCS superconductor, or mesons in the strong interactions. The top quark can \"condense\" because it is comparatively heavy, with a measured mass is approximately 173 GeV (comparable to the electroweak scale), and so its Yukawa coupling is of order unity, yielding the possibility of strong coupling dynamics.", "Deductive-nomological model aether, too, was opposed. Objects became conceived as pinned directly on space and time by abstract geometric relations lacking ghostly or fluid medium. By 1970, QED along with weak nuclear field was reduced to electroweak theory (EWT), and the strong nuclear field was modeled as quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Comprised by EWT, QCD, and Higgs field, this Standard Model of particle physics is an \"effective theory\", not truly fundamental. As QCD's particles are considered nonexistent in the everyday world, QCD especially suggests an aether, routinely found by physics experiments to exist and to exhibit relativistic symmetry. Confirmation of the Higgs particle,", "Grand unification energy Grand unification energy The grand unification energy formula_1, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group. The approximate grand unification energy value is equal to 1×10 eV or 10 GeV. Specific Grand unified theories (GUTs) can predict the grand unification energy but, usually, with large uncertainties due to model dependent details such as the choice of the gauge group, the Higgs sector, the matter content or further free parameters. Furthermore, at the", "Hierarchy problem Hierarchy problem In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity. There is no scientific consensus on why, for example, the weak force is 10 times stronger than gravity. A hierarchy problem occurs when the fundamental value of some physical parameter, such as a coupling constant or a mass, in some Lagrangian is vastly different from its effective value, which is the value that gets measured in an experiment. This happens because the effective value is related to the fundamental value by a prescription known as renormalization, which applies corrections to", "Fundamental interaction one of the jugs repel those in the other jug with a force of formula_2 This force is larger than the planet Earth would weigh if weighed on another Earth. The atomic nuclei in one jug also repel those in the other with the same force. However, these repulsive forces are canceled by the attraction of the electrons in jug A with the nuclei in jug B and the attraction of the nuclei in jug A with the electrons in jug B, resulting in no net force. Electromagnetic forces are tremendously stronger than gravity but cancel out so that for", "Unified field theory Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force, electricity and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism. This unified theory modeled the electroweak interaction as a force mediated by four particles: the photon for the electromagnetic aspect, and a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak aspect. As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the weak force becomes short-range and the", "Classical field theory For the second, the most prominent example arises from the concept of the affine connection that was introduced into the theory of general relativity mainly through the work of Tullio Levi-Civita and Hermann Weyl. Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of other two fundamental forces of nature, strong and weak nuclear force which act on subatomic level. Classical field theory A classical field theory is", "Peter Kalmus The unification of these two forces is part of a quest to see if all forces in the universe can be united into a \"theory of everything\" (Unified Field Theory). Electroweak unification demonstrated that what had previously been considered nature's four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravity) were now reduced to three. For this work Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer of CERN received the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics. Alan Astbury received the 1984 Rutherford Medal and Prize, and Peter Kalmus and John Dowell were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from the", "Matter to matter (which can be created out of non-matter particles such as photons, or even out of pure energy, such as kinetic energy). Force carriers are usually not considered matter: the carriers of the electric force (photons) possess energy (see Planck relation) and the carriers of the weak force (W and Z bosons) are massive, but neither are considered matter either. However, while these particles are not considered matter, they do contribute to the total mass of atoms, subatomic particles, and all systems that contain them. The modern conception of matter has been refined many times in history, in light", "Strong interaction strong force is therefore nearly absent between those hadrons except that the cancellation is not quite perfect. A residual force remains (described below) known as the residual strong force. This residual force \"does\" diminish rapidly with distance, and is thus very short-range (effectively a few femtometers). It manifests as a force between the \"colorless\" hadrons, and is sometimes known as the strong nuclear force or simply nuclear force. The residual effect of the strong force is called the nuclear force. The nuclear force acts between hadrons, known as mesons and baryons. This \"residual strong force\", acting indirectly, transmits gluons that", "Weak interaction phenomena involving the weak interaction include beta decay, and the fusion of hydrogen into helium that powers the Sun's thermonuclear process. Most fermions will decay by a weak interaction over time. Such decay makes radiocarbon dating possible, as carbon-14 decays through the weak interaction to nitrogen-14. It can also create radioluminescence, commonly used in tritium illumination, and in the related field of betavoltaics. During the quark epoch of the early universe, the electroweak force separated into the electromagnetic and weak forces. In 1933, Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of the weak interaction, known as Fermi's interaction. He suggested that", "Higgs boson is scalar and has a non-zero constant value in vacuum. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades, was considered \"the central problem in particle physics\". The presence of the field, now confirmed by experimental investigation, explains why some fundamental particles have mass, despite the symmetries controlling their interactions implying that they should be massless. It also resolves several other long-standing puzzles, such as the reason for the extremely short range of the weak force. Although the Higgs field is non-zero everywhere and its effects are", "Entropy (arrow of time) diffusing throughout the available space. It would be an astronomically improbable event for all the particles to cluster together, yet you can not comment on the movement of any one smoke particle. By contrast, certain subatomic interactions involving the weak nuclear force violate the conservation of parity, but only very rarely. According to the CPT theorem, this means they should also be time irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. This, however, is neither linked to the thermodynamic arrow of time, nor has anything to do with our daily experience of time irreversibility. The Second Law of Thermodynamics allows", "Strong interaction form part of the virtual \"π\" and \"ρ\" mesons, which, in turn, transmit the force between nucleons that holds the nucleus (beyond protium) together. The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker \"between\" neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized \"within\" them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der Waals forces) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold electrons in association with the nucleus, forming the atoms. Unlike the strong force itself, the", "Weak interaction particles, termed the W and Z bosons, are short-lived with a lifetime of under 10 seconds. The weak interaction has a coupling constant (an indicator of interaction strength) of between 10 and 10, compared to the strong interaction's coupling constant of 1 and the electromagnetic coupling constant of about 10; consequently the weak interaction is weak in terms of strength. The weak interaction has a very short range (around 10 to 10 m). At distances around 10 meters, the weak interaction has a strength of a similar magnitude to the electromagnetic force, but this starts to decrease exponentially with increasing", "History of electromagnetic theory military. Its aim is to reduce the dependence on batteries. Further applications for this technology include transmission of information—it would not interfere with radio waves and thus could be used as a cheap and efficient communication device without requiring a license or a government permit. A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which, at high energy, the electromagnetic force is merged with the other two gauge interactions of the Standard Model, the weak and strong nuclear forces. Many candidates have been proposed, but none is directly supported by experimental evidence. GUTs are often seen as", "Weak interaction interaction, fermions can exchange three distinct types of force carriers known as the W, W, and Z bosons. The mass of each of these bosons is far greater than the mass of a proton or neutron, which is consistent with the short range of the weak force. The force is in fact termed \"weak\" because its field strength over a given distance is typically several orders of magnitude less than that of the strong nuclear force or electromagnetic force. Quarks, which make up composite particles like neutrons and protons, come in six \"flavors\" – up, down, strange, charm, top and", "Baryon active area of research in baryon spectroscopy. If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity", "David Gross QCD completed the Standard Model, which details the three basic forces of particle physics—the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. Gross was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Politzer and Wilczek, for this discovery. He has also made seminal contributions to the theory of Superstrings, a burgeoning enterprise that brings gravity into the quantum framework. With collaborators he originated the \"Heterotic String Theory,\" the prime candidate for a unified theory of all the forces of nature. He continues to do research in this field at the KITP, a world center of physics. Gross, with Jeffrey", "Weak isospin are unaffected by the force they mediate. Weak isospin In particle physics, weak isospin is a quantum number relating to the weak interaction, and parallels the idea of isospin under the strong interaction. Weak isospin is usually given the symbol or with the third component written as formula_1, formula_2, formula_3 or formula_4. It can be understood as the eigenvalue of a charge operator. The weak isospin conservation law relates the conservation of formula_2; all weak interactions must preserve formula_2. It is also conserved by the electromagnetic, and strong interactions. However, one of the interactions is with the Higgs field. Since", "Alpha decay it has a tiny (but non-zero) probability of \"tunneling\" through the barrier and appearing on the other side to escape the nucleus. Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship between the half-life of the decay, and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically, and was known as the Geiger–Nuttall law. The nuclear force holding an atomic nucleus together is very strong, in general much stronger than the repulsive electromagnetic forces between the protons. However, the nuclear force is also short range, dropping quickly in strength beyond about 1", "Holon (philosophy) to modify and modernise perceptions of natural hierarchy. Ken Wilber comments that the test of holon hierarchy (\"holarchy\") is that if all instances of a given type of holon cease to exist, then all the holons they were part of must cease to exist too. Thus an atom is of a lower standing in the hierarchy than a molecule, because if you removed all molecules, atoms could still exist, whereas if you removed all atoms, molecules, in a strict sense would cease to exist. Wilber's concept is known as the doctrine of the fundamental and the significant. A hydrogen atom", "Nuclear force forces (they are \"color neutral\"), some combinations of quarks and gluons nevertheless leak away from nucleons, in the form of short-range nuclear force fields that extend from one nucleon to another nearby nucleon. These nuclear forces are very weak compared to direct gluon forces (\"color forces\" or strong forces) inside nucleons, and the nuclear forces extend only over a few nuclear diameters, falling exponentially with distance. Nevertheless, they are strong enough to bind neutrons and protons over short distances, and overcome the electrical repulsion between protons in the nucleus. Sometimes, the nuclear force is called the residual strong force, in", "Quantum mechanics force and the electromagnetic force were unified, in their quantized forms, into a single quantum field theory (known as electroweak theory), by the physicists Abdus Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg. These three men shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for this work. It has proven difficult to construct quantum models of gravity, the remaining fundamental force. Semi-classical approximations are workable, and have led to predictions such as Hawking radiation. However, the formulation of a complete theory of quantum gravity is hindered by apparent incompatibilities between general relativity (the most accurate theory of gravity currently known) and some", "Fundamental interaction extremely high level of energy. GUTs are also expected to predict some of the relationships between constants of nature that the Standard Model treats as unrelated, as well as predicting gauge coupling unification for the relative strengths of the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (this was, for example, verified at the Large Electron–Positron Collider in 1991 for supersymmetric theories). Theories of everything, which integrate GUTs with a quantum gravity theory face a greater barrier, because no quantum gravity theories, which include string theory, loop quantum gravity, and twistor theory, have secured wide acceptance. Some theories look for a graviton to", "Matter leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level; it is only described by classical physics (see quantum gravity and graviton). Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force-carrying particles (such as photons) between quarks and leptons. The force-carrying particles are not themselves building blocks. As one consequence, mass and energy (which cannot be created or destroyed) cannot always be related", "Mendel Sachs between relativity theory and quantum theory preclude there from being a quantum theory of gravity. Sachs served as editor in the following books: Mendel Sachs Mendel Sachs (; April 13, 1927 – May 5, 2012) was an American theoretical physicist. His scientific work includes the proposal of a unified field theory that brings together the weak force, strong force, electromagnetism, and gravity. Sachs was born in Portland, Oregon, the third son of a rabbi. When just four months old the Sachs moved with his family to Toronto, Canada, where he grew up and attended school. In March 1945, when Sachs", "Higgs boson have zero mass. Although the photon is indeed massless, experiments show that the weak force's bosons have mass. This meant that either gauge invariance was an incorrect approach, or something else – unknown – was giving these particles their mass, but all attempts to suggest a theory able to solve this problem just seemed to create new theoretical issues. In the late 1950s, physicists had \"no idea\" how to resolve these issues, which were significant obstacles to developing a full-fledged theory for particle physics. By the early 1960s, physicists had realised that a given symmetry law might not always be", "Grand Unified Theory Grand Unified Theory A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which, at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct. Models that do not unify all interactions using", "Weak interaction its electrical charge (in elementary charge units) and \"T\" is its weak isospin. Whereas some particles have a weak isospin of zero, all spin- particles have non-zero weak hypercharge. Weak hypercharge is the generator of the U(1) component of the electroweak gauge group. There are two types of weak interaction (called \"vertices\"). The first type is called the \"charged-current interaction\" because it is mediated by particles that carry an electric charge (the or bosons), and is responsible for the beta decay phenomenon. The second type is called the \"neutral-current interaction\" because it is mediated by a neutral particle, the Z", "Down quark to be taken into account. Due to strong force mediated by gluons in the gluon field, the quarks move at roughly 99.995% of the speed of light, leading to Lorentz factor of roughly 100. As a result, the combined rest mass of quarks is barely 1% of proton or neutron mass. Down quark The down quark or d quark (symbol: d) is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. Together with the up quark, it forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down", "Steven Weinberg any sermon opposing slavery, but only countless sermons preaching that slavery was God's will. With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil—that takes religion. The honors and awards that Professor Weinberg received include: A list of Weinberg's publications can be found on the arXiv and Scopus. Steven Weinberg Steven Weinberg (; born May 3, 1933) is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary", "Electron–positron annihilation the weak force, the W and Z bosons, the strength of the weak force becomes comparable to the electromagnetic force. As a result, it becomes much easier to produce particles such as neutrinos that interact only weakly with other matter. The heaviest particle pairs yet produced by electron–positron annihilation in particle accelerators are – pairs. The heaviest single charged particle is the Z boson. The driving motivation for constructing the International Linear Collider is to produce the Higgs bosons in this way. The electron–positron annihilation process is the physical phenomenon relied on as the basis of positron emission tomography (PET)", "Energy mathematically equivalent thereto, since \"H\" and \"t\" are not dynamically conjugate variables, neither in classical nor in quantum mechanics). In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der", "Fifth force force, operating on municipal scales (i.e. with a range of about 100 meters), was reported by researchers (Fischbach \"et al.\") who were reanalyzing results of Loránd Eötvös from earlier in the century. The force was believed to be linked with hypercharge. Over a number of years, other experiments have failed to duplicate this result. There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range. One way to search for a fifth force is with tests of the strong equivalence principle: this is one of the most", "Natural units electrons is far weaker than the Coulomb force. The unit length, , is the Bohr radius, . The values of and shown above imply that , as in Gaussian units, \"not\" Lorentz–Heaviside units. However, hybrids of the Gaussian and Lorentz–Heaviside units are sometimes used, leading to inconsistent conventions for magnetism-related units. The Electron rest mass is replaced with that of the proton. \"Strong units\" are \"convenient for work in QCD and nuclear physics, where quantum mechanics and relativity are omnipresent and the proton is an object of central interest\". In particle physics and cosmology, the phrase \"natural units\" generally means:" ]

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[ "Olympic flame Olympic flame The Olympic flame is a symbol used in the Olympic movement. Several months before the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia, Greece. This ceremony starts the Olympic torch relay, which formally ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. The flame then continues to burn in the cauldron for the duration of the Games, until it is extinguished during the Olympic closing ceremony. The Olympic flame as a symbol of the modern Olympic movement was introduced by architect Jan Wils who designed the stadium for the 1928" ]

[ "Olympic flame ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand. When the tradition of an Olympic fire was reintroduced during the 1928 Summer Olympics, an employee of the Electric Utility of Amsterdam lit the first modern Olympic flame in the Marathon Tower of the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam. The Olympic flame has been part of the Summer Olympics ever since. The Olympic flame was first introduced to the Winter Olympics at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. By contrast to the Olympic flame proper, the Olympic torch relay, which transports the flame from Olympia, Greece to the various", "Olympic flame also burned by the solid-fueled torch for the 1968 Mexico Games. The fuel used for the torch has varied. Early torches used solid or liquid fuels, including olive oil. For a particularly bright display, pyrotechnic compounds and even burning metals have been used. Since the Munich Games of 1972, most torches have instead used a liquefied gas such as propylene or a propane/butane mixture. These are easily stored, easily controlled and give a brightly luminous flame. The number of torches made has varied from, for example, 22 for Helsinki in 1952, 6,200 for the 1980 Moscow Games and 8,000 for", "Olympic Games ceremony doves perched themselves at the cauldron's rim and were burned alive in the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was later replaced with a symbolic release of doves after the flame has been lit. In the 2000 ceremony, a dove image was projected on an enormous white cloth held by the athletes on the stadium floor. In 2004, an LED screen was used. In 2006, acrobats formed the shape of a dove. The 2008 ceremony had fireworks representing doves. In 2010, dove figures were projected on the stage floor. The 2012 ceremony", "1896 Summer Olympics people.\" Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. Thereafter, a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960, since which time the Samaras/Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem (decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958). Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games. At the", "Olympic flame first woman to light the Olympic Cauldron at the Olympic Games in Mexico City. Perhaps one of the most spectacular of Olympic cauldron lighting ceremonies took place at the 1992 Summer Olympics, when Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo lit the cauldron by shooting a burning arrow over it, which ignited gas rising from the cauldron. Unofficial videos seem to indicate that the flame was lit from below. Twenty years after the Barcelona Games one of those involved said that the flame was \"switched on\" (\"Se encendió con un botón\", in Spanish). Two years later, the Olympic fire was brought into the", "Pan American Games Pan Am Games, the Olympic Rings were added to the flag in 1988. The flag has been hoisted during each celebration of the Games. The flag was hoisted while the Olympic Hymn was played until the 2007 Games. In 2011 Games, the new anthem was played for the first time. The anthem itself was composed in 2008. Similar to the Olympic flame, the Pan American Games flame is lit well before the Games are to commence. The flame was lit for the first games in Olympia, Greece. For subsequent games, the torch has been lit by Aztec people in ancient", "2002 Winter Olympics torch relay happening during the ceremony. The weekend prior to the lighting ceremony, the flame held in the clay urn had been lit using the parabolic mirror and the sun's rays in case of this situation. Following the ceremony, a two-day Greek torch relay carried the flame to the Panathenian stadium in Athens, Greece, where it burned in a cauldron for two weeks. On December 3, 2001, a Greek skier, Thanassis Tsailas, lit a 2002 Olympic torch from a flame in the cauldron, which in turn was used to light a ceremonial lantern. This lantern was then flown aboard the \"Soaring Spirit\"", "Eleni Kyriacou Eleni Kyriacou Eleni Kyriacou (born 15 June 1980) is a Greek Cypriot fashion and costume designer. She is most notable for redesigning the costumes for the Lighting of The Olympic Flame Ceremony, first worn for The Rio 2016 Summer Olympics. They were worn again for The Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. The Hellenic Olympic Committee honoured her for her contribution to the Olympic Games on the 1 November 2016. Two costumes from the ceremony are now permanently housed in the Olympic Museum in Lausanne. Eleni Kyriacou was profiled by Bloomberg Business as a brand that moved from London to Athens amidst", "Hellenic Olympic Committee the Hellenic Olympic Committee. From the I Mediterranean Games in Alexandria in 1951, Hellenic Olympic Committee is responsible for their holding every four years as part of preparations for the Olympic Games. The HOC organises the lighting ceremony of the Olympic flame in Ancient Olympia for ceremonies of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, as well as the Olympic torch relay over Greece, before the Flame continues its journey around the world. The committee of the HOC is represented by: The Hellenic National Federations are the organizations that coordinate all aspects of their individual sports. They are responsible for training,", "Olympic flame a city near Rio de Janeiro, managed to put out the Olympic flame when protesting against the city's spending money on hosting the games, despite the economic crisis that took hold of Brazil. It is not uncommon for the Olympic flame to be accidentally or deliberately extinguished during the course of the torch relay (and on at least one occasion the cauldron itself has gone out during the Games). To guard against this eventuality, multiple copies of the flame are transported with the relay or maintained in backup locations. When a torch goes out, it is re-lit (or another torch", "Olympic flame numerous times in different commemorative coins. A recent sample was the 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games commemorative coin, minted in 2002. In the obverse, the Olympic flame above the Earth can be seen. Note that Finland is the only country highlighted, as the host of the 1952 games. Olympic flame The Olympic flame is a symbol used in the Olympic movement. Several months before the Olympic Games, the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia, Greece. This ceremony starts the Olympic torch relay, which formally ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the", "Al Oerter of biomechanical services, and Oerter after working with Ariel—at age 43—threw a discus 27 feet farther than his best gold medal performance. When filming for a TV segment, he unofficially threw about , which would have set a still-standing world record. In later years, Oerter carried the Olympic flag for the 1984 Summer Olympics, then carried Olympic flame into the stadium for the 1996 Olympic Games. Oerter had struggled with high blood pressure his entire life, and in the 2000s, he became terminally ill with cardiovascular disease. On March 13, 2003, Oerter was briefly clinically dead; a change of blood", "Olympic flame and 2012 to cross the English Channel and was carried by rowers in Canberra as well as by dragon boat in Hong Kong in 2008, and it was first transported by airplane in 1952, when the fire travelled to Helsinki. In 1956, all carriers in the torch relay to Stockholm, where the equestrian events were held instead of in Melbourne, travelled on horseback. Remarkable means of transportation were used in 1976, when the flame was transformed to a radio signal and transmitted from Europe to the New World: Heat sensors in Athens detected the flame, the signal was sent to", "United States Olympic Committee broadcasting rights of the Summer Olympics since 1988, and the broadcasting rights of the Winter Olympics since 2002. In 2011, NBC agreed to a $4.38 billion contract with the IOC to broadcast the 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 Games. On May 7, 2014, NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract with the IOC to broadcast the 2022, 2024, 2026, 2028, 2030, and 2032 Games. The IOC distributes Olympic broadcast revenue through Olympic Solidarity – the body responsible for managing and administering the share of the television rights of the Olympic Games. Under the current format, the revenue is allocated to", "2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron architecture personality of 2012 by its readers. On 12 March 2013 it was announced that the cauldron had won the Visual Arts category of the 2012 South Bank Sky Arts Awards. The cauldron was shortlisted for the Design Museum's 'Designs of the Year 2013' Awards in the 'Product' category. Sequence showing the cauldron starting to open out before it is extinguished at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron was used for the Olympic flame during the Summer Olympics and Paralympics of London 2012. The cauldron was designed", "1936 Summer Olympics torch relay 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay The 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay was the first of its kind, following on from the reintroduction of the Olympic Flame at the 1928 Games. It pioneered the modern convention of moving the flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue. Leni Riefenstahl filmed the relay for the award-winning but controversial 1938 film \"Olympia\". The Olympic flame was introduced to the modern Games in 1928 when it burnt atop a pillar above the stadium in Amsterdam. Four years later the same was repeated in Los Angeles. At both of these events the", "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron of the ancient Olympics. The fire was reintroduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, and it has been part of the modern Olympic Games ever since. According to legend, the torch's flame has been kept burning, ever since the first Olympics. For the ancient Greeks, fire had divine connotations - it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus. Therefore, fire was also present at many of the sanctuaries in Olympia, Greece. A fire permanently burned on the altar of Hestia in Olympia, Greece. During the Olympic Games, which honored Zeus, additional fires were lit at", "2018 Winter Olympics torch relay 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay was ran from October 24, 2017 until February 9, 2018, in advance of the 2018 Winter Olympics. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on 31 October. The torch began its Korean journey on 1 November, visiting all Regions of Korea. The Korean leg began in Incheon: the torch travelled across the country for 101 days. 7,500 relay runners participated in the torch relay over a distance of 2,018 km. The torchbearers each carried the flame for 200 metres. The relay ended in Pyeongchang's Olympic", "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron be asked to light the Olympic Flame. After being lit, the flame continues to burn throughout the Olympics, and is extinguished on the day of the closing ceremony. In 2001 the end stand on the northern part of the stadium was removed and Tzannes Associates commissioned to reinterpret the cauldron, relocated nearby to the Overflow, now known as Cathy Freeman Park. There the cauldron's stem was removed and it was repositioned on top of a group of 24 stainless steel poles organized in a haphazard arrangement, approximately 10 metres above the ground. It operates intermittently as a giant fountain with", "Olympic symbols to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning", "Olympic Games ceremony Committee makes a speech. The IOC President then makes a speech before closing the Olympics by saying:\"And now, in accordance with tradition, I declare the Games of the [ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games closed; and call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now in [name of next host city] to celebrate the Games of the [subsequent ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[subsequent ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games\". Finally, the Olympic flame is extinguished, marking the end of the Games. Olympic Games ceremony Olympic Games", "2018 Winter Olympics torch relay Stadium, the main venue of the 2018 Olympics. The final torch was lit by figure skater Yuna Kim. 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay was ran from October 24, 2017 until February 9, 2018, in advance of the 2018 Winter Olympics. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on 31 October. The torch began its Korean journey on 1 November, visiting all Regions of Korea. The Korean leg began in Incheon: the torch travelled across the country for 101 days. 7,500 relay runners participated in the torch relay over a distance", "Olympic flame plum pudding can, attached to a chair leg. He successfully managed to hand over the fake flame to the Mayor of Sydney, Pat Hills and escape without being noticed. In 2008 there were various attempts to stop the Olympic flame as a protest against China's human rights record. In London, a \"ring of steel\" was formed around the flame to protect it, but one protester managed to grab hold of the torch while it was being held by television presenter Konnie Huq. In 2016, ten days before the beginning of the Rio Games in Brazil, citizens of Angra dos Reis,", "Olympic Games coined by Coubertin's friend, the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP, for a Paris youth gathering of 1891. Coubertin's Olympic ideals are expressed in the Olympic creed: Months before each Games, the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess, ignites a torch by placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun's rays; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer, thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's Olympic stadium, where it plays an important role", "2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron Simmonds and Peacock lit new torches and distributed the fire to other performers across the stadium to represent an eternal flame. Heatherwick had intended that there would not be a large cauldron left after the Games, but instead each petal was to be offered to competing countries as a souvenir. After London 2012, the cauldron was dismantled and the petals returned to the Stage One workshops. Here they were cleaned to remove most of the dirt, smuts and corrosion from the prolonged period of burning, but not re-polished. Presentation of petals began on 7 November 2012 to the British Olympic", "Esa-Pekka Salonen Progress\", \"Orpheus\", \"Agon\", the Cantata, and the Mass. In April 2010, Salonen was elected a Foreign Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In May 2010, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Southern California, and later the same day spoke at the graduation ceremony for the USC Thornton School of Music. Salonen carried the Olympic flame on July 26, 2012, as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay. Among Salonen's compositions are \"...auf den ersten blick und ohne zu wissen...\" (1980, a saxophone concerto with a title taken from Franz Kafka's", "1952 Winter Olympics torch relay passed in the same way that Norwegian skiers historically did while travelling in the dark. Organisational duties were given to the committee for decorations and ceremonies. The flame would not be lit in Olympia, and a location would be chosen that symbolised the birthplace of skiing and Winter events. Since the 1964 relay the process has changed to bring the relay in line with the Summer Olympics and to officially carry the Olympic flame. While there were attempts to give the \"Morgedal Flame\" the same significance as the Olympic flame the IOC have insisted that all Olympic Games should use", "2028 Summer Olympics Other entertainment would be provided to spectators at the Coliseum, including a simulcast of the main portion of the ceremony taking place at Inglewood. Finally, the historic Olympic cauldron at the Coliseum would be symbolically re-ignited upon the lighting of the Olympic cauldron in Inglewood. Sixteen days later, the closing ceremony would be held in reverse, with an opening segment in Inglewood, and the formal protocol (including the extinguishing of the cauldron) taking place at the Coliseum. In the United States, the 2028 Games will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of long-term agreements with the IOC through 2032.", "2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony 2020 Summer Olympics, and the extinguishing of the Olympic flame. For the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics, a major reconstruction project was initiated for the Maracanã Stadium. The original seating bowl, with a two-tier configuration, was demolished, giving way to a new one-tier seating bowl. The original stadium's concrete roof was removed and replaced with a fiberglass tensioned membrane coated with polytetrafluoroethylene. The new roof covers 95% of the seats inside the stadium, unlike the former design, where protection was only afforded to some seats in the upper ring and those above the gate access", "Olympic symbols IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck, Austria, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics. The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector, at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often", "2016 Summer Olympics torch relay brought the Olympic torch into the stadium, relayed off the Olympic flame to Hortência Marcari, who relayed to Vanderlei de Lima. de Lima then lit the Olympic cauldron. Notable torch bearers include: 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay which ran from April 21 until August 5, 2016. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on the 27th of April. The Brazilian leg began in the capital, Brasília, and ended in Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã Stadium, the main venue of the 2016 Olympics. After having visited more than 300 Brazilian cities, including", "2012 Summer Olympics torch relay prime importance at all times, so TECOSIM completed rigorous physical testing to validate the design. It was tested to withstand all likely weather conditions, from high winds to rain and snow at altitude utilizing the BMW Climatic Windtunnel in Munich as well as in field-testing. Production of the torches started towards the end of 2011. LOCOG, together with sustainability partner and sponsor EDF Energy, committed in 2009 to provide a \"low-carbon fuel solution for the flames of the Olympic torch and the cauldron\". When the torch was unveiled on 8 June 2011, London 2012's chairman Sebastian Coe admitted the failure", "Olympic flame is capable of relighting the cooler more visible portion if it is extinguished. The fuel inside the torch lasts for approximately 15 minutes before the flame is exhausted. During the opening ceremony, the final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron, often placed at the top of a grand staircase, and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium. The climactic transfer of the Olympic flame from the final torch to the cauldron at the central host stadium marks the symbolic commencement of the Games. As with being the final runner of the Olympic torch relay,", "2012 Summer Olympics torch relay then lit and converged to create the cauldron, which was designed by Thomas Heatherwick. 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from 19 May until 27 July, prior to the London 2012 Summer Olympics. The torch bearer selection process was announced on 18 May 2011. As well as touring the United Kingdom the schedule included the three crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and also the Republic of Ireland. The traditional lighting ceremony took place on 10 May at the Temple of Hera, Olympia, home of the Ancient Olympic Games.", "2000 Summer Olympics of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek. Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, \"The Flame\". The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame. Former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott brought the Olympic Flame into the stadium. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists: Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within", "Bids for Olympic Games awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017. In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However,", "1956 Summer Olympics 1972 competing for the U.S. She was the flag bearer for the U.S. team at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Despite the international tensions of 1956—or perhaps because of them—a young Melburnian, John Ian Wing, came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony. Instead of marching as separate teams, behind their national flags, the athletes mingled together as they paraded into and around the arena for a final appearance before the spectators. It was the start of an Olympic tradition that has been followed ever since. The Olympic flame was relayed to Melbourne after being lit at Olympia on", "2019 European Games a few days before the main event. Now the route and the script of the relay are being developed. The Torch Relay \"Flame of Peace\" will begin on 3 May in Rome. The deadline for submitting the selfie photos is 25 October 2018. The criteria for evaluating photos include compliance with the theme and conditions of the contest, as well as artistic taste and originality. The final results are to be announced in the period between 20 and 28 December 2018. The winners will be awarded with diplomas from Belteleradiocompany, as well as sets of tickets for the events of", "Olympic flame Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The idea for the Olympic flame was derived from ancient Greece, where a sacred fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics on the altar of the sanctuary of Hestia. In Ancient Greek mythology, fire had divine connotations — it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus. Sacred fires were present at many ancient Greek sanctuaries, including those at Olympia. Every four years, when Zeus was honoured at the Olympic Games, additional fires were lit at his temple and that of his wife, Hera. The modern Olympic flame is", "2004 Summer Olympics the same Olympic bonuses promised to their security force counterparts. The lighting ceremony of the Olympic flame took place on 25 March 2004 in Ancient Olympia. For the first time ever, the flame travelled around the world in a relay to various Olympic cities (past and future) and other large cities, before returning to Greece. Mascots have been a tradition at the Olympic Games since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. The Athens games had two official mascots: \"Athena\" and \"Phevos\" (Greek pronunciation: Athina and Fivos). The sister and brother were named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom, strategy", "Olympic flame the United States and Ireland, respectively). The London 2012 torch travelled 8,000 miles across the UK. The Rio 2016 torch travelled 12,000 miles across Brazil. There have been protests against Olympic torch relays since the they were first introduced. In 1936, there were minor protests against the torch relay to Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, which were suppressed by the local security forces. In the 1956 Melbourne Games in Australia, local veterinary student Barry Larkin protested against the relay when he tricked onlookers by carrying a fake flame, consisting of a pair of underpants set on fire in a", "1936 Summer Olympics in unison and begging for Hitler. There was something scary about it; his cult of personality.\" After a speech by the president of the German Olympic Committee, the games were declared open by Adolf Hitler: \"I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Berlin, celebrating the Eleventh Olympiad of the modern era.\" Hitler opened the games from his own box, on top of others. Writer David Wallechinsky has commented on the event, saying, \"This was his event, he wanted to be glorified.\" Although the Olympic flame was first introduced in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, this was the first instance", "2016 Summer Olympics to survive in the tropical Brazilian climate\" if kept. The podiums were also designed so that their materials could be recycled to make furniture. The Future Arena, host of handball competitions, was designed as a modular temporary venue whose components can be reconstructed to build schools. However, as of November 2017, the arena is still standing because of lack of money to dismantle it and no allocation of funds to do so in the 2018 budget. Portions of the opening ceremony were also dedicated to the issue of climate change. The Olympic flame was lit at the temple of Hera", "Special Olympics participating in competitions and preparing themselves for richer, more productive lives. In 2018, the Chicago Park District erected the \"Eternal Flame of Hope\" in honor of the Special Olympics. The sculpture by Richard Hunt stands in a plaza next to Soldier Field, where the first games were held 50 years earlier in 1968. The Flame of Hope is the name given to the torch that is carried to and lit at Special Olympics games. Special Olympics programs are available for athletes free of charge. More than 5.7 million athletes and Unified Sports partners are involved in Special Olympics sports training", "2014 Summer Youth Olympics to 4500m and a temperature range of -15˚C to 45˚C. Following Olympic tradition the torch lighting ceremony was held on 30 April 2014 in Athens, Greece at the Panathenaic Stadium where the first Olympic Games were held. Four young athletes from Greece and China competed in a mini-relay. The torch relay was divided into two parts. The first part was a digital relay where people who downloaded an app were able to participate in the relay through an interactive option called \"Give Me Fire.\" When using this feature users were able to pass the Youth Olympic flame to their friends", "2004 Summer Olympics torch relay July 8, 2004, just over a month after it began its global journey and just over a month before the 2004 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony on August 13, 2004. July 9 (day 1) July 10 (day 2) July 11 (day 3) July 12 (day 4) July 13 (day 5) July 14 (day 6) July 15 (day 7) July 16 (day 8) July 17 (day 9) July 18 (day 10) July 19 (day 11) July 20 (day 12) July 21 (day 13) July 22 (day 14) July 23 (day 15) July 24 (day 16) July 25 (day 17) July 26 (day", "2002 Winter Olympics torch relay to Atlanta, Georgia, where it arrived on the morning of December 4. The lantern was unloaded and Bonnie Blair used its flame to light a temporary cauldron to be used at the celebration in Atlanta. During this celebration, Muhammad Ali lit a 2002 Olympic torch from the flame in the temporary cauldron, which he then passed to Olympians Peggy Fleming and Bob Paul, who began the 2002 Winter Olympics torch relay. 2002 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2002 Winter Olympics torch relay was a 65-day run, from December 4, 2001 until February 8, 2002, prior to the 2002 Winter Olympics.", "Ira Nadel Studies Annual\", and an editorial board member of \"English Literature in Transition\" and \"Autobiographical/Biographical Studies\". He is known in British Columbia as a long-serving book critic for CBC Radio's afternoon show. Nadel's first marriage in June 5, 1966 ended when his wife died on February 23, 1975. He has two children from his second marriage, on July 4, 1976, to Josephine Margolis, a lawyer. He has protested the use of the Olympic torch as a legacy from the Nazis. Nadel considers the torch relay a fabrication by the Nazis in 1936 in Germany, and not associated with the ancient Olympics.", "Olympic emblem the bid emblem and the Nanjing 2014 Summer Youth Olympics emblem. To be unveiled in January 1, 2019. To be unveiled in 2023. Olympic emblem Each Olympic Games has its own Olympic emblem, which is a design integrating the Olympic rings with one or more distinctive elements. They are created and proposed by the Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (OCOG) or the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the host country. It is the responsibility of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to approve Olympic emblems for the Olympic games. The Olympic emblems are used in promotional materials, by sponsors of", "2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and Gilberto Gil performed the song \"Sandália de Prata\", by Ary Barroso. The segment was a tribute to Rio's most famous signature event; the Rio Carnival, which happens on the last four days before Ash Wednesday. Ending the Olympic torch relay at the end of the Opening Ceremony, Gustavo Kuerten brought the Olympic torch into the stadium, relayed the Olympic flame to Hortência Marcari, who relayed to Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, who then lit the Olympic cauldron. The cauldron was lit by Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, marathon bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics and recipient of Pierre de Coubertin", "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each", "Eleftherios Petrounias In May 2016, Petrounias attended the 2016 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Bern, Switzerland. He qualified in 1st Position for the Rings Final, scoring 15.700. During the Finals, he once again secured a gold medal on the rings, scoring 15.866. Petrounias was the first torch bearer for the Olympic torch relay after the flame was ignited at Olympia on 21 April 2016. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Petrounias qualified for the rings final in second place with a score of 15.833. On August 15, 2016, he won the gold medal in this event with a", "Eastlake, Ohio by a branch of the Willoughby-Eastlake Public Library. The Boulevard of 500 Flags, purported to be \"the world's largest permanent display of American flags\", is located in Eastlake. \"An Eternal Flame burns brightly and was donated to the City of Eastlake by the East Ohio Gas Company, commemorating the arrival of the Olympic Torch. A ceremony was held in Eastlake on June 10, 1996 as the Olympic Torch made its way through the United States from Greece to Atlanta for the 1996 Olympics. The Torch Ceremony attracted nearly 5,000 people to the area for that very special celebration.\" On August", "2018 Winter Olympics on 21 September 2017. Created by Lee Suk-woo, the design features a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides, with the Olympic rings on the front, and the obverse showing the 2018 Olympics' emblem, the event name and the discipline. The edge of each medal is marked with extrusions of hangul alphabets, while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile. The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea. The relay lasted 101 days. There were", "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron fire and gas experts, water experts, weather experts, risk management experts; the list goes on ... Ric Birch, Michael Knight and latterly David Atkins have been unswerving in their endeavour to see the project fully realised. Finally Director Richard Wherrett was charged with choreographing and directing the entrance of the torch into the stadium, and the lighting of the flame.\" The Olympic Flame or Olympic Torch is a symbol of the Olympic Games. Commemorating the theft of fire from the Greek god Zeus by Prometheus, its origins lie in ancient Greece, where a fire was kept burning throughout the celebration", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony \"Red Flavor\" by Red Velvet. \"Red Flavor\" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced. The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said \"It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness.\"", "2002 Winter Olympics torch relay added to the route plan. The torch and all relay marketing would be designed to closely follow the 2002 Olympic theme \"Light the Fire Within\" and the look of the games theme \"Land of Contrast - Fire and Ice\". In February 2000 The Coca-Cola Company and Chevrolet signed an agreement with SLOC to become the official relay sponsors, agreeing to pay two-thirds of the $25 million relay cost. The remainder of the cost would be paid for by official relay providers, such as Delta Air Lines, who flew the flame from Greece to the United States and Union Pacific, whose", "Paralympic symbols main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games. Then it is left to burn throughout the Games till the Closing Ceremony, when it is extinguished to signify the end of the Games. For the first time, on 1 March 2014, Stoke Mandeville ran the first ever Heritage Flame lighting ceremony in advance of the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympics. An Armillary Sphere has been created which will be used at all future Heritage Flame events to create the spark by human endeavor of a wheelchair", "1968 Winter Olympics After the Marseillaise was played, all athletes who were still in Grenoble reassembled onto the ice and the flag bearers formed a semi-circle. Whilst the flags of Greece, France and next host Japan were put up, a torch bearer brought the Olympic flame into the stadium and ignited it into a bowl on the ice. IOC president Avery Brundage thanked the organisers and declared the games over. When the Olympic flag was pulled down, gun salutes were heard all across the town and finally the flame went out. At the age of 11 years and 158 days, the Romanian figure", "2002 Winter Olympics torch relay the games, all three locomotives were combined into one triple-headed train, and used to transport the Olympic flame from Soldier Hollow to Heber City, Utah as part of the torch relay. On November 19, 2001, the first 2002 Olympic torch was lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece. Greek actress Thalia Prokopiou played the role of high priestess and lit the torch using a flame kept in a clay urn. Usually the torch is lit using a parabolic mirror and the sun's rays, but for the third games in a row, cloudy conditions prevented that from", "Trireme ship-lengths. Additional sea trials took place in 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1994. In 2004 \"Olympias\" was used ceremonially to transport the Olympic Flame from the port of Keratsini to the main port of Piraeus as the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay entered its final stages in the run-up to the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The builders of the reconstruction project concluded that it effectively proved what had previously been in doubt, i.e., that Athenian triremes were arranged with the crew positioned in a staggered arrangement on three levels with one person per oar. This architecture would have made optimum use", "National Sports Festival of Japan the Olympic flame, was first introduced at the 5th tournament in 1950, and the torch relay at the 12th tournament in 1957. From the 3rd tournament in 1948 a relay event had been held, though this was to carry the tournament's official flag, though this only remained until the 27th tournament in 1972. Afterwards, only the torch relay took place. Points are awarded depending on the outcome of each individual event, with the sum of these points being the method of competing for the Emperor's and Empresses Cups. 10 points are given for participation in each game in the tournament", "Olympic flame the London 2012 Games. In transit, the flame sometimes travels by air. A version of the miner's safety lamp is used, kept alight in the air. These lamps are also used during the relay, as a back-up in case the primary torch goes out. This has happened before several Games, but the torch is simply re-lit and carries on. The cauldron and the pedestal are always the subject of unique and often dramatic design. These also tie in with \"how\" the cauldron is lit during the Opening Ceremony. The Olympic flame has been used as a symbol and main motif", "2010 Winter Olympics is the transfer of the Olympic flame from Ancient Olympia, Greece — where the first Olympic Games were held thousands of years ago — to the stadium of the city hosting the current Olympic Games. The flame arrives just in time for the Opening Ceremony. For the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games, the flame was lit in Olympia on October 22, 2009. It then traveled from Greece, over the North Pole to Canada's High Arctic and on to the West Coast and Vancouver. The relay started its long Canada journey from the British Columbia capital of Victoria. In Canada, the", "2019 Special Olympics World Summer Games that the Special Olympics will be held in the Middle East / North Africa Region. Due to the region's climate, the games will be held during the local late winter/early spring. The games will be held between 14–21 March, 2019. The logo was unveiled on March 25, 2017 during the handover part at the closing ceremony of the 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games in Graz, Austria. The logo was projected on the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. The logo is inspired by a palm frond weaving leaves (khoos) and in the middle is the Special Olympics symbol in a red", "2012 Summer Olympics marketing \"Chariots of Fire\", which depicts Britain's athletics successes in the 1924 Olympics, is also a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 London Olympics. The film's theme tune was featured at the opening of the 2012 London New Year's fireworks celebrating the Olympics, and the film's iconic beach-running scene and theme tune are utilized in \"The Sun\"'s \"Let's Make It Great, Britain\" Olympic ads. The tune was also used when five thousand runners first tested the new Olympic Park. As an official part of the London 2012 Festival celebrations, a new digitally re-mastered version of \"Chariots of Fire\" was screened", "ABC Olympic broadcasts serious bid for the 2014 games in Sochi, Russia and the 2016 games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. However, NBC won the rights to American television coverage of the Olympics through the 2020 Summer Games. On May 7, 2014, NBC now holds control of the Olympic television coverage in the United States through 2032 Summer Games. ABC Olympic broadcasts The Olympic Games aired in the United States on the broadcast network ABC during the 1960s to the 1980s. ABC first televised the Winter Olympic Games in 1964, and the Summer Olympic Games in 1968. ABC last televised the Summer Olympics", "2017 Asian Winter Games ritual involved praying for the success of all the athletes taking part in the games. From February 7 to the 17th, the flame be split and then displayed at the City Halls of both Sapporo and Obihiro, as well as the 10 ward offices of Sapporo. The flame lit at the Opening Ceremony was transferred to Sapporo City Hall and displayed in the 1972 Winter Olympics Cauldron,until the hours before the Closing Ceremony, on February 26. The opening ceremony of the games took place on 19 February at the Sapporo Dome. The show included a performance by Japanese pop band", "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and dance along with the music. Among the performers were: A fireworks display officially closed the segment, though the performers continued to play music. 1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony The Closing Ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics took place on August 4, 1996, at the Centennial Olympic Stadium in Atlanta, United States at approximately 8:00 PM EDT (UTC -4). It was produced by Don Mischer. The official motto of the closing ceremony is \"An American Day of Inspiration\". The closing ceremony began after a 126-second countdown in tribute to all the past Summer Olympic Games with the Atlanta Olympic Band,", "Olympic Games in the opening ceremony. Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928, the torch relay was only introduced at the 1936 Summer Games to promote the Third Reich. The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968. It has played an important part of the Games' identity promotion since the 1980 Summer Olympics, when the Russian bear cub Misha reached international stardom. The mascot of the Summer Olympics in London was named Wenlock after the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire. Much Wenlock still hosts the Wenlock", "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron his temple and that of his wife, Hera. The modern Olympic flame is ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand. The Olympic Torch today is ignited several months before the opening celebration of the Olympic Games at the site of the ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. Eleven women, representing the Vestal Virgins, perform a ceremony in which the torch is kindled by the light of the Sun, its rays concentrated by a parabolic mirror. In contrast to the Olympic flame proper, the torch relay of modern times, which transports the flame from Greece to the", "Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics including a flame, torch or medal. Chicago agreed to revise the logo. The current redesigned logo was released on September 19, 2007. Using the same color palette, a unique six-pointed Chicago star represents a compass pointing in all directions reaching out to the world. Each point represents an Olympic value: Hope, Respect, Harmony, Friendship, Excellence and Celebration. The warm colors initially represented in the flame (or top) of the image refer to the sun, the cool colors represent the green parklands and blue waters of Lake Michigan. Initially beneath the logo were the words \"Applicant City\". Both logos were designed", "Ai Fukuhara Table Tennis), released on 24 June 2004, both for the PlayStation 2. She carried the Olympic flame when it traveled to Tokyo in 2004. She carried the torch once again for the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, and was the flag bearer for the Japanese national team at the Opening Ceremonies. Since she has been playing table tennis in China from a very young age, Fukuhara can speak fluent Mandarin Chinese with a Northeastern accent. Therefore, she has greater popularity in China than most other table tennis players from outside of China. In an incident widely reported by the Chinese", "2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony the bowl changed into a red track. Special lights cast scenes of the 16 days from the lighting of the holy flame to now onto the track in the air. At the center of the field, two \"sports sculpture\" performers rise gradually and show different athletic gestures slowly in the air, conveying the noble Olympic spirit. The athlete on the boarding ladder looks at the burning flame in the distance, and slowly folds the painting scroll, just as the flame was about to be extinguished. A huge \"holy flame\" is lighted at the center of the field (396 \"memory tower\"", "2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Olympic Winter Games. The cauldron lighting was also the first in recent memory to be lit indirectly, that is, the flame did not directly touch or travel to (such as the arrow lighting at the 1992 Summer Olympics) the cauldron itself. The precise timing of the pyrotechnics was obviously computer timed from the precise moment the flame touched the center frame in the center of the stadium. Because of the elaborate fireworks, it is highly unlikely the flame travelled to all the charges directly. However, it is possible that the cauldron was lit from a backup flame inside, or that", "Olympiad at the opening of the Olympic Summer Games and ending at the opening of the next. The Olympiads are numbered consecutively from the first Games of the Olympiad celebrated in Athens in 1896. The XXXI Olympiad (i.e. 31st) began on August 5, 2016 and will end on July 24, 2020. The Summer Olympics are more correctly referred to as the Games of the Olympiad. The first poster to announce the games using this term was the one for the 1932 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, using the phrase: \"Call to the games of the Xth Olympiad\" Note, however, that the", "John Mark (athlete) United Kingdom in the 400 metres in Paris. He also won two AAA silver medals in the relay. In late 1947, he was already on the British shortlist for selection for the 400 metres at the forthcoming London Olympics, when his Olympian good looks led to his being chosen to light the Olympic flame at the opening of the games. Thus on 29 July 1948 he carried the heavy Olympic torch on the final leg of its journey into Wembley Stadium and lit the flame in its specially-designed bowl. Following the Olympics, Mark worked as a GP in a rural", "Fritz Schilgen aesthetics commission. Schilgen's dramatic lighting of the flame in the Olympic Stadium is captured in \"Olympia\", a Nazi propaganda film about the Games by Leni Riefenstahl, who also helped devise the torch relay and select Schilgen as final torchbearer. Schilgen himself did not compete in the Olympics. Schilgen's involvement in the Olympics continued after the 1936 Games. After the Second World War he was a consultant to the Olympic Committee. He helped to plan the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. At the age of 90, Schilgen participated as a torchbearer again before the 1996 Summer Olympics. The 1996 Games celebrated", "Olympic flame of seven young British athletes (Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds and Adelle Tracey) — each nominated by a British Olympic champion — who then each lit a single tiny flame on the ground, igniting 204 copper petals before they converged to form the cauldron for the Games. The design of the torch used in the relay to the Games changes for each Games. They may be designed to represent a classical ideal, or to represent some local aspect of those particular Games. The first Olympic torches in 1936 were produced by the Krupp", "Olympic Games ceremony the three oaths are merged into one as the Unified Oath where one athlete, judge, and coach recite one line of the oath respectively before the athlete finishes it. Finally, the Torch is brought into the stadium, passed from athlete to athlete during the torch relay, until it reaches the last carrier; often a well-known athlete from the host nation, who lights the fire in the stadium's cauldron. Under IOC rules, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron must be witnessed by those attending the opening ceremony, implying that it must be lit at the location where the ceremony is taking", "Robyn Perry Robyn Perry Robyn Ainsworth (born Robyn Perry in 1975) was a 12-year-old schoolgirl and figure skater who lit the Olympic Flame in the opening ceremony for the 1988 Winter Olympics. On Feb. 13, 1988, she was the final runner in the Olympic torch relay and was chosen to ignite the giant cauldron at McMahon Stadium, kicking off the Calgary Winter Olympics. Downhill skier Ken Read and speed skater Cathy Priestner handed off the torch to her. During the ascent, Perry had to yell to one of the athletes to get out of her way. In an interview with the 2010", "Olympic flame with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony in the central host stadium of the Games. The final carrier is often kept unannounced until the last moment. Over the years, it has become a tradition to let famous athletes, former athletes or athletes with significant achievements and milestones be the last runner in the Olympic torch relay. The Olympic torch travels routes that symbolise human achievement. Although most of the time the torch with the Olympic flame is still carried by runners, it has been transported in many different ways. The fire travelled by boat in 1948", "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony Youth Orchestra performs \"The Flame\". The crowd was silenced, as Georgia native and country singer Trisha Yearwood sang an a cappella version of the same song. Upon conclusion of the song, the flame extinguished slowly. The ceremony concluded with an all-star tribute to American popular music. A New Orleans-style funeral commenced the segment which eventually turns into a celebration with elaborate swing music. An array of performers culminated in the finale which was led by \"Late Show\"'s Paul Shaffer, and conductor Harold Wheeler. As with most closing ceremonies, the athletes were invited onto the field below the stadium to sing", "San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee who was the founder of the Gay Games, died of AIDS complications on July 11, 1987, a few months after the Supreme Court decision. The Gay Games retains many similarities with the Olympics, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony. The USOC issued \"Guidelines for Using Olympic Symbols, Marks, and Terminology\". Although the Gay Games have been conducted in many countries since 1982, they have not tried to use the word \"Olympics\" in those other countries. This is consistent with the existence of special trademark laws in countries other than the United States that also", "1984 Summer Olympics torch relay 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28, prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The route covered around across the United States and involved over 3,600 torchbearers. Rafer Johnson lit the cauldron at the opening ceremony. The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC) tasked Burson-Marsteller, the public relations agency of AT&T, with the organization of the relay. The controversial Youth Legacy Kilometer, which turned the relay into a sponsored, fund-raising event, pioneered the idea of runners being nominated by the public. The aluminum torch, designed with", "2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony were shown on the stage, concluding with the logo of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The games were formally closed by International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach at 22:04 MSK, calling them 'The Athlete's Games'. He invited the world to assemble in four years' time in Pyeongchang for the 2018 Olympic Games. A final appearance was made by the three children accompanied by giant animatronic models of the three official mascots of the 2014 Olympic Games. A series of large mirrors combined and floated into the air to reveal the Olympic flame. The Olympic flame in the stadium and outside was", "Olympic flame stadium of Lillehammer by a ski jumper. In Beijing 2008, Li Ning \"ran\" on air around the Bird's Nest and lit the flame. In Vancouver 2010, four athletes—Catriona Le May Doan, Wayne Gretzky, Steve Nash and Nancy Greene—were given the honour of lighting the flame simultaneously indoors before Wayne Gretzky transferred the flame to an outdoor cauldron at Vancouver's waterfront. Other famous last bearers of the torch include heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali (1996), Australian aboriginal runner Cathy Freeman (2000), Brazilian marathon runner Vanderlei de Lima (2016), and South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim (2018). On other occasions, the people", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace. In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from", "2002 Winter Olympics torch relay painted in Olympic livery, using Salt Lake's \"Look of the Games\" style, known as \"Land of Contrast - Fire and Ice\". The cauldron car contained a 2 million-BTU burner, to keep the flame burning, and was originally used during the torch relay for the 1996 Summer Olympics, and was simply redesigned and repainted for the 2002 games. The Olympic train carried the flame on four separate occasions during the 2002 torch relay, for a total of more than through 11 states. Following the games the cauldron car was donated to the Utah State Railroad Museum at Union Station, where it", "2004 Summer Olympics of the Olympic Cauldron, featured music composed and arranged by John Psathas from New Zealand. The gigantic cauldron, which was styled after the Athens 2004 Olympic Torch, pivoted down to be lit by the 35-year-old, before slowly swinging up and lifting the flame high above the stadium. Following this, the stadium found itself at the centre of a rousing fireworks spectacular. All National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Athens Games, as was the case in 1996. Two new NOCs had been created since 1996 and made their debut at these Games (Kiribati and Timor-Leste). Therefore, with the return of", "Chris Daly $10.2 million for city businesses that year. On 20 March 2008 Daly introduced a resolution which criticized the human rights record of China and urged officials representing San Francisco during the upcoming Olympic torch ceremonies (scheduled for 9 April 2008) to \"make publicly known that the 2008 Summer Games torch is received with alarm and protest.\" Daly's resolution was covered extensively by the local media and elevated the issues of treatment of protests in relation to the Olympics being held in China, the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay and the torch ceremonies being held in San Francisco, the only North", "Greece at the Olympics while Greece has also hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, Greece always enters the stadium first and leads the parade to honor its status as the birthplace of the Olympics, with the notable exception of 2004 when Greece entered last as the host nation. Before the Games the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia, the site of the Ancient Olympic Games, in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals and initiates the Olympic torch relay. The flag of Greece is always hoisted in the closing ceremony, along with", "Olympic flame is lit) from one of the backup sources. Thus, the fires contained in the torches and Olympic cauldrons all trace a common lineage back to the same Olympia lighting ceremony. The current design of the torch has a safeguard built into it: There are two flames inside the torch. There is a highly visible (yellow flame) portion which burns cooler and is more prone to extinguish in wind and rain, but there is also a smaller hotter (blue in the candle's wick) flame akin to a pilot light hidden inside the torch which is protected from wind and rain and", "Olympic flame Ottawa via satellite where it was received and used to trigger a laser beam to re-light the flame. The torch, but not the flame, was taken into space by astronauts in 1996, 2000 and 2013. In 2000, the torch was carried under the water by divers near the Great Barrier Reef. Other unique means of transportation include a Native American canoe, a camel, and Concorde. The torch has been carried across water; the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games was carried across the port of Marseilles by a diver holding it aloft above the water. In 2000, an underwater flare was used", "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron various designated sites of the games, had no ancient precedent and was introduced by Carl Diem at the controversial 1936 Berlin Olympics. The Olympic Torch Relay ends on the day of the opening ceremony in the central stadium of the Games. The final carrier is often kept unannounced until the last moment, and is usually a sports celebrity of the host country. The final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron, often placed at the top of a grand staircase, and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium. It is considered a great honor to", "2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony Olympics in Turin, due to his pancreatic cancer. Then nine-year-old Eleonora Benetti also lip-synched to a previous recording of the Italian National Anthem. The Sydney Symphony Orchestra appeared to perform at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but the music spectators heard was entirely pre-recorded, with some of the music pre-recorded by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Television coverage of the fireworks show which displayed the 29 firework \"footprints\" outside the stadium was simulated by computer animation. Twenty-nine sets of fireworks in the shape of a footprint did actually go off, but it was decided that it would be difficult and", "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe. The Olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on aircraft, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns. Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red", "2012 Summer Olympics torch relay 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from 19 May until 27 July, prior to the London 2012 Summer Olympics. The torch bearer selection process was announced on 18 May 2011. As well as touring the United Kingdom the schedule included the three crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and also the Republic of Ireland. The traditional lighting ceremony took place on 10 May at the Temple of Hera, Olympia, home of the Ancient Olympic Games. The torch travelled around Greece, arriving at the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens on 17", "2004 Summer Olympics torch relay flame had travelled to Africa, India and South America. The flame was transported from country to country aboard a specially-equipped Boeing 747 leased from Atlanta Icelandic (Registration TF-ARO) called \"Zeus\". On board the flame was carried and burned continuously in specially modified miners lamps. March 25: March 26: March 27: March 28: March 29: March 30: March 31: The International Leg of the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay officially began on June 4, 2004, when the flame touched down in Sydney, Australia, host city of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The International Leg of the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay officially concluded on", "Olympic flame it is considered to be a great honor to light the Olympic cauldron, and similarly it has become a tradition to select notable athletes to conduct this part of the ceremony. After being lit, the flame in the Olympic cauldron continues to burn throughout the Games, until the day of the closing ceremony and celebration, when it is finally put out, symbolizing the official end of the Games. The first well-known athlete to light the cauldron in the stadium was ninefold Olympic Champion Paavo Nurmi, who excited the home crowd in Helsinki in 1952. In 1968, Enriqueta Basilio became the" ]

[ 12.1328125 ]

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[ "A band playing music." ]

[ "People protesting outside a building.", "A photographer takes pictures of a landscape", "The press focuses on character in their coverage.", "Organizing the best case and worst case scenarios", "A woman is on a ladder in front of a movie theater.", "Two boys are in a dog house.", "There is a child riding a horse" ]

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[]

[ "The woman is in the rain forest." ]

[ "There is no longer a rain forest.", "A man is on a boat.", "The children are under ten years old.", "A man is inside.", "De Wit was paid by stipend rather than by piece.", "The mother is hiking.", "A man is running with a football." ]

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[]

[ "What quantities would be good for you in your living situation?" ]

[ "I'm sorry, I can neither recommend nor sell this product to you.", "the red-haired woman waits for the man to stop singing", "There is a young doctor within eyesight of the head of the ward", "The boys have toy guns.", "A hunting dog, with bird in mouth, jumps a fence", "Postal Service's long-standing challenges in labor-management relations illustrate the importance of having a shared set of long-term goals.", "A meter maid in all black holds a black umbrella." ]

[]

[]

[ "The recommendations could have been different." ]

[ "We made no recommendations.", "The dog is running in the grass.", "A boy jumps on another boy", "There is disdain and detente.", "The woman and man are out for a walk.", "There is a man standing next to a bucket", "The man is ready to commit a crime." ]

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[]

[ "Fastball (band) Fastball is an American rock band that formed in Austin, Texas in 1995. The band originally called themselves \"Magneto U.S.A.\" but changed their name after signing with Hollywood Records.", "Goo Goo Dolls The Goo Goo Dolls are an American rock band formed in 1985 in Buffalo, New York, by vocalist and guitarist John Rzeznik, vocalist and bassist Robby Takac, and drummer George Tutuska. Mike Malinin was the band's drummer from January 1995 until December 27, 2013 (but not made an official member until 1998). Although renowned for their commercially successful 1998 single \"Iris\", they have had several other notable and popular singles including \"Name\" and \"Naked\" from 1995's \"A Boy Named Goo\". \"Slide\", \"Black Balloon\", \"Dizzy\", and \"Broadway\" from 1998's \"Dizzy Up the Girl\", \"Here Is Gone\" from 2002's \"Gutterflower\", \"Better Days\", \"Give a Little Bit\", and \"Stay with You\" from 2006's \"Let Love In\" (although \"Give A Little Bit\" was originally released on the 2004 live CD/DVD album \"\"), and \"Home\" from 2010's \"Something for the Rest of Us\". The Goo Goo Dolls have had 19 top ten singles on various charts, and have sold more than 12 million albums worldwide." ]

[ "The Fuzztones The Fuzztones are an American garage rock revival band formed in 1980. Founded by singer-guitarist Rudi Protrudi in New York City, the band has gone through several member changes but is currently active in Europe. Dismissed by some critics and listeners as a \"bar band\" or unoriginal, they maintained a strong fan base in New York, in Europe (with their music being played on Hungarian State Radio), and in Los Angeles. Rudi Protrudi moved to Los Angeles in 1987, after the breakup of the original band, to organize a new Fuzztones, consisting of Jordan Tarlow, (Lead Guitar) John \"Speediejohn\" Carlucci, (Bass) Jason Savall, (Vox Organ) & \"Mad\" Mike Czekaj on drums. This lineup bears the distinction of being the only 1980's garage rock revival band to secure a major label record deal , when they signed to RCA.", "Nashville Pussy Nashville Pussy is an American rock & roll band from Atlanta, Georgia. Their musical style has been variously described as psychobilly, Southern rock, hard rock and cowpunk, as well as \"sleaze rock\". The band's lyrical themes mostly revolve around sex, drugs, drinking, fighting, and rock 'n' roll. Initially called Hell's Half-Acre, the band's name comes from Ted Nugent's introduction to \"Wang Dang Sweet Poontang\" on the \"Double Live Gonzo\" album.", "Füxa Füxa (pronounced Fyoo-sha, or like the color fuchsia) is an American rock band.", "D-beat D-beat (also known as \"discore\", \"kängpunk\" (Swedish for \"boot-punk\"), and \"discrust\") is a style of hardcore punk, developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. D-beat is known for its \"grinding, distorted and brutally political\" sound. Discharge may have themselves inherited the beat from Motörhead and the Buzzcocks. D-beat is closely associated with crust punk, which is a heavier, more complex variation. The style was particularly popular in Sweden, and developed there by groups such as Crude SS, Anti Cimex, Mob 47 and Driller Killer. Other D-beat groups include Doom and the Varukers from the UK; Disclose from Japan; Crucifix and Final Conflict from the U.S.; Ratos de Porão, from Brazil; and MG15, from Spain. While the style initially developed in the early 1980s, a number of new groups working within the subgenre emerged in the mid-1990s. These include the Swedish groups Wolfbrigade, Totalitär, Avskum, Skitsystem and Disfear.", "Future Rock Future Rock (or FR) is an electronic rock trio hailing from Chicago, Illinois. The band consists of Felix Moreno on bass guitar and synthesizer, Mickey Kellerman on keyboards and synthesizers, and Darren Heitz on drums. Future Rock mixes standard live rock instrumentation with electronics, and music is classified as electronica, but fuses elements of progressive house and dance-rock. Their music is often intense and quirky, yet very danceable.", "Fastball (comics) Fastball is a DC Comics supervillain.", "George Tutuska George Tutuska (born in February 1965) is a drummer and former member of the alternative rock band Goo Goo Dolls. He is from Buffalo, New York. He is of Irish and Hungarian descent.", "Atomic Bomb! Band The group has also featured special guests including David Byrne (of Talking Heads), Damon Albarn (of Blur), the Lijadu Sisters, Pharoah Sanders, Jamie Lidell, Joshua Redman, Kele Okereke (of Bloc Party), Luke Jenner (of The Rapture), Ghostpoet, Dev Hynes (aka Blood Orange / Lightspeed Champion), Wally DeBacker (Gotye), Young Fathers, Mahotella Queens, Andrew Ashong, Zap Mama, Charles Lloyd, Cheikh Lô, Peaking Lights, David Murray, Para One, Mike Floss, Moses Sumney, Sarah Jones, Green Gartside and Amadou and Mariam.", "Speed Zone Speed Zone (also known as Cannonball Fever), released in 1989, is a comedy set around an illegal cross-country race (inspired by the Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash).", "Electric Six Electric Six is a six-piece band from Detroit, Michigan. Their style has been described as a brand of rock music infused with elements of \"garage, disco, punk rock, new wave, and metal.\" The band met recognition in 2003 with the singles \"Danger! High Voltage\" and \"Gay Bar\", and subsequently released 14 full-length albums, two rarities albums, and a live album. A live DVD, \"Absolute Treasure\", was released for download in 2014. The current lineup of the band consists of singer Dick Valentine, guitarists Johnny Na$hinal and Da Vė, drummer Two-Handed Bob, keyboardist Tait Nucleus?, and bassist Rob Lower.", "Simply Slang Founded in 2002, Simply Slang is a hard rock quartet based in Chicago, Illinois. Originally known as Deadline, the band later changed its name upon discovering another band using the same name. In 2004, Simply Slang issued its eponymous debut, \"Simply Slang\", through Platinum Realm Entertainment.", "Special Kiss Special Kiss was the first album by Gumball, a band formed by Don Fleming and Jay Spiegel following the breakup of B.A.L.L., and recruited Eric Vermillion soon after. It was released in 1991 on the Primo Scree label, and features contributions from Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth and Teenage Fanclub.", "Cuckoo's Nest (nightclub) The Cuckoo's Nest (1976–1981) was a punk rock nightclub that was located at 1714 Placentia Avenue in Costa Mesa, California. There were often confrontations with the punks from the Cuckoo's Nest and the cowboys from Zubie's, which shared a parking lot. The police were constantly harassing the punks. Club owner Jerry Roach fought a number of court cases in an effort to keep the club alive, and in his 1981 film on the subject Urban Struggle he suggested that perhaps this was the first time that the authorities would stamp out a fad. The club was a hub of the punk rock in California. The club is notable as being home to the first slam pit. Jim trash from the crowd invented the slam dance at the Cuckoo's Nest according to American hardcore. the Bands such as 999 (band), The Ramones, XTC, The Damned, Redd Kross, Black Flag, T.S.O.L., Circle Jerks, the Vandals, Social Distortion, Agent Orange (band), Blondie Chaplin, JFA, David Johansen, uk Squeeze (band), the Adolescents, X (American band), the Go-Go's, The Lords of the New Church, Bad Brains, the Cramps, Iggy Pop, Dead Kennedys, the Dickies, Violent Femmes, Ultravox (with John Foxx), the Motels, the Bangles, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, John Cale, Suicidal Tendencies, Los Lobos, Fear (band), Wall of Voodoo, the Misfits (band), the Knack, the Crowd, The Blasters, 45 Grave, The Weirdos, China White (band), The Minutemen (band), Civil Defense (band), 20/20 (band), Pere Ubu, Suburban Lawns, sub humans, Magazine (band), The Plimsouls, Rubber City Rebels, Berlin (band), Middle Class (band), all played gigs there. The club was memorialized in the Vandals song \"Pat Brown\", a song about a club goer who actually tried to run the cops into the ground and urban struggle or I want to be a cowboy...couldn't make it as a punker.", "Lovelorn Dolls Lovelorn Dolls is a Belgian female-fronted rock/metal band founded by guitarist Corpus Christi and singer Kristell Lowagie.", "Hypnogaja Hypnogaja (pronounced hip-nō-gä-zhä) is an American rock band from Los Angeles, CA. The group is composed of vocalist Jason \"ShyBoy\" Arnold, keyboardist Mark Nubar Donikian, drummer Adrian Barnardo and guitarists Bryan Farrar and Abe Parker.", "Crazy Lixx Crazy Lixx is a Swedish glam metal band, formed in Malmö, Sweden in 2002. It's another band belonging to Swedish hard rock scene, with influences from bands like: Guns N' Roses, Aerosmith, Kiss, Whitesnake, Alice Cooper, Def Leppard and Mötley Crüe.", "Long Way Down (Goo Goo Dolls song) \"Long Way Down\" is the fifth single by the Goo Goo Dolls from their breakthrough album, 1995's \"A Boy Named Goo\". This song is often overshadowed by the low-key ballad \"Name\", which launched the band to household names. Although it could not match the chart-topping success of \"Name\" on the rock and pop charts, \"Long Way Down\" reached No. 7 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, but only made it halfway up the Modern Rock Tracks chart (#25). It did not reach the pop charts. \"Long Way Down\" was also part of the soundtrack for the 1996 film \"Twister\".", "CBDB (band) CBDB (Crazy Boogie Dance Band) is an American progressive rock band based in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The band was founded in 2011 by Cy Simonton (vocals, guitar), Kris Gottlieb (lead guitar), Glenn Dillard (saxophone, keyboards). Paul Oliver (drums) joined in 2012 followed by Mike Sinopole (bass) in 2016. CBDB are the self-proclaimed purveyors of Joyfunk.", "Vol.2 (Goo Goo Dolls album) Vol.2 is a compilation album by American rock band Goo Goo Dolls, serving as the second volume to \"\". It consists of two discs: one, a CD with previously unreleased tracks, b-sides, rarities, new covers, fan favorites and live performances; the other, a DVD with 23 music videos and videos from live performances. A limited edition of the album with the entire Red Rocks concert on the DVD is available on the Goo Goo Dolls website.", "The Dirty Sock Funtime Band The Dirty Sock Funtime Band is a multi-national New York City-based children's music band. \"A rock band for kids that really rocks,\" in the words of Chris Barron of the Spin Doctors, who is a featured vocalist on the CD \"Mr. Clown and the Day the Sun Got Wet\". Since 2005, DSFB has been heavily featured on the Noggin TV program \"Jack's Big Music Show\", with four videos running on the popular kids' music show. They are the 2nd most represented group on the program, behind Laurie Berkner" ]

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[ "A man in sunglasses is waiting at a bus stop." ]

[ "A man in sunglasses is flying a fighter plane.", "the dog is wating for food", "The children are playing.", "Monica must be ruined if he were to survive this.", "Christ spent time here and ministered to the people.", "Everybody is sitting in a chair.", "The skier the roof as a ski jump." ]

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[ "He trades at the border with men who are prone to attack the Apaches with guns." ]

[ "He trades with men at the border who have a very peaceful relationship with the Apaches.", "Compliance with guidelines was watched by everyone involved to a degree.", "To reach it you have to go a couple hundred yards from Pico do Facho.", "Our brain has only evolved enough to be able to reproduce effectively.", "There is a young boy in the road.", "people shaking hands", "Everything that is written here makes complete sense." ]

[]

[]

[ "Mother Teresa loved animals." ]

[ "Mother Teresa detested animals.", "Buy might still mean buy.", "An artist paints the park and sells it for $100.", "No that's not the real story.", "A bull is out in a grassy field all alone.", "A construction camp is awaiting you.", "Deleuze against Dodo birds." ]

[]

[]

[ "Two people walk down a street." ]

[ "A single person runs a marathon.", "The group of men are playing music.", "A man stands in front of a yellow wall.", "A person is wearing casual clothes.", "A person is drying off.", "Selling assets to foreigners doesn't affect the nation whatsoever.", "One moment." ]

[]

[]

[ "I was thinking." ]

[ "I slept for a bit.", "three teachers harass a student", "A group of children sit in a restaurant waiting.", "Understanding why people behave certain ways is not good material for case studies.", "Minor classification problems charge the people more money.", "The man sat in the snow and watched it come down.", "Two people are standing on the sidewalk." ]

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[]

[ "Vikings (season 5) Vikings (season 5) The fifth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793. The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half premiered on November 28, 2018. The premise of the fifth season differs from the" ]

[ "Vikings (2013 TV series) one of Oleg's successors, Vladimir the Great, Prince of Novgorod. Katheryn Winnick, who portrays Lagertha in the show, will direct one of the Season 6 episodes. \"Vikings\" premiered on March 3, 2013, in Canada and the United States. \"Vikings\" was renewed for a fourth season in March 2015 with an extended order of 20 episodes, which premiered on February 18, 2016. On March 17, 2016, History renewed \"Vikings\" for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017. On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season of 20", "Vikings (2013 TV series) sons, and their adventures in England, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean. On March 17, 2016, History renewed \"Vikings\" for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017. On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which will consist of 20 episodes. The series is inspired by the tales of the Norsemen of early medieval Scandinavia. It broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, family and descendants, as notably laid down in the 13th-century sagas \"Ragnars saga Loðbrókar\" and \"Ragnarssona þáttr\", as", "Vikings (season 5) 10. Entertainent Weekly gave the episode an \"A\". In \"A Simple Story\", Aethelred is portrayed rejecting the throne in favour of his younger brother Alfred. In history, after the death of Aethelwulf three of Alfred's elder brothers ruled, for two, five and six years respectively, all dying before Alfred took the throne in 871. Writing in Forbes Magazine, Erik Kain described the storyline as \"just a huge unforced error\". Vikings (season 5) The fifth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary", "Vikings (season 4) performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir. The track was released as a single on October 20, 2017 together with a second version solely performed by Selvik. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.3/10 based on twelve reviews. Vikings (season 4) The fourth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on February 18, 2016 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of", "Wild Kratts 5 episodes (\"Archerfish School\", \"This Orca Likes Sharks\", \"Baby Tooth and Kid Musky\", \"Cheetah Adopted\" and \"Muskox Mania\") aired during the week of April 10, 2017 to April 14, 2017. Season 5 began on July 24, 2017 with the premiere of \"Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey\" as well as \"Mystery Of the North Pole Penguins\" and \"Temple of Tigers\". This season focuses on habitats such as Europe's Black Forest, and Antarctica, as well as the Indian jungles. According to the Kratt Brothers there would be a Halloween special focusing on tarantulas and vampire bats. On November 6, 7, and 8th,", "The 100 (TV series) renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016. On March 12, 2016, \"The 100\" was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017. On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018. On May 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season. Post production, including ADR recording for the series, was done at the recording studio Cherry Beach Sound. David J. Peterson, who created Dothraki for \"Game of Thrones\", developed the Trigedasleng language for The Grounders. Jason", "Vikings (season 4) in Francia, Bjorn's raid into the Mediterranean, and the Viking invasion of England. It concluded in its entirety on February 1, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"Vikings\" is an Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes, TM Productions for the last four episodes, and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes, and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth", "The Blacklist (season 5) The Blacklist (season 5) The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series \"The Blacklist\" premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017, with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM. The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16, 2018. The season aired the series' 100th episode. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The fifth season of \"The Blacklist\" received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator", "Vikings (season 4) Vikings (season 4) The fourth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on February 18, 2016 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793. The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half premiered on November 30, 2016. The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo", "Trolls: The Beat Goes On! Zahn of \"The Rock Father\" confirmed that there would be a second season. It was streamed on March 9 and consists of seven episodes. The third season was released on August 24, 2018. The fourth season was released on November 2, 2018. Season 5 will be released on January 18, 2019. The show picks up where the film \"Trolls\" left off; the series will follow Queen Poppy, Branch, the Snack Pack and the other Trolls, and their Bergen pals, as they experience everyday life in Troll Village. The series was released internationally on Netflix. It was also released in the", "Empire (season 5) July 18, 2018, \"Deadline Hollywood\" reported that Rhyon Nicole Brown has been upped to regular cast. On June 25, 2018, Nicole Ari Parker was also upgraded to series regular status after recurring in the fourth season. Empire (season 5) The fifth season of the American television drama series \"Empire\" premiered on September 26, 2018, in the United States on Fox. The season was ordered on May 2, 2018, consisting of eighteen episodes with Brett Mahoney taking over as showrunner from Ilene Chaiken. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny", "Cold Justice in addition to four confessions, three guilty pleas and three murder convictions. Although TNT made no official announcement, McClary wrote on her personal Facebook page in mid-2016 that the series was canceled. She later said that the production company is shopping the series to other networks. In February 2017, it was announced that \"Cold Justice\" had been acquired by Oxygen. A fourth season premiered on July 22, 2017. On April 23, 2018, Oxygen announced the series had been renewed for a fifth season, which aired from August 4 to October 6, 2018. \"Cold Justice\" scored 66 out of 100 on", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 12, 2015. A third season premiered on September 29, 2015, concluding on May 17, 2016, and the fourth season premiered on September 20, 2016, and concluded on May 16, 2017. A fifth season of \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" premiered on December 1, 2017 and concluded on May 18, 2018. In May 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season, intended to air in July 2019. In November 2018, ahead of the sixth season's release, the series was renewed for a seventh season. After starting the first season with high ratings but mixed reviews, the ratings began to drop while reviews", "Empire (season 5) Empire (season 5) The fifth season of the American television drama series \"Empire\" premiered on September 26, 2018, in the United States on Fox. The season was ordered on May 2, 2018, consisting of eighteen episodes with Brett Mahoney taking over as showrunner from Ilene Chaiken. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc. The showrunners for this season are Mahoney, Danny Strong and Lee Daniels. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> As part of the renewal process, Brett Mahoney took over as showrunner from Ilene Chaiken. On", "DreamWorks Dragons Network during the first two seasons, subtitled \"Riders of Berk\" and \"Defenders of Berk\" respectively. Afterwards, the series was named \"Race to the Edge\", the first season of which debuted on Netflix on June 26, 2015. The second and third seasons of \"Dragons: Race to the Edge\" premiered on January 8 and June 24, 2016, respectively. The fourth season was released on February 17, 2017. The series was renewed for a fifth season, which was released on Netflix on August 25, 2017. The series (alongside the Netflix exclusive, \"All Hail King Julien\") is syndicated as part of the newly rebranded", "All Hail King Julien June 17, 2016, and season 4 was released on November 11, 2016. During the course of the series, 65 episodes of All Hail King Julien, excluding the spin-off \"Exiled\", released on May 12, 2017, were released over five seasons. The fifth and final season was released on December 1, 2017. It is currently showing reruns on Universal Kids When King Julien XII (also known as Uncle King Julien), a very strict and cowardly ring-tailed lemur is foretold to be eaten by fossa (spelled and pronounced as \"foosa\"), he abdicates his throne in favor of his nephew, who becomes King Julien", "Netflix 9, 2017, season 5 was premiered and the sixth season premiered on July 27, 2018. In November 2013, Netflix and Marvel Television announced a five-season deal to produce live action Marvel superhero-focused series: Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist and Luke Cage. The deal involves the release of four 13-episode seasons that culminate in a mini-series called \"The Defenders\". \"Daredevil\" and \"Jessica Jones\" premiered in 2015. The \"Luke Cage\" series premiered on September 30, 2016, followed by \"Iron Fist\" on March 17, 2017 and \"The Defenders\" on August 18, 2017. In April 2016 the Netflix series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe", "The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series) the series was given an additional 44-episode order. The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20, 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12, 2017. On November 21, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 9, 2018, and the 1st mid-season finale aired March 13, 2018 and on March 13, 2018, OWN also announced the second half of the season, which premiered on May 1, 2018 and with the 2nd mid-season finale July 17, 2018. On July 17, 2018, OWN announced the third half of the season, which premiered on", "Below Deck with another five new crew members. In April 2016, the network renewed \"Below Deck\" for a fourth season. On February 21, 2017, it was announced production filming for season 5 had begun. On February 22, 2017 it was announced that the production boat had sunk after its propeller hit something while arriving in the marina in the Caribbean while filming for season 5. On July 17, 2017, it was announced that the fifth season would premiere on September 5, 2017, with Lee Rosbach, Kate Chastain and Nico Scholly returning. The sixth season premiered on October 2, 2018. Lee Rosbach and", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) Gregg made his directorial debut on the series during the season, which features the series' 100th episode that was promoted with a special commemorative art program. The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and ran for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18, 2018. The two-part premiere debuted to 2.54 million viewers, marking the lowest-rated season premiere of the series. Despite consistently low viewership, critical reception of the season was positive, with many commending the series for its ambition, in particular praising the futuristic space setting during its first half and exploration of time travel. Critics also praised", "The Blacklist (season 5) website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating based on five reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10. The Blacklist (season 5) The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series \"The Blacklist\" premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017, with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM. The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16, 2018. The season aired the series'", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) Chicago P.D. (season 5) The fifth season of \"Chicago P.D.\", an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Rick Eid, premiered on September 27, 2017 and concluded on May 9, 2018. The season contained 22 episodes This season featured its 100th episode. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On May 25, 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would be departing the series, while Jon Seda is set to return after the cancellation of \"Chicago Justice\". After recurring last season as Detective Hailey Upton, Tracy Spiridakos has been promoted to a series regular for this", "Alone (TV series) for season 4. In January 2017, a Danish version of the series premiered with the name \"Alone in the Wilderness\" () on DR3. It featured ten contestants and was filmed in northern Norway. Participants chose 12 items from a list of 18. In the fall of 2017, a Norwegian version aired with 10 contestants spread around a lake with fish. It was near the tree line, so the few, small, mostly birch trees left few land resources. The last contestant tapped out after a little more than a month. The fifth season premiered on June 7, 2018. Contestants are dropped", "RWBY and Kerry Shawcross were writing for the series. The season debuted on October 22, 2016. In January 2017, a fifth season was announced to be in development, and was released on October 14. On February 1, 2015, Rooster Teeth announced that both volumes of \"RWBY\" so far were available for streaming on Netflix. In 2017, Rooster Teeth announced that Rooster Teeth First members would get episodes one week earlier than the general public. On September 15, 2018, Rooster Teeth CEO Matt Hullum announced that \"RWBY\" Volume 6 will be released exclusively on the company's website. This decision was made after", "Black-ish (season 5) Shahidi as a part of the main cast, due to her character receiving her own spin-off show, \"Grown-ish\". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Black-ish (season 5) The fifth season of \"Black-ish\" began airing on October 16, 2018 on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Cinema Gypsy Productions, Principato-Young Entertainment and ABC Studios, with creator Kenya Barris, who also serves as executive producer alongside Anthony Anderson, Brian Dobbins, Jonathan Groff and Helen Sugland. The series revolves around Dre, portrayed by Anthony Anderson, a family man who struggles with finding his cultural identity while raising his kids in a white", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) by ABC and Marvel on November 26, 2017, as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week. Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes. Hosted by Patton Oswalt, who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series, the first was released on March 8, 2018 with the women of the series. The second, which release on March 9, featured the full cast, while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers. All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series' social media platforms and Marvel's YouTube channel.", "Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks that determine size limits and quotas for the season. \"Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks\" is a spin-off of \"Wicked Tuna\". Several vessels from the original show also appear in this version. Originally called \"Wicked Tuna: North vs. South\", the name of the show was changed at the beginning of the second season. Season 5 began airing on July 1, 2018 and concluded on September 24, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks (previously known as Wicked Tuna: North vs. South) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the", "Grimm (TV series) 24, 2014. The series premiered in the UK on February 13, 2012 on W (known then as Watch), with season two returning on October 22, 2012, and season 3 on February 5, 2014. The fourth season premiered on January 28, 2015. The fifth season premiered on November 3, 2015. The sixth season premiered on February 14, 2017. The series is also available to watch on Netflix. Grimm (TV series) Grimm is an American fantasy police procedural drama television series created by Stephen Carpenter and Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt and produced by Universal Television for NBC. The series aired from", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) to sort of inform [Talbot's] motivation to become what he's becoming. That was our main tie-in, trying to drive our own antagonist. We felt like that was a good way to deal with it, but keep the things in world in our story.\" The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1, 2017, beginning once \"Inhumans\" finished airing its episodes. It is set to run for 22 episodes, with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between \"Past Life\" and \"All the Comforts of Home\". The season concluded on May 18, 2018.", "The Resident (TV series) core concepts of medicine\". A second medical student indirectly called the series unrealistic. The Resident (TV series) The Resident is an American medical drama television series aired by Fox Broadcasting Company that premiered on January 21, 2018, as a lead-out to the Vikings-Eagles NFC Championship, and as a mid-season replacement entry in the 2017–18 television season. The fictional series focuses on the lives and duties of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital, while delving into the bureaucratic practices of the hospital industry. The show was purchased by Fox from Showtime in 2017. It was created by Amy Holden Jones,", "Voltron: Legendary Defender of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes. The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. A seventh season premiered on August 10, 2018 and consists of thirteen episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. The eighth and final season premiered on December 14, 2018, and consists of thirteen episodes. For millennia, the Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races.", "Annie Murphy are similar in shape and size to the Levys' eyebrows, were one of the reasons that she scored the role. The series has won multiple awards since it premiered and has run for four seasons. On March 6, 2018, the show was renewed for a fifth season to air in early 2019. Murphy is married to Hollerado singer Menno Versteeg. In 2016, for her work on \"Schitt's Creek\", Murphy was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role. Annie Murphy on Instagram Annie Murphy Annie Murphy (born December 19, 1986)", "Vikings (season 5) role of Aethelred in the fifth season. Nigerian actor Stanley Amuzie told local media he had landed a small role in the fifth season. The fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of \"White Hair\". In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig. He spent several months of 2016 on the set of \"The Last Kingdom\", portraying a Viking. The musical score for the fifth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5) Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5) The fifth season of the television sitcom \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" premiered September 26, 2017 on Fox. It is the final season to air on Fox, as the series was cancelled on May 10, 2018, before NBC picked it up for a sixth season on May 11, 2018. Jake and Rosa adjust to life in jail before the Nine-Nine are able to bust Melanie Hawkins when Holt is forced to make a deal with local mobster Seamus Murphy. After their release, Jake realizes he's not ready to be back out in the field right away and Rosa breaks", "The Simpsons (season 29) new episodes, and is the second season to not have any new episodes airing in February, after the twenty-fifth season (which also aired in a Winter Olympics year). <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Simpsons (season 29) The twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\" premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20, 2018. On November 4, 2016, \"The Simpsons\" was renewed for seasons 29 and 30. This season marked the show's surpassing \"Gunsmoke\" as the longest-running scripted series in primetime television by number of episodes, with the series' 636th episode \"Forgive and Regret\".", "Grace and Frankie second, third, and fourth seasons, also consisting of 13 episodes each, have been released on May 6, 2016, March 24, 2017, and January 19, 2018, respectively. Despite mixed reviews upon its debut, the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations, including five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which is set to premiere on January 18,", "The Goldbergs (season 5) The Goldbergs (season 5) The fifth season of the American television comedy series \"The Goldbergs\" premiered on ABC on September 27, 2017 and concluded on May 16, 2018. The season is produced by Adam F. Goldberg Productions, Happy Madison Productions, Doug Robinson Productions, and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Adam F. Goldberg, Doug Robinson, and Seth Gordon. The show explores the daily lives of the Goldberg Family; a family living in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania in the 1980s. Beverly Goldberg (Wendi McLendon-Covey), the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs is married to Murray Goldberg (Jeff Garlin). They are the parents", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver initial contract with HBO was for two years with an option for extension. In September 2017, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons of 30 episodes each, keeping the show on the air through 2020. The fifth season premiered on February 18, 2018. Oliver described his preparations for the show to an interviewer for \"The Wire\": \"... I basically have to watch everything. The only thing I kind of watch for pleasure is Fareed Zakaria's show on Sundays ... That and \"60 Minutes\" I watch for pleasure, or maybe \"Frontline\" ... I have a TV", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) the performances, character development and writing. The series was renewed for a sixth season on May 14, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was \"very bullish\" about \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\"s future, feeling that \"the episodes just keep getting better and stronger\". The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward, by reducing its budget and licensing fee. Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted", "Younger (season 5) seasons, stating that the series \"shows promise in being able to adapt and grow, no matter what its age.\" While analyzing the premiere episode, Lizzy Buczak of TV Fanatic affirmed that the fifth season is \"shaping up to be quite a great season.\" Younger (season 5) The fifth season of \"Younger\", an American comedy-drama television series created by Darren Star and the final season aired onTV Land, was ordered on April 20, 2017. It premiered on June 5, 2018, and revolves around the lead Liza Miller, specifically after she found herself between her two lovers' new publicly romantic lives. The", "Vikings (season 5) fourth, sixth, eighth and thirteenth episodes, Michele Conroy for the seventh, ninth and eleventh episodes, and Dan Briceno for the twelfth episode, and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first and second episodes, Peter Robertson for the third, fourth, and seventh to thirteenth episodes, and Suzie Lavelle for the fifth and sixth episodes. At the same time that the series was renewed for a fifth season, it was announced that Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers would be joining the cast, as Heahmund, a \"warrior bishop\". Vikings creator Michael Hirst, explained: \"I was looking at the history books, and I came across", "Game of Thrones (season 5) Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, \"A Storm of Swords\", as well as the upcoming", "Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse half of season 4 premiered on September 11, 2015. The fifth season of the series premiered on April 1, 2016. The second half of season 5 premiered on September 30th. On January 30, 2017 OWN announced that the show will be ending after the sixth season. The sixth season premiered on Saturday, June 10, 2017. The series ended on July 22, 2017. The series had a total of 162 episodes. \"For Better or Worse\" received generally mixed reviews from critics. The \"Boston Herald\" described it as being \"an upscale \"Dynasty\" crossed with \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" with a dash", "Orange Is the New Black (season 5) has received \"generally favorable reviews\". On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76% rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews. Orange Is the New Black (season 5) The fifth season of the American comedy-drama television series \"Orange Is the New Black\" premiered on Netflix on June 9, 2017, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51–60 minutes. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, \"\" (2010), about her experiences at FCI", "Mom (season 5) Mom (season 5) The fifth season of the sitcom \"Mom\" began airing on November 2, 2017, and concluded on May 10, 2018 on CBS in the United States. The season is produced by Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. Television, with series creators Chuck Lorre, Eddie Gorodetsky and Gemma Baker serving as executive producer. The series follows Christy Plunkett (Anna Faris), a single mother who—after dealing with her battle with alcoholism and drug addiction—decides to restart her life in Napa, California's wine country working as a waitress at the restaurant Rustic Fig and attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. She lives with", "Prison Break Blu-ray July 21, 2009. A nine-episode fifth season was announced by Fox in January 2016. The revival series, dubbed \"\", premiered on April 4, 2017, and aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm. The season concluded on May 30, 2017. On December 12, 2017, Dominic Purcell announced via Instagram that season 6 is \"in the works.\" Then on January 4, 2018, Fox officially confirmed that season 6 is in early development. The first season follows the rescue of Lincoln Burrows, who is accused of murdering Terrence Steadman, the brother of Vice President of the United States, Caroline Reynolds. Lincoln is sentenced", "DreamWorks Dragons Universal Kids on September 9, 2017. \"Dragons: Race to the Edge\" was renewed for a sixth and final season which was released on February 16, 2018. Taking place between \"How to Train Your Dragon\" and \"How to Train Your Dragon 2\", \"DreamWorks Dragons\" follows Hiccup as he tries to keep balance within the new cohabitation of Dragons and Vikings. Alongside keeping up with Berk's newest installment—A Dragon Training Academy—Hiccup, Toothless, and the rest of the Viking Teens are put to the test when they are faced with new worlds harsher than Berk, new dragons that can't all be trained, and", "Fargo (season 3) in various technical and creative categories. Fargo (season 3) The third season of \"Fargo\", an American anthology black comedy–crime drama television series created by Noah Hawley, premiered on April 19, 2017, on the basic cable network FX. The season had ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on June 21, 2017. As an anthology, each \"Fargo\" season possesses its own self-contained narrative, following a disparate set of characters in various settings, albeit in a connected shared universe. The third season is set primarily between December 2010 and March 2011, in three Minnesota towns: St. Cloud, Eden Valley, and Eden Prairie,", "Mark Cronin the development stage for multiple other projects. Idiotest continues to be renewed by GSN and premiered its fourth season, Thursday, January 19, 2017. As of 2016, Below Deck has had continued success with its audience and has completed four seasons. Season 4 is considered one of Bravo's fastest growing series and season 5 is set to return to production in 2017. With Below Deck's popularity, Cronin sold a spin-off show to Bravo called, Below Deck Mediterranean. This series premiered May 3, 2016 and the season's ratings permitted Bravo to renew the show for a second season that will premier in", "Vikings (2013 TV series) fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of \"White Hair\". In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig. He spent several months of 2016 on the set of \"The Last Kingdom\", portraying a Viking. Russian actor Danila Kozlovsky is set to join the series for the sixth season, as Oleg of Novgorod, the 10th century Varangian (east European Vikings) ruler of the Rus people. Coincidentally, Kozlovsky headlined the big-budget 2016 Russian feature \"Viking\", playing", "Family Time (TV series) October 6, 2015 to December 8, 2015. On April 13, 2016, the show was renewed for a fourth season, airing from October 4, 2016 to December 27, 2016. On August 3, 2017 the show was renewed for a fifth season, that premiered on October 3, 2017. The series was renewed for a sixth season and premiered on October 1, 2018. After a construction worker gets lucky, winning $500,000 on a lottery scratch-off ticket, he suddenly find himself and his wife launched into middle-class society, and decide to move with their two young children into a new neighborhood. Guest stars also", "Homeland (season 5) Homeland (season 5) The fifth season of the American television drama series \"Homeland\", premiered on October 4, 2015, and concluded on December 20, 2015, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes. The series started as a loosely based variation of the two-season run of the Israeli television series \"Hatufim\" (English: \"Prisoners of War\") created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa. The fifth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 10, 2017. Set two years after the previous season, Carrie is no longer working for the CIA, and is working for", "The Americans (season 5) season to air in 2017; and a sixth and final 10-episode season to air in 2018. The season began principal photography on October 11, 2016; and completed on March 13, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fifth season has received widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 95% approval rating with an average score of 9.09 out of 10 based on 37 reviews, with a critics consensus of: \"In its penultimate season, \"The Americans\" brings long-simmering storylines to a boil while heightening the spy-thriller stakes and deepening the domestic drama—all brought vividly to life by superb performances from its veteran cast.\"", "BoJack Horseman more positive towards the second half of the first season, before universally acclaiming the subsequent seasons. Alongside having a satirical take on current events, politics, and show business, \"BoJack\" is lauded for its realistic take on dealing with depression, trauma, addiction, self-destructive behavior, and the human experience. In 2018, online magazine Thrillist ranked it as the best Netflix original series of all time. On September 21, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on September 14, 2018. The show was renewed for a sixth season on October 30, 2018. The series takes place mostly in Hollywood", "Vikings (season 3) track \"Battle for the Hill of the Ash\", which plays in the episode \"Warrior's Fate\", while the song \"Howl\" is featured in the episode \"The Dead\". The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, with an average rating of 8/10 based on eleven reviews. On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, it scored 81 out of 100, based on seven reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Vikings (season 3) The third season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on February 19, 2015 on History in Canada, and concluded on April 23, 2015, consisting of ten episodes. The", "Girls (TV series) The second season ran on HBO from January 13, 2013 to March 17, 2013. The third season, which contained 12 episodes as opposed to the previous seasons' 10 episodes, ran from January 12, 2014, to March 23, 2014. The fourth season of the series started filming in April 2014 and premiered on January 11, 2015. The fifth season premiered on February 21, 2016. \"Girls\" sixth and final season concluded on April 16, 2017, culminating in a total of 62 episodes. Since its release in 2012, the series has generated significant criticism over its lack of racial representation, depiction of sexual", "Michael Bay into television with three series: \"The Last Ship\" on TNT, an action-drama series based on a novel by William Brinkley, which premiered on June 22, 2014 and is set to start its fifth season in August 2018; \"Black Sails\" on Starz, which aired for four seasons, with its final episode airing on April 2, 2017; and Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan, again starring John Krasinski as Jack Ryan and premiering on Amazon Video on August 31, 2018. Bay and Wyndcrest Holdings, a Florida-based investment firm, acquired the digital effects company Digital Domain from James Cameron and Stan Winston in 1996, infusing", "Vikings (season 5) Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first four episodes, and Liz Gill for the fifth to thirteenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers. The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Susan O'Connor Cave, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designer Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth and tenth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the second,", "Ballers 21, 2015 on HBO Canada, in the United Kingdom on September 8, 2015 on Sky Atlantic, and in Australia on September 15, 2015 on Showcase. The second season premiered on July 17, 2016 and a third on July 23, 2017. On August 8, 2017, HBO picked up \"Ballers\" for a fourth season, which premiered on August 12, 2018. On September 6, 2018, HBO renewed the series for a fifth season. The first season of \"Ballers\" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 81%, based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of", "How to Get Away with Murder for a fourth season on February 10, 2017, by ABC. The series was renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2018, by ABC, which premiered on September 27, 2018. In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", showrunner Peter Nowalk talked about what will happen in the third season regarding Frank's disappearance; he commented: \"Yes, I can see the three-piece suits and the hair product all falling apart. It’s more what Frank feels about himself\". When talking about the trust between Annalise and Frank, Nowalk said: \"...Frank has two choices: To run away and hope she never catches him, just to", "Black-ish (season 5) Black-ish (season 5) The fifth season of \"Black-ish\" began airing on October 16, 2018 on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Cinema Gypsy Productions, Principato-Young Entertainment and ABC Studios, with creator Kenya Barris, who also serves as executive producer alongside Anthony Anderson, Brian Dobbins, Jonathan Groff and Helen Sugland. The series revolves around Dre, portrayed by Anthony Anderson, a family man who struggles with finding his cultural identity while raising his kids in a white neighbourhood. He lives with his wife, Bow (Tracee Ellis Ross). This is the second season not to have Yara", "The Blacklist (TV series) 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on September 22, 2016. A spin-off series, \"\", premiered on February 23, 2017. On May 11, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season, while the spin-off was canceled the following day. The fifth season premiered on September 27, 2017. After showing a screening of the pilot at Comic-Con, producers revealed that their inspiration for \"The Blacklist\" came from the capture of Whitey Bulger. Recalling the experience in an interview with Collider, executive producer John Eisendrath stated: NBC bought the rights to \"The Blacklist\" from Sony Pictures Television", "Voltron: Legendary Defender 2017. The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7, 2016, where an episode was shown at the \"Voltron\" panel. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes. The fourth season premiered on October 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consisted of 6 episodes. The sixth season premiered", "Sabri Maranan (TV series) for a second season. Production began in June 2012 and ended in August 2012. The third season was announced on March 1, 2016 and it premiered on March 11, 2016. The fourth season began filming on April 20, 2017 and finished filming on June 13, 2017. The season premiered on November 3, 2017 on the new Keshet 12 channel. The fifth season began filming on March 25, 2018 and finished filming on May 22, 2018. The sixth season was announced by Yaniv Polishook on November 26, 2018. In April 7, 2015 the show premiered in United States under the title", "A Song of Ice and Fire season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed \"Game of Thrones\" for a fifth and sixth season. Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series. The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016. These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding", "House of Cards (season 5) House of Cards (season 5) The fifth season of the American web television drama series \"House of Cards\" was announced by Netflix on January 28, 2016, and released on May 30, 2017. Casting began for the season on June 17, 2016. Filming had begun by July 20, 2016, and finished by February 14, 2017. On January 28, 2016, Netflix renewed \"House of Cards\" for a fifth season. It was also announced that series creator Beau Willimon would step down as showrunner following the fourth season. It was announced in February 2016 that Melissa James Gibson and Frank Pugliese, who both", "Vikings (season 3) Vikings (season 3) The third season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on February 19, 2015 on History in Canada, and concluded on April 23, 2015, consisting of ten episodes. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793. The third season follows the development of Ragnar's family, and the Vikings as they become more entwined in English affairs, and also begin to raid", "Ang Probinsyano (season 5) within the Philippine Government. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Ang Probinsyano (season 5) The fifth season of \"Ang Probinsyano\", a Philippine action drama television series on ABS-CBN, premiered on March 15, 2018 on ABS-CBN's \"Primetime Bida\" evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel. The series stars Coco Martin as SPO2 Ricardo Dalisay, together with an ensemble cast. The fifth season of \"Ang Probinsyano\" chronicles Cardo and \"Vendetta's\" struggle against corruption in the larger Philippine political arena. \"Vendetta\" not only has to fight the Renato Hipolito-backed terrorist group \"Kamandag\", they are also up against a gun-running ring operated by the Vice President of", "Major Crimes fifth season, On June 22, 2016, TNT ordered eight additional episodes for season five, bringing the total to 21. On January 18, 2017, the series was renewed for a 13-episode sixth season, clarified in October as the final season, which aired from October 31, 2017, to January 9, 2018. \"Major Crimes\" received a score of 65/100 and \"generally favorable\" reviews based on 17 critics at Metacritic. \"Newsday\"s Verne Gay gave the series a B+ grade, calling it \"sharply written, acted and directed\", adding \"producers now have to turn an (occasional) antagonist into a full-time protagonist. Let the metamorphosis begin.\" Robert", "Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood (season 5) serve as co-executive producers. Ray J and Princess' friends and family Guests Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood (season 5) The fifth season of the reality television series \"\" aired on VH1 from July 23, 2018 until November 19, 2018. It was primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young, Stephanie Gayle and Treiva Williams for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, Dave Patry, David DiGangi, Rich Allen and Michael Lang for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine, Vivian Gomez and Jihoon Zun for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and", "Wentworth (TV series) aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was", "Piper Kerman 2017. The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018. \"Orange is the New Black\" has received critical acclaim and won four Emmy Awards. Kerman serves on the board of the Women's Prison Association and is frequently invited to speak to students of creative writing, criminology, gender and women's studies, law, and sociology, as well as to groups, such as the American Correctional Association's Disproportionate Minority Confinement Task Force, federal probation officers, public defenders, justice reform advocates and volunteers, book clubs, and formerly and currently incarcerated people. On February 10, 2014, Kerman received the 2014 Justice Trailblazer Award from the", "Shahs of Sunset Bravo fired the crew and the fourth season had been delayed. Eventually, RSP \"ratified a union agreement, ending the month-long strike.\" The fourth season of \"Shahs of Sunset\" premiered on March 2, 2015. In June 2015, the show was renewed for a fifth season which premiered April 10, 2016. On October 27, 2016, the show was renewed for a sixth season which premiered Sunday, July 16, 2017. In April 2018, the show was renewed for a seventh season. Born in Tehran, Iran in 1973, raised in Beverly Hills, Farahan is a real estate agent in Los Angeles. Married to Adam", "Five Points (TV series) Five Points (TV series) Five Points is an American teen drama web television series that premiered on June 4, 2018 on Facebook Watch. The series was created and written by Adam Giaudrone and directed by Thomas Carter, both of whom also executive produce alongside Kerry Washington, Jon Avnet, Rodrigo García, and Jake Avnet. On December 13, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. \"Five Points\" follows \"five students at a South Side, Chicago high school who experience a life-changing event from different points of view, with each perspective being necessary to help understand", "Arrested Development (season 5) 2017, with 17 episodes planned for the fifth season. Filming wrapped in November 2017. Tambor had been subject of sexual misconduct allegations in November 2017 which led to him being taken off \"Transparent\"; however, the allegations did not impact his inclusion within season 5, and the show's team has stood in support of Tambor since then. On May 7, 2018, it was announced that the fifth season would premiere on May 29, 2018, and the season's trailer was released. To promote the fifth season, two versions of the Bluth Real Estate Stair car, featuring the hashtag #AD5 and the website", "The Simpsons (season 29) The Simpsons (season 29) The twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\" premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20, 2018. On November 4, 2016, \"The Simpsons\" was renewed for seasons 29 and 30. This season marked the show's surpassing \"Gunsmoke\" as the longest-running scripted series in primetime television by number of episodes, with the series' 636th episode \"Forgive and Regret\". The season features guest appearances from Norman Lear, Martin Short, Ray Liotta and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. In addition, Bill Plympton animated a sixth couch gag in \"3 Scenes Plus a", "Arrested Development (season 5) Arrested Development (season 5) The fifth season of the television comedy series \"Arrested Development\" premiered on Netflix on May 29, 2018. The season will consist of 16 episodes, split into two eight-episode parts; with the second half premiering later in 2018. This is the second revival season after the series was canceled by Fox in 2006; the fourth season premiered in 2013. The show's storyline centers on the Bluth family, a formerly wealthy, habitually dysfunctional family, and the show incorporates hand-held camera work, narration, archival photos, and historical footage. One central storyline of season five is a \"whodunit\" regarding the", "Five Points (TV series) \"What I’m thrilled about is not only the content itself — the story, the acting, how its a shot.\" She continued, \"There are some really important coming-of-age issues that we deal with. It’s the LGBT community. It’s gun violence. Drug use. Bullying.\" On May 16, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on June 4, 2018. On December 13, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. Alongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Madison Pettis and Hayley Kiyoko had been cast in the series' lead female roles. A month", "Game of Thrones (season 7) on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times, making \"Game of Thrones\" the most-pirated television series in 2017. Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons", "The Goldbergs (season 5) of three children, Erica (Hayley Orrantia), Barry (Troy Gentile), and Adam (Sean Giambrone). AJ Michalka was demoted to recurring for this season, while Sam Lerner was promoted to a regular cast member. ABC renewed \"The Goldbergs\" for its fifth and sixth seasons in May 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The Goldbergs (season 5) The fifth season of the American television comedy series \"The Goldbergs\" premiered on ABC on September 27, 2017 and concluded on May 16, 2018. The season is produced by Adam F. Goldberg Productions, Happy Madison Productions, Doug Robinson Productions, and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Adam F.", "Five Feet Apart begin in the next month. Principal production began on May 25, 2018 in New Orleans, Louisiana and concluded a month later, on June 26, 2018. Five Feet Apart Five Feet Apart is a 2019 American romantic drama film written by Mikki Daughtry and Tobias Iaconis and directed by Justin Baldoni. The film will star Haley Lu Richardson and Cole Sprouse and will be released on March 22, 2019 by CBS Films. In January 2017, Tobias Iaconis and Mikki Daughtry sold their untitled screenplay to CBS Films for Justin Baldoni to produce and direct. In January 2018, Cole Sprouse was cast", "The Tenderloins The show was renewed for a fifth season, which began on February 2016. On July 22, 2016, a sixth season was announced and the sixth season began on February 9, 2017. After another successful season, \"Impractical Jokers\" was renewed for a seventh season that began on February 1, 2018. In March 2018 TruTV announced the Impractical Jokers was renewed for an eight season that will consist of 26 episodes and will premiere sometime in February 2019. TruTV also announced that an Impractical Jokers feature-length movie, \"Impractical Jokers Movie\", will go into production in the spring of 2018. In 2019, the", "Green Acres DVD in Region 1 on October 17, 2017. Season 4 was released on November 28, 2017. Season 5 was released on February 27, 2018. Season 6 was released on July 10, 2018. The \"Granby's Green Acres\" radio show aired from July 3 to August 21, 1950. The show was produced, directed, and written by Jay Sommers, who wrote and produced a third of the \"Green Acres\" episodes. In both, a businessman knowing little about farming moves to an impoverished farm. The characters are more conventionally odd, the wife stereotypically talkative and dim, the Sam Drucker character of Sam Drucker is", "Letterkenny (TV series) Live!\" tour beginning in February 2018 and the expansion of Letterkenny merchandise. The six-episode fifth season was released on June 29, 2018. At the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017, the series won the award for Best Comedy Series. \"Letterkenny\" revolves around the antics of the residents of a small rural Canadian community called Letterkenny. Expanding the cast from the web series, the series focuses on Wayne and Katy (created for the TV series), siblings who run a small farm and produce stand, with help from Wayne's two friends: Daryl and \"Squirrely\" Dan (created for the TV series). It also", "House of Cards (season 5) joined the show in the third season, would serve as co-showrunners for the fifth season, which was released on May 30, 2017. In October 2016, it was announced that Patricia Clarkson and Campbell Scott had been cast for the fifth season. The first trailer for the season was released on May 1, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 72% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 7.46/10. The consensus reads, \"\"House of Cards\" enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political", "The 100 (novel series) York Times\"' Young Adult Best Seller List. \"Kirkus Reviews\" commented \"Day 21\" is \"faster paced than\" its predecessor. On May 9, 2013, The CW Television Network announced that the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2013–14 American television season. The series is developed by Jason Rothenberg, and premiered on March 19, 2014. In March 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018. In May 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season. The 100 (novel series) The 100 is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Kass", "Spirit Riding Free meets two other girls, Pru and Abigail, who both own horses, Chica Linda, a palomino, and Boomerang, a pinto horse, respectively. They embark on everyday adventures across the land. Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017. The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017. The series was renewed for a third season and it premiered on November 17, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and it premiered on March 16, 2018. A fifth season of the show was released on Netflix on May 11, 2018. A", "Younger (season 5) by Charles Michael Davis, who was promoted to series regular. The fifth season is the first to feature a Christmas special episode. \"Younger\" was renewed for a sixth season on June 4, 2018 which will be the first season to air on the Paramount Network. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"Younger\" was renewed for a fifth season on April 20, 2017, ahead of the fourth season's premiere. The season started filming in February 2018. Foster has revealed that the season has a Christmas special installment and the premiere episode revolves around the Me Too movement. In February 2018, it was announced that Charles Michael", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) network television schedule. On May 12, 2013, the show was announced as an unscheduled midseason replacement. On October 18, 2013, NBC announced that it would premiere on January 8, 2014, at 10:00 p.m. EST, after \"\". On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2016. On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017. The series is filmed entirely in Chicago. The exterior of the station house is the Old Maxwell Street Police Station (943 West Maxwell Street) and is the same", "Vikings (2013 TV series) episodes. In the UK, \"Vikings\" premiered on May 24, 2013, where it was exclusively available on the streaming video-on-demand service LoveFilm. The second season premiered on March 24, 2015. The third season began airing on February 20, 2015, on Amazon Video. In Australia, the series premiered on August 8, 2013, on SBS One. It was later moved to FX, which debuted the second season on February 4, 2015. Season three of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on March 19, 2015. Season four of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on February 24, 2016. The first", "The Flash (2014 TV series) in the history of The CW, after \"The Vampire Diaries\" in 2009. It has been well received by critics and audiences, and won the People's Choice Award for \"Favorite New TV Drama\" in 2014. The series, together with \"Arrow\", has spun characters out to their own show, \"Legends of Tomorrow\", which premiered on January 21, 2016. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on October 9, 2018. In season one, after witnessing his mother's supernatural murder, Barry Allen is taken in by Detective Joe West and his family. Barry becomes a brilliant", "Deadwind detectives to the body of Anna Bergdahl (Pamela Tola) buried at a windy shore. Anna has been murdered, and her husband, Usko Bergdahl (Jani Volanen), is confused after hearing about the incident. Usko begins to investigate the murder of his wife with devastating consequences. \"Deadwind\" premiered in Finland on 14 March 2018 on Yle TV2 and on 23 August 2018 on Netflix. The series was co-written by director Rike Jokela with Jari Olavi Rantala and Kirsi Porkka. It was distributed by the French About Premium Content and co-produced by the Finnish Dionysos Films and the German H&V Production. Season 2", "Five Points (TV series) release, the first episode of the series garnered over two million views. However from episode one to episode three, viewership reportedly went down by more than 80%, dropping to 190,000 views. Five Points (TV series) Five Points is an American teen drama web television series that premiered on June 4, 2018 on Facebook Watch. The series was created and written by Adam Giaudrone and directed by Thomas Carter, both of whom also executive produce alongside Kerry Washington, Jon Avnet, Rodrigo García, and Jake Avnet. On December 13, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second", "Voltron third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5] The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. The 7th season premiered August 10th 2018 and consists of 13 episodes. The 8th and final season is set to release on December 14th, 2018 and will consist of 13 episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. In Australia, DVDs", "Epic Rap Battles of History entitled, \"Deadpool vs. Boba Fett.\" On February 26, 2016, it was announced that Season 5 would begin on May 2, 2016, and on March 22 it was announced that production had begun. Season 5 officially began on May 2, 2016, with the release of the first battle of the season, \"George R.R. Martin vs. J.R.R. Tolkien\". \"ERB\" releases battles every other Monday as of the first half of Season 5. On July 12, 2016, Alexander the Great vs. Ivan the Terrible was released. This marked the midseason break. EpicLloyd later confirmed they were planning to return mid to late October.", "Ang Probinsyano (season 5) Ang Probinsyano (season 5) The fifth season of \"Ang Probinsyano\", a Philippine action drama television series on ABS-CBN, premiered on March 15, 2018 on ABS-CBN's \"Primetime Bida\" evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel. The series stars Coco Martin as SPO2 Ricardo Dalisay, together with an ensemble cast. The fifth season of \"Ang Probinsyano\" chronicles Cardo and \"Vendetta's\" struggle against corruption in the larger Philippine political arena. \"Vendetta\" not only has to fight the Renato Hipolito-backed terrorist group \"Kamandag\", they are also up against a gun-running ring operated by the Vice President of the Philippines, Lucas Cabrera. Hipolito and", "NCIS: New Orleans series for a third season, which premiered on September 20, 2016. Show creator and executive producer Gary Glasberg, age 50, died unexpectedly on September 28, 2016. On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 26, 2017. On April 18, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on September 25, 2018. Scott Bakula was cast as the series lead on February 2014 with CCH Pounder, Zoe McLellan and Lucas Black joining soon thereafter. Rob Kerkovich joined the cast in July. He was the final original cast member to join", "Skam (TV series) including original, unedited manuscripts, featuring scenes that were never filmed, lines that were later cut, as well as Andem's personal comments and thoughts. The first book, focusing on season one, was made available for purchase on the day of the announcement, on Monday, 3 September 2018. In the press release from Armada Forlag, Andem said that \"Releasing these unedited scripts, including typos and nerd comments, is right at the edge of my comfort zone\", while adding that \"I hope people think it's fun to read the scripts, and that maybe someone gets inspired to write themselves\". Jonas Forsang, chairman of", "Mantracker and Saturdays 10:00 pm EST. Season 4 finished filming in fall 2008 and aired Sunday, 26 July 2009 starting with \"Billy and The Rev\" on OLN with an encore on 1 August 2009. In spring 2009, Citytv, another Rogers Communications-owned station began airing repeats in local affiliates across Canada. Season 5 premiered on 3 September. On the production company Bonterra, a season premiere party is scheduled for this night at a Toronto venue. It will air on OLN. Season 6 premiers 17 April. A pair of Yellowknife women were shortlisted as prey for the season. For Season 6, Bonterra announced", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 5) the company indicated that \"Raphael: Mutant Apocalypse\" is non-canon, and a press release for the DVD refers to the special as \"another dimension\". Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 5) The fifth and final season of \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" aired on Nickelodeon from March 19, 2017 to November 12, 2017, consisting of 20 episodes. On January 11, 2018, the season became available at Hulu. Following Splinter's death and the Super Shredder's destruction at the hands of Leonardo, the Turtles, April O'Neil, Casey Jones and Karai have all moved on with their daily lives. Leo takes on even" ]

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[ "Neal Israel Neal Israel is an American actor, screenwriter, film and television producer and director best known for his comedic work in the 1980s for films such as \"Police Academy\", \"Real Genius\", and \"Bachelor Party\".", "Police Academy (film) Police Academy is a 1984 comedy film directed by Hugh Wilson, and starring Steve Guttenberg, Kim Cattrall, and G.W. Bailey. It grossed approximately $146 million worldwide and spawned six more films in the \"Police Academy\" series." ]

[ "My American Cousin My American Cousin is a Canadian drama film, released in 1985. Written and directed by Sandy Wilson based on her own childhood, the film stars Margaret Langrick as Sandy Wilcox, a pre-teen girl growing up on a ranch in rural Penticton, British Columbia in the late 1950s. Sandy's longing to be treated as an adult is roused even further when her older American cousin Butch Walker (John Wildman) comes for a visit. The cast also includes Richard Donat, Jane Mortifee, Babz Chula and Camille Henderson.", "Carey Wilson (writer) Carey Wilson (May 19, 1889 – February 1, 1962) was an American screenwriter, voice actor and producer. Wilson's screenplays include \"Ben-Hur\" (1925), \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1935), and \"The Great Heart\" (1938). His credits as producer include \"Green Dolphin Street\" (1947).", "Head On (1980 film) Head On is a 1980 Canadian drama film directed by Michael Grant. It was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival. It was released on VHS home video by Vestron Video in 1985 in the USA and has not yet been released on DVD. It is also known in the USA as \"Fatal Attraction\" (not to be confused with the 1987 film of the same name starring Michael Douglas and Glenn Close).", "Rise (2014 film) Rise is a 2014 Australian crime drama film written and directed by Mack Lindon and starring Nathan Wilson as a man falsely accused of rape. It was written and directed by Mack Lindon and is based on Lindon's own experience.", "Oh, God! Oh, God! is a 1977 American Technicolor comedy film starring George Burns and John Denver. Based on a novel of the same name by Avery Corman, the film was directed by Carl Reiner from a screenplay written by Larry Gelbart. The story centres on unassuming supermarket manager Jerry Landers (Denver), chosen by God (Burns) to spread his message despite the skepticism of the media, religious authorities, and Landers' own wife (Teri Garr).", "Behind Enemy Lines (2001 film) Behind Enemy Lines is a 2001 American war film directed by John Moore in his directorial debut, and starring Owen Wilson and Gene Hackman. The film tells the story of Lieutenant Chris Burnett, an American naval flight officer who is shot down over Bosnia and uncovers genocide during the Bosnian War. Meanwhile, his commanding officer is struggling to gain approval to launch a combat search and rescue mission to save Burnett. The plot is loosely based on the 1995 Mrkonjić Grad incident that occurred during the war.", "Shooting Dogs Shooting Dogs, released in the United States as Beyond the Gates, is a 2005 film, directed by Michael Caton-Jones and starring John Hurt, Hugh Dancy and Clare-Hope Ashitey. It is based on the experiences of BBC news producer David Belton, who worked in Rwanda during the Rwandan Genocide. Belton is the film's co-writer and one of its producers.", "My Life So Far My Life So Far is a 1999 film about a year in the life of a ten-year-old Scottish boy. It was directed by Hugh Hudson, with screenplay by Simon Donald. The film is set in 1927 and is based on the memoirs of Denis Forman, a British television executive.", "Ryan Gentles (actor) Ryan Gentles is an American actor who has worked with Tyler Perry studios in several stage plays and movies including \"Madea Goes to Jail\" playing Nate, Sonny's boss and Vanessa's boyfriend. He also made an appearance in the movie version of \"Madea's Family Reunion\" as a stripper. He appeared In the stage play What's Done in the Dark and was Jennifer Hudson's love interest in her hit video \"Spotlight\". Gentles made his theatrical debut in E. Lynn Harris' play Not a Day Goes By in which he played Zurich, a sports agent. Gentles has also appears in stage plays by John Ruffin and TJ Hemphill and is a regular celebrity trainer and personality on the annual Tom Joyner Fantastic Voyage.", "Insurrection (TV series) Insurrection is an Irish docudrama written by Hugh Leonard and directed by Michael Garvey and Louis Lentin. It was first broadcast on Telefís Éireann in Ireland on 10 April 1966 and later on the BBC in the United Kingdom, ABC in Australia and several other European countries. Only one series of eight episodes was made, with each episode broadcast on consecutive nights. The series was repeated only once when, on 1 May 1966, it was shown in its entirety.", "Lost Angels Lost Angels is a 1989 independent film directed by Hugh Hudson and written by Michael Weller. It stars Donald Sutherland and Adam Horovitz of the Beastie Boys. It was filmed in and around San Antonio, Texas, that city \"standing in\" for Los Angeles. The film was entered into the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.", "Lost in London Lost in London is a comedy film written and directed by Woody Harrelson. The film stars Harrelson, Owen Wilson, and Willie Nelson. The film was shot and screened live in select theaters on 19 January 2017. It is the first time a film was live broadcast into theaters.", "The Borderlands (2013 film) The Borderlands,\" released in the United States as Final Prayer\", is a 2013 British found footage horror film and the feature film directorial debut of Elliot Goldner, who also wrote the movie's script. It had its world premiere on 24 August 2013 at the London FrightFest Film Festival and centres upon a group of Vatican investigators researching an old church rumoured to be the site of a miracle.", "The Furies (1930 film) The Furies (1930) is an all-talking Pre-Code murder mystery film released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros., and directed by Alan Crosland. The movie stars Lois Wilson, H.B. Warner, Natalie Moorhead and Theodore von Eltz. The film was based on the 1928 play, of the same name, by Zoe Akins.", "A Dog of Flanders (1999 film) A Dog of Flanders is a 1999 film directed by Kevin Brodie and starring Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, Cheryl Ladd, Steven Hartley, and Bruce McGill. The screenplay was written by Brodie and Robert Singer, based on the novel of the same name by Ouida. The film was shot on location in Belgium. It was the fifth film based on the original novel.", "The Grand Babylon Hotel (1916 film) The Grand Babylon Hotel is a 1916 British silent thriller film directed by Frank Wilson and starring Fred Wright, Marguerite Blanche and Gerald Lawrence. It is an adaptation of the 1902 novel of the same title by Arnold Bennett.", "Blast from the Past (film) Blast from the Past is a 1999 American romantic comedy film based on a story and directed by Hugh Wilson, and starring Brendan Fraser, Alicia Silverstone, Christopher Walken, Sissy Spacek and Dave Foley.", "Tim Wilson (filmmaker) Black Magic Tim (born Timothy Malcom Wilson) is an American filmmaker working mostly with music videos, EPK's, commercials and independent feature films. He has directed, filmed and edited productions for clients such as Blackground Records, Tommy Boy Entertainment and TVT Records. As well as, EPK's for national artists and book authors like \" Naughty by Nature \",\" Tank (American singer) \", \"Kimberly Scott (singer)\" and Motivational Speaker \"Valorie Burton\". He has received several awards and film festival nominations for his work on the short Sci-Fi film \"Apple Crumb Panic\".", "Let's Kill Ward's Wife Let's Kill Ward's Wife is a 2014 American black comedy film written and directed by Scott Foley. Marking Foley's feature-film directorial debut, the film stars Patrick Wilson, Foley, Donald Faison, and James Carpinello. Foley, Wilson, and Carpinello produced the film, along with Joe Hardesty. The film follows three friends (Wilson, Foley, and Carpinello) who plan to kill their friend Ward's (Faison) abusive wife, Stacy (Dagmara Domińczyk).", "Men in Black (1997 film) Men in Black is a 1997 American science fiction action comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and produced by Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald. Loosely adapted from \"The Men in Black\" comic book series created by Lowell Cunningham and Sandy Carruthers, the film stars Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith as two agents of a secret organization called the Men in Black, who supervise extraterrestrial lifeforms who live on Earth and hide their existence from ordinary humans. The film featured the creature effects and makeup of Rick Baker and visual effects by Industrial Light & Magic." ]

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[ "Bridesmaids (2011 film) Bridesmaids is a 2011 American comedy film directed by Paul Feig, written by Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig, and produced by Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel and Clayton Townsend. The plot centers on Annie (Wiig), who suffers a series of misfortunes after being asked to serve as maid of honor for her best friend, Lillian, played by Maya Rudolph. Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Ellie Kemper, and Wendi McLendon-Covey co-star as Lillian's bridesmaids, with Chris O'Dowd, Rebel Wilson, Matt Lucas, Michael Hitchcock, and Jill Clayburgh, in her final film appearance, in supporting roles.", "Matt Lucas Matthew Richard Lucas (born 5 March 1974) is an English comedian, screenwriter, actor and singer, best known for his work with David Walliams in the television show \"Little Britain\", as well as for his portrayals of the scorekeeping baby Georgie Dawes in the comedy panel game \"Shooting Stars\" and both Tweedle Dum and Tweedle Dee in \"Alice in Wonderland\" and its sequel, \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\"." ]

[ "Abby in Wonderland Abby in Wonderland is a \"Sesame Street\" direct-to-DVD film that adapts Lewis Carroll's \"Alice in Wonderland\" with the Muppets of \"Sesame Street\". Abby Cadabby stars in the \"Alice\" role.", "Robert Meadmore Born in Romford the son of an opera singer who was later a stage director for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, Meadmore has starred as leading man in many popular productions in London's West End including \"Phantom of The Opera\", \"Brigadoon\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Bless the Bride\", \"The Gondoliers\", \"Oklahoma!\", \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\", \"Metropolitan Mikado\", two separate productions of \"Camelot\" and most recently \"Dear World\".", "Alice Barrett Alice Barrett (born December 19, 1956) is an American actress.", "Stanley Bates Stanley Kevin Bates (born 8 October 1942 in East Finchley, London) is a British actor and screen writer most famously known for the role of Bungle, and as a scriptwriter, in the children's television programme, \"Rainbow\" between 1973 and 1989, season 2 to season 17. Other credits include roles in \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" (1972), \"Theatre of Blood\" (1973) and \"The Tomorrow People\".", "Lydia Jordan Lydia Grace Jordan (born June 12, 1994) is an American actress best known for her role as Alice in the 2008 film \"Doubt\".", "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film) Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American fantasy adventure film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton. The film stars Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, Crispin Glover, Matt Lucas, and Mia Wasikowska and features the voices of Alan Rickman, Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, and Timothy Spall. Based on Lewis Carroll's fantasy novels, \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and \"Through the Looking-Glass\". This film tells the story of a nineteen-year-old Alice Kingsley (stated in the film to be a daughter of Charles Kingsley), who is told that she can restore the White Queen to her throne, with the help of the Mad Hatter. She is the only one who can slay the Jabberwock, a dragon-like creature that is controlled by the Red Queen and terrorizes Underland's inhabitants.", "Alice in Wonderland (2010 video game) Alice in Wonderland is an action-adventure video game published by Disney Interactive Studios. It was announced on July 23, 2009, that a video game based on the film would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Windows PC and Zeebo, with the soundtrack being composed by video game music composer Richard Jacques. The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010.", "James Fleet James Edward Fleet (born 11 March 1954) is a British actor. He is most famous for his roles as the bumbling and well-meaning Tom in the 1994 British romantic comedy film \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" and the dim-witted but kind Hugo Horton in the BBC sitcom television series \"The Vicar of Dibley\".", "Bruce Abbott Bruce Paul Abbott (born July 28, 1954) is an American film, stage, and television actor. Originally beginning his career in theater, Abbott later gained notoriety for his role as Dr. Dan Cain in the cult sci-fi horror films \"Re-Animator\" (1985) and \"Bride of Re-Animator\" (1990).", "Diane Ladd Diane Ladd (born November 29, 1932) is an American actress, film director, producer and author. She has appeared in over 120 film and television roles. For the 1974 film \"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\", she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for \"Alice\" (1980–81), and to receive Academy Award nominations for \"Wild at Heart\" (1990) and \"Rambling Rose\" (1991). Her other film appearances include \"Chinatown\" (1974), \"Ghosts of Mississippi\" (1996), \"Primary Colors\" (1998), \"28 Days\" (2000), and \"American Cowslip\" (2008). Ladd is the mother of actress Laura Dern, with her ex-husband, actor Bruce Dern.", "Lewis Carroll Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( ; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll ( ), was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. His most famous writings are \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", its sequel \"Through the Looking-Glass\", which includes the poem \"Jabberwocky\", and the poem \"The Hunting of the Snark\", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic and fantasy. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.", "Sabra Jones Sabra Jones is an American actress, director, writer, and producer known for her expansive collection of artistic work and for founding The Mirror Theater Ltd. She has produced over 172 theatrical productions in New York City, London, and around the country, including the 1982 Broadway production of \"Alice in Wonderland.\" Jones has acted on Broadway, at the Metropolitan Opera, in numerous regional productions, and in select television and film roles. She currently lives between Manhattan and Vermont, working as the Founding & Producing Artistic Director for The Mirror Theater Ltd and for The Mirror’s Vermont chapter, the Greensboro Arts Alliance and Residency.", "Adventures in Wonderland Adventures in Wonderland is a live-action musical television series based on Walt Disney's animated \"Alice in Wonderland\". In the series, Alice (played by Elisabeth Harnois), was portrayed as a girl who can come and go from Wonderland simply by walking through her mirror (a reference to Wonderland's source material Lewis Carroll's \"Through the Looking-Glass\").", "Sean Phillips (visual effects artist) Sean Phillips is a special effects artist. He was nominated at the 83rd Academy Awards in the category of Best Visual Effects, for the film \"Alice in Wonderland\", along with Ken Ralston, David Schaub and Carey Villegas.", "Alice in Wonderland (2000 video game) Alice in Wonderland is a platform video game developed by Digital Eclipse Software and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. It was released in North America on October 4, 2000. The game follows the plot of the 1951 animated Disney film of the same name.", "Portrayals of Alice in Wonderland Alice, the main character from Lewis Carrol's \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", has been adapted to several media.", "Kathryn Beaumont Kathryn Beaumont (born 27 June 1938) is an English actress, singer and school teacher. She is best known for providing Disney animated films with the voices of both Alice in \"Alice in Wonderland\" (1951); and Wendy Darling in \"Peter Pan\" (1953) for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1998. Walt Disney personally cast Beaumont after seeing the film \"On an Island with You\" (1948), in which she had a small role. Beaumont reprised her voice acting role as Alice in two episodes of the animated series, \"Disney's House of Mouse\" (2001 – 2003); and as both Alice and Wendy in the 2002 video game \"Kingdom Hearts\".", "Liam Neeson filmography Liam Neeson is an Irish actor and voice actor, who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner \"Schindler's List\". He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including \"\", \"Taken\", \"Michael Collins\", \"Les Misérables\", \"Batman Begins\", \"Kinsey\", \"Clash of the Titans\", and \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" series. He has been nominated for a number of awards including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. \"Empire\" magazine ranked Neeson among both the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\" and \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time.\"", "Ernest Thesiger Ernest Frederic Graham Thesiger, CBE (15 January 1879 – 14 January 1961) was an English stage and film actor. He is especially well-remembered for his performance as Doctor Septimus Pretorius in James Whale's film \"Bride of Frankenstein\" (1935).", "Jacob Brent Jacob 'Jazzy' Brent (born August 14, 1973) is an American stage actor who is most famous for his role as the Magical Mr. Mistoffelees in the video production of CATS which was filmed in 1998. He graduated from the North Carolina School of the Arts in 1991. Jacob also worked with the ALICE workshop, a musical based on Alice in Wonderland as well as his own showcase at the Sadlers Wells Theatre. In 2002, he worked with choreography during the Elan Awards and the Dance with Dancers Millennium Gala for the New York City Ballet. Jacob now donates his time and talent to San Jose Children's Musical Theatre, where he is directing their 2008 production of \"Peter Pan\" as well as their 2009 Spring Production of Leonard Bernstein's \"Candide\". He holds a Masters of Fine Arts from San Diego State University. In 2016, Brent was appointed Assistant Professor of Dance at Shenandoah University. There, he instructs students in the art of becoming \"Jazz Warriors\"." ]

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[ "Cálculo vetorial\n\n configura uma área da matemática que trata da diferenciação e integração de campos vectoriais, geralmente no espaço euclidiano, formula_1. O termo \"Cálculo vectorial\" frequentemente é usado erroneamente como sinônimo de cálculo multivariável, área que o abrange, assim como diferenciação parcial e integrais múltiplas. O Cálculo vectorial possui um importante papel na geometria diferencial e no estudo de equações diferenciais parciais. Ele é extensivamente utilizado em Física e Engenharia, mais explicitamente na descrição de campos eletromagnéticos, campos gravitacionais e mecânica dos fluidos.\nHistória.\nO Cálculo vectorial foi desenvolvido a partir da análise quaterniônica por Josiah W. Gibbs e Oliver Heaviside em torno do final do século 19. Grande parte de sua notação e terminologia foi estabelecida por Gibbs e Edwin B. Wilson, em seu livro \"Vector Analysis\", publicado em 1901.\nDefinições e objetos.\nCampo escalar.\nUm campo escalar associa um escalar a todo ponto no espaço. O escalar pode ser tanto um número matemático ou uma quantidade física.Campos escalares têm de ser independentes de coordenadas, significando que quaisquer dois observadores usando o mesmo sistema de unidades concordarão no valor do campo em um mesmo ponto absoluto no espaço (ou espaço tempo) quaisquer que sejam seus respectivos pontos de origem. Campos escalares são comumente representados pelos campos de temperatura, pressão, potencial gravitacional, potencial elétrico e magnético.\nCampo vectorial.\nUm campo vectorial ou campo de vectores é uma construção em cálculo vectorial que associa um vector a todo ponto de uma variedade diferenciável (como um subconjunto do espaço euclidiano, por exemplo). Isso é, um campo de vectores é uma função vectorial que associa um vector a cada ponto formula_2 do espaço formula_3, generalizadamente dada por formula_4.\nCampos vectoriais são geralmente utilizados na física para indicar, por exemplo, a velocidade e a direção de um fluido ou um corpo se movendo pelo espaço, ou o comprimento e direção de alguma força, tal como a força magnética ou gravitacional, bem como o campo elétrico formula_5 e o campo magnético formula_6relacionando as componentes ponto a ponto.\nComumente são representados os campos vectoriais em apresentações mais simplórias, em planos, representações 3D, no entanto campos vetoriais são formados por um número infinito de vetores o que torna exemplos mais complexos com representação apenas por recursos gráficos computacionais.\nVectores e pseudo vectores.\nEm tratamentos mais rigorosos, pode-se distinguir campos pseudovectoriais e campos pseudoescalares, os quais são idênticos a campos vectoriais e campos escalares, com a exceção de que seus sinais são trocados sob uma circunstância de reversão de orientação.\nO rotacional de um campo vectorial, por exemplo, é considerado um campo pseudovectorial e, se seu sinal é alterado, o rotacional apontará na direção oposta.\nEssa distinção é esclarecida e elaborada na álgebra geométrica, como descrita abaixo.\nÁlgebra vectorial.\nAs operações algébricas em Cálculo vectorial são referidas como álgebra vectorial, sendo definida para um espaço vectorial e globalmente aplicada a um campo vectorial. As operações algébricas elementares são:\nOperadores e teoremas.\n\"Artigo principal: Identidades do cálculo vectorial\"\nOperadores diferenciais.\n\"Artigo principal: Gradiente, Divergente, Rotacional e Laplaciano\"O cálculo vectorial estuda diferentes operadores diferenciais definidos em campos escalares ou vectoriais, que geralmente são expressados em termos do operador del (formula_7), também conhecido como \"nabla\". Os três operadores vectoriais elementares são:\nUm campo vetorial F diz-se conservativo quando existe um campo escalar formula_8 tal que formula_9 . Diz-se, neste caso, que formula_8 é o potencial associado a F . \nUm campo vetorial F diz-se solenoidal quando formula_11. E se F é solenoidal, existe um campo vetorial A tal que formula_12.\nUm campo vetorial F diz-se irrotacional quando formula_13. E assim sendo conservativo, ou seja, formula_14 e formula_15\nNaturalmente, os dois operadores de Laplace também são muito utilizados:\nTeoremas de integrais.\nOs três operadores vectoriais elementares possuem teoremas correspondentes que generalizam o teorema fundamental do cálculo para dimensões superiores:\nEm duas dimensões, os teoremas da Divergência e do rotacional reduzem-se ao Teorema de Green:\nAplicações do cálculo vectorial.\nAproximação linear.\nA Aproximação linear consiste em um recurso utilizado que substitui uma função de maior complexidade por outra função, linear, que apresenta uma imagem semelhante na vizinhança do ponto analisado. Dada uma função diferenciável formula_16 com valores reais, é possível aproximar formula_16 para formula_18 próximo de formula_19 através da relação formula_20 é o termo de acúmulo;\nDividindo pelo volume formula_22 e fazendo o limite pra zero, temos:\nformula_23\nDa definição de derivada, podemos concluir:\nformula_24\nOnde podemos simplificar:\nformula_25\nAssim, temos a Equação governante da Transferência de Massa:\nformula_26\nCondições iniciais\nonde formula_31 é a fração molar de a.\nOu seja, as condições iniciais são de concentração e fração molar constante.\nCondições de contorno\na) Condição de contorno de primeira ordem (especifica a variável)\nEm formula_32 e t&gt;0, formula_33, ou formula_34 (conhecidos e constantes):\nb) Condição de contorno de impermeabilidade (em superfícies isoladas ou simétricas)\nEm formula_32 e t&gt;0, formula_40\nc) Condição de contorno de superfície reativa\nPara uma reação química qualquer &lt;chem&gt;a + c -&gt; 2b&lt;/chem&gt;:\nformula_45, logo para a reação hipotética:\nformula_46, formula_47 e formula_48\nformula_49, onde formula_50 é a ordem de reação e formula_51 é a constante da reação.\nd) Condição de contorno convectiva em uma superfícieEm formula_32 e t&gt;0, formula_53\nFísica e engenharia.\nCálculo vectorial é especialmente útil no estudo de:\nReferências.\n§ \"Esta página foi traduzida e adaptada da .\"\n§ Projeto REAMAT. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. \nformula_54TRANSFERÊNCIA DE CALOR POR CONDUÇÃO. http://www.fem.unicamp.br/~franklin/EM524/aula_em524_pdf/aula-23.pdf&lt;\n\n" ]

[ "Lista de faixas e subfaixas do serviço radioamador no Brasil\n\nAs faixas e subfaixas do serviço radioamador no Brasil são normatizadas pela Resolução nº 697, de 28 de agosto de 2018, da Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações. As operações das estações devem limitar-se a faixas específicas, bem como devem ser observadas subfaixas destinadas aos modos e tipos de emissão para as diversas classes.\nPlano de Faixas com Aplicações do Serviço de Radioamador.\nFaixa de 2.200 metros - Classe A.\nNota 1: ACDS pode ser utilizado com cautela desde que não cause interferências em comunicações ponto a ponto e DX.\nFaixa de 630 metros - Classe A.\nNota 1: ACDS pode ser utilizado com cautela desde que não cause interferências em comunicações ponto a ponto e DX.\nFaixa de 160 metros - Todas as classes 1800 - 1850 kHz / Classe A 1850 - 2000 kHz.\nNota 1: ACDS pode ser utilizado com cautela desde que não cause interferências em comunicações ponto a ponto e DX.\nFaixa de 2 metros - Todas as classes.\nNota 1: São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento da comunicação espacial nesta subfaixa. Desenvolvedores e operadores de satélites devem evitar transmissão abaixo de 144,0025 MHz.\nNota 2: A frequência de 144,490 MHz poderá ser eventualmente utilizada para \"uplink\" com a Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS). São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento desta comunicação espacial.\nFaixa de 13 centímetros - Todas as classes.\nNota 1: A potência média na saída do transmissor e a EIRP para a faixa de 13 centímetros, em enlaces terrestres, ficam limitadas a 100 watts, na fração de tempo em que o sistema permanece ativo (duty cycle).\nNota 2: Reflexão Lunar autorizada entre 2320,0 MHz – 2320,1 MHz.\nFaixa de 9 centímetros - Todas as classes.\nNota 1: São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento da comunicação espacial nesta subfaixa.\nNota 2: A potência média na saída do transmissor e a EIRP para a faixa de 9 centímetros, em enlaces terrestres, ficam limitadas a 100 watts, na fração de tempo em que o sistema permanece ativo (duty cycle).\nFaixa de 3 centímetros - Todas as classes.\nNota 1: As operações nesses segmentos não devem causar interferências nas operações com modos de banda estreita nas proximidades de 10,368 GHz.\nNota 2: O segmento entre 10,450-10,452 GHz poderá ser utilizado também para modos de banda estreita e Reflexão Lunar para comunicações com países onde as frequências usuais de Reflexão Lunar e DX próximas de 10,368 GHz não estiverem autorizadas.\nFaixa de 1,2 centímetros - Classe A.\nNota 1: São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento da comunicação espacial nesta subfaixa.\nNota 2: Utilizar preferencialmente segmento compreendido entre 24 GHz e 24,050 GHz.\nFaixa de 6 milímetros - Classe A.\nNota 1: São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento da comunicação espacial nesta subfaixa\nNota 2: A potência média na saída do transmissor e a EIRP para a faixa de 6 milímetros, em enlaces terrestres, ficam limitadas a 100 watts, na fração de tempo em que o sistema permanece ativo (duty cycle).\nFaixa de 4 milímetros - Classe A.\nNota 1: São autorizados todos os modos exigidos para estabelecimento da comunicação espacial nesta subfaixa.\nNota 2: Utilizar preferencialmente segmento compreendido entre 77,5 GHz e 78 GHz.\nFaixa de 2 milímetros - Classe A.\nNota 1: Utilizar preferencialmente segmento compreendido entre 134 GHz e 136 GHz.\nFaixa de 1 milímetro - Classe A.\nNota 1: Utilizar preferencialmente segmento compreendidos entre 248 GHz e 250 GHz.\nDefinições\n1. ACDS (\"Automatic Controlled Data Stations\"): Estações de operação automática em Modos Digitais. ACDS, quando citadas no Plano de Faixas, não se aplicam às Repetidoras de Voz Digital e IVG. Exemplos de ACDS: Digipeaters, Nodes, Gateways, APRS, WSPR, ALE, AMTOR, PACTOR.\n2. AM (Amplitude Modulada): Modo de emissão que representa comunicação em Fonia AM analógica. Suas características estão elencadas no Item A.6 do Anexo A. O modo AM, conforme citado no Plano de Faixas, não é válido para Modos Digitais e Voz Digital.\n3. Aplicação: Utilização prioritária da subfaixa, respeitando modo de emissão destinado à subfaixa. As aplicações especificadas de uso “exclusivo” restringem o uso da subfaixa apenas à aplicação citada.\n4. Aplicações de Banda Larga: Exemplos SS (\"Spread Spectrum\"), HSMM (\"High Speed Multimedia\"), Protocolos 802.11.\n6. CW (\"Continuous Wave\"): Modo de emissão telegráfica do código internacional Morse com interrupção de portadora, sendo suas características técnicas as elencadas no Item A.2 do Anexo A. O modo CW, conforme citado no Plano de Faixas, não é válido para Morse AM ou Morse FM/PM.\n7. Demais Modos: Modos de emissão destinados a Morse AM, Morse FM/PM, modos experimentais e modos para transmissão de imagem analógica ou digital (exemplos: FSTV, ATV, SSTV, FAX). Suas características técnicas estão elencadas nos itens A.9. A.10, A.15, A.16, A.17, A.18, A.19, A.20, A.21, A.22 do Anexo A.\n8. DV (\"Digital Voice\"): Modos de emissão que representam comunicações de Fonia Digital, Item A.11 do Anexo A.\n9. FM (Frequência Modulada): Modo de emissão que representa comunicação em Fonia FM analógica. Suas características estão elencadas no Item A.7 do Anexo A. O modo FM, conforme citado no Plano de Faixas, não é válido para Modos Digitais e Voz Digital.\n10. IBP (\"International Beacon Project\"): Subfaixa específica para operação das estações participantes do Projeto Internacional de Emissões Piloto.\n11. IVG (\"Internet Voice Gateway\"): Estação que viabiliza transmissão de voz pela Internet por meio de VoIP e sistemas correlatos em frequência simplex.\n12. Modos Digitais: Modos de emissão que representam comunicações de Dados e Teletipos Digitais, Itens A.3, A.4, A.5, A.12, A.13 e A.14 do Anexo A. Exemplos de Modos Digitais: RTTY, PSK, FSK.\n13. SSB (\"Single Side Band\"): Modo de emissão que representa comunicação em Fonia SSB analógica. Suas características estão elencadas no Item A.8 do Anexo A. O modo SSB, conforme citado no Plano de Faixas, não é válido para Modos Digitais e Voz Digital.\n\n", "Gastropoda\n\nGastropoda (do grego clássico: γαστήρ, \"gastér\", 'estômago'; e ποδὸς, \"podòs\", 'pé'), conhecidos como gastrópodes, é uma grande classe taxonómica do filo Mollusca que agrupa os animais conhecidos por caracóis, lesmas, lapas e búzios. A classe Gastropoda inclui 65 000–85 000 espécies extantes, com grande variedade morfológica e tamanhos que vão do submicroscópico a varias dezenas de centímetros. Com espécies terrestres (cerca de um terço do total), de água doce e marinhas, constitui o agrupamento taxonómico com maior sucesso do filo Mollusca. O grupo está abundantemente presente no registo fóssil desde o final do Cambriano (Furongiano).\nCaracterísticas gerais.\nDescrição.\nA classe Gastropoda (por vezes grafada «Gasteropoda»), cujos membros eram anteriormente conhecidos como os «moluscos univalves», inclui a maior parte das espécies do filo Mollusca, do qual é a classe mais diversificada com 65 000 a 80 000 espécies vivas. Na sua presente circunscrição taxonómica, as modernas classificações biológicas dividem a classe em 611 famílias, das quais 202 são consideradas como extintas e conhecidas apenas do registo fóssil.\nCom uma história fóssil conhecida excepcionalmente abundante, que se estende até ao Furongiano (final do Cambriano), o vasto número de espécies validamente descritas contido na classe Gastropoda é apenas ultrapassada pela classe Insecta (os insectos).\nA anatomia, etologia, ecologia, comportamento alimentar e adaptações reprodutivas dos Gasteropoda variam de forma significativa entre os diversos clades ou grupos, pelo que é manifestamente difícil elaborar uma descrição geral aplicável a todos os gastrópodes. São numerosos as espécies que produzem conchas com forma helicoidal, embora em algumas essa forma se perca ou fique pouco conspícua no estado adulto, como é o caso da superfamília Cypraeoidea. Num conjunto alargado de famílias, como é o caso das lapas, a concha é apenas helicoidal no estado larvar, adquirindo depois uma estrutura cónica simples.\nA classe Gastropoda apresenta uma extraordinária diversificação de habitats, com membros que ocorrem desde os jardins e espaços urbanos até aos desertos e às montanhas e dos tanques e riachos à zona entremarés e aos grandes fundos oceânicos da região abissal. Membros desta classe estão presentes em quase todos os ecossistemas de todas as regiões climáticas e ocupam nichos ecológicos tão extremos como as fontes hidrotermais de grande profundidade e os desertos. Algumas espécies são parasíticas.\nApesar de por vezes se generalizar a designação \"caracol\" a todos os membro da ordem Gastropoda, na linguagem comum o termo é apenas aplicado aos gastrópodes terrestres e de água doce dotados de uma concha estruturada de forma a que o animal possa nela recolher todas as partes moles. As espécies marinhas com concha helicoidal bem desenvolvida são conhecidas por \"búzios\" ou \"caramujos\". As espécies sem concha, ou com concha muito reduzida ou interna, são conhecidas por \"lesmas\". As espécies que apresentam conchas cónicas simples que não permitem recolher totalmente as partes moles são conhecidas por \"lapas\".\nAlguns gastrópodes são utilizados na alimentação humana, com destaque para os caracóis terrestres e diversas espécies marinhas, entre as quais os abalones, búzios, caramujos e lapas.\nDistribuição e habitat.\nOs membros de Gasteropoda adaptaram-se a praticamente todos os ambientes existentes na Terra, tendo colonizado todos os meios disponíveis, com excepção do ar. São um grupo verdadeiramente cosmopolita, com distribuição natural que vai das regiões próximas das zonas Árctica e Antárctica até aos trópicos e à região equatorial.\nApesar da maioria dos membros mais conhecidos e familiares à maioria dos humanos serem caracóis e lesmas terrestres, mais de dois terços de todas espécies descritas vivem em meio aquático, desde as massas de água doce às regiões abissais dos oceanos.\nApesar de preferirem habitats com elevada disponibilidade de água e teores elevados de cálcio biodisponível há membros que ocorrem em desertos e em habitats onde não existe carbonato de cálcio suficiente para construir uma concha carbonatada, como é caso de algumas regiões de solos ácidos. Nessas regiões ocorrem diversos tipos de lesmas especificamente adaptadas ao ambiente acídico e mesmo algumas espécies de caracóis com concha fina e translúcida composta maioritariamente ou completamente pela proteína conchiolina, uma adaptação à indisponibilidade de cálcio.\nNo caso das regiões desértica, espécies como \"Sphincterochila boissieri\" e \"Xerocrassa seetzeni\" (sinónimo taxonómico de \"Trochoidea seetzeni\") adaptaram-se à secura, exibindo capacidade de sobreviver longos períodos sem água.\nOutras espécies adaptaram-se a ambientes tão variados como as grutas (com múltiplas espécies troglóbias), as pequenas poças temporárias, as zonas húmidas e lamaçais, os rios, lagos e canais, a zona intertidal, com destaque para o litoral rochoso fortemente batido pela ondulação marinha e sujeito a periódica exposição à secura durante a maré-baixa, os grandes fundos oceânicos, as proximidades das fontes hidrotermais, os recifes de coral e muitas outros habitats grandemente diversos.\nOs gastrópodes podem ser acidentalmente transferidos entre regiões e habitats por outros animais, como por exemplo por aves. A ave mais pequena que se encontra descrita como transportando um gastrópode é um chapim-real (\"Parus major\") que transportava um caracol da espécie \"Trochulus hispidus\" durante a migração na Polónia em 2010.\nEtimologia.\nNa literatura cientifica, os gastrópodes foram inicialmente descritos como \"«gasterópodes»\" por Georges Cuvier em 1795. Cuvier criou o termo \"gastrópode\" por derivação dos vocábulos do grego clássico \"γαστήρ (gastér)\" \"estômago\", e \"ποδὸς (podòs)\" \"pé\".\nO anterior nome do grupo, \"univalve\", tem como etimologia \"uma só valva\" ou \"uma só concha\", foi derivado por contraste com \"bivalve\", termo que é aplicado aos moluscos, como as amêijoas ou as ostras, que apresentam duas valvas ou conchas.\nMorfologia e ecologia.\nAs grandes diferenças morfológicas existentes dentro da classe Gastropoda tornam particularmente difícil a descrição da anatomia e da ecologia do grupo. Assim, a descrição de cada um dos agrupamentos deve ser procurada nos respectivos verbetes.\nAnatomia.\nA grande maioria dos gastrópodes tem o corpo protegido por uma \"concha\", com formato helicoidal sobre o lado direito, embora algumas formas (como as lapas) tenham evoluído para uma concha mais simples. Os gastrópodes apresentam uma \"cabeça\" bem marcada, munida de dois ou quatro tentáculos sensoriais, e uma boca com rádula. A cabeça encontra-se unida a um \"pé ventral\", musculado em forma de pala. O seu desenvolvimento embrionário caracteriza-se pela torção da massa visceral, coberta pelo \"manto\", que surge no adulto enrolada sobre um dos lados de forma a ser acomodada na concha. As lesmas têm uma concha apenas vestigial e, em consequência, os efeitos deste enrolamento são diminutos sendo o corpo linear.\nO processo anatómico de torção, uma sinapomorfia do agrupamento taxonómico, ocorre durante a fase larvar força a massa visceral do animal a rodar 180º para um dos lados, resultando que o ânus acaba situado sensivelmente numa posição anterior acima da cabeça. Este processo é independente, e não está sequer directamente relacionado, com o enrolamento helicoidal da concha, que constitui um fenómeno separado e comum a outros grupos taxonómicos. Esta torção está presente em todos os gastrópodes, mas nos opistobrânquios ocorre um fenómeno de posterior endireitamento, que leva a que a rotação se perca, embora em graus diferentes, nas formas adultas.\nA torção ocorre em dois estágios mecanicistas. O primeiro é muscular e o segundo é mutagénico. Os efeitos da torção são principalmente fisiológicos, já que o organismo desenvolve uma estrutura assimétrica com a maior parte do crescimento a ocorrer no lado esquerdo. Essa assimetria leva à perda de apêndices pareados, entre os quais os ctenídeos (aparelho respiratório semelhante a um pente), gónadas e nefrídeos. Além disso, o ânus é redireccionado para o mesmo espaço que a cabeça. A geometria corporal resultante parece ter função evolutiva, pois antes da torção, ao se retrair na concha, primeiro seria puxada para dentro a extremidade posterior, e apenas em seguida a anterior (frente). Com a torção, a frente pode ser retraída com mais facilidade, talvez sugerindo um propósito defensivo.\nContudo, a \"hipótese de rotação\" atrás explanada começa a ser desafiada por uma \"hipótese de assimetria\" que propõe que a cavidade do manto dos gastrópodes terá origem em apenas um dos lados de um manto bilateral, o que provocará a assimetria e a consequente torção.\nOs gastrópodes têm tipicamente uma cabeça bem definida, com dois ou quatro tentáculos sensoriais, frequentemente munidos de olhos, e um pé ventral, que lhes dá seu nome (grego: \"gaster\", estômago e \"poda\", pés). A divisão mais importante do pé é a porção anterior designada por propódio (\"propodium\"), cuja função é empurrar o sedimento à medida que o gastrópode rasteja. O estádio larvar de um gastrópode com concha é designado por protoconcha.\nA principal característica dos Gastropoda é a assimetria dos seus principais órgãos. O aspecto essencial desta assimetria é a localização ânus, que geralmente recai para um dos lados do plano mediano do animal. A ctenídeo (brânquias), o osfrádio (órgão olfactivo), a glândula hipobrânquica (ou glândula paleal mucosa) e a aurícula do coração ocorrem apenas num dos lados ou pelo menos estão mais desenvolvidos num dos lados do corpo doe que no outro. Para além disso, há apenas um único orifício genital, que fica no mesmo lado do corpo que o ânus.\nConcha.\nA maior parte dos gastrópodes com concha apresenta conchas univalves (com apenas uma valva), tipicamente enrolada ou espiralada, pelo menos no estado larvar.\nNos casos em que a concha está presente, esta constitui um invólucro enrolado que geralmente abre no lado direito (quando visto com o ápice da concha apontando para cima). Numerosas espécies têm um opérculo, que na maioria dos casos age como um alçapão para fechar a concha quando o animal nela recolhe toadas as suas partes moles.\nAs conchas são constituídas por uma estrutura de base proteica, com proteínas do grupo das conchiolinas e queratinas, formando um material semelhante aos cornos dos mamíferos, mas que em muitos casos é enriquecido em calcário. Nas lesmas terrestres, a concha é reduzida ou ausente e o corpo é alongado e direito.\nMorfologia externa.\nAlgumas lesmas-do-mar (Opisthobranchia) apresentam pele com coloração brilhante, a qual serve quer como aviso de que o animal é venenoso ou contém células urticantes ou nematocistos (aposematismo), o torna semelhante a organismos pouco apetecíveis do ponto de vista dos predadores (mimetismo batesiano) ou como camuflagem no caso das espécies que vivem entre cnidários, hidroides e esponjas (Porifera) de coloração intensa.\nAs excrescências laterais presentes no corpo de alguns nudibrânquios são designadas por \"cerata\". As \"cerata\" contêm parte da glândula digestiva, formando estruturas designadas por divertículos.\nÓrgão sensoriais e sistema nervoso.\nOs órgão sensoriais dos gastrópodes incluem órgão olfactivos, olhos, estatocistos e mecanorreceptores. Os gastrópodes não apresentam mecanismos de audição.\nNos gastrópodes terrestres (caracóis e lesmas), os órgão olfactivos, localizados nas extremidades dos tentáculos, são os órgão sensoriais mais importantes. Os órgão quimiossensíveis dos gastrópodes marinhos opistobrânquios são designados por rinóforos.\nA maioria dos gastrópodes apresenta órgãos visuais simples, em geral manchas oculares na extremidade ou na base dos tentáculos. Contudo, os órgãos fotossensíveis dos gastrópodes apresentam uma grande diversidade morfológica e funcional, variando desde simples ocelos que apenas permitem distinguir entre claro e escuro, até olhos de cavidade complexos e mesmo olhos com lentes. Nos caracóis e lesmas, a visão não é sentido mais importante, por serem essencialmente animais nocturnos.\nO sistema nervoso dos gastrópodes é composto pelo sistema nervoso periférico e pelo sistema nervoso central. O sistema central consiste num conjunto de gânglios interligados por células nervosas e inclui gânglios emparelhados: os gânglios cerebrais, os gânglios pedal, osfradial, pleural, parietal e visceral. Existem por vezes gânglios bucais.\nSistema digestivo.\nA rádula dos gastrópode é geralmente adaptada ao alimento que a espécie ingere. Os gastrópodes com sistema digestivo mais simples são as lapas e abalones, herbívoros que usam sua rádula dura para raspar as algas aderentes às rochas sobre as quais vivem.\nMuitos gastrópodes marinhos são escavadores e apresentam um sifão que se estende para fora do bordo do manto. Por vezes, a concha é provida de um canal sifonal para acomodar esta estrutura. O sifão permite ao animal introduzir água na cavidade do manto e sobre as brânquias. Estas espécies utilizam o sifão principalmente para \"provar\" a água para detectar presas à distância. Os gastrópodes com sifões tendem a ser predadores ou necrófagos.\nSistema respiratório.\nO sistema respiratório dos gastrópodes é igualmente variável consoante o modo de vida. As formas marinhas respiram através de brânquias, enquanto que as terrestres têm uma cavidade no manto muito vascularizada que toma a função de pulmão. Quase todas as espécies de gastrópodes marinhos respiram por brânquias, mas muitas espécies de água doce, e a maioria das espécies terrestres, tem um pulmão na cavidade paleal.\nTodos os gastrópodes terrestres pulmonados pertencem à ordem Pulmonata e descendem de um ancestral comum, constituindo um clade. Pelo contrário, as formas com respiração branquial são parafiléticas. A proteína respiratória em quase todos os gastrópodes é a hemocianina, mas a família pulmonada Planorbidae tem a hemoglobina como proteína respiratória.\nNum grande grupo de lesmas do mar, as brânquias estão dispostos como uma roseta de plumas de penas sobre a parte dorsal do animal, o que dá origem à designação do grupo, os nudibrânquios. Alguns nudibrânquios apresentam estruturas lisas ou verrucosas no dorso e não têm mecanismo de guelras visível, de modo que provavelmente respiração ocorrerá directamente através da pele.\nSistema circulatório.\nOs gastrópodes apresentam um sistema circulatório do tipo aberto que utiliza como fluido de transporte a hemolinfa. Na vasta maioria das espécies na hemolinfa está presente o pigmento respiratório hemocianina ,(de cor azul), mas a família pulmonada Planorbidae tem a hemoglobina (de cor vermelha) como proteína respiratória.\nSistema excretório.\nO órgão excretor primário dos gastrópodes são os nefrídeos, os quais produzem amónia ou ácido úrico como principal excreção. O funcionamento dos nefrídeos também exerce um importante papel na manutenção do balanço hídrico corporal nas espécies de água doce e terrestres. Algumas espécies incluem como órgão adicionais de excreção a presença de glândulas pericárdicas na cavidade paleal e glândulas digestivas abrindo para o interior do estômago.\nSistema reprodutivo.\nA maior parte dos gastrópodes, incluindo muitas espécies de Helicidae, incluem fases de cortejo sexual, mais ou menos elaboradas, no seu comportamento reprodutivo.\nEm muitas espécies de gastrópodes marinhos, com excepção dos opistobrânquios, existe separação de sexos, mas a maioria dos gastrópodes terrestres são hermafroditas.\nAlguns gastrópodes terrestres apresentam uma característica incomum no seu sistema reprodutivo que se traduz na utilização de dardos (\"dardos de amor\") para estimular hormonalmente a transferência de esperma entre indivíduos durante o acasalamento.\nGenética.\nOs gastrópodes exibem um elevado grau de variação na organização e estrutura dos genes mitocondriais quando comparados com outros animais.\nOs principais eventos de de rearranjo genómico ocorreram aquando da origem dos Patellogastropoda e Heterobranchia, com menos alterações registadas entre os ancestrais dos Vetigastropoda (apenas tRNAs D, C e N) e Caenogastropoda (uma única grande inversão cromossómica e translocações dos tRNAs D e N). Entre os Heterobranchia, a ordem dos genes aparenta estar relativamente conservada e os rearranjos de genes estão essencialmente relacionados com a transposição dos genes tRNA.\nCiclo de vida.\nO cortejamento sexual é parte do comportamento de acasalamento dos gastrópodes e algumas famílias de caracóis terrestres do grupo Pulmonata produzem e utilizam \"dardos de amor\" cuja utilização foi identificada como uma forma de selecção sexual.\nOs principais aspectos do ciclo de vida dos gastrópodes são:\nAlimentação.\nA dieta dos gastrópodes difere de acordo com o grupo considerado. Entre os gastrópodes marinhos incluem-se alguns que são herbívoros, detritívoros, predadores carnívoro, necrófagos, parasitas e mesmo alguns filtradores ciliares em que a rádula é reduzida ou ausente. As espécies terrestres podem mastigar folhas, cascas, frutas e animais em decomposição, enquanto as espécies marinhas podem raspar as algas das rochas do fundo do mar ou da zona entremarés.\nO modo de alimentação dos gastrópodes é bastante variado e controla o tipo de rádula presente em cada espécie. Os gastrópodes herbívoros têm rádulas fortes que usam para raspar algas do substrato rochoso ou triturar folhas e caules. As formas detritívoras e filtradoras têm uma rádula simples ou ausente. Os gastrópodes carnívoros têm peças bucais sofisticadas e algumas formas, como os \"Conus\", são predadores activos que caçam pequenos peixes com uma espécie de arpão. Muitos dos gastrópodes marinhos têm modo de vida endobentónico, isto é, vivem enterrados no subsolo. Estas formas apresentam um sifão extensível que actua como um respirador, permitindo ao animal o contacto com a água carregada de oxigénio.\nEm algumas espécies que evoluíram para formas de endoparasitismo, como \"Thyonicola doglieli\" (um membro do grupo Eulimidae), muitas das características morfológicas padrão dos gastrópode apresentam-se fortemente reduzidas ou estão mesmo ausentes.\nAlgumas lesmas do mar são herbívoras, mas muitas são carnívoras. O hábito carnívoro parece ser devido a fenómenos de especialização. Muitos gastrópodes possuem preferências dietéticas distintas e ocorrem regularmente em estreita associação com a suas espécies alimentares.\nEntre os gastrópodes carnívoros predadores incluem-se, por exemplo, os géneros \"Conus\", \"Testacella\", \"Daudebardia\" e \"Selenochlamys\", entre muitos outros.\nTaxonomia.\nDesde os trabalhos pioneiros de Charles Darwin que a taxonomia biológica procura fazer reflectir nos sistemas de classificação a filogenia dos organismos, isto é a sua posição na árvore da vida. As classificações usadas em taxonomia tentam representar as relações precisas entre os vários \"taxa\". Contudo, devido à enorme biodiversidade que o grupo exibe, a taxonomia dos Gastropoda tem vindo a ser constantemente revista, existindo várias versões em uso corrente, dependendo o seu usos dos autores e das escolas e correntes científicas.\nNas classificações clássicas a classe Gastropoda era dividida em 4 subclasses:\nPorém, com o advento das técnicas de sequenciação de ADN, estes grupos provaram ser parafiléticos, o que obrigou a uma profunda revisão da taxonomia do grupo. A taxonomia dos Gastropoda ainda se considera em processo de revisão, com muitos dos aspectos da anterior classificação a serem progressivamente abandonados à medida que mais dados de estudos de biologia molecular e de filogenia molecular são disponibilizados. Apesar dessas profundas mutações, muitos dos termos derivados das antigas classificações, como \"opistobrânqios\" e \"prosobrânquio\", continuam a ser utilizados de forma descritiva.\nNovos pontos de vista baseados na sequenciação do DNA de gastrópodes produziram algumas novas ideias taxonómicas que ameaçam revolucionar as taxonomias tradicionais. No caso dos Gastropoda, a taxonomia está sendo gradualmente reescrita para incorporar apenas grupos estritamente monofiléticos (apenas uma linhagem de gastrópodes em cada grupo). A integração de novas descobertas num sistema de classificação abrangendo toda a classe continua a ser desafiadora. No presente estado de conhecimentos, a produção de classificações consistentes ao nível de subclasse, superordem, ordem e subordem já foi abandonada como impraticável. Revisões profundas dos níveis taxonómicos mais elevados são esperadas num futuro próximo.\nO fenómeno de evolução convergente, que parece ter ocorrido com uma frequência particularmente elevada entre os Gastropoda, parece explicar a maioria das diferenças entre as antigas classificações, de base morfológica, e as mais modernas, de base molecular e assentes sobre a sequenciação de genes.\nA taxonomia de Bouchet &amp; Rocroi (de 2005) introduziu mudanças profundas na sistemática do grupo, resultando numa taxonomia que se aproximou mais da história evolucionária do filo. A «taxonomia de Bouchet &amp; Rocroi» é um sistema parcialmente baseado nos anteriores sistemas de classificação e parcialmente nos conceitos da nova investigação cladística.\nNum passado recente, a taxonomia dos gastrópodes era largamente baseada em características fenéticas (morfológicas) dos agrupamentos taxonómicos. Os avanços mais recentes são baseados em características moleculares derivadas do estudo do DNA e do RNA. Estes dados vierem tornar controversa a hierarquia taxonómica utilizada no grupo, abrindo um debate que provavelmente tão depressa não encerrará.\nNa taxonomia de Bouchet, Rocroi \"et al.\" (de 2005), os autores utilizaram clades não hierarquizados (\"unranked\") para os \"taxa\" acima do grau de superfamília (substituindo a subordem, ordem, superordem e subclasse), enquanto mantiveram uma abordagem lineana tradicional para todos os \"taxa\" abaixo do grau de superfamília. Sempre que a monofilia não foi comprovada, ou o grupo é conhecido como parafilético ou polifilético, foi usado o termo \"grupo\" ou \"grupo informal\". A classificação das famílias em subfamílias muitas vezes não está bem resolvida e deve ser considerada como a melhor hipótese possível à luz dos dados disponíveis.\nEm 2004, Brian Simison e David R. Lindberg mostraram que eram possível existir uma origem difilética para os Gastropoda com base análise da ordenação de genes mitocondriais e sequenciamento de aminoácidos de genes completos.\nDiversidade.\nA diversidade dos gastrópodes, a todos os níveis taxonómicos, é apenas ultrapassada pela dos insectos, o que torna particularmente complexa a sua taxonomia e classificação biológicas.\nA classe Gastropoda apresenta, com grande diferença numérica em relação às restantes classes de moluscos, o maior número de espécies validamente descritas e um complexo e vasto conjunto de sinónimos taxonómicos e de espécies não descritas ou incompleta ou imperfeitamente descritas. Em consequência, as estimativas do número total de espécies varia grandemente, dependendo das fontes e dos métodos de estimativa.\nApesar da complexidade e da incerteza resultante, o número total de espécies de gastrópodes pode ser estimado a partir do número de espécies de Mollusca com nomes aceites: cerca de 85 000 (mínimo 50 000, máximo 120 000). Apesar disso, uma estimativa do número total de espécies de moluscos (Mollusca), incluindo as espécies não descritas, aponta para cerca de 240 000 espécies.\nA estimativa de 85 000 espécies de gastrópodes inclui cerca de 24 000 espécies validamente descritas de gastrópodes terrestres, o que corresponde a cerca de um terço do total de espécies incluídas na classe.\nDiferentes estimativas do número de espécies de gastrópodes aquáticos, baseadas em diferentes fontes, apontam para cerca de 30 000 espécies de gastrópodes marinhos e cerca de 5 000 espécies de água doce e de água salobra. O número total de espécies extantes de caracóis de água doce está estimado em cerca de 4 000.\nEstão recenseada pelo menos 444 espécies de gastrópodes recentemente extintas (extintas desde o ano 1500), 18 espécies que se encontram agora extintas na natureza (mas ainda mantidas em cativeiro) e 69 espécies \"possivelmente extintas\".\nO número de espécies de gastrópodes apenas conhecidas do registo fóssil é de pelo menos 15 000 espécies.\nA extraordinária diversidade dos Gastropoda levou ao aparecimento de múltiplos sistemas de classificação, o mesmo se reflectindo na linguagem comum, já que diversos subconjuntos do agrupamento taxonómico recebem nomes comuns diferentes (por exemplo: caracóis, lesmas, búzios, caramujos e lapas). Alguns destes entraram na linguagem biológica, dando origem a termos como búzio, caracol, lesma, semilesma, lesma marinha, lesma pelágica ou micromolusco.\nHistória geológica e evolução.\nOs primeiros gastrópodes (entre os quais os géneros \"Chippewaella\" e \"Strepsodiscus\") surgiram exclusivamente em ambiente marinho durante o Câmbrico superior (Furongiano) e diversificaram-se rapidamente. Formas anteriores do Câmbrico, como os géneros \"Helcionella\" e \"Scenella\", já não são considerados gastrópodes e os pequenas organismos helicoidais do grupo \"Aldanella\" (do Câmbrico inferior) provavelmente nem são moluscos.\nNo Ordovício o grupo já estava presente numa grande variedade de ambientes aquáticos, incluindo os de água salobra e doce, mas ao longo de todo o Paleozoico a classe dominante de moluscos foram os bivalves. Em geral os fósseis de gastrópodes das rochas do Paleozoico inferior não estão suficientemente preservados para permitir uma identificação inequívoca, mas, ainda assim, o género \"Poleumita\" do Silúrico contém 15 espécies identificadas.\nA maioria dos gastrópodes do Paleozoico pertenceu a grupos primitivos, alguns dos quais ainda sobrevivem. No período Carbonífero muitas das formas conhecidas em gastrópodes extantes já estão presentes no registo fóssil, mas, apesar dessas similaridades na aparência, a maioria destas formas mais antigas não está directamente relacionada com as formas extantes. Foi durante o Mesozoico que os ancestrais da maioria dos grupos de gastrópodes actuais se diferenciaram, datando desse período a origem das linhagens existentes no presente.\nUm dos primeiros exemplos de gastrópode terrestre (do género \"Maturipupa\") surgiu em níveis de carvão do Carbónico da Europa, mas até ao Mesozóico estas formas eram raras. O género \"Helix\", que inclui as espécies mais familiares de caracol, apareceu durante o Cretácico.\nNas rochas do Mesozoico os gastrópodes são ligeiramente mais comuns como fósseis, com as conchas frequentemente bem preservadas. Os fósseis ocorrem em antigos leitos depositados em ambientes de água doce e marinhos. O mármore de Purbeck, do período Jurássico, e o mármore do Sussex, do início do período Cretáceo, ambos do sul da Inglaterra, são calcários contendo os restos densamente empilhados de caracóis de água doce do género \"Viviparus\".\nNo início do Cenozoico, marcada pelo evento KT, os gastrópodes tornam-se muito abundantes e mais diversificados, com todos os grupos actuais já individualizados. Nas rochas da Era Cenozoica contêm um grande número de fósseis de gastrópodes, muitos deles relacionado com formas de vida modernas extantes. A diversidade dos gastrópodes aumentada acentuadamente no início desta era, juntamente com a da bivalvess.\nAlgumas marcas de trilho preservadas em rochas sedimentares antigas são consideradas tendo resultado de gastrópodes rastejando sobre lama macia ou areia. Embora estes fósseis de rastro (\"repichnia\" no sistema de Adolf Seilacher) sejam de origem discutível, alguns deles assemelham-se às marcas deixadas pela passagem de gastrópodes extantes.\nOs fósseis de gastrópodes são por vezes confundidos com fósseis de amonites ou de outro cefalópodes. Um caso típico é o dos fósseis do género \"Bellerophon\" dos calcários do período Carbonífero da Europa, cuja concha segue uma forma de espiral plana que pode ser facilmente confundido com a concha de um cefalópode.\nDada a facilidade de fossilização das suas conchas, os gastrópodes são um dos grupos utilizados para o estudo das mudanças na fauna que resultam das mudanças climáticas globais e dos avanços e recuos das massas de gelo circumpolares, especialmente da época do Pleistoceno.\nClassificação.\nO sistema de classificação maior aceitação, com o posicionamento antigo entre parênteses (\"Pros\", Prosobranchia; \"Opist\", Opistobranchia) é o seguinte:\nCladograma.\nCom base na classificação dos gastrópodes de Bouchet &amp; Rocroi (2005), atrás exposta, é possível desenvolver o seguinte cladograma mostrando as relações filogenéticas dentro do agrupamento Gastropoda (com algumas espécies exemplificativas):\nOs agrupamentos taxonómicos Cocculiniformia, Neomphalina e Allogastropoda (o clade \"Lower Heterobranchia\" ou \"Heterobranchia inferior\") não estão incluídos no cladograma acima.\nGaleria.\nEste artigo incorpora texto sob licença CC-BY-2.0 desta referência:\n\n", "Cérebro\n\nO cérebro é o principal órgão e centro do sistema nervoso em todos os animais vertebrados, e em muitos invertebrados. Alguns animais primitivos como os celenterados (água-viva e pólipo) e equinodermas (estrela-do-mar) possuem um sistema nervoso descentralizado sem cérebro, enquanto as esponjas-do-mar não possuem sistema nervoso. Nos vertebrados o cérebro localiza-se na cabeça protegido pelo crânio, próximo aos aparatos sensoriais primários: visão, audição, equilíbrio, paladar e olfato. Num senso estrito, cérebro é o conjunto das estruturas nervosas derivadas do prosencéfalo (diencéfalo e telencéfalo). Em linguagem corrente, este termo pode designar o encéfalo como um todo, o telencéfalo ou o córtex cerebral.\nOs cérebros podem ser extremamente complexos. O cérebro humano contém cerca de 86 bilhões de neurônios, ligados por mais de conexões sinápticas cada. Esses neurônios comunicam-se por meio de fibras protoplasmáticas chamadas axônio, que conduzem pulsos em sinais chamados potencial de ação para partes distantes do cérebro e do corpo e as encaminham para serem recebidas por células específicas.\nDe um ponto de vista filosófico, pode-se dizer que a função mais importante do cérebro é servir como estrutura física subjacente da mente. Do ponto de vista biológico, entretanto, a função mais importante do cérebro é a de gerador de comportamentos que promovam o bem-estar de um animal. O cérebro controla o comportamento, seja ativando músculos, seja causando a secreção de substâncias químicas, como os hormônios. Nem todos os comportamentos precisam de um cérebro. Mesmo organismos unicelulares são capazes de extrair informação do ambiente e responderem de acordo. As esponjas, às quais falta um sistema nervoso central, são capazes de coordenar suas contrações corporais, e até mesmo de se locomoverem. Nos vertebrados, a própria coluna vertebral contém circuitos neurais capazes de gerar respostas reflexas, assim como padrões motores simples, como nadar ou andar. Entretanto, o controle sofisticado do comportamento, baseado em um sistema sensorial complexo requer a capacidade de integração de informações de um cérebro centralizado.\nApesar do rápido avanço científico, muito do funcionamento do cérebro continua um mistério. As operações individuais de neurônios e sinapses hoje são compreendidas com detalhamento considerável, mas o modo como eles cooperam em grupos de milhares ou milhões tem sido difícil de decifrar. Métodos de observação como registros de EEG e imageamento funcional cerebral mostram que as operações cerebrais são altamente organizadas, mas estes métodos não têm resolução suficiente para revelar a atividade de neurônios individualmente. Assim, mesmo os princípios mais fundamentais das redes de computação neural podem ficar, em grande medida, a serem descobertos por futuros pesquisadores. O cérebro tem duas partes que ajudam no desenvolvimento: cerebelo e encéfalo.\nDesenvolvimento.\nO encéfalo não apenas cresce, ele se desenvolve em uma sequência muito bem orquestrada, muitos neurônios são criados em zonas especiais que contêm células-tronco, e então migram pelo tecido para chegarem a sua localização final. No córtex, por exemplo, o primeiro estágio de desenvolvimento é a formação de uma \"plataforma\" por um grupo especial de células gliais, chamadas glia radiais , que projetam fibras verticalmente através do córtex. Os neurônios corticais novos são criados na base do córtex, então \"escalam\" estas fibras radiais até chegarem às camadas que estão destinados a ocupar enquanto adultos.\nUma vez em seu lugar, o neurônio começa a estender dendritos e um axônio a seu redor. Os axônios, por geralmente se estenderem a grande distância do corpo celular e terem de fazer contato com alvos específicos, crescem de modo particularmente complexo. A ponta de um axônio em crescimento consiste de uma bolha de protoplasma chamada \"cone de crescimento\", repleta de receptores químicos. Estes receptores sentem o ambiente local, fazendo o cone de crescimento ser atraído ou repelido por vários elementos celulares, sendo atraído a uma direção em particular em cada ponto de seu trajeto. O resultado deste processo de direcionamento é que o cone de crescimento navega através do cérebro até atingir sua área de destino, onde outros indicadores químicos o fazem iniciar a formação de sinapses. Levando em conta todo o encéfalo, muitos milhares de genes dão origem a proteínas que influenciam o direcionamento do axônio.\nEntretanto, a rede sináptica que se forma é apenas parcialmente determinada pelos genes. Em muitas partes do encéfalo, há inicialmente um \"supercrescimento\" de axônios, que então são \"ceifados\" por mecanismos que dependem da atividade neural. Na projeção do olho para o mesencéfalo, por exemplo, a estrutura adulta apresenta uma organização muito precisa, conectando cada ponto da superfície da retina a um ponto correspondente numa camada mesencefálica. Nos primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento, cada axônio da retina é guiado para a região correta do mesencéfalo por indicadores químicos, mas então se ramifica profusamente e faz contato inicial com um amplo feixe de neurônios do mesencéfalo. A retina, antes do nascimento, possui mecanismos especiais que a fazem gerar ondas de atividade que se originam em algum ponto e se propagam lentamente pela superfície retinal. Estas ondas são úteis por ativarem ao mesmo tempo os neurônios vizinhos: quer dizer, elas produzem um padrão de atividade neural que contém informação sobre o arranjo espacial dos neurônios. Esta informação é utilizada no mesencéfalo por um mecanismo que faz as sinapses enfraquecerem, e finalmente desaparecerem, se a atividade em um axônio não for seguida pela ativação da célula-alvo. O resultado deste processo sofisticado é a gradual afinação e consolidação do sistema, até adquirir a forma final adulta. Processos semelhantes têm lugar em outras áreas do cérebro: uma matriz sináptica inicial é gerada, resultado do direcionamento químico geneticamente determinado, mas então é gradualmente refinada por mecanismos dependentes da atividade, parte controlados pela dinâmica interna, e parte por estímulos sensórios externos. Em alguns casos, assim como no sistema retina-mesencéfalo, os padrões de atividade dependem de mecanismos que operam apenas no cérebro em desenvolvimento, e aparentemente existem somente com o fim de guiar o desenvolvimento.\nNo ser humano e em muitos outros mamíferos, novos neurônios são criados principalmente antes do nascimento, e o cérebro infantil contém número significativamente maior do que o adulto. Há entretanto umas poucas áreas onde novos neurônios continuam a ser criados durante a vida. As duas áreas para as quais o fato é pacífico são o bulbo olfatório e o giro dentado do hipocampo, onde há evidências de que novos neurônios estão envolvidos no armazenamento de memórias recentes. Com estas exceções, entretanto, o conjunto dos neurônios que estão presentes na primeira infância é o mesmo para o resto da vida. (Células gliais são diferentes: assim como a maioria dos tipos de células do corpo, estas se reproduzem ao longo da vida.) Apesar de o conjunto de neurônios já estar praticamente todo no lugar quando do nascimento, suas conexões axonais continuam a se desenvolver ainda por longo tempo. No ser humano, a mielinização não está completada até a adolescência.\nHouve longo debate sobre se as características da mente, personalidade e inteligência podem ser atribuídas à hereditariedade ou à criação; o debate \"inato ou adquirido\". Não é uma questão apenas filosófica: ela assume grande relevância prática para pais e educadores. Apesar de muitos detalhes ainda precisarem ser esclarecidos, a neurociência mostra claramente que ambos fatores são essenciais. Os genes determinam a forma geral do encéfalo, e determinam como o encéfalo reage à experiência. A experiência, entretanto, é necessária para refinar a matriz de conexões sinápticas. Em alguns aspectos, esta (a matriz) é em grande parte uma questão de presença ou ausência de experiência durante períodos críticos de desenvolvimento. Em outros aspectos, a quantidade e a qualidade da experiência pode ser mais relevante: por exemplo, há evidências substanciais de que animais criados em \"ambientes ricos\" (riqueza de estímulos) têm córtex mais espesso do que animais cujos níveis de estimulação são restritos.\nEstrutura macroscópica.\nO cérebro é a mais complexa estrutura biológica conhecida, e compará-lo entre diferentes espécies mesmo nos aspectos básicos não é uma tarefa fácil. Porém, existem princípios comuns na arquitetura cerebral que se aplicam a uma vasta gama de espécies, que são revelados principalmente por três abordagens:\nO córtex cerebral é a parte do cérebro que melhor distingue os mamíferos dos outros vertebrados, primatas de outros mamíferos e humanos de outros primatas. Em vertebrados não mamíferos, a superfície do telencéfalo é forrada por uma estrutura em camadas relativamente simples chamada pallium. Nos mamíferos, o \"pallium\" é envolvido em uma estrutura de 6 camadas chamada neocortex. Em primatas o neocortex é mais avantajado em comparação aos não primatas, especialmente a parte chamada lobo frontal. Nos seres humanos, este alargamento dos lobos frontais é levado de uma extremidade à outra, e de outras partes do córtex também se tornam bastante grandes e complexas. A relação entre tamanho cerebral, tamanho corporal e outras variáveis são estudadas entre uma grande gama de espécies.\nO tamanho do cérebro aumenta com o tamanho do corpo mas não proporcionalmente. A média em todas as ordens de mamíferos segue a lei de potência, com o expoente de cerca de 0,75. Esta fórmula pode aplicar-se ao cérebro de um mamífero médio, mas cada família desvia do padrão, refletindo o nível de sofisticação em seu comportamento. Por exemplo, os primatas têm cérebros de 5 a 10 vezes maior que o indicado pela fórmula. Predadores tendem a ter cérebros maiores. Quando aumenta o tamanho do cérebro de um mamífero, nem todas as partes aumentam na mesma proporção. Quanto maior o cérebro de uma espécie, maior a porção representada pelo córtex.\nBilatérios.\nCom exceção de umas poucas formas primitivas como as esponjas e águas-vivas, todos os animais existentes são bilaterais, ou seja, animais cujo corpo apresenta simetria bilateral (isto é, o lado direito e o esquerdo são imagens espelhadas um do outro).\nImagina-se que todos os bilatérios descendam de um ancestral comum, surgido no início do período Cambriano, num período datado entre 550 e 600 milhões de anos antes do presente. Este ancestral tinha a forma de um simples verme tubular de corpo segmentado, e num nível abstrato, este formato de verme continua presente no esquema dos corpos e sistemas nervosos de todos os bilatérios modernos, inclusive o ser humano. A forma geral de corpo bilatério é a de um tubo com uma cavidade digestiva oca indo da boca ao ânus, e um cordão neural com um alargamento (um gânglio) para cada segmento corporal, com um gânglio excepcionalmente grande na frente, chamado de \"cérebro\".\nInvertebrados.\nEm muitos invertebrados - insetos, moluscos, vermes de vários tipos etc. - os componentes do cérebro e a sua organização difere tanto do padrão dos vertebrados que se torna difícil fazer comparações com algum significado, exceto com base na genética. Dois grupos de invertebrados possuem cérebros notavelmente complexos: artrópodes (insetos, crustáceos, aracnídeos, e outros) e cefalópodes (polvos, lulas e moluscos semelhantes). Os cérebros dos artrópodes e cefalópodes chegam de dois cordões neurais paralelos que se estendem pelo corpo do animal. Artrópodes possuem um cérebro central com três divisões e grandes \"lobos ópticos\" atrás de cada olho, para processamento visual. Cefalópodes têm os maiores cérebros entre os invertebrados. O cérebro do polvo, em particular, é altamente desenvolvido, comparável em complexidade com os cérebros de alguns vertebrados.\nSomente uns poucos invertebrados tiveram seus cérebros estudados intensivamente. A grande lesma-do-mar \"Aplysia\" foi escolhida pelo prêmio Nobel de neurofisiologia Eric Kandel, pela simplicidade e acessibilidade de seu sistema nervoso, como modelo para o estudo das bases celulares do aprendizado e memória, e submetida a centenas de experimentos. Os cérebros invertebrados mais amplamente estudados, entretanto, pertencem à mosca-da-fruta \"Drosophila\" e à pequena nematoda \"Caenorhabditis elegans\".\nPela abundância de técnicas disponíveis para estudar sua genética, a mosca-da-fruta tornou-se o objeto natural no estudo do papel dos genes no desenvolvimento do cérebro. Notavelmente, muitos aspectos neurogenéticos da \"Drosophila\" mostraram-se relevantes para os humanos: os primeiros genes do relógio biológico, por exemplo, foram identificados ao se examinar \"Drosophilae\" mutantes que apresentavam ciclos irregulares na atividade diária. Uma pesquisa nos genomas dos vertebrados descobriu um conjunto de genes análogos que desempenham papel similar no relógio biológico de camundongos - e portanto, quase que certamente no relógio biológico humano.\nComo a \"Drosophila\", a \"C. elegans\" foi estudada amplamente por sua importância para a genética. No início dos anos 1970, Sydney Brenner a escolheu como organismos modelo para estudar o modo como os genes controlam o desenvolvimento. Uma das vantagens de trabalhar com este verme é que a estrutura corporal é bastante estereotipado: o sistema nervoso da forma hermafrodita possui exatamente 302 neurônios, sempre nos mesmos lugares, formando conexões sinápticas idênticas em cada verme. Num projeto heroico, a equipe de Brenner fatiou vermes em milhares de seções ultrafinas e fotografou cada seção num microscópio eletrônico, então encaixou visualmente as fibras de seção para seção, a fim de mapear cada neurônio e cada sinapse de todo o corpo. Nada que se aproxime deste nível de detalhe está disponível para outro organismo, e a informação obtida permitiu uma multitude de estudos que não teria sido possível de outro modo.\nVertebrados.\nOs cérebros dos vertebrados são feitos de um tecido muito mole, de textura comparável à da geleia. Quando vivo, o tecido cerebral é rosado por fora e branco por dentro, com pequenas variações de cor. Nos vertebrados, o cérebro é circundado por um sistema de membranas de tecido conjuntivo chamadas meninges, que o separam do crânio. Esta cobertura em três camadas é composta (de fora para dentro) pela dura-máter (\"matéria dura\"), aracnoide-máter (\"matéria-aranha\"), e pia-máter (\"matéria macia\"). A aracnoide e a pia são fisicamente conectadas, e frequentemente consideradas uma única camada, a pia-aracnoide. Sob a aracnoide fica o espaço sub-aracnoide, que contém fluido cérebro-espinal (FCE), que circula pelos pequenos espaços intercelulares e por cavidades chamadas ventrículos, e serve para nutrir, sustentar e proteger o tecido cerebral. Vaso sanguíneo entram no sistema nervoso central pelo espaço perivascular acima da pia-máter. As células das paredes destes vasos são firmemente unidas, formando a barreira sangue-cérebro, que protege o cérebro de toxinas que possam entrar pelo sangue.\nOs primeiros vertebrados apareceram há mais de 500 milhões de anos (Ma), durante o período Cambriano, e talvez lembrassem uma enguia. Os tubarões apareceram por volta de 450 Ma, anfíbios 400 Ma, répteis por volta de 350 Ma e mamíferos uns 200 Ma. Não seria correto dizer que qualquer espécie atual é mais \"primitiva\" do que outra, já que todas têm sua história evolutiva igualmente longas, mas os cérebros dos modernos peixe-bruxa, lampreias, tubarões, anfíbios, répteis e mamíferos apresentam uma gradação de tamanho e complexidade que, \"grosso modo\", segue a sequência evolutiva. Todos estes cérebros contêm basicamente o mesmo conjunto de elementos anatômicos, mas muitos destes são rudimentares, como no peixe-bruxa, enquanto nos mamíferos as partes frontais são altamente elaboradas e expandidas.\nTodos os cérebros vertebrados partilham de uma mesma forma fundamental, que pode ser apreciada mais facilmente examinando como eles se desenvolvem. O sistema nervoso aparece na forma de uma fina tira de tecido que corre pelo dorso do embrião. Esta tira engrossa e então se dobra para formar um tubo oco. A extremidade frontal do tubo se desenvolve e forma o cérebro. Em sua forma mais recente, o cérebro aparece como três protuberâncias, que finalmente formarão o posencéfalo, o mesencéfalo e o rombencéfalo. Em muitas classes de vertebrados, o tamanho destas três partes permanece similar no adulto, mas nos mamíferos o posencéfalo fica muito maior que as outras partes, e o mesencéfalo bem pequeno.\nGeralmente, os neuroanatomistas dividem o cérebro em seis regiões principais: o telencéfalo (hemisférios cerebrais), o diencéfalo (tálamo e hipotálamo), mesencéfalo, cerebelo, ponte e medula. Cada área destas, por sua vez, possui uma estrutura interna complexa. Algumas áreas, como o córtex e o cerebelo, constituem-se de camadas, dobradas ou enroladas para caberem no espaço disponível. Outras áreas são constituídas de aglomerados de numerosos pequenos núcleos. Se forem feitas distinções estritas baseadas na estrutura neural, química e conectividade, milhares de áreas diferentes podem ser identificadas no cérebro dos vertebrados.\nAlguns ramos de evolução dos vertebrados levaram a mudanças substanciais no formato cerebral, especialmente no posencéfalo. O cérebro do tubarão apresenta os elementos básicos numa disposição simples, mas nos peixes teleósteos (grande maioria das espécies modernas), o posencéfalo tornou-se revirado, como uma meia virada do avesso. Nas aves, também, há grandes mudanças no formato. Por muito tempo, se pensou que uma das principais estruturas do posencéfalo das aves, a espinha dorsal ventricular, correspondesse ao gânglio basal dos mamíferos, mas hoje acredita-se estar mais relacionado ao neocórtex.\nDiversas áreas cerebrais mantêm a mesma identidade entre todos os vertebrados, do peixes-bruxa ao ser humano. Segue uma lista de algumas das áreas mais importantes, com breve descrição de suas funções como são entendidas atualmente (mas note-se que ainda existe algum grau de discordância a respeito das funções da maioria das áreas):\nMamíferos.\nO rombencéfalo e o mesencéfalo dos mamíferos são em geral similares aos de outros vertebrados, mas diferenças gritantes aparecem no prosencéfalo, que é não só muito aumentado, mas diferenciado em sua estrutura. Nos mamíferos, a maior parte da superfície dos hemisférios cerebrais é coberta por um \"isocórtex\" de seis camadas, mais complexo que o pallium de três camadas visto na maioria dos vertebrados. O hipocampo dos mamíferos também apresenta uma estrutura diferente.\nA história evolucionária destas características mamíferas, especialmente o córtex de seis camadas, é difícil de reconstituir. Isto deve-se, principalmente, ao desconhecimento de um fóssil de transição. Os ancestrais dos mamíferos, chamados sinápsidas, separam-se dos ancestrais dos répteis modernos e aves há cerca de 350 milhões de anos. Entretanto, a ramificação mais recente que vingou entre os mamíferos foi a separação entre monotremados (ornitorrinco e équidna), marsupiais (gambá, canguru) e placentários (maioria dos mamíferos atuais), que aconteceu há cerca de 120 milhões de anos. Os cérebros dos monotremados e dos marsupiais são diferentes dos cérebros placentários em alguns aspectos, mas possuem as estruturas corticais e do hipocampo inteiramente mamíferas. Assim, estas estruturas devem ter evoluído há entre 350 e 120 milhões de anos, período que não deixou evidências senão fósseis, que não conservam tecidos moles como o cérebro.\nEm 2018 cientistas reviveram os cérebros de cerca de 200 porcos e os mantiveram vivos fora de seus corpos, produzindo uma onda cerebral plana comparável a alguém em estado comatoso, por 36 horas.\nPrimatas (incluindo humanos).\nO cérebro primata contém a mesma estrutura que o cérebro de outros mamíferos, mas é consideravelmente maior em relação ao tamanho do corpo. Esse aumento de tamanho relaciona-se principalmente com uma grande expansão do córtex, com destaque para as áreas relativas a visão e antecipação. A rede de processamento visual dos primatas é muito complexa, incluindo pelo menos 30 áreas diferenciáveis, com uma desconcertante rede de interconexões. Esses fatos contribuem para que o processamento visual utilize quase metade do cérebro. A outra parte do cérebro que tem grande aumento é o córtex pré-frontal, cujas funções são difíceis de sumarizar sucintamente, mas relacionam-se com planejamento, memória de trabalho, motivação, atenção, e controle de funções.\nEstrutura microscópica.\nO cérebro é composto de duas grandes classes de células, neurônios e células gliais. Neurônios recebem mais atenção, mas, na verdade, as células gliais são mais frequentes, formando uma proporção de pelo menos 10 para 1. Existem diversos tipos de células gliais, que realizam um grande número de funções importantes como: suporte estrutural, suporte metabólico, isolamento, e guia para o desenvolvimento. A característica que torna os neurônios tão importantes é a capacidade de enviar sinais uns para os outros através de longas distâncias, algo que não ocorre nas células gliais. Eles enviam esses sinais através de um axônio, uma fina fibra protoplasmática que parte do corpo celular e projeta-se, normalmente com inúmeras ramificações, para outras áreas, às vezes perto, às vezes em partes distantes do cérebro ou do corpo. A extensão de um axônio pode ser extraordinária: por exemplo, se uma célula piramidal do neocórtex fosse aumentada até que o tamanho de seu corpo fica-se do tamanho de um corpo humano, seu axônio, igualmente aumentado, seria um cabo com algumas polegadas de diâmetro, estendendo-se por mais de um quilômetro. Esses axônios transmitem sinais na forma de impulsos eletroquímicos chamados potenciais de ação, que duram menos que um milésimo de segundo e viajam através do axônio numa velocidade de 1 a 100 metros por segundo. Alguns neurônios emitem potenciais de ação constantemente, 10 a 100 vezes por segundo, normalmente em padrões temporais irregulares; outros neurônios ficam em repouso a maior parte do tempo, mas ocasionalmente emitem uma rajada de potenciais de ação.\nAxônios transmitem sinais para outros neurônios, ou para células não-neuronais, através de uma junção especializada chamada sinapse. Um único axônio pode fazer diversas conexões sinápticas. Quando um potencial de ação, viajando através do axônio, chega à sinapse, faz com que um composto químico chamado de neurotransmissor seja liberado. O neurotransmissor liga-se a moléculas receptoras na membrana da célula alvo. Alguns tipos de receptores neuronais são \"excitatórios\", ou seja, eles aumentam a frequência dos potenciais de ação na célula alvo; outros receptores são \"inibitórios\", ou seja, eles diminuem a frequência dos potenciais de ação; outros tem efeitos efeitos modulatórios complexos na célula alvo. Na verdade, são os axônios que preenchem a maior parte do espaço do cérebro. Normalmente, grandes grupos deles viajam juntos em aglomerados chamados \"tratos de fibras nervosas\". Em muitos casos, cada axônio é envolto por uma grossa bainha de uma substância lipídica chamada Mielina, que serve para aumentar muito a velocidade de propagação do potencial de ação. Mielina tem a coloração branca, então partes do cérebro preenchidas exclusivamente por fibras nervosas aparecem como \"substância branca\", por outro lado, a \"substância cinzenta\" marca as áreas com altas densidades de corpos celulares neuronais.\nFuncionamento.\nDe uma perspectiva biológica, a função do cérebro é gerar comportamentos que promovam a aptidão genética de um animal. Para fazê-lo, ele extrai informações relevantes dos órgãos sensíveis para refinar as ações do animal. Sinais sensórios podem estimular respostas imediatas, como quando o sistema olfatório de um veado detecta o odor de um lobo; podem modular o padrão de atividade em andamento, como os efeitos dos ciclos de claridade-escuridão sobre o estado de sono-vigília de um organismo; ou suas informações podem ser armazenadas, para o caso de relevância futura. O cérebro gerencia sua complexa tarefa orquestrando subsistemas funcionais, que podem ser categorizados de várias formas: anatomicamente, quimicamente e funcionalmente.\nApesar do cérebro representar apenas 2% da massa corporal, ele é responsável por 20% de consumo total de oxigênio do corpo humano.\nSistemas de neurotransmissores.\nCom poucas exceções, cada neurônio do cérebro libera o mesmo neurotransmissor químico, ou conjunto de neurotransmissores, em todas as conexões sinápticas que faz com outros neurônio. Ainda assim, a grande maioria das drogas psicoativas produz efeitos ao alterar sistemas neurotransmissores que não envolvem diretamente a transmissão glutamatérgica ou a GABAérgica. Drogas como cafeína, nicotina, heroína, cocaína, Prozac, Thorazine, \"etc.\", atuam sobre outros neurotransimssores. Muitos destes outros transmissores vêm de neurônios localizados em partes específicas do cérebro. A serotonina, por exemplo - o alvo primário de drogas antidepressivas e muitos suplementos dietéticos - origina-se em uma pequena área do tronco encefálico chamada núcleo da rafe. A norepinefrina, relacionada ao estado de alerta, origina-se em uma pequena área próxima, chamada de cerúleo. A histamina, enquanto neurotransmissor, vem de uma pequena parte do hipotálamo chamada núcleo tuberomamilar (a histamina também possui funções fora do sistema nervoso central, mas a função neurotransmissora é que faz os anti-histamínicos terem efeito sedativo). Outros neurotransmissores como a acetilcolina e a dopamina têm múltiplas fontes no cérebro, mas que não estão tão ubiquamente distribuídas quanto as de glutamato e GABA.\nSistemas sensórios.\nUma das funções primárias do cérebro é extrair informação biologicamente relevante de receptores sensoriais. Mesmo no cérebro humano, os processos sensórios vão bem além dos clássicos cinco sentidos da visão, audição, paladar, tato e olfato: nossos cérebros recebem informações sobre temperatura, equilíbrio, posição dos membros e da composição química da corrente sanguínea, entre outras coisas. Todas estas informações são detectadas por sensores especializados que enviam sinais para o cérebro. Entre não-humanos, podem estar presentes sentidos adicionais, como os sensores de calor presentes nas fossetas loreais das serpentes; ou os sentidos \"convencionais\" podem ser usados de modos não-convencionais, como no \"sonar\" auditivo dos morcegos. Cada sistema sensório possui suas idiossincrasias, mas aqui estão alguns princípios que se aplicam à maioria deles, usando o sentido da audição para exemplos específicos:\nTodas estas regras têm exceções, por exemplo: (1) No sentido do tato (que na verdade é um conjunto de pelo menos meia dúzia de sentidos mecânicos), os estímulos sensórios se encerram principalmente no cordão espinhal, em neurônios que se projetam para o tronco cerebral. Para o sentido do olfato, não há qualquer retransmissor no tálamo; em vez disso, os sinais seguem diretamente da região encefálica primária - o bulbo olfatório - para o córtex.\nSistema motor.\nSistemas motores são áreas do cérebro que estão mais ou menos envolvidas na produção de movimentos corporais, isto é, na ativação de músculos. Com a exceção dos músculos que controlam os olhos, todos os músculos voluntários do corpo são diretamente inervados por neurônios motores no cordão espinhal, que por sua vez são o último caminho comum do sistema gerador de movimento. Neurônios motores espinhais são controlados tanto por circuitos neurais intrínsecos ao cordão espinhal quanto por estímulos originados no cérebro. Os circuitos espinhais intrínsecos executam várias respostas reflexas, e também contêm geradores de padrões para movimentos ritmados, como andar ou nadar. As conexões descendentes do encéfalo permitem controle mais sofisticado.\nO cérebro contém algumas áreas que se projetam diretamente para o cordão espinhal. No nível mais baixo estão a as áreas motoras na medula e na ponte. Num nível mais alto se encontram áreas no mesencéfalo, como o núcleo rubro, que é responsável pela coordenação dos movimentos de braços e pernas. Num nível ainda mais alto, está o córtex motor primário, uma tira de tecido localizada no limite posterior do lobo frontal. O córtex motor primário propaga-se para as regiões motoras subcorticais, mas também envia uma projeção maciça diretamente para o cordão espinhal, através do assim chamado trato piramidal. Esta projeção córtico-espinhal direta é responsável pelo controle voluntário dos detalhes finos dos movimentos.\nOutras áreas \"secundárias\" do cérebro relacionadas ao movimento não se projetam diretamente ao cordão espinhal, mas em vez disso agem sobre as áreas motoras primárias corticais ou subcorticais. Dentre as áreas secundárias mais importante se encontram o córtex premotor, os gânglios basais e o cerebelo:\nAlém de tudo acima, o cérebro e o cordão espinhal contêm extensos circuitos para o controle do sistema nervoso autônomo, que funciona pela secreção de hormônios e pela modulação dos músculos lisos do intestino. O sistema nervoso autônomo afeta o ritmo cardíaco, a digestão, o ritmo respiratório, a salivação, a perspiração, a urinação e a excitação sexual - mas muitas de suas funções não estão sob controle voluntário.\nSistema de alerta.\nTalvez o aspecto mais óbvio do comportamento de qualquer animal é o ciclo diário que compreende dormir e acordar. O estado de alerta e atenção também é modulado em uma escala de tempo delicada por uma rede extensa de áreas cerebrais.\nUm componente chave do sistema da alerta é o núcleo supraquiasmático, uma pequena porção do hipotálamo localizada diretamente acima do ponto em que os nervos ópticos dos dois olhos cruzam. O núcleo supraquiasmático contém o relógio biológico central do corpo. Os neurônios de lá mostram níveis de atividade que sobem e declinam em um período de 24 horas, os ritmos circadianos: essas flutuações de atividade são direcionadas por mudanças rítmicas na expressão de um determinado grupo de \"genes relógio\". O núcleo supraquiasmático continua a altera-se de acordo com tempo mesmo se for retirado do cérebro e colocado numa bandeja com uma solução nutritiva morna, entretanto ele apenas recebe a informação dos nervos ópticos, através do trato retino hipotalâmico, que permite que o ciclo claro-escuro calibre o relógio.\nO núcleo supraquiasmático projeta-se a um grupo de áreas no hipotálamo, tronco encefálico e cérebro médio que estão relacionadas com a implementação dos ciclos sono-vigília. Um componente importante do sistema é a chamada formação reticular, um grupo de \"amontoados\" neuronais espalhados difusamente através do núcleo do tronco encefálico. Neurônios reticulares enviam sinais para o tálamo, que, por sua vez, envia sinais de controle do nível de atividade para todo o córtex. Danos a formação reticular pode provocar um estado permanente de coma. Sono envolve grandes mudanças na atividade cerebral.\nEfeitos de doenças e lesões.\nApesar de ser protegido pelo crânio e pelas meninges, envolvido pelo líquido cefalorraquidiano, e isolado da corrente sangüínea pela barreira hematoencefálica, a natureza sensível do cérebro o faz vulnerável a inúmeras doenças e diversos tipos de lesões. Esses problemas manifestam-se de maneira diferenciada em humanos em relação a outras espécies, por isso uma visão geral da patologia cerebral e seu possível tratamento são abordados nos artigos sobre cérebro humano, lesão cerebral, e neurologia.\n\n", "Zodíaco\n\nZodíaco (do latim \"zōdiacus\", por sua vez do grego antigo ζωδιακός κύκλος, transl. \"zōdiakós kýklos\", \"círculo de animais\", derivado de ζώδιον, transl. \"zōdion\", diminutivo de ζῶον, \"zōon\", \"animal\") é uma faixa imaginária do firmamento celeste que se estende aproximadamente a 8° ao norte e ao sul (medida em latitude celeste) da eclíptica, a qual inclui as órbitas aparentes do Sol, da Lua e dos planetas Mercúrio, Vênus, Marte, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano e Netuno. As divisões do zodíaco representam constelações na astronomia e signos na astrologia.\nNa astrologia ocidental, e anteriormente na astronomia, o zodíaco é dividido em doze signos, cada um ocupando 30° de longitude celestial e correspondendo aproximadamente às constelações estelares: Áries, Touro, Gêmeos, Câncer, Leão, Virgem, Libra, Escorpião, Sagitário, Capricórnio, Aquário e Peixes.\nEsses signos astrológicos formam um sistema de coordenadas celestes, ou mais especificamente um sistema de coordenadas eclípticas, que toma a eclíptica como origem da latitude e a posição do Sol no equinócio vernal como origem da longitude.\nO zodíaco estava em uso na era romana, baseado em conceitos herdados pela astronomia helenística e pela astronomia babilônica do período caldeu (meados do primeiro milênio a.C.), que, por sua vez, derivava de um sistema anterior de listas de estrelas ao longo da eclíptica. A construção do zodíaco é descrita na abrangente obra de Ptolomeu do século II d.C., o Almagesto.\nEmbora o zodíaco permaneça a base do sistema de coordenadas eclípticas em uso na astronomia, além do sistema equatorial, o termo e os nomes dos doze signos são hoje principalmente associados à astrologia horoscópica. Na astronomia, o zodíaco de um determinado planeta é a faixa que contém o caminho desse corpo em particular; por exemplo, o \"zodíaco da Lua\" é a faixa de 5° acima e abaixo da eclíptica. Por extensão, o \"zodíaco dos cometas\" pode se referir à banda que abrange a maioria dos cometas de curto período.\nHistória.\nAntiguidade.\nJá no século XIV a.C., uma lista completa dos 36 decanos egípcios foi colocada entre os hieróglifos que adornam o túmulo de Seti I; eles figuravam novamente no templo de e caracterizam todos os monumentos astrológicos egípcios. Ambos os famosos zodíacos de Dendera exibem seus símbolos, inequivocamente identificados por Karl Richard Lepsius.\nA divisão da eclíptica nos signos zodiacais tem origem na astronomia babilônica durante a primeira metade do 1º milênio a.C. O zodíaco baseia-se em estrelas de catálogos estelares babilônicos anteriores, como o catálogo MUL.APIN, que foi compilado por volta de 1000 a.C. Algumas constelações podem ser rastreadas ainda mais atrás, em fontes da Idade do Bronze (Primeira Dinastia Babilônica), incluindo Gêmeos e Câncer.\nPor volta do final do século V a.C., os astrônomos babilônicos dividiram a eclíptica em 12 \"sinais\" iguais, por analogia a 12 meses esquemáticos de 30 dias cada. Cada signo continha 30° de longitude celeste, criando assim o primeiro sistema de coordenadas celestes conhecido. De acordo com cálculos da astrofísica moderna, o zodíaco foi introduzido entre 409 e 398 a.C. e provavelmente dentro de poucos anos de 401 a.C. Ao contrário dos astrólogos modernos, que colocam o início do signo de Áries no lugar do Sol no equinócio vernal, os astrônomos babilônicos fixaram o zodíaco em relação às estrelas, colocando o início de Câncer na \"Estrela Gêmea Traseira\" (β Geminorum) e o início de Aquário na \"Estrela Traseira do Peixe-Bode\" (δ Capricorni).\nDevido à precessão dos equinócios, a época do ano em que o Sol está em uma determinada constelação mudou desde os tempos babilônicos, o ponto do equinócio vernal mudou de Áries para Peixes.\nComo a divisão era feita em arcos iguais, de 30° cada, eles constituíam um sistema de referência ideal para fazer previsões sobre a longitude de um planeta. No entanto, as técnicas babilônicas de medidas observacionais estavam em um estágio rudimentar de evolução. Eles mediram a posição de um planeta em referência a um conjunto de \"estrelas normais\" próximas à eclíptica (±9° de latitude) como pontos de referência observacionais para ajudar a posicionar um planeta dentro desse sistema de coordenadas eclípticas.\nNos diários astronômicos babilônicos, uma posição do planeta era geralmente dada em relação a um signo zodiacal sozinho, menos frequentemente em graus específicos dentro de um signo. Quando os graus de longitude foram dados, eles foram expressos com referência aos 30° do signo zodiacal, ou seja, não com referência à eclíptica contínua de 360°. Em efemérides astronômicas, as posições de fenômenos astronômicos significativos foram computadas em frações sexagesimais de um grau (equivalente a minutos e segundos de arco). Para efemérides diárias, as posições diárias de um planeta não eram tão importantes quanto as datas astrologicamente significativas quando o planeta cruzava de um signo zodiacal para o seguinte.\nAstronomia e astrologia hebraica.\nDiz-se que o conhecimento do zodíaco babilônico se reflete na Bíblia hebraica; EW Bullinger interpretou as criaturas que aparecem no livro de Ezequiel como os signos do meio dos quatro quartos do Zodíaco, com o Leão como Leão, o boi como Touro, o Homem representando Aquário e a Águia representando Escorpião. Alguns autores ligaram as doze tribos de Israel com os mesmos signos ou o calendário lunar hebraico com doze meses lunares em um ano lunar. Ernest L. Martin e outros argumentaram que o arranjo das tribos ao redor do Tabernáculo (relatado no Livro dos Números) correspondia à ordem do Zodíaco, com Judá, Rúben, Efraim e Dã representando os signos do meio de Leão, Aquário, Touro, e Escorpião, respectivamente. Tais conexões foram retomadas por Thomas Mann, que em seu romance \"José e Seus Irmãos\" atribui características de um signo do zodíaco a cada tribo em sua versão da Bênção de Jacó.\nEra grega e romana.\nOs catálogos de estrelas da Babilônia entraram na astronomia grega no século IV a.C., via Eudoxo de Cnido. A Babilônia ou Caldéia no mundo helenístico passou a ser tão identificada com a astrologia que a \"sabedoria caldéia\" tornou-se entre os gregos e romanos o sinônimo de adivinhação através dos planetas e estrelas. A astrologia helenística derivou em parte da astrologia babilônica e egípcia. A astrologia horoscópica apareceu pela primeira vez no Egito ptolomaico (305 aC-30 a. C.). O zodíaco de Dendera, um relevo que data de 50 a.C., é a primeira representação conhecida do zodíaco clássico de doze signos.\nO mais antigo texto grego existente usando a divisão babilônica do zodíaco em 12 signos de 30 graus iguais cada um é o \"Anaphoricus\" de Hípsicles de Alexandria (190 a.C.). Particularmente importante no desenvolvimento da astrologia horoscópica ocidental foi o astrólogo e astrônomo Ptolomeu, cujo trabalho Tetrabiblos lançou as bases da tradição astrológica ocidental. Sob os gregos, e Ptolomeu em particular, os planetas, Casas e signos do zodíaco foram racionalizados e sua função estabelecida de uma maneira que pouco mudou até os dias atuais. Ptolomeu viveu no século II d.C., três séculos após a descoberta da precessão dos equinócios por Hiparco por volta de 130 a.C. O trabalho perdido de Hiparco sobre a precessão nunca circulou muito até que foi trazido à proeminência por Ptolomeu, e há poucas explicações de precessão fora do trabalho de Ptolomeu até a Antiguidade tardia, quando a influência de Ptolomeu foi amplamente estabelecida. Ptolomeu explicou claramente a base teórica do zodíaco ocidental como sendo um sistema de coordenadas tropicais, pelo qual o zodíaco é alinhado aos equinócios e solstícios, em vez das constelações visíveis que levam os mesmos nomes dos signos do zodíaco.\nZodíaco hindu.\nDe acordo com o matemático/historiador Montucla, o zodíaco hindu foi adotado do zodíaco grego através de comunicações entre a Índia antiga e o império grego de Bactria. O zodíaco hindu usa o sistema de coordenadas siderais, que faz referência às estrelas fixas. O zodíaco tropical (de origem mesopotâmica) é dividido pelas interseções da eclíptica e do equador, que se desloca em relação ao pano de fundo de estrelas fixas a uma taxa de 1° a cada 72 anos, criando o fenômeno conhecido como precessão dos equinócios. O zodíaco hindu, sendo sideral, não mantém esse alinhamento sazonal, mas ainda há semelhanças entre os dois sistemas. Os signos do zodíaco hindu e os signos gregos correspondentes soam muito diferentes, sendo em sânscrito e grego respectivamente, mas seus símbolos são quase idênticos. Por exemplo, \"dhanu\" significa \"arco\" e corresponde a Sagitário, o \"arqueiro\", e \"kumbha\" significa \"jarro de água\" e corresponde a Aquário, o \"portador de água\".\nIdade média.\nDurante a era abássida, os livros de referência gregos foram sistematicamente traduzidos para o árabe, depois os astrônomos islâmicos fizeram suas próprias observações, corrigindo o Almagesto de Ptolomeu. Um desses livros foi o Livro das Estrelas Fixas de Al-Sufi, que tem representações pictóricas de 48 constelações. O livro foi dividido em três seções: constelações do zodíaco, constelações ao norte do zodíaco e constelações do sul. Quando o livro de Al-Sufi, e outras obras, foram traduzidas no século XI, houve erros nas traduções. Como resultado, algumas estrelas acabaram com os nomes da constelação a que pertencem (por exemplo, Hamal em Áries).\nA Alta Idade Média viu um renascimento do interesse pela magia greco-romana, primeiro no cabalismo e depois continuado na magia renascentista. Isso incluiu usos mágicos do zodíaco, como encontrado, por exemplo, no livro Sefer Raziel HaMalakh.\nO zodíaco é encontrado em vitrais medievais como na Catedral de Angers, onde o mestre vidreiro, André Robin, fez as rosetas ornamentadas para os transeptos Norte e Sul após o incêndio em 1451.\nEra medieval islâmica.\nA astrologia surgiu no século VIII d.C. como uma disciplina distinta no Islã, com uma mistura de tradições indianas, iranianas helenísticas e outras tradições combinadas com conhecimento astronômico grego e islâmico, por exemplo, o trabalho de Ptolomeu e o Livro de Estrelas Fixas de Al-Sufi. O conhecimento da influência que as estrelas têm sobre os acontecimentos na terra foi extremamente importante na civilização islâmica. Via de regra, acreditava-se que os signos do zodíaco e os planetas controlavam o destino não só das pessoas, mas também da nação; O Zodíaco tem a capacidade de determinar características físicas, bem como inteligência e traços pessoais.\nA prática da astrologia neste momento poderia ser facilmente dividida em 4 categorias mais amplas: Genetlialogia, Astrologia Catárquica, Astrologia Interrogativa e Astrologia Geral. No entanto, o tipo mais comum de astrologia era a Genetlialogia, que examinava todos os aspectos da vida de uma pessoa em relação às posições planetárias em seu nascimento; mais comumente conhecido como nosso horóscopo.\nOs serviços de astrologia eram amplamente oferecidos em todo o império, principalmente em bazares, onde as pessoas podiam pagar por uma leitura. A astrologia era valorizada nas cortes reais, por exemplo, o califa abássida Al-Mansur usou a astrologia para determinar a melhor data para a fundação da nova capital de Bagdá. No entanto, enquanto os horóscopos eram geralmente amplamente aceitos pela sociedade, muitos estudiosos condenaram o uso de astrologia e adivinhação; ligando-os a influências ocultas. Muitos teólogos e estudiosos pensavam que isso ia contra os princípios do Islã; já que somente Deus deveria ser capaz de determinar eventos ao invés de astrólogos olhando para as posições dos planetas.\nPara calcular o horóscopo de alguém, um astrólogo usaria 3 ferramentas: um astrolábio, efemérides e um takht. Primeiro, o astrólogo usaria um astrolábio para encontrar a posição do sol, alinhar a regra com a hora de nascimento da pessoa e então alinhar a rete para estabelecer a altitude do sol naquela data. Em seguida, o astrólogo usaria uma efeméride, uma tabela que denota a posição média dos planetas e estrelas no céu em um determinado momento. Finalmente, o astrólogo somaria a altitude do sol tirada do astrolábio, com a posição média dos planetas no aniversário da pessoa, e os somaria no takht que era apenas uma tabuleta coberta de areia; em que os cálculos podem ser feitos e apagados facilmente. Uma vez que isso era calculado, o astrólogo era então capaz de interpretar o horóscopo. A maioria dessas interpretações foi baseada no zodíaco na literatura. Por exemplo, havia vários manuais sobre como interpretar cada signo do zodíaco, o tratado relativo a cada signo individual e quais eram as características desses zodíacos.\nEra moderna.\nUm exemplo do uso de signos como coordenadas astronômicas pode ser encontrado no \"Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1767\". As colunas \"Longitude do Sol\" mostram o signo (representado como um dígito de 0 a 11 inclusive), graus de 0 a 29, minutos e segundos.\nO zodíaco da astronomia.\nNa astrologia tropical, os signos zodiacais são distintos das constelações associadas a eles, não apenas por causa de seu afastamento devido à precessão dos equinócios, mas porque as constelações físicas ocupam larguras variadas da eclíptica, de modo que o Sol não está em cada constelação pelo mesmo período de tempo. Assim, Virgem ocupa 5 vezes mais longitude eclíptica que Escorpião. Os signos zodiacais são uma abstração das constelações físicas, e cada um representa exatamente 1/12 do círculo completo, mas o tempo gasto pelo Sol em cada signo varia um pouco devido à excentricidade da órbita da Terra.\nA eclíptica cruza com 13 constelações do Almagesto de Ptolomeu, bem como com as constelações designadas pela União Astronômica Internacional mais precisamente delineadas. Além das doze constelações que dão nome aos doze signos do zodíaco, a eclíptica cruza Ofiúco (ou Serpentário), cuja parte inferior interpõe entre Escorpião e Sagitário. Ocasionalmente, essa diferença entre as constelações astronômicas e os signos astrológicos é erroneamente relatada na imprensa popular como uma \"mudança\" na lista de signos tradicionais por algum órgão astronômico como a UAI, a NASA ou a Royal Astronomical Society.\nAlgumas constelações \"parazodiacais\" são tocadas pelos caminhos dos planetas, levando a contagens de até 25 \"constelações do zodíaco\". O antigo catálogo Babilônico MUL.APIN lista Órion, Perseu, Auriga e Andrômeda. Os astrônomos modernos notaram que os planetas passam por Taça, Sextante, Baleia, Pégasus, Corvo, Hidra e Escudo; com Vênus muito raramente passando por Águia, Cão Menor, Auriga e Serpente.\nChama-se de zodíaco o conjunto de constelações ao longo da eclíptica (o caminho aparente percorrido pelo Sol durante o ano). As 13 constelações que compõem o zodíaco, pela divisão feita pela União Astronômica Internacional em 1930, são:\nAstronomicamente, o zodíaco define um cinturão de espaço que se estende, como dito anteriormente, 8° ou 9° de latitude celeste ao norte e ao sul da eclíptica, dentro do qual permanecem as órbitas da Lua e dos planetas principais. É uma característica do sistema de coordenadas eclípticas - um sistema de coordenadas celestes centrado na eclíptica (o plano da órbita da Terra e o caminho aparente do Sol), pelo qual a longitude celeste é medida em graus a leste do equinócio vernal (a interseção ascendente da eclíptica e do equador) O zodíaco é estreito em termos angulares porque a maioria dos planetas do Sol tem órbitas que têm apenas uma ligeira inclinação em relação ao plano orbital da Terra. As estrelas dentro do zodíaco estão sujeitas a ocultações pela Lua e outros corpos do sistema solar. Esses eventos podem ser úteis, por exemplo, para estimar as dimensões da seção transversal de um planeta menor ou verificar uma estrela em busca de um companheiro próximo.\nA colocação do Sol no equinócio vernal, que ocorre anualmente por volta de 21 de março, define o ponto de partida para a medição, cujo primeiro grau é historicamente conhecido como o \"primeiro ponto de Áries\" (ponto vernal). Os primeiros 30° ao longo da eclíptica são nominalmente designados como o signo do zodíaco Áries, que não está mais na proximidade da constelação de Áries, pois o efeito da precessão é mover o ponto vernal através do pano de fundo das constelações visíveis (atualmente está localizado perto do fim da constelação de Peixes, estando dentro dessa constelação desde o século II d. C.). Os 30° subsequentes da eclíptica são nominalmente designados como o signo do zodíaco Touro, e assim por diante através dos doze signos do zodíaco, os quais nunca foram usados ​​para determinar os limites das constelações astronômicas que se encontram nas proximidades do zodíaco, que são, e sempre foram, irregulares em tamanho e forma.\nA convenção de medir a longitude celeste dentro de signos individuais ainda estava sendo usada em meados do século XIX, mas a astronomia moderna agora numera graus de longitude celeste continuamente de 0° a 360°, em vez de 0° a 30° dentro de cada signo. Este sistema de coordenadas é usado principalmente pelos astrônomos para observações de objetos do sistema solar.\nO uso do zodíaco como meio para determinar a medição astronômica permaneceu o principal método para definir as posições celestes pelos astrônomos ocidentais até o Renascimento, quando a preferência mudou para o sistema de coordenadas equatoriais, que mede posições astronômicas por ascensão reta e declinação, em vez das definições baseadas na eclíptica de longitude celeste e latitude celeste. A orientação das coordenadas equatoriais estão alinhadas com o eixo de rotação da Terra, em vez do plano da órbita do planeta ao redor do Sol.\nA palavra \"zodíaco\" é usada em referência à nuvem zodiacal de grãos de poeira que se movem entre os planetas e à luz zodiacal que se origina de sua dispersão da luz solar. Embora seu nome seja derivado do zodíaco, a luz zodiacal cobre todo o céu noturno, com aprimoramentos em certas direções.\nO zodíaco da astrologia.\nO conceito de zodíaco tem interpretações diferenciadas nas astrologias ocidental, chinesa e védica.\nNa astrologia ocidental, o Zodíaco é representado como uma circunferência onde estão colocados os planetas da forma como se apresentavam no céu no momento do nascimento do assunto estudado (que pode ser uma pessoa, cidade, país etc.) — o mapa astrológico da pessoa ou evento.\nOs 360° (graus) da circunferência estão divididos em doze signos zodiacais (Áries ou Carneiro, Touro, Gêmeos, Câncer ou Caranguejo, Leão, Virgem, Libra ou Balança, Escorpião, Sagitário, Capricórnio, Aquário e Peixes) e cada um é regido por um planeta/astro (Marte, Vênus, Mercúrio, Lua, Sol, Mercúrio, Vênus, Plutão, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano e Netuno, respectivamente).\nAo mesmo tempo, este espaço também está dividido em doze casas zodiacais, cada uma relacionada a assuntos específicos da vida analisada. Cada uma destas casas também é relacionada (\"regida por\") a um dos signos acima. As casas representam as 24 horas do dia.\nNo mapa astrológico de uma pessoa ou evento, o signo que ocupa a cúspide de cada casa, isto é, que está \"passando\" sobre cada casa, depende do horário e local de seu nascimento. Por exemplo: se a pessoa nasceu ou o evento aconteceu, entre 4h e 6h no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a casa 1 estará em Áries. Entre 2h e 4h, será Touro, e assim por diante.\nO signo na cúspide da casa 1 é o chamado signo ascendente, fator importante do mapa, relacionado às características da personalidade do sujeito.\nOs signos nas casas, a posição dos planetas no mapa e nas casas, o aspecto astrológico - relação geométrica - entre os planetas (por exemplo: se um planeta está a 1 grau de distância de outro planeta - dando a impressão de muita proximidade ao serem observados da Terra -, eles estão em conjunção entre si), aspectos entre os planetas e certos pontos importantes no mapa e outros elementos ou pontos do mapa estudados (roda da fortuna, Nodo lunar etc.) são relacionados a aspectos da vida e da personalidade do analisando, bem como ele se relaciona com as outras pessoas.\nSegue-se uma lista dos signos do zodíaco moderno (com as longitudes eclípticas de seus primeiros pontos), onde 0° Áries é entendido como o equinócio vernal, com seus nomes latinos, gregos, sânscritos e babilônicos. Também há uma comparação das datas gregorianas em que o Sol entra em um signo no zodíaco tropical ptolomaico e um signo no sistema sideral proposto por Cyril Fagan.\nO início de Áries é definido como o momento do equinócio vernal, e todas as outras datas mudam de acordo. Os tempos e datas gregorianos precisos variam ligeiramente de ano para ano, à medida que o calendário gregoriano muda em relação ao ano solar. Essas variações permanecem dentro de menos de dois dias de diferença no passado recente e no futuro próximo, equinócio vernal em horário universal sempre caindo em 20 ou 21 de março no período de 1797 a 2043, caindo em 19 de março de 1796 a última vez e em 2044 o próximo. O equinócio vernal caiu em 20 de março horário universal desde 2008, e continuará a fazê-lo até 2043.\nComo cada signo ocupa exatamente 30 graus do zodíaco, a duração média da permanência solar em cada signo é de um duodécimo de um ano sideral, ou 30,43 dias padrão. Devido à pequena excentricidade orbital da Terra, a duração de cada signo varia sensivelmente, entre cerca de 29,4 dias para Capricórnio e cerca de 31,4 dias para Câncer (ver equação do tempo). Além disso, como o eixo da Terra está em ângulo, alguns signos demoram mais para subir do que outros, e quanto mais distante do equador o observador estiver situado, maior será a diferença. Assim, os signos são chamados de ascensão \"longa\" ou \"curta\".\nPrecessão dos equinócios.\nO sistema do zodíaco foi desenvolvido na Babilônia, cerca de 2.500 anos atrás, durante a \"Era de Áries\". Na época, supõe-se, a precessão dos equinócios era desconhecida. O uso contemporâneo do sistema de coordenadas é apresentado com a opção de interpretar o sistema como sideral, com os signos fixados ao fundo estelar, ou tropical, com os signos fixados no ponto (vetor do Sol) no equinócio de março.\nA astrologia ocidental adota a abordagem tropical, enquanto a astrologia hindu adota a abordagem sideral. Isso resulta no sistema de coordenadas zodiacais originalmente unificado se afastando gradualmente, com uma precessão no sentido horário (para oeste) de 1,4 graus por século.\nPara o zodíaco tropical usado na astronomia e astrologia ocidentais, isso significa que o signo tropical de Áries atualmente está em algum lugar dentro da constelação de Peixes (\"Era de Peixes\").\nO sistema de coordenadas siderais leva em conta o \"ayanamsa\" (termo sânscrito para muitos sistemas usados na astrologia hindu para explicar a precessão dos equinócios), com \"\"ayan\" significando trânsito ou movimento, e \"amsa\"\" significando pequena parte, ou seja, movimento de equinócios em pequenas partes. Não está claro quando os indianos tomaram conhecimento da precessão dos equinócios, mas o tratado do século XII de Bhaskara II, Siddhanta Shiromani, fornece equações para medição da precessão dos equinócios e diz que suas equações são baseadas em algumas equações perdidas da Suryasiddhanta (tratado sânscrito em astronomia indiana) mais a equação de Munjaala.\nPtolomeu cita a obra perdida de Hiparco intitulada \"Sobre o deslocamento dos pontos solsticiais e equinociais\" no sétimo livro de seu Almagesto, onde ele descreve o fenômeno da precessão e estima seu valor. Ptolomeu esclareceu que a convenção da astronomia matemática grega era começar o zodíaco a partir do ponto do equinócio vernal e sempre se referir a este ponto como \"o primeiro grau\" de Áries. Isso é conhecido como o \"zodíaco tropical\" (da palavra grega \"trópos\", \"volta\") porque seu ponto de partida gira através do círculo de constelações de fundo ao longo do tempo.\nO princípio do ponto vernal atuando como o primeiro grau do zodíaco para os astrônomos gregos é descrito no texto astronômico do século I a. C. de Gêmino de Rodes. Gêmino explica que os astrônomos gregos de sua época associam os primeiros graus dos signos do zodíaco com os dois solstícios e os dois equinócios, em contraste com o antigo sistema caldeu (babilônico), que colocava esses pontos dentro dos signos do zodíaco. Isso ilustra que Ptolomeu apenas esclareceu a convenção dos astrônomos gregos e não originou o princípio do zodíaco tropical, como às vezes se supõe.\nPtolomeu demonstra que o princípio do zodíaco tropical era bem conhecido de seus predecessores dentro do Tetrabiblos, onde explica por que seria um erro associar os signos regularmente espaçados do zodíaco alinhado sazonalmente com os limites irregulares das constelações visíveis:Os inícios dos signos, e também os dos termos, devem ser tomados dos pontos equinociais e tropicais. Esta regra não só é claramente declarada por escritores sobre o assunto, mas é especialmente evidente pela demonstração constantemente fornecida de que suas naturezas, influências e familiaridades não têm outra origem senão dos trópicos e equinócios, como já foi claramente demonstrado. E, se outros começos fossem permitidos, ou seria necessário excluir as naturezas dos signos da teoria do prognóstico, ou seria impossível evitar o erro ao retê-los e utilizá-los; como a regularidade de seus espaços e distâncias, das quais sua influência depende, seria então invadida e quebrada.\n\n", "Meio ambiente\n\nO meio ambiente (do latim: \"ambĭens,ēntis\", de \"ambīre\": \"andar ao redor\", \"rodear') refere-se ao conjunto de fatores físicos, biológicos e químicos que cerca os seres vivos, influenciando-os e sendo influenciado por eles. Pode ser entendido também como o conjunto de condições que permitem abrigar e reger a vida em todas as suas formas - os ecossistemas que existem na Terra.\nConceito.\nO conceito de \"meio ambiente\" pode ser identificado por seus componentes:\nA Conferência de Estocolmo, organizada pelas Organização das Nações Unidas em 1972, abordou o tema da relação da sociedade com o meio ambiente. Foi a primeira grande atitude mundial no sentido de tentar preservar o meio ambiente. Nessa conferência, o meio ambiente foi definido como sendo \"o conjunto de componentes físicos, químicos, biológicos e sociais capazes de causar efeitos diretos ou indiretos, em um prazo curto ou longo, sobre os seres vivos e as atividades humanas.\"\nNo Brasil, a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (PNMA) estabelecida pela Lei No. 6.938 de 31 de agosto de 1981 e regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 99.274, de 6 de junho de 1990 define meio ambiente como \"\"o conjunto de condições, leis, influências e interações de ordem física, química e biológica, que permite, abriga e rege a vida em todas as suas formas\".\" \nEm Portugal, o meio ambiente é definido pela Lei de Bases do Ambiente (Lei nº 11/87) como \"o conjunto dos sistemas físicos, químicos, biológicos e suas relações, e dos factores económicos, sociais e culturais com efeito directo ou indirecto, mediato ou imediato, sobre os seres vivos e a qualidade de vida do homem.\".\nEtimologia.\nO termo \"meio ambiente\" provêm do latim \"\"ambĭens,ēntis\", de \"ambīre\" ou \"ambiens\"\" que em português tem o sentido de \"andar ao redor\", \"rodear\", \"envolver\".\nComposição.\nAs ciências da Terra geralmente reconhecem três esferas, a litosfera, a hidrosfera e a atmosfera ,que juntas formam a biosfera; correspondentes respetivamente às rochas, água, ar e vida. Alguns cientistas incluem, como parte das esferas da Terra, a criosfera (correspondendo ao gelo) como uma porção distinta da hidrosfera, assim como a pedosfera (correspondendo ao solo) como uma esfera ativa.\nCiências da Terra é um termo genérico para as ciências relacionadas ao planeta Terra. Há quatro disciplinas principais nas ciências da Terra: geografia, geologia, geofísica e geodésia. Essas disciplinas principais usam física, química, biologia, cronologia e matemática para criar um entendimento qualitativo e quantitativo para as áreas principais ou \"esferas\" do \"sistema da Terra\".\nAtividades geológicas.\nA crosta da Terra, ou litosfera, é a superfície sólida externa do planeta e é química e mecanicamente diferente do manto do interior. A crosta tem sido gerada largamente pelo processo de criação das rochas ígneas, no qual o magma (rocha derretida) se resfria e se solidifica para formar rocha sólida. Abaixo da litosfera se encontra o manto no qual é aquecido pela desintegração dos elementos radioativos. O processo de convecção faz as placas da litosfera se moverem, mesmo lentamente. O processo resultante é conhecido como tectonismo. Vulcões se formam primariamente pelo derretimento do material da crosta da zona de subducção ou pela ascensão do manto nas dorsais oceânicas e pluma mantélica.\nÁgua na Terra.\nOceanos.\nUm oceano é um grande corpo de água salina e um componente da hidrosfera. Aproximadamente 71% da superfície da Terra (uma área de 361 milhões de quilômetros quadrados) é coberta pelo oceano, um contínuo corpo de água que é geralmente dividido em vários oceanos principais e mares menores. Mais da metade dessa área está numa profundidade maior que três mil metros. A salinidade oceânica média é por volta de 35 partes por milhar (ppt) (3,5%), e praticamente toda a água do mar tem uma salinidade de 30 a 38 ppt. Apesar de geralmente reconhecidos como vários oceanos 'separados', essas águas formam um corpo global interconectado de água salina por vezes chamado de Oceano Global. Esse conceito de oceano global como um corpo contínuo de água com um intercâmbio relativamente livre entre suas partes é de fundamental importância para a oceanografia. As principais divisões oceânicas são definidas em parte pelos continentes, vários arquipélagos, e outros critérios: essas divisões são (em ordem decrescente de tamanho) o Oceano Pacífico, o Oceano Atlântico, o Oceano Índico, o Oceano Antártico e o Oceano Ártico.\nRios.\nUm rio é um curso de água natural, geralmente de água doce, fluindo em direção a um oceano, lago, mar, ou outro rio. Em alguns poucos casos, o rio simplesmente flui para o solo ou seca completamente antes de alcançar outro corpo de água. Rios pequenos podem ser conhecidos por vários outros nomes, incluindo córrego, angra e ribeiro.\nNos Estados Unidos, um rio é classificado como tal se tiver mais de dezoito metros de largura. A água do rio geralmente está em um canal, formado por um leito entre bancos. Em rios mais largos há também muitas zonas sujeitas a inundações formadas pelas águas de enchente atingindo o canal. Essas zonas podem ser bem largas em relação ao tamanho do canal do rio. Rios são parte do ciclo da água. A água do rio é geralmente coletada da precipitação através da bacia hidrográfica e por reabastecimento da água subterrânea, nascentes e liberação da água armazenada nas geleiras e coberturas de neve.\nCórrego.\nUm córrego é um corpo de água fluindo como uma corrente, confinado entre um berço e bancos. Em alguns países ou comunidades, um córrego pode ser definido por seu tamanho. Nos Estados Unidos, um córrego é classificado como um curso de água com menos que dezoito metros de largura. Córregos são importantes corredores que conectam \"habitats\" fragmentados e assim conservam a biodiversidade. O estudo de córregos e caminhos de água em geral é conhecido como \"hidrologia de superfície\". Os córregos incluem angras, os afluentes que não alcançam um oceano e não se conectam com um outro córrego ou rio, e os ribeiros que são pequenos córregos geralmente originários de uma nascente ou escoam para o mar.\nLagos.\nO lago (do termo latino \"lacus\") é um acidente geográfico, um corpo de água que está localizado no fundo de uma depressão. O corpo de água é considerado um lago quando está cercado por terra, não faz parte de um oceano, é mais largo e mais profundo que uma lagoa e é alimentado por um rio.\nLagos naturais da Terra são geralmente encontrados em áreas montanhosas, riftes, e áreas com glaciação em andamento ou recente. Outros lagos são encontrados em bacias endorreicas ou ao longo do curso de rios maduros. Em algumas partes do mundo, há muitos lagos por causa do caótico padrão de drenagem deixado pela última Era do Gelo. Todos os lagos são temporários em relação a escalas geológicas de tempo, pois eles são lentamente preenchidos com sedimentos ou são liberados da bacia que os contém.\nLagoa.\nUma lagoa é um corpo de água estagnada, natural ou criada pelo ser humano, que quase sempre é menor que um lago. Uma grande variedade de corpos de água feitos pelo homem podem ser classificados como lagoas, incluindo jardins aquáticos criados para ornamentação estética, viveiros de peixe criados para reprodução comercial de peixes, e lagoas solares criadas para armazenar energia térmica. Lagoas e lagos podem se diferenciar de córregos pela velocidade da correnteza. Enquanto a corrente de córregos é facilmente observada, lagos e lagoas possuem microcorrentes guiadas termicamente e correntes moderadas criadas pelo vento.\nAtmosfera.\nA atmosfera da Terra serve como um fator principal para sustentar o ecossistema planetário. A fina camada de gases que envolve a Terra é mantida no lugar pela gravidade do planeta. O ar seco consiste em 78% de nitrogênio, 21% oxigênio, 1% árgon e outros gases inertes como o dióxido de carbono. Os gases restantes são geralmente referenciados como \"trace gases\", entre os quais se encontram os gases do efeito estufa como o vapor d'água, dióxido de carbono, metano, óxido nitroso e ozônio. O ar filtrado inclui pequenas quantidades de muitos outros compostos químicos. O ar também contém uma quantidade variável de vapor d'água e suspensões de gotas de água e cristais de gelo vistos como nuvens. Muitas substâncias naturais podem estar presentes em quantidades mínimas em amostras de ar não filtrado, incluindo poeira, pólen e esporos, maresia, cinzas vulcânicas e meteoroide. Vários poluentes industriais também podem estar presentes, como cloro (elementar ou em compostos), compostos de flúor, mercúrio na forma elementar, e compostos de enxofre como o dióxido de enxofre codice_1.\nA camada de ozônio da atmosfera terrestre possui um importante papel em reduzir a quantidade de radiação ultravioleta (UV) que atinge a superfície. Como o DNA é facilmente danificado pela luz UV, isso serve como proteção para a vida na superfície. A atmosfera também retém calor durante a noite, assim reduzindo os extremos de temperatura durante o dia.\nCamadas atmosféricas.\nA atmosfera terrestre pode ser dividida em cinco camadas principais. Essas camadas são determinadas principalmente pelo aumento ou redução da temperatura de acordo com a altura. Da mais alta à mais baixa, essas camadas são:\nEfeitos do aquecimento global.\nO aquecimento global está sendo estudado por um grande número de cientistas, que estão cada vez mais preocupados com os seus efeitos potenciais a longo prazo em nosso ambiente natural e no planeta. De especial preocupação é como a mudança climática e o aquecimento global causados por fatores antrópicos, como a liberação de gases do efeito estufa, mais notavelmente o dióxido de carbono, podem interagir e ter efeitos adversos sobre o planeta, seu ambiente natural e a existência humana. Esforços têm sido focados na mitigação dos efeitos dos gases de estufa, que estão causando mudanças climáticas, e no desenvolvimento de estratégias de adaptação para o aquecimento global, para ajudar homens, espécies de animais e plantas, ecossistemas, regiões e nações a se adequarem aos efeitos deste fenômeno. Alguns exemplos de colaboração recente em relação a mudança climática e aquecimento global incluem:\nUm desafio significante é identificar as dinâmicas do ambiente natural em contraste com as mudanças ambientais que não fazem parte das variações naturais. Uma solução comum é adaptar uma visão estática que negligencia a existência de variações naturais. Metodologicamente, essa visão pode ser defendida quando olhamos processos que mudam lentamente e séries de curto prazo, apesar do problema aparecer quando processos rápidos se tornam essenciais no objeto de estudo.\nClima.\nO clima incorpora as estatísticas de temperatura, umidade, pressão atmosférica, vento, chuva, contagem de partículas atmosféricas e muitos outros elementos meteorológicos em uma dada região por um longo período de tempo. O clima pode se opor ao tempo, na medida em que esse é a condição atual dos mesmos elementos em períodos de no máximo duas semanas.\nO clima de um local é afetado pela sua latitude, terreno, altitude, cobertura de gelo ou neve, assim como corpos de água próximos e suas correntezas. O clima pode ser classificado de acordo com o valor média e típico de diferentes variáveis, as mais comuns sendo temperatura e precipitação. O método mais usado de classificação foi desenvolvido originalmente por Wladimir Köppen. O sistema Thornthwaite, em uso desde 1948, incorpora evapotranspiração em adição à informação sobre temperatura e precipitação e é usado para estudar no estudo da diversidade de espécies animais e os impactos potenciais das mudanças climáticas. Os sistemas de classificação de Bergeron e o \"Spatial Synoptic Classification\" se focam na origem de massas de ar definindo o clima em certas áreas.\nTempo.\nTempo é o conjunto de fenômenos ocorrendo em uma dada atmosfera em um certo tempo. A maioria dos fenômenos de tempo ocorrem na troposfera, logo abaixo da estratosfera. O tempo se refere, geralmente, a temperatura e atividade de precipitação no dia a dia, enquanto o clima é um tempo para as condição atmosférica média em um longo período de tempo. Quando usado sem qualificação, \"tempo\" é entendido como o tempo da Terra.\nO tempo ocorre pela diferença de densidade (temperatura e mistura) entre um local e outro. Essa diferença pode ocorrer por causa do ângulo do sol em um local específico, que varia de acordo com a latitude dos trópicos. O forte contraste de temperaturas entre o ar polar e tropical dá origem a correntes de ar. Sistemas de temperatura em altitudes medianas, como ciclones extratropicais, são causados pela instabilidade no fluxo das correntes de ar. Como o eixo da Terra é inclinado relativo ao seu plano de órbita, a luz solar incide em diferentes ângulos em diferentes épocas do ano. Na superfície da terra, a temperatura normalmente varia de ±40 °C anualmente. Ao passar de milhares de anos, mudanças na órbita da Terra afetou a quantidade e distribuição de energia solar recebida pela Terra e influenciou o clima a longo prazo.\nA temperatura da superfície difere, por sua vez, por causa de diferença de pressão. Altas altitudes são mais frias que as mais baixas por causa da diferença na compressão do calor. A previsão do tempo é uma aplicação da ciência e tecnologia para predizer o estado da atmosfera da Terra em uma determinada hora e lugar. A atmosfera da Terra é um sistema caótico, então pequenas mudanças em uma parte do sistema podem causar grandes efeitos no sistema como um todo. Os homens tem tentado controlar o clima ao longo da história, e há evidências que atividades humanas como agricultura e indústria tenham inadvertidamente modificado os padrões climáticos.\nVida.\nAs evidências sugerem que a vida na Terra tenha existido a 3,7 bilhões de anos. Todas as formas de vida compartilham mecanismos moleculares fundamentais, e baseando-se nessas observações, teorias sobre a origem da vida tem tentado encontrar um mecanismo explicando a formação do organismo de célula única primordial de onde toda a vida se originou. Há muitas hipóteses diferentes sobre o caminho que pode ter levado uma simples molécula orgânica, passando por vida pré-celular, até protocelular e metabolismo.\nNa biologia, a ciência dos organismos vivos, \"vida\" é a condição que distingue organismos ativos da matéria inorgânica, incluindo a capacidade de crescimento, atividade funcional e a mudança contínua precedendo a morte. Um diverso conjunto de organismos vivos (formas de vida) pode ser encontrado na biosfera da Terra, e as propriedades comuns a esses organismos - plantas, animais, fungos, protistas, archaea e bactéria - são formas celulares baseadas em carbono e água com uma complexa organização e informações genéticas hereditárias. Organismos vivos passam por metabolismo, mantém homeostase, possuem a capacidade de crescimento, responder a estímulo, reprodução e, através da seleção natural, se adaptar ao seu ambiente em sucessivas gerações. Organismos de vida mais complexa podem se comunicar através de vários meios.\nEcossistema.\nUm ecossistema é uma unidade natural consistindo de todas as plantas, animais e micro-organismos (fatores bióticos) em uma área funcionando em conjunto com todos os fatores físicos não vivos (abióticos) do ambiente.\nUm conceito central do ecossistema é a ideia de que os organismos vivos estão continuamente \"empenhados\" em um conjunto altamente interrelacionado de relacionamentos com cada um dos outros elementos constituindo o ambiente no qual eles existem. Eugene Odum, um dos fundadores da ciência da ecologia, afirmou: \"Qualquer unidade que inclua todos os organismos (ou seja: a \"comunidade\") em uma determinada área interagindo com o ambiente físico de modo que um fluxo de energia leva a estrutura trófica claramente definida, a diversidade biótica e ciclos de materiais (ou seja: troca de materiais entre vivos e não vivos peças) dentro do sistema é um ecossistema .\".\nO conceito humano de ecossistema é baseado na desconstrução da dicotomia homem / natureza, e na promessa emergente que todas as espécies são ecologicamente integradas com as outras, assim como os constituintes abióticos de seu biótipo.\nUm maior número ou variedade de espécies ou diversidade biológica de um ecossistema pode contribuir para uma maior resiliência do ecossistema, porque há mais espécies presentes no local para responder a mudanças e assim \"absorver\" ou reduzir seus efeitos. Isso reduz o efeito antes de a estrutura do ecossistema mudar para um estado diferente. Esse não é sempre o caso e não há nenhuma prova da relação entre a diversidade de espécies em um ecossistema e sua habilidade para prover um benefício a nível de sustentabilidade. Florestas tropicais úmidas produzem muito pouco benefício e são extremamente vulneráveis a mudança, enquanto florestas temperadas rapidamente crescem de volta para seu estado anterior de desenvolvimento dentro de um ciclo de vida. após cair ou a floresta pegar fogo. Algumas pradarias têm sido exploradas sustentavelmente por milhares de anos (Mongólia, turfa europeia)).\nO termo \"ecossistema\" pode também ser usado para ambientes criados pelo homem, como ecossistemas humanos e ecossistemas influenciados pelo homem, e pode descrever qualquer situação na qual há uma relação entre os organismos vivos e seu ambiente. Atualmente, existem poucas áreas na superfície da terra livres de contato humano, apesar de algumas áreas genuinamente selvagens continuem a existir sem qualquer forma de intervenção humana.\nBiomas.\nBioma é, terminologicamente, similar ao conceito de ecossistemas, e são áreas na Terra climática e geograficamente definidas com condições climáticas ecologicamente similares, como uma comunidades de plantas, animais e organismos do solo, geralmente referidos como ecossistemas. Biomas são definidos na base de fatores como estrutura das plantas (como árvores, arbustos e grama), tipo de folha (como \"broadleaf\" e \"needleleaf\"), e clima. Ao contrário das ecozonas, biomas não são definidos pela genética, taxonomia, ou similaridades históricas. biomas são normalmente identificados com padrões particulares de sucessão ecológica e vegetação clímax.\nCiclos biogeoquímicos.\nUm ciclo biogeoquímico é o percurso realizado no meio ambiente por um elemento químico essencial à vida. Ao longo do ciclo, cada elemento é absorvido e reciclado por componentes bióticos (seres vivos) e abióticos (ar, água, solo) da biosfera e, às vezes, pode se acumular durante um longo período de tempo em um mesmo lugar. É por meio dos ciclos biogeoquímicos que os elementos químicos e compostos químicos são transferidos entre os organismos e entre diferentes partes do planeta.\nOs mais importantes são os ciclos da água, oxigênio, carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo.\nCiclos biogeoquímicos\nDesafios.\nO ambientalismo é um largo movimento político, social, e filosófico que advoga várias ações e políticas com interesse de proteger a natureza que resta no ambiente natural, ou restaurar ou expandir o papel da natureza nesse ambiente. \nObjetivos geralmente expressos por cientistas ambientais incluem:\nGrandiosos projetos de desenvolvimento - megaprojetos - colocam desafios e riscos especiais para o ambiente natural. Grandes represas e centrais energéticas são alguns dos casos a citar. O desafio para o ambiente com esses projetos está aumentando porque mais e maiores megaprojetos estão sendo construídos, em nações desenvolvidas e em desenvolvimento.\n A expressão \"meio ambiente\" é pleonástica, no sentido de se falar do ambiente natural, do meio natural. Isto é, uma ou outra palavra já seria suficiente para dar sentido ao texto. Ainda, a palavra \"meio\", a despeito de seu uso como nome, adquire outras funções (adjetivo ou advérbio)ː quando junta a um outro substantivo ou posição na frase, quer significar a metade ou fração desse. Por exemplo, o adágio popular \"meio pau, meio tijolo\". Portanto, na expressão, a palavra \"meio\" é desnecessária ou, no mínimo, expletiva. É, contudo, muito difundida a forma e aceita sem maiores questionamentos, mormente no Brasil, onde pouco se lê.\n\n", "Identidade trigonométrica\n\nIdentidade trigonométrica é uma identidade que envolve funções trigonométricas, sendo, pois, verdadeira para todos os valores das variáveis envolvidas. Com efeito, ela é útil sempre que expressões que contêm expressões trigonométricas devam ser simplificadas, ou, doutra sorte, substituídas com o propósito de conseguir uma nova transformação, mais útil para dada aplicação. Uma importante aplicação, exemplo notável da técnica de substituição, é a integração de funções não-trigonométricas: um recurso comum envolve primeiro usar a integração por substituição com uma função trigonométrica e então simplificar a integral resultante com uma identidade trigonométrica.\nNotação.\nÂngulos.\nÂngulos são entidades geométricas definidas em geometria euclidiana plana ou tridimensional, podendo ser estendidos para geometrias não-euclidianas. Um ângulo, plano ou não, é caracterizado por sua abertura, e essa abertura pode ser medida.&lt;br&gt;\nEmbora sejam entidades distintas, sob o rigor lógico-matemático, costuma-se, por simplicidade de nomenclatura e notação (e de sentenças pertinentes), empregar o termo \"ângulo\" por \"medida de ângulo\", sempre que não houver comprometimento de ideias.&lt;br&gt;\nÉ usual utilizar letras gregas como alfa (\"α\"), beta (\"β\"), theta (\"θ\") e phi (\"φ\"), ou letras latinas iniciais, como \"\"a\", \"b\", \"c\" etc., ou medianas (\"m\", \"n\", \"p\" etc.), para representar medidas de ângulos, que sejam conhecidos por generalidade e por princípio (\"a priori\").&lt;br&gt;\nContudo, quando expressões matemáticas, que são sentenças lógico-matemáticas, envolverem medidas de ângulo como quantidades variáveis (variáveis matemáticas), devem-se preferir \"x\", \"y\", \"z\" etc., conforme convenção para variáveis.&lt;br&gt;\nAssim, ao se escreverem expressões que representam relações, funções, igualdades, identidades ou equações com um ou mais argumento variável, os símbolos convencionais adequados a essa aplicação (\"x\", \"y\", \"z\"\" etc.) devem-se utilizar.&lt;br&gt;\nVárias unidades de ângulo são largamente utilizadas, incluindo grau, radiano e grado, além de reto, correspondente à medida de um ângulo reto:\nA tabela a seguir mostra as conversões para alguns ângulos comuns:\nFunções trigonométricas.\nAs funções trigonométricas básicas são o seno e o cosseno de um ângulo, justamente porque se pode escrever qualquer outra função trigonométrica a partir das funções seno e cosseno. A notação utilizada para essas funções é  formula_2 e formula_3, respectivamente, onde formula_4 é o ângulo. Todavia as parênteses podem ser omitidas, ficando da seguinte forma: formula_5 eformula_6.\nA função tangente (escreve-se \"formula_7\" ou \"formula_8\" ) de um ângulo é a razão entre seno e o cosseno do mesmo ângulo:\nformula_9.\nFinalmente, as funções trigonométricas de razão recíproca, secante (formula_10), cossecante (formula_11) e cotangente (formula_12), das funções cosseno, seno e tangente, respectivamente:\nFunções inversas.\nAs funções trigonométricas inversas são funções inversas parciais. Por exemplo a função inversa de seno é a função arco seno, denotada por formula_16 ou por formula_17  (essa ultima notação é pouco utilizada, pois costuma gerar confusão entre a função arcoseno e cossecante). Essas funções são utilizadas quando temos uma relação trigonométrica conhecida e deseja-se descobrir o ângulo que resulta em tal relação.\nPor exemplo: sabendo-se que o formula_18, podemos dizer que formula_19.\nAssim observa-se que, para essas funções, deve valer:formula_20eformula_21A tabela a seguir mostra as funções trigonométricas e suas respectivas inversas:\nIdentidades pitagóricas.\nExistem diversas relações entre as funções trigonométricas. Essas relações são conhecidas como identidades trigonométricas ou identidades pitagóricas, justamente porque todas elas partem das relações estabelecidas pelo teorema de pitágoras.\nA relação básica entre seno e cosseno é formula_22 conhecida como Identidade Trigonométrica Fundamental, pois é a mais básica identidade pitagórica.\nEsta identidade pode ser deduzida através do Teorema de Pitágoras, o que será demonstrado adiante.\nTambém existem outras duas identidades: formula_23 e formula_24 que são corolários da identidade trigonométrica fundamental.\nAssim, existem três identidades pitagóricas:\nRelação fundamental.\nVamos demonstração a relação fundamental:\nformula_28\nDemonstração geométrica.\nSeja o triângulo retângulo ACH, com catetos formula_29 e formula_30 e hipotenusa formula_31 observa-se, como já foi demonstrado anteriormente que: formula_32 formula_33 e formula_34\nAplicando o teorema de Pitágoras:\nformula_35\nLogo: formula_36\nCorolários.\n1° Corolário.\nVamos demonstrar o seguinte corolário:\nformula_23\nDemonstração Geométrica.\nSeja o triângulo retângulo ADF, com catetos formula_38 e formula_39 e hipotenusa formula_40 observa-se, como já foi demonstrado anteriormente que: formula_41 formula_42 e formula_43\nAplicando o teorema de Pitágoras:\nformula_44\nLogo: formula_45\nDemonstração Algébrica.\nÉ possível demonstrar esse corolário através da relação fundamental dividindo todos os termos por formula_46 da seguinte forma:\nformula_47\n2° Corolário.\nVamos demonstrar o seguinte corolário:\nformula_48\nDemonstração Geométrica.\nSeja o triângulo retângulo AEG, com catetos formula_49 e formula_50 e hipotenusa formula_51 observa-se, como já foi demonstrado anteriormente que: formula_52 formula_53 e formula_54\nAplicando o teorema de Pitágoras:\nformula_55\nLogo: formula_56\nOu, comutativamente: formula_57\nDemonstração Algébrica.\nÉ possível demonstrar esse corolário através da relação fundamental dividindo todos os termos por formula_58 da seguinte forma:\nformula_59\nTendo em mente esses dois resultados podemos ainda demonstrar as seguintes relações:\nformula_60 e formula_61\nformula_62\nSimetria.\nNa tabela a seguir temos as relações de simetria entre diferentes tipos de ângulos e suas funções trigonométricas e em seguida suas devidas explicações e demonstrações.\nSimetria entre ângulos replementares.\nChamamos de ângulo replementar o ângulo que, somado a outro, resulta em formula_63 ou formula_64.\nA seguir temos as explicações dessas relações e ao lado temos as verificações geométricas.\nSeno e cosseno de ângulos replementares.\nPara seno e cosseno de ângulos replementares temos as relações:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessas propriedades e a abaixo as demonstrações.\nDemonstração geométrica.\nA demonstração de formula_66 é trivial, pois ambos são coincidentes (ambos são o mesmo segmento) o que pode ser observado na figura ao lado.\nPara demonstrar que formula_65 partiremos de congruência de triângulos.\nSeja os ângulos formula_4 e formula_70 no ciclo trigonométrico unitário, conforme vemos na figura ao lado, temos:\nformula_71\nCom base nisso e sabendo que formula_72 teríamos que formula_73, uma vez que formula_74.\nPorém, pela definição de seno no ciclo trigonométrico temos que formula_75, uma vez que o seno no 3° e no 4° quadrante são negativos.\nLogo temos que formula_75 e formula_66.\nTangente de ângulos replementares.\nPara a tangente de ângulos replementares temos a relação:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessa propriedade e abaixo temos a demonstração algébrica.\nDemonstração algébrica.\nPara demonstrar que formula_78, partiremos da relação entre seno e cosseno.\nTemos, pela definição de tangente, que a tangente de um ângulo é a razão entre o seno e cosseno do mesmo ângulo.\nAssim, temos que:\nformula_80\nLogo formula_78.\nCossecante e secante de ângulos replementares.\nPara a cossecante e secante de ângulos replementares temos as relações:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessas propriedades abaixo temos as demonstrações algébricas.\nCossecante de ângulos replementares.\nPara demonstrar que formula_82, partiremos da relação de simetria do seno.\nTemos, pela definição de cossecante, que a cossecante de um ângulo é o inverso multiplicativo do seno do mesmo ângulo.\nAssim, temos que:\nformula_85\nLogo formula_82.\nSecante de ângulos replementares.\nPara demonstrar que formula_83, partiremos da relação de simetria do cosseno.\nTemos, pela definição de secante, que a secante de um ângulo é o inverso multiplicativo do cosseno do mesmo ângulo.\nAssim, temos que:\nformula_88.\nLogo formula_83.\nCotangente de ângulos replementares.\nPara a cotangente de ângulos replementares temos a relação:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessa propriedade e abaixo temos a demonstração algébrica.\nDemonstração algébrica.\nPara demonstrar que formula_90 é possível partir da relação de simetria entre tangente ou da relação de simetria entre seno e cosseno.\nUtilizaremos aqui relação de simetria entre tangente.\nTemos, pela definição de cotangente, que a cotangente de um ângulo é o inverso multiplicativo da tangente do mesmo ângulo.\nAssim, temos que:\nformula_92.\nLogo formula_90.\nSimetria entre ângulos complementares.\nChamamos o ângulo complementar um ângulo que, quando somado a outro, resulta em formula_94 ou formula_95.\nA seguir temos as explicações e demonstrações dessas relações e suas verificações geométricas.\nSeno e cosseno de ângulos complementares.\nPara seno e cosseno de ângulos complementares temos as seguintes relações:\nformula_96, ou seja, o cosseno de um ângulo é igual ao seno do seu complementar (ou vice-versa);\nformula_97, ou seja, o seno de um ângulo é igual ao cosseno de seu complementar (ou vice versa).\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessa propriedade e abaixo temos suas demonstrações\nDemonstração para ângulos agudos.\nEssa primeira demonstração se limita para ângulos agudos, pois utiliza a relação entre o seno e o cosseno dos ângulos não retos de um triângulo retângulo qualquer.\nPara essa demonstração, então, utilizaremos o triângulo retângulo ao lado.\nNesse triângulo observamos que os ângulos não retos são complementares, pois a soma de todos os ângulos de um triângulo é formula_98.\nAssim, primeiramente, vamos analisar as relações trigonométricas relativas ao ângulo formula_4 e, em seguida, analisar as relações trigonométricas relativas ao ângulos formula_100:\nformula_101;\nformula_102.\nAssim, conforme observamos nas relações acima temos:\nformula_103\ne\nformula_104.\nAssim, demonstramos a relação de simetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulos agudos e complementares.\nDemonstração no ciclo trigonométrico.\nQueremos demonstrar que formula_96 e formula_97 .\nPara isso partiremos dos triângulo s formula_107 e formula_108.\nObserve que nesses triângulos temos as seguintes relações:formula_109\ne\nformula_110\nAssim, com base nessas relações observamos que os dois triângulos são congruentes pelo caso de congruência lado, ângulo e ângulo oposto ao lado.:\nformula_111\nNessa congruência de triângulos chegamos ás seguintes conclusões:\nformula_112\ne\nformula_113.\nAssim demonstramos a relação de de simetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulos complementares.\nTangente e cotangente de ângulos complementares.\nPara a relação de simetria entre tangente e cotangente de ângulos complementares temos as seguintes relações:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessas relações e, em seguida, suas demonstrações.\nDemonstração.\nQueremos demonstrar que formula_116 e que formula_115.\nPara isso partiremos das definições de tangente e cotangente e das relações de simetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulos complementares.\nPela definição de tangente, temos que a tangente de um ângulo pode ser expressa pela razão entre o seno e cosseno do mesmo ângulo.\nDessa forma, temos:\nformula_118, pois a cotangente de um ângulo é igual a razão entre o cosseno e o seno do mesmo ângulo.\nPara demonstrarmos que formula_115 partiremos da definição de tangente como inverso multiplicativo da cotangente.\nAssim, temos:\nformula_120.\nLogo formula_116 e formula_115.\nSecante e cossecante de ângulos complementares.\nPara a relação de simetria entre secante e cossecante de ângulos complementares temos as seguintes relações:\nNa figura ao lado temos a verificação geométrica dessas relações e, em seguida, suas demonstrações.\nDemonstração.\nQueremos demonstrar que formula_123 e que formula_124.\nPara isso partiremos das definições de secante e cossecante como inversos multiplicativos do cosseno e do seno, respectivamente. Após isso aplicaremos as relações já demonstradas de seno e cosseno de ângulos complementares.\nAssim temos:\nformula_127.\ne\nformula_128.\nEm formula_129 temos demonstrado a relação da secante de ângulos complementares e em formula_130 temos demonstrado a relação da cossecante de ângulos complementares.\nSimetria entre ângulos suplementares.\nChamamos de ângulos suplementares dois ângulos que, somados, resultam em formula_98 ou formula_132.\nA seguir temos as explicações dessas relações e suas respectivas demonstrações.\nSimetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulos suplementares.\nPara a relação de simetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulos suplementares temos as seguintes relações:\nA seguir temos a demonstração para essas duas propriedades e suas verificações geométricas.\nDemonstração.\nQueremos demonstrar que formula_135 e formula_134.\nPara isso partiremos dos triângulos formula_137 e formula_107 da figura ao lado.\nObserve que, nesses triângulos, temos as seguintes relações:\nformula_139\ne\nformula_140\nAssim, com base nessas relações, percebemos que os triângulos são congruentes pelo caso de congruência lado, ângulo e ângulo oposto ao lado. Da seguinte forma:\nformula_141\nLogo, a partir dessa congruência de triângulos, temos as seguintes relações:\nformula_142\ne\nformula_143.\nComo formula_144 é um ângulo obtuso e que possui imagem no segundo quadrante temos que formula_145 é negativo.\nAssim, podemos dizer que formula_134.\nAssim demonstramos a relação existente entre seno e cosseno de ângulos suplementares.\nSimetria entre tangente e cotangente de ângulos suplementares.\nPara tangente e cotangente de ângulos suplementares temos as seguintes relações:\nAbaixo temos as demonstrações dessas propriedades e suas verificações geométricas.\nDemonstração algébrica.\nPara demonstrar essas relações partiremos das já demonstradas relações de simetria entre cosseno e seno de ângulo suplementares.\nAssim, temos que formula_135 e que formula_134.\nEscrevendo a tangente como a razão entre seno e cosseno e utilizando estas relações temos o seguinte:\nformula_151.\nLogo a tangente de um ângulo é igual ao inverso aditivo da tangente do seu suplementar.\nTendo demonstrado essa relação para a tangente fica fácil demonstrá-la para a cotangente, bastando para isso escrever a cotangente como inverso multiplicativo da tangente, da seguinte forma:\nformula_152.\nLogo a cotangente de um ângulo é igual ao inverso aditivo da cotangente do seu suplementar.\nSimetria entre secante e cossecante de ângulos suplementares.\nPara a secante e cossecante de ângulos suplementares temos as seguintes relações:\nAbaixo temos as demonstrações dessas propriedades e suas verificações geométricas.\nDemonstração.\nPara demonstrar essas relações partiremos das relações de simetria entre seno e cosseno de ângulo suplementares.\nAssim, temos:\nformula_155\ne\nformula_156\nLogo a secante de um ângulo é igual ao inverso aditivo da secante de seu suplementar e a cossecante de um ângulo é igual ao inverso aditivo da cossecante de seu suplementar.\nTranslação e periodicidade.\nTrocando-se valores de certos ângulos, é possível obter equivalências entre as funções trigonométricas. Funções trigonométricas são periódicas, e portanto, valores específicos de ângulo para as funções trigonométricas denotam um mesmo valor.\nTeoremas de adição.\nÉ possível deduzir fórmulas para calcular as funções trigonométricas da soma e da diferença de números reais, se conhecermos as funções circulares desses números.\nA seguir há uma tabela que contém todas as fórmulas para adições e subtrações de arcos e, abaixo, suas demonstrações.\nDemonstrações.\nCosseno da Soma.\nPara descobrir o cosseno da soma de dois arcos (ou ângulos) segue a seguinte fórmula:formula_157\nDemonstração:\nSejam os pontos formula_158 formula_159 formula_160 da figura ao lado, associados aos arcos formula_161 formula_162 e formula_163 respectivamente. Assim, conforme já fora demonstrado, as coordenadas cartesianas dos pontos formula_158 formula_159 formula_160 e formula_167 são as seguintes:\nformula_168\nformula_169\nformula_170\nformula_171\nObserva-se, também, que os arcos que há entre os pontos A e B é igual ao arco que há entre o ponto E e C, o que faz com as respectivas cordas sejam iguais, logo: formula_172\nAplicando a fórmula da distância entre dois pontos da geometria analítica, temos:\nformula_173 e formula_174\nSimplificando a primeira relação, temos:\nformula_175\nSabendo que formula_176 podemos reescrever:\nformula_177\nSimplificando a segunda relação, temos:\nformula_178\nSabendo que formula_179 podemos reescrever:\nformula_180\nPor fim, sabendo que se formula_181 então formula_182 logo podemos igualar as duas relações da seguinte forma:\nformula_183\nPodemos, por fim isolar o cosseno da soma em um dos lados da igualdade:\nformula_184 .\nCosseno da diferença:.\nDe forma similar ao cosseno da soma, o cosseno da diferença pode ser expresso por:\nformula_185\nDemonstração:\nSeja o cosseno da soma já demonstrado, podemos demonstrar o cosseno da diferença através de algebrismos simples:\nformula_186\nAssim, aplicando-se a formula do cosseno da soma obtêm-se:\nformula_187\nDe tal modo, sabendo que:\nformula_188 e formula_189\nPodemos reescrever como:\nformula_190\nLogo:\nformula_185\nSeno da soma.\nPara descobrir o seno da soma entre dois arcos segue a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_192\nDemonstração:\nAtravés das relações de simetria entre seno e cosseno, sabemos que:\nformula_193 e formula_194\nAssim, podemos escrever:\nformula_195\nAplicando-se a já demonstrada fórmula do cosseno da diferença, temos:\nformula_196\nPortanto, aplicando novamente as relações de simetria, chegamos à formula:\nformula_197\nSeno da diferença.\nDe forma similar ao seno da soma, o seno da diferença é expresso por:\nformula_198\nDemonstração:\nSeja o seno da soma já demonstrado, é possível demonstrar o seno da diferença através de algebrismos simples:\nformula_199\nAplicando-se a fórmula do seno da soma temos:\nformula_200\nTendo em mente que:\nformula_188 e formula_189\nPodemos reescrever:\nformula_203\nLogo:\nformula_198\nTangente da Soma.\nPara obter a tangente da soma de dois arcos utiliza-se a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_205\nDemonstração:\nSeja formula_206 podemos escrever:\nformula_207\nAplicando-se as fórmulas já demonstradas do seno e do cosseno da soma, temos que:\nformula_208\nPodemos dividir o denominador e o numerador por formula_209 de forma a reescrever a fórmula:\nformula_210\nSimplificando, temos:\nformula_211\nLogo:\nformula_212\nTangente da diferença.\nDe forma análoga à tangente da soma, a tangente da diferença pode ser obtida através da fórmula:\nformula_213\nDemonstração:\nSabendo que\nformula_214\nPodemos aplicar a fórmula da tangente da soma do seguinte modo:\nformula_215\nTendo em mente que formula_216 podemos reescrever como:\nformula_217\nLogo:\nformula_218\nCotangente da soma.\nPara calcular a cotangente da soma de dois arcos utiliza-se a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_219\nDemonstração:\nSeja formula_220 podemos escrever:\nformula_221\nAplicando-se as fórmulas já demonstradas do cosseno e do seno da soma, temos:\nformula_222\nPodemos dividir o numerador e o denominador por formula_223 para reescrever a fórmula:\nformula_224\nSimplificando:\nformula_225\nLogo:\nformula_219\nCotangente da diferença.\nDe forma análoga à cotangente da soma, pode-se calcular a cotangente da diferença entre dois arcos aplicando-se a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_227\nDemonstração\nSeja formula_228 podemos aplicar a fórmula da cotangente da soma da seguinte maneira:\nformula_229\nSabendo que formula_230 podemos reescrever:\nformula_231\nLogo:\nformula_232\nFunção geral.\nA função geral é uma representação das funções trigonométricas criada a fim de simplificar e tornar mais intuitivas suas propriedades e relações. Ela é definida do seguinte modo: formula_233 e formula_234, em que formula_235 é a notação de Euler para diferenciação. Exemplificam-se as abaixo as representações tradicionais na forma generalizada :\nDetalhes de notação: formula_241\nTransformação soma-produto.\nformula_251\n\"Exemplos:\"\nTransformação de produto em soma.\nÉ também possível transformar produto de gerais em soma de gerais. Isto é feito da seguinte forma:\nRepare a sequência binária nos sinais '+' e '-'. Para 3 termos, por exemplo, note que os sinais entre 'a', 'b' e 'c' se comportam da seguinte maneira: ++, +-, -+, --. O comportamento binário é observado para qualquer quantidade de termos. Tal formulação é bastante vantajosa para um alto número de termos, encontrados, entre outros, no estudo de máquinas elétricas (como no cálculo do torque eletromagnético, que demanda 3 termos) - a qual seria de difícil obtenção através dos meios tradicionais.\nExemplos:\nSoma de arcos.\nPara uma geral de dado arco, é possível decompô-la em soma de produtos de gerais de outros arcos.\nNote a sequência binária na base das funções gerais V(y) e V(z): 00, 0(-1), (-1)0, (-1)(-1). O comportamento binário é observado para qualquer 'n'. A base da função geral da esquerda, V(x), altera-se, em cada termo da soma para manter igual a soma das bases iguais à base inicial:\n\"Exemplos\":\nSoma de arcos defasados com ângulo comum variável.\nSeja formula_273 uma função de natureza exponencial (seja real ou complexa).\n\"Exemplos:\"\nÉ válida a seguinte identidade:\nformula_277\nComo a função foi decomposta em soma ponderada de seno e cosseno com ângulo comum variável em função de x, pode-se juntar os dois arcos da seguinte forma:\nformula_278\nFormulas de arco duplo, triplo e metade.\nÉ possível obter as funções trigonométricas quando temos um ângulo sendo multiplicado ou divido, conforme as fórmulas da tabela abaixo.\nA seguir temos as demonstrações dessas propriedades.\nFórmulas da duplicação de ângulos.\nSeno do dobro.\nPara calcular o seno de um arco do tipo formula_279 utiliza-se a fórmula:\nformula_280\nDemonstração:\nSeja formula_281 podemos aplicar a fórmula do seno da soma, de modo que:\nformula_282\nLogo:\nformula_280\nCosseno do dobro.\nPara calcular o cosseno de um arco do tipo formula_279 pode-se utilizar as seguintes fórmulas:\nDemonstração:\nSeja formula_286 podemos aplicar a fórmula do cosseno da soma para obter:\nformula_287\nLogo:\nformula_285\nDemonstração:\nSeja a relação fundamental formula_290 já demonstrada, temos que formula_291\nAplicando-se essa relação na fórmula demonstrada acima temos:\nformula_292\nLogo:\nformula_289\nDemonstração\nSeja a relação fundamental formula_290 temos que formula_296\nAo aplicarmos isso na fórmula formula_297 temos:\nformula_298\nLogo:\nformula_294\nTangente do dobro.\nPara calcular a tangente de um arco do tipo formula_279 pode-se utilizar a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_301\nDemonstração:\nSeja formula_302 podemos aplicar a fórmula da tangente da soma:\nformula_303\nLogo:\nformula_304\nFórmulas da divisão do ângulo em dois.\nSeno da divisão.\nPara calcular o seno da metade de um arco, utiliza-se a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_305\nDemonstração:\nSabendo que formula_306 podemos definir formula_307 de modo a reescrever:\nformula_308\nLogo, isolando formula_309 temos:\nformula_305\nCosseno da divisão.\nPara calcular o cosseno da metade de um arco, utiliza-se a seguinte fórmula:\nformula_311\nDemonstração:\nSabendo que formula_312 podemos definir formula_313 de modo a reescrever:\nformula_314\nPortanto, isolando formula_315 temos:\nformula_311\nTangente da divisão.\nPara calcular a tangente da metade de um arco, utiliza-se a fórmula:\nformula_317\nDemonstração:\nPara demonstrar essa fórmula utilizaremos as duas fórmulas demonstradas acima, da seguinte forma:\nformula_318\nLogo:\nformula_317\nNote que, para esses três casos, formula_320 significa que pode haver qualquer dos dois sinais, dependendo do valor de formula_321\nFórmulas de redução de potências.\nResolve-se com as fórmulas de duplo ângulo, isolando-se: formula_322\nformula_323\nformula_324\nProduto para soma e soma para produto.\nOs produtos para somas e somas para produto podem ser provados por meio de substituições nos teoremas de adição.\nCálculo.\nSe as funções trigonométricas são definidas geometricamente, então suas derivadas podem ser encontradas primeiramente verificando que formula_325 e então usando a definição por limite da derivada e os teoremas de adição; se eles são definidos por suas Séries de Taylor, então as derivadas podem ser encontradas pela diferenciação das séries de potências termo a termo.\nformula_326\nO restante das funções trigonométricas pode ser diferenciado usando as identidades acima e as regras de diferenciação, por exemplo\nformula_327\nformula_328\n\n", "Curvatura\n\nEm matemática, uma curvatura é qualquer um de uma série de conceitos vagamente relacionadas em diferentes áreas da geometria. Intuitivamente, curvatura é a quantidade na qual um objeto geométrico se desvia do \"plano\", ou \"reto\" no caso de uma linha, mas esta é definida de diferentes formas, dependendo do contexto. Há uma diferença fundamental entre a curvatura extrínseca, que é definida para objetos incorporados em outro espaço (geralmente um espaço euclidiano) de um modo que se relaciona com o raio de curvatura de círculos que tocam o objeto, e \"curvatura intrínseca\", que é definida em cada ponto de uma variedade de Riemann. Este artigo lida principalmente com o primeiro conceito.\nO exemplo clássico de curvatura extrínseca é a de um círculo, que em todos os lugares tem curvatura igual ao inverso do seu raio. Círculos menores dobram-se mais acentuadamente, e, portanto, têm maior curvatura. A curvatura de uma curva suave é definida como a curvatura do seu círculo osculador em cada ponto.\nMais vulgarmente isto é uma quantidade escalar, mas pode-se também definir um vetor de curvatura que leva em conta a direção da dobra, bem como a sua nitidez. A curvatura de objetos mais complexos (tais como superfícies ou até mesmo curvas \"n\"-dimensionais de espaços) é descrita por mais objetos complexos de álgebra linear, tais como o tensor de curvatura geral de Riemann.\nHistória.\nA curvatura de uma curva diferenciável foi originalmente definida através de círculos osculantes . Nesse cenário, Augustin-Louis Cauchy mostrou que o centro da curvatura é o ponto de interseção de duas linhas normais infinitamente próximas da curva. \nGeometria diferencial.\nSeja C o gráfico de uma função vetorial, no espaço bi ou tridimensional, parametrizada em função do comprimento de arco. A ideia de curvatura está ligada à variação do vetor tangente com respeito ao comprimento de arco s. O vetor tangente T varia somente em direção, visto que tem comprimento constante de norma unitária. Se C for uma reta, a direção de T permanece constante e dizemos então que tem curvatura nula. Note também que um círculo terá curvatura constante, já que o raio da curvatura do círculo é constante. \nSe C for uma curva lisa no espaço bi ou tridimensional parametrizada pelo comprimento do arco, então a curvatura de C, é uma função escalar denotada por formula_1(onde κ é a letra grega kappa) e é definida por:\nformula_2\nObserve que formula_3é uma função real de s, uma vez que é o comprimento de formula_4 que mede a curvatura.\nTemos que formula_4 é paralelo ao vetor normal formula_6, ou seja\nformula_7, onde formula_8\nFórmulas Frenet – Serret para curvas planas.\nA expressão da curvatura Em termos de parametrização no comprimento do arco, é essencialmente a primeira fórmula de Frenet – Serret:\nformula_9\nonde os primos se referem às derivadas em relação ao comprimento do arco , e é o vetor unitário normal na direção de .\nComo as curvas planares têm torção zero, a segunda fórmula de Frenet-Serret fornece a relação\nformula_10\nPara uma parametrização geral por um parâmetro , é necessário expressões envolvendo derivadas em relação a . Como estes são obtidos pela multiplicação por formula_11 dos derivados em relação a , é necessário, para qualquer parametrização adequada\nformula_12\nA curvatura em termos de um parâmetro qualquer \"t\".\nSeja formula_13 uma função vetorial lisa no espaço bi ou tridimensional. A curvatura formula_14pode ser determinada por:\nformula_15\nformula_16 \nformula_17\nA representação de limite para a curvatura de uma curva no seu ponto formula_18 é formula_19, onde formula_20 é o comprimento da curva entre o ponto formula_18 e um ponto formula_22, também na curva, de modo que a distância entre P e Q tenda a 0. formula_23 é o ângulo de giro da tangente da curva, entre o ponto P e Q.\nInterpretação da curva no espaço bidimensional:\nformula_24\nA curvatura no espaço bidimensional pode ser interpretada como a magnitude da taxa de variação do ângulo (medido no sentido anti-horário a partir do eixo x positivo até o vetor tangente unitário) com relação à posição s. Quanto maior for a curvatura, mais rápido varia o ângulo em relação a s. No caso de uma reta, o ângulo é constante e, consequentemente, a curvatura é nula.\nCurvas de espaço.\nComo no caso de curvas em duas dimensões, a curvatura de uma curva espacial regular em três dimensões (e superior) é a magnitude da aceleração de uma partícula que se move com a velocidade unitária ao longo de uma curva. Assim, se é a parametrização de comprimento do arco, o vetor tangencial unitário é dado por\nformula_25\ne a curvatura é a magnitude da aceleração:\nformula_26\nA direção da aceleração é o vetor normal de unidade , definido por\nformula_27\nO plano que contém os dois vetores e é o plano osculador da curva em . A curvatura tem a seguinte interpretação geométrica. Existe um círculo no plano osculador tangente a cuja série de Taylor para segunda ordem no ponto de contato concorda com a de . Este é o círculo de curvatura para a curva. O raio do círculo é chamado raio de curvatura e a curvatura é recíproca do raio de curvatura:\nformula_28\nA tangente, a curvatura e o vetor normal juntos descrevem o comportamento de segunda ordem de uma curva perto de um ponto. Em três dimensões, o comportamento de terceira ordem de uma curva é descrito por uma noção relacionada de torção, que mede a extensão em que uma curva tende a se mover em um caminho helicoidal no espaço. A torção e a curvatura são relacionadas pelo Triedro de Frenet (em três dimensões) e sua generalização (em dimensões mais altas).\nRaio de Curvatura.\nEm geral, se uma curva C no espaço bidimensional tem curvatura formula_14não nula no ponto P, então o círculo de raio formula_30 que tangencia a curva C no ponto P e centro no lado côncavo da curva em P é chamado de círculo de curvatura ou círculo osculador em P. Nesse ponto P, além de o círculo e a curva se tangenciarem, ambos têm a mesma curvatura. O círculo de curvatura em P é o círculo que melhor aproxima a curva C na vizinhança de P.\nCurvatura na física.\nA Relatividade geral prevê que um corpo de grande massa pode alterar a geometria do espaço-tempo, tornando-o curvo. Essa curvatura do espaço-tempo quadridimensional altera a trajetória dos corpos que passem em torno de si, como a deflexão da luz, que tem seus feixes arqueados para dentro pelo campo gravítico do corpo. Nesse espaço-tempo a geodésica entre dois observadores não é a reta.\n\n", "Ponteiro (programação)\n\nEm programação, um ponteiro ou apontador é um tipo de dado de uma linguagem de programação cujo valor se refere diretamente a um outro valor alocado em outra área da memória, através de seu endereço. Um ponteiro é uma simples implementação do tipo referência da Ciência da computação.\nArquitetura.\nPonteiros são uma abstração da capacidade de endereçamento fornecidas pelas arquiteturas modernas. Em termos simples, um endereço de memória, ou índice numérico, é definido para cada unidade de memória no sistema, no qual a unidade é tipicamente um byte ou uma \"word\", o que em termos práticos transforma toda a memória em um grande vetor. Logo, a partir de um endereço, é possível obter do sistema o valor armazenado na unidade de memória de tal endereço. O ponteiro é um tipo de dado que armazena um endereço.\nNa maioria das arquiteturas, um ponteiro é grande o suficiente para indexar todas as unidades de memória presentes no sistema. Isso torna possível a um programa tentar acessar um endereço que corresponde a uma área inválida ou desautorizada da memória, o que é chamado de falha de segmentação. Por outro lado, alguns sistemas possuem mais unidades de memória que endereços. Nesse caso, é utilizado um esquema mais complexo para acessar diferentes regiões da memória, como o de segmentação ou paginação.\nPara fornecer uma interface consistente, algumas arquiteturas fornecem E/S mapeada em memória, o que permite que enquanto alguns endereços são referenciados como áreas de memória, outros são referenciados como registradores de dispositivos do computador, como equipamentos periféricos.\nUsos de Ponteiros.\nPonteiros são diretamente suportados sem restrições em C, C++, D e Pascal, entre outras linguagens. São utilizados para construir referências, elemento fundamental da maioria das estruturas de dados, especialmente aquelas não alocadas em um bloco contínuo de memória, como listas encadeadas, árvores ou grafos.\nAo lidar com arranjos, uma operação crítica é o cálculo do endereço para o elemento desejado no arranjo, o que é feito através da manipulação de ponteiros. De fato, em algumas linguagens (como C), os conceitos de \"arranjo\" e \"ponteiro\" são intercambiáveis. Em outras estruturas de dados, como listas encadeadas, ponteiros são usados como referências para intercalar cada elemento da estrutura com seus vizinhos (seja anterior ou próximo).\nPonteiros também são utilizados para simular a passagem de parâmetros por referência em linguagens que não oferecem essa construção (como o C). Isso é útil se desejamos que uma modificação em um valor feito pela função chamada seja visível pela função que a chamou, ou também para que uma função possa retornar múltiplos valores.\nLinguagens como C, C++ e D permitem que ponteiros possam ser utilizados para apontar para funções, de forma que possam ser invocados como uma função qualquer. Essa abordagem é essencial para a implementação de modelos de re-chamada (\"callback\"), muito utilizados atualmente em bibliotecas de rotinas para manipulação de interfaces gráficas. Tais ponteiros devem ser tipados de acordo com o tipo de retorno da função o qual apontam. Ponteiros para função se assemelham a functores, ainda que o conceito \"função objeto\" seja mais abrangente.\nExemplos.\nAbaixo é mostrado o exemplo da declaração de uma lista encadeada em C, o que não seria possível sem o uso de ponteiros:\nstruct link {\n void *info; /* conteúdo do nó da lista */\n struct link *prox; /* endereço do próximo nó da lista; LISTA_VAZIA se este é o último nó */\nNote que essa definição recursiva de ponteiros é a mesma que a definida em Haskell:\nA definição com referências, por outro lado, possui checagem de tipo, sem confusão de símbolos. Por essa razão, estruturas de dados em C geralmente são utilizadas com o auxílio de funções de encapsulamento, que são cuidadosamente verificadas contra erros. A mesma definição de lista encadeada pode ser codificada em Fortran utilizando ponteiros, como segue:\ntype real_list_t\n real :: sample_data(100)\n type (real_list_t), pointer :: next =&gt; null ()\nend type\ntype (real_list_t), target :: my_real_list\ntype (real_list_t), pointer :: real_list_temp\nreal_list_temp =&gt; my_real_list\ndo\n read (1,iostat=ioerr) real_list_temp%sample_data\n if (ioerr /= 0) exit\n allocate (real_list_temp%next)\n real_list_temp =&gt; real_list_temp%next\nend do\nVetores em C são somente ponteiros para áreas consecutivas da memória. Logo:\nint main() {\n int arranjo[5] = { 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 };\n printf(\"%p\\n\", arranjo); /* imprime o endereço do arranjo */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", arranjo[0]); /* imprime o primeiro elemento do arranjo, 2 */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", *arranjo); /* imprime o primeiro inteiro do endereço apontado pelo arranjo, que é o primeiro elemento, 2 */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", arranjo[3]); /* imprime o quarto elemento do arranjo, 1 */\n printf(\"%p\\n\", arranjo+3); /* imprime o terceiro endereço após o início do arranjo */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", *(arranjo+3)); /* imprime o valor no terceiro endereço após o início do arranjo, 1 */\n return 0;\nTal operação é chamada aritmética de ponteiros, e é usada em índices de ponteiros. O uso dessa técnica em C e C++ é discutido posteriormente neste mesmo artigo.\nPonteiros podem ser usados para passar variáveis por referência, permitindo que seus valores modificados tenham efeito no escopo anterior do programa, como exemplificado no código C abaixo:\nvoid alter(int *n) {\n *n = 120;\n \nint main() {\n int x = 24;\n int *endereco= &amp;x; /* o operador '&amp;' (leia-se \"referênca\") retorna o endereço de uma variável */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", x); /* mostra x */\n printf(\"%p\\n\", endereco); /* mostra o endereço de x */\n alter(&amp;x); /* passa o endereço de x como referência, para alteração */\n printf(\"%d\\n\", x); /* mostra o novo valor de x */\n printf(\"%p %p\\n\", endereco, &amp;x); /* note que o endereço de x não foi alterado */\n return 0;\nPonteiros podem ser usados para apontar para funções, permitindo, por exemplo, a passagem de funções como parâmetro de outras funções. O código em C abaixo demonstra tal funcionalidade:\nint soma = 0; /* armazena a soma */\nint produto = 1; /* armazena o produto */\nvoid fsoma(int valor)\n soma += valor;\n \nvoid fproduto(int valor)\n produto *= valor;\n \nvoid mapeamento_funcao_lista(lista *L, void (*funcaoptr)(int))\n lista_no *no;\n no = L-&gt;inicio;\n while (no != NULL)\n funcaoptr(no-&gt;valor); /* invoca o ponteiro de função */\n no = no-&gt;proximo;\nint main()\n lista *L; \n /* ... preenche a lista com valores ... */\n mapeamento_funcao_lista(L, fsoma); /* calcula o somatório dos elementos da lista */\n mapeamento_funcao_lista(L, fproduto); /* calcula o produtório dos elementos da lista */\n printf(\"Somatorio: %d\\nProdutorio %d\\n\", soma, produto); /* imprime na tela os resultados */\n return 0; /* retorno bem sucedido */\nNote que, no exemplo acima, a rotina para a execução de código para cada elemento da lista (técnica conhecida como mapeamento) é implementada somente uma vez. O mapeamento é novamente exemplificado abaixo em uma rotina para determinar se elementos em uma lista são pares ou ímpares, codificado em ML:\nfun map(F, nil) = nil\n | map(F, x::xs) = F(x)::map(F, xs);\nmap(fn x =&gt; x mod 2, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]);\nA função codice_1 recebe como entrada um valor e uma lista. Neste caso, o valor passado é uma função (codice_2, uma implementação utilizando cálculo lambda para retornar se dado valor é par). Tal função é mapeada recursivamente, sendo executada em cada elemento da lista.\nSituações de uso.\nOs ponteiros são necessários para a alocação dinâmica de memória, para sequências de dados alocados e para a passagem ou o retorno através referência. Neste último é importante citar a relevância no desempenho, pois é muito mais rápido alocar um ponteiro para um objeto de memória já existente do que alocar o objeto inteiro novamente. Além do mais, alocando o objeto novamente não podemos alterar o original.\nPonteiros tipados e conversão.\nEm várias linguagens, ponteiros possuem a restrição adicional de apontar para objetos de um tipo específico de dado. Por exemplo, um ponteiro pode ser declarado para apontar para um inteiro. A linguagem tentará prevenir o programador de apontar para objetos que não são inteiros, ou derivados de ponteiros, como números de ponto flutuante, eliminando alguns tipos básicos de erro cometidos por programadores.\nApesar disso, poucas linguagens definem tipagem restrita de ponteiros, pois programadores frequentemente se encontram em situações nas quais desejam tratar um objeto de um tipo como se tivesse outro. Nesses casos, é possível converter o tipo de um ponteiro. Algumas conversões são sempre seguras, enquanto outras são perigosas, possivelmente resultando em comportamento incorreto do sistema. Apesar de geralmente ser impossível determinar em tempo de compilação se tais conversões são seguras, algumas linguagens armazenam informações sobre tipagem em tempo de execução (como o processo RTTI do C++), que podem ser usadas para confirmar se tais conversões perigosas são válidas, em tempo de execução. Outras linguagens simplesmente aceitam uma aproximação conservadora de conversões seguras, ou apenas não aceitam conversões.\nPerigos na utilização de ponteiros.\nComo ponteiros permitem ao programa acessar objetos que não são explicitamente declarados previamente, permitem uma variedade de erros de programação. Apesar disso, o poder fornecido por eles é tão grande que existem tarefas computacionais que são difíceis de ser implementadas sem sua utilização. Para ajudar nesse aspecto, várias linguagens criaram objetos que possuem algumas das funcionalidades úteis de ponteiros, ainda que evitando alguns tipos de erro.\nUm grande problema com ponteiros é que enquanto são manipulados como números, podem apontar para endereços não utilizados, ou para dados que estão sendo usados para outros propósitos. Várias linguagens, incluindo a maioria das linguagens funcionais e linguagens recentes, como C++ e Java, trocaram ponteiros por um tipo mais ameno de referência. Tipicamente chamada de \"referência\", pode ser usada somente para referenciar objetos sem ser manipulada como número, prevenindo os tipos de erros citados anteriormente. Índices de vetores são lidados como um caso especial. As primeiras versões de Fortran e Basic omitiam completamente o conceito de ponteiros.\nPonteiro selvagem.\nUm ponteiro selvagem (também chamado de apontador pendente) não possui endereço associado. Qualquer tentativa em usá-lo causa comportamento indefinido, ou porque seu valor não é um endereço válido ou porque sua utilização pode danificar partes diferentes do sistema.\nEm sistemas com alocação explícita de memória, é possível tornar um ponteiro inválido ao desalocar a região de memória apontada por ele. Esse tipo de ponteiro é sorrateiro e perigoso, pois um região desalocada de memória pode conter a mesma informação que possuía antes de ser desalocada, mas também pode ser realocada e sobrescrita com informação fora do escopo antigo. Linguagens com gerenciamento automático de memória previnem esse tipo de erro, eliminando a possibilidade de ponteiros inválidos e de vazamentos de memória.\nAlgumas linguagens, como C++, suportam ponteiros inteligentes (\"smart pointers\"), que utilizam uma forma simples de contagem de referências para ajudar no rastreamento de alocação de memória dinâmica, além de atuar como referência.\nPonteiro nulo.\nUm ponteiro nulo possui um valor reservado, geralmente zero, indicando que ele não se refere a um objeto. São usados frequentemente, particularmente em C e C++, para representar condições especiais como a falta de um sucessor no último elemento de uma lista ligada, mantendo uma estrutura consistente para os nós da lista. Esse uso de ponteiros nulos pode ser comparado ao uso de valores nulos em bancos de dados relacionais e aos valores \"Nothing\" e \"Maybe\" em mónadas da programação funcional. Em C, ponteiros de tipos diferentes possuem seus próprios valores nulos, isto é, um ponteiro nulo do tipo codice_3 é diferente de um ponteiro nulo do tipo codice_4.\nComo se referem ao nada, uma tentativa de utilização causa um erro em tempo de execução que geralmente aborta o programa imediatamente (no caso do C com uma falha de segmentação, já que o endereço literalmente aponta para uma região fora da área de alocação do programa). Em Java, o acesso a uma referência nula lança a exceção codice_5. Ela pode ser verificada, ainda que a prática comum é tentar se assegurar que tais exceções nunca ocorram.\nUm ponteiro nulo não pode ser confundido com um ponteiro não inicializado: ele possui um valor fixo, enquanto um ponteiro não inicializado pode possuir qualquer valor. Uma comparação entre dois ponteiros nulos distintos sempre retorna \"verdadeiro\".\nExemplos.\nO seguinte exemplo demonstra um ponteiro selvagem:\nint main(void)\n char *p1 = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char)); // aloca memória e inicializa o ponteiro\n printf(\"p1 aponta para: %p\\n\", p1); // aponta para algum lugar da memória heap\n printf(\"Valor de *p1: %c\\n\", *p1); // valor (indefinido) de algum lugar na memória heap\n char *p2; // ponteiro selvagem\n printf(\"Endereco de p2: %p\\n\", p2); // valor indefinido, pode não ser um endereço válido\n // se você for sortudo, isso irá causar uma exceção de endereçamento\n printf(\"Valor de *p2: %c\\n\", *p2); // valor aleatório em endereço aleatório\n free(p1); //A função free libera o espaço de memória usado pelo ponteiro\n return 0;\nO seguinte exemplo demonstra um ponteiro inválido por mudança de escopo:\nint maIdeia(int **p) // p é um ponteiro para um ponteiro de inteiro\n int x = 1; // aloca um inteiro na pilha\n **p = x; // define o valor de x para o inteiro que p aponta\n *p = &amp;x; // faz o ponteiro que p aponta apontar para x\n return x; // após retornar x estará fora de escopo e indefinido\n \nint main(void)\n int y = 0;\n int *p1 = &amp;y; // ponteiro inicializado para y\n int *p2 = NULL; // um bom hábito a ser utilizado\n printf(\"Endereco dep1: %p\\n\", p1); // imprime o endereço de y\n printf(\"Valor de *p1: %d\\n\", *p1); // imprime o valor de y\n y = maIdeia(&amp;p1); // muda y e muda p1\n // p1 agora aponta para onde x estava\n // O lugar onde x estada será sobrescrito,\n // por exemplo, na próxima interupção, ou na\n // próxima sub-rotima, como abaixo...\n // algum outro código que utiliza a pilha\n p2 = (int *)malloc(5*sizeof(int)); \n // isso não irá abortar, mas o valor impresso é imprevisível\n printf(\"Valor de *p1: %p\\n\", *p1); // imprime o valor onde x estava\n free(p2);\n return 0;\nUm problema muito comum é usar um ponteiro para a memória \"heap\" depois que a memória foi desalocada, como no próximo exemplo:\nint main(void)\n int *p1 = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); // inicializa o ponteiro para a memória heap\n int *p2 = p1; // faz uma cópia\n *p1 = 0; // inicializa o valor\n printf(\"Endereco de p2: %p\\n\", p2); // aponta para a heap\n printf(\"Valor de *p2: %d\\n\", *p2); // deve imprimir 0\n free(p1); // desaloca a memória\n ... // algum outro código, possivelmente utilizando a heap\n // p2 ainda aponta para o local original da alocação, mas é impossível saber o que está lá\n printf(\"Valor de *p2: %d\\n\", *p2); // uso inválido de p2\n return 0;\nOutra maneira de utilizar incorretamente ponteiros é acessar fora da estrutura de dados a qual eles apontam, como no exemplo a seguir:\nint main(void)\n int y = 5; // cria a variável\n int *p1 = &amp;y; // inicializa o ponteiro para y\n printf(\"Endereco de p1: %p\\n\", p1); // endereço de y\n printf(\"Valor de *p1: %d\\n\", *p1); // valor de y\n p1 = p1 + y; // aritmética válida de ponteiros\n printf(\"Valor de *p1: %p\\n\", *p1); // p1 não aponta mais para y\n return 0;\nSe um ponteiro é usado para escrever além do final de uma região local, a pilha de execução pode ser destruída. No caso abaixo, o problema provavelmente se manifestará quando o programa principal retornar:\n// copia a origem para o destino, sem checagem de tamanho\nvoid strcopy(char *d, char *s)\n while (*d++ = *s++) // copia até que '\\0' é encontrado\n} \nint main(void)\n char y[3]; // cria uma região local\n char *p1 = (char *)malloc(10*sizeof(char)); // outra região local na memória heap\n p1[9] = '\\0'; // insere o terminador na maior região\n strcopy(y, p1); // sobrescreve a região local\n free(p1);\n return 0; // agora coisas ruins acontecem\nSuporte em linguagens de programação.\nVárias linguagens de programação suportam algum tipo de ponteiro, ainda que algumas restringem sua ação mais que outras. Se um ponteiro é significativamente abstrato de forma a não poder ser manipulado como endereço, a estrutura de dados resultante não é mais considerada um ponteiro, e sim uma referência.\nAda.\nAda é uma linguagem fortemente tipada no qual todos os ponteiros são tipados e somente conversões seguras de tipo são permitidas. Todos os ponteiros são por padrão inicializados com \"null\", e qualquer tentativa em acessar informação através de um ponteiro para \"null\" causa uma exceção. Ponteiros em Ada são chamados \"tipos de acesso\". Ada-83 não permitia aritmética em tipos de acesso (ainda que vários compiladores a forneciam como uma funcionalidade fora do padrão), mas Ada-95 suporta aritmética segura em tipos de acesso pelo pacote codice_6.\nC e C++.\nEm C e C++, ponteiros são variáveis que armazenam endereços e podem ser nulas. Cada ponteiro possui um tipo para o qual aponta, mas conversões de tipo podem ser feitas. Um ponteiro especial, chamado \"ponteiro void\", aponta para um objeto de tipo desconhecido e não pode ser utilizado isoladamente sem a conversão para outro tipo de dado. O endereço do ponteiro pode ser diretamente manipulado ao realizar uma conversão para o tipo inteiro.\nC++ suporta completamente os ponteiros e as conversões de tipo do C. Também suporta um novo grupo de operadores para conversão de tipos que ajudam a encontrar algumas das mais perigosas conversões em tempo de compilação e execução. A biblioteca padrão do C++ ainda fornece \"auto ptr\", uma espécie de ponteiro inteligente que pode ser utilizado em algumas situações como uma alternativa segura aos ponteiros primitivos do C. A linguagem também suporta referências, uma versão mais abstrata de ponteiros.\nAritmética de ponteiros em C e C++.\nEm ambas as linguagens a aritmética de ponteiros é quase irrestrita: adicionar ou subtrair de um ponteiro o movimenta tendo como unidade o tamanho do tipo de dados para o qual ele aponta. Por exemplo, somar 2 a um ponteiro de inteiros de 4 bytes irá incrementá-lo em 8. Isso faz com que o incremento de um ponteiro o posicione para o próximo elemento em um arranjo, o que geralmente é o resultado intencionado. Aritmética entre ponteiros não pode ser feita em ponteiros para \"void\".\nÉ possível também fazer a subtração entre dois ponteiros (o resultado será a distância entre ambos). No entanto, não é possível fazer a adição de dois ponteiros.\nAritmética de ponteiros fornece ao programador uma maneira única em lidar com diferentes tipos: adicionar ou subtrair o número de elementos ao invés de lidar com bytes. Em particular, o C define explicitamente que a sintaxe codice_7, que representa o n-ésimo elemento de um vetor apontado por codice_8, é equivalente a codice_9, que é o conteúdo do elemento apontado por codice_10.\nAinda que poderosa, a aritmética de ponteiros pode ser fonte de erros. Ela tende a confundir programadores iniciantes, forçando-os em diferentes contextos: um expressão pode ser de aritmética comum ou de ponteiros, e as vezes é fácil confundir uma da outra. Contra esse tipo de situação, várias linguagens de alto nível modernas (como o Java), não permitem acesso direto à memória usando endereços.\nC#.\nEm C#, ponteiros são suportados somente com algumas condições: qualquer bloco de código que inclua ponteiros deve ser marcado com a palavra-chave codice_11. Tais blocos geralmente requisitam permissões mais altas de segurança para poderem ser executados.\nA sintaxe é a mesma do C++, e o endereço apontado pode ser tanto memória gerenciada quanto não gerenciada. Apesar disso, ponteiros para memória gerenciada devem ser declarados usando a palavra-chave codice_12, o que previne que o coletor de lixo mova o objeto apontado enquanto o ponteiro está no escopo, mantendo o endereço do ponteiro válido por toda a sua existência.\nUma exceção a isso é a utilização da estrutura codice_13, que é um gerenciado equivalente seguro para codice_14, e não necessita de código inseguro. Este tipo é frequentemente devolvido ao usar métodos dos codice_15, por exemplo:\n// Pega 16 bytes de memória desde a memória não gerenciada do processo\nIntPtr pointer = System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.AllocHGlobal(16);\n// Fazer algo com a memória alocada\n// Livrar a memória alocada\nSystem.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pointer);\nA plataforma .NET inclui várias classes e métodos nos espaços de nome codice_16 e codice_15 (como a classe codice_18) que convertem tipos .NET (como por exemplo codice_19) para vários tipos não gerenciados de ponteiro (como por exemplo codice_20 ou ponteiro void), e vice-versa, permitindo comunicação com código não gerenciado.\nD.\nA linguagem D é derivada do C e C++, e suporta completamente os ponteiros e as conversões de tipo de C. Apesar disso, D também oferece várias estruturas como enlace codice_21, parâmetros fora da função, tipos de referência e manipulação avançada de arranjos, o que evita utilizar ponteiros para a maioria das rotinas.\nFortran.\nA linguagem Fortran-90 introduziu o conceito de ponteiro fortemente tipado, que armazenam mais que somente um endereço de memória. Eles também encapsulam limites inferiores e superiores das dimensão de arranjos, além de outros meta-dados. Um \"operador de associação\" (codice_22) é usado para associar um ponteiro (codice_23) a uma variável que possuiu um atributo codice_24. A instrução de alocação (codice_25) também pode ser usada para associar um ponteiro a um bloco de memória. Fortran-2003 também suporte ponteiros para procedimentos. Da mesma maneira, como parte da característica de interoperabilidade com o C, suporta conversão de ponteiros do C para ponteiros Fortran, e vice-versa.\nPascal.\nPascal implementa ponteiros para serem úteis, limitados e relativamente seguros. Isso ajuda a encontrar erros feitos por pessoas novas em programação, como obter o valor de um ponteiro utilizando o tipo de dado errado. Entretanto, um ponteiro pode ser convertido de um tipo para outro. Aritmética de ponteiros é irrestrita: adicionar ou subtrair um ponteiro o move pela razão do número de bytes, mas usar os procedimentos padrão codice_26 e codice_27 o move pela razão do tamanho do tipo de dado ao qual o está declarado. Tentar obter o valor de um ponteiro nulo (codice_28) ou não inicializado lança uma exceção em modo protegido. Parâmetros de funções podem ser passados utilizando ponteiros (como parâmetros codice_29).\n\n", "Fusão nuclear\n\nFusão nuclear é o processo no qual dois ou mais núcleos atômicos se juntam e formam um outro núcleo de maior número atômico. A fusão nuclear requer muita energia para acontecer, e geralmente libera muito mais energia do que a que consome. Quando ocorre com elementos mais leves que o ferro e o níquel (que possuem as maiores forças de coesão nuclear de todos os átomos, sendo portanto mais estáveis) ela geralmente libera energia, e com elementos mais pesados ela consome. Até hoje, início do século XXI, ainda não foi encontrada uma forma de controlar comercialmente a fusão nuclear, como acontece com a fissão, embora existam laboratórios de pesquisa que utilizam reatores de fusão nuclear em pesquisas científicas. Um projeto que caminha para a demonstração da viabilidade comercial do uso da fusão nuclear controlada é o ITER.\nO principal tipo de fusão que ocorre no interior das estrelas é o de hidrogênio em hélio, onde quatro prótons se fundem em uma partícula alfa (um núcleo de hélio), liberando dois pósitrons, dois neutrinos e energia. Mas, dentro desse processo, ocorrem várias reações individuais, que variam de acordo com a massa da estrela. Para estrelas do tamanho do Sol ou menores, a cadeia próton-próton é a reação dominante. Em estrelas de massa elevada predomina o ciclo CNO.\nA fusão de deutério e trítio (isótopos do hidrogênio) pode gerar nêutrons, o que é perigoso e torna o processo menos eficaz. A fusão aneutrônica (\"sem geração de nêutrons\") é possível com o uso de elementos como o hélio-3 (raro na Terra), lítio e boro (abundantes na superfície terrestre), entre outros.\nVale ressaltar que há conservação da energia, e, portanto, pode-se calcular a massa dos quatro prótons e do núcleo de hélio, e subtrair a soma das massas das partículas iniciais daquela do produto desta reação nuclear para calcular a energia produzida.\nUtilizando a equação E=mc², pode-se calcular a energia liberada, oriunda da diferença de massas. Uma vez que o valor de \"c\" é muito grande (cerca de 3×108 m/s), mesmo uma massa muito pequena corresponde a uma enorme quantidade de energia. Este fato levou muitos engenheiros e cientistas a iniciar projetos para o desenvolvimento de reatores de fusão (Tokamaks) de modo a gerar eletricidade (por exemplo, a fusão de poucos cm³ de deutério, um isótopo de hidrogênio, produziria uma energia equivalente àquela produzida pela queima de 20 toneladas de carvão).\nRequisitos para a fusão.\nUma substancial barreira de energia deve ser vencida antes que a fusão possa ocorrer. A grandes distâncias, dois núcleos expostos se repelem mutuamente devido à força eletrostática que atua entre seus prótons positivamente carregados. Se os núcleos puderem ser aproximados suficientemente, porém, a barreira eletrostática pode ser sobrepujada pela força nuclear forte a qual é mais poderosa a curta distância do que a repulsão eletromagnética.\nQuando uma partícula tal como o próton ou nêutron é adicionado a um núcleo, ele é atraído pelos outros núcleons, mas principalmente por seus vizinhos imediatos devido à força de curto alcance. Os núcleons no interior do núcleo têm mais vizinhos do que aqueles na sua superfície. Desde que núcleos menores têm uma grande razão de superfície para volume, a energia de ligação por núcleon devido à força nuclear forte geralmente aumenta como o aumento do tamanho do núcleo, mas atinge um valor limite que corresponde à vizinhança do núcleon totalmente preenchida.\nA força eletrostática, por outro lado, é uma força proporcional ao inverso do quadrado da distância; então, um próton adicionado ao núcleo ira sentir uma repulsão eletrostática de todos os prótons no núcleo. A energia eletrostática por núcleon devido à força eletrostática irá portanto aumentar independentemente do tamanho do núcleo.\nO resultado combinado destas duas forças opostas é que a energia de ligação por núcleon geralmente aumenta com o aumento de tamanho do átomo, para elementos até com núcleo do tamanho de ferro e níquel, e diminui para núcleos mais pesados. Eventualmente, a energia de ligação se torna negativa e núcleos muitos pesados não são estáveis. Os quatro núcleos blindados mais compactos, em ordem decrescente de energia de ligação, são 62Ni, 58Fe, 56Fe e 60Ni . Embora o isótopo do Níquel 62Ni seja o mais estável, o isótopo do Ferro 56Fe é uma ordem de magnitude mais comum. Isto é devido em grande parte à grande razão de desintegração do 62Ni no interior de estrelas conduzida pela absorção de fótons.\nUma notável exceção a esta regra geral é o núcleo do hélio-4, cuja energia de ligação é maior que a do lítio, o próximo elemento mais pesado. O princípio de exclusão de Pauli provê um explicação para este comportamento excepcional – isto se dá porque os prótons e nêutrons são férmions, eles não podem coexistir exatamente no mesmo estado. Cada estado energético de um próton ou nêutron em um núcleo pode acomodar uma partícula de spin para abaixo e outra de spin para acima. O Hélio-4 tem uma banda de energia de ligação anormalmente grande porque seu núcleo consiste de dois prótons e dois nêutrons; então todos os núcleons dele podem estar em um estado fundamental. Qualquer núcleon adicional deverá ir para um estado energético alto.\nA situação é similar se dois núcleos são colocados juntos. Ao se aproximarem, todos os prótons em um núcleo repelem todos os prótons do outro, até o ponto em que os dois núcleos entrem em contato para que a força nuclear forte domine. Consequentemente, mesmo quando o estado de energia final é mais baixo, há uma grande barreira energética que deve ser ultrapassada primeiro. Na química, este fato é conhecido como energia de ativação. Em física nuclear ele é chamado de barreira de Coulomb.\nA barreira de Coulomb é menor para os isótopos do hidrogênio – eles contêm uma única carga positiva em seus núcleos. Um bipróton não é estável, então os nêutrons devem ser envolvidos, de forma a produzir um núcleo de hélio.\nUsando combustível deutério-trítio, a barreira de energia resultante é de cerca de 0,1 MeV. Em comparação, a energia necessária para remover um elétron do hidrogênio é 13,6 eV, cerca vezes menos energia. O resultado (intermediário) da fusão é um núcleo instável de 5He, o qual imediatamente ejeta um nêutron com 14,1 MeV. A energia recuperada do núcleo de 4He remanescente é 3,5 MeV, então a energia total liberada é 17,6 MeV. Isto é muitas vezes mais que a barreira de energia a ser transposta.\nSe a energia para iniciar a reação vem da aceleração de um núcleo, o processo é chamado de fusão por \"projétil-alvo\"; se ambos os núcleos são acelerados, isto é fusão \"projétil|projétil\". Se o núcleo faz parte de um plasma próximo ao equilíbrio térmico, denominamos fusão termonuclear. A temperatura é uma medida da energia cinética média das partículas, então por aquecimento o núcleo deverá ganhar energia e eventualmente transpor a barreira de 0,1 MeV. A conversão das unidade entres elétron-volts e kelvins mostra que esta barreira será transposta quando a temperatura ultrapassar 1 GK, obviamente uma temperatura muito alta.\nHá dois fatos que podem diminuir a temperatura necessária. Um é o fato que a temperatura é uma média da energia cinética, implicando que alguns núcleos a esta temperatura poderão já ter uma energia maior que 0,1 MeV, enquanto outros um pouco menos. Estes núcleos na faixa de alta-energia da distribuição de velocidade participam da maioria das reações de fusão. O outro efeito é o tunelamento quântico. O núcleo não precisa sempre ter bastante energia, podendo atravessar, por efeito túnel, a barreira restante. Por esta razão, combustíveis a temperaturas menores podem experimentar eventos de fusão, a uma taxa mais baixa.\nA seção transversal da reação σ é uma medida da probabilidade de reação de fusão com uma função da velocidade relativa dos dois núcleos reativos. Se os núcleos têm uma distribuição de velocidade, isto é, uma distribuição térmica com a fusão termonuclear, então eles são úteis para obter uma média sobre a distribuição dos produtos da seção transversal e da velocidade. A taxa de reação (fusão por volume por tempo) é &lt;σv&gt; vezes o produto da densidade dos participantes:\nformula_1\nSe um tipo de núcleo está reagindo com si próprio, tal como a reação PP, então o produto formula_2 pode ser substituído por formula_3.\nformula_4 aumenta de praticamente zero a temperatura ambiente para um significativo valor a temperatura de 10 - 100 keV. A estas temperaturas, bem abaixo da energia de ionização típica (13,6 eV no caso do hidrogênio), os reativos da fusão existem um estado de plasma.\nO significado de &lt;σv&gt; como uma função da temperatura em um experimento com uma energia de tempo confinamento é determinado pela utilização do critério de Lawson.\nProcesso de Fusão.\nO mecanismo de fusão é quase o inverso do mecanismo de fissão nuclear: núcleos leves e rápidos podem colidir, e fundir para formar núcleos mais pesados, sendo que há também uma quantidade considerável de energia liberada nesse processo. Essa energia está associada à dissipação de calor, depende diretamente das massas dos parceiros envolvidos na reação e tem suas propriedades relacionadas com a matéria nuclear, isto é, para que ocorra a fusão, alguns requisitos devem ser satisfeitos pelos parceiros envolvidos no processo:\nO interior das estrelas, em especial o sol, dispõe de todo cenário propício a esse tipo de reação, a densidade do interior do sol é de cerca de g/cm3 a uma temperatura de 1,5 x 107K. A Figura representa a reação de fusão de hidrogênio em hélio, que ocorre no interior das estrelas e que esteve presente no início da formação do universo, na nucleossíntese primordial\nformula_5\nformula_6\nformula_7\nConforme a temperatura, núcleos mais pesados podem ser formados. \nAs principais vantagens em relação aos atuais reatores de fissão são:\nFusão em plasma.\nEm primeiro lugar, recordemos que a colisão de dois núcleos de deutério gera um núcleo de Hélio mais um nêutron e libera uma energia de 5,12 x 10−13 Joules (3,2 Mev). Se esta energia fosse transferida para um grama de água, na forma de calor, a temperatura da água aumentaria de apenas 1,26 x 10−13 °C. Portanto, para se ter um aumento significativo de temperatura da água, gerar vapor e movimentar as turbinas de uma Usina de Energia, necessitamos de um número muito grande de reações de Fusão.\nResta então a questão: Como obter este grande número de reações? A resposta óbvia é: coloque o maior número possível de núcleos de deutério em condições de reação. Muito fácil de responder, mas anos e anos de pesquisa em física de plasma demonstram que é muito difícil fazê-lo.\nPara entender as dificuldades vamos tomar, apenas por hipótese, uma certa quantidade de átomos de deutério em estado sólido. Obviamente, um grama de deutério tem um número muito grande de átomos que, se reagissem, forneceriam muita energia. No entanto, os átomos de deutério em estado sólido estão praticamente parados e não têm energia cinética suficiente para vencer a repulsão coulombiana. Portanto, não estão em condições de realizar uma reação de fusão.\nPara vencer a repulsão coulombiana deve-se aumentar a energia cinética dos átomos de deutério, o que pode ser feito aquecendo-se o sólido. Ao aumentarmos a temperatura, o sólido sofre uma transição de fase transformando-se primeiramente num líquido e depois num gás. Num gás, uma percentagem grande das partículas tem uma energia cinética próxima da energia cinética média que é proporcional à temperatura:\nformula_8\nEsta temperatura elevada traz consigo algumas perguntas. Como aquecer um gás a esta temperatura? Como confinar um gás tão quente? Será que a matéria não se modifica a temperaturas tão altas? As duas primeiras perguntas parecem ter uma natureza tecnológica, no entanto, a sua solução só poderá ser obtida se soubermos mais sobre a terceira indagação cuja natureza científica é evidente. Um primeiro aspecto a ser considerado é que, após uma certa temperatura, um gás usualmente constituído de átomos e moléculas sofre transformações, pois os elétrons são arrancados dos átomos e as moléculas se quebram devido à violência dos choques. Em temperaturas da ordem de a  °C não haverá mais átomos e moléculas, mas apenas íons e elétrons viajando e se chocando em velocidades fantásticas.\nEstes íons e elétrons não mais se comportarão como um gás, visto que, além das colisões, sentirão os efeitos do campo elétrico e magnético devido às suas cargas e correntes. Isto caracteriza um novo estado da matéria denominado plasma pelos físicos americanos Langmuir e Tonx em 1923.\nPortanto, em busca das condições adequadas de confinamento e temperatura para ocorrência de fusões nucleares, nos deparamos naturalmente com este novo estado da matéria que é o plasma. Um estudo das características do plasma vai nos permitir inclusive entender como é possível manter uma certa quantidade de substância confinada a temperaturas tão altas.\nCaracterísticas fundamentais do plasma e suas implicações.\nUm plasma se caracteriza por ser um gás altamente ionizado, quase neutro e não se encontrar em equilíbrio térmico. A primeira característica (alta ionização) já foi discutida. A quase neutralidade se refere ao fato de que, embora a carga total num plasma (cargas positivas dos íons mais cargas negativas dos elétrons) seja praticamente nula, existem regiões onde se pode ter acúmulos significativos de cargas formando zonas não neutras.\nAs regiões onde isso ocorre têm dimensões pequenas em comparação com as dimensões totais do plasma. O acúmulo de cargas (positivas ou negativas) vai afetar as colisões entre os íons e elétrons, pois cria pontos de atração e/ou repulsão e estabelece campos de força. Deste modo, o movimento de uma partícula se modificará apenas por choques com contato direto, mas poderão ainda sentir os efeitos da presença de partículas distantes através dos campos de força.\nA quase-neutralidade pode ainda gerar movimentos coerentes de um grande número de partículas. Estes movimentos, denominados movimentos coletivos, ocorrem, por exemplo, quando um número grande de íons (cargas positivas) se separa de um número grande de elétrons. Nesta situação, surgem forças atrativas que tendem a restaurar a neutralidade, isto é, aproximam as cargas opostas. Isto causa um movimento oscilatório no qual as cargas opostas se aproximam e se afastam. A aplicação de campos externos pode também gerar movimentos coletivos tais como correntes ou mesmo ondas. Portanto, um plasma difere muito de um gás, pois neste último as partículas só sentem a presença das outras quando sofrem uma colisão. Num plasma as interações de longo alcance geradas pelos campos fazem com que os movimentos de partículas distantes sejam correlacionados. Existem dentro de um plasma dois processos competitivos: de um lado os movimentos coletivos e do outro as colisões.\nAs colisões tendem a destruir a coerência, isto é, a natureza ordenada dos movimentos coletivos, pois espalham as partículas erraticamente. Num projeto de fusão nuclear em plasma se pretende obter uma solução de compromisso entre os dois processos. Isto é, pretende-se utilizar a coerência dos movimentos coletivos para propiciar um número grande de colisões que gerem fusão. Como os dois processos são antagônicos esta solução de compromisso não é fácil.\n\n", "Óptica quântica\n\nEm física, a Óptica Quântica é um campo de pesquisa que lida com a aplicação da mecânica quântica aos fenômenos que envolvem a luz e sua interação com a matéria.\nHistória.\nA luz é feita de partículas chamadas fótons e, portanto, inerentemente \"granulada\" (quantizada). A óptica quântica é o estudo da natureza e os efeitos disso. A primeira indicação de que a luz podia ser quantizada veio de Max Planck em 1899, quando adequadamente modelou a radiação do corpo negro, assumindo que a troca de energia entre a luz e a matéria só ocorria em quantidades discretas, que ele chamou de \"quanta\". Não se sabe se a origem dessas quantidades discretas era da matéria ou da luz. Em 1905, Albert Einstein publicou a teoria do efeito fotoelétrico. Parecia que a única explicação possível para o efeito fotoelétrico era a existência de partículas de luz chamadas fótons. Mais tarde, Niels Bohr mostrou que os átomos também eram quantizados, no sentido de que eles só poderiam emitir quantidades discretas de energia. A compreensão da interação entre luz e matéria que surgiu após estes desenvolvimentos não só formou a base da ótica quântica mas também foram cruciais para o desenvolvimento da mecânica quântica como um todo. No entanto, os subcampos da mecânica quântica que lidavam com a interação de materiais leves foram considerados principalmente mais como investigações sobre \"a matéria\" do que sobre \"luz\" e, portanto, fala-se mais de física atômica e eletrônica quântica do que sobre óptica quântica.\nIsso mudou com a invenção do maser (1953) e do laser (1960). Com a ciência do laser, ou seja, com a investigação dos princípios, \"design\" e uso destes dispositivos, a óptica quântica tornou-se uma área importante, e a mecânica quântica que fundamenta os princípios do laser foi estudada então com mais ênfase às características da luz, e assim o nome \"ótica quântica\" tornou-se comum.\nComo a ciência do laser necessitava de uma boa fundamentação teórica, e também porque a pesquisa em breve se revelou muito proveitosa, o interesse em óptica quântica aumentou. Após o trabalho de Paul na teoria quântica de campos, George Sudarshan, J. Roy Glauber e Leonard Mandel aplicaram em 1950 e 1960 a teoria quântica ao campo eletromagnético, para obter uma compreensão mais detalhada da fotodetecção e das estatísticas de luz (ver grau de coerência). Isto levou à introdução do estado consistente como a descrição quântica da luz do laser e da compreensão de que alguns estados da luz não podem ser descrito como ondas clássicas. Em 1977, Kimble e outros construíram a primeira fonte de luz que exigia uma descrição quântica: um único átomo emitia um fóton de cada vez. Esta foi a primeira evidência conclusiva de que a luz era composta de fótons. Rapidamente foi proposta a luz comprimida, outro estado quântico da luz, com algumas vantagens sobre qualquer estado clássico. Ao mesmo tempo, o desenvolvimento de pulsos de laser ultracurtos, criados por técnicas de \"Q-switching\" e \"modelocking\", abriram o caminho para o estudo dos processos inimaginavelmente rápidos (\"ultra-rápidos\"). Aplicações na investigação do estado sólido (por exemplo, na espectroscopia Raman foram encontrados, e foram estudadas as forças mecânicas da luz sobre a matéria.) Esta última levou à flutuação e ao posicionamento de nuvens atômicas ou mesmo de pequenas amostras biológicas numa armadilha óptica ou pinças ópticas por raio laser. Isto, juntamente com o resfriamento Doppler, foi a tecnologia essencial necessária para atingir o célebre condensado de Bose-Einstein.\nOutros resultados notáveis são a demonstração do emaranhamento quântico, o teletransporte quântico e, recentemente, em 1995, as portas lógicas quânticas. Os últimos são de muito interesse na teoria quântica da informação, um campo que surgiu em parte da ótica quântica e em parte da ciência da computação teórica.\nAtualmente, as áreas de interesse dos pesquisadores de óptica quântica incluem a conversão paramétrica para baixo, a oscilação paramétrica óptica, os pulsos de luz mais curtos (attosegundo), o uso da óptica quântica na informação quântica, a manipulação de átomos individuais, o condensado de Bose-Einstein, sua manipulação e suas aplicações (muitas vezes chamado de ótica atômica) e muitas outras.\nA pesquisa em óptica quântica que visa trazer os fótons para a utilização na transmissão de informação e informática é hoje frequentemente denominada fotônica, para enfatizar a afirmação de que os fótons e a fotônica irão assumir o papel que os elétrons e a eletrônica possuem hoje.\n\n", "Corpo negro\n\nNa Física, um corpo negro é um objeto hipotético que absorve toda a radiação eletromagnética que nele incide: nenhuma luz o atravessa e nem é refletida. Um corpo com essa propriedade, em princípio, não poderia ser visto, daí o seu nome. Apesar disso, corpos negros emitem radiação, o que permite determinar sua temperatura. Em equilíbrio termodinâmico, um corpo negro ideal irradia energia na mesma taxa que a absorve, sendo essa uma das propriedades que o tornam uma fonte ideal de radiação térmica. Na natureza não existem corpos negros perfeitos, já que nenhum objeto consegue ter absorção e emissão perfeitas.\nPodemos imaginar uma caixa opaca, com um pequeno buraco. Uma radiação incidente sobre o buraco é refletida seguidamente pelas paredes internas e dificilmente conseguirá sair pelo buraco da caixa mas se aumentássemos a temperatura no interior dessa caixa uma quantidade de radiação sairia pelo buraco, o que demonstra que o corpo negro ao ser aquecido emite luz. Com essa ideia podemos comparar essa caixa opaca a um corpo negro ideal.\nIndependente da sua composição, verifica-se que todos os corpos negros à mesma temperatura T emitem radiação térmica com mesmo espectro. Do mesmo modo, todos os corpos, com temperatura acima do zero absoluto, emitem radiação térmica. Conforme a temperatura da fonte luminosa aumenta, o espectro de corpo negro apresenta picos de emissão em menores comprimentos de onda, partindo das ondas de rádio, passando pelas micro-ondas, infravermelho, luz visível, ultravioleta, raios X e radiação gama. Em temperatura ambiente (cerca de 300 K), corpos negros emitem na região do infravermelho do espectro. À medida que a temperatura aumenta algumas centenas de kelvins, corpos negros começam a emitir radiação em comprimentos de onda visíveis ao olho humano (compreendidos entre 380 a 780 nanômetros). A cor com maior comprimento de onda é o vermelho, e as cores seguem como no arco-íris, até o violeta, que tem o menor comprimento de onda do espectro visível. \nUm bom modelo de corpo negro são as estrelas, como o Sol, no qual a radiação produzida em seu interior é expelida para o universo e consequentemente aquece o nosso planeta. A cor branca do Sol corresponde a uma temperatura superficial da ordem de K. \nA primeira menção a corpos negros deve-se a Gustav Kirchhoff em 1860, em seu estudo sobre a espectrografia dos gases. Muitos estudiosos tentaram conciliar o conceito de corpo negro com a distribuição de energia prevista pela termodinâmica, mas os espectros obtidos experimentalmente, ainda que válidos para baixas frequências, mostravam-se muito discrepantes da previsão teórica, explicitada pela Lei de Rayleigh-Jeans para a radiação de corpo negro. Uma boa aproximação dos valores para o máximo de emissão para cada temperatura era dado pela Lei de Wien, porém foi Max Planck que, em 1901, ao introduzir a Constante de Planck, como mero recurso matemático, determinou a quantização da energia, o que mais tarde levou à teoria quântica que, por sua vez, rumou para o estudo e surgimento da mecânica quântica.\nBaseada no física clássica, o modelo de Rayleigh-Jeans, que comparado com medidas experimentais possuía resultados aceitáveis para baixas frequências, mas o modelo previa que conforme a temperatura aumentasse a frequência deveria aumentar proporcionalmente, tendendo ao infinito, o que apresentou uma grande incompatibilidade com os resultados experimentais, que diziam que conforme aumentasse a temperatura do corpo, a frequência deveria atingir um pico e em seguida diminuir.\nIsso porque, o modelo de Rayleigh-jeans não levava em consideração a conservação de energia, isso explica porque em seu modelo um corpo negro emitiria quantidade letal de radiação apenas por existir e estar a uma temperatura maior que a ambiente. Esse problema ficou conhecido como a Catástrofe do ultravioleta.\nDurante muitos anos a física não apresentava uma solução para esse problema, até que Marx Planck (1900), começou seus estudos sobre o corpo negro, antes de Planck, os átomos que compunham os corpos negros poderiam ser vistos como pequenas molas que oscilavam a uma determinada frequência, por qualquer quantidade mínima de energia.\nO postulado de Planck afirmava que os corpos negros continuavam sendo formados com osciladores, que absorvem radiação e depois oscilavam com determinada energia, energia essa que obedecendo a Lei de Conservação de Energia, deveria ser a mesma que da radiação emitida. Neste momento os únicos valores de energia possíveis seriam  múltiplos inteiros de um número pequeno, que futuramente ficou conhecido como a quantização de energia.\nExplicação.\nExperimentalmente, a radiação mais próxima a de um corpo negro ideal é aquela emitida por pequenas aberturas de extensas cavidades. Qualquer luz entrando pela abertura deve ser refletida várias vezes nas paredes da cavidade antes de escapar e, então, a probabilidade de que seja absorvida pelas paredes durante o processo é muito alta, independente de qual seja o material que a compõe ou o comprimento de onda da radiação. Tal cavidade então é uma aproximação de um corpo negro e, ao ser aquecida, o espectro da radiação do buraco (a quantidade de luz emitida do buraco em cada comprimento de onda) é contínuo, e não depende do material da cavidade (compare com espectro de emissão). Por um teorema provado por Kirchhoff, o espectro observado depende apenas da temperatura das paredes da cavidade. A Lei de Kirchhoff nos diz que num corpo negro ideal, em equilíbrio termodinâmico a temperatura T, a radiação total emitida deve ser igual à radiação total absorvida.\nCalcular a curva formada pelo espectro de radiação emitido por um Corpo Negro foi um dos maiores desafios no campo da Física Teórica durante o fim do século XIX. O problema finalmente foi resolvido em 1901 por Max Planck com a Lei de Planck da Radiação de Corpo Negro. Fazendo mudanças na Lei da Radiação de Wien consistentes com a termodinâmica e o eletromagnetismo, ele achou uma fórmula matemática que descrevia os dados experimentais de maneira satisfatória. Para achar uma interpretação física, Planck, então, assumiu que a energia das oscilações na cavidade são quantificadas. Einstein trabalhou em cima desta ideia e propôs a quantificação da radiação eletromagnética em 1905 para explicar o efeito fotoelétrico. Estes avanços teóricos resultaram na substituição do eletromagnetismo clássico pelos \"quanta\" (plural de \"quantum\") eletrodinâmicos. Hoje, estes \"quanta\" são chamados fótons. Também, isso levou ao desenvolvimento de versões quânticas para a mecânica estatística, chamada estatística de Fermi-Dirac e estatística de Bose-Einstein, cada uma aplicável a classes diferentes de partículas.\nO comprimento de onda na qual a radiação é máxima é dada pela Lei de Wien e a potência total emitida por unidade de área é dada pela Lei de Stefan-Boltzmann. Então, a temperatura aumenta, a cor muda de vermelho para amarelo para branco para azul. Mesmo que o pico do comprimento de onda mova-se para o ultravioleta, a radiação continua sendo emitida no comprimento de onda do azul.\nA luminosidade ou intensidade observada não é função da direção. Então, um corpo negro é um irradiador de Lambert ideal.\nObjetos reais nunca se comportam como corpos negros ideais. A radiação emitida é uma fração do que a emissão ideal deveria ser. A emissividade de um material especifica o quão bem um corpo irradia energia em comparação a um corpo negro. Esta emissividade depende de fatores como temperatura, ângulo de emissão e o comprimento de onda. De qualquer maneira, é comum na engenharia assumir que a emissividade espectral de uma superfície não depende do comprimento de onda, então a emissividade é uma constante. Isso é conhecido como corpo cinza.\nLei de Stefan ou Lei de Stefan-Boltzmann.\nNos seus estudos da radiação de corpo negro Joseph Stefan chegou a seguinte função:\nOnde:\nEsta expressão mostra que a potência irradiada por unidade de área varia apenas com a temperatura, ela não depende do material de sua cor entre outras características do corpo. O valor de R também indica a rapidez com a qual o corpo emite energia, por exemplo se a temperatura for triplicada a energia emitida será aumentada (formula_9) vezes ou se for quadruplicada a nova emissão será aumentada (formula_10) vezes. Corpos reais irradiam menos energia por unidade de área que o corpo negro, para calcular a energia irradiada por esses corpos é necessária a inclusão de um parâmetro denominado emissividade ε, a emissividade depende das características do material (cor, composição de sua superfície), seu valor fica entre zero e um.\nLei de deslocamento de Wien.\nA emissão de radiação do corpo negro apresenta uma distribuição espectral que depende apenas da temperatura formula_8. Seja formula_12 a potência emitida por unidade de área compreendida entre formula_13 e formula_14. A figura 2 mostra valores da distribuição espectral formula_15 em função de formula_16 para muitos valores de formula_8 entre K e K.\nFoi Wien quem pela primeira vez observou que o comprimento de onda máximo emitido era inversamente proporcional a temperatura do corpo negro e escreveu a equação que recebeu seu nome.\nOnde\nTeoria de Planck da radiação de corpo negro.\nAo tentar solucionar a discrepância entre a teoria e a experiência, Planck foi levado a considerar a hipótese de uma violação da lei da equipartição da energia sobre o qual a teoria se baseava. Planck supôs que a energia poderia ter apenas certos valores discretos, em vez de qualquer valor, e que os valores discretos fossem uniformemente distribuídos. Isto é, tomou\ncomo o conjunto de valores possíveis da energia. Aqui formula_22 é o intervalo constante entre valores possíveis sucessivos da energia. Planck supôs também que as energias sucessivas e a frequência da radiação emitida fossem grandezas proporcionais, portanto,\nEscrito na forma de uma equação em vez de uma proporcionalidade, temos\nonde formula_25 é a constante de proporcionalidade.\nCálculos posteriores permitiram a Planck determinar o valor da constante formula_25, obtendo o valor que ajustava melhor sua teoria aos dados experimentais. O valor obtido por ele estava bem próximo do valor atualmente aceito\nEsta constante, muito famosa e corrente na mecânica quântica, é chamada constante de Planck.\nA fórmula obtida o permitiu calcular o espectro de corpo negro em total acordo com os resultados experimentais.\nPostulado de Planck.\nA contribuição de Planck pode ser colocada na forma do seguinte postulado:\n\"Qualquer ente físico com um grau de liberdade cuja \"coordenada\" é uma função senoidal do tempo (isto é, executa oscilações harmônicas simples) pode possuir apenas energias totais que satisfaçam a relação formula_28\" \"onde formula_29\" \"é a frequência da oscilação, formula_25\" \"uma constante universal e formula_31 só pode assumir valores inteiros.\"\nA energia do ente que obedece ao postulado de Planck é dita \"quantizada\", os estados de energia possíveis são ditos \"estados quantizados\", e o formula_31 é dito \"número quântico\".\nImplicações.\nA ideia de que a energia é quantizada apesar de parecer apenas um truque matemático para explicar os resultados experimentais da radiação de corpo negro, foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento de um dos pilares da física moderna, a mecânica quântica.\nExemplos de emissão de corpo negro.\nAs diferentes cores das estrelas são um bom exemplo de corpos com espectros semelhantes ao de um corpo negro. As estrelas mais avermelhadas, como Antares e Betelgeuse, classificadas como tipo M no Diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell, têm as menores temperaturas superficiais, enquanto as estrelas mais azuladas, como Rigel e Sirius, com classificação O ou B no diagrama H-R, têm temperaturas superficiais bem maiores.\nOs materiais que, quando aquecidos, tornam-se incandescentes, também são bons exemplos de como a temperatura de um corpo interfere na sua emissão. Filamentos de lâmpadas incandescentes e uma barra de ferro aquecida são objetos presentes no cotidiano que emitem radiação com espectro próximo ao de um corpo negro.\n\n", "Temperamento musical\n\nTemperamento musical é um esquema para dividir ou temperar a oitava. Ao longo dos tempos, foram propostos mais de 100 sistemas. Desses, não mais de 20 terão sido realmente usados com mais generalidade. Os vários sistemas ecoam os vários estilos e gostos musicais das suas épocas. E estes, por sua vez, também influenciaram os tipos de afinações adoptado.\nO problema do temperamento de uma escala.\nQuando um corpo está em vibração emite um som complexo cuja representação temporal pode ser decomposta na soma de um conjunto de curvas senoidais que contêm a frequência fundamental f0 e um número variável de harmónicos com frequência n*f0, n=2,3…, que podem nem todos existir num dado som. É a presença ou não de cada um dos harmónicos - e a sua amplitude - que dá a cada instrumento musical o seu som peculiar - o seu timbre.\nPor exemplo, quando uma corda de guitarra emite o som correspondente a um Dó (C, na notação europeia e norte-americana), para além do som fundamental correspondente a esse Dó, ouvem-se também, embora com menor intensidade sonora, os seus harmónicos. Os primeiros nove (n*f0, para n=2 a 10) correspondem às notas Dó (uma oitava acima), Sol (quinta, da oitava acima), Dó (duas oitava acima), Mi, Sol, Sib, Dó, Ré e Mi. Não são exatamente as mesmas notas que usamos atualmente no ocidente (no chamado temperamento igual) mas são notas muito parecidas com as da escala temperada.\nA escala diatónica baseia-se exatamente nos sons harmónicos. Como os harmónicos principais correspondem ao intervalo de oitava e de quinta, o que se pode tentar fazer é escolher as notas da escala de tal modo que cada intervalo de quinta e oitava seja o intervalo natural que aparece espontaneamente entre os sons harmónicos.\nNo entanto, verifica-se que não é possível fazer uma escala em que os intervalos de oitava e de quinta sejam todos naturais. Isso pode ser visto através do chamado \"círculo de quintas\": se começássemos numa nota do piano e afinássemos outra por ela de modo a ficar afinada para um intervalo de quinta e depois afinássemos uma outra por essa do mesmo modo e por aí em diante, deveríamos verificar-se que ao fim de fazermos isso 12 vezes chegaríamos à mesma nota inicial (por exemplo, Dó(C), Sol(G), Ré(D), Lá(A), Mi(E), Si(B), Fá#(F#), Dó#(C#), Láb(Ab), Mib(Eb), Sib(Bb), Fá(F) e Dó(C)). O problema é que não é isso que se verifica. Obtemos uma série em que a última nota (que é Si# e não Dó) dista da primeira (Dó) da chamada «coma pitagórica». Isto tem que ver com o facto de que 3n=2m, nunca se verifica para n e m inteiros. Ou seja, afinando usando intervalos de quinta (que correspondem a um fator 3n ou 3n/2k entre frequências) nunca podemos obter oitavas perfeitas (que correspondem a um fator 2m).\nA história dos sistemas de temperamentos roda em volta de vários esquemas de alteração dos intervalos de quinta de modo a que o ciclo de quintas resulte num intervalo de oitava, tentando obter o máximo número de intervalos o mais perto dos naturais que for possível.\nEvolução histórica das afinações e temperamentos.\nOs principais temperamentos históricos são:\nOs sistemas de afinação natural - que procuram usar intervalos naturais ou justos, ou seja, intervalos que podem ser representados por números racionais (razões de números inteiros, com preferência pelos menores números inteiros possíveis). Usam-se razões de frequências baseados em proporções inteiras como as encontradas na série harmónica em vez de, por exemplo, dividir a oitava em partes exatamente iguais, e não representáveis por números racionais, como no caso do temperamento igual. Estes sistemas de afinação conseguem assegurar «a gama justa» para uma dada tonalidade (normalmente dó maior) mas, para notas estranhas a essa tonalidade, ocorre sempre algum desvio que é diferente para cada tipo de afinação.\nÉ o caso do sistema pitagórico, usado na Idade Média, em que se encurtava só uma das quintas, a «quinta do lobo». Usava-se o ciclo de quintas de Mib até Sol#, ficando com as oitavas afinadas e com todas as quintas perfeitamente afinadas exceto a última (Sol#-Mib), que ficava dissonante e cujo batimento «uivava» como um lobo porque ficava demasiado curta. Eram sobretudo as quintas e quartas que eram apresentados na sua forma idealmente pura e simples porque eram os intervalos considerados estáveis no contexto estilístico da época. As terceiras e sextas tinham algum batimento (menos do dobro das do temperamento igual), assim como os meios tons diatónicos, que eram pequenos, mas tomava-se partido do seu poder expressivo que criava uma cor harmónica nas cadências que eram usadas na época.\nNo século XV, começou a surgir o gosto por terceiras naturais (terças) e os músicos começaram a experimentar usar formas modificadas da afinação pitagórica para obter terceiras (terças) mais perto do seu valor natural. O grande teórico da Renascença, Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590), defendia um sistema de entonação justa baseado nas terceiras, e não nas quintas, como no sistema pitagórico, já que as terceiras passaram a ser usados como pontos de resolução e as terceiras pitagóricas já não assentavam bem no contexto musical. O sistema que preconizava era o que se chama hoje o sistema ptolomaico, um dos sistemas propostos por Ptolomeu, no século II D.C.\nOs temperamentos mesotónicos - Pouco a pouco, as terceiras e sextas foram assumindo um papel mais relevante e, no início da Renascença, os músicos já desejavam encontrar novas afinações que tornassem um maior número delas naturais. Isso deu origem ao aparecimento dos temperamentos mesotónicos (ou do tom médio) muito usados nos séculos XVI e XVIII. Enquanto os sistemas de afinação natural procuravam aproximar-se dos intervalos ideais, os sistemas de temperamento implicavam desvios deliberados, mas pequenos, desses valores. Procurando obter terças justas, encurtavam fortemente 11 quintas, resultando uma delas demasiado grande (Mib-Lá, também chamada a «quinta do lobo»). Este sistema não é mau para as tonalidades mais clássicas mas gera uma gama cromática muito desigual. Não se pode tocar em algumas tonalidades. Mas já muitos teóricos da Renascença descreviam outras alternativas em que os intervalos não eram números racionais (razões de inteiros) e que correspondiam ao que se chama hoje o bom temperamento e o temperamento igual.\nOs temperamentos irregulares - No temperamento mesotónico, para favorecer a «beleza», tentou-se ter tantas terceiras puras quanto possível, mesmo comprometendo as quintas e introduzindo alguns «lobos». No tempo de Bach, a partir do século XVIII, nos temperamentos irregulares, chamados também «sistemas bem temperados», favorecendo a «utilidade com variedade», optou-se por conseguir um contínuo de cores desde as terceiras puras às quintas puras, mas de modo a que todos os intervalos fossem utilizáveis e não tivessem «lobos». Estes temperamentos permitem tocar em todas as 24 tonalidades possíveis (12 maiores e 12 menores). Algumas quintas são mantidas perfeitas e outras são encurtadas. Podem-se usar todas as tonalidades, ficando, no entanto, cada uma com a sua «coloração diferente».\nO temperamento igual - Favorecendo a utilidade, decidiu-se temperar cada quinta pela mesma quantidade de modo a dispersar a coma pitagórica, deixando as terceiras ainda um tanto vibrantes mas já capazes de suportar tríades estáveis. É o temperamento adotado atualmente no ocidente, em que a gama é dividida em 12 semitons exatamente iguais. As quintas, terças e quartas são falsas, embora iguais entre si e desviando-se suficientemente pouco do ideal para serem suportáveis; o ouvido contemporâneo já se habituou a elas. Só as oitavas são perfeitas (embora, de facto, os afinadores de piano aumentem as oitavas nos graves e nos agudos, para terem em conta as características da percepção auditiva humana).\n\n", "Universidade Federal do Pampa\n\nA Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), é uma instituição de ensino superior pública federal brasileira, fundada em 2008 e estabelecida no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Em 2017 foi considerada a quinta melhor instituição de ensino superior gaúcha segundo avaliação do MEC medida pelo Índice Geral de Cursos (IGC). Superando o Índice Geral de Cursos de universidade como: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), as quais foram responsáveis, juntamente com o MEC, pela implantação da UNIPAMPA. Tem como Reitor o professor Roberlaine Ribeiro Jorge, então diretor do Campus Alegrete, eleito pelo voto direto e sendo o primeiro negro a assumir o cargo, tendo como vice-reitor Marcus Vinicius Morini Querol. \nA UNIPAMPA, entre as instituições públicas, conta com o melhor curso de graduação em Ciências Econômicas do Brasil, segundo o INEP. \nHistória.\nNo início de suas atividades, era apenas uma extensão da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) para os \"campi\" da região norte - Alegrete, Uruguaiana, São Gabriel, Itaqui e São Borja - e da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) para os \"campi\" da região sul - Santana do Livramento, Dom Pedrito, Bagé, Jaguarão e Caçapava do Sul. Os cursos oferecidos na Unipampa a partir da sua criação em 2006 até o ano de 2008, possuíam as mesmas matrizes curriculares da UFSM e UFPel, de acordo com cada \"campus\". Após a promulgação de sua independência, foi estabelecido um novo currículo para cada curso.\nA Universidade Federal do Pampa foi criada, ou tornada independente visto que já se encontrava em atividade, pela Lei 11.640 de 11 de janeiro de 2008, como \"Fundação Universidade Federal do Pampa\", de natureza pública, com sede e foro na cidade de Bagé, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. É dotada de autonomia didático-científica, administrativa e de gestão financeira e patrimonial, observada a Legislação vigente e o presente Estatuto, bem como o Regimento Geral e os regimentos dos órgãos que compõem a estrutura institucional e as resoluções de seus órgãos colegiados.\nA Unipampa é uma instituição federal de educação superior multicampi, com os \"campi\" localizados em Alegrete, Bagé, Caçapava do Sul, Dom Pedrito, Itaqui, Jaguarão, Santana do Livramento, São Borja, São Gabriel e Uruguaiana. Por se tratar de uma única universidade, embora estruturada em vários espaços, não há, a rigor, uma ordem de importância para qualquer um dos \"campi\".\nO primeiro Concurso Vestibular da Unipampa ocorreu nos dias 17 e 18 de junho de 2006. O início das aulas ocorreu em 16 de outubro de 2006. O ingresso na UNIPAMPA a partir de 2010 passou a ser exclusivamente através do Sisu. Para celebrar as primeiras formaturas da Universidade, um selo comemorativo foi confeccionado pelos Correios e distribuído com os convites.\nAtualmente conta com 12 mil alunos distribuídos entre seus dez campi, sendo alunos de graduação e pós-graduação (mestrado, doutorado e especialização).\nA Unipampa ofereceu 2.725 vagas em 2011 por meio do Sistema de Seleção Unificada (Sisu), com base no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem), e em ações afirmativas de inclusão social. Com o crescimento gradual do número de cursos e vagas, em 2015 a Unipampa ofereceu 3.120 vagas em 61 cursos, na primeira edição do Sisu. Em 2016, foram ofertadas pelo Sisu 3.180 vagas em 64 cursos de graduação. Com a aprovação do curso de Direito para o campus Santana do Livramento, mais 50 vagas foram oferecidas na segunda edição do Sisu em 2015. A universidade trabalha para oferecer uma extensão do curso de Direito no Campus São Borja, futuramente. Em 2016, a criação do curso de Medicina em Uruguaiana acrescentou 80 vagas para ingresso na graduação.\nCampus Caçapava do Sul.\nA UNIPAMPA foi oficialmente criada em Caçapava do Sul via decreto presidencial do então Presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva no dia 11 de janeiro de 2008. A sua implantação remonta o ano de 2006 com a criação de um Consórcio entre a Universidade Federal do Santa Maria (responsável por implantar os \"campi\" Alegrete, Uruguaiana, São Gabriel, Itaqui e São Borja) e Universidade Federal do Pelotas (responsável pela implantação dos \"campi\" Santana do Livramento, Dom Pedrito, Bagé, Jaguarão e Caçapava do Sul).\nO Campus Caçapava do Sul aos dezoito dias do mês de setembro de 2006, às 14 horas, nas dependências do \"Campus Provisório\", localizado em dois pavilhões da Escola Estadual Eliana Bassi de Mello, foi realizado o evento de instalação do Curso de Geofísica (Primeiro curso da UNIPAMPA em Caçapava do Sul). A partir de março de 2009, iniciaram, mais dois cursos no Campus Caçapava: Licenciatura em Ciências Exatas e o Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Mineração (Primeiro curso tecnológico em Mineração do Brasil).\nEm setembro de 2009, a Universidade transferiu-se para o campus definitivo, situado na Av. Pedro Anunciação, s/n em uma área de 4.577,89 metros quadrados de área construída. Em outubro de 2010 foi proposta para o Conselho de Campus e ao Conselho Universitário da UNIPAMPA a criação de mais um curso de graduação, Bacharelado em Geologia, implementado em 2011. Em 2011 foi proposta para o Conselho de Campus e ao Conselho Universitário da UNIPAMPA a criação de mais um curso de graduação, Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária, a ser implementado em 2012.\nNo ano de 2012, em parceria com o Campus de Bagé, foi criado o Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Ciências, cuja administração inicial ficou a cargo do campus de Bagé, com a colaboração de espaço físico e de docentes do campus de Caçapava do Sul. Também, no ano de 2012, foi encaminhada e aprovada a proposta do Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia Mineral, a ser implementada em 2013. \nDiretrizes.\nDada a sua estrutura originária multicampi, a Unipampa observa as seguintes diretrizes de organização: unidade de administração e patrimônio, com organização sistêmica multicampi de bibliotecas, laboratórios e outras instalações, equipamentos e tecnologias; convergência de áreas do conhecimento, nas Unidades Universitárias, abrangendo ensino, pesquisa e extensão; descentralização de responsabilidades e competências de gestão às Unidades Universitárias e Órgãos Complementares; cooperação entre as Unidades Universitárias e os Órgãos Complementares, visando unidade de ação no desenvolvimento do Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional e economicidade na gestão do corpo docente e técnico-administrativo em educação, dos recursos materiais, tecnológicos e financeiros.\nPesquisa.\nA área de Pesquisa tem se desenvolvido com especial atenção à matriz econômica regional, predominantemente agropecuária, sem descuidar dos temas mais atuais em diversas áreas. Em agosto de 2015, a Unipampa apresenta 122 grupos de pesquisa certificados junto ao Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Em 2020 esse número mais do que duplicou, e a instituição continuamente mantém uma política de apoio e fomento à pesquisa científica. \nA área de Ciências Agrárias apresenta grande número de grupos dedicados a investigações relacionadas aos temas da produção agropecuária e a inovações no setor primário, como os aperfeiçoamentos nos ramos da aquicultura, apicultura, fruticultura e vitivinicultura, além de recursos florestais, por exemplo. \nNo campo das Engenharias, Ciências Exatas e da Terra e Ciências Biológicas há grupos investigando novos potenciais de desenvolvimento na região. Há inserção de temas novos no cenário, como a criação de softwares, estudos nas áreas ligadas à Física, à Química e à Matemática, geração de energias renováveis, novas tecnologias para a construção civil e o transporte. Potenciais locais também são estudados, como novos compostos biologicamente ativos a partir da fauna e da flora do Bioma Pampa, o uso correto dos recursos hídricos e as dinâmicas ecológicas regionais.\nOs aspectos humano e social também são fontes de motivação de diversos grupos de pesquisa, abrangendo temas variados, como a relação entre movimentos sociais e o Estado, interfaces da área de Relações Internacionais, turismo, a divulgação científica, a cultura, o empreendedorismo, os direitos humanos, a família, a formação de professores e estudos na área de linguística. A História é nexo comum a grupos dedicados ao estudo da mídia, da política regional e do ambiente fronteiriço entre Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai. As pesquisas realizadas na área de Linguística, Letras e Artes ligam-se aos temas da cognição, currículo, literatura em região de fronteira e linguística.\nA área de Ciências da Saúde é representada por grupos de pesquisa que investigam temas diversos. Muitos grupos estão investigando aspectos relacionados com Nutrição, a atuação na área de Enfermagem, os comportamentos frente à medicalização da vida, neuromecânica aplicada, fisioterapia, neurociência, farmacologia, entre outros temas. Todos esses estudos envolvem modelos experimentais diversos, sendo que os projetos envolvem humanos, e na área básica, drosófilas, c elegans, roedores e invertebrados.\nO campus de São Gabriel tem se destacado nas pesquisas paleontológicas, que têm sido feitas em uma área que compreende a cidade de São Gabriel até a cidade de Bagé, e que pertencem ao período Permiano. \nNeste mesmo Campus existe um grupo de pesquisa voltado ao estudo da vegetação da Antártica onde, anualmente, realiza expedições de coletas no continente gelado. Muitos alunos, principalmente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), participam das expedições. O Campus São Gabriel também é referência em sequenciamento de DNA, pois possui um laboratório equipado com sequenciador de nova geração, utilizados para estudos metagenômicos.\nNo campus de Uruguaiana a UNIPAMPA concentra-se a maior parte dos cursos de pós-graduação da instituição. São 5 programas de pós-graduação, sendo que quatro deles oferecem curso de doutorado: Mestrado em Ciências Fisiológicas, Doutorado em Ciências Fisiológicas, Mestrado em Bioquímica, Doutorado em Bioquímica, Mestrado em Ciência Animal e Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Os cursos atuam em cooperação e as principais linhas de investigação dizem respeito ao ensino de fisiologia, fisiologia e farmacologia da dor, fisiologia endócrina, hipertensão, neurofisiologia e comportamento, bioprospecção molecular, potencial biológico de compostos naturais e compostos bioativos, controle de qualidade de fármacos, sanidade animal, e reprodução animal. O campus Uruguaiana também se destaca por ter a maior captação de recursos externos via projetos de pesquisa científica e tecnológica na UNIPAMPA, mantendo colaborações com instituições de diferentes países. Em 2020 espera-se a inauguração do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências da Vida (NUPEVI), que abrigará laboratórios de alta tecnologia para desenvolvimento das investigações nos cursos de pós-graduação, e atenderá não somente o campus Uruguaiana, mas também parcerias com outros campus e outras universidades.\nIdentidade Visual.\nO logotipo da Unipampa é formado por uma listra verde que simboliza um pampa ou uma coxilha e as ideias de \"amplitude\", de \"horizontes infinitos\", de \"campo\", de \"natureza\", de \"fluidez do conhecimento\", de \"identidade regional\" e de \"elevação para altos destinos\". Por sua vez, a árvore de três copas representa, em conjunto, o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão, transmitindo também ideia de \"crescimento\", \"frutificação\", \"perene renovação\" e \"acolhimento\".\n\n", "Espaço sideral\n\nEspaço sideral, espaço exterior ou simplesmente espaço é toda a área física do universo não ocupada por corpos celestes. Esse ambiente constitui-se de um vácuo parcial contendo baixa densidade de partículas, predominantemente plasma de hidrogênio e hélio, além de radiação eletromagnética, campos magnéticos, neutrinos, poeira interestelar e raios cósmicos. Sua temperatura média, definida a partir da radiação de fundo do Big Bang, é 2,727 K (−270,423 °C; −454,7614 °F). O plasma com densidade numérica menor que um átomo de hidrogênio por metro cúbico e temperatura de milhões de kelvin, no meio intergaláctico representa a maior parte da matéria bariônica espacial, a qual, em concentrações locais, integra-se na formação de estrelas e galáxias. Observações têm provido evidências de que 90% da massa presente na maioria das galáxias é de um tipo pouco conhecido, chamado de matéria escura, que interage com outras matérias por meio de forças gravitacionais, mas não electromagnéticas. Dados indicam que a maior parte da massa-energia no universo observável é uma pouco entendida forma de energia do vácuo, alcunhada, por astrônomos, de energia escura. O ambiente intergaláctico ocupa a maior porção do universo, mas mesmo as galáxias e sistemas estelares consistem quase que inteiramente de vazios.\nNão há uma clara definição dos limites do espaço em relação à Terra ou mesmo de sua extensão. A linha de Kármán, contudo, uma estimativa de altitude de acima do nível do mar, é consensualmente entendida como o \"início\" desse ambiente, sobretudo em tratados espaciais e registros aeronáuticos e astronáuticos. Um quadro legal foi estabelecido pelo Tratado do Espaço Exterior, aprovado pela Organização das Nações Unidas em 1967, com 98 países signatários e outros 27 assinantes. Esse postulado impede qualquer reivindicação de soberania nacional sobre o espaço e permite, a todas as nações, sua livre exploração. Apesar da elaboração de resoluções, por parte da ONU, tratando do uso pacífico desse ambiente, armas antissatélite têm sido testadas na órbita do planeta.\nA humanidade iniciou a exploração física do espaço no século XX, com o advento dos balões de grande altitude, seguido por desenvolvimentos tecnológicos que vieram a propiciar, décadas depois, o lançamento de foguetes espaciais (\"ver: História dos foguetes\"). O alcance da órbita geocêntrica foi conseguido pela primeira vez por Yuri Gagarin, da União Soviética, em 1961. Desde então, espaçonaves não tripuladas têm viajado por todos os planetas do Sistema Solar. Em decorrência do alto custo para a execução de viagens tripuladas, tais missões têm se limitado à órbita terrestre baixa ou à Lua. O espaço sideral representa o que há de mais desafiador à ciência e perigoso à exploração humana, sobretudo pela complexidade desse ambiente e pelos riscos e ameaças do vácuo e radiação. A microgravidade, por exemplo, tem um efeito nocivo à fisiologia humana. Questões de saúde, ambientais, econômicas e tecnológicas têm colocado em cheque o progresso da atividade, muito embora a evolução científica que esse tipo de exploração pode proporcionar seja considerada inestimável.\nDescoberta.\nEm 350 A.C., o filósofo Grego Aristóteles sugeriu: \"nature abhors a vacuum\", um princípio que ficou conhecido como: \"horror vacui\". Este conceito, construído sobre uma argumentação ontológica do século V a.C. do filósofo grego Parmênides, que negava a possibilidade de existência de vácuo no espaço. Baseado nessa ideia de que o vácuo não podia existir, no ocidente, por muitos séculos, se acreditou que o espaço não poderia ser vazio. No século XVII, o filósofo francês René Descartes argumentou que todo o espaço deveria ser preenchido.\nNa China antiga, existiam várias escolas de pensamento a respeito da \"natureza dos céus\", algumas das quais se assemelham ao nosso entendimento moderno. No século II, o astrônomo Zhang Heng, ficou convencido que o espaço devia ser infinito, se estendendo muito além do \"mecanismo\" de sustentação do Sol e das estrelas. Os livros remanescentes da escola Hsüan Yeh, dizem que os céus não tinham limites, \"vazio e desprovido de substância\". E continuando: \"o Sol, a Lua e o conjunto de estrelas, flutuam no espaço vazio, estando parados ou em movimento\".\nO cientista italiano Galileu Galilei, sabia que o ar tinha massa e portanto estava sujeito à gravidade. Em 1640, ele demonstrou que uma força estabelecida resistiu à formação de vácuo. No entanto, coube ao seu pupilo, Evangelista Torricelli, criar um aparelho que iria produzir vácuo em 1643. Este experimento resultou no primeiro barômetro de mercúrio que foi a sensação científica na Europa da época. O matemático francês Blaise Pascal, argumentou que se a coluna de mercúrio era envolvida pelo ar, a coluna deveria ficar menor em grandes altitudes, onde a pressão do ar é menor. Em 1648, seu irmão adotivo, Florin Périer, repetiu o experimento na montanha de Puy de Dôme na região central da França, e constatou que a coluna de mercúrio era 7,6 cm menor. Essa diminuição de pressão, foi mais tarde demonstrada, carregando um balão parcialmente cheio para uma montanha e observando que ele inflava gradualmente, e desinflava na descida.\nEm 1650, o cientista alemão Otto von Guericke, construiu a primeira bomba de vácuo: um dispositivo que pode, mais tarde, refutar o princípio de \"horror vacui\". Ele corretamente observou que a atmosfera da Terra, envolve o planeta como uma concha, com a densidade diminuindo gradualmente com a altitude. Assim, concluiu que deveria haver vácuo entre a Terra e a Lua.\nNo século XV, o teólogo alemão Nicolau de Cusa, especulou que o Universo não tinha um centro, pois não era uma circunferência. Ele acreditava que o Universo, apesar de não ser infinito, também não podia ser tratado como finito, devido a ausência de limites nos quais ele pudesse estar contido. Essas ideias levaram o filósofo italiano Giordano Bruno, no século XVI, a especular sobre as dimensões infinitas do espaço. Ele expandiu a cosmologia heliocêntrica de Copérnico ao conceito de um Universo infinito preenchido com uma substância que ele chamou de éter, que não causava resistência aos movimentos de corpos celestes. O filósofo inglês William Gilbert chegou a uma conclusão semelhante, argumentando que as estrelas eram visíveis apenas pelo fato delas estarem cercadas por éter ou um \"vazio\". Este conceito de éter, originou-se nos filósofos da Grécia antiga, incluindo Aristóteles, que o concebeu como sendo o meio através do qual os corpos celestes se moviam.\nO conceito de um Universo preenchido com éter luminífero permaneceu em voga entre alguns cientistas até o início do século XX. Esta forma de éter era vista como um meio no qual a luz podia se propagar, daí o seu nome. Em 1887, a Experiência de Michelson-Morley, tentou detectar o movimento da Terra através desse meio procurando alterações na velocidade da luz dependendo da direção do movimento do planeta. No entanto, o resultado nulo, indicou que havia algo errado com o conceito. A ideia do éter luminífero, foi então abandonada. Ele foi substituído pela teoria da relatividade restrita de Albert Einstein, que sustenta que a velocidade da luz no vácuo é um valor constante, independente do movimento do observador ou referencial.\nO primeiro astrônomo profissional a apoiar o conceito de um Universo infinito foi o Inglês Thomas Digges em 1576. Mas o tamanho do Universo permaneceu desconhecido até a primeira aferição bem sucedida da distância de uma estrela próxima em 1838 pelo astrônomo alemão Friedrich Bessel. Ele mostrou que a estrela 61 Cygni tinha um paralaxe estelar de apenas 0,31 arcossegundo (comparado com o valor moderno de 0,287″). Isso corresponde a uma distância de mais de 10 anos luz. A distância para a Galáxia de Andrômeda, foi determinada em 1923 pelo astrônomo Edwin Hubble, medindo a intensidade do brilho das variáveis Cefeidas na galáxia, uma nova técnica descoberta por Henrietta Leavitt. Com ela, ficou estabelecido que a galáxia de Andrômeda, e por extensão todas as galáxias, ficavam fora da Via Láctea.\nO conceito moderno de espaço exterior é baseado na a teoria cosmológica denominada \"Big Bang\", proposta pela primeira vez em 1931 pelo físico belga Georges Lemaître. Esta teoria, sustenta que o Universo se originou de uma forma de matéria muito compacta submetida a expansão contínua. Matéria que continuou seguindo a expansão inicial, ficou submetida desde então a pardas gravitacionais levando à criação de estrelas, galáxias e outros corpos celestes, deixando atrás de si, um vácuo profundo que forma o que é chamado hoje em dia de espaço exterior. Como a luz tem velocidade finita, essa teoria, também restringe o tamanho do Universo diretamente visível. Isso deixa aberta a questão de se o Universo é finito ou infinito.\nO termo \"espaço exterior\", foi usado pela primeira vez em 1842, pela poeta inglesa Lady Emmeline Stuart-Wortley no poema \"The Maiden of Moscow\". A expressão \"espaço exterior\", foi usada como um termo astronômico por Alexander von Humboldt em 1845. O termo foi popularizado mais tarde nas obras de H. G. Wells em 1901. O termo resumido \"Espaço\", é na verdade mais antigo, usado pela primeira vez em 1667 por John Milton em \"Paraíso Perdido\", no contexto da região além do céu terrestre.\nFormação e estado.\nDe acordo com a teoria do Big Bang, o universo foi originado a partir de uma condição de extrema densidade e calor há cerca de 13,8 bilhões de anos, a qual desencadeou uma rápida expansão. Por volta de 380 000 anos depois, o espaço havia esfriado o suficiente para permitir a ocorrência de combinações de prótons e elétrons e a formação de hidrogênio na chamada recombinação. Ao acontecimento desse evento, matéria e energia tornaram-se dissociadas, permitindo aos fótons viajar livremente pelo ambiente. A matéria que permaneceu a seguir a expansão inicial tem desde então sofrido colapsos gravitacionais responsáveis por criar as estrelas, galáxias e outros corpos celestes, deixando para trás um profundo vácuo que constitui, por sua vez, o que hoje é chamado de espaço sideral. Como a luz tem uma velocidade finita, essa teoria teoria também restringe o tamanho do universo diretamente observável. Esse contexto deixa em aberto a indagação sobre o universo ser finito ou infinito.\nA atual forma do universo tem sido determinada a partir de medições da radiação cósmica de fundo em micro-ondas usando-se satélites como o WMAP. Essas estimativas indicam que o universo observável é plano, significando que fótons em caminhos paralelos num determinado ponto permanecerão paralelos enquanto viajam pelo espaço até o limite do ambiente cósmico observável, colocando-se fora de questão gravidades locais. Esse plano, combinado com a densidade de massa medida do universo e com sua acelerada expansão, aponta que o espaço tem uma energia do vácuo diferente de zero, chamada de energia escura.\nEstimativas classificam a densidade de energia média do universo num equivalente a 5,9 prótons por metro cúbico, incluindo a energia escura, a matéria escura e a matéria bariônica. Átomos equivalem a somente 4,6% do total de densidade de energia, ou a uma densidade de um próton por quatro metros cúbicos. A densidade do universo, contudo, não é uniforme; ela varia de um valor relativamente alto em galáxias — incluindo medidas especialmente grandes em estruturas interiores a galáxias, como planetas, estrelas e buracos negros — a condições de vastos vazios de muito menor densidade, ao menos em termos de matéria visível. Ao contrário da matéria escura e da matéria comum, a energia escura parece não se concentrar em galáxias; embora ela possa ser responsável pela maioria da massa-energia no universo, sua influência é de cinco ordens de magnitude menor que a da gravidade que atua em matéria comum e matéria escura na via láctea.\nAmbiente.\nO espaço sideral é o que de mais próximo se conhece de um vácuo perfeito. Ele, efetivamente, não possui atrito, o que permite a estrelas, planetas e satélites naturais uma movimentação livre pelas suas órbitas imaginárias. Contudo, mesmo o mais profundo vácuo do ambiente intergaláctico não é privado de matéria, contendo alguns átomos de hidrogênio por metro cúbico. Para efeito de comparação, o ar que o ser humano respira contém cerca de 1025 moléculas por metro cúbico. A esparsa densidade de matéria no espaço sideral significa que a radiação eletromagnética pode viajar a grandes distâncias sem ser dispersa: o percurso livre médio de um fóton no espaço intergaláctico é de cerca de 1023 km, ou 10 bilhões de anos luz. Apesar disso, extinção, que é a absorção e dispersão de fótons pela poeira e gás, é um importante fator para a astronomia galáctica e intergaláctica.\nEstrelas, planetas e luas retêm suas atmosferas a partir da atração gravitacional. Atmosferas, por sua vez, não possuem limites claramente definidos: a densidade de gás atmosférico decai gradualmente à distância do objeto até se tornar indistinguível do ambiente circundante. A pressão atmosférica da Terra cai para cerca de Pa a de altitude, em comparação aos 100 000 Pa definidos como padrão pela União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada (IUPAC). Para além dessa altitude, a pressão de gás isotrópico se torna insignificante rapidamente ao confronto com a pressão de radiação do Sol e a pressão dinâmica do vento solar. A termosfera possui nessa condição grandes gradientes de pressão, temperatura e composição, além de variar grandemente sob influência da meteorologia do espaço.\nA temperatura do vácuo é medida em termos de atividade cinética de gás, assim como é feito na Terra. Contudo, a radiação que enche o vácuo tem uma temperatura diferente, significando que o gás e a radiação não estão em equilíbrio termodinâmico. Todo o universo observável é preenchido por fótons criados durante o Big Bang e conhecidos como radiação cósmica de fundo em micro-ondas. Há, ainda, muito provavelmente, um número correspondentemente grande de neutrinos, chamados de fundo cósmico de neutrinos.) A temperatura corrente de corpo negro de radiação de fundo é estimada em 2,727 K (−270,423 °C). As temperaturas de gás no espaço sideral são sempre ao menos as de radiação cósmica de fundo em micro-ondas, mas podem ser muito maiores. Por exemplo, a Coroa solar possui temperatura que variam de 1,2 a 2,6 milhões K.\nDo lado de fora de uma atmosfera protetora e de um campo magnético, há alguns obstáculos à passagem, pelo espaço, de partículas subatômicas conhecidas como raios cósmicos. Tais partículas são dotadas de uma energia que varia de aproximadamente 106 eV a um extremo de 1020 eV, à ocorrência de raios cósmicos ultra-energéticos. O fluxo de pico desses elementos ocorre a energias estimadas de 109 eV, com aproximadamente 87% de prótons, 12% de núcleos de hélio e 1% de núcleos mais pesados. Na gama de alta energia, o fluxo de elétrons é equivalente a apenas 1% do de prótons. Raios cósmicos podem danificar componentes eletrônicos e ser de risco à saúde de astronautas. De acordo com tais profissionais, a exemplo de Don Pettit, o espaço tem um odor de queimado/metálico que impregna em suas vestimentas e equipamentos, similarmente ao cheiro de maçarico de soldagem.\nApesar da hostilidade do ambiente, várias formas de vida capazes de suportar as condições extremas do espaço por extensos períodos têm sido encontradas. Em 2007, espécies de líquen transportadas em veículos do projeto BIOPAN, da Agência Espacial Europeia, conseguiram sobreviver à exposição por dez dias. Sementes de \"Arabidopsis thaliana\" e \"Nicotiana tabacum\" germinaram após serem expostas ao espaço por um ano e meio. Uma estirpe de \"bacillus subtilis\" sobreviveu por 559 dias quando disposta na órbita baixa da Terra ou numa simulação do ambiente marciano. A hipótese da panspermia sugere que rochas ejetadas no espaço sideral a partir de planetas que abrigam vida podem transportar, com sucesso, formas de vida a outro mundo habitável. Conjectura-se que esse tipo de evento tenha ocorrido no início da história do sistema solar, com rochas potencialmente capazes de carregar micro-organismos viajando entre Vênus, Terra e Marte.\nEfeito em humanos.\nExposições a pressões atmosféricas muito baixas podem causar risco de vida, como durante uma rápida descompressão, a qual pode ocasionar barotrauma — uma ruptura nos pulmões em decorrência da grande pressão diferencial entre o interior e o exterior do peito. Mesmo quando as vias aéreas da vítima estão totalmente abertas, o fluxo de ar pela traqueia pode ser muito lento para prevenir a ruptura. A rápida descompressão pode danificar os tímpanos e os seios paranasais, causar hematomas e corrimento de sangue em tecidos moles, além da possível ocorrência de choques, ocasionando num aumento de consumo de oxigênio que, por sua vez, leva a hipóxia.\nComo uma consequência da rápida descompressão, qualquer oxigénio dissolvido no sangue esvaziará nos pulmões na tentativa de equalizar a variável de pressão parcial. À chegada do sangue desoxigenado no cérebro, humanos e animais perdem a consciência após alguns segundos e morrem de hipóxia em minutos. Sangue e outros fluidos do corpo fervem quando a pressão cai abaixo de 6,3 kPa, sendo essa condição chamada de ebulismo. O vapor pode inchar o corpo a duas vezes o seu tamanho normal e reduzir a velocidade da circulação, embora os tecidos sejam elásticos e porosos o suficiente para prevenir uma ruptura. O ebulismo tem seu ritmo diminuído pela contenção da pressão dos vasos sanguíneos, de forma que parte do sangue permanece líquido. Inchaço e ebulismo podem ser reduzidos pela contenção em trajes especiais. O Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS), por exemplo, uma vestimenta elástica equipada projetada na década de 1960 para os astronautas do programa Space Shuttle, prevenia o ebulismo a condições de pressão menores que 2 kPa. Trajes espaciais são necessário a alturas de , para prover a quantidade necessária de oxigênio e para prevenir a perda de água, enquanto que acima de eles são essenciais para a defesa contra o ebulismo. A maioria desses trajes especiais tem cerca de 30–39  kPa de puro oxigênio, aproximadamente a mesma condição da atmosfera terrestre. Essa pressão é alta o suficiente para evitar o fenômeno, mas a evaporação de nitrogênio dissolvido no sangue pode ainda causar doença de descompressão e aeroembolismo caso não seja controlada.\nA humanidade evoluiu sob o efeito da gravidade, e a exposição à imponderabilidade tem se mostrado capaz de efeitos danosos à saúde do corpo humano. Inicialmente, mais de 50% dos astronautas experienciava síndrome de adaptação ao espaço. Este fenômeno pode causar náusea, vômito, vertigem, dores de cabeça, letargia e mal-estar geral. A duração dessas manifestações pode variar, mas tipicamente perdura por 1–3 dias, após o que o corpo se ajusta ao novo ambiente. Longas exposições à imponderabilidade resulta em atrofia muscular e deterioração do esqueleto, ou ainda osteopenia. Tais efeitos podem ser minimizados por meio de um regime de exercícios. Outras sequelas desse mal incluem redistribuição de fluidos, desaceleramento do sistema circulatório, decréscimo de produção de hemácias, distúrbios de equilíbrio, enfraquecimento do sistema imunológico e perda de visão. Entre os sintomas menores, estão perda de massa corporal, congestão nasal, desordens no sono e inchaço facial.\nEm viagens espaciais de longa duração espaço, a radiação pode representar um perigo agudo para a saúde. A exposição a fontes desse tipo de propagação de energia, como raios cósmicos ionizantes, podem resultar em fadiga, náusea, vômito, bem como em danos ao sistema imunológico e variações na quantidade de leucócitos. Em maiores exposições, os sintomas podem ser um aumentado risco de de câncer, danos aos olhos, sistema nervoso, pulmões e aparelho digestivo. Numa missão de ida e volta a Marte com duração de três anos, quase que todo o corpo humano seria atravessado por núcleos de alta energia, cada um deles causando danos de ionização às células. A maior parte dessas partículas, contudo, é significativamente atenuada pela blindagem fornecida pelas paredes de alumínio de uma nave espacial, podendo ser ainda mais reduzida por compartimentos de água e outras barreiras. No entanto, o impacto dos raios cósmicos sobre a blindagem produz radiação adicional, que pode afetar a tripulação. Nesse contexto, ainda se faz necessário um profundo estudo acerca dos riscos de radiação e contramedidas adequadas.\nA ação da microgravidade interfere diretamente na saúde do ser exposto a ela, sendo uma das estruturas mais prejudicadas a óssea. Por uma das principais funções do esqueleto ser a de dar sustentação ao corpo sob a ação da força da gravidade na Terra, uma vez que, no espaço, a gravidade é mínima, essa função deixa de ser existir. A densidade óssea mineral tende a diminuir de 1% a 2% ao mês, o que faz com que o tempo de estadia do homem no espaço seja limitado, já que, em caso de longas viagens, a volta à Terra dos astronautas seria comprometida. Outro fator observado em relação aos ossos é o aumento da reabsorção de substâncias, como o cálcio. A desmineralização dos ossos faz com que tais minerais sejam destinados à corrente sanguínea, e, ao passarem pelo sistema excretor, acabem acumulados nos rins, propiciando, assim, um possível cálculo renal.\nLimites em relação à Terra.\nNão há uma clara fronteira entre a atmosfera terrestre e o espaço, uma vez que a densidade dessa atmosfera decai gradualmente a partir da altura. Há, contudo, várias designações fronteiriças. A Federação Aeronáutica Internacional, por exemplo, estabeleceu a linha de Kármán a uma altitude de como uma definição padrão os limites da aeronáutica e astronáutica. Esta é usada em decorrência do fato de que, a uma altitude de aproximadamente , como foi calculado por Theodore von Kármán, um veículo teria de viajar mais rápido que a velocidade orbital para efetuar uma sustentação aerodinâmica na atmosfera no intuito de se sustentar.. Numa outra forma de limite artificial, considera-se, popularmente, nos Estados Unidos, que os indivíduos viajantes acima de uma altura de são astronautas. Já o Space Shuttle da NASA atribuía 400 000 pés (76 mi, 122 km) como sua altitude de reentrada (chamada de \"Entry Interface\"), a qual marca aproximadamente o limite onde o arrasto atmosférico se torna perceptível, iniciando assim o processo de mudança de condução de propulsores para manobra em superfície de ar.\nEm 2009, cientistas da Universidade de Calgary reportaram medições detalhadas com um sensor de imagem de íon supra-termal (um instrumento que mede a direção e a velocidade de íon), as quais permitiram uma estimativa de limite em acima da Terra. Essa coordenada representa o ponto médio da transição gradual, que se estende por dezenas de quilômetros, dos suaves ventos da atmosfera da Terra aos fluxos mais violentos de partículas carregadas do espaço, as quais podem alcançar velocidades de mais de .\nA altitude onde a pressão atmosférica corresponde à pressão de vapor de água na temperatura do corpo humano é chamada de linha de Armstrong, nomeada em homenagem ao físico estadunidense Harry G. Armstrong. Esse limite é caracterizado pela altura de cerca de . Na linha ou acima dela, fluidos na garganta e pulmões evaporam; mais especificamente, líquidos corporais como saliva, lágrimas e os umectantes dos alvéolos pulmonares. Em decorrência disso, em tal ponto, o corpo humano requer um traje de pressão, ou uma cápsula pressurizada, para sobreviver.\nStatus legal.\nO Tratado do Espaço Exterior provê o quadro básico de diretrizes para uma lei aeronáutica e astronáutica internacional. Ele cobre o uso legal do espaço por estados soberanos e inclui a Lua e outros corpos celestiais na sua definição de \"espaço sideral\". Esse postulado institui que o espaço exterior é livre para a exploração por todos os países e não é sujeito a reivindicações de soberania nacional. Ele também decreta uma proibição ao desenvolvimento de armas nucleares nesse ambiente. O tratado foi aprovado pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 1963 e assinado, em 1967, pela USSR, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido. Em 1º de janeiro de 2008, constavam ratificações de 98 países e, em adição, 27 assinaturas de outros estados.\nDesde 1958, o espaço sideral tem sido objeto de múltiplas resoluções de assembleias gerais da ONU. Destas, mais de cinquenta têm concernido a respeito da cooperação internacional no uso pacífico do espaço e prevenção de uma corrida armamentista nesse ambiente. Quatro tratados adicionais de direito especializado têm sido acordados e traçados pelo Comitê das Nações Unidas para o Uso Pacífico do Espaço Exterior. Ainda assim, perdura-se a condição de falta de proibições legais contra a implantação de armas convencionais no espaço, de forma que armas antissatélite foram e têm sido testadas com sucesso pela União Soviética, EUA e China. O Tratado da Lua, de 1979, atribuiu a jurisdição de todos os corpos celestes, incluindo as órbitas dessas entidades físicas, à comunidade internacional. Contudo, esse postulado não foi ratificado por qualquer das nações que na atualidade executa missões espaciais tripuladas.\nEm 1976, oito nações equatoriais (Equador, Colômbia, Brasil, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, Quênia e Indonésia) realizaram um encontro em Bogotá, onde redigiram a \"Declaração do Primeiro Encontro de Países Equatoriais\", também conhecida como \"Declaração de Bogotá\", na qual reivindicaram o controle do segmento de curso orbital geossíncrono correspondente a cada nação, o que não foi reconhecido internacionalmente.\nÓrbita da Terra.\nUma nave espacial entra em órbita quando há suficiente velocidade horizontal para sua aceleração centrípeta pela condição da gravidade ser menor ou igual à aceleração centrífuga pelo componente horizontal dessa velocidade. Para a órbita baixa, essa velocidade é de aproximadamente ; em contraste, a mais rápida velocidade alcançada por aeronave tripulada (excluindo-se velocidades atingidas por espaçonaves em desorbitagem) foi de , em 1967, pela North American X-15.\nPara alcançar a órbita, uma nave espacial deve viajar mais rapidamente que um voo sub-orbital. A energia necessária para atingir a velocidade orbital da Terra numa altitude de é de cerca de 36 MJ/kg, sendo esta seis vezes a energia precisa para apenas subir à correspondente altitude. Naves com apoastro abaixo de aproximadamente estão sujeitas à força de resistência da atmosfera da Terra, o que, por sua vez, induz um decréscimo de altitude orbital. Essa taxa de caída depende da massa e da área em corte transversal do satélite, assim como das variações na densidade do ar na alta atmosfera. Abaixo de cerca de , o decaimento se torna mais rápido. Uma vez que o satélite desce a , ele começa a queimar na atmosfera. A velocidade de escape necessária para sobrepujar a força do campo atmosférico da Terra completamente e ocorrer movimentação ao espaço interplanetário é de cerca de .\nA gravidade da Terra se estende para além do cinturão de Van Allen e mantém a Lua em órbita a uma distância média de . A região do espaço onde a força gravitacional de um planeta tende a dominar o movimento de objetos celestes na presença de outros corpos perturbadores (como um outro planeta) é conhecida como esfera de Hill. Em relação à Terra, essa esfera é dotada de um raio de aproximadamente .\nRegiões.\nO espaço é um vácuo parcial, de forma que suas diferentes regiões, ou subespaços, são definidas pelas várias atmosferas e pelos \"ventos\" que dominam seu interior; cada subespaço tem área delimitada pelo ponto em que tais ventos dão lugar aos da região seguinte. O geoespaço, mais especificamente, estende-se da atmosfera terrestre até o limite do campo magnético planetário, a partir do qual se inicia a região interplanetária, com os ventos solares. O espaço interplanetário, por sua vez, vai do limite do geoespaço até a heliopausa, onde o vento solar dá lugar aos ventos do meio interestelar. O espaço interestelar continua até as fronteiras da galáxia, ponto em que é substituído pelo quarto estágio, constituído pelo vazio intergaláctico.\nGeoeospaço.\nO geospaço é a região do espaço sideral próxima à Terra, a qual inclui a área superior da atmosfera e a magnetosfera. O cinturão de Van Allen encontra-se dentro desse ambiente. O limite externo do geoespaço é compreendido pela magnetopausa, formando um intermeio entre a magnetosfera terrestre e o vento solar. O limite interno, por sua vez, é a ionosfera. Como as propriedades físicas e o funcionamento do ambiente espacial próximo à Terra são afetados pelo comportamento do Sol e pelo clima do espaço, o campo de estudo do geoespaço é conectado à heliofísica, definida como o estudo do Sol e de seu impacto nos planetas do Sistema Solar.\nO volume do geoespaço compreendido pela magnetopausa é compactado, na direção do Sol, pela pressão do vento solar, o que dá a ele uma típica distância subsolar equivalente a dez raios da Terra. Contudo, a cauda pode se estender para além, a mais que o equivalente a 100–200 raios da Terra. A Lua passa pela cauda no geoespaço durante cerca de quatro dias por mês, período no qual a superfície é protegida do vento solar.\nAmbiente repleto de partículas carregadas eletricamente em densidades muito baixas, o geoespaço recebe influência do campo magnético terrestre, o qual controla a movimentação dessa matéria. Tais plasmas formam um meio a partir do qual distúrbios semelhantes a tempestades, alimentados pelo vento solar, podem conduzir correntes elétricas até a alta atmosfera terrestre. Durante tempestade geomagnéticas, duas áreas do geoespaço, cinturões de radiação e ionosfera, podem ser alvo de fortes distúrbios. Tais tempestades aumentam os fluxos de elétrons energéticos, que podem, por sua vez, danificar permanentemente eletrônicos de satélite, corrompendo mecanismos de telecomunicação e GPS, apresentando-se, ainda, como um perigo a astronautas, mesmo na órbita terrestre baixa. Esse fluxo é capaz, também, de criar auroras, as quais podem ser vistas proximamente aos polos magnéticos.\nEmbora se enquadre na definição de \"espaço sideral\", a região de densidade atmosférica presente nas primeiras centenas de quilômetros acima da linha de Kármán é ainda suficientemente capaz de produzir significante arrasto em satélites. Essa área contém dejetos e materiais deixados por lançamentos de espaçonaves tripuladas e não tripuladas. Alguns desses detritos entram novamente na atmosfera da Terra numa certa periodicidade.\nEspaço cislunar.\nA região seguinte à atmosfera terrestre que se estende até pouco além da órbita da Lua, incluindo os Pontos de Lagrange, é muitas vezes chamada de \"espaço cis-lunar\".\nEspaço interplanetário.\nO espaço interplanetário, região em volta do Sol e dos planetas do sistema, é a seção do ambiente sideral dominada pelo meio interplanetário, o qual se estende até a heliopausa, onde a influência do domínio galáctico começa a sobrepujar a força do campo magnético solar e o fluxo de partículas dessa estrela. Tal subespaço é característico pelo vento solar, uma corrente contínua de partículas carregadas que emana do Sol e que cria uma tênue atmosfera — conhecida como heliosfera — estendendo-se bilhões de quilômetros no espaço. Esse vento tem uma densidade de partículas de 5–10 prótons/cm3 e move-se a uma velocidade de 350–400 km/s (– mph). A distância e a força da heliopausa varia dependendo do nível de atividade do vento solar. A descoberta, em 1995, dos exoplanetas deu respaldo à ideia de que existem outras estrelas, em outros sistemas, com seus próprios meios interplanetários.\nO volume do espaço interplanetário é de quase total vácuo, com um percurso livre médio de aproximadamente uma unidade astronômica à distância orbital da Terra. Tal subespaço não é completamente vazio dada a esparsa presença de raios cósmicos, os quais abrigam núcleos atômicos ionizados e várias partículas subatômicas. Há, ainda, gás, plasma e poeira, pequenos meteoros e várias dezenas de tipos de molécula orgânica, descobertos até a atualidade por meio de espectoscopia de microondas. Poeira interplanetária na forma de nuvem pode ser visível à noite por meio da luz zodiacal.\nO meio interplanetário abriga, em adição ao campo magnético gerado pelo Sol, as magnetosferas geradas por planetas como Júpiter, Saturno, Mercúrio e Terra, os quais possuem seus próprios campos magnéticos. Tais corpos celestes sofrem influência do vento solar, que se aproxima numa forma próxima à de uma gota, com uma longa cauda que se prolonga para além do planeta. Nesse fenômeno, os campos magnéticos podem capturar partículas do vento solar e de outras fontes, criando cinturões de partículas magnéticas, a exemplo do cinturão de van Allen. Planetas não dotados de campo magnético, como Marte, têm suas atmosferas gradualmente erodidas pelo vento solar.\nEspaço interestelar.\nO espaço interestelar é o ambiente físico que vai além da área de influência das estrelas de uma galáxia . A matéria contida nesse ambiente é chamada de meio interestelar. Aproximadamente 70% da massa presente no meio interestelar consiste de átomos isolados de hidrogênio; o restante é majoritariamente composto por átomos de hélio. Este, por sua vez, é enriquecido com quantidades vestigiais de átomos mais pesados formados por meio de nucleossíntese estelar. Tais átomos são ejetados ao meio pelo vento estelar ou quando estrelas desenvolvidas iniciam um processo de versão de seus envoltórios exteriores durante a formação de uma nebulosa planetária. A explosão cataclísmica de uma supernova gera uma onda de choque expansiva que consiste de matéria ejetada. A densidade da matéria no meio interestelar pode variar consideravelmente. A média é de cerca de 106 partículas por m3, mas nuvens moleculares frias podem apresentar 108–1012 por m3.\nUma variedade de moléculas existe no espaço interestelar, como também podem existir pequenas partículas de poeira de 0,1 μm. A contagem de moléculas descobertas via radioastronomia é cada vez maior, crescendo a uma taxa de cerca de quatro por ano. Grandes regiões com maior densidade de matéria, conhecidas como nuvens moleculares, permitem a ocorrência de reações químicas, incluindo a formação de espécies orgânicas poliatômicas. Muito desses processos químicos se dá a partir de colisões. Raios cósmicos penetram as frias e densas nuvens e ionizam hidrogênio e hélio, resultando, por exemplo, em cátion trihidrogênio. Um átomo de hélio ionizado pode então dividir monóxido de carbono para produzir carbono ionizado, que por sua vez pode conduzir a reações químicas orgânicas.\nO meio interestelar local é uma região do espaço a 100 parsecs (pc) do Sol, que se mostra interessante tanto pela sua proximidade quanto por sua interação com o Sistema Solar. Esse meio quase coincide com uma região do espaço conhecida como Bolha Local, que se caracteriza pela ausência de nuvens frias e densas. Ela forma uma cavidade no Braço de Órion, com densas nuvens moleculares ao longo das bordas, como as presentes nas regiões das constelações de Ofiúco e Touro. A distância de fato até a a borda dessa cavidade varia de 60 a 250 pc ou mais. Essa região contém cerca de 104–105 estrelas, e o gás interestelar contrabalanceia as astrosferas que cercam essas estrelas, com o volume de cada variando a depender da densidade local do meio interestelar. A Bolha Local também contém várias nuvens quentes, com temperaturas de mais de 7 000 K e raios de 0,5–5 pc.\nQuando as estrelas se movem em velocidade peculiar relativamente alta, suas astrosferas podem gerar choques em arco ao colidirem com o meio interestelar. Por décadas, assumiu-se que o Sol era responsável por desencadear choques em arco. Contudo, em 2012, dados da Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) e das sondas do programa Voyager mostraram que a estrela central do Sistema Solar Sol não produz esse fenômeno. Especialistas defendem que uma onda em arco subsônica precisa a transição de fluxo do vento solar ao meio interestelar. Uma onda em arco é o terceiro estágio de astrosfera, após o choque de terminação e a astropausa (chamada de heliopausa no Sistema Solar).\nEspaço intergaláctico.\nO espaço intergaláctico é o ambiente físico entre galáxias. Os grandes espaços entre aglomerados de galáxias são chamados de vazios. Circundando e se estendendo entre as galáxias, há plasma rarefeito organizado em estrutura filamentar. Esse material constitui o meio intergaláctico (\"intergalactic medium\"; IGM). A densidade do IGM é de 5–200 vezes a média de densidade no universo. O meio intergaláctico é sobretudo composto por hidrogênio ionizado; por exemplo, na forma de plasma com igual número de elétrons e prótons. Com gás a fluir no IGM, o ambiente se aquece a temperaturas de 105 K a 107 K. Essa alta medida estimula, com a decorrente colisão de átomos, produção de energia. A energia, por sua vez, faz com que elétrons escapem dos núcleos de hidrogênio, e por isso o meio intergaláctico é ionizado. Em tais condições de temperatura, o IGM é chamado de meio intergaláctico quente (\"warm–hot intergalactic medium\"; WHIM), embora o plasma seja bastante quente para os padrões terrestres, 105 K é comumente considerado \"morno\" nos estudos astrofísicos.) Simulações de computador e observações indicam que mais da metade da matéria atômica no universo pode estar nessa condição quente/morna e rarefeita. Quando gases fluem a partir das estruturas filamentares do WHIM aos aglomerados de galáxias de interseções de filamentos cósmicos, pode ocorrer um aquecimento ainda maior, alcançando temperaturas de 108 K ou mais no meio intraglomerado (\"intracluster medium\"; ICM).\nExploração e usos.\nNo decorrer da maior parte da história humana, o espaço foi estudado a partir da observação remota; inicialmente a olho nu e posteriormente com a ajuda de equipamentos especiais, como o telescópio. Antes do pleno desenvolvimento tecnológico que possibilitou a fabricação de foguetes, o mais próximo que a humanidade chegou de alcançar o espaço se deu por meio de voos de balão. Em 1935, uma missão estadunidense tripulada no Explorer II atingiu uma altitude de . Essa marca foi largamente ultrapassada em 1942, quando o alemão V-2, em seu terceiro lançamento, alcançou . Em 1957, o satélite não tripulado Sputnik I foi lançado pelo foguete russo R-7, elevando-se a e chegando à órbita da Terra. Em 1961, deu-se a primeira missão espacial tripulada, quando Iuri Gagarin foi enviado à região orbital do planeta na Vostok I. Os primeiros humanos a irem além da órbita terrestre foram Frank Borman, Jim Lovell e William Anders, em 1968, a bordo na missão Apollo 8, que entrou em órbita lunar e alcançou uma distância máxima de da Terra.\nA primeira nave espacial a atingir velocidade de escape foi a soviética Luna 1, que realizou um voo próximo à Lua em 1959. Em 1961, a Venera 1 tornou-se a primeira sonda planetária. Ela revelou a presença dos ventos solares e executou o primeiro voo próximo de Vênus, embora o contato com a nave tenha sido perdido antes que ela alcançasse o planeta. A primeira bem sucedida missão de proximidade a esse planeta foi a da Mariner 2, em 1962. A primeira espaçonave a realizar uma missão de proximidade a Marte foi a Mariner 4, que alcançou o planeta em 1964. Desde esse tempo, naves não tripuladas obtinham grande sucesso no exame dos planetas do Sistema Solar, de suas luas e de muitos planetas menores e cometas. Esse tipo de missão permanece sendo uma atividade fundamental à exploração e expansão do conhecimento sobre o espaço, servindo também de meio para a observação e estudo da Terra. Em agosto de 2012, a Voyager 1 tornou-se a primeira criação humana a deixar o Sistema Solar e entrar no espaço interestelar.\nA ausência de ar faz do espaço sideral um local ideal às atividades de estudo astronômico em todos os comprimentos de onda do espectro eletromagnético. São evidências disso as fotografias em alta qualidade do telescópio espacial Hubble, que permitem a observação de luzes de mais de 13 bilhões de anos. Contudo, nem todo local no espaço apresenta as condições ideais para a instalação de um telescópio. A poeira interplanetária pode se apresentar como um empecilho, pois emite uma difusa radiação quase infravermelha que nubla a emissão de luz de fontes fracas, como planetas extrasolares. O uso de telescópio infravermelho para além da área de poeira pode aumentar a eficácia do equipamento. Por outro lado, um sítio como a cratera Daedalus, no lado oculto da Lua, pode proteger um radiotelescópio da interferência eletromagnética que dificulta observações a partir da Terra.\nO uso de naves não tripuladas na órbita da Terra tornou-se essencial à civilização moderna. Elas permitem o monitoramento de condições meteorológicas, possibilitam a comunicação de longo alcance, provêm a navegação precisa e viabilizam o sensoriamento remoto da Terra, por exemplo. Este último papel, por sua vez, serve a uma variedade de propósitos, incluindo o acompanhamento de umidade do solo para a agricultura, predição da vazão de água em áreas de congelamento sazonal, detecção de pragas em plantações e vigilância de atividades militares.\nO profundo vácuo faz do espaço sideral um ambiente propício à execução de certas atividades industriais, como as que requerem superfícies de alta pureza. No entanto, assim como a mineração de asteroides, a atividade industrial no espaço demanda altos investimentos e apresenta poucas perspectivas de retorno imediato. Um fator influente nessa possibilidade de exploração comercial é o alto custo de se enviar algo à órbita terrestre, cerca de 7 000–23 000 dólares por kg ajustados à inflação, de acordo com estimativa de 2006. Ideias propostas na busca por contornar esse problema incluem, por exemplo, a construção de elevadores espaciais e mecanismos de lançamento sem foguete.\n\n", "PH\n\nEm química, pH é uma escala numérica adimensional utilizada para especificar a acidez ou basicidade de uma solução aquosa. A rigor, o pH é definido como o da atividade de íons hidrônio. Podemos aproximar o cálculo do pH usando a concentração molar o íon hidrônio ao invés da atividade hidrogeniônica. A água pura apresenta pH 7 a 25 °C, pois apresenta a mesma quantidade de íons hidrônio e hidróxido vindos da auto ionização da água. As soluções com valores de pH menor que 7 são ácidas pois apresentam quantidade maior de íons hidrônio e soluções com valores maiores do que 7 são básicas pois apresentam quantidade menor de íons hidrônio em relação aos íons hidróxido. Embora não seja habitual, a escala pode assumir valores abaixo de zero (negativos ou acima de catorze quando se tratando de bases ou ácidos muito fortes. pH é um número e não deve ser confundido com as qualidades neutro, ácido ou básico. Podemos dizer que o pH está baixo ou que o meio está ácido mas não podemos dizer que o pH está ácido. As medidas de pH são importantes em diversas outras áreas de conhecimento além da química, como agricultura, agronomia, aquicultura, biologia, engenharias (alimentícia, ambiental, civil, florestal, química, materiais), medicina, tratamento e purificação de água e muitas outras aplicações.\nDefinição.\n\"Nota: por razões históricas, será mantida a convenção de representar o hidrogênio iônico como\" H+\". Ressalta-se que a espécie química efetivamente presente nas soluções aquosas é o íon hidrônio,\" [H3O]+\".\"\nSendo que formula_2 representa a atividade em mol · dm−3.Em soluções diluídas (abaixo de 0,1 mol · dm−3), os valores da atividade aproximam-se dos valores da concentração, permitindo que a equação anterior seja reescrita:\nUma solução ácida tem uma alta concentração de íons de hidrogênio H+, maior do que a da água pura. Soluções básicas tem uma concentração de H​+ menor do que a da água pura.\nHistórico.\nO termo \"pH\" foi introduzido, em 1909, pelo bioquímico dinamarquês Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen com o objetivo de facilitar seus trabalhos no controle de qualidade de cervejas (à época trabalhava no Laboratório Carlsberg, da cervejaria homônima). A grafia original tinha o \"H\" como subscrito: pH.\nNão há consenso sobre a origem exata do \"p\" em \"pH\" sendo especulativa. Já foi sugerido que vem do alemão \"Potenz\", que significa \"poder de concentração\", ou do francês \"puissance\" (que também significa \"poder\" ou \"potencial\", baseado no fato de que o Laboratório Carlsberg era francófono). Às vezes é referido do latim \"pondus hydrogenii\". Também sugere-se que Sørensen usava as letras \"p\" e \"q\" (comuns na matemática) simplesmente para se referir à \"solução de teste\" e à \"solução de referência\". Portanto, o uso do termo potencial do hidrônio e termos correlatos não é recomendado por não ser oficial, não estar nos livros didáticos e também por gerar confusão em relação ao potencial padrão do hidrônio.\nAtualmente, o \"p\" minúsculo é usado na química para se referir a cologaritmos decimais (como em p\"K\"a, que expressa uma constante de acidez).\nMedida de pH.\nO pH pode ser determinado usando um medidor de pH (também conhecido como pHmetro) que consiste em um eletrodo acoplado a um potenciômetro. O medidor de pH é um voltímetro com uma escala que converte o valor de potencial eletrodo em unidades de pH. Este tipo de elétrodo é conhecido como eletrodo de vidro, que na verdade, é um eletrodo do tipo \"íon seletivo\".\nA pH pode ser determinado indiretamente pela adição de um indicador de pH na solução em análise. A cor do indicador varia conforme o pH da solução. Indicadores comuns são a fenolftaleína, o alaranjado de metila e o azul de bromotimol.\nOutro indicador de pH muito usado em laboratórios é o chamado papel de tornassol (papel de filtro impregnado com tornassol). Este indicador apresenta uma ampla faixa de viragem, servindo para indicar se uma solução é nitidamente ácida (quando ele fica vermelho) ou nitidamente básica (quando ele fica azul).\nEmbora o valor do pH compreenda uma faixa de 0 a 14 unidades, estes não são os limites para o pH. São possíveis valores de pH acima e abaixo desta faixa, como, por exemplo, uma solução que fornece pH = -1,00, apresenta matematicamente -log [H+] = -1,00, ou seja, [H+] = 10 mol L−1. Este é um valor de concentração facilmente obtido em uma solução concentrada de um ácido forte, como o HCl.\npOH.\nO pOH é algumas vezes utilizado para medir a concentração de íons OH-, ou alcalinidade de uma solução. A partir da constante de dissociação da água (Kw), pode-se determinar a relação entre [H+] e [OH-]. Pela definição:\nA constante Kw tem valor 10-14 mol/L a 25 °C. Ao aplicar logaritmos, obtém-se a relação entre pH e pOH:\nPortanto, pOH ≈ 14 - pH, em condições ambientes. Esta relação não é estritamente válida em outras circunstâncias, como na medida de alcalinidade do solo.\nÉ importante ressaltar que Kw varia com a temperatura e a pressão. Portanto, o valor de \"p\"Kw a ser utilizado na expressão acima deve ser ajustado caso a temperatura e/ou a pressão não correspondam a 25 °C e 1 atm.\nCálculo de pH de algumas soluções aquosas.\nO valor de pH de uma solução pode ser estimado se for conhecida a concentração em íons H+. Apresentam-se em seguida vários exemplos:\nSolução aquosa de ácido clorídrico 0,1 mol L-1.\nEsta é uma solução de um ácido forte, por isso, o HCl presente estará completamente ionizado. Como a concentração é de apenas 0,1 mol L−1, ele está suficientemente diluído para que os valores de sua atividade sejam próximos ao de sua concentração. Sendo assim, pode-se obter o pH pela expressão abaixo:\n[H+] = 0,1 mol L−1Então: pH = -log[0,1] = 1.\nSolução aquosa de hidróxido de sódio 0,1 mol L-1.\nEsta é uma solução de uma base forte, sendo assim, o NaOH presente está completamente dissociado. Como sua concentração é de apenas 0,1 mol L−1, ele está suficientemente diluído para que seu valor de atividade seja próximo ao da concentração. Sendo assim:\n[OH-] = 0,1 mol L−1\nEntão: pOH = -log[0,1] = 1.\nPela relação entre pH e pOH, tem-se:\npH + pOH = 14pH = 14-1 = 13\nSolução aquosa de ácido fórmico 0,1 mol L-1.\nEsta é uma solução de um ácido fraco, que por sua vez, não está completamente ionizado. Por isso deve-se determinar primeiro a concentração de H+.\nPara ácidos fracos deve-se considerar a constante de dissociação do ácido (Ka):\nA constante de dissociação do ácido fórmico tem o valor de Ka = 1,6 × 10−4. Assim, considerando que [A-] é igual a \"x\", [HA] há-de ser a parte que não se dissociou, ou seja 0,1-\"x\". Se desprezarmos a ionização da água, concluímos que a única fonte de H+ é o ácido, assim [H+] = [A-]. Substituindo as variáveis obtém-se:\nA solução é:\n[H+] = \"x\" = 3,9 × 10−3.\nAtravés da definição de pH, obtém-se: pH = -log[3,9 × 10−3] = 2,4\n\n", "Campo magnético\n\nCampos magnéticos cercam materiais em correntes elétricas e são detectados pela força que exercem sobre materiais magnéticos ou cargas elétricas em movimento. O campo magnético em qualquer lugar possui tanto uma \"direção\" quanto uma \"magnitude\" (ou força), por tanto é um campo vetorial.\nÀ luz da relatividade especial, os campos elétrico e magnético são dois aspectos inter-relacionados de um mesmo objeto, chamado de campo eletromagnético. Um campo elétrico puro em um sistema de referência é observado como uma combinação de um campo elétrico e um campo magnético em um sistema de referência em movimento em relação ao primeiro.\nNa física moderna, o campo magnético e o campo elétrico são entendidos como sendo um campo fotônico. Na linguagem do Modelo Padrão a força magnética é \"mediada\" por fótons. Frequentemente esta descrição microscópica não é necessária por que a teoria clássica, mais simples e coberta neste artigo, é suficiente. A diferença é desprezível na maioria das circunstâncias.\nDefinição.\nUm campo magnético é um vetor que descreve a influência magnétrica de cargas elétricas em movimento e ímãs permanentes. Pode-se afirmar que as ligações químicas são produtos de desequilíbrios nos campos magnéticos, e não elétricos.\nUm campo magnético formula_1 pode ser descrito pela Lei de Biot-Savart:\nou\nno qual:\nQuando uma carga elétrica que se move em um campo magnético uniforme \"B\" com velocidade \"v\", a carga fica sujeita à ação da força magnética formula_10, que tem direção perpendicular a \"v\" e a \"B\". A força magnética é proporcional ao campo \"B\", à carga \"q\" e à componente da velocidade v na direção perpendicular a B:\nformula_11\nSe a carga elétrica móvel for negativa, a força magnética \"F\" terá sentido oposto. A força magnética formula_10 altera a direção da velocidade, pois \"F\" sempre é perpendicular à velocidade, ou seja, é uma força centrípeta. Portanto, quando uma carga elétrica \"q\" está sob ação exclusiva de uma campo magnético, ela realiza um movimento circular uniforme, sua energia cinética permanece constante e o trabalho da força magnética é nulo.\n\"B\" e \"H\".\nA expressão \"campo magnético\" é usada para dois campos vetoriais diferentes, simbolizados por B e H.\nExistem muitos nomes alternativos para os dois campos (veja tabela ao lado). Para evitar confusão, este artigo usa \"campo B\" e \"campo H\" para estes campos, e usa \"campo magnético\" onde qualquer um dos dois campos se aplicar.\nO \"campo B\" pode ser definido de muitas formas equivalentes baseado nos seus efeitos sobre o ambiente. Por exemplo, uma partícula com carga elétrica, \"q\", movendo-se em um campo B com uma velocidade \"v\", experimenta uma força \"F\":\nonde \"×\" é o produto vetorial. O campo B é medido em tesla no SI, e em gauss em unidades cgs.\nQuando uma partícula carregada \"q\" está sob a influência dos campos magnéticos e elétrico, duas forças são aplicadas sobre ela. A soma dessas forças é conhecida como Força de Lorentz:\nTecnicamente, \"B\" é um pseudovetor (também chamado de \"vetor axial\" — esta é uma afirmação sobre como o campo magnético se comporta quando você reflete o mundo em um espelho, conhecido como paridade). Este fato fica aparente da definição acima de \"B\".\nApesar da maneira de ver \"B\" ter mudado com o passar dos anos, este é agora entendido como sendo a quantidade fundamental, enquanto \"H\" é um campo derivado. Este é definido como uma modificação de \"B\" devido a campos magnéticos produzidos pelo meio material, tal que (em unidades do SI):\nonde \"M\" é a magnetização do material e \"μ\"0 é a \"permeabilidade do vácuo\" (ou a \"constante magnética\"). O campo H é medido em amperes por metro (A/m) em unidades do SI, e em oersteds (Oe) em unidades cgs.\nEm materiais cujo \"M\" é proporcional a \"B\" a relação entre \"B\" e \"H\" pode ser colocada na forma mais simples: \"H\" = \"B\" ⁄ \"μ\". onde \"μ\" é um parâmetro dependente do material, chamado de permeabilidade. No vácuo não há magnetização, \"M\", de forma que \"H\" = \"B\" / \"μ0\" (\"vácuo\"). Para muitos materiais, entretanto, não há uma relação simples entre \"B\" e \"M\". Por exemplo, materiais ferromagnéticos e supercondutores possuem uma magnetização que é uma função de múltiplos valores de \"B\", devido à histerese.\nO campo magnético e ímãs permanentes.\nÍmãs permanentes são objetos que produzem seus próprios campos magnéticos persistentes. Todos os ímãs permanentes possuem os pólos sul e norte. Eles são feitos de materiais ferromagnéticos como ferro e níquel que foram magnetizados. A força do ímã é representada pelo seu momento magnético, m; para magnetos simples, m aponta na direção de uma linha desenhada do polo sul ao polo norte do magneto. Para mais detalhes sobre magnetos veja magnetização abaixo e o artigo ferromagnetismo.\nForça em um magneto devido a um \"B\" não-uniforme.\nPólos magnéticos iguais quando aproximados se repelem, enquanto polos opostos se atraem. Este é um exemplo específico de uma regra geral de que os magnetos são atraídos (ou repelidos dependendo da orientação do magneto) para regiões de campo magnético maior. Por exemplo, pólos opostos atraem-se por que cada magneto é empurrado no campo magnético maior do pólo do outro. A força é atrativa por que cada magneto m está na mesma direção do campo magnético B do outro.\nRevertendo a direção de m reverte a força resultante. Magnetos com m oposto a B são empurrados para regiões de campo magnético menor, desde que o magneto, e portanto, m não girar devido ao torque magnético. Este fenômeno corresponde ao de pólos semelhantes de dois magnetos sendo aproximados. A capacidade de um campo magnético não uniforme de ordenar dipolos com orientação diferente a base do experimento de Stern-Gerlach, que estabeleceu a natureza quântica dos dipolos magnéticos associados com átomos e elétrons.\nMatematicamente, a força em um magneto de momento magnético m é:\nonde o gradiente ∇ é a mudança da quantidade m\"·\"B por unidade de distância e a direção é aquela do aumento máximo de m\"·\"B. O produto escalar m\"·\"B = |m||B|cos(\"θ\"), onde | | representa a magnitude do vetor e \"θ\" é o ângulo entre eles. Esta equação somente é válida para magnetos de tamanho zero, mas pode ser usada como uma aproximação para magnetos não muito grandes. A força magnética em magnetos maiores é determinada pela divisão deles em regiões menores tendo cada uma delas seu próprio m então somando as forças em cada uma destas regiões.\nA força entre dois magnetos é bastante complicada e depende da orientação dos magnetos e da distância relativa entre eles. A força é particularmente sensível a rotações dos magnetos devido ao torque magnético.\nEm muitos casos, a força e o torque em um magneto pode ser modelada assumindo uma 'carga magnética' nos pólos de cada magneto e usando um equivalente magnético à lei de Coulomb. Neste modelo, cada pólo magnético é uma fonte de um campo H que é mais forte próximo ao pólo. Um campo H externo exerce uma força na direção do H em um pólo norte e oposta a H em um pólo sul. Em um campo magnético não uniforme cada pólo vê um campo diferente e é sujeito a uma força diferente. A diferença entre as duas forças move o magneto na direção em que o campo magnético cresce e também pode causar um torque resultante.\nInfelizmente, a ideia de \"pólos\" não reflete com precisão o que acontece dentro de um magneto (veja ferromagnetismo). Por exemplo, um pequeno magneto colocado dentro de um magneto grande é sujeito a uma força na direção oposta. A descrição mais correta fisicamente do magnetismo envolve laços de tamanho atômico de correntes distribuídas pelo magneto.\nTorque em um magneto devido a um campo \"B\".\nUm magneto colocado em um campo magnético sofre um torque que tenta alinhá-lo com o campo magnético. O torque em um magneto devido a um campo magnético externo é fácil de observar: basta colocar dois magnetos próximos, deixando com que um deles gire. O torque N em um magneto pequeno é proporcional ao campo B aplicado e ao momento magnético m do magneto:\nformula_17\nonde × representa o produto vetorial.\nO alinhamento de um magneto com o campo magnético da Terra é o mecanismo de funcionamento da bússola. Ele é usado para determinar a direção do campo magnético local também (veja a definição de B abaixo). Um pequeno magneto é montado tal que ele possui liberdade para girar (em um dado plano) e seu pólo norte é marcado. Por definição, a direção do campo magnético local é a direção que o pólo norte de uma bússola (ou qualquer outro magneto) tende a apontar.\nO torque magnético é usado para movimentar motores elétricos simples. Em um projeto simples de motor, um magneto é fixado em um eixo rotativo (formando um rotor) e sujeito a um campo magnético criado por um grupo de eletromagnetos chamado de estator. Pela mudança contínua da corrente elétrica em cada um dos eletromagnetos, o que muda a polaridade de seus campos magnéticos, o estator coloca pólos de mesmo nome próximos ao rotor. O torque magnético resultante é transferido ao eixo. O processo inverso, a transformação do movimento mecânico em energia elétrica, é obtido pelo mecanismo inverso do acima no gerador elétrico.\nVisualizando o campo magnético usando linhas de campo.\nO mapeamento da força e direção do campo magnético é simples, em princípio. Primeiro, meça a força e direção do campo magnético em um grande número de posições. Então marque cada localização com uma seta (chamada de vetor) apontando na direção do campo magnético local com um comprimento proporcional à intensidade do campo magnético. Um método alternativo de visualizar o campo magnético que simplifica enormemente o diagrama enquanto mantém as mesmas informações é 'conectar' os vetores para formar \"linhas de campo magnético\".\nVários fenômenos físicos têm o efeito de mostrar as linhas de campo magnético. Por exemplo, limalhas de ferro colocadas em um campo magnético se alinham de forma a mostrar visualmente a orientação do campo magnético (veja a figura à esquerda). Linhas de campo magnético também são apresentadas visualmente por auroras polares, nas quais interações de dipolo de partículas de plasma criam faixas de luz visível que se alinham com a direção local do campo magnético.\nAs linhas de campo fornecem uma forma simples de apresentar ou desenhar o campo magnético (ou qualquer outro campo vetorial). As linhas magnéticas podem ser estimadas a \"qualquer\" ponto (seja em uma linha de campo ou não) usando a direção e densidade das linhas de campo próximas. Uma densidade maior de linhas de campo próximas indicam um campo magnético mais forte.\nAs linhas de campo também são uma boa ferramenta qualitativa para visualizar as forças magnéticas. Em substâncias ferromagnéticas como o ferro e o plasma, as forças magnéticas podem ser compreendidas imaginando-se que as linhas de campo exercem uma tensão (como uma tira de borracha) ao longo de seu comprimento, e uma pressão perpendicular ao seu comprimento sobre as linhas de campo vizinhas. Pólos magnéticos 'diferentes' se atraem por que são ligados por muitas linhas de campo; pólos 'iguais' se repelem por que suas linhas de campo não se encontram, mas ficam em paralelo, empurrando umas às outras.\nA direção de uma linha de campo magnético pode ser revelada usando uma bússola. Uma bússola colocada próxima ao pólo norte de um magneto aponta para longe daquele pólo — pólos iguais se repelem. O oposto acontece com uma bússola colocada próxima ao pólo sul de um magneto. O campo magnético aponta para fora do magneto no pólo norte e em direção ao magneto no pólo sul. As linhas de campo magnético \"fora do magneto\" apontam do pólo norte para o pólo sul. Nem todos os campos magnéticos são descritíveis em termos de pólos. Um fio reto conduzindo uma corrente elétrica, por exemplo, produz um campo magnético que não aponta em nenhum dos sentidos na direção do eixo do fio, mas circula o mesmo.\nLinhas de campo \"B\" sempre formam laços fechados.\nAs linhas de campo são uma maneira útil de representar qualquer campo vetorial e geralmente revelam propriedades sofisticadas dos campos de forma bastante simples. Uma propriedade importante do campo 'B' que pode ser verificada com as linhas de campo é que as linhas de campo magnético sempre fazem voltas completas. Elas não começam nem terminam (embora possam se estender ao infinito). Até hoje nenhuma exceção a esta regra foi encontrada.\nO campo magnético sai do magneto em seu pólo norte e entra em seu pólo sul, mas dentro do magneto as linhas de campo B retornam do pólo sul de volta ao pólo norte. Se uma linha de campo B entra em um magneto em algum ponto ela deve sair em outro ponto. Por esta razão, pólos magnéticos sempre vêm em pares N e S. Cortar um magneto ao meio resulta em dois magnetos separados cada um deles com um pólo norte e outro sul.\nCampos magnéticos são produzidos por correntes elétricas, que podem ser correntes macroscópicas em fios, ou correntes microscópicas associadas com os elétrons em suas órbitas atômicas. O campo magnético B é definido em termos da força que move uma carga na lei da força de Lorentz. A interação de campos magnéticos com cargas leva a muitas aplicações práticas. A unidade SI para o campo magnético é o tesla, que pode ser visto da parte magnética da equação de força de Lorentz Fmagnética = qvB como sendo composta de (newton × segundo)/(coulomb × metro). Uma unidade menor do campo magnético é o gauss (1 tesla = gauss).\nMonopolo magnético (hipotético).\nUm monopolo magnético é uma partícula hipotética (ou uma classe de partículas) que tem, como o nome sugere, somente um pólo magnético (um pólo sul ou um pólo norte). Em outras palavras, ele possui uma \"carga magnética\" análoga à carga elétrica.\nO interesse moderno neste conceito vem da teoria de partículas, notavelmente Teorias da Grande Unificação e a teoria das supercordas, que predizem a sua existência ou possibilidade de existência de monopólos magnéticos. Estas teorias e outras inspiraram esforços na busca de monopólos. Apesar destes esforços, nenhum monopólo magnético já foi observado até hoje.\nLinhas de campo \"H\" começam e terminam próximo a pólos magnéticos.\nFora de um magneto, as linhas de campo H são idênticas às linhas de campo B, mas dentro elas apontam em direções opostas. O campo H, portanto, é análogo ao campo elétrico E que começa como uma carga positiva e termina como uma carga negativa. É tentador, portanto, modelar magnetos em termos de cargas magnéticas localizadas próximas dos pólos. Infelizmente, este modelo é incorreto. Ele falha para determinar o campo magnético dentro de magnetos, por exemplo.\nO campo magnético e as correntes elétricas.\nAs correntes de cargas elétricas geram um campo magnético e sofrem a ação de uma força devido a um campo B magnético.\nCampo magnético gerado por correntes de cargas elétricas.\nTodas as cargas em movimento produzem campos magnéticos. Cargas pontuais em movimento produzem um campo magnético complicado mas bem conhecido que depende da carga, velocidade, e aceleração da partícula. Ele forma caminhos fechados em torno de uma linha apontando na direção em que a carga está se movendo.\nCondutores com corrente geram campos magnéticos que formam círculos concêntricos. A direção do campo magnético nestas linhas é determinada pela regra da mão direita. Quando se movem com a corrente, para a esquerda o campo magnético aponta para cima enquanto que à direita aponta para baixo (veja a figura à direita). A intensidade do campo magnético diminui com a distância do condutor.\nSe o condutor receber a forma de um laço o campo magnético é concentrado dentro do laço e enfraquecido do lado de fora. A colocação de mais laços destes para formar um solenóide torna o efeito mais acentuado. Estes dispositivos, chamados de eletroímãs ou eletromagnetos, são importantes porque podem gerar campos magnéticos fortes e bem controlados. Um eletromagneto infinitamente longo possui um campo magnético uniforme internamente e nenhum campo magnético do lado de fora. Um eletromagneto de tamanho finito produz um campo magnético que essencialmente é o mesmo de um magneto permanente da mesma forma e tamanho com uma intensidade (e polaridade) que é controlada pela corrente fornecida.\nO campo magnético gerado por uma corrente elétrica contínua \"I\" (um fluxo constante de cargas elétricas em que a carga não está se acumulando ou sofrendo depleção em nenhum ponto) é descrito pela Lei de Biot-Savart:\nonde a soma integral em todo o laço de um condutor com \"dl sendo uma parte infinitesimal deste laço, \"μ\"0 é a constante magnética, \"r\" é a distância entre a posição de \"dl e a localização em que o campo magnético está sendo calculado, e formula_19 é um vetor unitário na direção r.\nUma forma um pouco mais geral de relacionar a corrente \"I\" com o campo B é através da lei de Ampère:\nonde a integral é calculada sobre qualquer caminho fechado arbitrário e \"I\"enc é a corrente envolvida pelo caminho. A lei de Ampère é sempre válida para correntes contínuas e pode ser usada para calcular o campo B para certas situações altamente simétricas, como um condutor infinito ou solenóide infinito.\nDe uma forma modificada que leva em conta os campos elétricos variáveis, a lei de Ampère é uma das quatro equações de Maxwell que descrevem a eletricidade e o magnetismo.\nForça sobre uma carga em movimento devido a um campo \"B\".\nForça sobre uma partícula com carga.\nUma partícula com carga se movendo em um campo B experimenta uma força \"lateral\" que é proporcional à intensidade do campo magnético, à componente da velocidade que é perpendicular ao campo magnético e à carga da partícula. Esta força é conhecida como força de Lorentz e é dada por\nonde\nF é a força, \"q\" é a carga elétrica da partícula, v é a velocidade instantânea da partícula e B é o campo magnético (em teslas).\nA força de Lorentz é sempre perpendicular tanto com a velocidade da partícula quanto ao campo magnético que a criou. Partículas estacionárias e partículas que se movem na direção das linhas do campo magnético não experimentam esta força. Por esta razão, partículas carregadas movem-se em um círculo (ou, de forma mais genérica, uma hélice)) em torno das linhas de campo magnética, este é chamado de movimento de ciclotron. Como a força magnética é sempre perpendicular ao movimento, o campo magnético não pode realizar trabalho em uma carga isolada. Ele pode, entretanto, mudar a direção da partícula, ao ponto de forçar a mudança de direção para uma direção perpendicular da direção original. A força magnética pode realizar trabalho em um dipolo magnético, ou a uma partícula carregada cujo movimento esteja limitado por outras forças.\nForça em um condutor.\nA força em um condutor com corrente é similar à de uma carga em movimento como esperado, já que um condutor com corrente é uma coleção de cargas em movimento. Um condutor com corrente percebe uma força lateral na presença de um campo magnético. A força de Lorentz em uma corrente macroscópica é geralmente chamada de \"força de Laplace\".\nDireção da força.\nA direção da força sobre uma carga ou corrente positiva é determinada pela regra da mão direita. Veja a figura à direita. Usando a mão direita e apontando o polegar na direção do movimento da carga ou corrente positivas e os dedos na direção do campo magnético, a força resultante sobre a carga aponta para fora da palma da mão. A força em uma partícula de carga negativa está na direção oposta. Se tanto a velocidade e a carga são revertidas, então a direção da força permanece a mesma. Por esta razão, uma medida do campo magnético (por si mesma) não pode fazer a distinção entre uma carga positiva movendo-se para a direita ou uma carga negativa movendo-se para a esquerda, pois os dois casos produzem a mesma corrente. Por outro lado, um campo magnético combinado com um campo elétrico \"pode\" distinguir entre ambas, veja o efeito Hall abaixo.\n\"H\" e \"B\" dentro e fora de materiais magnéticos.\nAs fórmulas derivadas para o campo magnético acima estão corretas quando lidando com a corrente inteira. Um material magnético colocado dentro de um campo magnético, entretanto, gera sua própria corrente acoplada que pode ser muito difícil de calcular. Esta corrente acoplada é devido à soma dos laços de correntes de escala atômica e o spin das partículas subatômicas como elétrons que fazem parte do material. O campo H como definido acima ajuda a fatorar esta corrente acoplada, mas para ver como, é útil introduzir primeiro o conceito de \"magnetização\".\nConexão entre a relatividade e os campos elétrico e magnético.\nEmbora os campos Elétrico e Magnético já estivessem intrinsecamente interligados antes da Relatividade esta interligação era um dado experimental. Após a relatividade esta interligação tornou-se uma conclusão teórica. Assim, em um mundo onde existam o campo elétrico (ou magnético) e a teoria da relatividade deve necessariamente haver o campo eletromagnético.\nImagine um trem carregado com cargas negativas. A ele é presa uma carga positiva, conforme indica a figura. Em repouso, tanto um passageiro do trem como um observador no solo concordarão acerca da força que atrai a carga positiva e as cargas negativas\nEm movimento, porém, o observador poderia supor que esta força aumentaria devido à diminuição do comprimento do trem prevista na teoria restrita da relatividade. Haveria, portanto, uma discrepância entre o passageiro e o observador caso não existisse uma misteriosa força de repulsão entre a carga positiva e as cargas negativas. Esta força misteriosa — que aumenta com a velocidade das cargas — é o resultado do que se convencionou chamar de campo magnético.\nMedição de campo magnético.\nNo Brasil, a ABNT é o órgão responsável pela padronização de medidas. Existem diversos instrumentos para a medição de campo magnético, entre eles o magnetômetro fluxgate, bobinas de indução e o sondas de efeito Hall. Os instrumentos podem apresentar medida em uma ou três dimensões (nesse caso deve indicar o valor r.m.s. da medida). O sistema de medição para campos magnéticos alternados deve indicar o valor r.m.s. de campos magnéticos uniformes com uma incerteza menor que ± (10% de leitura + 20 nT).\nExposição a campo magnético.\nA exposição a campos magnéticos de grande magnitude e/ou por longos períodos pode ser prejudicial a saúde. A Organização Mundial da Saúde mantém pesquisas sobre os efeitos da exposição a campos elétricos e magnéticos e recomenda que a exposição para público geral a campos magnéticos variáveis no tempo na frequência de 50 a 60 kHz seja de até 83x10-6 T.\n\n", "Espécie\n\nEspécie (do latim: \"species\", \"tipo\" ou \"aparência\"; abreviado: \"spec.\" ou \"sp.\" \"singular\", ou \"spp.\" \"plural\"), é um conceito fundamental da Biologia que designa a unidade básica do sistema taxonómico utilizado na classificação científica dos seres vivos. Para Darwin as espécies, bem como os gêneros, são como \"meras combinações artificiais feitas por conveniência\". Em contrapartida, dois biólogos americanos, Ernst Mayr e Theodosius Dobzhansky, na década de 30, no qual sugeriram um teste que poderia ser usado para decidir se duas populações faziam parte de uma mesma espécie ou de espécies distintas. Com isso reconheceram organismos como membros de uma mesma espécies capazes de se acasalar na natureza e produzir descendentes férteis. Embora existam múltiplas definições, nenhuma delas consensual, o conceito estrutura-se em torno da constituição de agrupamentos de indivíduos (os \"espécimes\") com profundas semelhanças estruturais e funcionais recíprocas, resultantes da partilha de um cariótipo idêntico, expresso numa estrutura cromossómica das células diploides similar, que lhes confere acentuada uniformidade bioquímica e a capacidade de reprodução entre si, originando descendentes férteis e com o mesmo quadro geral de caracteres, num processo que, quando envolva um organismo sexuado, deve permitir descendentes férteis de ambos os sexos. Apesar de terem sido propostas múltiplas definições mais precisas, a dificuldade em encontrar uma definição universal para o conceito levou ao aparecimento do chamado problema da espécie e à adoção de formulações flexíveis utilizadas de forma pragmática em função das especificidades do grupo biológico a que o conceito é aplicado.\nConceito multidimensional de espécie.\nO conceito de espécie mais comum é o \"conceito biológico de espécie\" proposto por Theodosius Dobzhansky e Ernst Mayr que se traduz por: \"Espécies são grupos de populações naturais que estão ou têm o potencial de estar se intercruzando, e que estão reprodutivamente isolados de outros grupos\". Daí resulta que a \"espécie\" será o conjunto de indivíduos que partilham o mesmo fundo génico, morfologicamente semelhantes e capazes de se cruzarem entre si em condições naturais, estando isoladas reprodutivamente de outros grupos semelhantes, com os quais, quando se cruzam, não originam indivíduos férteis.\nDo ponto de vista estritamente sistemático ou da taxonomia, é a hierarquia compreendida entre o género (ou o subgénero, se existir) e a variedade (ou, seja caso, a subespécie), correspondendo a cada um dos grupos em que se dividem os géneros, formando agrupamentos compostos por indivíduos que, para além dos caracteres genéticos, têm em comum outros caracteres pelos quais se assemelham entre si e se distinguem das demais espécies. Aplicando este conceito, indivíduos de espécies diferentes não se cruzam por falta de condições anatómicas ou por desinteresse sexual. Quando se cruzam, ou não geram descendentes, porque os seus cromossomas não formam pares, ou, quando os geram, produzem híbridos estéreis.\nExistem catalogadas 1 755 000 (arredondando) espécies, mas estima-se que na Terra já tenham existido mais de 1 000 000 000 de espécies.\nEvolução do conceito de espécie.\nO conceito de espécie desde que foi criado vem sendo alterado sempre que se melhoram os conhecimentos e surge alguma inconsistência em relação ao conceito anterior.\nO primeiro conceito dizia que espécie é o conjunto de indivíduos semelhantes. No entanto este conceito caiu, pois verificava-se que existiam muitas espécies em que os indivíduos eram semelhantes mas não pertenciam à mesma espécie (Ex.: gorila e orangotango; burro e cavalo; chimpanzé e bonobo, etc.).\nFoi então acrescentado à definição de espécie, que para além ser o conjunto de indivíduos semelhantes, eles se conseguiam cruzar (reproduzir) entre si. Mas mais uma vez esta definição acabou por ser considerada insuficiente quando se verificava que indivíduos de algumas espécies diferentes se conseguiam cruzar entre si dando origem a descendentes (Ex.: burro e cavalo → mula/macho; tigre e leão → Ligre/Tigreão, etc.).\nAcrescentou-se então que para além ser o conjunto de indivíduos semelhantes que se cruzam (reproduzem) entre si, têm que dar origem a descendentes férteis. Mas de novo apareceram algumas excepções a esta definição, pois algumas espécies diferentes, não só se cruzavam como davam origem a descendentes férteis (tigre e leão → Ligre/Tigreão) embora machos sejam estéreis as fêmeas são férteis; urso polar e urso pardo dão origem a descendentes férteis, etc.).\nOra bem, apesar de algumas espécies diferentes se poderem cruzar entre si e darem origem a descendentes férteis, não vivem naturalmente na mesma região geográfica e por isso nunca se encontrariam em condições naturais, logo esta premissa foi acrescentada à definição de espécie, chegando-se à seguinte definição: \"Espécie é o grupo de indivíduos semelhantes que se cruzam (reproduzem) entre si, dando origem a descendentes férteis e vivem na mesma região geográfica\".\nNo entanto existem algumas espécies, embora poucas, que não respeitam esta última premissa pois são cosmopolitas, como por exemplo o ser humano (embora em grande parte das regiões geográficas em que vive o faça graças a adaptações artificiais), o pardal ou o rato.\nNo que se refere à botânica, o conceito de espécie encontra-se grandemente desafiado pois não somente muitas espécies da família Orchidaceae coexistem na mesma região, e são capazes de cruzar naturalmente ajudadas pelas atividades dos insectos polinizadores, como também acontece com espécies pertencentes até mesmo a gêneros diferentes de uma mesma subtribo.\nConceitos de espécie.\nA questão de como melhor definir \"espécie\" tem ocupado os biólogos por séculos, e o próprio debate tornou-se conhecido como o problema das espécies. Darwin escreveu no capítulo II do \"A Origem das Espécies\":\nMas depois, em seu livro \"A Descendência do Homem e Seleção em Relação ao Sexo\", ao abordar \"A questão de saber se a humanidade é constituída de uma ou várias espécies\", Darwin revisou sua opinião a dizer:\nA moderna teoria da evolução depende de uma redefinição fundamental de \"espécie\". Antes de Darwin, os naturalistas viam espécies como tipos ideais ou geral, que podia ser exemplificado por um espécime ideal tendo todas as características gerais da espécie. As teorias de Darwin deslocaram a atenção da uniformidade para a variação e do geral para o particular.\nEm termos práticos, os biólogos definem espécies como populações de organismos que possuem um nível elevado de semelhança genética. Isto pode refletir uma adaptação ao mesmo nicho, bem como a transferência de material genético de um indivíduo para outro, através de uma variedade de meios possíveis. O nível exato de similaridade usado ​​em tal definição é arbitrário, mas esta é a definição usada mais comum para organismos que se reproduzem assexuadamente (reprodução assexuada), como algumas plantas e micro-organismos.\nNomeação.\nNomes comuns.\nOs nomes comumente usados para todos os táxons de plantas e animais correspondem, por vezes, a espécies como leão, a morsa e a cânfora, mas muitas vezes não, por exemplo, veado refere-se a uma família que inclui cervos e veados.\nAbreviações.\nLivros e artigos, por vezes, intencionalmente não identificam interinamente a espécie e usam a abreviação \"sp.\" Por exemplo, \"Polystira\" sp., ou seja, uma espécie qualquer do gênero \"Polystira\", e se fizer referência a várias espécies do mesmo a abreviatura a ser usada é \"spp\", \"espécies\". Se porventura os cientistas dizem que algo se aplica a todas as espécies dentro de um gênero, eles usam o nome da categoria o nome específico ou epíteto. Os nomes de gêneros e espécies são geralmente impressos em itálico. Abreviaturas como \"sp.\" não devem estar em itálico.\nConceitos taxonômicos nominalistas ou realistas.\nCategoria de espécie.\nApesar de ser aplicada a todas as categorias taxonômicas, a categoria de espécie é especialmente discutida quando classificamos o mundo natural em unidades. A partir daí surge questionamentos a cerca da imposição dessas categorias como sendo da nossa própria invenção ou se são reais divisões da natureza. A noção de que espécies são divisões artificiais de um continuo natural é denominado \"nominalismo\", a alternativa de que a natureza seja propriamente dividida em espécies distintas é chamada \"realismo\". Dentro do conceito biológico de espécie, estas são unidades reais, e não nominais, da natureza. Se considerarmos todo conjunto de indivíduos atualmente classificados como humanos e como chimpanzés, esses indivíduos dividem-se em duas unidades reprodutivas distintas. Respeitadas condições, tais como serem sexos diferentes e terem idade reprodutiva, um ser humano pode intercruzar com qualquer outro humano, mas não com um chimpanzé. O cruzamento entre espécies não se intermedeia. Como os intercruzamentos estão reclusos a um certo grupo de indivíduos, uma mutação nova vantajosa irá disseminar-se naquele conjunto de indivíduos, mas não em grupos distintos de espécies. Tomando como exemplo a possível mutação favorável de chimpanzés, a mesma não não se estenderia a nós, mesmo que pudéssemos nos beneficiar dela. Por isso, a as espécies biológicas frequentemente formam agrupamentos fenéticos reais e, não nominais. A evidência mais marcante de que as espécies existem como agrupamentos fenéticos provém da \"taxonomia popular\", na qual constantemente coincide com a taxonomia formal. Em suma, na maioria dos casos, embora não em todos, as espécies na natureza são unidades de intercruzamento reais e, não nominais.\nEspécies tipológicas.\nUm grupo de organismos em que os indivíduos são membros da espécie se suficientemente em conformidade com certas propriedades fixas ou \"direitos de passagem\". Os clusters de variações ou fenótipos dentro dos espécimes (ou seja, caudas mais longas ou mais curtas) iria diferenciar as espécies. Este método foi usado como um método \"clássico\" para determinar as espécies, como em Linnaeus e outros taxonomistas no início da teoria da evolução. No entanto, agora sabemos que diferentes fenótipos nem sempre constituem espécies diferentes (por exemplo: a Drosophila com quatro asas nascida de uma mãe com duas asas não é uma espécie diferente). Espécies nomeadas desta forma são chamadas de \"morfoespécies\".\nEspécies biológicas.\nO conceito biológico de espécie define as espécies em termos de intercruzamento. Este conceito foi fortemente apoiado pelos fundadores da moderna síntese como Mayr, Dobzhansky e Huxley. Mayr o define como: espécies são grupos de populações naturais realmente ou potencialmente intercruzantes que são reprodutivamente isoladas de outros grupos tais como este.\nEspécies evolutivas.\nUma única linhagem evolutiva de organismos em que genes podem ser compartilhados, e que mantém a sua integridade em relação a outras linhagens no tempo e espaço. Em algum ponto na evolução de um grupo, alguns membros podem divergir da população principal e evoluir para uma subespécie, um processo que pode levar à formação de uma nova espécie se o isolamento (geográfico ou ecológico) é mantido. Uma espécie que dá origem a outra espécie é uma espécie parafilética, ou paraespecie.\nEspécies filogenéticas.\nUm grupo de organismos que compartilham um ancestral; uma linhagem que mantém a sua integridade com respeito a outras linhagens através de tanto tempo quanto espaço. Em algum ponto no progresso de um grupo, os membros podem divergir um do outro: quando tal divergência torna-se suficientemente clara, as duas populações são consideradas espécies distintas. Isso é diferente de espécies evolutivas em que a espécie mãe se extingue taxonomicamente quando uma nova espécie evoluí, as populações mãe e filha se formando agora duas novas espécies. Uma espécie filogenético é um cluster (basal) irredutível de organismos que é diagnosticavelmente distinto a partir de outros tais clusters, e dentro do qual existe um padrão parental de ancestralidade e descendência.\nEspécies de genealogia.\nEspécies são grupos de organismos \"exclusivos\", onde um grupo exclusivo é aquele cujos membros são todos mais estreitamente relacionados entre si do que para qualquer organismo fora do grupo. Ou seja, que as espécies devem ser definidas quando um consenso entre genealogias de genes múltiplos indica recíproca monofilia. Os críticos argumentam que essa ideia tem muitos problemas em comum com outros conceitos de monofilia das espécies.\nEspécies de coesão.\nPopulação de indivíduos mais inclusiva que possuem o potencial para a coesão fenotípica através de mecanismos de coesão intrínsecas. Este conceito foi proposto por Alan R. Templeton e combina um número de conceitos de espécies competitivos. Funde ideias sobre os conceitos de espécies ecológicos, genealógicos e de reconhecimento. Esta é uma expansão do conceito de espécies de reconhecimento de acasalandos por permitir mecanismos de isolamento pós acasalamento; não importa se as populações podem hibridizar com êxito, elas ainda são espécies de coesão distintas se a quantidade de hibridação é insuficiente para misturar completamente seus pools de genes respectivos.\nEspécies ecológicas.\nAs espécies são definidas por seus nichos ecológicos. Ou seja, um conjunto de organismos adaptados a um conjunto particular de recursos, chamado um nicho, no meio ambiente. De acordo com este conceito, as populações formam os clusters fenéticos discretos que reconhecemos como espécies porque os processos ecológicos e evolutivos que controlam como os recursos são divididos tendem a produzir esses clusters.\nEspécies de reconhecimento.\nUma espécie é a população mais abrangente de cada um dos organismos biparentais que compartilham um sistema de fertilização comum. Com base na partilha de sistemas reprodutivos, incluindo o comportamento de acasalamento. O conceito de Reconhecimento de espécies, foi introduzido por Hugh EH Paterson, depois de um trabalho anterior por Wilhelm Petersen. O evento crucial para a origem de uma nova espécie, de acordo com Paterson, é a evolução de um novo sistema de reconhecimento de acasalandos.\nEspécies fenéticas.\nO conceito de espécie fenética aplica a classificação fenética à categoria das espécies. Ou seja, é uma classificação baseada em fenótipos no qual uma espécie é um conjunto de organismos que se assemelham um com o outro e que são distintos de outros conjuntos. Nem sempre a classificação fenética concorda com a filogenética. Um aspecto fenético que é credor de observação é que a mesma não se baseia em uma teoria sobre o motivo de a vida ter organização diversa. Em contrapartida, os conceitos ecológicos e biológicos são teóricos ou explicativos definindo a espécie em termos dos métodos que aparentemente explicam a existência das espécies. Não é teórico nem explicativo, o conceito fenético simplesmente registra a existência das espécies. Por exemplo, no caso dos animais vaca, peixe pulmonado e salmão, pela classificação fenética, os peixes estão mais próximos entre si, ao passo que na classificação filogenética, a vaca e o peixe pulmonado estão mais próximos entre si.\nInfluências ecológicas e o fenômeno de substituição de características.\nA variação de um caráter morfológico como o tamanho do bico, em uma determinada espécie, pode ser limitado porque as formas extremas sofrem competição de espécies vizinhas, influenciando diretamente a forma de uma espécie. A prova mais clara é congruente a substituição de características, no qual se apoia na definição que os indivíduos das duas espécies diferem mais quando provêm de um local em que ambas estão presentes (simpatria, mesmo local) do que quando provêm de locais em que só uma das espécies está presente (alopatria, outro local). Nesses termos, a substituição de características significa que as populações simpátricas das duas espécies diferem mais do que as populações alopátricas dessas mesmas espécies. Visto que é necessário que as duas espécies competidoras tenham distribuições parcialmente sobrepostas, é difícil detectar a substituição de características. \nFormação de híbridos.\nCriadores e sitiantes sabem que a mula (exemplar fêmea) e o mú ou macho (exemplar macho) são híbridos estéreis que apresentam grande força e resistência. São o produto do acasalamento do burro (\"Equus asinus\") (2n = 62 cromossomas) com a égua (\"Equus cabalus\") (2n = 64 cromossomas). As mulas têm 2n = 63 cromossomas, porque são resultantes da união de espermatozoide com n = 31 cromossomas e óvulo com n = 32 cromossomas.\nConsiderando os eventos da meiose I para a produção de gametas, o mú e a mula são estéreis. Os cromossomas são de duas espécies diferentes e, portanto, não ocorre pareamento dos chamados cromossomos homólogos, impossibilitando a meiose e a gametogénese.\nPor conseguinte não existe a espécie \"mula\" porque mus (\"machos\") e mulas são estéreis e não se reproduzem: por não se reproduzirem não se enquadram na definição de espécie.\nOutro exemplo de indivíduos originados pelo cruzamento entre espécies diferentes é o ligre, cujos machos são estéreis mas as fêmeas são férteis, produzido pelo cruzamento entre um leão e uma tigresa.\n\n", "Sal\n\nEm química, um sal é um composto que em água se dissocia num cátion diferente de H+ e um ânion diferente de OH-. Eles são tipicamente o produto de uma reação química entre:\nOs íons que formam os sais podem ser monoatómicos (como o ânion fluoreto, F-, ou o cátion cálcio, Ca2+) ou poliatómicos (como o ânion sulfato, SO42-). Podem ainda ser inorgânicos (como o já referido sulfato) ou orgânicos (como o ânion acetato, CH3COO–).\nEm geral, os sais formam cristais. São frequentemente solúveis em água, onde os dois íons se separam. Os sais em geral têm um alto ponto de fusão, reduzida ou elevada dureza e pouca compressibilidade. Se fundidos ou dissolvidos em água, conduzem electricidade, pois dissociam-se nos seus íons constituintes, passando estes a funcionar como electrólitos.\nO sal mais popularmente conhecido é o cloreto de sódio, vulgarmente conhecido como \"sal comum\" ou \"sal da cozinha\", por ser largamente utilizado na alimentação humana.\nFormulação.\nA fórmula empírica de um sal é determinada pelo número de ions, e suas cargas positivas e negativas. A fórmula empírica é uma expressão que representa a proporção mais simples na que estão presentes os átomos que formam um composto químico. Pode coincidir ou não com a fórmula molecular, que indica o número de átomos presentes na molécula.\nA fórmula química de um sal é sempre representada usando em primeiro lugar o ânion e depois o cátion. A fórmula química é uma representação de um composto químico.\nNomenclatura.\nUm sal é designado juntando o nome do ânion e o nome do cátion que o constituem, por esta ordem. O ânion toma um nome de acordo com a terminação do nome do ácido que lhes dá origem. O nome de um sal normal deriva dos nomes do ácido e da base que lhes dão origem. Para um sal ser nomeado, é suficiente\nalterar a terminação do nome do ácido correspondente conforme tabela:\nUsando a regra do número de oxidação.\nA terminação do nome do ânion depende do número de oxidação do seu átomo central:\nTipos de Sais.\nA neutralização dos ácidos pelas bases pode ser total ou parcial, dando origem a sais ácidos, básicos, neutros, mistos ou hidratados.\nSal ácido (hidrogeno-sal) é formado por dois cátions e somente um ânion; o básico (hidróxi-sal) apresenta dois ânions e um cátion; o sal neutro é caracterizado pela neutralização total de um ácido ou de uma base, ou seja estão isentos de íons H+ e OH-, com consequente ausência na fórmula dos íons H+ e OH-; o sal misto é composto por dois cátions ou dois ânions diferentes; o sal hidratado é aquele que na sua composição é encontrado água. As moléculas de água ficam localizadas no retículo cristalino da estrutura salina.\nPropriedades dos sais.\nMuitos sais são sólidos à temperatura ambiente apresentando elevado ponto de fusão. Alguns sais são bastante duros e todos são quebradiços, pois são sólidos cristalinos.\nMuitos sais são solúveis em água e insolúvel em solventes orgânicos.\nOs chamados \"sais neutros\" não alteram o pH de uma solução, o cloreto de sódio é o melhor exemplo deste tipo de sal. Outros sais podem levantar ou baixar o pH de uma solução, dependendo da de sua acidez ou alcalinidade.\nCristais de sal secos são isolantes elétricos. Sais em soluções aquosas ou fundidos são condutores de corrente elétrica.\nReações de sais inorgânicos.\nReação de ácidos e bases.\nSão os sais formados na reação entre ácidos e bases. Alguns sais provenientes deste processo são pouco solúveis em água, mantendo-se como sólidos. Também no processo de evaporação da água, o sal obtido também é um sólido. Exemplos de reações:\nReações de sais com outros sais.\nAlguns sais podem ser obtidos a partir de dois outros sais. Por mistura de soluções aquosas de dois sais, pode ser formado um terceiro sal na forma de um sólido. Isto só é possível se o novo sal é menos solúvel, que os dois sais que participaram da reação química. Exemplos de reações:\nReação com óxidos.\nÓxidos de metais tendem a formar hidróxidos com água. Sob condições ácidas, eles reagem como óxidos de metal, e são insolúveis em água pura. Exemplos de reações:\n\n", "Windsurf\n\nO windsurf ou prancha à vela é uma modalidade olímpica de vela. No mundo, o Havaí, Ilhas Canárias e as praias do Caribe são considerados ótimos lugares para a prática do \"windsurf\". É praticado com uma prancha semelhante à prancha de surfe e com uma vela entre 2 e 5 metros de altura. Este esporte consiste em planar sobre a água utilizando a força do vento.\nCriado, na década de 1960, pelo casal Newman e Naomi Darby,em portugal. Surgiu o protótipo do \"windsurf\". No entanto, a criativa ideia não foi bem recepcionada e o casal desistiu da invenção, antes de patenteá-la. Alguns anos mais tarde, em 1965, Hoyle Schweitzer (empresário e surfista) e Jim Drake (engenheiro aerospacial e velejador), dois amigos que procuravam unir características do surfe com o velejo, patentearam o equipamento em 1968 e o batizaram de \"windsurf\". Actualmente, existem muitos \"websites\" e blogues que divulgam a modalidade.\nEquipamento.\nO equipamento de \"windsurf\" é formado por vários itens:\nA vela pode ter vários tamanhos, desde medidas pequenas, como, por exemplo, (3.0m²), médias (7.0m²) e grandes (12.5m²), bem como formatos de acordo com a modalidade (ondas, regatas, etc.);\nPrancha: é ela que faz o \"interface\" entre o praticante de Windsurf e a água, existem diferentes tamanhos e tipos de pranchas, sendo classificadas de acordo com o seu volume (em litros), largura e tipo de modalidade (ex:ondas, regatas etc.);\nCategorias.\n\"Freestyle\".\nÉ a categoria mais agitada do \"windsurf\". A maior atração é o \"looping\", o movimento mais arriscado, que consiste em usar as ondas como trampolim para se lançar, junto com a vela e a prancha, em seguida dar uma cambalhota de 360 graus sobre si mesmo e voltar a água na mesma posição de antes. Alguns atletas conseguem fazer o \"double-loop\": duas voltas no ar antes de voltar à água. Algumas competições desta categoria são indoor. O windsurf indoor é realizado em tanques rodeados por potentes ventiladores em ginásios de grande porte. O velejador Kauli Seadi, Ricardo Campello e Browzinho já foram campeões na categoria \"jump\", onde o velejador salta uma rampa com um buraco dentro para quilha passar.\nCrianças.\nAlém das pranchas de adultos, já estão sendo produzidas pranchas para crianças. Por exemplo, a prancha fórmula é muito volumosa, mas, na forma, \"kids\" ela é ideal para as crianças.\nOnda.\nA categoria \"wave\" é disputada nas ondas, similarmente a um campeonato de surfe. Os velejadores fazem manobras nas ondas e saltos indo contra as ondas. Juízes decidem a pontuação e a colocação dos atletas na competição. O brasileiro Kauli Seadi sagrou-se campeão mundial nesta categoria em 2005, 2007 e 2008.\nSuper X.\nO super X foi criado para criar um espetáculo e chamar a atenção do público para as competições. É uma regata com boias que os velejadores tem que saltar por cima. Quem cruza a linha final primeiro é o vencedor.\nFórmula.\nA mais técnica de todas as categorias. A prática desta se dá em pranchas mais volumosas e com velas maiores. As competições são similares as regatas de grande porte com boias a barlavento e sotavento. É a categoria dentro do windsurfe como a fórmula um no automobilismo. É aquela com o equipamento mais desenvolvido e os materiais mais tecnológicos.\nNo Brasil, são competidores, na fórmula, atletas como Mathias Pinheiro, Paulo Dos Reis, Wilhelm Shurmann, Gabriel Browne. Que representam o país em inúmeras competições internacionais, liderando o \"ranking\" mundial ano após ano.\nFórmula Experience.\nA Fórmula Experience é uma classe filiada na International Sailing Federation. É uma classe para velejadores que se desejam iniciar na Formula Windsurfing - o patamar mais alto da competição race.\nO equipamento desta fórmula é constituído por uma prancha fabricada com materiais menos nobres para que o preço se torne mais atractivo para o praticante. No entanto, a Fórmula Experience não se resume a uma prancha económica. É efectivamente uma prancha performante, muito próxima da prancha de alta competição.\nEnquanto isso, a Classe impõe um conjunto de restrições em termos de vela, mastro e retranca tornando esta Fórmula muito popular, capaz de trazer muitos praticantes ao desporto, situação que de outra forma seria difícil para os interessados.\nA Formula Windsurfing é uma Classe destinada aos jovens, mas também para todos aqueles que apesar da idade desejam praticar este desporto de forma descontraída.\nO primeiro campeonato oficial desta fórmula foi realizado em Costa de Caparica, em Portugal, em 2003 e juntou velejadores dos cinco continentes, tendo sido organizado pelo Overpower Club.\nIQ Foil.\nO IQ Foil é a nova categoria olímpica do Windsurf que será utilizado pela primeira vez nos Jogos Olímpicos de Paris 2024. O equipamento utiliza uma quilha Foil que faz o equipamento flutuar sobre as águas com o mínimo de arrasto.\nCuidados.\nProcure sempre um instrutor ou escola especializada para começar o desporto. Nunca subestime os ventos nem o mar: quando não tiver segurança para praticar o desporto, não arrisque. O instrutor de windsurfe Pedro Rodrigues recomenda ainda que o praticante não se afaste muito da costa e, sempre que possível, leve um celular para emergência. \"Nunca saia sozinho sem avisar alguém em terra\", completa o mesmo. Nunca navegue com ventos de \"off-shore\", ou seja, com ventos na direcção do mar. Torna-se muito perigoso porque o praticante dificilmente conseguirá chegar à terra.\nBenefícios para o corpo.\nO \"windsurf\" é uma atividade física que desenvolve a resistência muscular. São trabalhados os músculos das pernas, braços e costas. A prática inadequada pode causar dores na região lombar, por isso é importante orientação para os iniciantes.\nO \"Windsurf\" no Brasil.\nO esporte é organizado pela Confederação Brasileira de Vela e Motor, mas existem também a Associação Brasileira de \"Windsurf\", que atua de forma mais específica na regulação e promoção do \"windsurf\" no Brasil.\nNo Brasil, destacam-se algumas localidades para a prática do \"windsurf\", tais como: Vitória e Guarapari, no Espírito Santo, Búzios e Araruama, no Rio de Janeiro, Praia de Búzios e São Miguel do Gostoso, no Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande, Tapes e Osório, no Rio Grande do Sul, Ilhabela, em São Paulo, Ibiraquera, Balneário Camboriú e Florianópolis, em Santa Catarina, e Fortaleza, Jericoacoara, no Ceará, Três Marias, em Minas Gerais e a Lagoa dos Ingleses, em Nova Lima.\n\n", "Cobre\n\nO cobre é um elemento químico de símbolo Cu (do latim \"cuprum\"), número atômico 29 (29 prótons e 29 elétrons) e de massa atómica 63,54 u. À temperatura ambiente o cobre encontra-se no estado sólido.\nClassificado como metal de transição, pertence ao grupo 11 (anteriormente denominado IB) da Classificação Periódica dos Elementos. É um dos metais mais importantes industrialmente, de coloração avermelhada, dúctil, maleável e bom condutor de eletricidade.\nConhecido desde a pré-história, o cobre é utilizado atualmente para a produção de materiais condutores de eletricidade (fios e cabos) e em ligas metálicas, como latão e bronze.\nHistória.\nO cobre foi provavelmente o primeiro metal minerado e trabalhado pelo homem. Foi originalmente obtido como um mineral nativo e posteriormente da fundição de minérios. Estimativas iniciais da descoberta do cobre sugerem por volta de 9000 a.C. no Oriente Médio. Foi o mais importante dos materiais da humanidade durante a Era do Cobre e Bronze. Objetos de cobre de 6000 a.C. foram encontrados em Çatal Höyük, Anatolia. Em 5000 a.C. já se realizava a fusão e refinação do cobre a partir de óxidos como a malaquita e azurita. Os primeiros indícios de utilização do ouro não foram vislumbrados até 4000 a.C. Descobriram-se moedas, armas, utensílios domésticos sumérios de cobre e bronze de 3000 a.C., assim como egípcios da mesma época, inclusive tubos de cobre. Os egípcios também descobriram que a adição de pequenas quantidades de estanho facilitava a fusão do metal e aperfeiçoaram os métodos de obtenção do bronze; ao observarem a durabilidade do material representaram o cobre com o \"Ankh\", símbolo da vida eterna.\nNa antiga China o uso do cobre é conhecido desde, pelo menos, 2000 anos antes da nossa era, e em 1200 a.C. já fabricavam-se bronzes de excelente qualidade estabelecendo um manifesto domínio na metalurgia sem comparação com a do Ocidente. Na Europa o \"homem de gelo\" encontrado no Tirol (Itália) em 1991, cujos restos têm uma idade de 5300 anos, estava acompanhado de um machado de cobre com uma pureza de 99,7%, e os elevados índices de arsênico encontrados em seu cabelo levam a supor que fundiu o metal para a fabricação da ferramenta.\nO cobre é um metal de transição avermelhado, que apresenta alta condutibilidade elétrica e térmica, só superada pela da prata.\nÉ possível que o cobre tenha sido o metal mais antigo a ser utilizado, pois se têm encontrado objetos de cobre de 8700 a.C. Pode ser encontrado em diversos minerais e pode ser encontrado nativo, na forma metálica, em alguns lugares. Fenícios importaram o cobre da Grécia, não tardando em explorar as minas do seu território, como atestam os nomes das cidades Calce, Calcis e Calcitis (de χαλκος, bronze), ainda que tenha sido Chipre, a meio caminho entre Grécia e Egito, por muito tempo o país do cobre por excelência, ao ponto de os romanos chamarem o metal de \"aes cyprium\" ou simplesmente \"cyprium\" e \"cuprum\", donde provém o seu nome. Além disso, o cobre foi representado com o mesmo signo que Vênus (a afrodite grega), pois Chipre estava consagrada a deusa da beleza e os espelhos eram fabricados com este metal. O símbolo, \"espelho de Vênus\" da mitologia e da alquimia, modificação do egípcio \"Ankh\", foi posteriormente adotado por Carl Linné para simbolizar o gênero feminino(♀).\nO uso do bronze predominou de tal maneira durante um período da história da humanidade que terminou denominando-se «Era do Bronze». O período de transição entre o neolítico (final da Idade da Pedra) e a Idade do Bronze foi denominado período calcolítico (do grego \"Chalcos\"), limite que marca a passagem da pré-história para a história.\nIsótopos.\nNa natureza são encontrados dois isótopos estáveis: Cu-63 e Cu-65, sendo o mais leve o mais abundante ( 69,17% ). Se tem caracterizado 25 isótopos radioativos, sendo os mais estáveis o Cu-67, Cu-64 e Cu-61 com vidas médias de 61,83 horas, 12,7 horas e 3,333 horas respectivamente. Os demais radioisótopos, com massas atômicas desde 54,966 (Cu-55) a 78,955 (Cu-79), têm vidas médias inferiores a 23,7 minutos, e a maioria não alcançam os 30 segundos. O cobre apresenta, ainda, 2 estados metaestáveis.\nOs isótopos mais leves que o Cu-63 estável se desintegram principalmente por captura eletrônica originando isótopos de níquel, os mais pesados que o isótopo Cu-65 estável se desintegram por emissão beta dando lugar a isótopos de zinco. O isótopo Cu-64 se desintegra dos dois modos, por captura eletrônica ( 69% ) e os demais por desintegração beta.\nCaracterísticas e propriedades.\nFísicas.\nO cobre ocupa a mesma família na tabela periódica que a prata e o ouro. Em termos de estrutura eletrônica, o cobre tem um elétron orbital em cima de uma cheia escudo do elétron (o elétron que faz as ligações) , que faz ligações metálicas . A prata e o ouro são semelhantes.\nO cobre é normalmente fornecido, como quase todos os metais de uso industrial e comercial, em um grão fino de formulário policristalino . Metais policristalinos tem mais força do que formas monocristalinas, e a diferença é maior para o menor grão (de cristal) em tamanho. É facilmente trabalhado, sendo que ele tem ambas as propriedades de dúctil e maleável. A facilidade com que pode ser levado a cabo o torna útil para trabalhos elétricos, assim como sua alta condutividade elétrica.\nO cobre tem um tom avermelhado, alaranjado ou cor acastanhada devido a uma fina camada de manchas (incluindo óxidos ). O cobre puro é rosa ou cor de pêssego. Cobre junto de ósmio (azulada), césio e de ouro (tanto amarelo) são os únicos quatro metais elementais com uma cor natural que não o cinza ou prata. Cobre resultados cor característica de sua configuração eletrônica.\nElétricas.\nA estrutura eletrônica torna comparáveis o cobre, prata e o ouro, semelhantes em muitos aspectos: os três têm alta condutividade térmica e elétrica, e os três são maleáveis. Entre os metais puros na temperatura ambiente , o cobre tem a segunda maior condutividade elétrica e térmica , depois da prata , com uma condutividade de 59,6 × 106S/m. Este valor alto é devido à praticamente todos os elétrons na camada de valência (um por átomo) tomarem parte na condução. O resultado são elétrons livres no montante de cobre para uma densidade de carga enorme de 13,6 × 109C/m3.\nEsta alta densidade de carga é responsável pela mais lenta velocidade de deriva das correntes em cabos de cobre, onde a velocidade de deriva pode ser calculado como a relação entre a densidade da corrente de densidade de carga. Por exemplo, em uma densidade de corrente de 5 × 10 6A/m² , a densidade de corrente máxima presente na fiação da casa e distribuição da rede, a velocidade de deriva é apenas um pouco mais de ⅓ mm/s.\nDurante o século XX nos Estados Unidos, a popularidade temporária do alumínio para uso doméstico na fiação elétrica resultou em muitas casas com uma combinação de cobre e alumínio fiação necessitando o contato físico entre os dois metais para fornecer uma conexão elétrica. Devido a corrosão galvânica , algumas questões foram experimentados por proprietários e empreiteiros de habitação. Em eletrônica, a pureza do cobre é expresso em noves : 4N para 99,99% e 6N para 99,9999%. Quanto maior o número, mais puro o cobre é.\nQuímica.\nO cobre forma uma rica variedade de compostos com estados de oxidação de +1 e +2. Ele não reage com água, mas reage lentamente com o oxigênio atmosférico, formando uma camada marrom escura de oxido de cobre.\nEm contraste com a oxidação do ferro pelo ar úmido, essa camada de óxido para a corrosão. Uma camada verde de carbonato de cobre, chamado azinhavre, muitas vezes pode ser visto em construções antigas de cobre, como a Estátua da Liberdade, a maior estátua de cobre do mundo.\nO cobre reage com o sulfeto de hidrogênio e com soluções contendo sulfeto, formando sulfetos de cobre diversos em sua superfície. Em soluções contendo sulfeto de cobre, é menos nobre do que o hidrogênio e a corrosão. Isto é observado no cotidiano, quando as superfícies metálicas de cobre são manchadas após a exposição ao ar que contêm compostos de enxofre.\nCobre dissolve lentamente em soluções contendo oxigênio e amoníaco para dar vários complexos solúveis em água com cobre. O cobre reage com uma combinação de oxigênio e ácido clorídrico para formar uma série de cloretos de cobre. (Verde-azul de cobre II), cloreto (quando fervido com metal de cobre, sofre comprapartinação para formar branco cobre (I) de cloro.\nO cobre reage com uma mistura ácida de peróxido de hidrogênio para formar o correspondente sal de cobre:\nCu + 2 HX + H2O2 → CuX2 + 2 H2O\nBiologia.\nO cobre é um elemento essencial à vida em geral, participando no caso do organismo humano no processo de fixação do ferro na hemoglobina do sangue. Grandes concentrações são encontradas no cérebro e fígado.\nEm certos organismos chega a assumir o papel do ferro em integrar moléculas responsáveis pelo transporte de oxigênio, a exemplo da hemocianina cuprosa, o que inusitadamente confere a esses animais um sangue de coloração azulada ao invés do vermelho tradicional. Através do sangue azul dos Límulos (uma espécie de caranguejo) produz-se uma substância conhecida por Limulus Amebocyte Lysate cujo poder bactericida e antiendotoxinas é bem conhecido. O litro de sangue desse animal chega a casa dos milhares de dólares no mercado associado. A sangria pode ser feita de forma controlada e sem o óbito do animal, e durante a vida útil um único espécime pode render mais de 2500 dólares americanos\nLigas metálicas.\nOs \"cobres debilmente ligados\" são aqueles que contém uma porcentagem inferior a 3 de algum elemento adicionado para melhorar alguma das características do cobre como a maquinabilidade (facilidade de mecanização), resistência mecânica e outras, conservando a alta condutibilidade elétrica e térmica do cobre. Os elementos utilizados são estanho, cádmio, ferro, telúrio, zircônio, crômio e berílio. Outras ligas de cobre importantes são latões (zinco), bronzes (estanho), cupro-alumínios (alumínio), cuproníqueis (níquel), cuprosilícios (silício) e alpacas (níquel-zinco).\nTodos os compostos de cobre deveriam ser tratados como se fossem tóxicos; uma quantidade de 30 g de sulfato de cobre é potencialmente letal em humanos.\nO metal em pó é combustível, inalado pode provocar tosse, dor de cabeça e dor de garganta, recomenda-se evitar a exposição laboral e a utilização de protetores como óculos, luvas e máscaras. O valores limites ambientais são de 0,2 mg/m³ para vapor de cobre e 1 mg/m³ para o pó e névoas. Reage com oxidantes fortes tais como cloratos, bromatos e iodatos, originando o perigo de explosões.\nA água com conteúdo em cobre superiores a 1 mg/l pode contaminar as roupas e objetos lavados com ela, e conteúdos acima de 5 mg/L tornam a água colorida com sabor desagradável. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) no \"Guia para a qualidade da água potável\" recomenda um nível máximo de 2 mg/L , mesmo valor adotado na União Europeia. Nos Estados Unidos a \"Agência de Proteção Ambiental\" tem estabelecido um limite de 1,3 mg/L.\nAs atividades mineiras podem provocar a contaminação de rios e águas subterrâneas com cobre e outros metais, tanto durante a exploração como uma vez abandonada. O derramamento mostrado na foto provem de uma mina abandonada em Idaho. A coloração turquesa da água e rochas se deve a presença de precipitados de cobre.\nCompostos de coordenação.\nO cobre pertence ao grupo 11 da tabela periódica, sua configuração eletrônica no estado fundamental é [Ar] 3d10 4s1. Ele pode encontrar-se como Cu(I), Cu(II), Cu (III) ou Cu (IV), sendo o único elemento da primeira linha do bloco d que apresenta o estado de oxidação +1 estável .\nCu (I): cobre d10 e, consequentemente, diamagnético. Quando não ligado à ligantes facilmente polarizados são incolores. O cobre pode se estabilizar com um ligante π receptor. A estrutura mais comum é o tetraedro, como no complexo [Cu(py)4]+ . Complexos iônicos com halogênios apresentam diversas estruturas que dependem do cátion envolvido, por exemplo [CuCl2]- pode ser linear ou polimérico com centros tetraédricos. Cu+ forma compostos com CN-, como o sal polimérico K[Cu(CN)2], o íon trigonal planar [Cu(CN)3]2- e o íon tetraédrico [Cu(CN)4]3- .\nApesar de formar ligações com ligantes O e N (bases fortes, que possuem eletronegatividade alta e são pequenos), cobre monovalente é um metal mole , ou seja, forma ligações mais forte com bases moles (átomos menos eletronegativos e polarizáveis) como S e P . Complexos com a fosfina [Cu4I4(PR3)4] são exemplos de clusters onde o cobre se encontra nos quatro vértices de um tetraedro, os quatro ligantes fosfina se ligam aos quatro vértices do tetraedro e os quatro átomos de I se situam nas faces do tetraedro (cada I está ligado com três átomos de cobre) .\nExemplo de composto com Cu(I): [Cu(η2-BH4)(dppm)], complexo com boroidreto e bis(difenilfosfina)metano (dppm). Complexos com boroidreto de cobre (I) são interessantes pois apresentam grande emprego em sínteses orgânicas e inorgânicas e como agentes redutores de várias funções presentes em compostos orgânicos. Estes complexos não são muito estáveis (necessitam ficar em baixas temperaturas). A ligação com a fosfina permite a estabilização do composto CuBH4. Apesar de formar ligações com bases duras como o O e N (possuem eletronegatividade alta e são pequenos), cobre monovalente é um íon metálico mole (grande, baixo nox), ou seja, forma ligações mais forte com bases moles, (átomos menos eletronegativos e polarizáveis), como S e P. O ânion boroidreto está coordenado ao cobre de modo bidentado, o número de coordenação do cobre é quatro e a estrutura do centro metálico é tetraédrica distorcida .\nCu (II): cobre d9, paramagnético. Forma, muitas vezes, compostos quadrado planar. Complexos com seis ligantes ocorrem em estrutura octaédrica distorcida. Geralmente dois ligantes axiais se encontram mais distantes do que os ligantes equatoriais, embora existe o inverso . Essa distorção é consequência da configuração d9 e do efeito Jahn-Teller. Em um octaedro com ligantes iguais ocorre o alongamento ou a compressão das ligações axiais. Como consequência, temos a quebra da degenerescência dos orbitais eg e t2g. Em um alongamento no eixo axial (z), os orbitais que possuem componentes em z, dz², dxz e dyz, se estabilizam (reduzem sua energia), pois a interação entre os ligantes e estes orbitais diminui, enquanto que os orbitais sem componentes em z, dx²-y² e dxy, ficam mais energéticos em uma quantidade correspondente .\nDevido aos elétrons desemparelhados, os compostos de Cu2+ são geralmente coloridos, existem transições d-d . Soluções de cobre apresentam, em sua maioria, a coloração azul, devido a presença dos íons [Cu(OH2)6]2+, uma exceção comum é o íon verde quase planar [CuCl4]2-, entretanto, quando diluído a cor da solução muda para o azul. Essa mudança corresponde a substituições de íons cloretos por moléculas de água . O sal azul CuSO4∙5H2O contém a unidade quadrada planar [Cu(OH2)4]2+ com dois oxigênios do ânion SO42- completando o octaedro alongado .\nComplexos com halogênios incluem [CuCl3]-, [CuCl4]2- e [CuCl5]3-, mas as estruturas no estado sólido destes compostos são dependentes do contra íon envolvido. Por exemplo: [Ph4P][CuCl3] contém dímeros, enquanto que o K[CuCl3] contém cadeias octaédricas distorcidas .\nEm soluções aquosas o Cu2+ forma muitos complexos com amônia e aminas, como [Cu(H2O)5-n(NH3)n]2+, sendo n = 1, 2, 3 ou 4. O composto com n = 5 e/ou 6, é instável devido ao efeito Jahn-Teller. A distorção na estrutura octaédrica alonga e enfraquece a ligação entre o cobre e o nitrogênio. É possível obter o [Cu(NH3)6]2+ usando amônia como solvente .\nExemplo de composto com Cu(II): [Cu(doxiciclina)(1,10-fenantrolina)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4). Apresenta propriedades antitumorais que ocorre pela clivagem da molécula de DNA. O que acontece é que muitos compostos parecidos com este necessitam de outros reagentes externos para fazer essa clivagem através de reações redox. Este composto não precisa de reagentes externos. O estudo foi feito com a sintetização deste composto, verificação da composição e estrutura e foi testado em células de uma pessoa com leucemia. Foi verificado que o composto é capaz de clivar a molécula do DNA. Os resultados propõe que o composto exibe uma geometria tetragonal distorcida com dois ligantes bidentados, (1,10-fenantrolina e doxiciclina) coordenadas no plano equatorial, uma molécula de água e um íon perclorato nas posições axiais .\nCu (III): cobre d8 é considerado incomum, pois é facilmente reduzido. O composto K3[CuF6] é paramagnético, com dois elétron desemparelhados. Os compostos de coordenação restantes são diamagnéticos e com uma estrutura quadrado planar . Exemplos desses compostos: [CuO2]- e [Cu(IO6)2]7-. Provavelmente, o uso mais importante de espécies de Cu(III) é em supercondutores de alta temperatura . Em 1987 dois pesquisadores foram laureados com prêmio Nobel de Física (\"Por seu importante avanço na descoberta de supercondutividade em materiais cerâmicos\"). Eles estudaram compostos com cobre como o La1.85Ba0.15CuO4. A supercondutividade surge quando um material condutor é resfriado a uma temperatura crítica bastante baixa (aproximadamente -180 °C) .\nCu (IV): cobre d7 é muito raro, porém existe o composto [CuF6]2- que é produzido por fluoração de CsCuCl3 a 247 °C. O íon possui uma estrutura octaédrica distorcida (efeito Jahn-Teller) .\nProdução mundial.\nFonte: INews.&lt;/small&gt;\n\n" ]

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[ "Stewart Butterfield Daniel Stewart Butterfield (born Dharma Jeremy Butterfield, 1973) is a Canadian entrepreneur and businessman of Polish descent, best known for being a co-founder of the photo sharing website Flickr and team messaging application Slack.", "Slack (software) Slack is a cloud-based set of team collaboration tools and services, founded by Stewart Butterfield. In simpler terms, it is a chatting program. Slack began as an internal tool used by their company, Tiny Speck, in the development of \"Glitch\", a now defunct online game. The name is an acronym for \"Searchable Log of All Conversation and Knowledge\"." ]

[ "Karen Marie Shelton Karen Marie Shelton (née O'Connor; born June 23, 1951) is an Internet-based entrepreneur, the CEO and founder of Hairboutique.com, one of the oldest and largest consumer hair portals on the Web. She is also the CEO and co-founder of T&S Software, a telephony software provider of award winning software in the VOIP arena. She has authored more than 2,500 original articles on consumer hair care topics.", "Jerry Kaplan Samuel Jerrold \"Jerry\" Kaplan (born March 25, 1952) is an American computer scientist, author, futurist, and serial entrepreneur. He is best known as a pioneer in the field of pen computing and tablet computers. He is the founder of numerous companies, including GO Corporation, whose technology was used to develop the first smartphone and tablet PC. Kaplan is the co-founder of OnSale, the first B2C online auction site launched in 1994, five months prior to eBay. He is a recipient of the 1998 Ernst & Young Emerging Entrepreneur of the Year Award and author of the best-selling book \"Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure.\" He has been featured in major news publications, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, Red Herring, and Bloomberg Businessweek. Kaplan is also the author of the 2015 book \"Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence\". Additional companies he has co-founded include artificial intelligence company Teknowledge, Inc. and social game website Winster.com. Kaplan is currently a Fellow at the Stanford Center for Legal Informatics.", "Bradley Tusk Bradley Tusk (born October 3, 1973) is an American businessman, venture capitalist, philanthropist, political strategist, and writer. He is the founder and CEO of Tusk Holdings, a multi-faceted platform featuring multiple businesses (Tusk Ventures, Tusk Strategies, Ivory Gaming, Kronos Archives), politics, philanthropy, and writing and commentary.", "Beme Beme Inc. ( ) is a multimedia company founded by Matt Hackett and Casey Neistat, a popular vlogger and short film maker on YouTube. Beme Inc. is the creator of the Mobile app, Beme. On November 28, 2016, CNN announced that it would acquire Beme. CNN intended to invest in the company and create a new brand focused on a young audience. The Beme app was officially shut down on January 31, 2017.", "Michael Baum (entrepreneur) Michael Baum (born May 28, 1962) is an American entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. He is best known as the Founder & CEO of Splunk a big data software technology used for understanding machine-generated data primarily for systems management, security forensics, compliance reporting and real-time operational intelligence. Baum is the founder of six technology start-ups, five of which have been acquired and one (NASDAQ: SPLK) which went public. He has also been a Venture Capital investor with Rembrandt Venture Partners, Advent International and Crosspoint Venture Partners. Baum graduated with a computer science degree from Drexel University and an MBA from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.", "Palringo Palringo is a community-oriented messaging and gaming app for Windows, OS X, iOS and Android. The platform allows users to form and join large groups based on common interests, send instant messages and drop images and voice recordings into conversations. Launched in 2006, Palringo has 45 million installed users worldwide and offers a range of games along with more than 350,000 groups, some of which have up to 2,000 members. Headquartered in London, Palringo has offices in Newcastle, Ipswich, Gothenburg and Helsinki.", "Ben Keighran Ben Keighran is an Australian born internet entrepreneur currently residing in San Francisco, CA. In 2009, Keighran became CEO & Co-Founder of Chomp (Application), a technology company that powers an on-device native and web app search and discovery engine.", "Ben Silbermann Ben Silbermann (born 1982) is an American Internet entrepreneur who is the co-founder and CEO of Pinterest, a virtual pinboard which lets users organize images, links, recipes and other things. The website allows users to create and manage theme-based image collections called \"pinboards\". Examples include events, interests, hobbies and more. Users can browse other pinboards for inspiration, 're-pin' images to their own collections and/or 'like' photos.", "Wendell Brown Wendell Brown is an American computer scientist, entrepreneur and inventor best known for his innovations in Telecommunications and Internet Technology, Cybersecurity, Smartphone app development, and the Internet of Things. Brown has founded multiple notable technology companies including Teleo, LiveOps and eVoice.", "Murray Haszard Murray Hayden Haszard (born 11 May 1954) is a New Zealand entrepreneur and businessman who founded the companies B32 Software and Binary Research and is the chairman of Ilion Technology.", "Jack Dorsey Jack Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American computer programmer and internet entrepreneur widely known as a co-founder and CEO of Twitter, and as the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named to the \"MIT Technology Review\" TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. For 2012, \"The Wall Street Journal\" gave him the \"Innovator of the Year Award\" for technology.", "NUVI NUVI is a social media mining company, creating a SaaS (Software as a Service) tool that enables businesses and organizations to view or hear the things that people write, say, believe or feel about a subject or topic. The term \"software as a service\" (SaaS) is considered to be part of the nomenclature of cloud computing. There are very large numbers of conversations that take place daily in the social sphere; NUVI retrieves the conversations to enable businesses and organizations to listen, view, respond or engage.", "Kriti Sharma Kriti Sharma, (born April 1988) is an artificial intelligence technologist, mobile product inventor and one of the first chatbot executives in the technology industry. In 2017, Sharma was named in \"Forbes\" magazine's 30 Under 30. She is a speaker on financial technology, big data, product management and millennial entrepreneurship. She is currently the Vice President of Bots and AI at Sage Group, one of the UK’s largest tech companies. She is the inventor of “invisible accounting” with Pegg, first of its kind chatbot for business finances. She has been leading efforts to create more diverse and ethical artificial intelligence and “embracing botness” which means that AI does not have to pretend to be human, instead it needs to be useful.", "Alex Furmansky Alex Furmansky is an American entrepreneur and businessman. He is the founder of Budsies, a company which turns children's artwork and photographed into custom stuffed animals, and Sparkology, an online dating service that caters to successful young professionals. For his various ventures, Furmansky has been described as a \"serial entrepreneur.\"", "Meebo Meebo was an instant messaging and social networking service provider. It was founded in September 2005 by Sandy Jen, Seth Sternberg, and Elaine Wherry, and was based in Mountain View, California. Initially the company offered a web-based instant messenger service, extending its offer in more general online chat and even social networking directions. In June 2012, Google acquired Meebo to merge the company's staff with the Google+ developers team.", "Luis von Ahn Luis von Ahn (born 19 August 1978) is a Guatemalan entrepreneur and a Consulting Professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University. He is known as one of the pioneers of crowdsourcing. He is the founder of the company reCAPTCHA, which was sold to Google in 2009, and the co-founder and CEO of Duolingo, a popular language-learning platform.", "Daniel Borel Daniel Borel (born February 14, 1950) is a Swiss businessman and co-founder of Logitech.", "Jonah Peretti Jonah Peretti (born January 1, 1974) is an American Internet entrepreneur, a co-founder of BuzzFeed and \"The Huffington Post\", and developer of reblogging under the project \"Reblog\".", "Luke Johnson (businessman) Luke Oliver Johnson (born 2 February 1962), is a British entrepreneur, best known for his involvement with Pizza Express chain. He is a former chairman of the Royal Society of Arts and Channel 4. He writes a weekly column for \"The Sunday Times\". Johnson calls himself a \"projector\", in line with the 17th century term for a man involved in many different businesses. However, others regard him as just a serial entrepreneur.", "Disqus Disqus (pronounced \"discuss\") is a worldwide blog comment hosting service for web sites and online communities that use a networked platform. The company's platform includes various features, such as social integration, social networking, user profiles, spam and moderation tools, analytics, email notifications, and mobile commenting. It was founded in 2007 by Daniel Ha and Jason Yan as a Y Combinator startup." ]

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[ "Othello is Otho is King James They became the King’s Men -- the official court players for the king. Shakespeare was not just writing his Othello play for King James, but rather he wrote the play about King James. It is important to know that the play’s first recorded performance was 1 November, 1604. It was performed in the Palace of Whitehall, in the Banqueting House, for the king himself." ]

[ "What Machiavelli knew As Philip Bobbitt puts it in his book The Garments of Court and Palace (newly published by Atlantic, £22), “Machiavelli is a profoundly ethical writer.” He may have found a place in history as Old Nick – the apologist for violence and treachery who is such a disturbing presence in Shakespeare and Milton.", "Probing Question: Did Shakespeare really write all those plays? Probing Question: Did Shakespeare really write all those plays? So wrote William Shakespeare in his play, Much Ado About Nothing. Or did he? Even people who have never actually read Shakespeare have heard the theories: Shakespeare's plays were written by Francis Bacon! Shakespeare's plays were written by the Earl of Oxford! Shakespeare's plays were written by anyone, anyone, but William Shakespeare!", "- Hamlet's Antic Disposition From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. There is much evidence in the play that Hamlet deliberately feigned fits of madness in order to confuse and disconcert the king and his attendants.", "Shakespeare authorship question By the end of the 19th century other candidates had begun to receive attention. In 1895 Wilbur G. Zeigler, an attorney, published the novel It Was Marlowe: A Story of the Secret of Three Centuries, whose premise was that Christopher Marlowe did not die in 1593, but rather survived to write Shakespeare's plays.", "Chronology of Shakespeare's plays Additional information (attribution) : first attributed to Shakespeare by the booksellers Richard Rogers and William Ley in 1656, Shakespeare's possible authorship of the play was first investigated by Edward Capell in 1760.", "- Othello is about as near as Shakespeare gets to classical tragedy. The Tragic Flaw. A. C. Bradley saw Shakespearean tragedy characterized by the tragic flaw, the internal imperfection in the hero that brings him down. His downfall becomes his own doing, and he is no longer, as in classical tragedy, the helpless victim of fate.", "- Although there has been some speculation that Much Ado about Nothing may be a heavily revised version of a play that Shakespeare wrote earlier in his career (a lost work that is often referred to as Love's Labour Won), Much Ado was probably written by Shakespeare in 1598 or shortly thereafter.", "William Shakespeare Shakespeare wrote a total of thirty-seven plays in three main categories: tragedies, comedies, and histories. His play, Twelfth Night, which also has the subtitle or What You Will, is considered one of his most famous comedies. The Writing of Twelfth Night. It is estimated that William Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night sometime in 1601. Some scholars believe that the play was written specifically to be performed for Queen Elizabeth I to celebrate the holiday of Twelfth Night, a Christian", "Much Ado About Nothing Plot Overview. The most influential writer in all of English literature, William Shakespeare was born in 1564 to a successful middle-class glove-maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further.", "Julius Caesar As his chief source in writing Julius Caesar, Shakespeare probably used Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, written in the first century a.d.", "The Tempest The Tempest is most likely the last play written entirely by Shakespeare, and it is remarkable for being one of only two plays by Shakespeare (the other being Love’s Labor’s Lost) whose plot is entirely original.", "- A list of all the characters in Othello. The Othello characters covered include: Othello, Desdemona , Iago , Michael Cassio, Emilia , Roderigo , Bianca , Brabanzio , Duke of Venice, Montano , Lodovico , Graziano , Clown .", "The Travels of Marco Polo The book was written in Old French by romance writer Rustichello da Pisa, who worked from accounts which he had heard from Marco Polo when they were imprisoned together in Genoa. From the beginning, there has been incredulity over Polo's sometimes fabulous stories, as well as a scholarly debate in recent times.", "Othello Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story Un Capitano Moro (A Moorish Captain) by Cinthio, a disciple of Boccaccio, first published in 1565.", "Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Summary and Analysis Act III: Scene 4. Desdemona sends for Cassio to tell him that she has spoken with Othello; she is also worried that she has lost her handkerchief. When Othello enters, he claims a headache and asks her for a handkerchief to bind his head, but he will have only the embroidered strawberry handkerchief.", "Harpsichord Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757) began his career in Italy but wrote most of his solo harpsichord works in Spain; his most famous work is his series of 555 harpsichord sonatas. Perhaps the most celebrated composer who wrote for the harpsichord was J. S. Bach (1685–1750), whose solo works (for instance, the Well-Tempered Clavier and the Goldberg Variations), continue to be performed very widely, often on the piano.", "- The Pearl John Steinbeck. John Steinbeck wrote The Pearl during the time in which he was at the height of his fame. He had completed The Grapes of Wrath, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and was renowned and reviled as a subversive, unpatriotic man who... Copyright © 1999 - 2015 GradeSaver LLC.", "'The Falling Sickness' in Literature He hath the falling sickness. Julius Caesar (Act I; 2; 249-260). Although there is still controversy regarding who actually wrote Shakespeare's plays, there is no question that their deep knowledge of human nature gives them a lasting appeal. Two of Shakespeare's plays have characters with epilepsy: Othello and Julius Caesar.", "- In their essay How We Know That Shakespeare Wrote Shakespeare: The Historical Facts, Tom Reedy and David Kathman summarize the extensive web of evidence that identifies William Shakespeare of Stratford as the man who wrote the works of William Shakespeare.", "Othello Themes William Shakespeare. Othello Themes. Iago never explains why he manipulates Othello, but it's very likely that at least some of his hatred stems from Othello's race. As a Moor, Othello is treated like an animal because of the color of his skin. His father-in-law, Brabantio, disapproves of the marriage because Othello is black.", "- Shakespeare and Race: Othello's Relationship with Desdemona From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford.", "Lodovico, a Venetian noble Then, while Othello reads (or pretends to read) a letter, Lodovico converses with Desdemona, who is some kind of cousin to him. He mentions that Othello has been called home to Venice and that Cassio has been appointed governor of Cyprus.", "- We notice according to the principle mentioned here before that Shakespeare’s Othello closely matches the Aristotelian concepts by having such similar arrangement. The story started in Venice where the events took place when Othello married Desdemona, the daughter of senator Barabantio, with whom she fell in love.", "The Power of Words & Language in Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare Pages: 1 2. In two of Shakespeare’s plays, Hamlet and Othello, the power of words helps drive the central action of the plots. While there are different motivations for characters to employ the power of words and language in both Hamlet and Othello , the result is generally the same.", "Othello and The Tempest Shakespeare's Othello was performed for the first time on 1 November, 1604. The first recorded performance of The Tempest was 1 November, 1611.Both were written when Shakespeare was a King's Man -- Groom of the Chamber to King James.hakespeare's Othello was performed for the first time on 1 November, 1604. The first recorded performance of The Tempest was 1 November, 1611.", "\"The play takes place in Venice, a Renaissance city-state and Cyprus, a coastal port. Venice's military hero, the middle-aged Othello, a black Moor, has secretly eloped with the much younger Desdemona, the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio. Desdemona, a lady who moves in the best social circles in Venice, has fallen in love with Othello's hero-general persona. Othello has fallen in love with Desdemona's fawning adoration of him. Act I, Scene I As the play opens, Roderigo, a Venetian gentleman, is conversing with Iago, the third in command under Othello. Iago had idolized Othello, the hero-general, but after Othello passed him over for promotion, his admiration has turned to bitter hatred. Roderigo suggests that Iago resign his post, but Iago says that he intends to remain in service to Othello while actually pursuing his own personal aims of revenge. Iago tells Roderigo that he will only pretend to be Othello's faithful follower, that he will not be what he appears to be. \"\"I am not what I am,\"\" Iago says. To begin his revenge on Othello, Iago, accompanied by Roderigo, goes to the home of Desdemona's father, Brabantio, to rat on Othello. To turn Brabantio against Othello, Iago shouts out in the coarsest possible language what Othello and Desdemona are now doing. \"\"I am one sir,\"\" Iago announces, \"\"that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.\"\" When Brabantio accuses them of lying, Roderigo replies that his beloved daughter has sneaked out of his house \"\"to the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.\"\" \"\"Your daughter, if you have not given her leave, I say again, hath made a gross revolt, Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes In an extravagant and wheeling stranger Of here and everywhere.\"\" Brabantio discovers that indeed Desdemona has secretly fled. He is beside himself with rage and exhorts Roderigo to lead the search for the dastardly Moor. Act I, Scene II Shortly afterward, in another Venice street, Iago tries to provoke Othello to anger by telling him that Brabantio has maligned the general's honor. Iago warns that Brabantio, a powerful Venitian politician, may try to have Othello dismissed. The egotistical Othello says that his services for the Venitian rulers \"\"shall out-tongue his complaints\"\" and adds: \"\"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul Shall manifest me rightly.\"\" Othello admits to Iago that if he wasn't in love with Desdemona he would not easily give up his freedom. Michael Cassio, Othello's young lieutenant, arrives with word that a Turkish war party is about to attack Venice and that the Duke of Venice and the Senate have summoned Othello to the Council to prepare for war. When Othello says that he will rush to the Council after spending a moment in his house, Cassio asks Iago why the delay. Iago reveals to Cassio that Othello has that night married Desdemona. At that moment, Brabantio, Roderigo and several law officers arrive to arrest Othello. When both sides draw their swords, Othello tells his supporters to put away their weapons. Brabantio accuses Othello of enchanting and thereby abusing Desdemona. \"\"Damned as thou are, thou hast enchanted her, For I'll refer me to all things of sense If she in chains of magic were not bound, Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy, So opposite to marriage that she shunned The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, Would ever have, to incur a general mock, Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou, to fear, not to delight. Judge me the world if 'tis not gross in sense That thou hast practiced on her with foul charms, Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals That weaken motion.\"\" When Brabantio tells his men to seize the Moor, Othello tells Brabantio that he has been summoned by the Duke himself because of an impending military threat. Brabantio says that's fine with him, he will bring his charge against Othello in the presence of the Duke and the Senate. Act I, Scene III In the council-chamber of the Duke of Venice, the Duke and the senators are planning a military response to the arch-enemies of Venice, the Turks, who are threatening military action toward either Rhodes or Cyprus. The planning council is interrupted by the irate Brabantio who immediately begins to make accusations that his daughter has been mentally raped. Not realizing who the accused is, the Duke promises to punish the \"\"beguiler\"\" of Brabantio's daughter to the full extent of the law. The Duke and the other Venetian leaders are taken aback when they hear that Brabantio is accusing Othello of these crimes. To support his suit, Brabantio recounts how he unwittingly invited the Moor to his home. Brabantio claims that his daughter must be under a spell to fall in love with Othello, a much older man with a fearsome black visage. On Othello's request the Council summons Desdemona. Othello defends himself by explaining that Desdemona was impressed by his stories of military adventures and exploits. As he is explaining that her love for him involves no witchcraft, Desdemona suddenly appears and confirms her genuine love for the Moor. She explains that though torn in her affections between her father and her husband, she must, as did her mother, stand by her duty to her husband. \"\"I do perceive here a divided duty. To you I am bound for life and education, My life and education both do learn me How to respect you, you are the lord of duty, I am hitherto your daugther. But here's my husband, And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord.\"\" Brabantio is incensed by what he takes to be Desdemona's betrayal but resigns himself to the situation. Returning to the business at hand, the Duke orders Othello to go to Cyprus and defend against the Turks. Othello, totally unaware of his hatred for him, chooses Iago to escort Desdemona to Cyprus to be with Othello. \"\"So please your Grace, my Ancient, A man he is of honesty and trust. To his conveyance I assign my wife, With what else needful your good grace shall think To be sent after me.\"\" After the others have left, Iago speaks with Roderigo, who is still smitten with desire for Desdemona. He says that his bootless love is something he cannot control. Iago scolds him for this admission. \"\"'Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our bodies are gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners. So that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry--why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions. But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts, whereof I take this that you call love to be a sect or scion .\"\" Iago assures Roderigo that the \"\"barbarian\"\" Othello and the youthful Desdemona will soon grow tired of one another After his revenge against Othello, Iago assures him, Desdemona will be free to marry Roderigo. Iago tells Roderigo to await further instruction but meanwhile gather money for a plot against the Moor. Alone on stage, Iago declaims \"\"I hate the Moor,\"\" wondering if Othello may have slept with Iago's wife. Iago decides that Cassio, \"\"a proper man\"\" but pleasing to women, will be his instrument through which he will wreak his vengeance on the gullible Othello. \"\"The Moor is of a free and open nature That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are.\"\"Act II, Scene I There is talk at the seaport of Cyprus that a great storm has devastated the Turkish fleet. Then Cassio appears with further news that the Turks have been defeated but that Othello's command ship may also have gone down. A ship is spotted and the hope goes up that it is Othello returned. It is Iago's ship, bringing Desdemona and his own wife, Emilia, along with Roderigo and others. Cassio reveals his fondness for Desdemona by his playful conversation with her. Iago plans within himself how he can use this in his plot to destroy Othello. Othello arrives unscathed and is welcomed by all. Kissing Desdemona, he tells her how joyous it is being with her again. They then return home. Alone, Iago takes Roderigo aside and tells him that Desdemona is in love with Cassio. Roderigo finds this hard to believe, but Iago explains that she has grown tired of the aging Moor and finds the young, handsome Cassio to her taste. Iago inflames Roderigo with hatred against Cassio. \"\"A devilish knave! Besides, the knave is handsome, young, and hath all those requisites in him that folly and green minds look after. A pestilent complete knave, and the woman hath found him already.\"\" Iago instructs Roderigo to provoke Cassio into a fight as he stands guard that night, so that he can be charged with fighting while on duty. Iago entices Roderigo by explaining that this will eliminate Cassio as Roderigo's rival for Desdemona. Alone, Iago reflects how he lusts for Desdemona in part because he suspects Othello may have slept with his own wife, Emilia. \"\"Now, I do love her too, Not out of absolute lust, though peradventure I stand accountant for as great a sin, But partly led to diet my revenge For that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, The thought whereof Doth like a poisonous mineral gnaw my inwards. And nothing can or shall content my soul Till I am evened with him, wife for wife. Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor At least into a jealousy so strong That judgment cannot cure.\"\"Act II, Scene II A herald announces that \"\"our noble General Othello\"\" has decreed that a celebration be held in celebration of his recent marriage and the glorious victory over the Turkish fleet. Act II, Scene III In the castle, Othello commends Iago as \"\"most honest\"\" as he sends Cassio to stand the watch. After Othello and Desdemona have left, Cassio greets Iago: \"\"Welcome, Iago. We must to the watch\"\" Iago arouses Cassio's lust for Desdemona by describing her sexual aura, indicating that Othello \"\"hath not yet made wanton the night with her, and she is sport for Jove. Cassio: She's a most exquisite lady. Iago: And, I'll warrant her, full of game. Cassio: Indeed she's a most fresh and delicate creature. Iago: What an eye she has. Methinks it sounds a parley to provocation. Cassio: An inviting eye, and yet methinks right modest. Iago: And when she speaks, is it not an alarum to love? Cassio: She is indeed perfection. Iago: Well, happiness to their sheets!\"\" Iago encourages Cassio to drink in celebration of the occasion. Cassio says he has no head for drink, has already had one glass, and should have no more. Insisting, Iago says that the gallants outside insist that everyone drink on this \"\"night of revels.\"\" While Cassio goes to invite the revelers in, Iago reflects how he'll get Cassio drunk and cause him to be rejected by Othello. Reentering with Montano, the former governor of Cyprus, and others, Cassio is well on his way to getting drunk and Iago regales him and the others with bawdy songs to encourage much drinking and high spirits. Insisting that he's not drunk, Cassio leaves to stand watch. Iago laments to Montano that though Cassio has some virtue it is counterbalanced by this tendency toward drunkenness. He worries that Othello has misplaced his trust in so unreliable a person as Cassio. A tumult is heard outside and Cassio and Roderigo burst in, fighting with swords as they enter. Cassio strikes Roderigo and Montano gets between them, trying to end the fight, telling Cassio that he's drunk. Cassio wounds Montano as they engage in swordplay. Aside, Iago tells Roderigo to go outside and sound the alarm. In answer to the alarm, Othello enters and demands to know who started the altercation. Appearing reluctant to speak ill of anyone, Iago explains what has happened. \"\"Touch me not so near. I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth Than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. Yet I persuade myself to speak the truth Shall nothing wrong him. Thus it is, General. Montano and myself being in speech, There comes a fellow crying out for help, And Cassio following him with determined sword To execute upon him, Sir, this gentleman Steps in to Cassio and entreats his pause. . . . Though Cassio did some little wrong to him, As men in rage strike those that wish them best, Yet surely Cassio, I believe, received From him that fled some strange indignity, Which patience could not pass.\"\" Believing that he has heard the truth about the event, Othello summarily dismisses Cassio from military service. Everyone leaves but Cassio and Iago. Cassio is beside himself with anguish for having lost his reputation, which he considers \"\"the immortal part\"\" of himself. Pursuing his plot for revenge, Iago encourages Cassio to implore Othello for reinstatement. \"\"As I am an honest man, I thought you had received some bodily wound. There is more sense in that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving. You have lost no reputation at all unless you repute yourself such a loser. What, man! There are ways to recover the General again. You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in policy than in malice--even so as one would beat his offenseless dog to affright an imperious lion. Sue to him again and he's yours.\"\" To further his revenge, Iago convinces Cassio to ask Desdemona to help him in his petition for reinstatement. \"\"Confess yourself freely to her, importune her help to put you in your place again. She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposition, she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested. This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to splinter and, my fortunes against any lay worth naming, this crack of your love shall grow stronger than it was before.\"\" Leaving Cassio, Iago goes to take up the watch, reflecting to himself how he will do in his enemy, Othello. \"\"For whiles this honest fool Plies Desdemona to repair his fortunes, And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor, I'll pour this pestilence into his ear, That she repeals him for her body's lust. And by how much she strives to do him good, She shall undo her credit with the Moor. So will I turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all.\"\" When Roderigo returns, downcast, Iago encourages him, pointing out that his competitor, Cassio, has been cashiered. As he goes to stand watch, Iago completes his plans:He will have Emilia, his wife, entreat Desdemona to implore Othello to reinstate CassioHe will see to it that Othello discovers Cassio soliciting Desdemona's helpHe will make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are loversAct III, Scene I Before Othello's castle headquarters, Cassio informs Iago that he has sent a message to Emilia, Iago's wife asking her to make it possible for Cassio to speak with Desdemona. Iago tells Cassio that he will send Emilia to speak with him. Shortly, Emilia appears and gives Cassio the good news that Othello and Desdemona are speaking of his situation. She tells Cassio that Desdemona is speaking for him \"\"stoutly,\"\" but that Othello says there's no need for her intervention because his own feeling for Cassio is enough to reinstate you as soon as it is appropriate. Cassio tells Emilia that even though things seem to be going well for him with Othello, he would still like to speak with Desdemona. Emilia invites him to come in and says she will make it possible for him to speak with Desdemona. Act III, Scene II Othello instructs Iago to take some letters to the pilot and meet him on the sea fortifications. Iago agrees and leaves. Act III, Scene III Desdemona assures Cassio that she will bring about his reconciliation with Othello. \"\"I'll intermingle every thing he does With Cassio's suit. Therefore be merry, Cassio, For thy solicitor shall rather die Than give thy cause away.\"\" Cassio thanks Desdemona from the bottom of his heart and leaves. At that moment, Othello and Iago are approaching Desdemona's quarters and see Cassio leaving. Iago expresses his displeasure at seeing Cassio meeting secretly with Desdemona, but pretends that he was merely speaking in distraction. Othello asks Iago if that wasn't Cassio just leaving Desdemona's room. Iago says that it surely wasn't Cassio who was stealing guiltily away upon seeing Othello approaching. As soon as Othello and Iago enter, Desdemona tells them that she's been speaking with Cassio and asks Othello to reconcile with him. Othello says he will speak with Cassio shortly. But Desdemona presses him to say precisely when he will summon Cassio. She says that Cassio is one of his most loyal officers and has sometimes taken Othello's side when she herself has spoken disparagingly of Othello. Othello, grown weary of her importuning, says that he will grant Desdemona's boon. Desdemona reacts to this statement, telling Othello that she is not asking for something for herself but only trying to get Othello to do what is right. Othello, even more weary of all this talk of Cassio, asks Desdemona to leave him and Iago alone for a while. Desdemona and Emilia leave. Othello speaks in exasperation: \"\"Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! And when I love thee not, Chaos is come again.\"\" Iago asks Othello if Cassio had been aware of Othello's love for Desdemona when Othello was wooing her. Othello assures him that Cassio was fully aware of his affection for her. He asks Iago why he asks this question, is it because he distrusts Cassio. When Iago hesitates, in his usual manner of pretending not to want to speak ill of someone, Othello insists that Iago tell him what he thinks: \"\"I know thou'rt full of love and honesty And weigh'st thy words before thou givest them breath. Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more. For such things in a false disloyal knave Are tricks of custom, but in a man that's just They're close delations, working from the heart, That passion cannot rule.\"\" Iago demurs again, explaining that his scattered, unsure surmisings would only cause Othello to wonder about Cassio's character. Othello asks him what he means. \"\"Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls. Who steals my purse steals trash--'tis something, nothing, 'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands-- But he that filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor indeed. . . . Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss Who, certain of his fate, love not his wronger. But, oh, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves!\"\" Othello tells Iago not to worry that he'll cause him to become jealous, because he knows that Desdemona is a virtuous woman. He says he would only doubt her if he had certain proof of her infidelity. Iago expresses his relief that he can be frank with him. He says he has no definite proof of Desdemona's unfaithfulness, but suggests that Othello observe her when she is around Cassio. Remember, Iago tells Othello, that Desdemona was unfaithful to her father. Seeing Othello aroused by what he is saying, Iago begs Othello not to be influenced by his words beyond suspicion. Because, Iago tells him, Cassio is his friend and he's sure that Desdemona must be a faithful wife, no question about it. And yet, Iago says, most women are more comfortable with men of their own culture, and he wonders if Desdemona might be of that usual sort. Othello appears to dismiss Iago's suspicions, but tells him to \"\"set\"\" his wife, Emilia, \"\"to observe.\"\" Iago suggests that Othello wait to reinstate Cassio and see if Desdemona goes too far in interceding for him. After Iago has left, Desdemona enters and Othello tells her he has a headache. She says she will wrap her scarf around his head after dinner. As they leave together, Desdemona drops the scarf. Emilia picks up the scarf, reflecting that this scarf which Othello gave her as a gift, is what Iago has been asking her to get for him. When Iago enters Emilia gives him the scarf, asking what he intends to do with it. Iago refuses to answer her. Othello enters, complaining to Iago that he now has disturbing suspicions about Desdemona. When Iago pretends to be displeased at his displeasure, Othello grows angry and calls him a villain, telling him to prove that Desdemona's a whore or suffer his condemnation. Iago complains to Othello that he should have known better than to be honest with him. With this, Othello realizes that his suspicions have gotten the better of him, and he tells Iago that, no, he should be honest. To the contrary, Iago says, it's better to be wise than honest. Othello is still consumed with suspicion and tells Iago to give him proof of Desdemoa's infidelity, to put his mind at rest. Iago, pretending to follow his orders with displeasure, \"\"pricked to 'it by foolish honesty and love,\"\" tells Othello that he had once heard Cassio cry out in his sleep: \"\"'Sweet Desdemona, Let us be wary, let us hide our loves.' And then, sir, would he grip and wring my hand, Cry 'O sweet creature!'\"\" When Othello bellows with jealousy, \"\"I'll tear her all to pieces,\"\" Iago reminds him that this may all be a false lead, that perhaps it is only Cassio's fantasy. Continuing his perfidy, Iago asks Othello if he remembers the scarf he gave Desdemona as a gift, the one spotted with strawberries. When Othello confirms that this had been his gift to Desdemona, Iago says he observed Cassio wiping his beard with just that scarf. With that, Othello's suspicions become full certitude and he tells Iago that his love for Desdemona is forever shattered. \"\"Arise, black Vengeance, from thy hollow cell!\"\" Othello disclaims. Iago advises Othello to wait, that his opinion of Desdemona may change. But Othello's mind is set and he vows revenge. Iago swears to follow whatever orders Othello gives him. Othello tells Iago that within three days he wants to hear that Cassio is dead. He appoints Iago his Lieutenant and they go off to plot the murder of Cassio. Act III, Scene IV Unsuspecting Othello's hatred for her, Desdemona continues her petition for reinstatement of Cassio. When Othello asks to use her scarf, Desdemona says it's not there but lies to him that it's not lost. Othello tells Desdemona that the scarf is magical, that an Egyptian sorcerer had given it to his mother with the understanding that as long as she kept the scarf she would retain her husband's love, but if she ever lost it, her husband's love would turn to hatred and infidelity. Othello tells Desdemona that \"\"to lose 't or give 't away were such perdition as nothing else could match.\"\" Consumed with rage, Othello demands the scarf, but Desdemona persists in her entreaties for Cassio, and Othello finally stalks off in a fury. Desdemona, Emilia, Iago, and Cassio discuss Othello's changed condition. Iago leaves to seek out Othello. Desdemona tells Cassio that she cannot at present continue the suit for his reinstatement because Othello is beside himself with anger for her. She and Emilia hope that his fury is not out of jealousy. When Cassio meets Bianca, his lover, he gives her the scarf he found in his house and asks her to make a duplicate of it. She asks where it came from, but he tells her not to get into that. Act IV, Scene I As Othello and Iago discuss Desdemona's infidelity with Cassio, Iago inflames Othello's jealous rage with images of her making love with Cassio. Othello is beside himself with hatred for Desdemona, raving about her until he falls into an epileptic episode. Cassio arrives and Iago tells him that this is the second seizure Othello has experienced in the last two days. As Othello begins to revive, Iago tells Cassio to leave before he regains his senses. When Othello regains full consciousness, Iago tells him that Cassio came by while he was in a stupor. He suggests that Othello hide but listen to what Cassio will say about Desdemona as Iago draws him out. He tells Othello to note particularly the scornful grins and knowing sneers on Cassio's face as he talks about Desdemona. Iago's plan is to get Cassio to speak lewdly and lasciviously about Bianca, his mistress, while making Othello think that Cassio is speaking in a humiliating manner about Desdemona. From where he's hiding, Othello can only hear snatches of what Iago and Cassio say.Encouraged by Iago to speak about his dalliances with Bianca, Cassio tells him how she is mad for him. Iago tells Cassio that Bianca is telling everyone that Cassio's going to marry him, and Cassio laughs at such an absurdity. Cassio tells Iago that he's not stupid enough to marry such a woman. Othello can see by Cassio's tone and gesture that he thinks the woman he's talking about is love stricken with him, but that he does not really care for her and considers her a whore.As Iago and Cassio are conversing, Bianca approaches. She tells Cassio that she won't have anything to do with the scarf he gave her to copy, that it's most likely a gift from one of his strumpets. She waves the scarf about and stalks off, mumbling about Cassio's infidelity. Cassio runs after her to keep her from making a spectacle.As Othello rejoins Iago, he asks, \"\"How shall I murder him, Iago?\"\" Iago asks if Othello had seen the scarf he'd given to Desdemona. To drive home the point, Iago says that Cassio thinks so little of the scarf that Desdemona had given him that he gives it to his whore. Othello raves about the perfidy of Desdemona, pretending to be virtuous while cuckolding him with Cassio. Othello vows to kill her and asks Iago to get him some poison. Iago says that it would be more fitting if Othello strangled her in the very bed that she had used for her sinful rendezvous with Cassio. Othello thinks that is an excellent plan.Desdemona and Lodovico, her kinsman, arrive with a letter for Othello from the Duke and the Senators ordering Othello to return to Venice while Cassio replaces him as governor of Cyprus. In front of Othello, Desdemona speaks to Lodovico about the rift between Othello and Cassio, saying that she \"\"would do much to atone them,\"\" for the love she bears for Cassio. This is too much for Othello, and he strikes Desdemona, calling her a devil.Lodovico can hardly believe what he is seeing. He tells Othello that the Duke and the Senate will find it hard to believe that Othello has committed such an outrage, but that he will definitely give them his testimony as an eye witness.After Othello has railed about Desdemona's treachery and left in a fury, Lodovico wonders aloud to Iago how the Venetian rulers could ever have thought this man a great leader. Lodovico questions whether perhaps the letter drove Othello to such an unforgivable display of fury. Iago, in his inimitable manner, tells Lodovico that it's not his place to criticize Othello, but suggests he will see his true nature if he watches what happens between Othello and Desdemona in the coming hours. Act IV, Scene IIIn a room in his castle, Othello is questioning Emilia as to Desdemona's infidelity with Cassio. Emilia is aghast that Othello could think such a thing, assuring him pointedly that he has absolutely no cause for concern. She says that if someone has put such perfidious thoughts in his head that he should have the devil's curse on him. Othello tells Emilia to have Desdemona come to him.When Desdemona comes to him, he makes her swear that she is a true and loyal wife. She assures him, but he continues to tell her that she's \"\"false as Hell.\"\" Desdemona asks Othello if he's angry because he thinks her father had something to do with his being recalled to Venice. Desdemona reminds him that her father has disowned her because she went to Cyprus as Othello's wife.Othello continues to rail against Desdemona for appearing to be a loyal, faithful wife when she's been whoring around. When Emilia re-enters, Othello stalks off in a rage.Desdemona tells Emilia to have Iago come to her. When he arrives, Desdemona and Emilia tell him that Othello has called Desdemona a whore, a strumpet, and they are unable to understand why. Iago says that he's sure he doesn't know what's come over Othello. Emilia begins to conjecture: \"\"I will be hanged if some eternal villain, Some busy and insinuating rogue, Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office, Have not devised this slander. I'll be hanged else.\"\"Iago dismisses her theory as nonsense, declaring that no one has done this to Othello. Emilia says she suspects it's the same kind of scurvy fellow who made Iago suspect that's she'd been unfaithful with Othello.Desdemona, beside herself with grief over Othello's distrust of her, begs Iago to go to him and make him see that she is his faithful wife. Iago assures Desdemona that Othello's only disurbed by his being so summarily recalled to Venice.After Desdemona and Emilia have left, Roderigo rushes in, all in a rage with Iago for having deceived him. Roderigo has been giving jewels to Iago which he has said were going to Desdemona to win her love for Roderigo. Roderigo grumbles that Desdemona shows him no increased affection, just the usual friendliness she shows everyone.Manipulating the irrate Roderigo, as he does everyone, Iago commends Roderigo for his mettle in complaining about how slowly Desdemona is to show her increased affection for him. Iago tells him that if he does one last thing that he will surely have Desdemona for his own. Iago tells Roderigo that he can only win Desdemona if she and Othello remain in Cyprus instead of going to Mauritania as Othello is planning. Roderigo can assure that Othello and Desdemona will remain in Cyprus if he does in Cassio. Act IV, Scene IIIOthello tells Desdemona to go to bed, and dismiss Emilia for the night, that he will come to her shortly. As Desdemona and Emilia converse, it is clear that Desdemona is beside herself with anguish because of Othello's mistrust. Act V, Scene IIn a public street near Othello's castle, Iago gives courage to Roderigo in his murder of Cassio. To himself, Iago reflects on the benefit should Cassio and Roderigo kill each other; he would be rid of Cassio and the threat of exposure of his plot against Othello would be gone. Roderigo and Cassio duel and both are seriously wounded, after Iago has stabbed Cassio from behind in the confusion. Othello bursts upon the scene and hearing Cassio moaning, assumes that the trusty Iago has done the vile deed. Lodovico and Gratiano, two officials, arrive and Iago pretends to be enraged at Roderigo's assault upon Cassio. Iago kills the wounded Roderigo before he can reveal Iago's true part in this murderous scene. When Bianca arrives, Iago claims that this \"\"notable strumpet\"\" is behind Roderigo's attack on Cassio. He takes Bianca into custody. Act IV, Scene III As the play's final, bloody scene opens, Othello and Desdemona are in their bed chambers. Even now Othello's desire for Desdemona struggles against his sense of outrage at her infidelity.Upon seeing Desdemona when she appears, Othello's wrath overwhelms him. Othello throws his supposed evidence in Desdemona's face, especially the visual proof of the mislaid handkerchief.Desdemona exclaims that she is innocent and demands that Cassio be summoned so he can explain what has actually occurred. Thinking that Cassio is dead, Othello tells her of his being slain.Desdemona begs for mercy, but Othello, not wishing to shed her blood, smothers her with a pillow. Emilia enters and for a moment Desdemona recovers enough to tell her that she is the innocent victim of her husband's blind jealousy. Desdemona dies and Othello explains to Emilia that he has killed his wife because she committed adultery with Cassio.When Emilia defends Desdemona, Othello discloses to her how Iago supplied him with evidence of her illicit love affair. Emilia is now able to put all the pieces of the puzzle together, and she tells Othello how her husband was the evil mastermind behind the entire murderous plot. \"\"O thou dull Moor! That handkerchief thou speak'st of I found by fortune and did give my husband, For often with a solemn earnestness, More than indeed belonged to such a trifle, He begged of me to steal it.\"\"Othello refuses to believe her, but cannot deny it either, and he falls on his bed overwhelmed by bewilderment.Iago and a number of officials enter the bed chamber. Emilia vehemently accuses her husband of his villainy. As Othello runs at Iago, Iago lashes out but stabs his wife instead. When Iago runs away, Montano and the others give chase.A wounded Cassio enters the bed chamber, with Iago in chains. Othello wounds Iago, but does not kill him. When Lodovico strips Othello of his governorship, Othello lashes out at him and then stabs himself. Even as Othello is dying he reveals the fatal lack of self-awareness which was his downfall. \"\"When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Speak of me as I am, nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, Perplexed in the extreme. . .\"\"Othello dies and as the play ends, Lodovico, standing beside the wounded Cassio, tells him that for his part in this evil plot Iago must be tortured and executed.\" I am not what I am, Iago says. To begin his revenge on Othello, Iago, accompanied by Roderigo, goes to the home of Desdemona's father, Brabantio, to rat on Othello. To turn Brabantio against Othello, Iago shouts out in the coarsest possible language what Othello and Desdemona are now doing.enice's military hero, the middle-aged Othello, a black Moor, has secretly eloped with the much younger Desdemona, the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio. Desdemona, a lady who moves in the best social circles in Venice, has fallen in love with Othello's hero-general persona.", "Dry Eye Treatment: Getting Relief From Dry Eyes Because dry eye disease can have a number of causes, a variety of treatment approaches are used. The following is a list of dry eye treatments that are commonly used by eye doctors to reduce the signs and symptoms of dry eyes. Your eye doctor may recommend only one of these dry eye treatments or a combination of treatments, depending on the cause(s) and severity of your condition.", "Did Shakespeare Write âShakespeareâ? Much Ado About Nothing The medium used “automatic writing” to link Shakespeare, Bacon, and Oxford, who supposedly had collaborated to produce the plays (Wilson 1993, 19–20). Oxfordians believe the Earl of Oxford adopted “William Shakespeare” as a pen name.", "The Evil Iago of Shakespeare's Othello Essay Iago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeare's Othello-Iago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeare's Othello The statement 'Iago is an evil manipulator in my opinion is true. I see Iago as psychologically astute, deceiving and a misanthrope.His sadistic character hurts everyone in a web of deceit.he Evil Iago of Othello-Evil masterminds are always successful in their diabolical schemes, but each one does it in their own special way. Some may be highly ranked and powerful, but some may be simple people in a simple community.", "Character List Othello - The play’s protagonist and hero. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race.", "Othello by William Shakespeare The play opens with Roderigo, a rich and dissolute gentleman, complaining to Iago, an ensign, that Iago has not told him about the secret marriage between Desdemona, the daughter of a Senator named Brabantio, and Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army.", "Othello (character) Othello is a character in Shakespeare's Othello. The character's origin is traced to the tale Un Capitano Moro in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor. Othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and Moorish background in the service of the Venetian Republic. He elopes with Desdemona, the beautiful daughter of a respected Venetian senator. After being deployed to Cyprus, Othello is manipulated by his Ancient Iago into", "- 1 Desdemona tells him to stay, but Cassio feels too weird and hurries out. Thus, Iago begins his make-Othello-jealous campaign by commenting on how weird it is that Cassio hurried off so quickly, like a thief stealing away in the night. Desdemona jumps right into sweet-talking Othello and campaigning for Cassio.", "Othello The story of Othello is also derived from another source—an Italian prose tale written in 1565 by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio (usually referred to as Cinthio). The original story contains the bare bones of Shakespeare’s plot: a Moorish general is deceived by his ensign into believing his wife is unfaithful.", "The Best of Shakespeare: Hamlet - Romeo and Juliet - King Lear - A Midsummer Nightâs Dream - Macbeth - The Tempest - Othello - As You Like It - Julius Caesar - The Taming of the Shrew - Much Ado About Nothing: 11 Unabridged Plays Table of Contents: Hamlet Romeo and Juliet King Lear A Midsummer Night’s Dream Macbeth The Tempest Othello As You Like It Julius Caesar The Taming of the Shrew Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent ...", "The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice ( 1981) The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice (1981) Othello, a Moorish general in the service of the Venetian state, is disdained for his race but valued for his military skills. He weds Desdemona in a mixed-race marriage that offends her ... Director:", "Who Really Wrote Handelâs âMessiahâ? The subject is Messiah.”. The next month George Handel began writing the music for the oratorio in what has been described as a “white heat.” The first 100 pages were done in six days and the complete oratorio (250+ pages) in only 23 days.He then set about preparing it to be debuted in Dublin, Ireland in April 1742.he definition of a libretto is “the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition.” In other words, he wrote lyrics and asked Handel to write the music. The first one he did with Handel was the oratorio Saul first performed in 1735 to great success.", "Othello Shakespeare's most striking departure from Cinthio is the manner of his heroine's death. In Shakespeare, Othello suffocates Desdemona, but in Cinthio, the Moor commissions the Ensign to bludgeon his wife to death with a sand-filled stocking.", "William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English author who wrote 37 plays and also 2 very long poems in his lifetime. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire, England. His plays are still performed today. He is often quoted in modern writing.", "- Desdemona is killed by Othello, Iago kills Emilia (his wife) as Emilia reveals that Desdemona has been falsely accused of adultery and then Othello kills himself rather than live with what he has done.", "- Company Name: TOPPIX AUTOGRAPHS CORP. File Number: 4321055: Filing State: New York (NY) Filing Status: Active: Filing Date: November 16, 2012 : Company Age: 5 Years, 3 Months: Registered Agent:", "by William Shakespeare Once again, Iago closes the act with a speech addressed to the audience; although Othello is the title character, and his dilemma is central to the play, Iago is even more central to the events of the play, and to the audience.", "Iago (Othello) Master Manipulator, Envious Villain, Psychopath. Iago is the main antagonist in the tragedy play Othello by William Shakespeare. He is a Venetian soldier, who serves under General Othello, a Moor (a broad term in Shakespeare's day, usually along the lines of someone of North African descent), and leader of the Venetian armed forces.", "Othello (character) Othello is a Moorish prince living in Venice, as an ambassador of the Moors. After time in Venice, Othello is appointed general in the Venetian Army. His officer Iago tricks him into believing that his wife Desdemona is having an affair with his Lieutenant, Michael Cassio.", "Capoteâs Swan Dive Gerald Clarke, author of the masterful Capote: The Biography, recalls Truman telling him, in 1972, “I always planned this book as being my principal work. . . . I’m going to call it a novel, but in actual fact it’s a roman a à. clef", "Act III, scenes iâiii Alone with Othello, Iago begins his insinuations of an affair between Cassio and Desdemona by reminding Othello that Cassio served as Othello and Desdemona’s go-between during their courtship. Othello asks Iago whether he believes Cassio to be honest, and Iago feigns reluctance to answer.", "Hot Essays Iago is William Shakespeare’s most elaborate evil villain. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago plays a masterful role in the destruction of all the major characters, truly making him one of the most infamous evil villains.ith great skill, Iago is able to arrange a conversation between Cassio and Bianca so that Othello thinks Cassio is discussing his wife. Thus Iago has planted a shadow of doubt in Othello’s mind, therefore achieving his evil plan in the destruction of the innocent Desdemona.", "Act I, scenes iâii Othello begins on a street in Venice, in the midst of an argument between Roderigo and Iago. The rich Roderigo has been paying Iago to help him in his suit to Desdemona, but he has seen no progress, and he has just learned that Desdemona has married Othello, a general whom Iago serves as ensign.Iago reassures Roderigo that he hates Othello.he rich Roderigo has been paying Iago to help him in his suit to Desdemona, but he has seen no progress, and he has just learned that Desdemona has married Othello, a general whom Iago serves as ensign.", "How Many Calories Should Teenagers Eat? According to TeensHealth, some teenage athletes may require up to 5,000 calories a day, depending on how active they are. Eating well-balanced meals and snacks often -- and letting hunger be a guide -- is beneficial for adolescent athletes.", "- Shakespeare and Race: Othello's Relationship with Desdemona. From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916. It is at this point that the second of the great problems of the play emerges. The proper understanding of the relations of Othello and Desdemona is equally important with the question of the relations of lago and Othello.", "Frequently Asked Questions Yes. A play called Cardenio is believed to have been written by Shakespeare. It was performed in Shakespeare’s time but was not included in the First Folio of 1623 as were Shakespeare’s other known plays.", "- For other uses, see Turandot (disambiguation). Libretto, 1926. Turandot (UK /ˈtjʊər.ən.dɒt/ or US /ˈtʊr.ən.dɑːt/; Italian pronunciation: [turanˈdɔt]; see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, completed by Franco Alfano, and set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.", "- In the original play of Othello by William Shakespeare, Iago does not die. He is arrested and his fate gets to be decided by Cassio, who is promoted to the position of governo … r of Cyprus. In the 1995 movie version of Othello, however, Iago kills himself.: Iago is secretly in love with Desdemona and resents the fact that she seems to like both Othello and Cassio better than him. 6: Iago is secretly in love with Othello, and resents the fact that he seems to love both Cassio and Desdemona better than him.", "The Shakespeare Authorship Page Until the 1920s, Francis Bacon was the favorite candidate of those who doubted that Shakespeare wrote the plays and poems that have been attributed to him. The Oxford faction is today the more numerous, but there are still Baconians around.", "- giuseppe verdi (1813 - 1901) Verdi dominated the world of Italian opera from his first considerable success in 1842 with Nabucco until his final Shakespearean operas Otello, staged at La Scala, Milan in 1887, and Falstaff, mounted at the same opera house in 1893.", "Dido and Aeneas Dido and Aeneas (Z. 626) is an opera in a prologue and three acts, written by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell with a libretto by Nahum Tate.The first known performance was at Josias Priest 's girls' school in London no later than the summer of 1689.The story is based on Book IV of Virgil 's Aeneid.e also composed songs for two plays by Nahum Tate (later the librettist of Dido and Aeneas), The Sicilian Usurper (1680) and Cuckold-Haven (1685). Dido and Aeneas was Purcell's first (and only) all-sung opera and derives from the English masque tradition.", "Shakespeare authorship question Oxford, Bacon, Derby, and Marlowe (clockwise from top left, Shakespeare centre) have each been proposed as the true author. The Shakespeare authorship question is the argument that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works attributed to him.", "How We Know That Shakespeare Wrote Shakespeare: The Historical Facts Good evidence that William Shakespeare wrote the plays and poems bearing his name is the fact that his name appears on them as the author. 1a. In 1593, the narrative poem Venus and Adonis was published by Stratford native Richard Field, with a dedication to the Earl of Southampton signed William Shakespeare..", "William Shakespeare A Companion to Shakespeare (1999); S. Orgel, Imagining Shakespeare: A History of Texts and Visions (2003); B. Vickers, Shakespeare, Co-Author (2003); S. Wells, Shakespeare for All Time (2003) and Shakespeare, Sex & Love (2010); S. Greenblatt, Will in the World (2004) and Shakespeare's Freedom (2010); J. Shapiro, A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare (2005) and Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?", "The Tempest The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1610–11, and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone.ther women, such as Caliban's mother Sycorax, Miranda's mother and Alonso's daughter Claribel, are only mentioned. Because of the small role women play in the story in comparison to other Shakespeare plays, The Tempest has attracted much feminist criticism.", "- A game of dramatic reversals... Othello, also known as Reversi, is a classic board game. Although there is no formal proof of the game's origin, two places have been suggested from its invention. One is China, from a game called 'Fan Mian', the other is from Lewis Waterman and John W. Mollett in 1888, who made this game available.", "William Shakespeare's plays were written by Earl of Oxford, claims German scholar William Shakespeare's plays were written by Earl of Oxford, claims German scholar. A German academic claims to have uncovered the most conclusive evidence to date that the works of William Shakespeare were in fact written by Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford. Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford.", "- Othello is a character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). The character's origin is traced to the tale Un Capitano Moro in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor. Othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and Moorish background in the service of the Venetian Republic.", "- Ten Books of Architecture, written by Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), keeps changing from architecture to the art of building. There is a debate on whether Alberti wrote for engineers or for architects. Most authors neglect professional competition in the Renaissance among artists, patrons, architects, engineers and builders. The ar-", "Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Essays on Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: The Play Julius Caesar and Its Relevance to Recent Events. Julius Caesar is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1599 before his other great tragedies. Read More... Essays on Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Brutus emerges as an intricate character as well as the play's catastrophic hero.", "Othello is Otho is King James The name Amleth is interchangeable with the name Hamlet. When he wrote Macbeth, he based it on a well-known story of “Macbeth” found in Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles. When Shakespeare wrote the play The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice there was no Othello yet. The name “Othello” did not exist, and there was no precedent in history or literature for this name.", "Sandro Botticelli (1445 -1510) Sandro Botticelli (1445 -1510) In 1550, Giorgio Vasari wrote that Since Botticelli was a learned man, he wrote a commentary on part of Dante’s poem, and after illustrating the Inferno, he printed the work.", "The tale of Pinocchio and the Italian Legacy The author, Carlo Lorenzini, though known by his pen name Carlo Collodi, was born in 1826 and died in 1890. Collodi was a well-known writer and political commentator from the city of Florence. The story only found worldwide acclaim after the translation of Pinocchio two years after Collodi’s death.", "Cinquecento The most famous works of the Italian Renaissance, by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch, were written in the 14th century, but continued to exert influence. Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando furioso), Baldassare Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier) and Niccolo Niccolò (Machiavelli The) prince were eminent writers of The. cinquecento", "Anonymous ( 2011) The theory that it was in fact Edward De Vere, Earl of Oxford, who penned Shakespeare's plays. Set against the backdrop of the succession of Queen Elizabeth I and the Essex rebellion against her.", "Mirandolina, or the Mistress of the Inn Mirandolina, or the Mistress of the Inn. by Carlo Goldoni. THE LITERARY WORK. A play in three acts set in Florence in the middle of the eighteenth century; first staged in Venice in 1753; published in Italian (as La locandiera) in 1753, in English in 1912. SYNOPSIS", "- Cassius Dio, who wrote in the decade of the 230s, wrote a long imperial history which has survived only in abbreviated form in book LXVIII for the Trajanic period. [[3]] The rhetorician Dio of Prusa, a contemporary of the emperor, offers little of value.", "3 Prominent Themes Found in William Shakespeare's 'Othello' Othello Theme 1: Race. Shakespeare’s Othello is a Moor, a black man - indeed, one of the first black heroes in English literature. The play deals with interracial marriage. Others have a problem with it, but Othello and Desdemona are happily in love.", "- Othello study guide contains a biography of William Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Othello study guide contains a biography of William Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.", "- Gaston Leroux. Gaston Leroux did write the book but Andrew Lloyd Weber wrote the play and music for it. Sincerely, PhantomFreak6377 The French journalist Gaston Leroux is the …author of the Phantom of the opera.", "Othello Cinthio's Moor is the model for Shakespeare's Othello, but some researchers believe the poet also took inspiration from the several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England circa 1600. While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthio's tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details.", "The Best of Shakespeare: Hamlet - Romeo and Juliet - King Lear - A Midsummer Nightâs Dream - Macbeth - The Tempest - Othello - As You Like It - Julius Caesar - The Taming of the Shrew - Much Ado About Nothing: 11 Unabridged Plays William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays but it's definite which of them is distinctly the most famous. However, 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Macbeth', 'Othello' and 'Midsummer Nights Dream' stand out as among his most famous works. Here is a collection of his eleven famous unabridged plays.", "George Orwell In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence.", "Aristotle's definition to tragedy; Othello and Antigone Othello is considered to be a prime example of Aristotelian drama; it focuses upon a very small cast of characters, one of the smallest seen in Shakespeare's body of work, has few distractions from the main plot arc, and concentrates on just a few central themes.", "Othello A number of Shakespeare’s plays seem to have transcended even the category of brilliance, becoming so influential as to affect profoundly the course of Western literature and culture ever after. Othello was first performed by the King’s Men at the court of King James I on November 1, 1604.", "- Othello Theme of Jealousy. Othello is the most famous literary work that focuses on the dangers of jealousy. The play is a study of how jealousy can be fueled by mere circumstantial evidence and can destroy lives.", "Othello Othello - Characters. 1 Othello – General in the Venetian military. 2 Desdemona – Othello's wife; daughter of Brabantio. 3 Iago – Othello's trusted, but jealous and traitorous ensign. 4 Cassio – Othello's loyal and most beloved captain. 5 Bianca – Cassio's lover. 6 Emilia – Iago's wife and Desdemona's maidservant.", "- Othello-Poem by Daniella Burke. Love. Such a strong and powerful thing. Pushing through all boundaries. Seeing past the color of skin. For he loved her, and she loved him. Married, together for life. Not a single doubt in mind. She made the perfect wife. Anger.", "- Othello and The Tempest. Shakespeare's Othello was performed for the first time on 1 November, 1604. The first recorded performance of The Tempest was 1 November, 1611. Both were written when Shakespeare was a King's Man -- Groom of the Chamber to King James.hakespeare's Othello was performed for the first time on 1 November, 1604. The first recorded performance of The Tempest was 1 November, 1611.", "Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Essays on Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: The Play Julius Caesar and Its Relevance to Recent Events. Julius Caesar is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1599 before his other great tragedies. However, it became famous for its outstanding language and structure, making it easy to act it out in the theatre..", "Othello Iago hates Othello for promoting a younger man named Michael Cassio above him, and tells Roderigo that he plans to use Othello for his own advantage. Iago is also angry because he believes, or at least gives the pretence of belief, that Othello slept with his wife Emilia.", "Is Othello a Tragic Hero? However, I think Shakespeare does, in fact, fulfil Aristotle’s first guideline, because Othello is a man of great honour, bravery and pride. He has overcome many, but not all, of the racist opinions of Venice and made a great success of himself.", "Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbɛ/ , born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. His first novel Things Fall Apart (1958) was considered his magnum opus, and is the most widely read book in modern African literature.ertain elements of Achebe's depiction of Igbo life in Things Fall Apart match those in Olaudah Equiano 's autobiographical Narrative. Responding to charges that Equiano was not actually born in Africa, Achebe wrote in 1975: Equiano was an Igbo, I believe, from the village of Iseke in the Orlu division of Nigeria.", "- Apparently scores of volumes have been written just to establish Sir Francis Bacon as the real author of the work of William Shakespeare. Hall states that an impartial consideration of these documents cannot but convince anyone who has an open-mind regarding the authenticity of the Baconian theory.", "Medical Definition of PSA PSA in blood can be by itself as free PSA or it can join with other substances in the blood as bound PSA. Total PSA is the sum of free and bound forms. This is what is measured as the standard PSA test. The PSA value used most frequently as the highest normal level is 4 ng/mL (nanograms per milliliter).", "Italian Renaissance Famous vernacular poets of the 15th century include the renaissance epic authors Luigi Pulci (author of Morgante), Matteo Maria Boiardo (Orlando Innamorato), and Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando Furioso).", "Francesco Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini. Francesco Guicciardini (Italian: [franˈtʃesko ɡwittʃarˈdiːni]; 6 March 1483 – 22 May 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance.", "Othello by William Shakespeare The Othello play begins in the midst of argument between Roderigo and Iago on a street in. Venice. Roderigo is a rich man who wants Desdemona and he has been paying Iago to help him to get Desdemona. But, Iago explains to Roderigo that Desdemona has secret married by Othello, the moor of venice. Iago has plan to complaining about Othello to Brabantio, Desdemona’s father.", "Othello Othello was frequently performed as an Arab Moor during the 19th century. He was first played by a black man on the London stage in 1833, by Ira Aldridge. The first major screen production casting a black actor as Othello did not come until 1995, with Laurence Fishburne opposite Kenneth Branagh 's Iago.", "Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship. The Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship contends that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the plays and poems traditionally attributed to William Shakespeare. Though most literary scholars reject all alternative authorship candidates, including Oxford, popular interest in the Oxfordian theory continues. Since the 1920s, the Oxfordian theory has been the most popular alternative Shakespeare authorship theory. The convergence of documentary evidence of the type used by academics for", "Othello (character) Othello (character) Othello is a character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). The character's origin is traced to the tale Un Capitano Moro in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor.", "- Before the publication of the First Folio in 1623, nineteen of the thirty-seven plays in Shakespeare's canon had appeared in quarto format. With the exception of Othello (1622), all of the quartos were published prior to the date of Shakespeare's retirement from the theatre in about 1611.", "Sophocles Sophocles [Sophokles] (c. 495 BC-406 BC), Greek playwright wrote Oedipus the King (also known as Oedipus Rex and Oedipus Tyrannus), first performed in 429 BC. It begins;", "- According to the Accounts of the Master of the Revels (published in 1842), Othello was performed in 1604. The full entry reads: By the King's Majesty's Players. Hallowmas Day, being the first of November, a play in the banqueting house at Whitehall called The Moor of Venice.. Other evidence supports the fact that Shakespeare wrote the play in or before 1604.", "Biography forIago (Character)from Othello (1995) Warning! Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Iago is one of Shakespeare's most sinister villains, often considered such because of the unique trust that Othello places in him, which he betrays while maintaining his reputation of honesty and dedication.Shakespeare contrasts Iago with Othello's nobility and integrity.ago fits into the malcontent character type because of his bitter and cynical view of the world around him. Iago is General Othello's most trusted advisor. At the beginning of the play, Iago claims to have been unfairly passed over for promotion to the rank of Othello's lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio.", "What books did Machiavelli write? What was his inspiration when writing? Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) is the author of several notable works, most notably the famous political treatise titled The Prince (written in 1513; published in 1532). However, he also wrote The Discourses on the First T...", "- Pitch. Pitch, the second number listed in the propeller description, is defined as the theoretical forward movement of a propeller during one revolution. Since there is almost always a small amount of slip between the propeller and the water, the actual distance travelled is slightly less.", "- Antigone is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles, written around 442 BCE. Although it was written before Sophocles other two Theban plays, chronologically it comes after the stories in Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus, and it picks up where Aeschylus' play Seven Against Thebes ends.", "Othello Theme of Jealousy Othello is the most famous literary work that focuses on the dangers of jealousy. The play is a study of how jealousy can be fueled by mere circumstantial evidence and can destroy lives. (In Othello, the hero succumbs to jealousy when Iago convinces him that Desdemona has been an unfaithful wife – in the end, Othello murders his wife and then kills himself.) It is interesting that Iago uses jealousy against Othello, yet jealousy is likely the source of Iago's hatred in the first place. In Othello, jealousy takes many forms, from sexual suspicion to professional competition, but it is, in all cases, destructive.", "Dido and Aeneas Dido and Aeneas. Dido and Aeneas (Z. 626)[1] is an opera in a prologue and three acts, written by the English Baroquecomposer Henry Purcell with a libretto by Nahum Tate. The first known performance was at Josias Priest's girls' school in London no later than the summer of 1688.", "- For Leigh Savidge, one of the writers of Straight Outta Compton, the feud between Dr Dre and Suge Knight is a bit like Othello. “There was Iago, who was in the trenches as a soldier with Othello, and at some point sees the need to usurp him,” he told me. “I always looked at Suge as Iago, and Dre as Othello.", "Getting to know your sewing machine: Parts and Functions Getting to know your sewing machine: Parts and Functions Written By Margaret Filed Under: Sewing, Sewing Basics, Tips & Techniques 2 Comments Knowing the basic parts of your machine and how they work is an essential part of sewing.", "- Confidence votes 317. Don Quixote is the English title of the first accomplished novel in universal literature, written by Miguel de Cervantes of Spain.", "Music He wrote a number of odes for Saint Cecelia's day, and incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream, but his most famous composition was written for a girls' school in 1689. FTP, name this English composer who, with librettist Nahum Tate, wrote the opera Dido and Aeneas.", "- Which is a bit of meta irony, because some people believe that Marlowe, who wrote Doctor Faustus, faked his death and wrote under the penname of… wait for it… William Shakespeare. In the film, Marlowe might as well have written Romeo and Juliet because he gives Shakespeare the whole basic plot: Romeo is Italian, always in and out of love.. The daughter of his enemy.. Best friend is killed in a duel..", "Othello (character) After being deployed to Cyprus, Othello is manipulated by his Ancient (pronounced Ensign) Iago into believing Desdemona is an adulteress. Othello murders her and, upon discovering Iago's deceit, kills himself.", "The Prince Besides the Discourses, Machiavelli went on to write The Art of War and a comedic play, The Mandrake. After Lorenzo’s premature death in 1519, his successor, Giulio, gave Machiavelli a commission to write The Florentine History as well as a few small diplomatic jobs.", "- Iago in Shakespeare's Othello. Perhaps the most interesting and exotic character in the tragic play Othello, by William Shakespeare, is Honest Iago. Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and moves him closer toward his goals.", "Hidden Meaning of Shakespeare's Othello Continue reading... The play Othello is a tale of jealousy, revenge, and deception. Iago, a disgruntled military officer, in a quest for revenge against Othello, lies, cheats, and bullys everyone around in order to get what he wants. He uses Roderigo, Brabantio, and just about every other character in the play to attain his goal of ruining Othello.", "Othello By emphasising Roderigo's failed bid for Desdemona, and his own dissatisfaction with serving under Othello, Iago convinces Roderigo to wake Brabantio, Desdemona's father, and tell him about his daughter's elopement.", "Probing Question: Did Shakespeare really write all those plays? Shakespeare's plays were written by the Earl of Oxford! Shakespeare's plays were written by anyone, anyone, but William Shakespeare! Lunacy, says Patrick Cheney, Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature, gesturing to the early twentieth-century inventor of the Oxford theory, J. Thomas Looney.", "Titus Andronicus Titus Andronicus is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1588 and 1593, probably in collaboration with George Peele.he first definite reference to the ballad Titus Andronicus' Complaint is an entry in the Stationers' Register by the printer John Danter on 6 February 1594, where the entry A booke intitled a Noble Roman Historye of Tytus Andronicus is immediately followed by Entred also vnto him, the ballad thereof.", "Why did shakespeare write othello? Best Answer: I think Othello is about jealousy and the effect it can have on a man's life. Shakespeare may also have been making the point that it is foolish to believe everything you hear (Othello believes everything Iago tells him, he never thinks to ask his wife about the truth of it). I'm not covering that material yet.", "Is Othello a Tragic Hero? Stanislavski as Othello (1896) Yes, Othello is a tragedy, so the eponymous Moor, by rights, should be a tragic hero.", "Understanding an Operaâs Libretto Arrigo Boito (1842–1918) was a composer in his own right (he had used his own libretto for his opera Mefistofele). But his collaboration with Giuseppe Verdi, who was at the height of his powers and the end of his brilliant career, produced two of the finest Italian operas ever: Otello and Falstaff.", "aromatic odorous, fragrant, redolent, aromatic mean emitting and diffusing scent. odorous applies to whatever has a strong distinctive smell whether pleasant or unpleasant. odorous cheeses should be tightly wrapped; fragrant applies to things (such as flowers or spices) with sweet or agreeable odors. a fragrant rose", "- The Pearl (novel) The Pearl is a novella by American author John Steinbeck, first published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil.", "Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship The 2000 young adult novel A Question of Will by Lynne Kositsky addresses the debate over who really wrote Shakespeare's plays. Oxfordian theory is the basis of Amy Freed's 2001 play The Beard of Avon. Oxfordian theory is central to the plot of Sarah Smith's 2003 novel Chasing Shakespeares, which she also adapted into a play.", "The 20th century In his poems on the South African War, Hardy (whose achievement as a poet in the 20th century rivaled his achievement as a novelist in the 19th) questioned simply and sardonically the human cost of empire building and established a tone and style that many British poets were to use in the course of the century, while Kipling, who had done much to engender pride in empire, began to speak in his verse and short stories of the burden of empire and the tribulations it would bring.", "- In real life, Peters is an actor as well as a Tony-award-nominated writer, and musician, and can currently be seen as the title character in a critically-praised version of Othello in Sheffield, UK, along with his Wire costar Dominic West (McNulty) as Iago.", "How We Know That Shakespeare Wrote Shakespeare: The Historical Facts The name William Shakespeare appears on the plays and poems. Good evidence that William Shakespeare wrote the plays and poems bearing his name is the fact that his name appears on them as the author. 1a. In 1593, the narrative poem Venus and Adonis was published by Stratford native Richard Field, with a dedication to the Earl of Southampton signed William Shakespeare..", "Why did shakespeare write othello? Best Answer: I think Othello is about jealousy and the effect it can have on a man's life. Shakespeare may also have been making the point that it is foolish to ...", "- Home. Written by JUAN LEON MERA in Ambato-Ecuador the 10th of March of 1877.Translated to English by NOE O. VACA in Columbia, South Carolina, USA exactly ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY years later. The 10th of March of 2007. No O. Vaca (Ozzie), a former Ecuadorian educator but now an American citizen living in South Carolina, is spending his later years writing short stories and translating and interpreting English and Spanish.", "Free Essays on The Downfall Of Othello Jealousy in William Shakespeare's Othello In the play Othello, jealousy and envy are prominent themes from the beginning to the end. As the play slowly unfolds it is evident that jealousy is the cause of most of the dramatic actions which take place in the duration of the play.", "- search. Before the publication of the First Folio in 1623, nineteen of the thirty-seven plays in Shakespeare's canon had appeared in quarto format. With the exception of Othello (1622), all of the quartos were published prior to the date of Shakespeare's retirement from the theatre in about 1611.", "Opera The Marriage of Figaro, an opera buffa composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with an Italian libretto written by.... Da Ponte. A French opera that tells the story of the downfall of Don Jose, a naiive soldier who is seduced by a fiery title Gypsy.", "Othello His Othello was captured on record in 1964 with Jay Robinson as Iago and on video in 1981 with Ron Moody as Iago. The 1982 Broadway staging starred James Earl Jones as Othello and Christopher Plummer as Iago, who became the only actor to receive a Tony Award nomination for a performance in the play.", "Shakespeare's Presentation of Othello as Responsible for his Own Downfall Shakespeare's Presentation of Othello as Responsible for his Own Downfall. Shakespeare’s Othello consists of the themes betrayal, love and dishonesty. At the centre of this play is the tragic downfall of Othello at the hands of his so called friend Iago.hakespeare's Presentation of Othello as Responsible for his Own Downfall. Shakespeare’s Othello consists of the themes betrayal, love and dishonesty. At the centre of this play is the tragic downfall of Othello at the hands of his so called friend Iago.", "- Dryden dutifully wrote the Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel in collaboration with Nahum Tate, as well as another attack on Shaftesbury's supporters, The Medal (1682). These naturally provoked counterattacks, including Thomas Shadwell's The Medal of John Bayes.", "The Taming of the Shrew Petruchio (Kevin Black) and Katherina (Emily Jordan) from the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production at the Forest Theater. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. The play begins with a framing device, often referred to as the induction, in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself.", "- Shakespeare authorship question. Oxford, Bacon, Derby, and Marlowe (clockwise from top left, Shakespeare centre) have each been proposed as the true author. The Shakespeare authorship question is the argument that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works attributed to him.", "How did actors in Shakespeare's time get paid? George Shaclarge was the most famous actor who starred in Shakespeare's Othello. Here are some names of others. Franklin Boskavich, Antony Joyark, Daniel Putello, and … Richard Frustage.", "Dido and Aeneas The words and story (the libretto) of Dido and Aeneas were written by Nahum Tate. The music was written by Henry Purcell. The date for the opera's composition is usually given as 1689. This has been called into question. The work is closer to the music Purcell composed in 1684-1685.", "- Ti Amo (english) was written by Giancarlo Bigazzi, Umberto,tozzi.", "- William Shakespeare's The Tempest-William Shakespeare's The Tempest Consider the character of Prospero and show how he used his position to control many of the characters in the play and how his actions contribute to the dramatic effectiveness.rospero's Complex Personality Exhibited in Shakespeare's Play The Tempest-The play entitled “The Tempest” written in 1610 and later published in 1623 is one of the great comedy plays by William Shakespeare. The themes illustrated in the play are freedom, friendship, repentance and forgiveness.", "About Shakespeare on Tour Ira Aldridge as Othello. In 1831 he took the name Keene, a homonym for the then famous actor, Edmund Kean. Taking on a similar name to somebody who was already a celebrity on the stage was a common way of gaining recognition.", "The Decameron By invoking the name Prencipe Galeotto in the alternative title to Decameron, Boccaccio alludes to a sentiment he expresses in the text: his compassion for women deprived of free speech and social liberty, confined to their homes and, at times, lovesick.occaccio probably conceived the Decameron after the epidemic of 1348, and completed it by 1353. The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic to the tragic. Tales of wit, practical jokes, and life lessons contribute to the mosaic.", "- According to the Accounts of the Master of the Revels (published in 1842), Othello was performed in 1604. The full entry reads: By the King's Majesty's Players. Hallowmas Day, being the first of November, a play in the banqueting house at Whitehall called The Moor of Venice..", "The Theme of Romantic Love in Shakespeare'sOthello Theme Index. Romantic Love When Iago tells Othello that Brabantio will try to annul his marriage to Desdemona, Othello replies that he is worthy of her, and that for her he has given up some precious freedom.here are two possibilities presented here. The first is what Brabantio has been saying, that Othello poisoned Desdemona's heart by trickery. The second possibility is that Othello and Desdemona have a true love, and First Senator's question defines true love.", "Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Below you can find essays based on the play William Shakespeare wrote about Julius Caesar. Breaking the bond of trust in a relationship and deceiving another person are considered as forms of betrayal.. Julius Caesar is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1599 before his other great tragedies.", "- Essay on Comparing Aime Cesaire's A Tempest and Shakespeare's The Tempest - Comparing A Tempest and The Tempest William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, arguably his finest work, on the eve of European colonization of the New World in 1611 (Hollander and Kermode 445-46).", "Welcome to Naxos Records GIUSEPPE VERDI (1813 - 1901) Verdi dominated the world of Italian opera from his first considerable success in 1842 with Nabucco until his final Shakespearean operas Otello, staged at La Scala, Milan in 1887, and Falstaff, mounted at the same opera house in 1893.", "King Lear Shakespeare authored King Lear around 1605, between Othello and Macbeth, and it is usually ranked with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays.", "- The Downfall of Othello Othello, written by William Shakespeare, is the perfect example of a romantic tragedy in which events involving the themes of jealousy, greed, revenge, and appearance versus reality bring the play to its tragic end. The play begins with an argument between Iago and Roderigo...1 Premium. 2 4 Page.thello Essay: Fate or chance appears to side with Iago in his plot to bring about the downfall of Othello and Desdemona. Iago is malicious and manipulative. He possesses deep hatred towards all those who have wronged him and does not understand the term love however; he is also the clever opportunist...", "Othello the protagonist and tragic hero of the play. He is married to Desdemona and serves as a commanding officer of the Venetian Army. He is hated by Iago and Roderigo, because he did not appoint them or they are in love with the same woman. He is pulled into Iago's plan and accidently convicts Desdemona of promiscuity.", "Iago from Othello: Character Analysis & Overview Iago is the antagonist in the play 'Othello' by William Shakespeare. His jealousy and envy causes him to destroy the lives of his boss Othello and his boss's wife, Desdemona. Learn more about Iago's character and test your knowledge with a quiz.haracter Analysis. Iago explains that he wants to destroy Othello because he has been passed over for promotion to lieutenant; however, he offers other motives for his hatred of Othello throughout the course of the play.", "Othello Duke of Venice. The official authority in Venice, the duke has great respect for Othello as a public and military servant. His primary role within the play is to make Othello tell his story of how he wooed Desdemona, and then to send Othello to Cyprus. Montano. The governor of Cyprus before Othello. We see Montano first in Act Two, as he recounts the status of the war and awaits the Venetian ships.", "\"The play takes place in Venice, a Renaissance city-state and Cyprus, a coastal port. Venice's military hero, the middle-aged Othello, a black Moor, has secretly eloped with the much younger Desdemona, the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio. Desdemona, a lady who moves in the best social circles in Venice, has fallen in love with Othello's hero-general persona. Othello has fallen in love with Desdemona's fawning adoration of him. Act I, Scene I As the play opens, Roderigo, a Venetian gentleman, is conversing with Iago, the third in command under Othello. Iago had idolized Othello, the hero-general, but after Othello passed him over for promotion, his admiration has turned to bitter hatred. Roderigo suggests that Iago resign his post, but Iago says that he intends to remain in service to Othello while actually pursuing his own personal aims of revenge. Iago tells Roderigo that he will only pretend to be Othello's faithful follower, that he will not be what he appears to be. \"\"I am not what I am,\"\" Iago says. To begin his revenge on Othello, Iago, accompanied by Roderigo, goes to the home of Desdemona's father, Brabantio, to rat on Othello. To turn Brabantio against Othello, Iago shouts out in the coarsest possible language what Othello and Desdemona are now doing. \"\"I am one sir,\"\" Iago announces, \"\"that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.\"\" When Brabantio accuses them of lying, Roderigo replies that his beloved daughter has sneaked out of his house \"\"to the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.\"\" \"\"Your daughter, if you have not given her leave, I say again, hath made a gross revolt, Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes In an extravagant and wheeling stranger Of here and everywhere.\"\" Brabantio discovers that indeed Desdemona has secretly fled. He is beside himself with rage and exhorts Roderigo to lead the search for the dastardly Moor. Act I, Scene II Shortly afterward, in another Venice street, Iago tries to provoke Othello to anger by telling him that Brabantio has maligned the general's honor. Iago warns that Brabantio, a powerful Venitian politician, may try to have Othello dismissed. The egotistical Othello says that his services for the Venitian rulers \"\"shall out-tongue his complaints\"\" and adds: \"\"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul Shall manifest me rightly.\"\" Othello admits to Iago that if he wasn't in love with Desdemona he would not easily give up his freedom. Michael Cassio, Othello's young lieutenant, arrives with word that a Turkish war party is about to attack Venice and that the Duke of Venice and the Senate have summoned Othello to the Council to prepare for war. When Othello says that he will rush to the Council after spending a moment in his house, Cassio asks Iago why the delay. Iago reveals to Cassio that Othello has that night married Desdemona. At that moment, Brabantio, Roderigo and several law officers arrive to arrest Othello. When both sides draw their swords, Othello tells his supporters to put away their weapons. Brabantio accuses Othello of enchanting and thereby abusing Desdemona. \"\"Damned as thou are, thou hast enchanted her, For I'll refer me to all things of sense If she in chains of magic were not bound, Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy, So opposite to marriage that she shunned The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, Would ever have, to incur a general mock, Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou, to fear, not to delight. Judge me the world if 'tis not gross in sense That thou hast practiced on her with foul charms, Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals That weaken motion.\"\" When Brabantio tells his men to seize the Moor, Othello tells Brabantio that he has been summoned by the Duke himself because of an impending military threat. Brabantio says that's fine with him, he will bring his charge against Othello in the presence of the Duke and the Senate. Act I, Scene III In the council-chamber of the Duke of Venice, the Duke and the senators are planning a military response to the arch-enemies of Venice, the Turks, who are threatening military action toward either Rhodes or Cyprus. The planning council is interrupted by the irate Brabantio who immediately begins to make accusations that his daughter has been mentally raped. Not realizing who the accused is, the Duke promises to punish the \"\"beguiler\"\" of Brabantio's daughter to the full extent of the law. The Duke and the other Venetian leaders are taken aback when they hear that Brabantio is accusing Othello of these crimes. To support his suit, Brabantio recounts how he unwittingly invited the Moor to his home. Brabantio claims that his daughter must be under a spell to fall in love with Othello, a much older man with a fearsome black visage. On Othello's request the Council summons Desdemona. Othello defends himself by explaining that Desdemona was impressed by his stories of military adventures and exploits. As he is explaining that her love for him involves no witchcraft, Desdemona suddenly appears and confirms her genuine love for the Moor. She explains that though torn in her affections between her father and her husband, she must, as did her mother, stand by her duty to her husband. \"\"I do perceive here a divided duty. To you I am bound for life and education, My life and education both do learn me How to respect you, you are the lord of duty, I am hitherto your daugther. But here's my husband, And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord.\"\" Brabantio is incensed by what he takes to be Desdemona's betrayal but resigns himself to the situation. Returning to the business at hand, the Duke orders Othello to go to Cyprus and defend against the Turks. Othello, totally unaware of his hatred for him, chooses Iago to escort Desdemona to Cyprus to be with Othello. \"\"So please your Grace, my Ancient, A man he is of honesty and trust. To his conveyance I assign my wife, With what else needful your good grace shall think To be sent after me.\"\" After the others have left, Iago speaks with Roderigo, who is still smitten with desire for Desdemona. He says that his bootless love is something he cannot control. Iago scolds him for this admission. \"\"'Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our bodies are gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners. So that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry--why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions. But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts, whereof I take this that you call love to be a sect or scion .\"\" Iago assures Roderigo that the \"\"barbarian\"\" Othello and the youthful Desdemona will soon grow tired of one another After his revenge against Othello, Iago assures him, Desdemona will be free to marry Roderigo. Iago tells Roderigo to await further instruction but meanwhile gather money for a plot against the Moor. Alone on stage, Iago declaims \"\"I hate the Moor,\"\" wondering if Othello may have slept with Iago's wife. Iago decides that Cassio, \"\"a proper man\"\" but pleasing to women, will be his instrument through which he will wreak his vengeance on the gullible Othello. \"\"The Moor is of a free and open nature That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are.\"\"Act II, Scene I There is talk at the seaport of Cyprus that a great storm has devastated the Turkish fleet. Then Cassio appears with further news that the Turks have been defeated but that Othello's command ship may also have gone down. A ship is spotted and the hope goes up that it is Othello returned. It is Iago's ship, bringing Desdemona and his own wife, Emilia, along with Roderigo and others. Cassio reveals his fondness for Desdemona by his playful conversation with her. Iago plans within himself how he can use this in his plot to destroy Othello. Othello arrives unscathed and is welcomed by all. Kissing Desdemona, he tells her how joyous it is being with her again. They then return home. Alone, Iago takes Roderigo aside and tells him that Desdemona is in love with Cassio. Roderigo finds this hard to believe, but Iago explains that she has grown tired of the aging Moor and finds the young, handsome Cassio to her taste. Iago inflames Roderigo with hatred against Cassio. \"\"A devilish knave! Besides, the knave is handsome, young, and hath all those requisites in him that folly and green minds look after. A pestilent complete knave, and the woman hath found him already.\"\" Iago instructs Roderigo to provoke Cassio into a fight as he stands guard that night, so that he can be charged with fighting while on duty. Iago entices Roderigo by explaining that this will eliminate Cassio as Roderigo's rival for Desdemona. Alone, Iago reflects how he lusts for Desdemona in part because he suspects Othello may have slept with his own wife, Emilia. \"\"Now, I do love her too, Not out of absolute lust, though peradventure I stand accountant for as great a sin, But partly led to diet my revenge For that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, The thought whereof Doth like a poisonous mineral gnaw my inwards. And nothing can or shall content my soul Till I am evened with him, wife for wife. Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor At least into a jealousy so strong That judgment cannot cure.\"\"Act II, Scene II A herald announces that \"\"our noble General Othello\"\" has decreed that a celebration be held in celebration of his recent marriage and the glorious victory over the Turkish fleet. Act II, Scene III In the castle, Othello commends Iago as \"\"most honest\"\" as he sends Cassio to stand the watch. After Othello and Desdemona have left, Cassio greets Iago: \"\"Welcome, Iago. We must to the watch\"\" Iago arouses Cassio's lust for Desdemona by describing her sexual aura, indicating that Othello \"\"hath not yet made wanton the night with her, and she is sport for Jove. Cassio: She's a most exquisite lady. Iago: And, I'll warrant her, full of game. Cassio: Indeed she's a most fresh and delicate creature. Iago: What an eye she has. Methinks it sounds a parley to provocation. Cassio: An inviting eye, and yet methinks right modest. Iago: And when she speaks, is it not an alarum to love? Cassio: She is indeed perfection. Iago: Well, happiness to their sheets!\"\" Iago encourages Cassio to drink in celebration of the occasion. Cassio says he has no head for drink, has already had one glass, and should have no more. Insisting, Iago says that the gallants outside insist that everyone drink on this \"\"night of revels.\"\" While Cassio goes to invite the revelers in, Iago reflects how he'll get Cassio drunk and cause him to be rejected by Othello. Reentering with Montano, the former governor of Cyprus, and others, Cassio is well on his way to getting drunk and Iago regales him and the others with bawdy songs to encourage much drinking and high spirits. Insisting that he's not drunk, Cassio leaves to stand watch. Iago laments to Montano that though Cassio has some virtue it is counterbalanced by this tendency toward drunkenness. He worries that Othello has misplaced his trust in so unreliable a person as Cassio. A tumult is heard outside and Cassio and Roderigo burst in, fighting with swords as they enter. Cassio strikes Roderigo and Montano gets between them, trying to end the fight, telling Cassio that he's drunk. Cassio wounds Montano as they engage in swordplay. Aside, Iago tells Roderigo to go outside and sound the alarm. In answer to the alarm, Othello enters and demands to know who started the altercation. Appearing reluctant to speak ill of anyone, Iago explains what has happened. \"\"Touch me not so near. I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth Than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. Yet I persuade myself to speak the truth Shall nothing wrong him. Thus it is, General. Montano and myself being in speech, There comes a fellow crying out for help, And Cassio following him with determined sword To execute upon him, Sir, this gentleman Steps in to Cassio and entreats his pause. . . . Though Cassio did some little wrong to him, As men in rage strike those that wish them best, Yet surely Cassio, I believe, received From him that fled some strange indignity, Which patience could not pass.\"\" Believing that he has heard the truth about the event, Othello summarily dismisses Cassio from military service. Everyone leaves but Cassio and Iago. Cassio is beside himself with anguish for having lost his reputation, which he considers \"\"the immortal part\"\" of himself. Pursuing his plot for revenge, Iago encourages Cassio to implore Othello for reinstatement. \"\"As I am an honest man, I thought you had received some bodily wound. There is more sense in that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving. You have lost no reputation at all unless you repute yourself such a loser. What, man! There are ways to recover the General again. You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in policy than in malice--even so as one would beat his offenseless dog to affright an imperious lion. Sue to him again and he's yours.\"\" To further his revenge, Iago convinces Cassio to ask Desdemona to help him in his petition for reinstatement. \"\"Confess yourself freely to her, importune her help to put you in your place again. She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposition, she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested. This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to splinter and, my fortunes against any lay worth naming, this crack of your love shall grow stronger than it was before.\"\" Leaving Cassio, Iago goes to take up the watch, reflecting to himself how he will do in his enemy, Othello. \"\"For whiles this honest fool Plies Desdemona to repair his fortunes, And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor, I'll pour this pestilence into his ear, That she repeals him for her body's lust. And by how much she strives to do him good, She shall undo her credit with the Moor. So will I turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all.\"\" When Roderigo returns, downcast, Iago encourages him, pointing out that his competitor, Cassio, has been cashiered. As he goes to stand watch, Iago completes his plans:He will have Emilia, his wife, entreat Desdemona to implore Othello to reinstate CassioHe will see to it that Othello discovers Cassio soliciting Desdemona's helpHe will make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are loversAct III, Scene I Before Othello's castle headquarters, Cassio informs Iago that he has sent a message to Emilia, Iago's wife asking her to make it possible for Cassio to speak with Desdemona. Iago tells Cassio that he will send Emilia to speak with him. Shortly, Emilia appears and gives Cassio the good news that Othello and Desdemona are speaking of his situation. She tells Cassio that Desdemona is speaking for him \"\"stoutly,\"\" but that Othello says there's no need for her intervention because his own feeling for Cassio is enough to reinstate you as soon as it is appropriate. Cassio tells Emilia that even though things seem to be going well for him with Othello, he would still like to speak with Desdemona. Emilia invites him to come in and says she will make it possible for him to speak with Desdemona. Act III, Scene II Othello instructs Iago to take some letters to the pilot and meet him on the sea fortifications. Iago agrees and leaves. Act III, Scene III Desdemona assures Cassio that she will bring about his reconciliation with Othello. \"\"I'll intermingle every thing he does With Cassio's suit. Therefore be merry, Cassio, For thy solicitor shall rather die Than give thy cause away.\"\" Cassio thanks Desdemona from the bottom of his heart and leaves. At that moment, Othello and Iago are approaching Desdemona's quarters and see Cassio leaving. Iago expresses his displeasure at seeing Cassio meeting secretly with Desdemona, but pretends that he was merely speaking in distraction. Othello asks Iago if that wasn't Cassio just leaving Desdemona's room. Iago says that it surely wasn't Cassio who was stealing guiltily away upon seeing Othello approaching. As soon as Othello and Iago enter, Desdemona tells them that she's been speaking with Cassio and asks Othello to reconcile with him. Othello says he will speak with Cassio shortly. But Desdemona presses him to say precisely when he will summon Cassio. She says that Cassio is one of his most loyal officers and has sometimes taken Othello's side when she herself has spoken disparagingly of Othello. Othello, grown weary of her importuning, says that he will grant Desdemona's boon. Desdemona reacts to this statement, telling Othello that she is not asking for something for herself but only trying to get Othello to do what is right. Othello, even more weary of all this talk of Cassio, asks Desdemona to leave him and Iago alone for a while. Desdemona and Emilia leave. Othello speaks in exasperation: \"\"Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! And when I love thee not, Chaos is come again.\"\" Iago asks Othello if Cassio had been aware of Othello's love for Desdemona when Othello was wooing her. Othello assures him that Cassio was fully aware of his affection for her. He asks Iago why he asks this question, is it because he distrusts Cassio. When Iago hesitates, in his usual manner of pretending not to want to speak ill of someone, Othello insists that Iago tell him what he thinks: \"\"I know thou'rt full of love and honesty And weigh'st thy words before thou givest them breath. Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more. For such things in a false disloyal knave Are tricks of custom, but in a man that's just They're close delations, working from the heart, That passion cannot rule.\"\" Iago demurs again, explaining that his scattered, unsure surmisings would only cause Othello to wonder about Cassio's character. Othello asks him what he means. \"\"Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls. Who steals my purse steals trash--'tis something, nothing, 'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands-- But he that filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor indeed. . . . Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss Who, certain of his fate, love not his wronger. But, oh, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves!\"\" Othello tells Iago not to worry that he'll cause him to become jealous, because he knows that Desdemona is a virtuous woman. He says he would only doubt her if he had certain proof of her infidelity. Iago expresses his relief that he can be frank with him. He says he has no definite proof of Desdemona's unfaithfulness, but suggests that Othello observe her when she is around Cassio. Remember, Iago tells Othello, that Desdemona was unfaithful to her father. Seeing Othello aroused by what he is saying, Iago begs Othello not to be influenced by his words beyond suspicion. Because, Iago tells him, Cassio is his friend and he's sure that Desdemona must be a faithful wife, no question about it. And yet, Iago says, most women are more comfortable with men of their own culture, and he wonders if Desdemona might be of that usual sort. Othello appears to dismiss Iago's suspicions, but tells him to \"\"set\"\" his wife, Emilia, \"\"to observe.\"\" Iago suggests that Othello wait to reinstate Cassio and see if Desdemona goes too far in interceding for him. After Iago has left, Desdemona enters and Othello tells her he has a headache. She says she will wrap her scarf around his head after dinner. As they leave together, Desdemona drops the scarf. Emilia picks up the scarf, reflecting that this scarf which Othello gave her as a gift, is what Iago has been asking her to get for him. When Iago enters Emilia gives him the scarf, asking what he intends to do with it. Iago refuses to answer her. Othello enters, complaining to Iago that he now has disturbing suspicions about Desdemona. When Iago pretends to be displeased at his displeasure, Othello grows angry and calls him a villain, telling him to prove that Desdemona's a whore or suffer his condemnation. Iago complains to Othello that he should have known better than to be honest with him. With this, Othello realizes that his suspicions have gotten the better of him, and he tells Iago that, no, he should be honest. To the contrary, Iago says, it's better to be wise than honest. Othello is still consumed with suspicion and tells Iago to give him proof of Desdemoa's infidelity, to put his mind at rest. Iago, pretending to follow his orders with displeasure, \"\"pricked to 'it by foolish honesty and love,\"\" tells Othello that he had once heard Cassio cry out in his sleep: \"\"'Sweet Desdemona, Let us be wary, let us hide our loves.' And then, sir, would he grip and wring my hand, Cry 'O sweet creature!'\"\" When Othello bellows with jealousy, \"\"I'll tear her all to pieces,\"\" Iago reminds him that this may all be a false lead, that perhaps it is only Cassio's fantasy. Continuing his perfidy, Iago asks Othello if he remembers the scarf he gave Desdemona as a gift, the one spotted with strawberries. When Othello confirms that this had been his gift to Desdemona, Iago says he observed Cassio wiping his beard with just that scarf. With that, Othello's suspicions become full certitude and he tells Iago that his love for Desdemona is forever shattered. \"\"Arise, black Vengeance, from thy hollow cell!\"\" Othello disclaims. Iago advises Othello to wait, that his opinion of Desdemona may change. But Othello's mind is set and he vows revenge. Iago swears to follow whatever orders Othello gives him. Othello tells Iago that within three days he wants to hear that Cassio is dead. He appoints Iago his Lieutenant and they go off to plot the murder of Cassio. Act III, Scene IV Unsuspecting Othello's hatred for her, Desdemona continues her petition for reinstatement of Cassio. When Othello asks to use her scarf, Desdemona says it's not there but lies to him that it's not lost. Othello tells Desdemona that the scarf is magical, that an Egyptian sorcerer had given it to his mother with the understanding that as long as she kept the scarf she would retain her husband's love, but if she ever lost it, her husband's love would turn to hatred and infidelity. Othello tells Desdemona that \"\"to lose 't or give 't away were such perdition as nothing else could match.\"\" Consumed with rage, Othello demands the scarf, but Desdemona persists in her entreaties for Cassio, and Othello finally stalks off in a fury. Desdemona, Emilia, Iago, and Cassio discuss Othello's changed condition. Iago leaves to seek out Othello. Desdemona tells Cassio that she cannot at present continue the suit for his reinstatement because Othello is beside himself with anger for her. She and Emilia hope that his fury is not out of jealousy. When Cassio meets Bianca, his lover, he gives her the scarf he found in his house and asks her to make a duplicate of it. She asks where it came from, but he tells her not to get into that. Act IV, Scene I As Othello and Iago discuss Desdemona's infidelity with Cassio, Iago inflames Othello's jealous rage with images of her making love with Cassio. Othello is beside himself with hatred for Desdemona, raving about her until he falls into an epileptic episode. Cassio arrives and Iago tells him that this is the second seizure Othello has experienced in the last two days. As Othello begins to revive, Iago tells Cassio to leave before he regains his senses. When Othello regains full consciousness, Iago tells him that Cassio came by while he was in a stupor. He suggests that Othello hide but listen to what Cassio will say about Desdemona as Iago draws him out. He tells Othello to note particularly the scornful grins and knowing sneers on Cassio's face as he talks about Desdemona. Iago's plan is to get Cassio to speak lewdly and lasciviously about Bianca, his mistress, while making Othello think that Cassio is speaking in a humiliating manner about Desdemona. From where he's hiding, Othello can only hear snatches of what Iago and Cassio say.Encouraged by Iago to speak about his dalliances with Bianca, Cassio tells him how she is mad for him. Iago tells Cassio that Bianca is telling everyone that Cassio's going to marry him, and Cassio laughs at such an absurdity. Cassio tells Iago that he's not stupid enough to marry such a woman. Othello can see by Cassio's tone and gesture that he thinks the woman he's talking about is love stricken with him, but that he does not really care for her and considers her a whore.As Iago and Cassio are conversing, Bianca approaches. She tells Cassio that she won't have anything to do with the scarf he gave her to copy, that it's most likely a gift from one of his strumpets. She waves the scarf about and stalks off, mumbling about Cassio's infidelity. Cassio runs after her to keep her from making a spectacle.As Othello rejoins Iago, he asks, \"\"How shall I murder him, Iago?\"\" Iago asks if Othello had seen the scarf he'd given to Desdemona. To drive home the point, Iago says that Cassio thinks so little of the scarf that Desdemona had given him that he gives it to his whore. Othello raves about the perfidy of Desdemona, pretending to be virtuous while cuckolding him with Cassio. Othello vows to kill her and asks Iago to get him some poison. Iago says that it would be more fitting if Othello strangled her in the very bed that she had used for her sinful rendezvous with Cassio. Othello thinks that is an excellent plan.Desdemona and Lodovico, her kinsman, arrive with a letter for Othello from the Duke and the Senators ordering Othello to return to Venice while Cassio replaces him as governor of Cyprus. In front of Othello, Desdemona speaks to Lodovico about the rift between Othello and Cassio, saying that she \"\"would do much to atone them,\"\" for the love she bears for Cassio. This is too much for Othello, and he strikes Desdemona, calling her a devil.Lodovico can hardly believe what he is seeing. He tells Othello that the Duke and the Senate will find it hard to believe that Othello has committed such an outrage, but that he will definitely give them his testimony as an eye witness.After Othello has railed about Desdemona's treachery and left in a fury, Lodovico wonders aloud to Iago how the Venetian rulers could ever have thought this man a great leader. Lodovico questions whether perhaps the letter drove Othello to such an unforgivable display of fury. Iago, in his inimitable manner, tells Lodovico that it's not his place to criticize Othello, but suggests he will see his true nature if he watches what happens between Othello and Desdemona in the coming hours. Act IV, Scene IIIn a room in his castle, Othello is questioning Emilia as to Desdemona's infidelity with Cassio. Emilia is aghast that Othello could think such a thing, assuring him pointedly that he has absolutely no cause for concern. She says that if someone has put such perfidious thoughts in his head that he should have the devil's curse on him. Othello tells Emilia to have Desdemona come to him.When Desdemona comes to him, he makes her swear that she is a true and loyal wife. She assures him, but he continues to tell her that she's \"\"false as Hell.\"\" Desdemona asks Othello if he's angry because he thinks her father had something to do with his being recalled to Venice. Desdemona reminds him that her father has disowned her because she went to Cyprus as Othello's wife.Othello continues to rail against Desdemona for appearing to be a loyal, faithful wife when she's been whoring around. When Emilia re-enters, Othello stalks off in a rage.Desdemona tells Emilia to have Iago come to her. When he arrives, Desdemona and Emilia tell him that Othello has called Desdemona a whore, a strumpet, and they are unable to understand why. Iago says that he's sure he doesn't know what's come over Othello. Emilia begins to conjecture: \"\"I will be hanged if some eternal villain, Some busy and insinuating rogue, Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office, Have not devised this slander. I'll be hanged else.\"\"Iago dismisses her theory as nonsense, declaring that no one has done this to Othello. Emilia says she suspects it's the same kind of scurvy fellow who made Iago suspect that's she'd been unfaithful with Othello.Desdemona, beside herself with grief over Othello's distrust of her, begs Iago to go to him and make him see that she is his faithful wife. Iago assures Desdemona that Othello's only disurbed by his being so summarily recalled to Venice.After Desdemona and Emilia have left, Roderigo rushes in, all in a rage with Iago for having deceived him. Roderigo has been giving jewels to Iago which he has said were going to Desdemona to win her love for Roderigo. Roderigo grumbles that Desdemona shows him no increased affection, just the usual friendliness she shows everyone.Manipulating the irrate Roderigo, as he does everyone, Iago commends Roderigo for his mettle in complaining about how slowly Desdemona is to show her increased affection for him. Iago tells him that if he does one last thing that he will surely have Desdemona for his own. Iago tells Roderigo that he can only win Desdemona if she and Othello remain in Cyprus instead of going to Mauritania as Othello is planning. Roderigo can assure that Othello and Desdemona will remain in Cyprus if he does in Cassio. Act IV, Scene IIIOthello tells Desdemona to go to bed, and dismiss Emilia for the night, that he will come to her shortly. As Desdemona and Emilia converse, it is clear that Desdemona is beside herself with anguish because of Othello's mistrust. Act V, Scene IIn a public street near Othello's castle, Iago gives courage to Roderigo in his murder of Cassio. To himself, Iago reflects on the benefit should Cassio and Roderigo kill each other; he would be rid of Cassio and the threat of exposure of his plot against Othello would be gone. Roderigo and Cassio duel and both are seriously wounded, after Iago has stabbed Cassio from behind in the confusion. Othello bursts upon the scene and hearing Cassio moaning, assumes that the trusty Iago has done the vile deed. Lodovico and Gratiano, two officials, arrive and Iago pretends to be enraged at Roderigo's assault upon Cassio. Iago kills the wounded Roderigo before he can reveal Iago's true part in this murderous scene. When Bianca arrives, Iago claims that this \"\"notable strumpet\"\" is behind Roderigo's attack on Cassio. He takes Bianca into custody. Act IV, Scene III As the play's final, bloody scene opens, Othello and Desdemona are in their bed chambers. Even now Othello's desire for Desdemona struggles against his sense of outrage at her infidelity.Upon seeing Desdemona when she appears, Othello's wrath overwhelms him. Othello throws his supposed evidence in Desdemona's face, especially the visual proof of the mislaid handkerchief.Desdemona exclaims that she is innocent and demands that Cassio be summoned so he can explain what has actually occurred. Thinking that Cassio is dead, Othello tells her of his being slain.Desdemona begs for mercy, but Othello, not wishing to shed her blood, smothers her with a pillow. Emilia enters and for a moment Desdemona recovers enough to tell her that she is the innocent victim of her husband's blind jealousy. Desdemona dies and Othello explains to Emilia that he has killed his wife because she committed adultery with Cassio.When Emilia defends Desdemona, Othello discloses to her how Iago supplied him with evidence of her illicit love affair. Emilia is now able to put all the pieces of the puzzle together, and she tells Othello how her husband was the evil mastermind behind the entire murderous plot. \"\"O thou dull Moor! That handkerchief thou speak'st of I found by fortune and did give my husband, For often with a solemn earnestness, More than indeed belonged to such a trifle, He begged of me to steal it.\"\"Othello refuses to believe her, but cannot deny it either, and he falls on his bed overwhelmed by bewilderment.Iago and a number of officials enter the bed chamber. Emilia vehemently accuses her husband of his villainy. As Othello runs at Iago, Iago lashes out but stabs his wife instead. When Iago runs away, Montano and the others give chase.A wounded Cassio enters the bed chamber, with Iago in chains. Othello wounds Iago, but does not kill him. When Lodovico strips Othello of his governorship, Othello lashes out at him and then stabs himself. Even as Othello is dying he reveals the fatal lack of self-awareness which was his downfall. \"\"When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Speak of me as I am, nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, Perplexed in the extreme. . .\"\"Othello dies and as the play ends, Lodovico, standing beside the wounded Cassio, tells him that for his part in this evil plot Iago must be tortured and executed.\" Act IV, Scene III. Othello tells Desdemona to go to bed, and dismiss Emilia for the night, that he will come to her shortly. As Desdemona and Emilia converse, it is clear that Desdemona is beside herself with anguish because of Othello's mistrust.enice's military hero, the middle-aged Othello, a black Moor, has secretly eloped with the much younger Desdemona, the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio. Desdemona, a lady who moves in the best social circles in Venice, has fallen in love with Othello's hero-general persona.", "Gioachino Rossini In 1812, Rossini wrote La pietra del paragone, for La Scala theater in Milan and was already, at the tender age of 20, Italy's most prominent composer. In 1815, Rossini accepted a contract to work for the theaters in Naples, where he would remain until 1822, composing prolifically in comfort.", "Animal Imagery in Othello Extracts from this document... In Shakespeare's Othello, bestial imagery is used throughout the text, mostly by Iago. Iago uses these images to plant ideas in other character's heads in order to further his own devious plans. On a deeper level, the continual use of the imagery coincides with Othello's fall from grace.", "Did Shakespeare Really Write His Plays? A Few Theories Examined While people had questioned Shakespeare’s authorship, she was the first person to name an alternative, though she believed that Bacon wrote Shakespeare’s plays in collaboration with other leading minds of the time, like Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spenser.", "Othello Meaning The name Othello is of Celtic origin. The meaning of Othello is prosperous. Othello is generally used as a boy's name. It consists of 7 letters and 3 syllables and is pronounced O-the-llo.", "Who is the Villain in Othello? There is no other way to describe Iago from William Shakespeare's Othello. This is a character who suggests that someone drown puppies and kittens - and that's just in scene 1. It only gets worse from there, as Othello goes on to cause a murder and a suicide in Shakespeare's tragedy.", "William Shakespeare He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.", "Probing Question: Did Shakespeare really write all those plays? Done to death by slanderous tongues. So wrote William Shakespeare in his play, Much Ado About Nothing. Or did he? Even people who have never actually read Shakespeare have heard the theories: Shakespeare's plays were written by Francis Bacon! Shakespeare's plays were written by the Earl of Oxford!", "Othello: William Shakespeare Editorial Reviews. This recording of William Shakespeare's Othello features selected scenes from the classic drama. The recording stars the African American stage actor William Marshall as Othello, the Moor of Venice, with Ludi Claire as Desdemona, Jay Robinson as Iago, and Martin Donegan as Cassio. The sound quality is very good, and the vocal performance clear and well paced.", "- The end of story was when Othello realized that he was wrong and had been manipulated by some people he used to trust killed himself. We notice that the plot of Othello is similarly linked to the Aristotelian notion and concept of tragedy in the way the plot is arranged by Shakespeare.", "Mario Puzo Mario Puzo. The bestselling author of one the world’s most famous novels, The Godfather, Mario Puzo was an Italian American author and screenwriter. His claims to fame have been his intelligently written crime fiction and Italian mafia stories.", "?????? ?? What are the names of 10 plays Shakespeare wrote? Timon of Athens, Titus Andronicus, Pericles, Troilus and Cressida, All's Well that Ends Well, King John, Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen, Cymbeline and Measure for Measure.", "- The most common side effects include pain, swelling, redness, itching, bruising, bleeding, and a lump where your child got the shot, headache, fever, nausea, dizziness, tiredness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sore throat. Fainting can happen after getting GARDASIL 9.", "Giovanni Boccaccio Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women. As a poet who wrote in the Italian vernacular, Boccaccio is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue, which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot.", "- The play’s protagonist and hero. Othello is the highly respected general of the armies of Venice, although he is not a native of Venice but rather a Moor, or North African. He is an eloquent and powerful figure, respected by all those around him.", "- Othello Essay: Fate or chance appears to side with Iago in his plot to bring about the downfall of Othello and Desdemona. Iago is malicious and manipulative. He possesses deep hatred towards all those who have wronged him and does not understand the term love however; he is also the clever opportunist...thello Essay: Fate or chance appears to side with Iago in his plot to bring about the downfall of Othello and Desdemona. Iago is malicious and manipulative. He possesses deep hatred towards all those who have wronged him and does not understand the term love however; he is also the clever opportunist...", "Character List Iago - Othello’s ensign (a job also known as an ancient or standard-bearer), and the villain of the play. Iago is twenty-eight years old. While his ostensible reason for desiring Othello’s demise is that he has been passed over for promotion to lieutenant, Iago’s motivations are never very clearly expressed and seem to originate in an obsessive, almost aesthetic delight in manipulation and destruction.", "- This tightly constructed work revolves around four central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army; his beloved wife, Desdemona; his loyal lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted but unfaithful ensign, Iago.", "Othello Act 1, Scene 1. Othello. The play’s protagonist and hero. Othello is the highly respected general of the armies of Venice, although he is not a native of Venice but rather a Moor, or North African. He is an eloquent and powerful figure, respected by all those around him.", "Othello Othello: The Moor of Venice is a play (ca. 1603) by William Shakespeare.The play is a concentrated, tightly constructed domestic tragedy, with almost no subplot for relief, centered on five or six central characters. Othello is commonly considered one of Shakespeare's great tragedies and one of his finest works.thello: The Moor of Venice is a play (ca. 1603) by William Shakespeare.", "3 Prominent Themes Found in William Shakespeare's 'Othello' In Shakespeare's Othello, themes are essential to the working of the play. The text is a rich tapestry of plot, character, poetry and theme – elements which come together to form one of the Bard's most engaging tragedies. Shakespeare’s Othello is a Moor, a black man - indeed, one of the first black heroes in English literature.", "The Theme of Romantic Love in Shakespeare'sOthello There are two possibilities presented here. The first is what Brabantio has been saying, that Othello poisoned Desdemona's heart by trickery. The second possibility is that Othello and Desdemona have a true love, and First Senator's question defines true love.Love is obtained by asking nicely (request) for everything from a moment alone to a hand in marriage.here are two possibilities presented here. The first is what Brabantio has been saying, that Othello poisoned Desdemona's heart by trickery. The second possibility is that Othello and Desdemona have a true love, and First Senator's question defines true love.", "- search. From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. There is much evidence in the play that Hamlet deliberately feigned fits of madness in order to confuse and disconcert the king and his attendants.His avowed intention to act strange or odd and to put an antic disposition on 1 (I. v. 170, 172) is not the only indication.o understand the madness as real is to make of the play a mad-house tragedy that could have no meaning for the very sane Englishmen for whom Shakespeare wrote. There is dramatic value in such madness as Lear's, for the play traces the causes of his madness, and the influences that restore him.", "Iago For other uses, see Iago (disambiguation). Iago is a fictional character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). Iago is the play's main antagonist, and Othello's standard bearer. He is the husband of Emilia, who is in turn the attendant of Othello's wife Desdemona. Iago hates Othello and devises a plan to destroy him by making him believe that his wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio.", "How did actors in Shakespeare's time get paid? George Shaclarge was the most famous actor who starred in Shakespeare's Othello. Here are some names of others. Franklin Boskavich, Antony Joyark, Daniel Putello, and … Richard Frustage. These actors were the main actors of the Globe Theatrel.", "Umberto Eco He later wrote other novels, including Il pendolo di Foucault (Foucault's Pendulum) and L'isola del giorno prima (The Island of the Day Before). His novel Il cimitero di Praga (The Prague Cemetery), released in 2010, was a best-seller. Eco also wrote academic texts, children's books, and essays.", "- In William Shakespeare's Othello, the villain of the play is a character named Iago. Iago cunningly manipulates everyone he can in order to get back at Othello for passing him over for a military promotion.", "Othello Theme of Jealousy (Click the themes infographic to download.) Othello is the most famous literary work that focuses on the dangers of jealousy. The play is a study of how jealousy can be fueled by mere circumstantial evidence and can destroy lives.", "- Page 1 of 7. The Downfall Of Othello. The Downfall of Othello. Othello, written by William Shakespeare, is the perfect example of a romantic tragedy in which events involving the themes of jealousy, greed, revenge, and appearance versus reality bring the play to its tragic end.The play begins with an argument between Iago and Roderigo.thello, written by William Shakespeare, is the perfect example of a romantic tragedy in which events involving the themes of jealousy, greed, revenge, and appearance versus reality bring the play to its tragic end.", "- Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, written sometime around 1599. As movie posters and book covers like to say, the play is based on a true story: the historical events surrounding the conspiracy against the ancient Roman leader Julius Caesar (c.100-44B.C.) and the civil war that followed his death.", "- User: Who of the following wrote Roman tragedy? Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Seneca Aristophanes Plautus TerenceWeegy: Plautus was one of the 2 major writers of Roman (Fabula Palliata) comedy.ser: Who of the following wrote Roman tragedy? Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Seneca Aristophanes Plautus TerenceWeegy: Plautus was one of the 2 major writers of Roman (Fabula Palliata) comedy.", "Help Analyzing Othello Quotes on Jealousy According to Emilia, events do not cause jealousy; jealousy causes events and further jealousy. slide 5 of 5 Now all your friends will be jealous of your knowledge of Othello, by William Shakespeare.", "Why did shakespeare write othello? What was Shakespeare's purpose for writing Othello? Was he trying to make a statement? help.", "Shakespeare apocrypha Eighteen years passed before Othello was first put into print in 1622 by Thomas Walkley. Walkley's was a quarto edition, known as Q1, and it was the last Shakespearean edition of a single play before the collected edition, known as the First Folio (printed by Heminge and Condell in 1623).", "- Jerome (d. 420) emerged as one of the chief critics of Pelagianism, because, according to him, sin was an unavoidable part of human nature. Later responses. Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290–1349) wrote De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses.", "- Desdemona is confident, or at least hopeful, that her husband is not jealous, while Emilia suspects that all men are jealous. The interview between Othello and Desdemona begins stiffly and formally: Well, my good lady (30), and she, taking her cue from him, answers formally.", "Chapter 4-Lipids Vocabulary Pancreatic lipase splits off one fatty acid at a time from the triglyceride molecule, working from the outside in until two free fatty acids and a monoglyceride remain. Usually the process stops at this point but sometimes digestion continues and the monoglyceride spits into a free fatty acid and glyceride molecule.", "Foucault's Pendulum Foucault's Pendulum (original title: Il pendolo di Foucault [il ˈpɛndolo di fuˈko]) is a novel by Italian writer and philosopher Umberto Eco. It was first published in 1988, and an English translation by William Weaver appeared a year later.", "Adrian Pasdar Adrian Pasdar wrote and directed the short film Beyond Belief and directed his first feature film, the art-house neo-noir Cement, a contemporary re-telling of Othello, in 1999.", "Clergy Tax Clergy Tax. Properly Handling Minister's Paycheck. How to handle clergy taxes and compensation is always a big concern for churches. Some churches do not even know that clergy (ministers/pastors) compensation and payroll taxes are handled differently than any other profession in the United States.", "Dido and Aeneas Dido and Aeneas (Z. 626) is an opera in a prologue and three acts, written by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell with a libretto by Nahum Tate. The first known performance was at Josias Priest 's girls' school in London no later than the summer of 1689.", "English IV A 4 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd were written by Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh respectively The passionate shepherd offers all of the following to his beloved EXCEPT", "Who is Othello? 10 most extreme places on Earth. Othello the Moor is the main character of William Shakespeare ’s tragic play, Othello. The character is significant as a hero, as in Shakespeare’s day, racism was widespread and non-white characters were generally portrayed as ignorant or evil.", "Iago (Othello) ~ Iago's monologue on his plan. Iago is the main antagonist in the tragedy play Othello by William Shakespeare. He is a Venetian soldier, who serves under General Othello, a Moor (a broad term in Shakespeare's day, usually along the lines of someone of North African descent), and leader of the Venetian armed forces.", "Downfall of Othello These relationships can either bring great joy or can become the very cause of human frailty. In the play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare we witness the downfall of the main character Othello and the underlying factors which lead to his downfall.One of the main factors is the relationships he had with others.The relationship between Othello and Iago is built on friendship.he main weakness in Othello is his trustworthy nature from which derives other weaknesses, all of which ultimately leads to his downfall. Othello’s trustworthy nature is a weakness in his character; it is this characteristic which Iago preys on.", "Otello Otello (. [oˈtɛllo]) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on Shakespeare 's play Othello. It was Verdi's penultimate opera, and was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, on 5 February 1887.", "Lodovico, a Venetian noble Lodovico's business is now to get the rest of the story by questioning Othello, and to decide what is to be done with Othello and Iago. Lodovico decides that Othello will be taken as a prisoner to Venice for the final determination of his fate. Cassio is appointed governor of Cyprus. Iago will be tortured.", "Rigoletto - Caro nome Rigoletto - Caro nome. Giuseppe Verdi was the famous author of “Caro Nome” (Dearest Name) that is a representative opera in Italian culture. Verdi was born in Busseto- Italy in 1813; he was a romantic composer of opera in the 19th century." ]

[ 0.3320299983 ]

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[ "Jenolan River The Jenolan River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.", "New South Wales New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Tasman Sea to the east. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In March 2014 , the estimated population of New South Wales was 7.5 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 4.67 million, live in the Greater Sydney area. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as \"New South Welshmen\"." ]

[ "Koolan Island Koolan Island is an island off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia in the Buccaneer Archipelago. It is about 1,900 km north of Perth, and about 130 km north of Derby. It holds deposits of high-grade iron ore.", "Macleay River Macleay River, an open and trained mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.", "Bylong River Bylong River, a perennial river of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands and Upper Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia.", "Mondrabet Mondrabet is a large village on the island of New Britain, East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. The village lies in the south-western part of the Gazelle Peninsula, to the east of coastal village of Torin, upstream along the Torin River near its confluence with another river. It is also connected by dirt road to Matanakunai on the coast in the south-west.", "Armidale, New South Wales Armidale is a city in the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. Armidale had an estimated population of 23,674 as of 30 June 2015. It is the administrative centre for the Northern Tablelands region. It is approximately halfway between Sydney and Brisbane at the junction of the New England Highway and Waterfall Way. Armidale traditional owners are Anaiwan people. Many Gumbaynggirr people have settled in Armidale since colonisation.", "Jack River (East Gippsland, Victoria) The Jack River is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria.", "Nowendoc River Nowendoc River, a perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.", "Abercrombie River National Park The Abercrombie River National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 19000 ha national park is situated approximately 120 km west of Sydney and 40 km south of Oberon .", "Mongarlowe River The Mongarlowe River is a perennial river of the Shoalhaven catchment located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.", "Jeneberang River The Jeneberang (Indonesian: \"Sungai Jeneberang\" ) is a river of approximately 75 km in length in the south-western half of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The catchment has an area of 760 square kilometers.", "Yass River The Yass River, a perennial river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Southern Tablelands and South Western Slopes districts of New South Wales, Australia.", "Leigh River (Victoria) The Leigh River (or Waywatcurtan in the indigenous language) is a perennial river of the Corangamite catchment, located in the Central Highlands region of the Australian state of Victoria.", "Lambert River The Lambert River is a river of the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows north from the Lambert Glacier in the Southern Alps, joining with the Wanganui River 15 km southeast of Harihari.", "Far West (New South Wales) The Far West region of New South Wales, Australia refers generally to a fairly flat and low-lying area in the western part of the state, which is too dry to support wheat or other crops or intensive pastoral endeavours. It is west of the North West Slopes, Central West and the Riverina. It is an area with limited rainfall, and the only major rivers found in it are the Darling River and the Murray River (on its southern edge), which originate in the Great Dividing Range to the east. The region corresponds to the combination of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's forecast areas of \"Upper Western\" and \"Lower Western\". It also corresponds to the Western Division established under the New South Wales \"Western Lands Act 1901\".", "Annan River The Annan River (Kuku Nyungkal: Yuku Baja) is a river located in the Wet Tropics of Far North Queensland, Australia.", "Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (PNG; , ; Tok Pisin: \"Papua Niugini\" ; Hiri Motu: \"Papua Niu Gini\"), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua.", "Avoca River The Avoca River, an inland intermittent river of the northcentral catchment, part of the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the lower Riverina bioregion and Central Highlands and Wimmera regions of the Australian state of Victoria. The headwaters of the Avoca River rise on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees Range and descend to flow into the ephemeral Kerang Lakes.", "Cann River East Branch The Cann River East Branch is a perennial river located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria.", "Commissioners Waters The Commissioners Waters, a watercourse that is part of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.", "Towy River The Towy River is a river of the north Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows generally east from its origins in the Amuri Range to reach the Charwell River 25 km northeast of Waiau." ]

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[ "Some humans taking a photo" ]

[ "Nobody is there.", "The man is looking at the plant.", "A person is followed by a dog.", "The right can't understand how ordinary Americans sparked a cultural revolution in the 60s.", "A man is standing alone.", "A race car raises a cloud of smoke.", "A man is holding up a woman in a dress." ]

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[ "Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch." ]

[ "In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).", "As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.", "Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.", "Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.", "Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since \"he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle\". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.", "The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: \"Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\". This led to different treatment for \"black\" and \"half-caste\" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as \"white\" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.", "Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli." ]

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[ "Cytoskeleton realization that bacteria possess proteins that are homologous to tubulin and actin; the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Eukaryotic cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Each cytoskeletal filament type is formed by polymerization of a distinct type of protein subunit and has its own characteristic shape and intracellular distribution. Microfilaments are polymers of the protein actin and are 7 nm in diameter. Microtubules are composed of tubulin and are 25 nm in diameter. Intermediate filaments are composed of various proteins, depending on the type of cell in which they are found; they" ]

[ "Microtubule not require chaperones to fold. In contrast to the 13 protofilaments of eukaryotic microtubules, bacterial microtubules comprise only five. Microtubules are part of a structural network (the cytoskeleton) within the cell's cytoplasm. The roles of the microtubule cytoskeleton include mechanical support, organization of the cytoplasm, transport, motility and chromosome segregation. In developing neurons microtubules are known as \"neurotubules\" and they can modulate the dynamics of actin, another component of the cytoskeleton. A microtubule is capable of growing and shrinking in order to generate force, and there are motor proteins that allow organelles and other cellular components to be carried along", "Cytoskeleton forces in so-called actomyosin fibers, both in muscle as well as most non-muscle cell types. Actin structures are controlled by the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho itself for contractile acto-myosin filaments (\"stress fibers\"), Rac for lamellipodia and Cdc42 for filopodia. Functions include: Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells. These filaments, averaging 10 nanometers in diameter, are more stable (strongly bound) than actin filaments, and heterogeneous constituents of the cytoskeleton. Like actin filaments, they function in the maintenance of cell-shape by bearing tension (microtubules, by contrast, resist compression but can also", "Prokaryotic cytoskeleton bacterium \"Bacillus thuringiensis\", which assembles into a microtubule-like structure and is involved in plasmid segregation. The MinCDE system is a filament system that properly positions the septum in the middle of the cell in \"Escherichia coli\". According to Shih et al., MinC inhibits the formation of the septum by prohibiting the polymerization of the Z-ring. MinC, MinD, and MinE form a helix structure that winds around the cell and is bound to the membrane by MinD. The MinCDE helix occupies a pole and terminates in a filamentous structure called the E-ring made of MinE at the middle-most edge of the", "Cytoskeleton the tissue based on signals from the cells environment. Mutations in the IF proteins have been shown to cause serious medical issues such as premature aging, desmin mutations compromising organs, Alexander Disease, and muscular dystrophy. Different intermediate filaments are: Microtubules are hollow cylinders about 23 nm in diameter (lumen = approximately 15 nm in diameter), most commonly comprising 13 protofilaments that, in turn, are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin. They have a very dynamic behavior, binding GTP for polymerization. They are commonly organized by the centrosome. In nine triplet sets (star-shaped), they form the centrioles, and in nine doublets", "Stathmin region), a 78 amino acid coiled-coil region, and a short C-terminal domain. The function of Stathmin is to regulate the cytoskeleton of the cell. The cytoskeleton is made up of long hollow cylinders named microtubules. These microtubules are made up of alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers. The changes in cytoskeleton are known as microtubule dynamics; the addition of the tubulin subunits lead to polymerisation and their loss, depolymerisation. Stathmin regulates these by promoting depolymerization of microtubules or preventing polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Additionally, Stathmin is thought to have a role in cell signaling pathway. Stathmin is a ubiquitous phosphorylated protein", "Selectin 9 for L-, E-, and P-selectin, respectively), a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular cytoplasmic tail (cyto). The transmembrane and cytoplasmic parts are not conserved across the selectins being responsible for their targeting to different compartments. Though they share common elements, their tissue distribution and binding kinetics are quite different, reflecting their divergent roles in various pathophysiological processes. There are three subsets of selectins: L-selectin is the smallest of the vascular selectins, expressed on all granulocytes and monocytes and on most lymphocytes, can be found in most leukocytes. P-selectin, the largest selectin, is stored in α-granules of platelets and in", "Cytoskeleton are normally 8-12 nm in diameter. The cytoskeleton provides the cell with structure and shape, and by excluding macromolecules from some of the cytosol, it adds to the level of macromolecular crowding in this compartment. Cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with cellular membranes. Neurodegenerative disorders have recently become more understood in context to what parts of the cell they affect. Diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have had breakthrough research that supports the conclusion that neurodegenerative diseases affect the cytoskeleton. Parkinson's disease is a condition that causes the degradation of neurons,", "Prokaryotic cytoskeleton one or more inhibitors of FtsZ assembly that form a bipolar gradient in the cell, enhancing polymerization of FtsZ at the cell center. One of these gradient-forming systems consists of MinCDE proteins (see below). MreB is a bacterial protein believed to be analogous to eukaryal actin. MreB and actin have a weak primary structure match, but are very similar in terms of 3-D structure and filament polymerization. Almost all non-spherical bacteria rely on MreB to determine their shape. MreB assembles into a helical network of filamentous structures just under the cytoplasmic membrane, covering the whole length of the cell. MreB", "EF-Tu to the correct tRNA coding for it. EF-Tu has been found in large quantities in the cytoskeletons of bacteria, co-localizing underneath the cell membrane with MreB, a cytoskeletal element that maintains cell shape. Defects in EF-Tu have been shown to result in defects in bacterial morphology. Additionally, EF-Tu has displayed some chaperone-like characteristics, with some experimental evidence suggesting that it promotes the refolding of a number of denatured proteins \"in vitro.\" EF-Tu is a monomeric protein with molecular weight around 43 kDa in \"Escherichia coli\". The protein consists of three structural domains: a GTP-binding domain and two oligonucleotide-binding domains. The", "Cell nucleus and splicing speckles. Although little is known about a number of these domains, they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture, but rather contains organized functional subdomains. Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes. For example, the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy. This condition typically results from mutations in actin, and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins. A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies (CB),", "Eukaryote with the cell's cytoplasm. Microfilamental structures composed of actin and actin binding proteins, e.g., α-actinin, fimbrin, filamin are present in submembraneous cortical layers and bundles, as well. Motor proteins of microtubules, e.g., dynein or kinesin and actin, e.g., myosins provide dynamic character of the network. Centrioles are often present even in cells and groups that do not have flagella, but conifers and flowering plants have neither. They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots. These form a primary component of the cytoskeletal structure, and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions, with one", "Clathrin of the panels on a soccer ball, that pulls the membrane into a bud. By constructing different combinations of 5-sided and 6-sided rings, vesicles of different sizes may assemble. The smallest clathrin cage commonly imaged, called a mini-coat, has 12 pentagons and only two hexagons. Even smaller cages with zero hexagons probably do not form from the native protein, because the feet of the triskelia are too bulky. Clathrin performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane", "Cell mechanics together, the three types of polymers can organize themselves to counter the applied external forces and resist deformation. However, there are differences between the three polymers. The primary structural component of the cytoskeleton is actin filaments. Being the narrowest with a diameter of 7nm and most flexible out of the three types of polymers, actin filaments are typically found at the very edge of the cytoplasm in animal cells. Formed by the linking of polymers of a protein called actin, they help give cells shape and structure and are able to transport protein packages and organelles. Furthermore, actin filaments have", "Cell mechanics the ability to be assembled and disassembled quickly, allowing them to take part in cell mobility. On the other hand, intermediate filaments are more permanent structures with a diameter of 8 to 10 nm. Composed of numerous fibrous protein strands wound together, intermediate proteins’ main role is bearing tension and retaining the shape and structure of the cell by securing the nucleus and other organelles in their designated areas. The largest cytoskeletal structure of the three types of polymers is the microtubules with a diameter of 25nm. Unlike actin filaments, microtubules are stiff, hollow structures that radiate outwards from the", "Cytosol as RuBisCO. Although the cytoskeleton is not part of the cytosol, the presence of this network of filaments restricts the diffusion of large particles in the cell. For example, in several studies tracer particles larger than about 25 nanometres (about the size of a ribosome) were excluded from parts of the cytosol around the edges of the cell and next to the nucleus. These \"excluding compartments\" may contain a much denser meshwork of actin fibres than the remainder of the cytosol. These microdomains could influence the distribution of large structures such as ribosomes and organelles within the cytosol by excluding", "Cytoskeleton a factor in the development of the disease. A fourth neurodegenerative disorder is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, which causes a loss of movement by the degradation of motor neurons from defects of the cytoskeleton. A number of small-molecule cytoskeletal drugs have been discovered that interact with actin and microtubules. These compounds have proven useful in studying the cytoskeleton and several have clinical applications. All filaments interact with accessory proteins that regulate and link the filaments to other cell compounds and each other. The accessory proteins are essential for controlled assembly of cytoskeletal filaments in particular locations, and they include", "Actin laevis\" oocytes, which shows the same features as skeletal muscle actin. Since that time there have been many scientific reports about the structure and functions of actin in the nucleus (for review see: Hofmann 2009.) The controlled level of actin in the nucleus, its interaction with actin-binding proteins (ABP) and the presence of different isoforms allows actin to play an important role in many important nuclear processes. The actin sequence does not contain a nuclear localization signal. The small size of actin (about 43 kDa) allows it to enter the nucleus by passive diffusion. Actin however shuttles between cytoplasm and", "Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MreB and crescentin are necessary for \"C. crescentus\" to exist in its characteristic shape; it is believed that MreB molds the cell into a rod shape and crescentin bends this shape into a crescent. ParM is a cytoskeletal element that possesses a similar structure to actin, although it behaves functionally like tubulin. Further, it polymerizes bidirectionally and it exhibits dynamic instability, which are both behaviors characteristic of tubulin polymerization. It forms a system with ParR and \"parC\" that is responsible for R1 plasmid separation. ParM affixes to ParR, a DNA-binding protein that specifically binds to 10 direct repeats in the", "Actin nucleus quite quickly, which indicates the existence of active transport. The import of actin into the nucleus (probably in a complex with cofilin) is facilitated by the import protein importin 9. Low level of actin in the nucleus seems to be very important, because actin has two nuclear export signals (NES) into its sequence. Microinjected actin is quickly removed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Actin is exported at least in two ways, through exportin 1 (EXP1) and exportin 6 (Exp6). Specific modifications, such as SUMOylation, allows for nuclear actin retention. It was demonstrated that a mutation preventing SUMOylation causes", "Nocodazole organization of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotes is dependent on microtubule trafficking, but disrupting the trafficking of Golgi elements from the endoplasmic reticulum treatment with nocodazole (33 \"μ\"M for 3 hours) induces numerous Golgi elements to form adjacent to ER exit sites. These functional Golgi ministacks remain distributed about the cell, unable to track forward to form a perinuclear Golgi since nocodazole has depolymerized the microtubules. Also used with Mad2p protein as an anti-microtubule drug. Nocodazole Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect in cells by interfering with the polymerization of microtubules. Microtubules are one type of fibre", "Rho-associated protein kinase ions, in turn stimulate a myosin light chain kinase, forcing a contraction. ROCK plays a role in a wide range of different cellular phenomena, as ROCK is a downstream effector protein of the small GTPase Rho, which is one of the major regulators of the cytoskeleton. 1. ROCK is a key regulator of actin organization and thus a regulator of cell migration as follows: Different substrates can be phosphorylated by ROCKs, including LIM kinase, myosin light chain (MLC) and MLC phosphatase. These substrates, once phosphorylated, regulate actin filament organization and contractility as follows: ROCK inhibits the depolymerization of actin filaments", "Calponin 3, acidic sites, and a C-terminal variable region. The unique length amino acid sequence of the C-terminal segment of the three calponin isoforms are responsible for their size and overall charge differences. Calponin 3 has been shown to participate in actin cytoskeleton-based activities such as that in embryonic development and myogenesis. Unlike calponin 1, calponin 3 has little effect on actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity and does not cause actin filaments bundling at the same condition as calponin 1 does. Calponin 3 is found in the brain with expression in neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells, where it may function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton", "Myosin with two FERM domains in the tail region. It has an extended lever arm consisting of five calmodulin binding IQ motifs followed by a single alpha helix (SAH). Myosin VII is required for phagocytosis in \"Dictyostelium discoideum\", spermatogenesis in \"C. elegans\" and stereocilia formation in mice and zebrafish. Myosin VIII is a plant-specific myosin linked to cell division; specifically, it is involved in regulating the flow of cytoplasm between cells and in the localization of vesicles to the phragmoplast. Myosin IX is a group of single-headed motor proteins. It was first shown to be minus-end directed, but a later study", "Tektin conserved, with significant similarity between mouse and human homologs. Tektin Tektins are cytoskeletal proteins found in cilia and flagella as structural components of outer doublet microtubules. They are also present in centrioles and basal bodies. They are polymeric in nature, and form filaments. They include TEKT1, TEKT2, TEKT3, TEKT4, TEKT5. Tektin filaments are 2 to 3 nm diameter with two alpha helical segments. They have the consensus amino acid sequence of RPNVELCRD. Different types of tektins, designated as A (53 kDa), B (51 kDa), C (47 kDa) form dimers, trimers and oligomers in various combinations and are also associated with", "RAB11FIP5 to the plasma membrane. This is in contrast to the fast constitutive recycling route which allows for the direct transport of cargo from the endosome to the plasma membrane. Rab11FIP5 aids in this sorting process by binding to kinesin II and forming a protein complex to regulate vesicular trafficking. Some of the proteins that are regulated through Rab11FIP5 mediated vesicle trafficking are microtubule proteins and the TfR receptor. This links Rab11FIP5 functionality to the cell cytoskeleton and the iron uptake of a cell, respectively. Rab11FIP5 has been shown to play a role in the nervous system because it functions in", "Dynein reach the cargo's intracellular destination. Cargo adaptors identified thus far include BicD2, Hook3, FIP3 and Spindly. The light intermediate chain, which is a member of the Ras superfamily, mediates the attachment of several cargo adaptors to the dynein motor. The other tail subunits may also help facilitate this interaction as evidenced in a low resolution structure of dynein-dynactin-BicD2. One major form of motor regulation within cells for dynein is dynactin. It may be required for almost all cytoplasmic dynein functions. Currently, it is the best studied dynein partner. Dynactin is a protein that aids in intracellular transport throughout the cell", "Cytokinesis midbody, which is generally thought as a targeting platform for the abscission machinery. Microtubule severing protein spastin is largely responsible for the disassembly of microtubule bundles inside the intercellular bridge. Complete cortical constriction also requires removal of the underlying cytoskeletal structures. Actin filament disassembly during late cytokinesis depends on the PKCε–14-3-3 complex, which inactivates RhoA after furrow ingression. Actin disassembly is further controlled by the GTPase Rab35 and its effector, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL. Understanding the mechanism by which the plasma membrane ultimately splits requires further investigation. Cytokinesis must be temporally controlled to ensure that it occurs only after sister", "Growth cone duties within the growth cone, such as anchoring actin and microtubules to each other, to the membrane, and to other cytoskeletal components. Some of these components include molecular motors that generate force within the growth cone and membrane-bound vesicles which are transported in and out of the growth cone via microtubules. Some examples of cytoskeletal-associated proteins are Fascin and Filamin (actin bundling), Talin (actin anchoring), myosin (vesicle transport), and mDia (microtubule-actin linking). The highly dynamic nature of growth cones allows them to respond to the surrounding environment by rapidly changing direction and branching in response to various stimuli. There are", "Contractile vacuole docking of the contractile vacuole within the cell. \"Paramecium\" and \"Amoeba\" possess large contractile vacuoles (average diameter of 13 and 45 µm, respectively), which are relatively comfortable to isolate, manipulate and assay. The smallest known contractile vacuoles belong to \"Chlamydomonas\", with a diameter of 1.5 µm. In \"Paramecium\", which has one of the most complex contractile vacuoles, the vacuole is surrounded by several canals, which absorb water by osmosis from the cytoplasm. After the canals fill with water, the water is pumped into the vacuole. When the vacuole is full, it expels the water through a pore in the cytoplasm", "Cytoplasm as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes. The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm. Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution. This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other. Organelles (literally \"little organs\"), are usually membrane-bound structures inside the cell that have specific functions. Some major organelles that are suspended in the", "CKAP4 the ER sheets This is thought to occur after dimerization of CLIMP-63’s luminal COILED-COIL domains in \"cis\" (two CLIMP-63 proteins of the same ER membrane layer) and/or \"trans\" (between two different ER membrane layers, across the ER lumen). Multimerization might in addition limit CLIMP-63’s diffusion out of ER-sheets. CLIMP-63 was also shown to bind microtubules through its cytoplasmic disordered tail which might help anchoring the ER-sheets to the cytoskeleton. This is regulated by phosphorylation of at least three serine residues of CLIMP-63’s cytosolic tail (S3, S17 and S19) as phosphorylation interferes with CLIMP-63’s microtubule binding capacity. In addition, CLIMP-63 can", "Glycophorin C it interacts with band 4.1 (an 80-kDa protein) and p55 (a palmitoylated peripheral membrane phosphoprotein and a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family) to form a ternary complex that is critical for the shape and stability of erythrocytes. The major attachment sites between the erythrocyte spectrin-actin cytoskeleton and the lipid bilayer are glycophorin C and band 3. The interaction with band 4.1 and p55 is mediated by the N terminal 30 kD domain of band 4.1 binding to a 16 amino acid segment (residues 82-98: residues 61-77 of glycophorin D) within the cytoplasmic domain of glycophorin C and to", "CENPJ characterized by severely reduced brain size and mental retardation. The \"Drosophila\" ortholog, sas-4, has been shown to be a scaffold for a cytoplasmic complex of Cnn, Asl, CP-190, tubulin and D-PLP (similar to the human proteins PCNT and AKAP9). These complexes are then anchored at the centriole to begin formation of the centrosome. Model organisms have been used in the study of CENPJ function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called \"Cenpj\" was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists. Male and female animals", "Actin internalization of some viruses, notably HIV, by, for example, inactivating the cofilin complex. The role that actin plays in the invasion process of cancer cells has still not been determined. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton of organisms among all taxonomic groups have similar components to actin and tubulin. For example, the protein that is coded by the \"ACTG2\" gene in humans is completely equivalent to the homologues present in rats and mice, even though at a nucleotide level the similarity decreases to 92%. However, there are major differences with the equivalents in prokaryotes (FtsZ and MreB), where the similarity between nucleotide sequences", "Citron kinase but this interaction alone cannot accomplish cytokinesis fully. ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) is localized to the spindle pole, and is essential for maintaining proliferative cell division. It has been reported that ASPM also localizes to the midbody ring in mammalian cells. This was due to the observed differential localization of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of ASPM within mitotic cells to either spindle poles or to midbodies, respectively. Since, ASPM co-localizes with Citron-K at the midbody ring in HeLa cells and in developing neocortex, it has been proposed that ASPM may function to coordinate spindle rotation with localization of", "Vimentin flexibility to the cell. Scientists found that vimentin provided cells with a resilience absent from the microtubule or actin filament networks, when under mechanical stress \"in vivo\". Therefore, in general, it is accepted that vimentin is the cytoskeletal component responsible for maintaining cell integrity. (It was found that cells without vimentin are extremely delicate when disturbed with a micropuncture). Transgenic mice that lack vimentin appeared normal and did not show functional differences. It is possible that the microtubule network may have compensated for the absence of the intermediate network. This result supports an intimate interactions between microtubules and vimentin. Moreover,", "Actin as part of a linear polymer microfilament called F-actin (filamentous), both of which are essential for such important cellular functions as the mobility and contraction of cells during cell division. Actin participates in many important cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape. Many of these processes are mediated by extensive and intimate interactions of actin with cellular membranes. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins, found in muscle", "Cytoskeleton assemble to filaments and rings. Therefore, septins can be considered part of the cytoskeleton. The function of septins in cells include serving as a localized attachment site for other proteins, and preventing the diffusion of certain molecules from one cell compartment to another. In yeast cells, they build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division and compartmentalize parts of the cell. Recent research in human cells suggests that septins build cages around bacterial pathogens, immobilizing the harmful microbes and preventing them from invading other cells. Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane", "Prokaryotic cytoskeleton 6 nm (horizontal/vertical) they fall within diameter range of eukaryal intermediate filaments (IFs) (8-15 nm). \"Treponema denticola\" cells lacking the CfpA protein form long concatenated cells with a chromosomal DNA segregation defect, a phenotype also affecting the pathogenicity of this organism. The absence of another cell ultrastructure, the periplasmic flagella filament bundle, do not alter the structure of the cytoplasmic ribbon. Prokaryotic cytoskeleton The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes. It was once thought that prokaryotic cells did not possess cytoskeletons, but advances in visualization technology and structure determination led to the discovery of", "PDIA3 to serve as a redox sensor by activating mTORC1, which then mediates mTOR complex assembly to adapt cells to oxidative damage. Thus, PDIA3 regulates cell growth and death according to oxygen concentrations, such as in the hypoxic microenvironment of bones. Additionally, PDIA3 activates cell anchorage in bones by associating with cell division and cytoskeleton proteins, such as beta-actin and vimentin, to form a complex which controls TUBB3 folding and proper attachment of the microtubules to the kinetochore. PDIA3 also plays a role in cytokine-dependent signal transduction, including STAT3 signaling. It has been demonstrated that the downregulation of ERp57 expression is", "Micropeptide and mouse, and localizes to the late endosome/lysosome. SPAR interacts with four subunits of the v-ATPase complex, inhibiting mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal surface where it is activated. Down-regulation of this micropeptide enables mTORC1 activation by amino acid stimulation, promoting muscle regeneration. = References = Micropeptide Micropeptides are commonly defined as polypeptides with a relatively arbitrary length of less than 100-150 amino acids (aa) in length. They are distinguishable from bioactive peptides as the former is generated from short open reading frames (sORFs), whereas the latter is a cleavage product of a larger polypeptide. They differ from canonical proteins which", "Microfilament fast-growing barbed-ends and their slow-growing pointed-end. This polarity has been determined by the pattern created by the binding of myosin S1 fragments: they themselves are subunits of the larger myosin II protein complex. The pointed end is commonly referred to as the minus (−) end and the barbed end is referred to as the plus (+) end. \"In vitro\" actin polymerization, or nucleation, starts with the self-association of three G-actin monomers to form a trimer. ATP-bound actin then itself binds the barbed end, and the ATP is subsequently hydrolyzed. ATP hydrolysis occurs with a half time of about 2 seconds,", "Stathmin major components of the cell’s cytoskeleton. They are highly dynamic structures that continuously alternate between assembly and disassembly. Stathmin performs an important function in regulating rapid microtubule remodeling of the cytoskeleton in response to the cell’s needs. Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of α,β-tubulin. Their assembly is in part determined by the concentration of free tubulin in the cytoplasm. At low concentrations of free tubulin, the growth rate at the microtubule ends is slowed and results in an increased rate of depolymerization (disassembly). Stathmin, and the related proteins SCG10 and XB3, contain a N-terminal domain (XB3 contains an additional N-terminal hydrophobic", "Microfilament suggests the existence of actin filament barbed-end-tracking molecular motors termed \"actoclampin\". The proposed actoclampins generate the propulsive forces needed for actin-based motility of lamellipodia, filopodia, invadipodia, dendritic spines, intracellular vesicles, and motile processes in endocytosis, exocytosis, podosome formation, and phagocytosis. Actoclampin motors also propel such intracellular pathogens as \"Listeria monocytogenes\", \"Shigella flexneri\", \"Vaccinia\" and \"Rickettsia\". When assembled under suitable conditions, these end-tracking molecular motors can also propel biomimetic particles. The term actoclampin is derived from \"acto\"- to indicate the involvement of an actin filament, as in actomyosin, and \"clamp\" to indicate a clasping device used for strengthening flexible/moving objects and", "CSRP3 list of proteins, exhibiting variable subcellular localization and diverse functional properties. In particular, MLP interacts with proteins at the: M-line as well as plasma membrane localization of MLP has also been observed, however, the protein associations mediating this subcellular distribution are currently unknown. These diverse localization patterns and binding partners of MLP suggest a multitude of roles relating both to the striated myocyte cytoskeleton and the nucleus. The role of MLP in each of these two cellular compartments appears to be dynamic, with studies demonstrating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, driven by its nuclear localization signal, over time and under different conditions. In", "COX14 molecular oxygen. COX14 has been shown to contribute to the early stages of complex IV assembly by coelution with COX1 and COX4 for nucleation of the assembly. The protein participates in the coupling synthesis of COX1 followed by an assembly of nascent subunits into the holoenzyme complex IV. The knockdown of the protein COX14 involving small interfering RNA in regular human fibroblast has been shown to result in a complex IV defect with reduced activity. Variants of \"COX14\" have been associated with the mitochonrdial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes", "Trichoplax are \"metacentric\", meaning that the centromere, the attachment point for the spindle fibers in cell division, is located at the center, or \"acrocentric\", with the centromere at an extreme end of each chromosome. The cells of the fiber syncytium can be \"tetraploid\", i.e. contain a quadruple complement of chromosomes. A single complement of chromosomes in \"Trichoplax adhaerens\" contains a total of fewer than fifty million base pairs and thus forms the smallest animal genome; the number of base pairs in the intestinal bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" is smaller by a factor of only ten. The genetic complement of \"Trichoplax adhaerens\" has", "Crescentin ends of the rod domain which are conserved in animal lamin and keratin proteins. Eukaryotic intermediate filament proteins assemble into filaments of 8-15 nm within the cell without the need for energy input, that is, no need for ATP or GTP. Ausmees et al. continued their crescentin research by testing whether the protein could assemble into filaments in this manner \"in vitro\". They found that crescentin proteins were indeed able to form filaments about 10 nm wide, and that some of these filaments organized laterally into bundles, just as eukaryotic intermediate filaments do. The similarity of crescentin protein to intermediate", "Centrosome to each other, and surrounded by an amorphous mass of protein termed the pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM contains proteins responsible for microtubule nucleation and anchoring including γ-tubulin, pericentrin and ninein. In general, each centriole of the centrosome is based on a nine triplet microtubule assembled in a cartwheel structure, and contains centrin, cenexin and tektin. In many cell types the centrosome is replaced by a cilium during cellular differentiation. However, once the cell starts to divide, the cilium is replaced again by the centrosome. The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and later described and named", "Cortactin cytoplasm, but upon phosphorylation, the protein begins to target certain areas in the cell. Cortactin-assisted Arp2/3-nucleated actin branches are most prominent in the actin cortex, around the periphery of the cell. A phosphorylated cortactin monomer binds to, activates, and stabilizes an Arp2/3 complex on preexisting F-actin, which provides a nucleation site for a new actin branch to form from the “mother” filament. Branches formed from cortactin-assisted nucleation sites are very stable; cortactin has been shown to inhibit debranching. Thus, polymerization and branching of actin is promoted in areas of the cell where cortactin is localized. Cortactin is very active in", "Calponin 2 that have high rates of proliferation (e.g., myoblasts), and c) cells that are actively migrating (e.g., fibroblasts and macrophages). Therefore, the tissue distributions of calponin 2 imply its potential role in regulating cytoskeleton functions and cell motility. \"In vitro\" protein binding studies have demonstrated that calponin binds actin and cross-links actin filaments. Calponin also binds tropomyosin, tubulin, desmin, Ca-calmodulin, Ca-S100, myosin, and phospholipids. Calponin also interacts with caldesmon and a-actinin, which however may only reflect their co-localization on actin filaments. The variable C-terminal segment regulates actin-binding affinity, and calponin 2 is shown to have the lowest affinity for F-actin among", "Vimentin when microtubule depolymerizers were present, vimentin reorganization occurred, once again implying a relationship between the two systems. On the other hand, wounded mice that lack the vimentin gene heal slower than their wild type counterparts. In essence, vimentin is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. Vimentin has been shown to eliminate toxic proteins in JUNQ and IPOD inclusion bodies in asymmetric division of mammalian cell lines. Also, vimentin is found to control the transport of low-density lipoprotein, LDL, -derived cholesterol from a lysosome to the site of esterification. With the blocking of transport", "Troponin C type 1 cardiac cycle. In the low calcium environment present during diastole (~100 nM), tropomyosin is anchored into the \"blocked\" position along the actin thin filament through the binding of the troponin I inhibitory (cTnI) and C-terminal (cTnI) regions. This prevents actin-myosin cross-bridging and effectively shuts off muscle contraction. As the cytoplasmic Ca concentration rises to ~1 μM during systole, Ca binding to the regulatory domain of cardiac troponin C (cNTnC) is the key event that leads to muscle contraction. Hydrophobic binding of cNTnC to the \"switch\" region of troponin I, cTnI, stabilizes the Ca-bound open conformation of cNTnC (increasing the Ca", "Axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubules in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin II, that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules. The building-block of the axoneme is the microtubule; each axoneme is composed of several microtubules aligned in parallel. To be specific, the microtubules are arranged in a characteristic pattern known as the “9x2 + 2,\" as shown in the image at right. Nine sets of \"doublet\" microtubules (a specialized", "Cell membrane surfaces of epithelial cells are dense with actin-based finger-like projections known as microvilli, which increase cell surface area and thereby increase the absorption rate of nutrients. Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane results in formation of a bleb. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, which contribute to the overall function of the cell. The origin, structure, and function of each organelle leads to a large variation in the cell composition due to the individual uniqueness associated with each organelle. The cell membrane has different lipid and protein compositions in", "Hereditary elliptocytosis have a common end result; they destabilise the cytoskeletal scaffold of cells. This stability is especially important in erythrocytes as they are constantly under the influence of deforming shear forces. As disc-shaped erythrocytes pass through capillaries, which can be 2-3 micrometres wide, they are forced to assume an elliptical shape in order to fit through. Normally, this deformation lasts only as long as a cell is present in a capillary, but in hereditary elliptocytosis the instability of the cytoskeleton means that erythrocytes deformed by passing through a capillary are forever rendered elliptical. These elliptical cells are taken up by the", "Fascin and a hydrophilic surface since it is often found inside cell cytoplasm in the formation of filopodia. Fascin Fascin is an actin bundling protein. It is a 54-58 kilodalton monomeric actin filament bundling protein originally isolated from sea urchin egg but also found in \"Drosophila\" and vertebrates, including humans. Fascin (from the Latin for \"bundle\") is spaced at 11 nanometre intervals along the filament. The bundles in cross section are seen to be hexagonally packed, and the longitudinal spacing is compatible with a model where fascin cross-links at alternating 4 and 5 actins. It is calcium insensitive and monomeric. Three", "KIF23 neurons, KIF23 restricts the movement of short microtubules into axons by acting as a \"brake\" against the driving forces of cytoplasmic dynein. As neurons mature, KIF23 drives minus-end distal microtubules into nascent dendrites contributing to the multi-polar orientation of dendritic microtubules and the formation of their short, fat, tapering morphology. KIF23 has been shown to interact with: KIF23 has been implicated in the formation and proliferation of GL261 gliomas in mouse. KIF23 Kinesin-like protein KIF23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"KIF23\" gene. KIF23 (also known as Kinesin-6, CHO1/MKLP1, C. elegans ZEN-4 and Drosophila Pavarotti) is", "Citron kinase a predicted coiled-coil region with actin and myosin. However, Sti depletion perturbs RhoA localization and causes excessive accumulation of phosphorylated MRLC (myosin regulatory light chain) at the cleavage site in late cytokinesis. Sti is believed to maintain correct RhoA localization at the cleavage site, which is in turn important for proper contractile ring organization at the end of cytokinesis. The scaffold protein anillin is one of the most crucial partners of RhoA during cytokinesis and plays a fundamental role in the assembly and stabilization of the contractile ring by interacting with RhoA, septins, F-actin, myosin II, and mDia2 and it", "Min System this family of proteins is attributed to Adler et al. (1967). First identified as \"E. coli\" mutants that could not produce a properly localized septum, resulting in the generation of minicells due to mislocalized cell division occurring near the bacterial poles. This caused miniature vesicles to pinch off, void of essential molecular constituents permitting it to exist as a viable bacterial cell. Minicells are achromosomal cells that are products of aberrant cell division, and contain RNA and protein, but little or no chromosomal DNA. This finding led to the identification of three interacting proteins involved in a dynamic system of", "Talin protein cells to the extracellular matrix and of lymphocytes to other cells. In these situations, talin codistributes with concentrations of integrins in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, in vitro binding studies suggest that integrins bind to talin, although with low affinity. Talin also binds with high affinity to vinculin, another cytoskeletal protein concentrated at points of cell adhesion. Finally, talin is a substrate for the calcium-ion activated protease, calpain II, which is also concentrated at points of cell–substratum contact. Talin is a mechanosensitive protein. Its mechanical vulnerability and cellular position bridging integrin receptors and the actin cytoskeleton make it a fundamental protein", "Tropomyosin cues and undergo structural re-organisation has led to the belief that this system regulates specific structural changes within different cellular regions. Within humans, there are only six actin isoforms, and these isoforms are responsible for an array of unique and complex cellular structures and key cellular interactions. It is thought that the function and form of the actin cytoskeleton is controlled largely by actin-binding proteins (ABP) that are associated with the actin polymer. ABP are a group of proteins that bind to actin. Although tropomyosin is sometimes included as an ABP, it is not a true ABP. The tropomyosin dimer", "Clare Waterman and regulation. Dr. Waterman used multispectral Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy to show that microtubules and f-actin exhibit specific structural interactions in cytoplasmic extracts, migrating cells, and neuronal growth cones that result in interdependent dynamics and organization She dissected the role of the small GTPase signaling protein Rac1 in the co-regulation of actin and microtubules in migrating cells. Since then, the notion of “cytoskeletal crosstalk” has become well-accepted as critical to the processes of polarity development in embryos and cells, neuronal growth cone guidance, and directed cell movement during wound healing. Clare Waterman Dr. Clare M. Waterman is a Distinguished Investigator, Chief", "Ronald Vale of the myosin and actin system. Vale further demonstrated organelles by themselves could not move on microtubules, but movement was observed after adding the cytosol of the axon. This showed the motor protein was not present on microtubules or organelles, but dissolved in the cytosol. He also found cytosol-coated beads moved along microtubules, providing an \"in vitro\" microtubule-based motility assay. In 1985, Vale, Sheetz and Reese isolated the motor protein, named it \"kinesin\", and showed it only moved in one direction towards the N-terminus of microtubules. Vale did not finish his MD, and joined the University of California, San Francisco", "Exocytosis Golgi apparatus does not require ATP to transport proteins. Both the actin- and the microtubule-base are implicated in these processes, along with several motor proteins. Once the vesicles reach their targets, they come into contact with tethering factors that can restrain them. It is useful to distinguish between the initial, loose \"tethering\" of vesicles to their objective from the more stable, \"packing\" interactions. Tethering involves links over distances of more than about half the diameter of a vesicle from a given membrane surface (>25 nm). Tethering interactions are likely to be involved in concentrating synaptic vesicles at the synapse. Tethered", "CED-12 points. CED-12 and CED-2 form the GEF-trio with CED-5 and activate the CED-10 Rac-GTPase in order to rearrange the actin cytoskeleton and promote the forward propagation of the distal tip cells. The \"ced-12\" gene codes for an 82kDa large protein, which spans 731 amino acids in length. It is found on chromosome 2 on the L-arm in \"Drosophila\", and on chromosome I in \"C. elegans\". The protein structure of CED-12 is separated based on its binding domains: CED-12 has been shown to interact with: CED-12 CED-12 (ll eath Abnormality Protein-12) is a cytoplasmic, PH-domain containing adaptor protein found in \"Caenorhabditis", "Skeletal muscle Differentiation into this state is primarily completed before birth with the cells continuing to grow in size thereafter. Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers. The principal cytoplasmic proteins are myosin and actin (also known as \"thick\" and \"thin\" filaments, respectively) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere. The interaction of myosin and actin is responsible for muscle contraction. Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure form meets function. The cell membrane", "Actin conserving, among others, actins as efficient molecules that were able to tackle essential ancestral biological processes, such as endocytosis. The bacterial cytoskeleton may not be as complex as that found in eukaryotes; however, it contains proteins that are highly similar to actin monomers and polymers. The bacterial protein MreB polymerizes into thin non-helical filaments and occasionally into helical structures similar to F-actin. Furthermore, its crystalline structure is very similar to that of G-actin (in terms of its three-dimensional conformation), there are even similarities between the MreB protofilaments and F-actin. The bacterial cytoskeleton also contains the FtsZ proteins, which are similar", "Iron response element of oxygen regulated genes under low oxygen conditions. CDC42BPA encodes a kinase with a role in cytoskeletal reorganisation. CDC14A encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase implicated in cell cycle control and also interacts with interphase centrosomes. In humans, 12 genes have been shown to be transcribed with the canonical IRE structure, but several mRNA structures, that are non-canonical, have been shown to interact with IRPs and be influenced by iron concentration. Software and algorithms have been developed to locate more genes that are also responsive to iron concentration. The IRE is found over a diverse taxonomic range—mainly eukaryotes but not in plants.", "Cytosol genome. Although the components of the cytosol are not separated into regions by cell membranes, these components do not always mix randomly and several levels of organization can localize specific molecules to defined sites within the cytosol. Although small molecules diffuse rapidly in the cytosol, concentration gradients can still be produced within this compartment. A well-studied example of these are the \"calcium sparks\" that are produced for a short period in the region around an open calcium channel. These are about 2 micrometres in diameter and last for only a few milliseconds, although several sparks can merge to form larger", "Actin the microfilament that does not have any protruding myosin is called the point of the arrow (- end) and the other end is called the barbed end (+ end). A S1 fragment is composed of the head and neck domains of myosin II. Under physiological conditions, G-actin (the monomer form) is transformed to F-actin (the polymer form) by ATP, where the role of ATP is essential. The helical F-actin filament found in muscles also contains a tropomyosin molecule, which is a 40 nanometre long protein that is wrapped around the F-actin helix. During the resting phase the tropomyosin covers the", "Peter K. Hepler Bloch, who had shown that wounding the existing tracheary elements in a \"Coleus\" stem induced neighboring parenchyma cells to differentiate into new tracheary elements, Hepler showed that cytoplasmic microtubules were localized specifically in the cortical cytoplasm immediately over the bands of new secondary wall thickenings. Moreover, Hepler discovered that the microtubules were oriented parallel to the cellulose microfibrils of the newly formed secondary wall thickenings. This work, along with the studies of Ledbetter and Porter and Green established the importance of cortical microtubules in controlling the alignment of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Further work with Barry Palevitz showed", "Actin plasmid DNA into its daughter cells during cell division by a mechanism analogous to that employed by microtubules in eukaryotic mitosis. Actin is found in both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums. Nucleating factors are necessary to stimulate actin polymerization. One such nucleating factor is the Arp2/3 complex, which mimics a G-actin dimer in order to stimulate the nucleation (or formation of the first trimer) of monomeric G-actin. The Arp2/3 complex binds to actin filaments at 70 degrees to form new actin branches off existing actin filaments. Arp2/3-mediated nucleation is necessary for directed cell migration. Also, actin filaments themselves bind ATP,", "Smooth muscle bodies\". Dense bodies are rich in α-actinin, and also attach intermediate filaments (consisting largely of vimentin and desmin), and thereby appear to serve as anchors from which the thin filaments can exert force. Dense bodies also are associated with β-actin, which is the type found in the cytoskeleton, suggesting that dense bodies may coordinate tensions from both the contractile machinery and the cytoskeleton. Dense bodies appear darker under an electron microscope, and so they are sometimes described as electron dense. The intermediate filaments are connected to other intermediate filaments via dense bodies, which eventually are attached to adherens junctions (also", "Actin that the pathological mechanism for this type of hearing loss relates to the F-actin in the mutations being more sensitive to cofilin than normal. However, although there is no record of any case, it is known that γ-actin is also expressed in skeletal muscles, and although it is present in small quantities, model organisms have shown that its absence can give rise to myopathies. Some infectious agents use actin, especially cytoplasmic actin, in their life cycle. Two basic forms are present in bacteria: In addition to the previously cited example, actin polymerization is stimulated in the initial steps of the", "Human iron metabolism and SDR2. In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM). In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions). Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones. Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis). The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive", "Podosome vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and certain immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. A podosome consists of a core rich in actin surrounded by adhesion and scaffolding proteins. The actin filaments within these structures are highly regulated by many actin nucleators, polymerization activators, actin binding and crosslinking proteins, kinases, small GTPases, and scaffold proteins; therefore, total actin turnover occurs within seconds. To distinguish podosomes from others types of cellular adhesions, the protein Tks5 and WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein) are used as markers alongside actin, cortactin and the Arp2/3 complex to localize and isolate these protrusions because Tks5 and", "Lamellipodium Lamellipodium The lamellipodium (plural lamellipodia) (from Latin \"\", \"thin sheet\"; \"pod\", \"foot\") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional actin mesh; the whole structure propels the cell across a substrate. Within the lamellipodia are ribs of actin called microspikes, which, when they spread beyond the lamellipodium frontier, are called filopodia. The lamellipodium is born of actin nucleation in the plasma membrane of the cell and is the primary area of actin incorporation or microfilament formation of the cell. Lamellipodia are found primarily in very mobile cells, such as the keratinocytes", "Lamellipodium Lamellipodium The lamellipodium (plural lamellipodia) (from Latin \"\", \"thin sheet\"; \"pod\", \"foot\") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional actin mesh; the whole structure propels the cell across a substrate. Within the lamellipodia are ribs of actin called microspikes, which, when they spread beyond the lamellipodium frontier, are called filopodia. The lamellipodium is born of actin nucleation in the plasma membrane of the cell and is the primary area of actin incorporation or microfilament formation of the cell. Lamellipodia are found primarily in very mobile cells, such as the keratinocytes", "Intermediate filament Ezra). Cytoplasmic IF assemble into non-polar unit-length filaments (ULF). Identical ULF associate laterally into staggered, antiparallel, soluble tetramers, which associate head-to-tail into protofilaments that pair up laterally into protofibrils, four of which wind together into an intermediate filament. Part of the assembly process includes a compaction step, in which ULF tighten and assume a smaller diameter. The reasons for this compaction are not well understood, and IF are routinely observed to have diameters ranging between 6 and 12 nm. The N and C-termini of IF proteins are non-alpha-helical regions and show wide variation in their lengths and sequences across IF", "Axoplasm or slow transport. Fast transport involves vesicular contents (like organelles) being moved along microtubules by motor proteins at a rate of 50-400mm per day. Slow axoplasmic transport involves the movement of cytosolic soluble proteins and cytoskeletal elements at a much slower rate of 0.02-0.1mm/d. The precise mechanism of slow axonal transport remains unknown but recent studies have proposed that it may function by means of transient association with the fast axonal transport vesicles. Though axonal transport is responsible for most organelles and complex proteins present in the axoplasm, recent studies have shown that some translation does occur in axoplasm. This", "Nesprin a dynamic connection between nesprin-2 and actin. Nesprin-3 binds to plectin, which is bound to the intermediate filaments, while nesprin-4 interacts with kinesin-1. Nesprin mediated connections to the cytoskeleton provides mechanosensory functions in cells, as the absence or disruption of Nesprin family members at the nuclear envelope interferes with the cell's ability to sense and respond to mechanical challenges. The connection between nesprin and actin stress fibers is necessary to maintain nuclear height in fibroblasts and thus may be a key regulator of nuclear mechanotransduction and gene expression program in cells. Nesprin Nesprins (nuclear envelope spectrin repeat proteins are a", "Plasmodesma dense material have been seen, often joined together by spoke-like structures that seem to split the plasmodesma into smaller channels. These structures may be composed of myosin and actin, which are part of the cell's cytoskeleton. If this is the case these proteins could be used in the selective transport of large molecules between the two cells. Plasmodesmata have been shown to transport proteins (including transcription factors), short interfering RNA, messenger RNA, viroids, and viral genomes from cell to cell. One example of a viral movement proteins is the tobacco mosaic virus MP-30. MP-30 is thought to bind to the", "Cytoplasmic streaming hole, the orient themselves perpendicular to flow, slowing acceleration, and preventing eddy formation. The eddies formed just before the septum allow for the formation of subcompartments where nuclei spotted with special proteins aggregate. These proteins, one of which is called SPA-19, contribute to septum maintenance. Without it, the septum would degrade and the cell would leak large amounts of cytoplasm into the neighboring cell leading to cell death. In many animal cells, centrioles and spindles keep nuclei centered within a cell for mitotic, meiotic, and other processes. Without such a centering mechanism, disease and death can result. While mouse oocytes", "ASK1 1,374 amino acids with 11 kinase subdomains. Northern blot analysis shows that MAP3K5 transcript is abundant in human heart and pancreas. Under nonstress conditions ASK1 is oligomerized (a requirement for its activation) through its C-terminal coiled-coil domain (CCC), but remains in an inactive form by the suppressive effect of reduced thioredoxin (Trx) and calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1). Trx inhibits ASK1 kinase activity by direct binding to its N-terminal coiled-coil domain (NCC). Trx and CIB1 regulate ASK1 activation in a redox- or calcium- sensitive manner, respectively. Both appear to compete with TNF-α receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), an ASK1", "Microtubule organizing center important for microtubule nucleation. Microtubules are anchored at the MTOC by their minus ends, while their plus ends continue to grow into the cell periphery. The polarity of the microtubules is important for cellular transport, as the motor proteins kinesin and dynein typically move preferentially in the \"plus\" and \"minus\" directions respectively, along a microtubule, allowing vesicles to be directed to or from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Particularly for the Golgi apparatus, structures associated with the apparatus travel towards the minus end of a microtubule and aid in the overall structure and site of the Golgi in the", "MDia1 environment. Formins regulate endocytosis. mDia 1 localizes to endosomes and regulates phagocytic cup formation in macrophages. mDia1 (and mDia2) seems to stabilize microtubules by decreasing the tubulin subunit exchange at their plus ends. The exact mechanism is not fully understood yet. However, the affinity of formins for actin are much higher than for microtubules. By catalyzing actin polymerization and stabilizing microtubules, mDia1 plays also an important role for cell migration. mDia1 was discovered as p140mDia1 by Watanabe \"et al.\" in 1997 as a downstream effector of Rho. A mouse embryo cDNA library was screened to identify a RhoA-GTP-binding protein using", "Micropeptide relaxation. Similarly, the endoregulin (ELN) and another-regulin (ALN) genes code for transmembrane micropeptides that contain the SERCA binding motif, and are conserved in mammals. Myomixer (Mymx) is encoded by the gene \"Gm7325,\" a muscle-specific peptide, 84 aa in length, which plays a role during embryogenesis in fusion and skeletal muscle formation. It localizes to the plasma membrane, associating with a fusogenic membrane protein, Myomaker (Mymk). In humans, the gene encoding Mymx is annotated as uncharacterized \"LOC101929726\". Orthologs are found in the turtle, frog and fish genomes as well. In humans, NoBody (non-annotated P-body dissociating polypeptide), a 68 aa micropeptide, was", "MYOM2 tightly to M-band constituents MYOM1 and M-protein, of apparent molecular masses of 190 kD and 165 kD, respectively. M-protein functions to stabilize the M-line cross-linking titin and myosin; the central portion of M-protein is around the M1-line, and the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are arranged along thick filaments. An animal model of thyroid hormone (T3)-induced cardiac hypertrophy showed that T3 rapidly reduced levels of M-protein; and siRNA reduction of M-protein in neonatal cardiomyocytes showed that the absence of M-protein causes significant contractile dysfunction (77% reduction in contraction velocity), thus illuminating the importance of M-protein for normal sarcomere function. M-protein can", "Actin processes, especially because the level of individual isoforms can be controlled independently. Functions of actin in the nucleus are associated with its ability to polymerization, interaction with variety of ABPs and with structural elements of the nucleus. Nuclear actin is involved in: Due to its ability to conformational changes and interaction with many proteins actin acts as a regulator of formation and activity of protein complexes such as transcriptional complex. In muscle cells, actomyosin myofibrils makeup much of the cytoplasmic material. These myofibrils are made of \"thin filaments\" of actin (typically around 7 nm in diameter), and \"thick filaments\" of", "Actin filaments depending on the concentration of calcium cations in the surrounding medium. Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotes, where it is found throughout the cytoplasm. In fact, in muscle fibres it comprises 20% of total cellular protein by weight and between 1% and 5% in other cells. However, there is not only one type of actin; the genes that code for actin are defined as a gene family (a family that in plants contains more than 60 elements, including genes and pseudogenes and in humans more than 30 elements). This means that the genetic information of", "Cajal body the CAB sequence in both and recruits telomerase to the CBs. CBs contain high concentrations of splicing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly indicating that they function to modify RNA after it has been transcribed from DNA. Experimental evidence indicates that CBs contribute to the biogenesis of enzyme telomerase, and assist in subsequent transport of telomerase to telomeres. Cajal body Cajal bodies (CBs) also coiled bodies, are spherical sub-organelles of 0.3–1.0 µm in diameter found in the nucleus of proliferative cells like embryonic cells and tumor cells, or metabolically active cells like neurons. In contrast to cytoplasmic organelles, CBs lack any", "Cytoskeleton use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of division. Cytoplasmic streaming, also known as cylcosis, is the active movement of a cell’s contents along the components of the cytoskeleton. While mainly seen in plants, all cell types use this process for transportation of waste, nutrients, and organelles to other parts of the cell. Plant and algae cells are generally", "Peripherin IFs, or squiggles. These squiggles come together to form long IFs that make up cytoskeletal networks. Studies of network assembly in spreading fibroblasts and differentiating nerve cells show that particles move along microtubules in a kinesin and dynein-dependent manner, and as spreading continues, the particles polymerize into intermediate filaments. In addition to the main species of peripherin, 57 kDa, two other forms have been identified in mice: Per 61 and Per 56. These two alternatives are both made by alternative splicing. Per 61 is created by introducing a 32 amino acid insertion within coil 2b of the α-helical rod domain", "Microvillus form the core of the microvilli. In the enterocyte microvillus, the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and Ca binding protein calmodulin. Myosin 1a functions through a binding site for filamentous actin on one end and a lipid binding domain on the other. The plus ends of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvillus and are capped, possibly by capZ proteins, while the minus ends are anchored in the terminal web composed of a complicated set of proteins including spectrin and myosin II. The", "Tubulin between the dimer and the γTuRC. γ-tubulin is the best understood mechanism of microtubule nucleation, but certain studies have indicated that certain cells may be able to adapt to its absence, as indicated by mutation and RNAi studies that have inhibited its correct expression. Human γ-tubulin subtypes include: Members of the γ-tubulin ring complex: Delta (δ) and epsilon (ε) tubulin have been found to localize at centrioles and may play a role in centriole structure and function, though neither is as well-studied as the α- and β- forms. Human δ- and ε-tubulin genes include: Zeta-tubulin is present in many eukaryotes,", "Microfilament Many signal transduction systems use the actin cytoskeleton as a scaffold, holding them at or near the inner face of the peripheral membrane. This subcellular location allows immediate responsiveness to transmembrane receptor action and the resulting cascade of signal-processing enzymes. Because actin monomers must be recycled to sustain high rates of actin-based motility during chemotaxis, cell signalling is believed to activate cofilin, the actin-filament depolymerizing protein which binds to ADP-rich actin subunits nearest the filament's pointed-end and promotes filament fragmentation, with concomitant depolymerization in order to liberate actin monomers. In most animal cells, monomeric actin is bound to profilin and", "Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein mouse, chromosome 7 in the rat, and chromosome 8 in the human genome, is conserved across vertebrate species and has low sequence homology to spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein involved in forming the actin cellular cortex. A number of promoter and enhancer regions have been identified that mediate activity-dependent Arc transcription: a serum response element (SRE; see serum response factor) at ~1.5 kb upstream of the initiation site. a second SRE at ~6.5 kb; and a synaptic activity response element (SARE) sequence at ~7 kb upstream that contains binding sites for cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), myocyte enhancer factor 2", "Motor protein plant cell division is kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP), which is unique to plants and part kinesin and part myosin. Besides the motor proteins above, there are many more types of proteins capable of generating forces and torque in the cell. Many of these molecular motors are ubiquitous in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, although some, such as those involved with cytoskeletal elements or chromatin, are unique to eukaryotes. The motor protein prestin, expressed in mammalian cochlear outer hair cells, produces mechanical amplification in the cochlea. It is a direct voltage-to-force converter, which operates at the microsecond rate and possesses piezoelectric", "Gelsolin monomers into filaments), as well as sever existing filaments. In addition, this protein binds with high affinity to fibronectin. Plasma gelsolin and cytoplasmic gelsolin are derived from a single gene by alternate initiation sites and differential splicing. Gelsolin has been shown to interact with: Gelsolin Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly. Gelsolin is one of the most potent members of the actin-severing gelsolin/villin superfamily, as it severs with nearly 100% efficiency. Gelsolin is located intracellularly (in cytosol and mitochondria) and extracellularly (in blood plasma). Gelsolin is an 82-kD protein with" ]

[ 8.75 ]

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[ "The questioner wanted to know how detailed their response must be." ]

[ "The questioner admitted their was nothing more to say on the matter.", "A woman in black clothes is gesturing at a wall.", "The boy is having his tonsils removed.", "Some people taking a walk outside.", "A woman is on a cellphone while another one walks near by.", "A deer is walking toward a lake.", "A man wears a blue mask." ]

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[ "Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them." ]

[ "Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.", "Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.", "The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.", "Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]", "In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous \"fairytale Queen\". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a \"new Elizabethan age\". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a \"priggish schoolgirl\" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.", "On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until March 31, 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1, 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.", "Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century." ]

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[ "Two children are hugging while on a swing." ]

[ "A group of cats search for food.", "A Muslim family is running down the street.", "The couple is at a party.", "Children crying on a couch.", "Eight friends are swimming.", "Lyndon will not get married.", "Children are eating apples at their school." ]

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[ "A church is the visitor center." ]

[ "The visitor center is in a cave.", "The woman is standing.", "Daniel didn't look around at anything.", "Major national evaluation reports have no impact at all.", "There were no distrust issues there.", "Jesus and Moses statues are in the temple.", "The man is feeding birds in the park." ]

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[ "You can find two more major museums a few blocks up Chatham Road South." ]

[ "You won't be able to find any museums up Chatham Road South.", "There is someone holding something.", "You can get a trial for traffic infractions.", "A women takes the roast poultry out of the oven.", "I always warn this person to let go of their ambitions and be wild.", "Implementing and sustaining major change is not easy to implement within agencies.", "cat sits in tub" ]

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[ "A seated young person." ]

[ "A woman standing in the street.", "A cat runs away from a frisbee.", "A child is running.", "A dog out in the snow.", "The tennis player ran to the ball.", "People kept throwing stuff where it used to be after they moved it behind the store.", "Nobody is talking" ]

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[ "Orbit Jet The Orbit Jet was a fictional spaceship in the 1954 TV series \"Rocky Jones, Space Ranger\". It strongly resembled a V-2 rocket in overall form, with a very prominent exhaust plume when flying, but had wings in addition to tailfins (even its radio callsign, \"XV-2\" relates it to that seminal World War II design). There were references in the dialog to the engines being \"atomic\". The \"Orbit Jet\" had a crew of two (pilot and copilot), but often had three or four others on board depending on the mission and destination. It often flew from Earth to inhabited moons of Jupiter and Saturn, which it seemed to reach in hours or days of time within the story.", "V-2 rocket The V-2 (German: \"Vergeltungswaffe 2\" , \"Retribution Weapon 2\"), technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile with a liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a \"vengeance weapon\", assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into outer space by crossing the Kármán line with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944." ]

[ "J-2X The J-2X is a liquid-fueled cryogenic rocket engine that was planned for use on the Ares rockets of NASA's Constellation program, and later the Space Launch System. Built in the United States by Aerojet Rocketdyne (formerly, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne), the J-2X burns cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, with each engine producing 1307 kN of thrust in vacuum at a specific impulse (\"I\") of 448 isp . The engine's mass is approximately 2,470 kg (5,450 Lb), significantly heavier than its predecessors.", "RSS-40 Buran The Buran cruise missile, designation RSS-40, was a Soviet intercontinental cruise missile capable of carrying a 3,500 kg nuclear warhead. The project was canceled before flight tests began. It is unrelated to the later Buran reusable orbiter.", "Delta 1000 The Delta 1000 series (also referred to as Straight-Eight) was an American expendable launch system which was used to conduct eight orbital launches between 1972 and 1975. It was a member of the Delta family of rockets. Several variants existed, differentiated by a four digit numerical code.", "RS-83 The RS-83 was a rocket engine design for a reusable liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket larger and more powerful than any other. The RS-83 was designed to last 100 missions, and was intended for use on the first stage of a two-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle.", "Long March 2C Long March 2C (LM-2C), or Chang Zheng 2C (CZ-2C) as in Chinese pinyin is a member of the Long March 2 rocket family, an expendable launch system operated by the People's Republic of China. This vehicle was developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, and the first launch occurred on September 9, 1982. It is a two-stage launch vehicle with storable propellants, consisting of Nitrogen Tetroxide and Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine. The rocket was derived from the Long March 2A launch vehicle.", "Delta C The Delta C, or Thor-Delta C was an American expendable launch system used for thirteen orbital launches between 1963 and 1969. It was a member of the Delta family of rockets.", "NOTS-EV-1 Pilot The NOTS-EV-1 Pilot, also known as NOTSNIK was an expendable launch system and anti-satellite weapon developed by the United States Navy's United States Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS). Ten were launched during July and August 1958, all of which failed. It was the first air-launched rocket to be used for an orbital launch attempt; however, none was recorded as having reached orbit. Following the first and third orbital launch attempts, a tracking station in New Zealand reported receiving weak signals from the spacecraft; however, this was never confirmed, and the launches were not catalogued as having reached orbit. The Pilot rocket was part of Project Pilot.", "Juan Rico Juan \"Johnny\" Rico is a fictional character and the protagonist of Robert A. Heinlein's 1959 military science fiction novel \"Starship Troopers\". Rico is a space marine in the fictional \"Mobile Infantry\", an army group which is airdropped into combat by \"dropships\". He also appears in the 1988 \"Starship Troopers\" OVA series, the 1997, , and installments of the film series and the 1999 television series \"\".", "2K6 Luna The 2K6 \"Luna\" (Russian: Луна ; English: moon ) is a Soviet short-range artillery rocket complex. Luna rockets are solid-fuel, unguided and spin-stabilized. \"2K6\" is its GRAU designation. Its NATO reporting names are FROG-3 (with 3R9 missile) and FROG-5 (with 3R10 missile). From 1965, the 2K6 Luna was replaced by the far more successful 9K52 Luna-M, which was known in the West as the FROG-7.", "Boeing 747 The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, \"\"Jumbo Jet\"\". Its distinctive \"hump\" upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft makes it among the world's most recognizable aircraft, and it was the first wide-body produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was envisioned to have 150 percent greater capacity than the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years.", "S-13 rocket The S-13 is a 122 mm calibre unguided rocket weapon developed by the Soviet Air Force for use by military aircraft. It remains in service with the Russian Air Force and some other countries.", "Rehbar-I Rehbar was series of sounding rocket launches into the upper atmosphere and the edge of space. Rehbar-I was the first rocket launched by Pakistan's Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), on 7 June 1962. Rehbar-I was a two-staged Solid fuel rocket.", "R-1 (missile) The R-1 rocket (NATO reporting name SS-1 Scunner, Soviet code name SA11, GRAU index 8A11) was a short-range ballistic missile manufactured in the Soviet Union based on the German V-2 rocket. Even though it was a copy, it was manufactured using Soviet industrial plants and gave the Soviets valuable experience which later enabled the USSR to construct its own much more capable rockets.", "USS Long Beach (CGN-9) USS \"Long Beach\" (CLGN-160/CGN-160/CGN-9) was a nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser in the United States Navy and the world's first nuclear-powered surface combatant. She was the third Navy ship named after the city of Long Beach, California.", "Black Knight (rocket) Black Knight was a British research ballistic missile, originally developed to test and verify the design of a re-entry vehicle for the Blue Streak missile. It holds the distinction of being the United Kingdom's first indigenous expendable launch project.", "UGM-133 Trident II The UGM-133A Trident II, or Trident D5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Sunnyvale, California, and deployed with the American and British navies. It was first deployed in March 1990, and remains in service. The Trident II Strategic Weapons System is an improved SLBM with greater accuracy, payload, and range than the earlier Trident C-4. It is a key element of the U.S. strategic nuclear triad and strengthens U.S. strategic deterrence. The Trident II is considered to be a durable sea-based system capable of engaging many targets. It enhances the U.S. position in strategic arms negotiation with performance and payload flexibility that can accommodate active treaty initiatives (See New START). The Trident II's increased payload allows nuclear deterrence to be accomplished with fewer submarines, and its high accuracy – approaching that of land-based missiles – enables it to be used as a first strike weapon.", "Ram (rocket) The RAM, also known as the 6.5-Inch Anti-Tank Aircraft Rocket or ATAR, was an air-to-ground rocket used by the United States Navy during the Korean War. Developed rapidly, the rocket proved successful but was phased out shortly after the end of the conflict.", "Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) were the first solid fuel motors to be used for primary propulsion on a vehicle used for human spaceflight and provided the majority of the Space Shuttle's thrust during the first two minutes of flight. After burnout, they were jettisoned and parachuted into the Atlantic Ocean where they were recovered, examined, refurbished, and reused.", "Falcon 9 Falcon 9 is a family of two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles, named for its use of nine first-stage engines, designed and manufactured by SpaceX. The Falcon 9 versions are Falcon 9 v1.0 (retired), Falcon 9 v1.1 (retired), and the current Falcon 9 Full Thrust, a partially-reusable launch system; this capability is currently unique in the world. Its two stages are powered by rocket engines that burn liquid oxygen (LOX) and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) propellants. The first stage is designed to be reusable and can automatically land after flight.", "BOAR The Bombardment Aircraft Rocket, also known as BOAR, the Bureau of Ordnance Aircraft Rocket, and officially as the 30.5-Inch Rocket, Mark 1, Mod 0, was an unguided air-to-surface rocket developed by the United States Navy's Naval Ordnance Test Station during the 1950s. Intended to provide a standoff nuclear capability for carrier-based aircraft, the rocket entered operational service in 1956, remaining in service until 1963." ]

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[ "A boy is on the swing." ]

[ "A boy is on the slide.", "The boy is running outside.", "A woman is getting a suntan.", "There two people gaining ground on a bike rider.", "Economists all agree that private savings is a serious problem.", "A skateboarder is at the skate park.", "The dog's owner gives it a bath." ]

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[ "An old, possibly homeless man is sitting at a table." ]

[ "A bear is playing with a large, red ball.", "You'll find the parts of the city beyond the busy areas to be very rewarding.", "In 1999 there were more than three LSC funded programs.", "She is not a day older than 50.", "I had also interrupted.", "The dog is sleeping.", "A man in a red helmet." ]

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[ "Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s." ]

[ "Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.", "The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. Hispanics in Boston are mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. When including all Hispanic national origins, they number 107,917. In Greater Boston, these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.", "Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the \"Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall\", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m2) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.", "Due to reciprocity (discussed above) the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving. Consider an antenna with no loss, that is, one whose electrical efficiency is 100%. It can be shown that its effective area averaged over all directions must be equal to λ2/4π, the wavelength squared divided by 4π. Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100% electrical efficiency is equal to 1. Therefore, the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by:", "Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had \"come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: “One of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone’s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.” Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: “Craig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn’t leave a huge impression as this film’s “Bond girl,” perhaps it’s because we’ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real “Bond woman” since Diana Rigg.” Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “This is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it’s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.” Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, “Spectre” works best when everyone’s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.” Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: “What’s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “Skyfall,” as the film sustains its predecessor’s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.”", "The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.", "Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son." ]

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[ "Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\"" ]

[ "The functional interpretation of the term \"rule of law\", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the \"rule of law\" with the \"rule of man.\" According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of \"rule of law\", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of \"rule of law\". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.", "The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelists in the squinches are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina. The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily, dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ, was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel, the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia, the founder of the church.", "Ruling elders are usually laymen (and laywomen in some denominations) who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations). This group may variously be known as a \"Deacon Board\", \"Board of Deacons\" \"Diaconate\", or \"Deacons' Court\". These are sometimes known as \"presbyters\" to the full congregation.", "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.", "Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.", "The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas.", "In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud." ]

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[ "아폴로 15호\n데이빗 스콧 - 선장 알프레드 워든 - 사령선 조종사 제임스 어윈 - 달 착륙선 조종사" ]

[ "루이 15세\n성년이 되어 국사를 맡게 된 루이 15세는 추기경 플뢰리에게 모든 정책을 위임하였다. 그리고 1725년 8월 15일에 왕위에서 물러난 폴란드의 스타니슬라스 레친스키의 딸 마리 레슈친스카 공주와 결혼했다. 플뢰리는 즉각 오를레앙 공을 제거하고 중상주의 정책을 채택해 프랑스의 경제를 부흥시켰다. 플뢰리는 영토 확장에도 주력해 폴란드와 러시아 사이의 분쟁에 개입하여 로렌 지방을 확보하였다(1766년). 1733년 폴란드의 왕, 아우구스트 2세가 사망하자 러시아와 오스트리아는 작센 선제후를, 프랑스는 왕비의 아버지인 스타니슬라스 레친스키를 새 왕의 후보로 지원하였다. 이러한 분쟁(폴란드 왕위 계승 전쟁, 1733~38년)은 빈 조약으로 마무리되었다(1738년). 그 조약에 의해 마리아 테레지아와 로렌 공 프랑수아의 결혼이 성립되었고 로렌 지방이 프랑스의 영토로 편입되었다.", "아인슈타인의 퍼즐\n아래와 같은 15개의 정보가 주어졌을 때, 금붕어를 키우는 사람은 어느 나라 사람일까?", "아폴로 11호\n아폴로 11호의 사령선은, 현재는 워싱턴 D.C.의 스미스소니언 항공 우주 박물관의 중앙 전시 홀에, 스피릿 오브 세인트루이스, 벨 X-1, 노스아메리칸 X-15, 머큐리 우주선 프렌드십 7호, 제미니 4호 등, 미국의 항공사를 개척해 온 기체와 함께 전시되고 있다. 격리 병동, 구명조끼, 천구의 등은 버지니아주의 박물관에 전시되고 있다.", "폴로늄\n런던 경시청은 2016년 11월 함께 차를 마셨던 안드레이 루고보이와 드미트리 콥툰을 국제 지명수배했지만, 러시아는 그의 신병 인도를 거부해왔다. 2016년 12월 8일, 안드레이 루고보이에게 방사능물질 피폭 증상이 나타났다고 러시아 인테르팍스통신이 보도했다. 2007년 안드레이 루고보이는 친크레믈 성향의 러시아 자유민주당 비례대표 2번으로 러시아 하원의원에 당선 되었으며, 2015년 푸틴 대통령에게서 '조국에 봉사했다'는 이유로 훈장을 받았다.", "김대중\n김대중(金大中[1], 1924년 1월 6일 ~ 2009년 8월 18일)은 대한민국의 제15대 대통령이다.", "아폴로 15호\n리처드 고든 - 선장 밴스 브랜드 - 사령선 조종사 해리슨 슈미트 - 달 착륙선 조종사", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호(Apollo 15)는 미국항공우주국의 아폴로 계획에 의해 발사된 유인우주선 중 9번째이며, 유인 달 착륙으로는 4번째이다. 1971년 7월 26일에 새턴 V 로켓에 의하여 발사된 후 데이빗 R.스콧을 선장으로, 제임스 B.어윈 및 알프레드 M.워든 일행은 달에 4번째로 착륙하였다. 이때 '로버(Rover)'라는 월면주행차(月面走行車)로 착륙선에서 최대 9.6 km 까지의 거리를 탐사하였으며, 또 달을 도는 소형 인공위성을 달의 중력·자력 분포 조사와 태양풍 측정을 위한 목적으로 발사하였다.", "아폴로 15호\n게다가 아폴로 15호부터는 우주비행사도 신형의 우주복을 입게 되었다. 이전의 아폴로의 비행에서는, 달로 향하지 않았던 비행도 포함해 선장과 달 착륙선 조종사는 생명유지장치와 수냉 장비, 통신케이블의 3개의 연결기가 각각 2열에 일렬로 붙어 있는 우주옷을 입고 있었다. 아폴로 15호에서는 A7L-B 로 불리는 새로운 우주복이 채용되어 이것에는 이러한 연결기가 삼각형 모양으로 배치되어 있었다. 이 연결기의 배치 변경과 착용 지퍼의 위치 변경(구형에서는 상하로 움직이는 형식이었던 것을 우현으로부터 왼쪽의 좌석부에 비스듬하게 배치한)에 의해서, 우주복의 웨스트로 새롭게 이음새를 붙이는 것이 가능하게 되어, 이것에 의해서 비행사는 몸을 완전하게 접어 구부리거나 월면차에 앉거나 할 수 있게 되었다. 또 백 팩도 장시간의 달 표면 보행용으로 개량되었다. 사령선 조종사는 이전에는 5개의 연결기가 붙은 우주복을 착용하고 있었지만, 아폴로 15호에서는 지구 귀환 궤도상에서 기계선으로부터 필름 카트리지를 회수하는 궤도 승선외 활동이 예정되었기 때문에 수냉용 연결기를 생략한 연결기 3개의 신형 우주복을 입게 되었다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 계획의 로켓의 유료 하중이 중량화되는 것에 따라, 로켓의 발사 궤도나 새턴 V 로켓 자신에게도 변경이 더해지게 되었다. 로켓은 보다 남쪽의 방위(방위각 80-100도)에 발사되게 되어, 지구 주회 궤도는 고도 166 km 까지 인하되었다. 이 2개의 변경에 의해, 이전의 500 kg 이 불필요하게 되었다. 로켓 추진제의 여유분도 삭감되어 제 1단(S-IC)의 역추진 로켓도 8개에서 4개로 줄여졌다. 제 1단의 5기의 엔진 중 먼저 연소가 정지하는 중앙의 1기와 분리 직전까지 연소하는 외측의 4기의 양쪽 모두가 연소시간이 연장되었다.또 제 2단(S-II)에도 진동을 억제하기 위한 개량이 더해졌다.", "네이비필드\n이후 1년의 더디다 못해 기어가는 듯한 업뎃 속도로 2015년 4월 11일 이탈리아항구가 열립니다. 탑에이스와 아트는 물론 제 3세력을 이루고 있던 디시함대, 별함대 등이 타란토 항을 노렸으나 별함대는 항구전 직전 운영진이 전복되며 전대 하나가 이탈해 삐약함대로 새로이 설립되어 세력이 주춤했고 기존의 강자이던 탑에이스함대와 아트함대를 제치고 가장 먼저 입성한 함대는 전대장 한 명이 서버 열리길 기다렸다가 마우스가 부서지도록 선전포고를 누른 DC함대가 무혈입성을 하게 됩니다. 그 이후로 DC함대는 타란토 항을 이용해 쇠퇴했던 함대의 세력을 불리고 그 또한 열의있는 전대장 한 명이 하루에 10여명씩 함대에 가입시키며 순식간에 DC함대는 몬타나서버 시절 4항구 점령 때의 규모를 가지게 됩니다. 그 와중에 독단적으로 움직이던 별함대는 아트함대에 흡수되고 싸움닭함대와 유동적인 관계로 인해 아트함대의 세력은 커져가기만 했고 얼마 못가 양과 질을 모두 겸비한 아트함대에게 DC함대는 이탈리아를 빼앗기고 아트함대는 마침내 7개국 항구에 황금색 쌍칼을 꽂는 영광을 누리게 됩니다. 이후 DC함대는 여태까지 인장은 유지하고 있지만 규모가 쇠퇴했던 삐약함대, 떡함대, 탑에이스함대, 울프함대, 화랑함대같은 여타 함대들과 마찬가지로 항구전을 실행할 능력을 상실한 것 처럼 보였으나 지속적으로 뉴비들을 끌어들이고 올드비들의 인맥, 석유냄새나는 수준의 화석이 뜬금없이 복귀를 한다던가 하는 이유로 세력을 유지해 2016년 10월 다시 미국항구를 공격해 점령에 성공해 뉴욕 항에 꽂힌 쌍칼을 뽑아내게 됩니다.", "아폴로 11호\n아폴로 11호미션 기장미션 통계이름:아폴로 11호호출 부호:사령선: CM-107 콜럼비아 달 착륙선: LM-5 이글승무원:3발사:1969년 7월 16일 13:32:00 UTC 케네디 우주 센터, 플로리다 LC 39A달 착륙:1969년 7월 20일 20:17:40 UTC 고요의 바다 0° 40' 26.69\" N, 23° 28' 22.69\" E 달 선외 활동:2시간 31분 40초달착륙 시간:21시간 36분 20초월석 질량:21.55 kg (47.5 lb)착수:1969년 7월 24일 16:50:35 UTC 달궤도 시간:59시간 30분 25.79초질량:(본문 참조)임무 시간:8일 3시간 18분 35초승무원 사진 왼쪽으로부터 암스트롱, 콜린스, 올드린아폴로 11호 승무원 닐 암스트롱 - 선장 마이클 콜린스 - 사령선 조종사 버즈 올드린 - 달착륙선 조종사", "아폴로 11호\n아폴로 11호를 탑재한 새턴 V 로켓은 1969년 7월 16일 협정시 13시 32분(지역시 9시 32분) 케네디 우주 센터에서 발사되었다. 12분 후 기체는 지구 궤도에 진입했다.[5] 지구를 한 바퀴 반 돈 뒤, S-IVB 3단계 엔진은 TLI 점화(Trans Lunar Injection burn)와 함께 우주선을 밀어서 달로 가는 궤도로 진입시켰다. 30분 후 아폴로 사령선/서비스 모듈이 마지막으로 남은 새턴 V 로켓 기체에서 분리되었으며, 루나 모듈 어댑터 내에 있던 달착륙선과 합체했다.", "아폴로 11호\n아폴로 11호의 발사 당일, 우주 기지 근처 고속도로와 바닷가에는 백만 명은 되는 인파가 몰렸으며 텔레비전으로 7억 명[3]에 이르는 대중이 지켜보는 가운데 발사되었다.[4] 당시 미 대통령 리처드 닉슨은 이 광경을 백악관 오벌 오피스에서 지켜보고 있었다.", "교황 제피리노\n교황 제피리노( Zephyrinus, Zefirino)는 제15대 교황(재위: 199년 - 217년)이다. 사후 성인으로 시성되었으며, 축일은 8월 26일이다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호미션 기장미션 통계이름:아폴로 15호호출 부호:사령선: CM-112 인데버 달 착륙선: LM-10 팰콘승무원:3발사:1971년 7월 26일 13:34:00 UTC 케네디 우주 센터, 플로리다 LC 39A달 착륙:1971년 7월 30일 22:16:29 UTC 해들리 열구 26° 7' 55.99\" N 3° 38' 1.90\" E월면차:LRV-1달 선외 활동:18시간 34분 46초달착륙 시간:2일 18시간 54분 53초월석 질량:77 kg (170 lb)착수:1971년 8월 7일 20:45:53 UTC 달궤도 시간:6일 1시간 12분 41초임무 시간:12일 7시간 11분 53초원지점:171.3 km근지점:169.5 km궤도 주기 (지구 궤도):87.84 분궤도 기울기 (지구 궤도):29.679°승무원 사진 왼쪽으로부터 스콧, 워든, 어윈아폴로 15호 승무원 데이빗 스콧 (선장) 알프레드 워든 (사령선 조종사) 제임스 어윈 (달착륙선 조종사)", "캐치-22\n소설의 주인공 존 요사리안(John Yossarian)은 28세의 미 육군 항공대 256 비행대 소속 대위이며, B-25 폭격기 조종사이다. 요사리안이라는 캐릭터는 여러 가지 면에서 작가 자신을 모델로 만들어진 듯하다. 예를 들어, 요사리안과 마찬가지로 헬러는 2차대전 중에 이탈리아 해안의 섬에서 폭격기 조종사로 복역했으며, 아비뇽(Avignon)을 폭격하던 도중 동료들을 잃기도 했다. 소설 중에서 그는 아시리아인으로 묘사되지만, 그의 이름은 아르메니아계로 보인다. 헬러가 노년기에 쓴 후속편 Closing Time에서, 그가 아시리아인을 가장하는 아르메니아인임이 밝혀진다.", "유진 서넌\n1966년 제미니 9A호의 조종사를 맡았으며, 1969년 아폴로 10호의 달 착륙선 조종사로 임명되어 다시 우주에 나섰다. 이후 1972년 아폴로 17호의 선장을 맡아 아폴로 계획의 일환으로 달을 탐사하는 데 크게 공헌하였고, 달착륙선을 타고 달에 착륙해 현 시점에서 마지막으로 달의 표면을 밟은 사람 중 한 명이 되었다.", "교황 요한 15세\n요한 15세는 부패와 족벌주의 때문에 당대 로마 시민들로부터 평판이 좋지 못했다. 하지만 그는 교회 쇄신을 주창한 클뤼니 수도원의 후원자이자 보호자로 나선 것은 칭찬받을 일이었다.", "미국 항공우주국\n아폴로 계획은, 인간을 달 표면에 착륙시키는 한편 안전하게 지구로 귀환시키는 것을 목적으로 구상되었다. 그렇지만 아폴로 1호에서는, 지상에서의 훈련 중에 화재 사고가 발생해 비행사 3명이 희생되었다. 이것에 의해, 아폴로 우주선은 인간을 탑승시키기 전에 몇 차례의 무인 시험 비행을 실시하는 것이 불가피하게 되었다. 아폴로 8호와 10호는 달을 주회하고, 다수의 사진을 촬영해 지구에 가지고 왔다. 1969년 7월 20일, 아폴로 11호가 달 표면에 착륙해, 닐 암스트롱과 버즈 올드린 비행사가 지구의 생명체 최초로 지구 이외의 천체에 발을 디딘 것이 되었다. 아폴로 13호에서는 달로 비행하는 도중에 우주선의 산소 탱크가 폭발하는 사고가 발생했지만, 3명의 비행사는 무사히 지구로 귀환하는 것에 성공했다. 아폴로 계획에서는 합계 6회의 월면 착륙을 해 귀중한 과학적 데이터와 400 kg 가까운 월석을 가지고 돌아갔다. 또 지질학, 유성체, 지진학, 전열, 레이저 광선을 사용한 지구와 달 사이의 정확한 거리 측정, 자기장, 태양풍 등 다수의 과학적 실험을 행했다.", "붉은 여단\n2015년 3월 교황 프란치스코는 알도 모로 납치 당시 붉은 여단과 교황 바오로 6세 사이의 연락책을 맡았던 안토니오 멘니니 주교에게 이탈리아 의회의 조사위원회에 출석하라고 지시하였다. 멘니니 주교는 모로 전 총리의 마지막 고해성사를 하였으며, 돈을 내고서라도 모로 전 총리를 석방시키려 했던 것으로 전해졌다. 현임 조사위원회 위원장 기우세페 피오로니는 멘니니 주교의 진술로 진상 규명이 되기를 희망하고 있다.", "교황 그레고리오 15세\n알레산드로 루도비시는 1554년 볼로냐에서 사모지아(오늘날의 사비뇨)의 백작 폼페오 루도비시와 카밀라 비안키니의 아들로 태어났다. 그는 총 일곱 명의 형제 중에서 셋째였다.", "아폴로 15호\n다른 문제가 임무 종료후에도 일어났다. 아폴로 15호의 비행사들은 벨기에의 조각가 Paul Van Hoeydonck 와 만나, 우주 탐사의 진전을 위해서 지금까지 목숨을 잃은 미소의 우주비행사를 추도하는 초상의 제작을 의뢰하고 있었다. 이 의뢰를 받고, \"Fallen Astronaut\" 라고 하는 제목의 작은 알루미늄의 조각이 만들어져 14명의 미국과 소련의 우주비행사의 이름이 새겨진 명판과 함께 달 표면에 남겨졌다. 아폴로 15호의 비행사들은 이 조각의 복제본을 제작하지 않는 것으로 Van Hoeydonck 와 합의하고 있었다. 비행 후의 기자 회견에서 이 초상에 대해 다룬 후, 국립 항공 우주 박물관이 비행사들에게 전시용의 초상의 복제본을 만들자는 것을 건의했다. 비행사들은 양식이 있는 전시 방법을 취하는 것, 선전을 하지 않는 것을 조건으로 이 제안에 응했다. 그 후, Van Hoeydonck 은 이 복제본의 제작을 의뢰받았다. 1972년 5월, 스콧은 Van Hoeydonck 가 박물관 전용이 아닌 복제본의 제작·판매를 계획하고 있는 것을 알았다. Van Hoeydonck 는 복제본의 제작을 그만두라고 하는 설득에 응하지 않고, 결국 950개의 복제본이 1개가 750 달러로 뉴욕의 워델 갤러리로부터 판매되었다.", "최상화\n최상화(崔相和, 1931년 ~ )은 대한민국의 제15대 해군참모총장을 지낸 군인이다.", "아폴로 11호\n아폴로 11호(Apollo 11)는 처음으로 달에 착륙한 유인 우주선이다. 아폴로 계획의 다섯 번째 유인우주비행인 동시에 세 번째 유인 달 탐사이기도 했다. 1969년 7월 16일에 발사되었으며 선장 닐 암스트롱, 사령선 조종사 마이클 콜린스, 달 착륙선 조종사 버즈 올드린이 탔다. 7월 20일 암스트롱과 올드린은 달에 발을 딛은 최초의 인류가 되었다. 당시 콜린스는 달 궤도를 돌고 있었다.", "교황 베네딕토 15세\n베네딕토 15세는 다른 나라의 국가원수들과 더불어 1918년 10월 폴란드의 독립을 환영하였다. 바르샤바 대교구장 카콥스키 대주교에게 공적으로 보낸 서신에서 그는 성좌에 대한 폴란드인들의 충성심과 많은 공로를 기억하고 있다면서, 폴란드를 적극 돕겠다는 의사를 피력하였다. 더불어 그는 재건된 폴란드가 국제 사회의 일원으로서 활발히 활동하여 학식 있는 기독교 국가로서의 역사를 계속 이어나가기를 희망한다는 뜻을 밝혔다. 1919년 3월에 그는 열 명의 새 주교를 임명하고 곧이어 아킬레 라티(훗날의 교황 비오 11세)를 주폴란드 교황 대사로 파견하였다.", "아폴로 12호\n이것을 생각해 아론은 승무원에게 신호 제어장치의 스위치를 보조 세트 옆에 들어갈 수 있도록 전했다. 이 지시는 조금 불명료했던 비행 감독관, 교신 담당관, 미션 지휘의 모든 구체적인 조작을 빨리는 생각해 낼 수 없었다. 그러나 달 착륙선 조종사 앨런 빈은 1년 전의 훈련으로 정확히 이것과 같은 가상을 상정한 훈련을 경험했기 때문에 SCE 의 스위치가 자신의 조작 패널에 있는 것을 기억하고 있었다. 이 존 아론의 신속한 판단과 앨런 빈의 기억에 의해서 데이터를 복구할 수 있었다(복구할 수 없었던 경우에는 미션은 중지 모드로 이행하게 되어 있었다). 텔레메트리의 회복과 함께 승무원은 지구 주회 대기 궤도에 들어가, 달로 향하기 위한 제 3단 로켓 S-IVB 의 재점화를 행하기 전에 우주선의 모든 기능을 회복·점검할 수 있었다.", "록키\n이 무렵, 헤비급 챔피언인 아폴로 크리드(칼 웨더스)는 독립기념일 200주년에 기념일에 맞춰 타이틀 매치의 상대자로 이탈리안 종마라는 별명을 가진 록키를 상대로 지명한다. 패배를 모르는 헤비급 최강자인 그가 한낱 무명선수인 록키에게 타이틀 전을 제시한 이유는 무명 선수에게도 기회를 줌으로써 기회의 땅인 미국의 슬로건에 부합하는 시합을 치루고 싶어서라는데, 사실 아폴로와 타이틀전을 앞둔 상대가 부상을 핑계로 경기를 포기하는 바람에 투자한 돈과 각종 계약등이 깨질 것을 우려하여 급하게 록키를 타이틀전 상대로 지명한 것. (록키의 별명이 '이탈리아의 종마'라는 것이 특이하다는 이유로 지명하였다.) 아폴로는 그를 3라운드 안에 끝내주겠다고 공언한다. 물론 사람들 모두 무적에 가까운 아폴로의 말이 그대로 실현될 것이라 여기고, 록키가 승리할 것이라 생각하는 사람은 아무도 없었다.", "아폴로 15호\n발사 시 제 1단 로켓 분리 직후, 제 1단에 탑재되고 있던 장치가 기능을 상실했다. 조사 결과, 이것은 제 2단 로켓의 배기가 제1단을 직격하고 전기 회로가 탔기 때문에 일어났던 것이 판명되었다. 이러한 사고는 아폴로 15호 이전에는 발생한 예가 없었다. 이 사고의 원인은 역추진 로켓의 수를 8개에서 4개로 줄였기 때문인 것을 나중에 알았다. 분리시에 실제로 제 1단과 제 2단이 부자연스러울 만큼 접근하고 있던 것을 알고 있어 이것은 제 1단에 탑재되고 있는 F-1 엔진의 추진력의 감쇠가 늦었던 일과 역추진 로켓 중 하나가 정상적으로 작동하지 않았던 것에 의해 쌍방의 충돌을 일으킨 것이라고 생각할 수 있었다. 아폴로 15호 이후의 비행에서는 역추진 로켓은 개발 당초의 수로 되돌려졌다.", "아폴로 17호\n그들 이전의 아폴로 계획의 비행사들과 같이, 아폴로 17호의 승무원들도 미국령 사모아 부근의 태평양에 착수해 회수되었다. 그리고 회수 항공모함으로부터 사모아의 타푸나(Tafuna)의 공항에서 출발해 호놀룰루를 경유해 휴스턴에 도착할 때까지 사모아 사람들로부터 열렬한 환영을 받았다.\n달 착륙선 \"챌린저\"의 하단에 남겨진 명반에는 다음과 같이 쓰여저 있다.\n명반은 지구의 양반구와 달의 겉 반구를 나타내고 있다. 여기에 3명의 비행사와 당시의 리처드 닉슨 대통령의 서명이 들어가 있다.\n서넌 선장은 의 국기를 달 표면에 남겼는데, 이것은 그의 선조가 체코슬로바키아 출신이었기 때문이다.", "아폴로 17호\n슈미트는 원래 아폴로 18호(취소)로 비행할 예정이었다. 그러나, 과학계로부터의 압력에 의해 원래 달 착륙선 조종사로 근무할 예정이었던 조 잉글과 변경되어 탑승하게 되었다.", "교황 베네딕토 15세\n1878년부터 1883년까지 자코모는 로마에 있는 교황청 교회 학술원에서 공부하였다. 그곳에서 매주 목요일마다 학생들은 추기경들과 교황청의 고위 관료들을 초대하여 연구 서류들의 보호를 요청하였다. 이 때 레오 13세의 측근이었던 마리아노 람폴라 추기경은 자코모 델라 키에사를 눈여겨 보았으며, 1882년 바티칸의 외교 업무에 착수하면서 그를 자신의 서기로 고용하여 마드리드로 파견하였다. 그 후에 람폴라 추기경은 교황청 국무원장으로 임명되었으며, 이 때도 자코모 델라 키에사가 그의 곁을 보좌하였다. 이 시기에 자코모 델라 키에사는 람폴라 추기경을 도와 캐롤라인 제도를 놓고 독일과 스페인 사이에 일어난 분쟁의 중재와 콜레라 창궐로 피해를 입은 스페인 시민들을 구제하는 일에 동참하였다. 이 경험은 훗날 그가 교황이 되었을 때에 제1차 세계 대전 당시 피난민들의 구호 사업에 힘쓰게 된 계기가 되었다.", "미코얀-구레비치 MiG-15\n1953년 9월 21일 투항한 조선인민군 공군 소속 조종사가 몰고 온 미그-15 한 대가 김포 비행장에 착륙하였다. 1953년 4월 미국 공군은 미그-15의 성능을 확인하기 위해 공산 진영 조종사를 상대로 투항을 권유하는 전단지를 살포하는 무라 작전()을 개시하였다. 10만 달러의 현상금을 내건 무라 작전을 위해 러시아어, 중국어, 한국어로 된 삐라가 살포되었다. 무라는 돈을 뜻하는 미군 내에서 사용된 은어였다. 미그-15를 몰고 온 노금석 소위는 포상금 10만 달러를 받고 미국에 거주하였으며 후일 미국 시민이 되었다. 이 미그-15(고유번호:2015357)는 지금도 미국 공군 박물관에 전시되어 있다.", "아폴로 1호\n1월 27일 사고 직전, 관제센터와 아폴로 1호 사령선과의 통신에 문제가 발생했다. 교신 상태가 회복되었을 때, 승무원들은 좌석에 앉아 일련의 대조표 확인 훈련을 실시하고 있었다. 이 때, 공기 누설이 없는지 확인하기 위해서 사령선 선내는 100% 의 순수 산소로 채워져 1cm²당 약 1kg 의 압력이 가해지고 있었다. 순수 산소는 인화성 물질로 이 상태에서는 알루미늄이 자연발화할 수 있다. 그리고 오후 6시 31분, 돌연 \"Hey...\" 라고 말하는 소리가 난 뒤, \"화재다! 선내에서 화재가 발생했다!\"(\"Fire! We've got a fire in the cockpit,\") 라고 외치는 큰 소리가 통신 회선으로부터 들렸다(이 때 들렸던 회선은 로저 채피의 회선 뿐이었기 때문에, 현재 이 소리는 채피의 외침이었다고 생각된다). 교신은 큰 소리로 외치는 소리가 난 다음에 중단되었다. 사령선의 해치는 내부를 향해 여는 구조였지만, 해치를 열기 위해서는 내부의 감압이 필요했기 때문에 승무원이 탈출할 수 없었다. 실제로 중앙의 자리에 앉아 있던 에드워드 화이트는 해치를 열어 탈출하려고 했지만 할 수 없었다. 당시에 만약 감압할 수 있었다고 해도 해치를 열려면 90초는 걸렸을 것으로 추정된다. 사실, 승무원들은 화재 발생 후 선체가 파열될 때까지 약 15초 안에 이미 사망했다.\n화재의 원인은, 전체 길이 50km에 이르는 전기 배선의 일부에 문제가 발생해 불꽃이 생겨 가압된 산소로 채워져 있던 실내의 공기에 의해서 급속히 불이 붙어 퍼졌기 때문으로 추정된다. 아폴로 1호 사고 조사 위원회는 사령선 내부의 승무원 좌석 근처에 있던 환경 제어 유닛에 연결된 은도금된 구리 철사가 유닛 문의 개폐가 반복되어 절연 재료가 마모되어 벗겨진 사실을 밝혀냈다. 이와 같은 전선의 문제가 에틸렌 글라이콜과 물이 흐르는 냉각 라인의 접합 부분 가까이에서도 발생했다. 이 부분에서는 냉각액이 새고 있었다. 결과적인 사고 원인은, 전선의 은으로 만들어진 음극 측에 부착된 에틸렌 글라이콜이 전기분해되어 격렬한 발열 반응이 일어나 에틸렌 글라이콜의 혼합액이 발화해 이것이 가압된 순수 산소 중에서 차례로 불이 붙어 확대되었을 것으로 추정된다.", "아폴로 13호\n사고에 관계된 부품 및 요인은 아래와 같다.아폴로 계획을 통해 설정되어 있던 비행사의 구성 순서에서는, 아폴로 13호의 당초의 승무원은 제미니 계획의 베테랑 비행사인 고든 쿠퍼를 선장으로 한, 이하의 멤버에 의해서 구성되어 있었다.그렇지만 쿠퍼와 아이셀은 여러 가지 이유(쿠퍼는 훈련의 태도가 불성실하고, 또 아이셀은 벌써 아폴로 7호로 비행한 적이 있었고, 결혼을 둘러싸고 가정적인 문제를 떠안고 있었다)로 NASA의 상부로부터 미움을 받고 있었으므로, 담당관인 디크 스레이톤은 그들을 예비 탑승원으로 편성했다. 스레이톤에 의하면, \"쿠퍼는 상당한 성과를 보이지 않으면 아폴로 13호에 탑승시킬 생각은 없었지만, 결국 그는 기대에 응할 수 없었던 것이다\"라고 한다. 이러한 이유에 의해, 스레이톤이 최초로 제안한 탑승원의 후보는,이었지만, 셰퍼드는 이전에 내이의 수술을 받았던 적이 있었고, 또 1961년 이래 우주비행을 경험한 적이 없었기 때문에, 달 비행을 행하려면 훈련 기간이 부족하다고 하여 후보에서는 제외되었다. 이 때문에 본래는 아폴로 14호의 정탑승원이며, 아폴로 11호의 예비 탑승원이기도 한 짐 러벨의 그룹이 아폴로 13호에 배속된 것이다.", "곤살로 이과인\n이과인은 세계구급 거물 리오넬 메시와 EA 스포츠의 다양한 장비용으로 나온 전자 오락 \"FIFA 15\"의 이탈리아판 표지를 장식했다.", "아폴로 계획\n아폴로 계획은 드와이트 아이젠하워의 재임시절 추진되었던 유인 우주 비행 계획인 머큐리 계획을 기반으로 한 것이었다. 머큐리 계획의 목표는 한 명의 우주비행사가 우주선에 탑승하여 지구 궤도 비행을 하는 것이었으나 아폴로 계획은 세명의 우주비행사가 우주선에 탑승하여 달에 착륙하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 아폴로라는 이름은 미항공우주국의 에이브 실버스테인이 붙인 것으로 고대 그리스의 신인 아폴론의 이름을 딴 것이다. 후일 실버스테인은 \"내 아이의 이름을 짓는 것처럼 우주선의 이름을 붙였다.\"고 술회하였다.", "로그\nformula_15", "아폴로 16호\n아폴로 16호의 승무원은 존 영 선장, 사령선 조종사인 켄 매팅리, 달 착륙선 조종사 찰스 듀크였다.아폴로 16호는 월면차를 사용하는 J미션이었다. 아폴로 16호는 달표면의 표본을 95.71 kg 가지고 돌아갔다. 아폴로 16호에서는 3회의 달표면 선외 활동을 각각 7.2시간, 7.4시간, 5.7시간에 걸쳐 실시했고, 지구 귀환 궤도상에서도 1.4시간의 선외 활동을 행했다.이것은 지구 주회 궤도보다 먼 궤도에서 행해진 선외 활동으로서는 2번째로, 외부 카메라로부터 필름을 회수하고, 또 미생물의 생존 실험을 행하기 위해서 실시되었다.", "신세기 에반게리온\n제16사도전에서 역시 아무것도 하지 못한 아스카는 신지와 말다툼 도중 신지가 무심코 밝힌 카지의 죽음을 알게 되고 충격을 받아 손목을 그어 자살을 기도한다. 아스카는 죽기 직전 네르프 직원에게 격리되어 303 병실에 수용된다. 영혼까지 잃어버려 폐인이 된 아스카를 대신하기 위해 제레는 피프스 칠드런 나기사 카오루를 파견한다. 신지는 늘 친절하게 대해주는 카오루와 곧 친해져 친구가 된다. 그런데 카오루는 다름아닌 제17사도 타브리스였고, 카오루는 제1사도 아담과 융합하기 위해 에바 이호기를 조종하여 아담이 존재하는 네르프 본부 최하층 터미널 도그마로 내려간다. 그러나 카오루는 그 거인이 엉뚱하게도 아담이 아니라 릴리스라는 것을 알게 되고, 뒤를 따라온 신지의 초호기에 순순히 붙잡혀준다. 신지는 카오루가 자신보다 훨씬 더 훌륭한 사람이기 때문에 카오루가 살아남아야 한다고 생각하여 주저하지만, 결국 초호기의 손으로 카오루를 짓이겨 죽이고 만다. 자기 손으로 친구를 죽였다는 충격에 신지는 정신붕괴 상태에 빠진다.", "아폴로 15호\n모든 장비가 새턴 V 로켓에 장착되어, 로켓은 LC-39A 발사대로 이동했다. 1971년 6월 하순부터 7월 초순, 로켓과 이동식 정비탑에는 적어도 4회의 낙뢰가 있었지만 모두 소규모의 피해로 끝났다.", "프리드리히 부르크뮐러\n15.공기의 요정", "15소년 표류기: 해적섬을 탈출하라\n심해 탐사선 아틀란티스호를 제작한 회사의 아들인 부함장 레몬은 친구들과 함께 아빠몰래 아틀란티스호를 타고 시범운행을 하던도중 불의의 사고로 탈출선을 타고 탈출하지만 뜻하지 않게 아무도 모르는 섬으로 표류하게 된다. 그 섬은 전파가 통하지 않는 곳이지만 어떻게든 그 곳을 탈출하려고 갖은 방법을 다 써보지만 허사임을 알게 된다. 한편 한 무리의 해적들도 우연히 같은 곳으로 표류를 하게 되며 먼저 그 섬에 도달한 15소년 일행을 발견하고는 그 섬을 탈출하기 위해 15소년을 이용하고자 공격을 감행한다. 과연 그들은 무사히 그 섬을 빠져나갈 수 있을 것인가…", "루이 15세\n루이 15세(, 1710년 2월 15일 - 1774년 5월 10일)는 1715년 9월 1일부터 그가 죽은 1774년까지 59년 동안 프랑스와 나바라를 통치한 왕이다. 다섯 살에 왕위에 오른 루이는 자신의 열세 번째 생일 날짜인 1723년 2월 15일까지 그의 재종조부이자 이복 왕고모부 오를레앙 공 필리프의 섭정과 함께 통치하였다. 그 뒤로는 자신이 직접 정식으로 국가를 다스렸다. 이때 플뢰리 추기경을 재상으로 등용, 평화정책을 취하였다. 그러나, 폴란드 왕위 계승 전쟁(1733~38년), 오스트리아 왕위 계승 전쟁(1740~48년)에 휩쓸렸으며 이어서 7년 전쟁(1756~63년)에도 참여하였다. 특히 7년 전쟁에서는 해상과 인도와 미국 식민지에서 패배하여 많은 영토를 상실하였으며, 많은 비용 지출은 재정난을 초래하였다. 로렌의 병합(1766년)과 코르시카의 구입(1768년)은 그의 치세 때이다. 정치상에서는 퐁파두르 후작 부인과 뒤바리 백작 부인 등의 충동으로 인하여 실패가 많았고, 계몽사상에 의해 비판을 받았다. 부르봉 왕조의 절대주의 해체의 조짐을 보이기 시작한 시기이다. [1]", "닐 암스트롱\n이어 3년뒤 아폴로 11호의 선장이 되어 1969년 7월 16일, 버즈 올드린과 마이클 콜린스 비행사와 함께 플로리다주의 케네디 우주 기지를 출발하였다. 그로부터 4일 후에 달 주위를 도는 궤도 위에서 모선에 남은 마이클 콜린스와 헤어져서, 올드린과 함께 달 착륙선으로 '고요한 바다'에 착륙하였고 여기서 암스트롱은 휴스턴의 나사본부에 교신에 성공한다. 그는 이곳에서 다음과 같은 유명한 말을 남긴다.", "아폴로 17호\n아폴로 17호는 이전의 비행에 의한 기록의 몇 가지를 갱신하였다. 그것들을 들면, 유인 달 착륙 비행, 달 표면에 있어서의 선외 활동, 달 궤도 체류의 각각의 최장 기록 및 달 표면으로부터 가지고 돌아간 표본의 중량이다.\n아폴로 17호에서는 달 착륙선의 상승단이 이륙해 나가는 장면이 달표면에 착륙한 월면차의 카메라를 지상의 관제관이 원격 조작하는 것에 의해 처음으로 촬영되었다. 지구로부터 발신한 전파가 달 표면에 도달하기까지는 약 1.3초의 시간이 걸린다. 그것을 계산에 넣은 다음 초읽기의 타이밍을 가늠하면서 화면의 중앙에 착륙선의 모습이 들어가도록 카메라를 조작한다는 것은, 신의 조화에 가까운 작업이었다. 담당한 관제관은 아폴로 15호·아폴로 16호에서는 촬영에 실패하여, 그에게 있어서는 이것이 명예를 만회하는 마지막 찬스였는데, 결과는 보기 좋게 성공했다.", "베르너 폰 브라운\n1969년 아폴로 11호의 추진 기관인 전장 110m의 거대한 새턴 V을 만들어 우주 개발에 크게 공헌하였다. 나치 독일에서의 노력, 미국에서의 노력이 합쳐진 기술은 폰 브라운으로 하여금 아폴로 우주선을 우주로 성공적으로 발사시키는 성과를 거두게 하였고, 닐 암스트롱은 인류 최초로 달에 착륙했다. 이 순간은 인류가 우주에 대한 가능성을 확인한 것이었고, 미국으로서는 당시 최대의 정적, 소련의 스푸트니크 1호의 발사로 인해 떨어진 자존심을 다시 세우게 되었다. 이 순간은 폰 브라운의 생애에서 최고의 순간이었다. 이를 통해 폰 브라운은 미국 최고의 인기 스타가 되었다.", "해리슨 슈미트\n1972년 12월 해리슨 슈미트는 아폴로 17호의 승무원으로서 달에 다녀왔고, NASA 최초의 과학자 출신 승조원이 될 수 있었다. 아폴로 17호는 아폴로 계획의 마지막 프로젝트였기 때문에, 열두번째로 달표면을 걸어본 사람이자 두번째로 젊은 사람, 동시에 마지막에서 두번째로 달표면에 발을 디뎌본 사람이 되었다 (가장 마지막은 유진 서넌 사령관으로, 슈미트는 서넌 사령관이 나오기 직전에 먼저 디뎠다). 슈미트는 또한 지구 저궤도 너머 달을 방문해본 최초이자 유일한 이공계 교수로 남아 있다. 원래는 지질학계에서 큰 영향력 있던 교수로서 동료 지질학자들은 아폴로 프로그램 합류를 지지하기도 하였다. 또 아폴로 미션을 준비하기 전에는 달표면을 방문하는 아폴로 조종사들을 훈련하는 역할을 맡았던 과학자 중 한명이기도 했다.", "나폴레옹 전쟁\n나폴레옹이 실각한 후, 빈 회의가 열려 전후 유럽을 어떻게 재편해야 할지를 각국 정상들이 의논을 하였지만, 각국의 이해관계가 얽혀 있었기 때문에 회의는 좀처럼 제대로 진행되지 않았다. 게다가 프랑스 왕으로 즉위한 루이 18세의 시대착오적인 통치에 대해 민중은 점차 불만을 품기 시작했다.\n1815년 나폴레옹은 엘바 섬을 탈출하여 파리로 돌아오고 나서 복위하는 데 성공한다. 나폴레옹은 자유주의적인 새로운 헌법을 발표하여 자신에게 비판적인 세력과의 타협을 시도했다. 그리고 연합국에게도 강화를 제안했지만 거부당하여 결국 또다시 전쟁을 하게 되었다. 초반에는 승세를 거두었으나 워털루 전투(1815년 6월 18일)에서 영국과 프로이센 등의 연합 공격으로 완패하여 백일천하는 끝났다. 나폴레옹은 다시 퇴위되어 미국으로의 망명도 시도했지만 항구 봉쇄로 단념하였고, 최종적으로 영국 군함에 투항하였다. 영국 정부는 아서 웰즐리 장군의 제안을 받아들여 나폴레옹을 남대서양의 한가운데에 있는 세인트헬레나에 유폐시켰다.", "워털루 전투\n1813년 라이프치히 전투에서 패배한 나폴레옹은 다음해 4월에 폐위되어 엘바섬으로 추방되었다. 그러나 빈 회의에서 전후처리 문제로 연합군 사이에 다툼이 일어나는 것을 본 나폴레옹은 1815년 2월 26일 엘바섬을 탈출해 남프랑스의 주앙에 상륙한 뒤 병사를 모으면서 파리로 향했다. 도중에 나폴레옹을 체포하라는 명령을 받은 네 원수와 술트 원수를 만났지만 오히려 나폴레옹에게 동조하게 되어 7,000명의 군대를 이끌고 3월 20일 파리에 입성했다. 나폴레옹은 제국의 부활을 선언하고 동맹국에게 공존을 주장했다.\n그러나 나폴레옹의 복귀 소식은 유럽을 두려움에 떨게 만들었고, 그 이상으로 프랑스 제국의 해체로 인해 생기는 영토와 이득을 욕심낸 연합국은 일제히 단결하여 각 방향에서 프랑스를 향해 진격했다.", "애너벨 가토\n하지만 한 번의 전투로 8척의 전함을 격침한 점과(8척이라는 수는 아무로 레이의 일년전쟁 함선 격침수보다 1척 적다) 노이에 칠의 전방위 공격에는 상당한 기량이 요구되는 점을 바탕으로 에이스 파일럿으로서 상당한 기량을 가지고 있었을 걸로 생각된다. 1992년 2월에 발매된 \"EB바이블 델라즈 분쟁편 (상)권\" 애너벨 가토 인물 소개에 \"자비가 친위대원을 지낸 적도 있는 에이스 파일럿\"이라는 문구가 존재한다. 그리고 MS-14H는 머리 부분에 달린 안테나의 형상이 MS-14A나 MS-14S와는 조금 다르다. 가토의 전함 8척 격침설은 이 기체를 바탕으로 하고 있다. 관련 만화도 존재하며 상세는 겔구그 항목을 참조하기 바란다. 현재 MS-14S가 대세가 되어 가고 있지만 \"마스터 그레이드 애너벨 가토 전용 겔구그 설명서\"에도 MS-14H에 관한 언급이 있는 등 정설은 없다고 할 수 있다.", "소류 아스카 랑그레이\n에바 싱크로용(用)의 인터페이스 헤드셋을 머리에 항상 쓸 정도로 에바 파일럿의 적격자 칠드런이라는 것에 얽매인다. 하지만 신지에게 싱크로율을 추월 당한 것이 방아쇠가 되어서 갈 수록 자신을 잃고 사도에게 패배하는 것으로 자신의 존재이유를 잃는다. 초호기가 동결 되었을 때 나온 제15사도인 아라엘과의 전투에서 사도에게 공격을 받고 강한 정신오염을 받았을 때의 대응을 보고서 특무기관 네르프라는 조직이 자신의 가치를 아야나미 레이보다도 낮게 보고 있다고 느끼고 자포자기한다. 에바 싱크로율은 한자리수(극중 표현으로는 두자리수가 안 됨)까지 내려가는 상태에 이르고 2호기의 기동을 하지 못하게된다. 게다가 카지의 죽음을 알고 마음을 의지할 곳이 없어져버린 아스카는 침대에 누워있을 뿐인 폐인이 되어버렸다.", "제15군집단\n1943년 코드명 허스키 작전인 시실리 침공 계획에 따라 북아프리카 알제에서 창설되었다. 미국 제7군과 영국 제8군이 주력을 맡았다. 시실리를 점령하고 위해 이탈리아 침공을 위해 집단군은 제7군을 미국 제5군과 교대시켰으며, 1944년 1월에 재구성을 마쳤다. 3월 이탈리아 연합군으로 개명되었으며, 해럴드 알렉산더 영국 장군의 지휘를 받았다. 1944년 말에 이탈리아 북부로 진격하여 로마를 점령했다. 그 해 12월 마크 W. 클라크 미국 중장이 지휘를 맡으면서 집단군은 제15집단군으로 명칭이 되돌려졌다. 1945년 5월 그레이프샷 작전으로 나치 독일과 이탈리아 사회 공화국의 항복을 받아내었다.", "명탐정 코난: 수평선상의 음모\n15년 전, 북대서양의 해상에서 화물선이 빙산에 격돌해 침몰하는 사고가 발생하여 배에 타고 있던 선장과 3등 항해사가 사망한다. 3개월 전에는 한 조선소에 근무하는 선박 설계사가 자택에서 출발하여 자동차를 운전하다가 갑자기 언덕 아래로 추락한다. 이러한 두 사건은 호화 여객선에 곧 일어날 사건을 암시하는 서막에 불과하였다. 한편 스즈키 소노코 (정보라)의 초청으로 코난 일행은 호화 여객선 아프로디테호에 탑승한다. 일행은 크루저를 즐기다가 숨바꼭질을 하기로 하지만 이때 소노코 (정보라)가 갑자기 납치되어 어딘가 감금된다. 코난의 추리로 소노코 (정보라)는 겨우 살지만, 이번에는 아프로디테를 건조한 조선사 회장이 실종되었고 이후 사장이 살해당하는 일이 발생한다. 메구레 경부 (골롬보 반장), 시라토리 경부 (백동훈 형사), 타카기 형사 (신형선 형사) 등 경찰들이 도착하였지만 용의자는 600명! 코난은 추리를 하여 사건의 진상을 파헤치지만, 무언가가 불길하다!\n〈여름을 기다리는 돛처럼〉 ()", "아폴로 6호\n현재 아폴로 6호의 사령선은 조지아주 애틀랜타의 박물관에 전시되고 있다. 가까운 곳에는 마틴 루서 킹 목사의 묘지가 있다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호의 임무가 성공적으로 완료된 후, 승무원들이 H. 발터 아이아만이라고 하는 미국인과 거래를 하고 있던 것 때문에 그들의 명성에는 조금 흠집이 났다. 아이아만은 NASA의 직원이나 우주비행사의 단체와 수많은 전문적·사회적 접촉을 가지고 있던 인물이었다. 스콧은 398통의 비공식적인 커버를 자신의 우주복 안에 넣고 달 표면에 반입하고 있었다. 아이아만은 각각의 비행사와 달로부터 가지고 돌아간 커버 100통에 대한 보수로 예금계좌의 형태로 7,000 달러씩을 지불하겠다는 약속을 했다. 그는 비행사들에게 아폴로 계획이 종료될 때까지는 \" 커버를 홍보하거나 판매하는 일은 없다\"고 말하고 있었다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호가 해들리 골짜기 부근에 착륙한다고 하는 결정은 1970년 9월에 확정되었다. 착륙 지점 선정 위원회는 착륙 지점 후보를 해들리 골짜기와 마리우스 크레이터의 2곳으로 좁히고 있었다. 이러한 가까운 곳에는 화산성의 것이라고 생각되는 낮은 돔상의 지형이 점재하고 있었기 때문이다. 아폴로 미션에서는 임무의 선장의 의향이 최종결정니 아니기는 하지만 항상 강한 영향력을 가지고 있었다. 아폴로 15호의 데이빗 스콧의 선택은 명쾌하고, 해들리 골짜기를 상세하게 탐사하는 것을 희망했다.", "교황 바오로 6세\n1978년 3월 16일, FUCI 학생 시절부터 바오로 6세와 절친한 관계였던 기독교 민주당 정치인 알도 모로가 이탈리아 최대의 극좌 과격파 테러조직인 붉은 여단에 납치당하여 55일 동안 감금당하는 사건이 발생하였다. 과거 교황 비오 12세가 줄리아노 바살리 교수 사건에 개입한 전례도 있었기 때문에, 모로는 4월 20일에 교황이 직접 나서줄 것을 호소하였다. 당시 여든 살의 고령이었던 바오로 교황은 붉은 여단에게 모로를 풀어줄 것을 요청하는 서신을 직접 써서 보냈다.", "아폴로 6호\n아폴로 6호(apollo 6)는 미국 항공우주국의 아폴로 계획에 의하여 발사된 마지막 무인우주선이다. 아폴로 4호에 이어 두 번째로 발사에 새턴 V 로켓을 이용하였다. 임무 수행 중 발사용 로켓에 연료 문제가 발생했으나 발사는 성공했으며 임무는 성공적으로 종료되었다.\n아폴로 6호의 목적은 새턴 V 로켓의 유인 비행(아폴로 8호)에 대비한 마지막 무인 발사 실험이었다(그 전의 아폴로 7호에는 새턴 V 로켓보다 한층 작은 새턴 IB 로켓이 사용되었다). 사령선을 달로부터의 귀환시에 있어서의 최악 상태를 대비해 대기권에 재돌입시키는 실험이 주 임무이었으나 로켓 엔진의 이상으로 실행되지 않았다.로켓의 구성품들이 처음 도착한 1967년 3월 13일 시점에서, VAB 안에서는 아폴로 4호의 준비도 동시에 진행되고 있었다. VAB는 한 번에 4기의 새턴 V 로켓을 조립할 수 있었지만, 점검하기 위한 기기는 1개 계통밖에 준비되어 있지 않았기 때문에 아폴로 6호의 작업은 진행되지 않았으며 아폴로 4호가 발사대로 옮겨진 후부터 작업이 시작되었다.", "가면라이더 디케이드의 등장인물\n츠카사가 정면으로 대결하는 대쇼커의 첫 번째 인물인 아폴로 가이스트 (, )는 대쇼커의 간부로, 라이더들을 전멸시키고 대쇼커의 세계 지배를 위해 모든 세계의 악의 집단을 대쇼커로 규합하기 위한 활동을 하고 있다. 인간체의 모습은 \"가이\" (, )라고 불리며, 변신할 때는 \"아폴로 체인지\" ()라고 외친다. X 라이더의 세계 ()에서 온 존재로, X 라이더에 의해 죽었으나 암흑 정부 (G.O.D., )에 의해 부활한 존재이다. 그러나 부활의 한계를 보완하기 위하여, \"퍼펙터\"(Perfecter)로 사람들의 생명 에너지를 빼앗아 자신의 것으로 만들어간다. 디엔드에게 퍼펙터를 빼앗기고 디케이드가 그 퍼펙터를 부수었을 때, 아폴로 가이스트는 팡가이어의 여왕 유키와 결혼하여, 팡가이어가 된다. 그리고 다른 팡가이어들의 생명 에너지를 흡수, 그 힘으로 현존하는 다른 차원까지 없애버릴 수 있는 능력을 지닌 슈퍼 아폴로 가이스트 ()로 강화된다. 아폴로 가이스트는 강화된 그의 힘을 이용하여 아홉 세계의 괴인들을 소생시키고, 유키가 디케이드의 컴플리트 폼에 의해 죽음을 당하자 나츠미를 자신의 새로운 신부로 삼기 위해 납치하고, 키바와 히비키가 올 때까지 나츠미를 구하러 온 디케이드 일행과 대결한다. 마침내 키바와 히비키, 디엔드와 디케이드 컴플리트 폼의 최종 공격을 맞아 죽게 되자, \"나는 우주에서 가장 성가시게 부활할 것\"이라고 말하며 최후를 맞는다.", "아폴로 15호\n계획 변경에 수반해 15호 팀의 훈련에 생긴 변경점의 큰 하나는 지질학의 훈련이었다. 이것 이전의 비행에서도 승무원은 야외 지질학의 훈련을 받고 있었지만, 아폴로 15호에서는 처음으로 이 훈련이 우선적으로 행해지게 되었다. 스콧과 어윈은 선캄브리아대를 전문으로 하는 캘리포니아 공과대학의 지질학자 리 실버로부터 훈련을 받았다. 실버는 후에 아폴로 17호에 탑승하는 지질학자 해리슨 슈미트가, 그전까지 NASA가 임용하고 있던 지질학의 강사를 대신해 추천한 인물이었다. 실버는 수많은 실적 중에서 특히, 1950년대 후반에 암석 중의 우라늄의 동위체가 납에 붕괴하는 현상을 이용해 암석의 연대 측정을 행하는 수법의 중요한 개량을 행한 일로 알려져 있었다.", "아폴로 계획\n1960년 11월 존 F 케네디가 미국의 신임 대통령으로 당선되었다. 케네디는 우주 탐사와 미사일 방어에서 소비에트 연방에 대한 우위를 확보하여야 한다고 공약하였으나, 그의 정책은 우주 탐사보다는 미사일 경쟁에 치중되어 있었다. 1961년 4월 12일, 유리 가가린이 최초의 유인 우주 비행에 성공하자 미국은 이를 가능하게 한 소비에트의 기술력에 두려움을 느꼈다. 유리 가가린의 우주 비행이 이루어진 바로 다음날 미국은 우주 과학 위원회를 소집하고 소련과의 경쟁에서 우위를 차지할 방안을 모색했다. 1961년 4월 20일 케네디는 부통령 린든 존슨에게 현재의 미국 우주 계획의 상태를 검토할 것을 요구하는 메모를 전달하였다. 린든 존슨은 케네디의 이러한 요청에 대해 \"1966년에서 1967년 사이에 달 착륙을 성공시키는 것이 소비에트에 대해 우주 경쟁에서 우위를 차지할 수 있는 방안이 될 것\"이라 답했다.\n1961년 5월 25일 케네디는 미국 의회의 양원이 모두 모인 자리에서 아폴로 계획을 선포한다.", "공룡킹 어드벤처\n15화:아크로칸토사우루스", "아폴로 15호\n선장 데이빗 스콧과 달 착륙선 조종사 제임스 어윈은 달 표면에 3일간 체류해, 달 표면 선외 활동으로 합계 약 18시간 반을 선외에서 보냈다. 아폴로 15호는 달의 바다 이외의 장소에 착륙한 첫 미션으로, 비의 바다 지방의 하드레이골짜기에 가까운, Palus Putredinus(부패의 늪)로 불리는 지점에 착륙했다. 2명의 비행사는 처음으로 월면차를 사용해서 그 인근을 탐사해, 이전의 아폴로 미션보다 훨씬 먼 장소까지 이동할 수 있었다. 들은 합계 77 kg 의 달 표면 샘플을 채집했다.", "아폴로 13\n《아폴로 13》은 1970년 발사되어 우주에서 고장을 일으킨 아폴로 13호 우주선에 관한 영화이다. 론 하워드 감독, 톰 행크스 주연이며, 1995년 개봉하였다. 68회 아카데미상 2개 부문을 수상하였다. 아폴로 13호의 선장이었던 짐 러벨이 쓴 \"Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13\"을 바탕으로 제작되었으며, 짐 러벨 본인이 특별출연하였다.", "베니그노 아키노 3세\n베니그노 시메온 \"노이노이\" 코후앙코 아키노 3세(, 1960년 2월 8일 ~ , , )는 필리핀의 정치인으로, 제15대 대통령이다. 필리핀의 정치 명가 출신으로, 부친은 1983년 암살당한 베니그노 아키노 상원의원, 모친은 제11대 대통령 코라손 아키노이다.", "아폴로 12호\n착수 후, 아폴로 12호의 사령선과 승무원은 항공모함 \"USS 호넷\"에 의해서 무사히 회수되었다. 이 항공모함은 현재는 캘리포니아주 아라메다로 박물관에서 일반인에게 공개되고 있다. 12호의 사령선은 버지니아주 햄프톤의 버지니아 항공 우주 센터에 전시되고 있다.", "아폴로 17호\n아폴로 17호는 1972년 12월 7일 협정 세계시 05:33:00 에 미국 케네디 우주 센터 발사 시설 39에서 발사되었다. 사령선은 \"아메리카\", 달 착륙선은 \"챌린저\"라는 호출 부호로 불렸다.\n달 착륙선은 1972년 12월 11일 협정 세계시 02:23:35 에 달에 착륙하였다.\n아폴로 17호는 1972년 12월 19일 협정 세계시 19:24:59 에 귀환하였다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호의 승무원은 과거 아폴로 12호의 예비 승무원이었던 멤버이다. 아폴로 12호의 정승무원이 전원 해군 출신자인 한편, 예비 승무원은 전원이 공군 출신으로, 양자간에는 우호적이면서도 경쟁 의식이 있었다.", "비의 바다\n비의 바다()는 폭풍의 대양에 이어 넓은 달의 바다 중 하나이다. 달의 앞면에 위치해 있다. 아폴로 15호는 비의 바다 남서부에 있는 아펜닌 산맥 부근에 착륙한 적이 있다.", "안토니누스 피우스\n안토니누스 피우스()는 로마 제국의 제15대 황제(86년 9월 19일 - 161년 3월 7일)이다. 5현제 중의 한 명으로 꼽히며, 피우스는 '경건한 자'라는 뜻으로 원로원으로부터 주어진 존칭이다. 선제(先帝) 하드리아누스의 정책을 계승한 그의 치세는 대체적으로 평온하였다. 단지 군사 원정을 게을리했기 때문에 야만족의 발전을 허락하여, 후대에 화근을 남겼다고도 일컬어진다.", "아폴로 11호\n1969년 7월 16일 13시 32분 UTC에 플로리다 주 케네디 우주 센터에서 새턴 5호 로켓으로 발사되었다. NASA의 5번째 아폴로 프로그램 유인우주선 임무였다. 7월 20일 20시 17분 UTC에 달착륙선이 달의 표면에 착륙했다. 선장은 닐 암스트롱 중위, 조종사는 버즈 올드린이었다. 달에 착륙하고 6시간이 지나서 7월 21일 02시 56분 15초 UTC에 암스트롱이 달에 내렸다. 버즈 올드린은 20분 후에 내려왔다. 2시간 30분을 달에서 걸어다니면서 21.5 kg의 달 모래 등을 채집했다. 달 궤도를 돌고 있는 사령선에는 마이클 콜린스 (우주비행사)가 혼자 남아있었다. 달에 착륙하고 21.5 시간이 지나서 달착륙선이 이륙해 사령선과 도킹했다.", "아폴로 15호\n코어 샘플의 채취에 시간이 걸렸기 때문에, 북부 지역의 종단은 중지되어, 비행사들은 해들리 골짜기의 가장자리까지 원정했다. 달 착륙선으로 돌아온 후, 스콧은 매의 날개 깃털과 자신의 지질 조사용 망치를 달 표면에 떨어뜨리는 실험을 실시해, 중력장 아래에서는 물체가 낙하하는 비율은 질량에 의하지 않는다 것을 나타내 보였다.", "아폴로 16호\n아폴로 16호에서는, 달 궤도상에서 사령선 \"캐스퍼\"의 주요 추진계의 회전 방향의 수평 유지 장치의 서보 루프에 이상이 발생했다. 이 문제 때문에 사령선의 궤도수정 시에 엔진 분사가 정상적으로 이루어질 수 없을 수도 있었고, 달 착륙도 중지될 우려가 있었다. 그러나 최종적으로는 이 문제에 의한 손해는 비교적 작다고 판단되어 문제 발생시에 이미 사령선으로부터 떼어내진 달 착륙선 \"오리온\"으로 비행하고 있던 영과 듀크는 달착륙을 허가했다. 다만 미션은 안전을 위해서 임무 수행 기간 중 하루가 줄어들었다(달 착륙선이 달 표면을 떠나고 나서 사령선과 재도킹할 때까지 사령선이 달을 주회할 시간을 줄였다).", "세월호 침몰 사고 관련 수사\n광주지방법원 형사11부는 7월 28일 수원지방법원 안산지원에서 A양 등 단원고 학생 6명과 일반인 탑승객 등 9명을 증인으로 출석시킨 가운데 살인 등의 혐의로 구속기소 된 세월호 선장 이준석씨와 승무원 등 15명에 대한 재판을 진행했다. 이날 법원에는 세월호 선실(SP1)에 있었던 학생들이 나왔다. 대부분 탈출과정에서 승무원이나 해경의 도움을 받지 못했다며 세월호를 버리고 먼저 탈출한 승무원들에 대한 엄벌을 요구했다.", "아폴로 9호\n아폴로 9호(Apollo 9)는 미국 NASA의 아폴로 계획에 의하여 발사된 유인 아폴로 우주선 중 3번째 유인 우주선이다. 1969년 3월 3일 새턴 V 로켓에 의하여 발사된 뒤 1969년 3월 13일까지 지구를 152회 도는 동안 J.A.맥디비트, D.R.스콧 및 R.L.슈바이카트의 세 우주비행사들은 사령선과 착륙선과의 도킹 작업과정을 연습하였다.1967년 10월 시점의 계획에서는, 아폴로 7호(C미션)로 사령선과 기계선(CSM)의 첫 유인 궤도 비행을 행한 후에, 2번째의 유인 아폴로 미션(D미션)으로 유인의 CSM을 새턴 IB 로켓으로 쏘아 올려 며칠 후에 달 착륙선(LM)을 1기의 새턴 IB 로켓으로 쏘아 올리고, 첫 궤도 랑데부를 행할 예정이었다. 이 임무는 제임스 맥디비트와 데이빗 스콧과 러셀 슈바이카트가 담당해, 이것과 비슷한 지구 궤도 테스트(E미션)는 프랭크 보먼과 짐 러벨과 윌리엄 앤더스가 담당해 새턴 V 로켓으로 CSM과 LM 모두를 쏘아 올릴 예정이었다.", "세계 인권 선언\n제15조", "아폴로 13호\n아폴로 13호는 월면 착륙은 달성할 수 없기는 했지만, 관계자가 신속하고 과감히 대응하고 위기를 극복힌 것 때문에, 「성공적인 실패」라고 불리고 있다. 우주비행사와 지상의 관제사들은 그 공적에 의해 자유의 메달 대통령 훈장을 받았다.", "아폴로 15호\n당초의 계획에서는 아폴로 15호는 아폴로 12호, 아폴로 13호, 아폴로 14호와 같은 「H미션」이 될 예정이었다. 그러나 아폴로 13호 임무 종료 후의 1970년 9월 2일에 NASA는, 당초 예정이었던 아폴로 15호와 아폴로 19호의 임무를 중지한다고 발표했다. 이것에 수반해 나머지 임무의 성과를 최대한으로 얻기 위해 새롭게 아폴로 15호는 과학 조사 주체의 「J미션」으로서 비행하게 되어, 월면차를 사용한 첫 미션이라고 하는 영예를 얻게 되었다.", "존 영 (우주비행사)\n존 영은 그 후 1969년 5월 18일에 토머스 스태퍼드와 유진 서넌과 같이 아폴로 10호에 탑승했다. 이 임무는 뒤이어 발사될 아폴로 11호를 위한 마지막 달착륙 테스트였다.\n3년이 지난 후 1972년 4월 16일에 그는 토머스 매팅리와 찰스 듀크와 같이 아폴로 16호에 탑승하였다.\n존 영은 찰스 듀크와 같이 달 표면에 착륙하여, 20시간 14분 동안 월면차를 타고 27km를 횡단하였고 월석을 95kg이상 수집하였다.", "루이 15세\n루이 15세는 증조부인 루이 14세의 통치기간인 1710년 2월 15일에 베르사유 궁전에서 태어났다. 부르고뉴 공작 루이와 그의 아내 사보이의 마리 아델라이드 사이에서 두 번째로 유아기를 무사히 보낸 아들로 태어났으며, 어린 나이의 계승자가 관례적으로 받는 직위인 “앙주 공작”이 되었다. 게다가 그는 왕세자(도팽)의 손자인 “피스 드 프랑스”이기도 했다.", "아폴로 13호\n또 전력을 최저한도까지 떨어뜨렸기 때문에 선내의 온도는 극단적으로 낮아져 버렸다. 이 때문에 공기 중의 수분이 응결되어 계기판 위에 무수한 결로가 발생했다. 이 물방울은 다음에 사령선을 재기동할 때에 회로를 합선시키는 원인이 되는 것은 아닐까 염려되었지만, 아폴로 1호의 화재 사고 이후 사령선에는 안전 대책이 철저하게 실행되고 있었기 때문에 문제가 될 것은 없었다.", "오리온 15호\n오리온 15호(Orion 15)는 컨스텔레이션 계획의 일부였던, 유인 우주선계획이다. 1972년 아폴로 17호가 마지막으로 유인 달 비행을 한 이후 다시 2019년 6월경에 달을 탐사할 예정이었으나 컨스텔레이션 계획이 취소되면서 함께 취소되었다.", "교황 베네딕토 15세\n교황 베네딕토 15세( Benedictus PP. XV, Papa Benedetto XV)는 제258대 교황(재위: 1914년 9월 3일 - 1922년 1월 22일)이다. 본명은 자코모 델라 키에사( Giacomo Della Chiesa)이다.", "신세기 에반게리온\n사도전에서 패배하고 신지가 파일럿으로서의 전과 면에서 자신을 앞지르자 아스카는 신지를 부러워하기는커녕 자존심에 심한 고통을 받는다. 제15사도 아라엘이 습격하자 아스카는 이를 자신의 존재가치를 증명할 최후의 기회로 생각하였지만, 사도의 정신공격을 받은 아스카는 자기 내면의 흠결과 트라우마를 마주하게 된다. 이 충격으로 아스카는 더 이상 에바 이호기를 조종할 수 없게 된다. 위성궤도에 존재하는 아라엘을 재래 무기로 격퇴할 방법이 없자, 레이의 에바 영호기가 네르프 본부 지하의 아담에게 꽂혀 있던 롱기누스의 창을 뽑아 투척하여 격퇴한다. 이 때문에 제레의 계획에 있어 엄청난 중요성을 지닌 롱기누스의 창은 달 궤도를 떠돌게 된다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호의 월면차에는 이하와 같이 기록된 명판이 장착되었다.", "아폴로 17호\n현재, 사령선은 NASA의 존슨 우주 센터(텍사스주 휴스턴)에서 전시되고 있다. 달 착륙선은 1972년 12월 15일 1시 50분 (미국 동부 시간), 달표면의 북위 19도 96분·동경 30도 50분 지점에 충돌했다.", "아폴로 15호\n게리 그리핀 골드 팀 밀튼 윈들러 마룬 팀 글린 룬네이 블랙 팀 진 크랜즈 화이트 팀", "마스터 앤드 커맨더: 위대한 정복자\n나폴레옹 전쟁 중인 1805년 영국 군함 서프라이즈 호의 잭 오브리 함장(러셀 크로)은 프랑스 무장선 아케론 호를 나포하거나 파괴하라는 명령을 받는다. 아케론 호는 서프라이즈 호보다 뛰어난 기술력을 가진 상대하기 벅찬 배이다. 잭 오브리의 친구이자 의사인 마투린(폴 베타니) 박사, 그리고 서프라이즈 호의 장교들, 선원들은 바다 위에서 여러 가지 고난을 겪으며 아케론 호를 쫓는다.", "니조성\n1863년 음력 3월 제14대 쇼군 도쿠가와 이에모치는 조정에 요청에 따라 상경한다. 이에 앞선 전년인 1862년부터 쇼군을 맞이 하기 위해 니조 성을 개수한다. 니노마루 어전은 대대적으로 수리되었고, 혼마루에는 가리 어전을 지었다. 1865년 이에모치는 다시 상경하여 니조 성에 입성하지만, 얼마 되지 않아 제2차 조슈 정벌의 지휘를 하기 위해 오사카 성으로 이동한다. 그러나, 그곳에서 병으로 쓰려져 다음해인 1866년 여름 죽음을 맞이한다. 니조 성에서 막부 관료들의 회의를 거쳐 제15대 쇼군으로 히토쓰바시 요시노부로 결정되었지만, 요시노부는 쇼군 취임을 거절한다. 막부 관료뿐만 아니라 조정으로부터도 몇 번의 설들 끝에 그해 음력 12월에 니조 성에서 제15대 쇼군 교지를 받는다. 단, 요시노부의 숙소는 와카사 오바마 번의 저택이었고, 숙소를 니조 성으로 옮긴 것은 다음해인 1867년 음력 9월의 일이다. 음력 10월에는 쇼군직 사임과 대정봉환에 대한 뜻을 전달한다. 음력 12월 조정에서 도쿠가와 가문 소유의 영지 반과 관직에서 물러나라는 명령을 니조 성에 전달한다. 이때 니조 성에는 하타모토를 중심으로 한 도쿠가와 가문 직속 병사 약 5000명, 아이즈 번사 약 3000명, 구와나 번사 약 1500명이 집결해 있었고, 조정을 조정하는 사쓰마 번의 도발에 격앙돼 있었다. 무력 충돌이 불가피하였기 때문에, 요시노부는 이들 병력을 이끌고 오사카 성으로 향한다. 니조 성에는 나가이 나오유키와 미토 번사 약 200명이 지키고 있었다. 그러나, 명령 계통의 혼란으로 따로 니조 성 수비를 명 받은 신센구미가 도착했고, 미토 번사와의 언쟁을 벌이게 된다. 이 사건은 나가이 나오유키의 임기응변으로 일단락되어 신센구미는 교토의 입구인 지금의 후시미 구 지역과 요도가와 강의 강변 경비를 맡게 된다.", "교황 요한 15세\n교황 요한 15세( Ioannes PP. XV, Papa Giovanni XV)는 제137대 교황(재위: 985년 8월 - 996년 3월)이다.", "아폴로 13호\n짐 러벨과 제프리 클루거의 공저 「없어진 달」은, 1995년에 「아폴로 13」이라는 제목으로 영화가 만들어졌다.감독은 론 하워드로, 짐 러벨 선장은 톰 행크스, 헤이스 비행사는 빌 팩스톤, 스위거트 비행사는 케빈 베이컨, 비행 지휘자 진 크랜즈는 에드 해리스, 짐 러벨 부인은 카스 린 킨란, 켄 매팅리 비행사는 게리 시니스가 연기했다.", "아폴로 15호\n달 착륙선 팰콘</i>의 상승단은 달 표면을 떠나 사령선 인데버</i>와의 랑데부를 행했다. 달 표면의 샘플과 관측 기기를 사령선으로 옮긴 후, 팰콘</i>은 분리되었다. 팰콘</i>의 엔진이 분사되어 달 표면에 충돌했다. 달 표면을 떠나는 동안은 미국 공군의 군가인 \"Wild Blue Yonder\" 가 흘렀다.", "교황 그레고리오 15세\n자신의 주교좌 소재지인 볼로냐에 있던 그는 교황 바오로 5세가 선종했다는 소식에 로마로 갔다. 그리고 콘클라베에서 새 교황으로 선출되어 자신의 이름을 그레고리오 15세라고 명명했다. 그의 즉위식은 1621년 2월 14일 수석 부제급 추기경 안드레아 바로니 페레티 몬탈토 추기경의 집전 아래 거행됐으며, 이어서 같은 해 5월 14일 산 조반니 인 라테라노 대성전에서 로마 주교좌 착좌 미사를 봉헌했다.\n교황으로 선출되었을 당시 그는 이미 67세의 고령이었기 때문에 건강 상태가 좋지 못했다. 따라서 교황청에서 그를 돕기 위해 그가 절대적으로 신뢰할 수 있는 힘있는 조력자가 필요했다. 그레고리오 15세는 자신의 조카인 25세의 청년 루도비코 루도비시가 그에 걸맞는 인물이라고 판단했다. 그래서 족벌주의의 위험을 감수하고 교황으로 즉위한지 사흗날에 그를 추기경에 서임했다. 같은 날, 교황의 어린 동생 오라치오 루도비시는 교황군을 이끄는 교회군 총사령관에 임명했다.\n루도비코는 자신을 등용해 준 교황을 실망시키지 않았다. 가톨릭 백과 대사전의 설명에 따르면, 루도비코는 자기 가문의 이익을 위해 온갖 수단을 동원했지만, 교회의 복지 문제에 있어서 뛰어난 능력과 큰 영향력을 행사했으며, 교황을 위해 충심으로 헌신했다고 한다. 그레고리오 15세는 공작령 두 곳을 확보한 다음 1621년 자신의 동생 오라치오를 로마 귀족 및 피아노로마노 공작에 임명했으며, 1622년에는 조카 루도비코 루도비시가 콜론나 가문으로부터 구입한 차가롤로 공작에 또 다른 동생을 임명했다. 루도비코 외에 또 다른 조카인 니콜로 루도비시는 1632년 3월 30일 피옴비노 공작 및 이솔라델바 영주의 상속녀와 혼인해 그 지위를 물려받았다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호는 1971년 7월 26일 오전 9시 34분 00초(EDT)에 발사되고 나서 달에 도달할 때까지 4일간을 필요로 했다. 지구 주회 궤도에 약 2시간을 체류한 후, 새턴 V 로켓의 제 3단(S-IVB)을 재점화되고 달로 향했다.", "아폴로 11호\n로스앤젤레스에서 퍼레이드가 있던 날 밤에는, 의회 의원, 44주의 주지사, 미국 최고재판소 장관, 83개국의 대사들에 의한 환영의 만찬회가 열렸고, 닉슨 대통령 및 스피로 T. 애그뉴 부통령으로부터 '자유의 메달 훈장(Presidential Medal of Freedom)'을 받았다. 그러나 이 만찬회는, 이 후 45일간에 걸쳐서 계속되는 '위대한 비약(Giant Leap) 투어'의 시작에 지나지 않았다. 그들에게는 이로부터 25개국의 방문과 영국의 엘리자베스 2세를 비롯한 각국의 원수와의 면회가 예정되어 있었던 것이었다.", "아폴로 15호\n아폴로 15호는 이후 달 궤도상에 올라, 워든에 의한 관측이 계속되었다. 손자 위성을 발사한 후, 그들은 기계선의 엔진을 점화해 지구에 귀환하는 궤도에 올랐다. 다음날, 워든은 선외 활동을 실시해, SIM 베이의 카메라로부터 필름 카세트를 회수했다.", "아폴로 13호\n또 착륙선 \"아쿠아리우스\"의 다리에 붙여지고 있던 비행 기념 플레이트에는, 매팅리의 이름이 새겨졌기 때문에, 비행사들은 스위거트의 이름이 들어가 있는 걸로 대체해 받았다. 짐 러벨 선장의 저서 「없어진 달」(후에 「아폴로 13」으로 개명)에 의하면, 그가 가지고 있는 아폴로 13호에 관한 기념품은 이 플레이트 외에는 사령선의 내열판의 파편과 찰스 린드버그로부터의 편지라고 한다.", "교황 그레고리오 15세\n교황 그레고리오 15세( Gregorius PP. XV, Papa Gregorio XV)는 제234대 교황(재위: 1621년 2월 9일 - 1623년 7월 8일)이다. 본명은 알레산드로 루도비시( Alessandro Ludovisi)이다.", "아우구스트 나이트하르트 폰 그나이제나우\n1815년 나폴레옹이 엘바섬을 탈출해 이른바 백일천하가 시작되었다. 그나이제나우는 다시 참모총장이 되어 총사령관 블뤼허의 곁에서 나폴레옹 타도에 나서게 되었다. 그때 영국군, 프로이센군은 네덜란드에 있었고, 오스트리아군은 라인란트에 있었다. 유럽 여러나라는 제7차 대프랑스 동맹을 결성하고 프랑스군을 포위하였다. 그러나 나폴레옹은 연합군이 합류하기 전에 각개격파를 하기 위해, 재빨리 네덜란드로 향했다. 6월 16일 리니 전투에서 프로이센군은 패배하고 블뤼허는 부상을 당했다. 그나이제나우는 총사령관을 대신해 지휘를 맡아 일시적으로 프로이센군을 후퇴시켰다.", "아폴로 15호\n사령선은 국립 미국 공군 박물관에서 볼 수 있다." ]

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[ "新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ daotao.btu.edu.vn\n新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ\nアキレス(Achilles) L-Ｍ5 マッシュルームアンカー5ｋｇ：アングラーズＷＥＢ店 ★あす楽対応＆★ 【2017年モデル】 ブリヂストン TOUR B XD-3 ドライバー TOUR AD TP-6 シャフト：アネックススポーツ ○17FW NewBalance(ニューバランス) ウインドブロッカージャケット MJ73218-TMP メンズ：アネックススポーツ L-2B フライトジャケット 7448E モデル JJ170YN ブラック XL 【 レプリカ 】：アルザマス15195526279619314.php\nアシックス(asics) サッカースパイクシューズ　MENACE SERIES MENACE 3 SL TSI426 ブラック×オニキス 26.0cm：アプスター -APSTAR- シャワーパス メンズ サイクリング スポーツ Showers Pass Elite 2.1 Jacket - Men's Cayenne：asty シマノ(shimano) RA-112Q リミテッドブラック 2XL NEXUS・GORE-TEX® RAINSUIT LIMITED PRO：アングラーズＷＥＢ店1519552627961-cbff-k.cfm マビック メンズ サイクリング スポーツ Mavic Deemax Pro Shoe - Men's Yellow Mavic/ Black：asty 2796161\nエース 15.1-ジャパン HG LE アディダス adidas：athlete1新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ （PEARLiZUMi/パールイズミ)（自転車用ウェア/女性/レディース）(2017春夏) コールドブラック UV タイツ (トールサイズ)(WL228-3DNP)：サイクルロード 所沢■【中古】【即納】[3589] MP-64 6本(#5-P) NS950GH(S)：ゴルフ道具商　ゑびすや eozhe\nMarmot(マーモット) [廃盤処分]WSSLOWMOUNTAINFLE/(BGEM)/L MJF-F5611W女性用 大人用 ベージュ フリース アウター レディースファッション フリースベスト フリースベスト女性用 アウトドアウェア：山渓オンラインショップ店 adidas(アディダス) 【男女兼用 バスケットボールシューズ】 SPG BB8188 コアBLK/コアBLK/ 29.0cm：アプスター -APSTAR-1519552627962-dacccfaeaed/\n●メンズ 17 BURTON MALAVITA EST カラー:Double Cork バートンのスノーボードバインディングマラヴィータ イーエスティ チャンネルシステム専用のメンズビンディング♪ 2点止め専用 マラビータ!! 日本正規品(店舗印 保証書有)【2016-2017】：Snowboard＆Ski オフワン国道16号新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ ナイキ/ＮＩＫＥ　917788 801　ナイキ マジスタ　オンダ　2 ダイナミック フィット HG-E（レーザーオレンジ/ブラック/ホワイト/ボルト）◆1295　サッカースパイク：サッカーショップＪ マスターボール 25個セット BX75-16/スポーツ アウトドア 野球 ボール：あっとらいふ パールイズミ WL7500-BL トールサイズウィンドブレークジャケット 自転車 （沖縄・離島を除く）：アリス・サイクル15195526279625550\n【C-40】ゴルフ ウェア★税抜12,000円以上 ★Birdie hunt (バーディーハント) メンズ 新作 千鳥格子ポロシャツ バーディハント：Ｂｉｒｄｉｅ ｈｕｎｔ フェールラーベン レディース ハイキング スポーツ Fjallraven High Coast Trail Pant - Women's Navy：asty15195526279624933/\n＜残り4つ！＞and wander アンドワンダー PL ダンガリーシャツ メンズ AW-FT776 デニムシャツ プリマロフト キャンプ アウトドア ハイキング 男性用：OutdoorStyle サンデーマウンテン 1519552627962\nSS　PRM　SkidShaft　SPSS-70L/100：釣具のキャスティング　店 27962 【代引無料】シマノ IBRR9110RS82 BR-R9110 リア用 RS R55C4シュー [IBRR9110RS82]：ちゃりんこ王国店 【在庫品】 【JDWW】アシックス GEL-NIMBUS 18 ゲルニンバス18 オレンジ×ブラック tjg740-0990：チトセスポーツ　テニス＆バドSHOP GIC:CHEVY AL-CRB7006NX ブラック 23601：イチネンネット デサント(DESCENTE) EKS+ THERMO JACKET(中綿入リ) DTM-3912 DTM3912 M：コムロード新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ ステム アヘッド デダ カーボンステム FORZA 100mm/31.8mm/28.6mm — 中古【川越店】：サイクリー\nPATAGONIA パタゴニア バッグ 49341 ブラックホールダッフル 60L black hole duffle 選べるカラー：daily-3\n直送・代引不可　Phillip Lim（フィリップリム） ナナメガケバッグ AR13-0161SPO BLACK／BLACK　別商品の同時注文不可：測定器・工具のイーデンキ\ndmxyd adidas(アディダス) 33 チェルシー ホーム レプリカ シャツナガ サッカー レプリカシャツ ZE-QU036 □：エレファント靴店 陸上 走高跳専用 スパイク 右足踏切用 ミズノ MIZUNO メンズ フィールドジオHJ-I オールウェザーフィールド専用 シューズ 靴 陸上スパイク：エレファントＳＰＯＲＴＳ dmxyd\nロゴス(LOGOS) ウルトラ コンパクトシュラフ -2 72600470 【封筒型シュラフ】【寝袋 キャンプ コンパクト 泊まり】【logosS】【logosFu】【LGS TK06】【防災】：ｅＳＰＯＲＴＳ支店 マムート（MAMMUT） Nirvana Ride 5611 dark cyan 22L 2510-03720 【デイパック バックパック リュックサック ザック】：ｅＳＰＯＲＴＳ支店 トーエイライト（TOEI LIGHT） アルミビート板整理棚3 B-2432 【水泳 プール スイミングボード 整理用具 施設】：ｅＳＰＯＲＴＳ支店新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ 10日迄限定ポイント5倍★カネヤ（KANEYA） マットカバー 120cm×300cm K-4422 【体操用マット 体育 跳び箱】：ｅＳＰＯＲＴＳ支店新作登場，最新作 マムート（MAMMUT） 9.8 Eternity Dry 11144 Dry Standard ocean-emerald 70m 2010-02651 【クライミング ボルダリング】 ：アライカメラ Kasco(キャスコ) DOLPHIN WEDGE -ドルフィン ウェッジ- レディース DW-115G N.S.PRO ZELOS7 スチールシャフト：EX GOLF ZEAL　ジール　SERIO elf セリオエルフ　F-1183：フィッシング まつき サーフィン スキムボード マリンスポーツ Catch Surf Beater 54\" - Twin Fin - Emerald Green：ファミリーポケット 【asics　アシックス】【シューズ　靴】ハンドボールシューズ ＦＷハンドボール　スカイハンド　ＪＰ　THH536　2301　レッド／ホワイト：Awa-spo 店15195526279628465 サーフィン ボードケース バックパック Sticky Bumps Single Day Board Bag, 6-Feet：ファミリーポケット eozhe eozhe\nステム パーツ 自転車 FSA Omega V14 Ahead Stem - Black, 130 mm：ファミリーポケット 【2017年モデル】UNDER ARMOUR(アンダーアーマー)W TEMPO SPORT BOA ソフトスパイクシューズ(レディス) 1292782 【B-ONE】：ゴルフショップB-ONE15195526279626219.php フォーク パーツ 自転車 Rock Shox Lower Leg Tora/Reba/Recon Disc (No Decals) 80-115 mm, 114015252010 - Diffusion Silver：ファミリーポケット フォーク パーツ 自転車Origin8 Pro-Torq Space Off Road MTB Handlebar：ファミリーポケット ドルトムント 16-17 ベントジャケット＆トレーニングパンツ 上下セット【Puma/プーマ】【サッカー ウエア 上下セット】【スポーツ ホビー】：fcFA スポーツ＆ホビー館 パールイズミ Pearl Izumi メンズ サイクリング ウェア【ELITE Pursuit Jersey - Short - Sleeves】Bel Air Blue/Blue Depths Rush：フェルマート UCHIDA 強打製造 パワーアップ 練習用(手元重心) 中学・高校・一般用 PPS-85：野球専門店ベースマン店15195526279625280 ナイキ メンズ 野球 アウター【Nike Team Storm-Fit Dugout Jacket II】Team Game Royal/White：フェルマート 【(沖縄・離島を除く)】 サークルバックスパッツ(ひっかけフィットパッド・着やストラップ) [サイズ：S] [カラーピンク×ブラック×ライラ] #LAR-6206W-PNK 【アリーナ: スポーツ・アウトドア スポーツ・アウトドア雑貨 その他】【ARENA】：ビューティーファイブ15195526279627141/ 【日本正規品】2017年新作 PUMA プーマ ゴルフ 867644 CB WNS スポーツ ウィメンズ キャディバッグ (レディース) ◎　【U10】：FG-Style ARF7436W-BLUM レディース スウェットトップス (ARN10410258) 【 ARENA 】：Field Boss 店 ペリカンケース　ＰＣ-１５００ＮＦミディアムケース１５００ＣＡＳＥ・フォームなし：フィールズブランド アブガルシア オーシャンフィールド ヒトツテンヤ OFHS-250MS (一つテンヤ ロッド)：フィッシング遊 ダイワ バリアテック フロートベスト DF-3605 ライトグレー S〜XL (ライフジャケット フローティングベスト)≪メーカー希望小売価格の36％off≫：フィッシング遊 ダイワ(DAIWA)リバティフォース AK-1203H：釣具のフイッシュランド店 FCS フィン V-2 FIVE FIN M 5 / エフシーエス ファイブ サーフボード サーフィン ショート：ボードショップ　ＢＲＥＡＫＯＵＴ15195526279639207.htm 【取り寄せ品】 adidas アディダス テニスシューズ Barricade 2017 OC AJP-BA9098 (BA9098)オムニクレーコート用 メンズ・ユニセックス：富士スポーツ店 27963\nMy Pallas（マイパラス） 26インチ 折りたたみ自転車 6段変速 Wサス オレンジ M-670-OR【代引不可】：フジックス 【代引・】ORTLIEB(オルトリーブ) OR-F9971 フレームパック M スレート F9971 [OR-F9971]：ちゃりんこ王国店15195526279635786/ キンカ　串焼　ろばた　大　B-1【代引不可】：フジックス 【・2-3営業日発送】スノーピーク(snow peak) ランドロックグランドシート TP6701：風来堂　店\n15195526270\n15195526271\n15195526272\n15195526273\n15195526274\n15195526275\n15195526276\n15195526277\n15195526278\n15195526279\n151955262710\n151955262711\n151955262712\n151955262713\n151955262714\n151955262715\n151955262716\n151955262717\n151955262718\n151955262719\n151955262720\n151955262721\n151955262722\n151955262723\n151955262724\n151955262725\n151955262726\n151955262727\n151955262728\n151955262729\n151955262730\n151955262731\n151955262732\n151955262733\n151955262734\n151955262735\n151955262736\n151955262737\n151955262738\n151955262739\n151955262740\n151955262741\n151955262742\n151955262743\n151955262744\n151955262745\n151955262746\n151955262747\n151955262748\n151955262749" ]

[ "エマヌエレ・フィリベルト・デュカ・ダオスタ級軽巡洋艦（）は、イタリア海軍の軽巡洋艦。コンドッティエリ型第4弾。\n概要.\n同型艦は「エマヌエレ・フィリベルト・デュカ・ダオスタ」、「エウジェニオ・ディ・サヴォイア」の2隻で1935年、1936年に竣工した。ライモンド・モンテクッコリ級の拡大改良型であり、装甲が強化され魚雷発射管が連装から3連装になっている。第二次世界大戦では主に輸送任務に従事した。\n艦形.\n水線下にバルバス・バウを持つ突出した艦首から艦首甲板上に1・2番主砲塔を背負い式で2基配置。前級に引き続き艦橋構造はウンベルト・プリエーゼ造船中将考案の円筒型艦橋であるが窓の周囲に遮風装置が設けられた点が異なる。艦橋の背後には2本の煙突が立つが機関のシフト配置のために前後が離されており、間には水上機射出用の旋回式カタパルトが1基配置された。1番煙突の左右に53.3cm三連装魚雷発射管が片舷1基ずつの計2基配置した。2番煙突の前部に後部三脚檣が立ち、2番煙突の周囲が艦載艇置き場となっており、後部三脚檣の基部に付いたクレーン1基により水上機と艦載艇は運用された。後部甲板上に後ろ向きに3･4番主砲塔が背負い式に2基配置した高角砲は防盾付きの連装砲架で2番煙突後方の舷側甲板上に片舷1基ずつと、3番主砲塔の前方に1基の計3基が逆三角形状に配置された。\n大戦中の1943年に魚雷発射管、航空艤装、13.2mm機銃が撤去され、かわりに2cm機銃が12門搭載された。\n主砲.\n本級の主砲は前級に引き続きModels 1926を改良したを採用した。重量47.5kgの砲弾を使用し仰角45度での射程は22,600mである。この砲を連装式の砲塔に収めたが、列強の同種艦と異なり、イタリア海軍の条約型巡洋艦は長らく左右の砲身を同一の砲架に据えつける形式を採用した。これは、砲身の間を狭める事により砲塔の小型化と機構の簡略化を狙った物であるが、代償として斉射時に左右の砲弾の衝撃波が相互に干渉しあって散布界が広がる弱点があった。これは、独立砲架になるルイージ・ディ・サヴォイア・ドゥーカ・デッリ・アブルッツィ級までイタリア巡洋艦のウィークポイントとなった。砲塔の旋回は首尾線方向を0度として左右150度で、俯仰角度は仰角45度・俯角5度で発射速度は毎分4発である。\n高角砲・機銃・水雷兵装.\n高角砲はを採用した（トレント級重巡洋艦#高角砲・機銃・水雷兵装を参照）。\n近接対空火器としてを採用した。その性能は0.83kgの砲弾を仰角45度で7,800m、仰角80度で5,000mの高さまで届かせることが出来た。俯仰能力は仰角80度・俯角10度である。旋回角度は舷側方向を0度として左右120度の旋回角度を持っていた。砲架の俯仰・砲塔の旋回・砲弾の揚弾・装填は主に電力で行われ、補助に人力を必要とした。発射速度は毎分60～120発である。この機関砲を連装砲架で4基を搭載した。他にを採用した。その性能は0.051kgの機銃弾を仰角45度で6,000m、仰角85度で2,000mの高さまで届かせることが出来た。俯仰能力は仰角85度・俯角11度である。旋回角度は360度の旋回角度を持っていたが、上部構造物に射界を制限された。砲架の俯仰・砲塔の旋回・砲弾の揚弾・装填は主に電力で行われ、補助に人力を必要とした。発射速度は毎分500発である。この機銃を連装砲架で6基を搭載した。\n水雷兵装として53.3cm魚雷発射管を三連装式で2基搭載した。\nのちに13.2mm機銃はブレダ社のModels 1940 2ｃm（65口径）機銃に更新された。その性能は0.134kgの機銃弾を仰角45度で5,500m、仰角90度で2,900mの高さまで届かせることが出来た。俯仰能力は仰角100度・俯角10度である。旋回角度は舷側方向を0度として左右120度の旋回角度を持っていた。砲架の俯仰・砲塔の旋回・砲弾の揚弾・装填は主に電力で行われ、補助に人力を必要とした。発射速度は毎分120～240発である。\n艦歴.\n戦後、本級は戦勝国に賠償艦として引き渡され、「エマヌエレ・フィリベルト・デュカ・ダオスタ」はソ連にて「スターリングラード（）」と改名されて運用されたがすぐに「ケルチ（）」に改名され、1959年2月20日に除籍された。「エウジェニオ・ディ・サヴォイア」はギリシャに賠償艦として引き渡され、「エリ（）」と改名された後、1964年まで使用された。\n", "マクドネル・ダグラス MD-11（、エムディー・イレブン）は、マクドネル・ダグラス（現ボーイング）社製の三発式大型ジェット旅客機。マクドネル・ダグラス DC-10の改良型で、のちにボーイング社に買収されることになるマクドネル・ダグラス社が最後に製造した大型旅客機でもあった。本機以降、2023年現在に至るまで三発エンジン式大型ジェット旅客機は開発されておらず、「最後の三発機」とも呼ばれる。\n単に「市場」と表記した場合は旅客機販売市場を、単に「マイル」と記した場合はノーティカルマイル（海里）をあらわすものとする。\n概要.\n1970年代に就航したDC-10に改良を加えて近代化した機体である。ボーイング747では需要に対して大きすぎる路線にDC-10が投入されたように、ボーイング747-400では大きすぎる中長距離路線に投入されることを見込んで開発された。\n開発は1986年より開始された。1990年1月10日に初飛行。1991年から運用を開始。旅客型のほか、貨物専用型、貨客混載のコンビ型なども生産された。\n改良点としては、胴体の延長 (5.66 m) ・主翼端へのウィングレットの装着・コクピット内の改良（グラスコックピット化）などがなされた。エンジンはDC-10と同じく、主翼下に2基、垂直尾翼の基部に1基の計3基搭載している。重心位置の変更により、DC-10と比べて水平尾翼が7割程度の大きさに小型化されているのも特徴である。\nこの機体以降、3発エンジンワイドボディ旅客機は開発されておらず実質上「最後の3発エンジン大型旅客機」となっている。また定期旅客運航に使用された中で唯一、航空機関士を要しない2人乗務の3発エンジン旅客機である。\n沿革.\n開発の経緯.\n胴体延長型の構想.\nマクドネル・ダグラスでは、1970年に3発式のワイドボディジェット旅客機であるDC-10を初飛行させており、当時のライバル機であるロッキードのL-1011トライスターの販売合戦には勝っていたものの、1970年代以降の航空旅客数の大幅な増加により、当時としては超大型機であったボーイング747には発注数は及ばなかった。しかし、アメリカ空軍から派生型となるKC-10エクステンダーの受注を得ていたことから、生産ラインの維持には成功していた。\nDC-10は航空会社の要望に応える形で、各種の派生型を揃えていたがそれらは翼幅などの拡大はあったものの、どの型も胴体は共通であった。DC-10では当初から胴体延長（ストレッチ）を考慮した設計としており、40フィート（12.19メートル）までは無理なく胴体延長できるように、40フィート延長しても離陸時の機首上げの際に尾部が接地しないような形状としていたのである。\nしかし航空会社からのまとまった注文がなければ胴体延長型の開発には着手できない。マクドネル・ダグラスは1973年に「スーパーDC-10」と呼ばれる、胴体を25フィート（7.62メートル）延長した仕様と40フィート延長した仕様を提案していたが、これに関心を示す航空会社はなかった。\n次に胴体延長型の提案がされたのは1979年で、以下の3タイプが提案された。\n胴体を40フィート延長した場合、全長は67.21メートルとボーイング747（全長70.7メートル）に近いものとなる。マクドネル・ダグラスでは運航経費や1座席あたりの燃料消費もボーイング747より低減できるとして売込みを図ったが、ユナイテッド航空やノースウエスト航空が関心を示したものの、発注には至らなかった。\nさらに、マクドネル・ダグラスではDC-10スーパー30・スーパー40というモデルの提案を行った。これは胴体の延長は18.4フィート（5.61メートル）にとどめ、主翼はベース仕様となるDC-10-30・-40のままでエンジンのパワーアップを行うというものであった。また、胴体延長型とは別に、DC-10スーパー10と呼ばれる仕様の提案もされたが、これはDC-10のエンジンを推力20トンクラスのエンジンに変更した上で、主翼にウイングレットを追加することで、巡航性能及び経済性の改善を図るものであった。\n旅客機のハイテク化の波.\n一方で、1980年代に入るとワイドボディ旅客機のハイテク化が進むようになった。ボーイングはグラスコックピットを採用し、航空機関士の乗務を不要としたボーイング767を1981年に初飛行させ、次いでエアバスも同様に航空機関士の乗務が不要なA310を1982年に初飛行させた。さらに、ボーイング747も1985年にグラスコックピットを採用したボーイング747-400の開発を発表した。以後の旅客機では、機体の大きさに関わらず2人乗務機が常識となってゆくが、これはその前兆でもあった。\nこのような流れの中では、航空機関士の乗務が必要な3人乗務機であるDC-10の販路が狭くなることは必至であり、マクドネル・ダグラスは対抗する機種を市場に送り込む必要があった。\nそこで、マクドネル・ダグラスでは1982年にMD-100と呼ばれるDC-10の発展型を提案した。この案では、グラスコックピットの採用により航空機関士の乗務を不要とし、全ての仕様にウイングレットが装備されることになった。この時には以下のような仕様が提示された。\nしかし、これらの提案に対しても航空会社からの発注はなく、1983年11月にMD-100の計画中止が決定された。\nそれでも、マクドネル・ダグラスはDC-10の発展型の開発を完全に諦めたわけではなく、1984年にはMD-XXXとして検討を再開した。その後この発展型はMD-11Xという名称に変更されたが、当初の案では開発費用が多額になるグラスコックピット導入やウイングレット装着を見送り、DC-10と同じ胴体を持つMD-11-10型と、胴体を22.5フィート（6.86メートル）延長するMD-11X-20型を作ることになっていたが、その後グラスコックピット導入という方針に変更された。\nローンチ.\n翌1985年6月のパリ航空ショーにおいて、マクドネル・ダグラスはMD-11Xの開発構想を発表した。この時点では、グラスコックピット導入により航空機関士の乗務を不要とするとともに、旅客定員と貨物搭載量の増加、真空式便所の設置などを特徴とする中長距離機という位置づけであった。同年7月29日には航空会社への売り込みも承認され、同年末までにはウイングレット装着を行うことに変更されるとともに、DC-10と同じ胴体の仕様は設定せず、胴体の延長は18.6フィート（5.67メートル）とした仕様を標準仕様とすることになった。\nこの時点でほぼ仕様は固まり、確定発注52機・オプション40機の受注を集めたことにより、1986年12月30日にMD-11の名称によりローンチが決定されたのである。\nマクドネル・ダグラスでは、MD-11の導入メリットとして次の2点を挙げていた。\n開発の難航.\nMD-11では、機体形状や後方の第2エンジンの取り付け方法などはDC-10をそのまま引き継いだ。これは開発のコストや期間を削減するには当然と考えられた方策であった。\nだが、開発は大幅に遅れた。ローンチ当初、1号機は1989年3月ごろに初飛行という予定であったがマクドネル・ダグラス社内組織の大幅な改編などが影響し、作業が進まなかったのである。ロールアウト時にも特別な式典などは行わず、実際に初飛行したのは1990年1月10日と、9ヶ月遅れとなった。\nさらに飛行テストを進めていくにつれ、ローンチ当初に航空会社に約束していた性能に達しないことが明らかになってしまった。それは機体の空気抵抗が多少高めであったことも影響していたが、エンジンの燃費率が予想より高いうえ機体の自重が設計値よりも4,000ポンド（1,800キログラム）ほど超過していたのである。\nローンチ当初のMD-11の性能は、7,000マイル（12,960キロメートル）の区間を飛行する場合、61,000ポンド（27,670キログラム）のペイロードが可能なはずであった。しかし飛行テストではゼネラル・エレクトリックのCF6型エンジンを搭載した機材の場合、7,000マイルの飛行で許容されるペイロードは48,500ポンド（22,000キログラム）（乗客に換算すると60人分の減少に相当）で、61,000ポンドのペイロードでは航続距離が6,500マイル（12,040キロメートル）となった。またプラット・アンド・ホイットニーのPW4000型エンジン搭載した機材の場合はさらに航続距離が6,270マイル（11,610キロメートル）となった。\nマクドネル・ダグラスではエンジンメーカーへ性能向上や燃費改善を迫る一方で、自重の減少や空気抵抗の低減策をまとめた（後述）が、既に開発が遅れている中、実際に適用されるのがさらに2年先ということになった。このため、シンガポール航空をはじめとして発注をキャンセルする航空会社もあった。また、キャンセルとはならなかった航空会社へも、計画遅延と性能不足に対しての賠償責任まで生じることになった。\n販売不振.\n1990年11月8日に型式証明を取得し、同年11月29日にはフィンエアーへの引渡しが開始され、同年12月20日にはフィンエアーで商業運航が開始されたがその後販売数は伸びなかった。前述の通り、予定性能に達しなかったためにネガティブな印象となってしまったことも一因であるが、3発機自体が中途半端な位置づけになってしまったのである。\nローンチ当初に説明された、大型4発機と比較した利点において、確かにMD-11の長距離仕様 (MD-11ER) では7,144マイル（13,228キロメートル）の航続距離を有し、ボーイング747の航続距離（7,135 - 7,284マイル）と比較しても遜色はないが、乗客定員はボーイング747と比較すると少なくなるため、座席あたりのコストが高くなってしまう。座席数を増加させると今度は航続距離が短くなってしまうため、航空会社はボーイング747導入に動くことになった。また、同時期に開発が進んでいた4発機エアバスA340はMD-11と同程度の座席数ながら航続距離で勝っていた。\n一方で、大型双発機と比較した場合の利点についても、双発機の洋上飛行について運用拡張が認められることになり（ETOPS認定）、エンジン1基が停止した際に着陸できる空港までの所要時間として認められる時間も当初120分程度だったものが180分に延長されるとそれまでMD-11が運航されていた路線が双発機でも運航できることになり、経済性の観点から航空会社はボーイング767や777、エアバスA300-600RやA330といった同程度の乗客定員の双発機を選ぶようになった。\nこうしてボーイングはボーイング747と双発機、エアバスも双発機を送り出し着実に市場シェアを確保していった。特にエアバスのシェアはマクドネル・ダグラスのシェアを奪い取る形で拡大された。それに対してマクドネル・ダグラスには3発機のMD-11しかなかったのである。\n生産終了.\n1990年代に入ると、中近距離用ナローボディ機のMD-90やMD-95と、販売が思わしくないMD-11しか持たない上に、軍用機部門も業績が上がらないマクドネル・ダグラスの業績は悪化し、他のメーカーとの協力や合併などがささやかれることになった。最終的には1997年8月4日付で、ボーイングとマクドネル・ダグラスは合併した。合併当初、ボーイングでは「マクドネル・ダグラスの製品群はそのまま受け継ぐ」と発表していたが、わずか3ヶ月後の1997年10月に、ボーイングは「MD-11については新たな受注を行わない」と発表した。\n最終号機の引渡しが行われたのは2000年8月24日で、MD-11は生産開始からわずか10年で製造終了となった。初飛行の時点では確定発注126機・オプション発注189機あったが、最終的に製造数は全ての仕様を合計しても200機という結末であった。\n機体.\n構造概説.\n前述の通り、開発コスト低減のため、製造設備などはDC-10のものがそのまま活用される事になったため、基本的な機体構造はDC-10とは大きく変わるところはない。\n胴体はDC-10よりも18.6フィート（5.67メートル）延長され、3クラスでの標準座席数は298席となり、DC-10と比較すると40席ほど増加することになった。また、胴体後端のテイルコーンの形状は、DC-10では丸みを帯びた形状であったのに対し、平板状とされた。\n主翼端にはウイングレットが装備された。これは巡航時の誘導抵抗減少を図ったもので、高速巡航時の空気抵抗が3%減少した。\n空気抵抗低減策として、マクドネル・ダグラスがもっとも強調したのは水平尾翼（スタビライザー）の面積縮小である。これは、他機に比べて揚力中心を機体の重心により近づけることとし、水平尾翼の面積をDC-10と比較して30パーセント減少させることによって空気抵抗を減少させるという方策で、空気抵抗が2パーセント、重量も0.5パーセント減少する。一般的に大型航空機は機体重心より後方に揚力中心が有る。このことで尻上がりの姿勢を取ろうとするため、その姿勢を矯正すべく水平尾翼には下向きの揚力を生じさせる（スタビライザーとの命名理由である）。水平飛行中であっても水平尾翼には下向き揚力が生じており、主翼で発生している上向きの揚力を常に下方へ減じている。この上向き揚力の一部相殺は、機体全体の空力特性には抵抗成分として現れる（ただし縦方向の外乱に強くなる）。マクドネル・ダグラスが採った水平尾翼の面積縮小は、この抵抗成分（空力的なロス）の減少が目的であった。副次効果として機体重量も前述のように減少した。また、水平尾翼内部も燃料タンク（すなわち重し）とすることで機体尾部に下向きの力を加え、さらなる水平尾翼の面積縮小を企図した。この副次効果として当然に航続距離も延び、水平尾翼内のタンクまで全て満たした場合の燃料搭載量は240,000ポンド（108,000キログラム）である。ただし、水平尾翼の面積縮小は縦方向（ピッチング）の飛行安定性を減じてしまうため、フライ・バイ・ワイヤ操縦システム側でソフトウェア的に外乱対策を行うことになった。\nエンジン.\nエンジンはプラット・アンド・ホイットニー PW4460またはゼネラル・エレクトリック CF6-80C2D1Fを選択できる。開発当初にはロールス・ロイストレント650エンジンの選択も考慮されていたが、発注はなかった。\n第2エンジンの装着方法はDC-10と同様で、垂直尾翼をエンジンとダクトで串刺しにしたような配置となっている。\n性能改善対策.\nMD-11のテスト飛行中に発覚した性能未達は、MD-11の販売上重大な支障となった。マクドネル・ダグラスでは、飛行性能の問題を改善し、開発時に保証した性能を発揮できるようにするために、パフォーマンス・インプルーブメント・プログラム（Performance Improvement Program、以下略して「PIP」と表記する）と呼ばれるプロジェクトを開始した。\nPIPの改善内容は、燃料タンクの容量増大や第二エンジンダクト形状、フラップトラックフェアリングの形状変更といった大掛かりなものから、ワイパー停止時の向きのような細かいものまで多岐に渡っており、1993年以降数次にわたって公表された。これらの改善策は生産ライン上にあった機体に反映されるだけではなく、一部の改善項目は既に引渡しが行われた機体にも適用（レトロフィット）することが可能となっていた。\n操縦システム.\nマクドネル・ダグラスのワイドボディ旅客機としては、初めてグラスコックピットが採用された。これにより、エンジン等の監視についてはコンピューター制御されることになり、航空機関士の乗務は不要となった。コックピットからアナログ計器類が大幅に減少したため、DC-10とはコックピット内の印象は大きく変わることになった。その一方で、スラストレバー周り（センターペデスタル）の装備品については、DC-10から大きく変わっておらず、フラップの下げ角度を1度刻みに設定できる「Dial a Flap」システムもDC-10から継承されている。\nまた、MD-11ではさらに自動化を進めるため、以下の3システムを導入した。\nLSAS.\nLongitudinal Stability Augmentation Systemの略、「エルサス」と呼ばれる。日本語で表現すると「縦安定増加装置」である。\n前述のように、空気抵抗を減少させるための方策として、水平尾翼の面積をDC-10と比較して30%減少させたが、そのままでは縦方向に対する安定性が損なわれる。LSASはこれを補うために装備されたシステムである。自動操縦装置の作動中に機体の角度を一定に保つほか、操縦士の手動操縦時に操縦桿に力がかからなくなると、その時の機体角度を保つ機能を有する。\nこのシステムはMD-11にとっては重要なシステムで、4重系統となっているうちの3系統が動作しなくても、残る1系統が正常動作していれば有効に作動する。\nRCWS.\nRoll Control Wheel Steeringの略。\n水平安定性を維持するためのシステムで、このシステムは自動操縦装置の作動中に機体の傾きを30度以内に保つほか、手動操縦時に30度を越える角度へ傾けようとすると操縦桿の操作を重くし、操縦桿から力を抜くと、直ちに30度まで傾き角を戻す機能を有する。\nテイル・フューエル・マネージメント.\nMD-11では、水平尾翼の内部も燃料タンクとすることで航続距離の延長を図ったが、燃料の減少に伴い重心位置が移動することになる。これを補いつつ、重心位置を燃料の残量に関わらず一定に保ち、巡航性能を向上させるため、FSC（Fuel System Controller）と呼ばれるシステムを採用した。\nこれは、主翼・胴体の燃料タンクと水平尾翼内の燃料タンクとの間で燃料を移送するシステムで、2つの燃料タンクの残量が60,000ポンド（27,000キログラム）以上の場合に機能する。また、燃料が凍結しないために、30分毎に主翼のタンクと水平尾翼のタンクの燃料を循環させる機能も有している。また、水平尾翼のタンクの燃料残量が15,000ポンド（6,250キログラム）以下になると、水平尾翼内の燃料を全て主翼内のタンクに移送する。\n客室.\n登場当時の標準的な座席配置はエコノミークラスは横9列（2列-5列-2列か3列-3列-3列）の配置で、荷物棚（オーバーヘッド・ストウェッジ）は窓側座席だけではなく中央列上にも設けられ、1区画の長さを80インチ（2.3メートル）と大型化した。これは長尺の荷物も収容できるようにしたためである。\n機内の座席配列などの配列に柔軟性を持たせており、エコノミークラスに個人用テレビなどのエンターテインメント設備がない場合は、客室仕様の変更を最大18時間で完了できる。\n操縦特性.\n操縦が難しい機体.\n操縦特性としては、乗りこなすことが比較的難しいとの評価がある。\n設計思想の誤り.\n前述の構造概説で記述したように、MD-11では空気抵抗の減少のために重心を後方に移動することで水平尾翼の小型化を行った。しかし、重心を後方にずらす手法は、本来運動能力向上機で採用される方法であり、（運動性能を重視する戦闘機では一般的となっていたが）旅客機においては妥当な設計思想ではなかったといわれている。\n縦方向の安定性が悪い上、それをフォローするためのLSASと自動操縦装置が外れると、操縦士ではリカバリーが困難となることが後に判明した。後述する事故以外にも、自動操縦装置を切ると激しい上下動を繰り返す事例が報告されている。\n仕様.\n主な仕様の比較については主要諸元表を参照。\n開発された仕様.\nMD-11（基本型）.\nMD-11の基本仕様。最大離陸重量は当初計画では605,500ポンド（274,650キログラム）であったが、前述の性能改善対策だけではまだ不足であるため、段階的に引き上げを行った結果、最終的には630,500ポンド（285,990キログラム）となった。また、当初は空だった翼端まで主翼の燃料タンクを拡大し、さらにオプションで床下貨物室に補助燃料タンクを増設できるようにして、航続距離の延長に対応した。基本型の生産機数は最終的に132機となった。\nMD-11ER（航続距離延長型）.\n基本型の最大離陸重量は最終的に630,500ポンド（285,990キログラム）としてまで引き上げられたが、オプションの補助燃料タンクを2個増設した仕様は、航続距離延長型（Expanded Range、ER型）として区別された。CF6型エンジン搭載仕様がガルーダ・インドネシア航空に2機、PW4000型エンジン搭載仕様がワールド・エアウェイズに2機導入された。\nMD-11C（貨客混載型）.\n機体前方を客室、機体後方を貨物室として胴体後部の側面に幅4.06メートル・高さ2.59メートルの貨物扉を設置した。客室と貨物室の比率は変更することが可能。アリタリア航空が5機導入。\nMD-11F（貨物型）.\n胴体前方の側面に幅3.56メートル・高さ2.59メートルの貨物扉を設置し、床を強化した純貨物型仕様。床上貨物室の容積は440立方メートルで、カーゴパレット26枚の搭載が可能で、床下貨物室の容積は158立方メートル。受注機数は53機で、2000年8月24日にルフトハンザ・カーゴに導入された機体が、MD-11最後の新造機となった。なお、その後も旅客型から貨物型への改修が行われている。\nMD-11CF（旅客・貨物転換型）.\n旅客用と貨物用の転換が可能な「コンバーチブル型」で、貨物型と同様に胴体前方の側面に幅3.56メートル・高さ2.59メートルの貨物扉を設置しているが、客室窓・乗降扉もそのまま残されている。床上キャビン（旅客仕様なら客室、貨物仕様なら貨物室）の容積は410立方メートルと純貨物型よりやや少ない。新造されたのは6機で、マーティンエアーとワールド・エアウェイズのみ導入。旅客型からの改造も行われている。\n計画のみの仕様.\nMD-11LR（Long Range、長距離仕様）.\n翼端を3.6メートルずつ延長した上で中央脚を4輪として、8,000マイル（14,820キロメートル）の航続距離を得る計画だった。\nMD-11ストレッチ仕様.\n胴体を主翼の前後で合計34フィート（10.36メートル）延長する仕様。3クラスで最大337席、エコノミークラスを増やした2クラスであれば474席を設けることが出来る計画だった。\nパノラマキャビン仕様.\nMD-11ストレッチ仕様の前方床下貨物室を客室として使用することで、さらに旅客定員の増加を図ったモデル。階下席にはビジネスクラスで2列-2列の配列で66席、エコノミークラスを2列-3列の配置とすると99席が設置できる計画であった。\nMD-11XX.\n胴体を主翼の前後で合計12フィート（3.6メートル）延長した上で、後退角をやや小さめにした上でアスペクト比を高める新設計の主翼を組み合わせるものであった。\n販売成績.\n総生産数は200機で、2019年現在は旅客機としての運用は皆無で貨物機として使われているが、貨物機においても主にボーイング777Fに代替され、退役が開始されている。マクドネル・ダグラスがボーイングに吸収された際には「貨物機の需要がある」として生産の継続が検討されていたが、2001年2月に、販売成績が思わしくないことと、貨物型の需要も既に就航している旅客型からの改修で満たせること、ボーイング社の777と競合することなどから200機で生産が中止された。生産開始からわずか10年間しか製造されなかった。\n販売成績が伸び悩んだ理由は、いざ飛行試験が始まると空気抵抗が予想以上に大きく、またエンジンの燃費も予想以上に悪かったこと、さらには機体重量が予定を大幅にオーバーしてしまいユーザーとなる航空会社を満足させられなかったこと、ETOPS規制の大幅緩和により飛行ルート選択における双発機に対するアドバンテージが失われたこと、生産が開始される前に、より経済性の高いエアバス社のA330やA340、ボーイング社の777などの開発が開始されたためである。\nこれらのライバル機材の開発の開始により、大量の発注を行っていたシンガポール航空など複数の航空会社がMD-11の発注をキャンセルしたり、日本航空の様にオプション発注のキャンセルを行った。また就航してからも、日本航空やタイ国際航空、大韓航空やアリタリア航空のように、保有しているMD-11を売却をしてこれらのライバル機を購入したり、保有はするが旅客機ではなく貨物機として運航するということが相次いだ。\nマクドネル・ダグラスは当初の設計目標を達成するため、前述のように生産中に様々な改良を行っているが、航空会社からの信頼を大きく失ってしまったのも事実であり、最後まで販売を上向きにすることはできなかった。\n現在は、旅客機としての役目を終えた機体の多くが貨物会社に売却されて貨物機に改造され活躍している。旅客機としては不人気でも、胴体の幅が大きく3発エンジンのため貨物搭載量が多いことから貨物機としては使いやすいので、需要が旺盛である。しかし一方では、このことが旅客機としての活躍期間を縮めてしまったという声もある。\n導入した航空会社（一部）.\n現役.\n現在、旅客型は全機運航を終了しており、貨物型のみが運航されている。\n日本におけるMD-11.\n日本航空（JAL）.\n日本の航空会社では日本航空が唯一、国際線専用機材として基本型を10機導入し、およそ10年間にわたって運航した。\n導入された10機には、整備士を中心とした社内ボランティアグループ「JALメカブラザーズ」の提案で従業員や乗客に親しみをもたせるべく機体別の愛称付与の復活が提案され、乗員部機長らのアイデアで「鳥のように大空を元気に自由に飛んでほしい」という思いを込めた「J-bird（ジェイ・バード）」の愛称が与えられ、リアエンジンのインテーク部には「J Bird」のロゴが入れられた。また愛称候補には機体名の「MD」に因み「マイ・ディアバード」「マイ・ドリームバード」も提案されていた。\n各々の機体には日本野鳥の会の協力で選ばれた日本の貴重な野鳥の名称が付けられ、さらにウイングレットにはボーイング747-400と同様の「JAL」ロゴと各機体に付けられた野鳥のイラストと和名・英名表記が描かれた。また野鳥イラストを用いたアパレル商品や音楽CDも発売され収益の一部は野鳥保護活動に寄付された。\n日本航空では、短・中距離仕様と長距離仕様の2タイプが各々5機ずつ導入された。前者は中・短距離のアジアやホノルル線で使用されているDC-10-40の後継機として、後者には747-400だと供給過多になる長距離欧米路線に投入するための新型中型機材としての役割が与えられた。選定されたエンジンは、同社の747-400や767-300ERなどと同じGE社製のCF6-80C2ではなく、DC-10-40と同じP&amp;W社製のJT9D系を進化させたPW4000系（PW4460)を選定した。\n1993年11月29日にカリフォルニア州ロングビーチのマクドネル・ダグラス社で1号機が引き渡され、翌1994年4月1日の羽田発鹿児島行きで運航開始。国内線でしばらく運航されたのち、導入された全機が国際線で運航された。短・中距離路線では747クラシックやDC-10-40、767-300などと、長距離路線では747-400と共に活躍した。以降は1997年まで10機が導入されたが、オプション分10機の購入はキャンセルされている。\nしかし、1994年にデビューしたボーイング777や、その前から飛行していたボーイング767やエアバスA330などの双発中型機が、次々とETOPS180/270などの規制緩和の恩恵を受けるようになると情勢が一変し、経済性で劣る3発機でそれらに対抗するのは不利な状況となっていた。\nさらにボーイングとマクドネル・ダグラスが1997年に合併し、ボーイング777の売り込みに併せてMD-11の有利な下取り条件が提示されたことから、2000年頃それらの状況をうけて日本航空はMD-11の退役を決定し、その後継として双発機のボーイング767-300ERの追加導入と777-200ERの新規導入を決定した。\nそして2002年から777-200ERの導入がはじまると、MD-11はそれらの導入が進むにつれて急速に中距離路線仕様から退役がはじまり、2004年10月12日の香港発成田行き730便（担当機材はJA8582）をもって全機が退役、10年6カ月の営業運航を終了した。これは先輩格に当たるDC-10（1976年運航開始・2005年全機退役）よりも非常に早く、さらに10年程度の運航期間はコンベア880以来となる「短命機」にもなった。\nその後、日本航空より引退した全機がアメリカの貨物専門航空会社「ユナイテッド・パーセル・サービス（UPS）」へ移籍した。移籍後は貨物専用機に改造されUPSの主力機材として活躍しており、日本発着路線にも投入されている。なお、2004年10月のラストフライトを担当したJA8582のみ当時の日本航空のCIカラー（サンアーク塗装）に塗り替えられたが、それ以外は全て旧鶴丸塗装での退役となった。\n乗り入れ航空会社.\n旅客機では、1990年代にはアメリカン航空やデルタ航空、アリタリア航空やヴァリグブラジル航空など多数の航空会社が定期乗り入れ機材として運航したものの、各航空会社からの退役が進んだため2000年代末には日本国内空港から旅客型の乗り入れがほぼ消滅した。唯一フィンランド航空のみが2010年以降も中部 - ヘルシンキ線の機材で使用していたが、これも間もなくして同社からの旅客型MD-11の退役に伴い機材が変更され乗り入れが消滅した。現在貨物機ではユナイテッド・パーセル・サービスやフェデラルエクスプレス、ルフトハンザカーゴなど多数の航空会社が日本へ乗り入れている。\n付記.\n事故.\nMD-11は第四世代ジェット旅客機（アドテク機）の中で最も事故発生率が高かった。実際、同世代のエアバスA330、エアバスA340やボーイング777、イリューシン96に比べると墜落や全損事故の確率が多く、しかもそのうち操縦ミスが原因の事故が4件をしめている。また巡航中に乱高下する重大インシデントも発生していることから操縦系統が敏感すぎることが原因であったといわれている。操縦特性の項目でも触れているように、同等機に比べてMD-11は「操縦が難しい」機体という意見もある。\n全損事故.\n2016年現在、MD-11の全損事故は10件発生している。そのうちフェデックス・エクスプレスの事故だけでも3件を占めており、いずれも着陸時の事故である。また、機内火災1件以外の9件はいずれも離着陸時に発生しており、うち3件は横転している。\nその他の事故.\nほかにも墜落には至らなかったが、巡航中に不安定となって死傷者を出した事故も発生している。\n", "閘門（こうもん）は、水位の異なる水面をもつ河川や運河、水路に設けられる船を通航させるための施設。異なる水位間に水位が変化しうる一区画を設けて区画内の船を上下できるようにした設備を水閘、水閘を区画するための界壁を閘門という場合もある。\n水閘と閘門.\n上下の異なる水位間を船が航進する方法の一つが水閘で、水閘は異なる水位間に水位が変化しうる一区画を設け、その中に船舶を進めて水を出し入れすることで一方の水位に合わせて上下するようにした設備をいう。水閘は両側壁と閘底からなる。この水閘を区画するための界壁を閘門という。\n水閘の種類.\n有室閘.\n上下2つの異なる水位間に閘室と呼ばれる区画を備え、閘室の前後に隔壁となる閘門の類を有し、閘室内の水位を上下させて外側の水位と等しくすることができる水閘を有室閘という。\n船渠単閘.\n船渠に使用される水閘の一種で、船渠内の水位を保つために船渠外の海水の水位が船渠内の水位よりも高い場合に、閘門を開放して自由に船が出入りできるようになっているが、その他の場合には閘門を閉鎖しておくもの。有室閘の前室に相当するもののみで、閘室と後室が欠けている構造で、船の出入りが頻繁でない船渠の場合に用いられる。一対の閘門で高低の水位を隔離するものを単床閘（単閘）といい、船渠内の水位を保つための船渠単閘も単床閘（単閘）だが、水位が内高外低のときは閉鎖し、外高内低のときは開放しておく。\n潮閘.\n堤防の樋門と同じく外側に向かってのみ閉鎖できるもので、稀に高水位となるときのみ閉鎖され、その他のときは常時開放しておくものを保障閘または潮閘という。外海の高潮を遮断するための潮閘も、一対の閘門で高低の水位を隔離する単床閘（単閘）で、水位が外高内低のときは閉鎖し、内高外低のときは開放しておく。\n二重有室閘.\n有室閘の両端に二対の閘門を備えているもので、高水位がいずれかにあっても差し支えなく自在に通行できるようにしたものを二重有室閘という。\n階閘.\n落差が大きい場合に水閘を連続して階段状に配置したもので、上の水閘の後部閘門が下の水門の前部閘門となっているものを階段水閘または階閘という。\n並行閘.\n水閘を並べて設置する場合を並行閘といい、パナマ運河も並行式の水閘である。\nその他の水閘.\nその他特殊な形状の水閘に、扇状閘や釜状閘、水槽に船を浮かべて昇降する槽閘がある。\n基本的な構成.\n単に水閘というときは有室閘をいう。有室閘には3つの要素がある。\n動作原理.\n下流から上流へ向かって船を航行させる場合には、以下のような手順を採る。\n上流から下流へ向かって船を航行させる場合は、この逆の手順を採る。どちらの向きに航行するときでも、閘室内の水位を上流側に合わせるときは水を上流側から閘室内に注ぎ込み、閘室内の水位を下流側に合わせるときは水を閘室内から下流側に排出する。したがって常に水は高いほうから低いほうに流れるので、動力による揚水の必要はなく、給排水装置の扉を開閉するだけでよい。\n通常の閘門における水の給排水速度は、水位にして1 - 3 cm/秒程度に設計され、それより速いと船の動揺の問題が起きる。一般的な閘門では、閘門扉を開きまたは閉鎖するためには0.5分程度、船が閘門に入るためには6分程度、閘門から出るためには5分程度、給排水には5分程度、その他に9分程度かかり、合計すると1隻の船が通過するために26分程度となる。これは閘門扉の形状や給排水装置の能力、周辺の水路の設計などにも依存する。また、下流側から船が来たのに閘室内の水位が上流側になっている場合は、まず水位を低下させる必要があるので、その分の待ち時間も増えることになる。このことを考えると、上下の船が交互に閘門を通航するのが最も効率が良くなる。\n水閘の構造.\n簡単のため、この節では閘室の両端に閘門扉を備えた、基本的な方式の閘門について説明する。後の節でその派生形を説明する。\n図に一般的な閘門の平面図および断面図を示す。図のAとCが扉室と呼ばれる部分で、Bが閘室と呼ばれる部分である。この例では扉室にはそれぞれマイターゲートが備えられている。この図では左側が上流となっており、このため左側に山形になるように扉が組み合わせられている。これは水圧が扉を押し付けて閉じられるようになっているからである。Aの方を前扉室あるいは上流扉室、Cの方を後扉室あるいは下流扉室と呼ぶ。\n閘門扉が閉じられたときに、水密を保ち扉を支えるために、底から飛び出している図中cの部分を閘門閾と呼ぶ。また前扉室と閘室の間の底にdで示す段差があり、この部分を階壁と呼ぶ。閘門扉が開いたときにこれを収めるeで示す壁の窪みを戸袋と呼ぶ。hで示した上流側と下流側の水位差を閘程あるいは揚程と呼ぶ。この閘門の有効長は、aからbまでの距離で与えられる。また有効深さは水面から閘門閾までの深さで決定され、これを閾深と呼ぶ。\n閘室.\n閘室（こうしつ）は閘門の主要部分で、船を収容して閘室内の水位を上下させるようにできている。石や煉瓦、鋼鉄、コンクリートなどで造られた防水構造の囲いで、両端が閘門扉によって運河区から区切られている。\n閘室の大きさは、運河の設計で想定された最大の船舶の大きさに少しの動きの余裕を考えたものになっていることが多く、また時には一度に多くの船を通せるようにするためそれより大きく造られていることもある。通航する船に対して閘室有効長は運河用で3 - 10 m程度、河川用で4 - 10 m程度、閘室有効幅は運河用で0.2 - 1.5 m、河川用で0.3 - 1.5 m程度、深さは運河用で0.2 - 1.0 m程度、河川用で0.3 - 1.0 m程度の余裕をみる。また閘門上に橋を通したり、閘門扉を引揚扉にする場合などは、最高水位に対して4 - 4.5 m程度の余裕を持った高さに設置する。閘室内では船はとてもゆっくり進行するので、深さの余裕は運河区に比べて少なくてもよい。閘室の建設費用に最も影響するのは深さで、それに比べると長さや幅は大きく取りやすい。しかしむやみに大きな閘室にすると、1回の船の通航で消費する水の量が多くなるという問題がある。\n閘室の側面は側壁と呼ばれ、擁壁と同様の構造になっている。垂直な側壁を建設すると用地を節約でき、また1回の通航で消費する水を少なくできるが、圧力や重量に耐える頑丈な構造にする必要がある。傾斜した側壁にすると構造は簡単になるが、用地を多く必要とし1回の通航で消費する水が増加する。側壁には船の衝突に備えて防舷材を設置することがある。また船を陸上から引いて移動させることがあるので、曳舟道として側壁に段をつけることがある。これが特に大きくなると、パナマ運河のように機関車による牽引となる。他に側壁には閘室内の船舶との連絡などのために梯子か階段が設置される。\n階壁.\n前扉室の内側下部から閘室内へ狭く水平な張り出しが出ており、この部分の壁を階壁（かいへき）と呼ぶ。階壁は前扉室の底の部分が閘室側に露出しているものである（右の写真を参照）。船の端をこの張り出しに乗り上げさせることは、閘室内の水を抜く時に起きる危険の1つであるので、張り出しの先端の位置が白い線で閘門の脇に描かれている。張り出しの先端部分はカーブを描いていて、中央部分より両端部分が前へ張り出している。閘室の有効長はこの部分から、後扉室の閘門扉の可動範囲までとなる。\n扉室.\n扉室（ひしつ）は、閘門扉を設置して開閉させる土台になる部分である。閘門扉としてマイターゲートを使用するものでは、扉室の底にある閘門閾とゲートの回転部分を支える側壁の部分に強い力が働くので、それを考慮した頑丈な構造とする必要がある。引揚扉を使用する場合は、この部分に門形の塔を立ててゲートを上下させる機構を構成する。この重量を支えるために基礎を強固にする必要がある。また給排水のための暗渠とそれを操作するゲートが設置されることもある。\n閘門扉.\n閘門扉（こうもんぴ）は上流区と下流区から閘室を仕切る防水構造の扉である。閘門の材質には木製や鋼製などがある。\nまた、閘門の構造には斜接門扉と特殊門扉があり、後者には単旋門扉、起伏門扉、滑動門扉、回旋浮函、自在浮函、昂上門扉、没入門扉、象眼門扉、跳開門扉などがある。\n最も一般的に用いられるのはマイターゲート（mitre gate、斜接扉または合掌扉） と呼ばれ、イタリアのPhilippe Marie Viscontiによって1440年に発明されたものである。マイターゲートは垂直方向に回転軸があり、閉じると両側の扉が上流方向に対して山形に角度が付いた状態で合わさり、わずかな水位差でも水圧によって閘門扉がきっちりと閉じられるようになっている。これにより、隙間から水が漏れてくることを防ぎ、また水位差が付いている時に閘門扉が開いてしまうことも防げるようになっている。閘室が上流区と同じ水位になっていないときは上流側の閘門扉は完全に閉じられ、閘室が下流区と同じ水位になっていないときはなっていない時は下流側の閘門扉は完全に閉じられている。つまり通常の運用では、閘室の両側を同時に開けることはできない。\nマイターゲートは構造が簡単であるため閘門扉として最も広く用いられてきた形式であるが、閘程が大きくなると水密を完全に実現できないこと、扉室に扉の回転軸の圧力がかかること、常に水中にある可動部が存在して保守に手間が掛かること、土砂が堆積すると開閉が不完全になること、地盤の不等沈下に弱いこと、給排水時間が長くかかることなどの数々の欠点もある。また潮汐があるなどで水位の高い側が逆転することがあると、マイターゲートは開いてしまって用を成さなくなるので、反対方向を向けたマイターゲートも設置しなければならなくなり建設費用が高くつく。\n閘門扉として引揚扉（スライドゲートまたはローラーゲート）を用いることもある。引揚扉は扉を垂直に上に持ち上げて開ける構造で、持ち上げるために扉室には門形の塔が建設されている。複数枚の板を組み合わせて扉を構成することもあり、これは塔の高さを低く抑えるために用いられる。引揚扉を利用すると、扉室の長さを短くすることができて、これにより水も節約することができる。マイターゲートより水密を保ちやすく、またマイターゲートのように回転軸に掛かる力が扉室に働かないので側壁の構造を単純にできる。潮汐があっても1枚の扉で済む。さらに扉を完全に水上に引き揚げることができるので、点検や保守を楽にできるといった利点がある。一方引き揚げ用の塔を建設する費用がかかり、また扉を引き揚げる高さが船の高さを制約するという欠点がある。\nテンターゲート（ラジアルゲート、セクターゲート、扇形扉）は回転軸が水平方向にあり、円弧状の扉を回転させて開閉するもので、構造が簡単で丈夫であり、応力的に安定であるといった利点があるが、閘門扉としては水面からのクリアランスを確保しづらいため用いられる例は少ない。シャッターゲート（フラップゲート）は扉室の床に水平方向に回転軸があり、開いているときは床に扉体が寝かされており、閉じるときにこれを引き起こす構造のもので、側壁に大きな力が掛からないという利点があるが、回転部分が常に水中にあって補修が困難で、また船が竿をさして通航するときはこれによってゲートが損傷してしまう危険が大きいという問題がある。浮戸は大きな1枚の扉を水に浮かせて移動させる構造のもので、扉室の脇に大きな戸袋を造ってそこに引き込むことで開ける。戸袋のために扉室が大きくなる欠点があるが、ドックや大型の海洋運河の閘門などで採用されることがある。回転セクターゲートという、垂直に回転軸があって横に回転して水路を仕切る閘門扉もあり、イングランドでは、リッブル・リンク () の海側の閘門と、ライムハウス・ベースン () のテムズ川へ通じる閘門で使われている。かなり巨大なものとしてはロッテルダムの洪水防止用のものがある。\n上流・下流の閘門扉の種類が違っていることもある。マイターゲートの閘門扉のうち一方だけが引揚扉に置き換えられることもある。例えばサルターヘッブル閘門 (Salterhebble Locks) では、最下流側の閘門の下流側の閘門扉のバランスビームの動作する空間が、橋の拡幅によって制限されることになったため引揚扉に置き換えられた。ニーン川 () では、多くの閘門がこの配置となっており、洪水の時には上流側のマイターゲートを開け、下流側の引揚扉も開けた状態にして、閘室がオーバーフロー対策の水門として機能するようにしている。\n開閉装置.\n開閉装置（かいへいそうち）は、閘門扉を開閉する装置である。古くから人力によりマイターゲートの開閉が行われてきた。近年では電力や蒸気力、水力などの駆動装置によるものが一般的で、特に電力を利用したものが多い。動力駆動装置があるものでも、予備として人力で開閉できるようになっていることが一般的である。マイターゲートの開閉には、ゲートの上部に開閉桿（かいへいかん）という棒を取り付けて、これに鎖を巻き取る装置や歯車を使って回転させる装置などを組み合わせて、人力または動力によってこれを駆動するようになっている。引揚扉の場合は上からワイヤーで扉を吊るしており、これを巻き上げ、巻き降ろして開閉する。扉の重量を相殺するカウンターウェイトが反対側についていて、少ない力で動作できるようにされていることが一般的である。\n人力でマイターゲートを開閉する場所では、バランスビームが取り付けられている場合がある。これは曳舟道の上を通り陸側から伸びている長い腕である。重い閘門扉を開閉するためのてことなるだけでなく、閘門扉を簡単に開閉できるように閘門扉の重量の釣り合いを取っている。\n給排水装置.\n給排水装置は、上流区から閘室に、あるいは閘室から下流区に水を流すための装置である。\n閘門扉に穴が開けられていて、この部分に別の扉をつけて開閉できるようにすることで水を給排水する構造のものは、構造が単純であり古くから利用されてきた。しかし閘室内に流れ込む水が船を動揺させる問題がある。また閘門扉の構造上、一定以上の大きさの穴を開けることができないので、給排水に時間が掛かる。ただし、後述する暗渠を設けることによって構造物の強度問題が発生することを避けるために、新しい大型の閘門において水勢を弱める機構を取り付けて採用される例がある。しかし水流が渦をなすことになるため、閘門扉や閘室の底の強度を確保しなければならない。水勢を弱める機構と組み合わせるときは、引揚扉については上下流両方に採用することがあるが、マイターゲートについては下流側のみに採用するのが普通である。\n現代の閘門で一般的に広く使用されているのは閘渠（こうきょ）を利用した方式である。これは扉室と閘室の側面または底面に暗渠を設置して、その途中に給排水用扉を設けて開閉し給排水するものである。閘室内の暗渠の口は、給水時にも排水時にも兼用する設計が普通である。船の動揺を抑えるために、閘室の側面に多数分散させて閘渠の口を設けることで、水の勢いを分散させるように設計することもある。閘室の底にも閘渠の口を配置するとさらに勢いを抑えることができるが、工事が複雑になり工費が高くつくという問題がある。閘渠の断面は一般に矩形かその上部をアーチ状にしたものとなっている。\n閘門扉として引揚扉を用いた閘門では、引揚扉をわずかに開けることで給排水するものがある。この場合水の勢いを弱める設備が必要とされる。閘渠を用いないため、側壁の構造を単純にできる。\n水の流入・流出は通常重力式であるが、とても大きな閘門ではポンプを使ってスピードアップしていることもある。\n給排水用扉.\n閘門扉の給排水口あるいは閘渠には、給排水を制御するための扉が付けられている。この扉には引揚扉やテンターゲート、回転ゲートなどが一般に用いられる。\n巻き上げ装置.\nリーズ・アンド・リバプール運河では、異なる種類の巻き上げ装置が多数ある。パドルの上部に取り付けられた、ねじを通された棒を水平で大きな蝶ネジを回すことによって開けるようになっているものがある。他には長い木製の棒を持ち上げて、閘渠を塞いでいる木板を操作するようになっているものもある。これはジャック・クラフス (jack cloughs) と呼ばれている。下流側の閘門扉のパドルには、一般的な垂直に持ち上げるものではなく、水平なラチェットによって木板を横にスライドさせるものもあった。これらの多くの特異なパドルは次第に「近代化」されて、稀なものになってきている。コールダー・アンド・ヘッブルナビゲーション () では、コールダー・アンド・ヘッブル・ハンドスパイクと称する長さ3フィートほどの棒を、地面の高さに水平の軸を持った穴付き歯車に繰り返し挿し込んでは回すことでパドルを操作するようになっているものがある。モンゴメリー運河 () の一部分では、底のパドルが側面パドルの位置で操作できるようになっている。閘門扉の脇を迂回して閘渠が閘室内に通じているのではなく、運河の底に埋められた閘渠を通じて水が流れるようになっている。このパドルは水平にスライドする。\nその他の関連施設.\n閘門の側壁には、船が係留するために必要な設備があるほか、防衝材をつけて側壁への衝突を防いでいる。\n閘門を利用する船舶に合図するために、扉室付近に信号装置を取り付けることがある。また現在の水位を示すための量水標が取り付けられていることもある。夜間にも船舶を通航させるときは、照明設備が設置される。\n閘門の種類.\n各部の配置による分類.\n閘門は各部の配置によって、単扉室閘門、複扉室閘門、複式閘門、階段式閘門、並列閘門に分類することができる。\n単扉室閘門.\n単扉室閘門（たんぴしつこうもん）は、扉室が閘室の片側に1個あるのみで、閘室内部がドックになっているものである。水位差のある水路間を航行する目的ではなく、海や河口付近の港に設けられ、潮汐による水位差の影響を受けずに船の貨物扱いなどを行えるようにするものである。\n複扉室閘門.\n複扉室閘門（ふくひしつこうもん）は、単扉室閘門に対して言う言葉で、閘室の両側に1つずつの扉室を持つ通常の閘門を指す。\n複式閘門.\n複式閘門（ふくしきこうもん）は、海の潮汐や水位が変わることがある川に運河が合流するなどにより、閘門の両側での水位差が逆転することがある場所に設けられる閘門である。閘門扉として多く用いられるマイターゲートは水位の高い側に向けて設置する必要があり、水位が逆転すると扉が開いてしまい用を成さなくなる。そのため反対側を向けたマイターゲートも設置しなければならない。通常と水位差が逆になったときに船の通航を中止するならば、どちらか一方の扉室に逆向きのマイターゲートを追加して備えればよい。水位差が逆になったときも船の通航を続けたいときには、両方の扉室に2対のマイターゲートを必要とすることになる。このとき、外側の扉室を外扉室、内側の扉室を内扉室と呼ぶ。閘門扉として引揚扉を使用する場合は扉を増やす必要はないが、双方向から水圧がかかることに備えた設計をする必要がある。\n並列閘門.\n並列閘門（へいれつこうもん）または双閘（そうこう）は、2つの閘門を横に並べて建設したものである。船の通航量が多くて1つでは捌ききれない場合などに設置される。閘室の側壁を共用にすることで建設費を抑えることができる。並列化することで、混雑時の待機時間を短くしたり、自分にとって都合のよい状態になっている閘室を見つけやすかったりする。また2つの閘門を異なる大きさで建設することで、小さな船を通航させるために大きすぎる閘門を使って水を無駄遣いすることを避けることもできる。\n階段形閘門.\n階段形閘門（かいだんがたこうもん）は、大きな閘程を実現するために複数の閘門を直列に並べて、上流側の閘門の後扉室が下流側の閘門の前扉室を兼ねるようにしたものである。\n設置場所による分類.\n閘門には河川等の運河に設ける閘門と港湾に設ける閘門がある。内地運河と海船運河を問わず運河に付属する水閘を運河閘、河川の堰に設けるものを河閘、潮汐の影響を免れるために設けるものを海閘ということもある。\nストップ・ロック.\nストップ・ロック（stop lock、「遮断閘門」）は、2つの異なる互いに競合する運河の交点に建設されて、水が流出してしまうのを防ぐ、とても小さな落差の閘門である。\nイギリスの運河網が競争的だった時代には、既に存在する運河会社は新しい隣接運河が接続することを拒否することがよくあった。このためにバーミンガムのウースター・バー (Worcester Bar) では、ほんの1フィートしか離れていないのに競合運河の船へ貨物を積み替えなければならなかった。\n既存の運河会社が新しい運河との接続に利点を見出したり、新設の運河会社が設立認可の法案に接続を必須とする条項を押し込むことに成功したりして、運河が接続されることになると、既存の会社は水源を守り、あるいは場合によっては拡張しようと考え始める。通常、交点では新しい側の運河は既存の運河より高い位置になるように指定された。新旧運河の水位差がわずか数インチであっても、ストップ・ロックと呼ばれる閘門が必要とされた。なぜなら、新しい運河から既存運河へ水が流れ出し続けるのを防ぐ必要があるからである。この閘門は新設の会社の管理下に置かれ、当然ながら新設運河側が上流になっている。これにより新しい運河の水源を守るが、しかしながら必然的に船が通航するたびに既存の運河会社に閘門1杯分の水を差し出すことになる。水が過剰な時には当然ながら既存運河に対して水を連続的に流したままにする。\n水位が変化するために常に新設運河の水位が高いことが保証できない場合には、既存会社も同じようにストップ・ロックを、独自の管理下で自分の運河側が上流になるような向きで建設し、新設運河の水位が下がった時には閉鎖するようになっていた。これにより、互いに異なる向きになっている閘門が連続して現れることになる。マックルスフィールド運河の南端が、先に存在していたトレント・アンド・マージー運河のホール・グリーン支線 () に合流するキッズグラブ () 近郊のホール・グリーン (Hall Green) に例がある。ストラットフォード＝アポン＝エイボン運河 () とウースター・アンド・バーミンガム運河 () の間のキングス・ノートン接続点 (Kings Norton Junction) の4つの閘門扉を持つストップ・ロックは、どちらの水位が高くても水を遮断するギロチンロックの組み合わせに1914年に置き換えられた。これらのゲートは国有化に伴って常時開けた状態にされている。\n1948年の国有化後、多くのストップ・ロックは撤去されたり、単独の閘門扉に改造されたりした。ホール・グリーンのストップ・ロックは残ったが、単独の閘門となった。トレント・アンド・マージー運河の頂点にある水路の水位が、ヘアカッスルトンネルの水面上の高さを改善するために下げられて、マックルスフィールド運河より常に低いことが保証されたため、余分の閘門は撤去された。ホール・グリーン支線は現在ではマックルスフィールド運河の延長であると考えられるようになっており、トレント・アンド・マージー運河とヘアカッスルトンネルの北側出口のすぐ近くにあるハーディングス・ウッド接続点 () で合流する。\n新しい運河の側が高く、というルールは鉄則ではないことは注意しなければならない。例えば、1835年に建設されたバーミンガム・アンド・リバプール運河（Birmingham and Liverpool canal、現在はシュロップシャー・ユニオン運河 () の一部）が、1772年に建設されたスタッフォードシャー・アンド・ウーセスターシャー運河に合流するとても浅いオーサーリー合流点 () などがある。水路に関するニコルソン・ガイドによれば、シュロップシャー・ユニオン運河側から来る船は、より古いスタッフォードシャー・アンド・ウーセスターシャー運河に入る時に閘門を上る方向に通過するので、新しい運河であるシュロップシャー・ユニオン運河の方が船を通過させるたびに閘門1杯分ずつの水を受け取ることになる。しかしながら、両方の閘門扉を同時に開けることもできるくらい水位差はとても小さいので、得られる水はとても少量である。\nドロップ・ロック.\nドロップ・ロック（drop lock、「降下閘門」）は、高さの低い橋のような障害物の下を船が通過する間だけ運河の短い区間の水位を下げておくような目的で使われる。使われていなかった運河を修復する際に、運河が使われなくなってから建設された構造物を取り除いたり持ち上げたりすることが不可能であったり高くついたりして、かつ運河の経路変更が不可能なような場合には、ドロップ・ロックを使うことに検討の余地がある。\nドロップ・ロックは2つの通常型閘門を、排水池側を下にして配置したものか、あるいは1つの長い排水池を備えた閘室を持った閘門で構成されている。正式には後者の方がドロップ・ロックである。ドロップ・ロックの両端は同じ水位なので、この閘門の中の水を抜くためには閘室内から水をより下流の川や運河へ流しだしてしまう他ない。あるいはより水の消費を少なくするためには、汲み上げて元の運河に戻す必要がある。2つの閘門を持った方式では、バイパス排水管を造って遮られている区間を迂回して水を流し、より下流の閘門に水を供給できるようにする必要がある。単一閘門タイプでは、閘門内を水で満たして、使わない間は閘門扉を開けたままにしておくことでこれを実現できる。\n多くの場所でドロップ・ロックの考えが提唱されてきたが、世界で唯一実際に建設されたドロップ・ロックはスコットランドのフォース・アンド・クライト運河 () のダルムア (Dalmuir) にあるものである。この単独閘門タイプのドロップ・ロックは運河の修復に際して、交通量の多い道路にあった跳ね橋が頻繁に使われて交通を妨害するという批判に応えて、跳ね橋を固定橋に取り替えることを可能にするために導入された。閘門の排水はポンプで行うことができるが、かなりの電気を使うので、水の供給量が十分な時は近くの川に水を流しだすことで排水している。このページでドロップ・ロックの操作の様子の一連の写真を見ることができる。同じようなものが、ドロイトウィッチ運河 () の一部区間の復旧に際して建設される予定である。\nフラッド・ロック.\nフラッド・ロック（flood lock、「洪水閘門」）は、川に接続された水路を洪水から守るためのものである。通常、川から運河が分岐する地点に建設される。通常の川の水位では、閘門扉は常に開けた状態になっており、運河の水位は川の水位と共に上下する。\n運河の安全上の限界を超えて川の水位が上昇すると、川の水位が下がるまで閘門扉が閉鎖されて閘門となる。これは通常の閘門であるので、水位差があっても運河から洪水になっている川へ（あまり賢明なことではないが）船を乗り出すことができ、また逆に洪水になっている川から運河へ船を避難させることもできる。\n運河が同じ川の2箇所をつないでいる航行用水路である場合には、フラッド・ロックは運河の上流側に設置され、下流側には通常の閘門が設置される。\n単なるフラッド・ゲートとして使われているフラッド・ロックは、修理しなければ機能しなくなっていることが多い。実際の商業目的に使われていない水路のように、洪水が起きている川に船を出し入れするような目的に費用を投じる必要がない水路では、外側の閘門扉だけが洪水に際して閉鎖されることが多く、その場合内側の閘門扉はすぐに保守されなくなって動作しなくなる。例としてはコールダー・アンド・ヘッブル・ナビゲーションがあり、ボート・ガイドにはフラッド・ロックと記載されているが、単に洪水を防ぐ目的にのみ使われており、洪水が起きている時に船を出し入れするために使うことはできない。\nフラッド・ゲート.\nフラッド・ゲート（flood gate、「洪水閘門扉」）、あるいはストップ・ゲート (stop gate) は、フラッド・ロックより安価な同等物である。1つの閘門扉だけがあり、川の水位が高くなると閉鎖されて船の通航はできなくなる。これはフランスの内陸水路では一般的である。フラッド・ゲートは長い運河を複数の区間に分割する目的に使われたり、あるいは堤防が決壊した時に運河の水位より低い周辺地域に浸水することを防ぐために使われたりする。長い築堤や高架水路の両端によく見られる。こうした閘門扉は、開閉棹を備えておらず運河の水位よりちょっと高い程度なので、しばしば見落とされる。\nシー・ロック.\n運河や川を直接入り江や浜と接続しているのがシー・ロック（sea lock、「海洋閘門」）である。シー・ロックは全て潮汐がある。\nタイダル・ロック.\nタイダル・ロック（tidal lock、「潮汐閘門」）は、潮汐のある水域とない水域を結ぶ閘門である。これには、潮汐のある川とない川の間のもの、潮汐のある川と運河の間のもの、シー・ロックなどがある。しかしながら、普通はこの言葉は潮汐の状態によって運用に影響があるような閘門のことを特に指す。例としては、\n運河に設ける閘門.\n閘程.\n閘程（こうてい）あるいは揚程（ようてい）は、閘門によって実現される水位の差のことである。イングランドの運河にある閘門の中でもっとも揚程が大きいのは、ケネット・アンド・エイボン運河 () にあるバス閘門 () と、ロッチデール運河 () にあるトゥエル・レーン閘門 () で、およそ20フィートある。文献により正確な高さに差があるため、どちらがより大きなものであるかを保証することはできない。どちらの閘門も2つの閘門の組み合わせとなっており、交差する道路の変化に応じて運河が修理された時に組み合わされたものである。もっとも閘程の大きい建設された当初のままのイングランドの閘門はトレント・アンド・マージー運河 () にあるエトルリア・トップ閘門 (Etruria Top Lock) か、オックスフォード運河 () にあるサマートン・ディープ閘門 (Somerton Deep Lock) であると考えられ、どちらも14フィートほどの閘程がある。こちらについても文献により差があり、特にエトルリア閘門は地盤沈下に対処するために次第に深くなってきているため、どちらがより閘程が大きいかを確定することはできない。イングランドにおける典型的な閘程は7から12フィート程度で、それより低い閘門も見かけられる。\n運河区.\n2つの閘門間の運河の水平な部分を運河区という。また、ある閘門にとってそこから上流側にある運河区を上流運河区あるいは単に上流区、上区といい、下流側にある運河区を下流運河区あるいは単に下流区、下区という。閘門により船は上流運河区と下流運河区の間を移動する。\n水位.\n英語においては、閘室が上流側と同じ水位にある時にフル (full) といい、下流側と同じ水位にある時にエンプティ (empty) という。保守作業などのために閘室から完全に水が抜かれている状態もエンプティという可能性があるが、この状態に対する混乱を招かない表現はドレインド (drained) である。\nターニング・ア・ロック.\n英語でターニング・ア・ロック（turning a lock、「閘門を回す」）とは、フルの閘門をエンプティにする、あるいはエンプティの閘門をフルにするということを指す。\nロック・ムーアリング.\nロック・ムーアリング（lock mooring、「閘門繋留」）は、上流へ向かう船が閘門に進入する時によく使われる方法である。船が閘門扉のところに来た時に片側のよどみに向けて船を進め、閘門内の水の量が減少するにつれて水流により船がよどみから閘門扉の正面へと押し出される。これにより、閘門扉の正面に船を正確に誘導する苦労をしなくて済むようになる。\n水利用.\n閘門を使うことの主な問題は、1回の満水-空水のサイクルを繰り返すごとに、閘室1杯分の水（何万ガロンから何十万ガロンにもなる）が下流に放流されることである。簡単に言えば、ちょうど船に適した大きさの閘門を持つ運河で、船が最上流部から最下流部へ航行する際には、その船旅に閘室1杯分の水を伴っていることになる。反対方向へ航行する船もまた、閘室1杯分の水を上流側から下流側へ移動させる。運河が干上がってしまうのを防ぐためには、水が下流に放流されていく速度で常に水を運河最上流部へ補給できることを何らかの手段で保証しなくてはならない。これは当然ながら、河川水運に比べると分水界を越える人工的な運河により大きな問題となる。\n設計.\n運河を計画する際には、設計者は最高地点に大きな貯水池か、異なる水源から水を導く人工水路、湧き水や川ができるだけくるように試みる。\n汲み上げ.\n水の消費量に見合う自然の水補給量が得られないことが明らかな場合や、予想外の干ばつに備えるために、設計者は水を上流部へ汲み上げられるように計画することがある。当然ながらこうした対策は、設計の失敗が明らかになったり、予想以上の交通量の増加があったり、雨が不足したりといった場合に後から取られる事もある。より小規模には、このような汲み上げがある特定の場所で行われる。ケネット・アンド・エイボン運河では水を常にリサイクルしている閘門がある。\n節水装置.\n水を節約する単純な方法としては、閘門の数を増やすことが挙げられる。しかし閘門ごとに船と閘門の操作が必要なため、通過に要する時間が増える。これに代えて採られる方法が、閘門の上流区と下流区の中間に節水装置（節水池、節水槽）と呼ばれるため池を造ることである。このため池は、船が下流に向かう時に吐き出される水を蓄え、次に船が上流へ向かう時に閘室へ吐き出す。これにより1回の充排水サイクルで水が下流へ放流される量を減らすことができる。\n右の図では節水装置の水の流れを示している。この閘門には節水装置のため池が3つあり、上からA、B、Cとなっている。船が上流から下流へ向かう場合、これらのため池は空の状態である。閘室に船が入り、閘室内の水を下流へ流すときに、まず図の1の部分の水をAに流し込み、水位が下がってくると次に2の部分の水をBへ、さらに3の部分の水をCへ流す。最後の4と5の部分は下流区へ放流する。この後下流から上流へ向かう船が来たときには、Cのため池の水をまず閘室内に流し、続いてBの水を、そしてAの水を流し込む。最後の1と2の部分にだけ上流区からの水を入れる。これによってこの例では、1回のサイクルで必要とされる水を5分の2に減少させることができる。この過程でも常に水は上から下へ重力にしたがって流れるのみで、揚水は必要としていない。池の形状は浅くて広いことが望ましいため、英語ではbasin（浅い池、水盤）と呼ばれる。\n例を挙げると、1919年から1928年に掛けてドイツ、ハノーファーに建設されたヒンデンブルク閘門 (Hindenburg-lock) では、全長225メートルの2つの閘室を持ち、1回の充排水サイクルで42,000立方メートルの水を消費する。10個のため池を持つ節水装置を使うことにより、10,500立方メートルの消費量で済むようになる。2016年竣工のパナマ運河新閘門では、節水装置により約6割の水が再利用され、一隻通過時の消費水量の7%が節約される。\nイングランドの運河では、このため池はサイド・パウンド (side pound) と呼ばれ、これを操作する装置はしばしば赤く塗られている。これが有名な言葉、「赤の後に白を使えば大丈夫、白の後に赤を使うとあなたは死ぬ」 (Red before white, you're alright; white before red, you're dead) の元になっている。ただしこの言葉にある「死ぬ」ということは、機構自体の本質的な問題を指しているのではなく、（水を浪費してしまうことで）閘門管理者の怒りを招くということを指している。中間の運河区が短いフライト・ロックの中には、運河区が空になってしまわないように保証するため池とするために、脇に運河区を延長してあるものがある。この拡張された中間運河区は、しばしばサイド・パウンドと混同される。\n非常に大規模な閘門.\n世界最大の運河閘門は、ベルギー、アントウェルペンにあるBerendrecht閘門である。全長500メートル（1,640フィート）、幅68メートル（223フィート）、閘程13.5メートル、4つの引揚式閘門扉を備えている。閘門のサイズは、設計上の運用閘程の違いを考慮せずに比較することはできない。例えば、ローヌ川の閘門は最低23メートルの閘程があり、アゼルバイジャンのオスケメン閘門は42メートルの閘程がある。閘門の総水量は長さ×幅×閘程で計算される。階段形閘門はなされる有効な仕事に対して必要とされる総水量を削減するために用いられる。有効な仕事は、船の重量と持ち上げられる高さに関係している。船が下がる時には、消費された水が失った位置エネルギーが考慮される。閘門の代替物としては、アンダートン船舶昇降機 () や、ベルギーのStrépy-Thieu boat liftなどでは、水の消費を主要なエネルギー源としては用いず、電動機によって駆動されて水の消費を最小限にするように設計されている。\nミシシッピ川にある29の閘門は、典型的には600フィート（180メートル）の長さで、一方タグボートと艀の組み合わせは、15隻の艀と1隻のタグボートで全長1,200フィート（360メートル）にもなる。この場合、一部の艀を切り離して閘門に入れて、閘門の弁を部分的に開けることで水流を作り出して動力のない艀を閘門から押し出し、後から閘門を通過してくるタグボートと艀の組み合わせと再結合するという手順で通過する。通過に1時間半ほどの時間が掛かる。\nハイラム・M・チッテンデン閘門.\n2004年11月、ハイラム・M・チッテンデン閘門（）の1つが、下に示した写真のように保守のために完全に空にされた。これは閘門の底の不透明な水のない状態で閘門の仕組みを見るよい機会となった。参考として、一番左の写真は、タグボートと砂や砂利を載せた艀が閘門扉の開くのを待っている、運用中の閘門を示している。この写真の左下には、閘門扉が開いた時に扉の収まる窪みが側壁に見られる。\nこの閘門には3組の閘門扉があり、閘門の両端に1つずつと中央に1つあり、閘門の長さ全部を必要としない時は中央のものを使うことで水を節約することができる。左から2番目の写真には底を歩いている人が映っており、この閘門の巨大さが分かる。閘門扉の写真には、底の両側に沿って閘渠の口が一列に並んでいるのが見える。閘門に重力によって流れ込み、流れ出す水はこの給排水管を通っている。閘門を満たし、あるいは空にするためには15分ほど掛かる。\n閘門の大きさによる船型の名前.\n閘門により通航可能な船の最大サイズが制約されるため、重要な運河が標準的な船型の名前となっている。\n中国の閘門.\n中国の長江にある三峡ダムでは、2つの5段階段形閘門があり、10,000トンの船が通行できる。これに加えて1回の動作で3,000トンの船を昇降させることのできる船舶用エレベーターが2016年7月より稼働している。\n日本の閘門.\n日本にも数多くの閘門が存在し、いまも稼働している。明治から戦前に完成した閘門は、重要文化財や産業遺産などに指定されているものも多い。\n２基の水門（Flash Gate) が対峙しているが閘門式とは言えない。閘門式は Gate に取り付けられた Paddle と呼ばれる小窓または配管で上下の閘室または水域の水位を等しくした後 Gate を開けて船が次の水域に出る。水位が等しいので労力（動力）は小さくて済む。見沼通船堀は、水位の調整をせず20人もの人力で流れに逆らって曳き上げる（または下ろす）方式で、閘門式で求められる大きな特徴(両水域の水位が等しいので流れに逆らわない）を満足していない。\n歴史と発展.\nダムと堰.\n古代には、河川交通が一般的であったが、河川にはもっとも小さな船でもなければ運ぶことが困難なほど浅い場所がしばしばあった。古代の人々は、ダムを建設して川の水位を上げることで、より大きな船を運航できるようになることを発見した。ダムの背後の水は、ダムの上を水がこぼれ落ちて堰になるところまで深くなる。そして大きな船を運航できるくらい水深が深くなる。このダム構造物は川に沿って、十分な水深が確保できるまで繰り返し造られた。\nフラッシュ・ロック.\nしかしながら、これは船を水の段差を越えてどうやって移動させるかという問題を生み出した。初期にはフラッシュ・ロック（）という粗雑なやり方でこれに対処した。フラッシュ・ロックはダムに小さな裂け目を作り、それを素早く開けたり閉めたりするものである。イングランドのテムズ川では、裂け目に垂直な柱を立てて、これに裂け目を塞ぐ板を置いていた。\n裂け目が開けられると、水がどっと流れ出し、下る方向の船が水流によって引き出され、逆に上る方向の船は人が引っ張ったりウィンチを使ったりして流れに逆らって上った。船が通過すると裂け目はすぐに塞がれた。これは、奔流を作り出して岸に乗り上げている船を離岸させるためにも使われ、その名前の由来となった。\nこの仕組みは特に古代の中国でよく使われ、世界中の他の多くの地域でも見られた。しかしこの方法は危険で、多くの船が奔流によって沈んでしまった。この方法では必然的に堰の上流の水位の低下をもたらすために、水流に頼っていた製粉業者にとっては不評であった。これは法的にも物理的にも、川の流れを船の航行に使いたい側と製粉に使いたい側とで紛争を引き起こし、水が不足すると河川航行は停止されることになった。中国やイングランドでは、主としてこの紛争が原因で、少ない水の消費で航行ができるパウンド・ロックが適用されることになった。\nストーンチ.\nより洗練された装置は、ストーンチ (staunch) とかウォーター・ゲート (water gate) と呼ばれるもので、水門かマイター・ゲートの対でできていて、川の水位が低い時は閉鎖して水圧により閉めたままにしておくことができ、水位が低い時でも上流の浅い場所で船を浮かせることができるようにする。しかしながら、船が通過する時には上流側の水は排水管など何らかの補助装置により前もって抜く必要がある。製粉用の堰が通過すべき障害である時にはこの方法は用いられなかった。\nパウンド・ロック.\nストーンチの自然な拡張は、上流側に水門を追加して、船が通過する時にそこだけ空にすれば済むようにすることである。この方式の閘門はパウンド・ロックと呼ばれ、古代の中国や中世のヨーロッパ、間接的な証拠によればローマ帝国でも使われていた可能性がある。言葉の変化について注意すれば、イギリスの運河では、閘門の間の運河の区間のことをパウンドと呼ぶ。\n異なる水位の航進方法.\n上下の異なる水位間を船が航進する方法には、水閘のほかに、船と水を入れた槽ごと昇降させることで異なる水位を接続させる昇降槽や、傾斜した軌道を使って船を運ぶ斜路もある。斜路を使った船の移動は本来は川船の曳き上げや曳き下ろしに用いられた方法であり、海船が修繕のために用いる船架と同じ理屈のものである。\nインクライン.\nインクラインは斜路を使って船を昇降するための装置で車輪付きの台車を使ってレール上を運ぶドライ方式と水を入れたタンクに船を浮かべてレール上を運ぶウェット方式がある。\n初期のインクラインは台車を用いるドライ方式だった。台車は引き上げ船台 （marine railway、）という。\n紀元前1000年頃の古代中国には人力あるいは家畜で引っ張って小舟を引き上げる装置が存在した。17世紀にはヨーロッパで車輪付きの台車を使った装置が提案されるようになった。19世紀初頭、運河を航行する船は馬によって曳かれる木造の艀（はしけ）だったため石造の斜路を簡単に移動でき、動力はさらに水力や蒸気機関も使われるようになった。しかし、初期のドライ方式のインクラインは、19世紀後半になるとイギリスでの鉄道の発展による運河時代の終焉で発展がみられなくなり、蒸気船の大型化で運搬も困難となっていたが、水を張ったタンクに船を入れて台車で運ぶウェット方式が使われるようになった。\nボート・リフト.\n世界で最初の回転式ボート・リフト () である、ファルカーク・ホイールは、ユニオン運河とフォース・アンド・クライド運河 () を修復する上で最重要項目となった。劇的な「ホイール」は、かつて双方の運河を結び1930年に埋め戻されたフライト・ロックを代替する21世紀の解決策を示した。フォールカーク・ホイールは、新しい閘門を設計するコンペで勝った設計であった。もともとの階段形閘門で運航されていた時に比べ、ホイールを使った船旅では100フィートの高さをわずか数分で移動できるようになった。\nビクトリア朝時代に世界で最初に建設された垂直ボート・リフトである、トレント・アンド・マージー運河とチェシャーのウィーバー川 () を結ぶ、アンダートンボート・リフトは、近年修理されている。世界で一番高いボート・リフトであるベルギーのStrépy-Thieu boat liftは、1,350トンの船を73.15メートル上げ下げする。\nケーソン・ロック.\n1800年頃、イングランドのサマーセット・コール運河 () にケーソン・ロック () を使うことが、ロバート・ウェルドン（Robert Weldon）によって提案された。この水中リフトは、閘室の長さが80フィート、深さが60フィートで、中に艀を運べる大きさの完全に密封された木製の箱が収められていた。この箱がプールの中を60フィート（18.2メートル）上下する。避けられない水漏れを除けば、閘室内から水が出て行くことはなく、運用することによる水の消費はない。その代わりに、船は箱に進入してドアを閉めて密封し、箱自体が水中を上下する。閘室の底に箱が到達した時、箱は60フィートの水の底にあり、およそ3気圧の水圧が掛かることになる。この閘門の1つはプリンス・リージェント（摂政、後のジョージ4世）に披露するために建設されたが、多くの技術的な問題があり、サマーセット・コール運河に実際に用いられることはなかった。しかしながら、1817年頃、リージェンツ運河 () の、ロンドンの北のこんにちカムデン閘門 () のある位置にこのケーソン・ロックが建設された。ここでも水の補給問題が動機となった。サマーセットの例に比べれば水位差はずっと小さかったものの、このシステムは間もなく通常方式の閘門に置き換えられた。商業的に成功したケーソン・ロックは今までのところ存在していない。\nダイアゴナル・ロック.\nこの新しいダイアゴナル・ロック（diagonal lock、「対角閘門」）という閘門の設計は、まだどの水路にも設置されていない。この提案は、運ぼうとする船に合わせられた大きさのコンクリートで造られた長いチューブを傾斜に沿って上流側と下流側を結ぶように建設する。チューブの下流側には強力な防水ドアを備え、上流側にはチューブの奥側の壁から船の長さ分だけ離れた位置に通常の水門を備えている。船の上下はチューブに上流側から水を流し込み、あるいは流しだすことで行われる。船は、ガイド用のチューブの形に合わせられた浮きやポンツーンと一緒に水の表面に浮いており、チューブの表面からの距離を保って浮くようになっている。メインのチューブから配管されているサイド・パウンドが協力して水を節約する仕組みになっている。従来のフライト・ロックや階段形閘門を置き換えることで、かなりの時間節約となることが期待されている。信頼性に疑問のあるケーソン・ロックの設計と比べて、水中に潜るケーソンの中に船を入れて運ばないというところが違っている。\nダイアゴナル・ロック・アドバイザリー・グループ (Diagonal Lock Advisory Group) がイギリスにおいて、新しい水路や従来の運河の修復の両方で、この新しい仕組みを設置できる場所をいくつかイギリスで発見している。ランカスター運河 () のケンダル () への修復や、グランド・ユニオン運河のベドフォード () とミルトン・キーンズ () の間の新しく提案されている支線などで計画が検討されている。\n", "『バベルの塔』（バベルのとう）は、1986年7月18日に日本のナムコから発売されたファミリーコンピュータ用アクションパズルゲーム。「ナムコット ファミリーコンピュータゲームシリーズ」第16弾。\n旧約聖書の『創世記』に登場するバベルの塔をモチーフとしたゲームであり、主人公のインディー・ボーグナインを操作して塔の上階を目指す内容となっている。\n開発はナムコが行い、企画は同社のアーケードゲーム『スカイキッド』（1985年）を手掛けた永島洋武が担当、音楽は中潟憲雄、キャラクター・デザインは冨士宏が担当している。\n同年に任天堂VS.システム対応のアーケードゲームとして稼働された。1997年11月にはファンによって非公式ではあるがX68000向けに移植された他、2003年には携帯アプリにも移植されており、2006年に「裏バベルの塔」も移植された。2014年にWii Uのバーチャルコンソールで配信された際に、タイトルロゴが「BABEL」から「THE TOWER OF BABEL」に差し替えられた。2023年にNintendo Switchの『ファミリーコンピュータ Nintendo Switch Online』で配信された際に、海外向けにはタイトルロゴが『Mystery Tower』となっている。 \nゲーム内容.\nあらすじ.\nはるか昔、古代バビロニアの人々は、神に近づくことを夢見て高い塔の建造を試みた。それがバベルの塔となる。バビロニアの神々が地上に降臨するための「神の階段」、そして塔の頂上には、神々が地上に赴く時に立ち寄ると信じられた美しい空中庭園がつくられたという。バビロンの空中庭園に関しては古代世界の七不思議とされているが考古学者のインディー・ボーグナインは謎を解き明かす事に興味を持ち、塔の探検に出発する。\nシステム.\n全64面のフロアを、L字型のブロックを並べ替え、組み合わせて階段を作り、敵を回避しながら出口から脱出してクリアしていくゲーム。\nフロアによっては出口を封印する水晶玉が置かれており、それを全て回収しないと扉は開かない。\n主人公のインディーにはブロックを持ち上げる度に消費されるパワーが設定されており、ブロックを持ち上げられる回数が制限されているため、ブロックを並べ替える時にはよく考えて動かさなくてはならない。\nブロック操作の基本は、向きを変える、階段状に積む、積んだブロックを落とす、であり、これを更に発展させると半段差や半スペースを利用して、巧みにブロックを積んでいったり、下にあるブロックを引っこ抜くことで、階段状に積みあがった複数のブロックをそのまま落としたりすることができ、パズルとしての奥深さが増す。\n移動手段には上下左右に移動でき、ブロックも落とせるツタ、上下に移動する雲、左右に移動する絨毯がある。また、アイテムとしてパワーを回復させる壺（表のみ）、インディーのスピードを上げる王冠、ウル（後述）を5回潰すと現れ、一定時間無敵になるダイヤモンド、ブロックをすり抜けられるランプ、スピードが最高になるコメットがある。\n8面ごとに、「壁画の間」と呼ばれるフロアがある。そのフロアで特定の行動をしたときに現れる壁画「ビッグパスワード」があり、最終面クリア後にそれまで集めた8つのビッグパスワードを正確に入力しないとエンディングを見ることができない。このビッグパスワードを出すための条件はゲーム中では全く示されていない（攻略ヒントは一切無く、ひたすらプレイヤーの勘に頼るしかない）。\nタイトル画面でとあるコマンドを入力することにより「BABEL-PRO」というタイトル画面が青色の裏面（通称「裏バベルの塔」）をプレイすることができる。表面64面を難なくクリアできる人に適した難易度を誇り、壺でのパワー回復ができない分、より本格的なパズルを堪能できる（特に高難易度なのは，裏27面及び裏63面である。）。\nミス.\nインディーが以下の状況になったときはやられてミスとなり、残り数をひとつ失う。残り数が1のときにミスをするとゲームオーバーとなり、タイトル画面に戻る。\n得点.\n各フロアの出口にたどりついた後、得点計算モードになり、集計される。\n他機種版.\nナムコアンソロジー版.\nナムコアンソロジーのvol.1に収録されており、従来のFC版（クラシック版）とアレンジ版のバベルの塔をプレイできる。以下アレンジ版の特徴を挙げる。\nナムコアンソロジー版のみ、自分でステージを作れるエディット機能を搭載しており、ある条件を満たすことで遊べるようになる。FC版を踏襲したX68000版にもエディット機能は搭載されているが、本作ではより機能が豊富になっており、パワーは255まで設定可能、ウル、バベルズ、コウモリ、水晶玉、古文書などは合わせて32個まで置くことができる。また、24種類の背景を選ぶことができる。フロアはメモリーカードの容量だけ製作可能。一ブロック消費する。\n評価.\nゲーム誌『ファミリーコンピュータMagazine』の読者投票による「ゲーム通信簿」での評価は以下の通りとなっており、17.70点（満30点）と標準的な評価となったが、同雑誌1991年5月10日号特別付録の「ファミコンロムカセット オールカタログ」においてゲームの奥深さを指摘した他、他社のゲームと比較して安価であった事から「パズル好きに喜ばれた」と肯定的なコメントで紹介されている。また、ゲーム誌『ユーゲー 2003 Vol.07』において罰帝は、L字型の石が同じ方向に積みあがる事が物理法則を無視していると指摘した上で「神秘的なストーリーにマッチしていて雰囲気を盛り上げていた」と世界観に関して肯定的に評価した他、通常面と壁画の間のBGMが異なる事で「メリハリが利いている」と音楽面でも高評価を与えた。また、「ボリュームたっぷりの全64面をクリアしても、より難易度が高い『裏バベル』が登場し、さらに倍以上楽しめる」とコストパフォーマンスの高さに関して肯定的に評価している。\n", "デ・ハビランド・カナダ DHC-8（de Havilland Canada DHC-8）は、1980年代初頭にカナダのデ・ハビランド・カナダ社が開発した双発ターボプロップ旅客機である。1992年にデ・ハビランド・カナダ社はボンバルディア・エアロスペース社（Bombardier Aerospace）に買収されたがDHC-8の生産は続けられた。ただし、DHC-8の名称は“ダッシュ 8”（Dash 8）に変更された。また、1996年以降のものについては騒音・振動抑制装置が装備された低騒音型として、Q シリーズ（Quiet Series）という名称に再び変更され現在に至っている。総生産機数は800機以上である。\n日本の航空会社では、-100/-200がコミューター路線の大型化により1990年代後半から、またQ300/Q400がYS-11の後継機として2003年より地方路線を中心に運用されている。\n開発.\n世界初のジェット旅客機であるコメットの製造会社として、欧米で最も長い歴史を持つデ・ハビランド・エアクラフトのカナダ子会社「デ・ハビランド・カナダ」が開発した。\n前作・DHC-7はコミューター機として開発されたものであり、50名ほどを搭載できる機体のサイズや与圧された客室、強力なSTOL性能を有しながら騒音軽減が考慮されるなど市場に向いた設計であった。しかし4発機であったため、ほどなく登場した双発コミューター機と比べ価格や整備費の面で不利となり総生産数は113機で終わり、ビジネスとしては不振に終わった。顧客からはDHC-7の性能でより経済的な機体が求められた。デ・ハビランド・カナダは、改良型であるDHC-7-200の開発を予定していたが、取りやめとなり1979年にDHC-8として開発計画が公表された。1980年代からカナダ政府はデ・ハビランド・カナダを国有化した後ボーイングに売却、さらにボンバルディア・エアロスペースに売却されるなど会社再編が進行していたが計画は続行され、1983年7月20日に初飛行した。\nデ・ハビランド・カナダの清算後、型式証明はボンバルディア・エアロスペースが取得し改良型を生産している（後述）が、生産が終了していたDHC-8以前の機種に関する権利はバイキング・エアに売却された。DHC-8の製造権も2019年からバイキング・エアの系列企業として新設された2代目デ・ハビランド・カナダに移っている。\n機体概要.\n大まかな機体形状はDHC-7を踏襲し、主翼は直線翼で高翼配置である。主脚はエンジンナセル後部に収納される。全幅はDHC-7の28.35mに対し、25.58mとやや小さくなっており、コックピット周辺の形状も段差のないものに変更された。コミューター機としてSTOL性能を重視し、前縁フラップはないが二重隙間フラップを装備しており、これは翼幅の80%に達している。エンジンはターボプロップエンジンの双発である。DHC-7はPT-6（1,100軸馬力）4発であったが、DHC-8はプラット・アンド・ホイットニー・カナダ社製PW120（2,000馬力）2基搭載に変更されている。尾翼はT字尾翼で垂直安定板は前方にフィン（ドーサルフィン）が伸ばされているなど、大きなものである。方向舵は二重ヒンジ式であり、操縦性を高めている。客室は与圧されている。\nバリエーション.\nDHC-8にはいくつかのバリエーションがある。\nQ シリーズへの改良.\nボンバルディア ダッシュ8（Bombardier “Dash 8”）は、DHC-8を基にボンバルディア・エアロスペースが生産した派生型。\n1996年第二四半期から改良型のQシリーズに生産が移行し、シリーズ 200はQ200、シリーズ 300はQ300と改められた。また、シリーズ 300の胴体をさらに6.83メートル延長したQ400も登場し、最も大きなモデルとなった。この機体を記述するに当たってDHC-8-400や、Qを付加してDHC-8-Q400とされる場合が日本国内外を問わずよく見かける。これらについては姉妹機であるQ300やQ200でも同様である。2016年には貨物容量増加型改良機Q400CCが生産開始された。DHC-Q400CCとして日本の琉球エアーコミューターがローンチカスタマーとなった。現在製造されているのはQ400のみ。\n機体構成.\nコックピットの計器類も改められている。三菱重工業がリスクシェアリングパートナーとして開発に参加し、中胴、後胴、垂直尾翼、水平尾翼、昇降舵／方向舵、ドアなど全体の半分近くの設計・製造を行っている。三菱グループは製造協力を行っており、後に2015年のMRJ（現・Mitsubishi SpaceJet）によるYS-11以来の日本製機材での初飛行に繋がった。かつて日本の日本航空機製造が製造したターボプロッププロペラ機「YS-11」より少し大きな機体で、効率の良い6枚ブレードのプロペラを装備して比較的低回転数（離陸時1020rpm、巡航時850rpm）で所要の出力を発揮する。また、巡航速度は700 km/h弱とターボプロップ旅客機としては比較的高速である。主な競合機であるATR-72と比較すると、巡航速度・航続距離・座席数の点などで優れている。その分着陸滑走距離が1,200mでは運用制限がかかる。\nQ400CCはQ400と比較して貨物スペースを2.5倍に拡張する一方、座席数は74席（JAC運航機の座席数）からRACのQ300と同数の50席に減少させている。\n騒音や振動の対策としては、1988年から研究が進められQ シリーズに採用されたものとして、機内のマイクロフォンが騒音を拾い、そのデータを元に能動的に騒音と振動を緩和させる装置 \"NVS\"（Noise and Vibration Suppression）がある。また同シリーズでは吸音素材も導入し、反響を抑えるための構造の改善など設計から見直した。その結果、平均騒音値は75.1 dBAまで下がり、高空飛行時の小型ジェット旅客機のボンバルディア CRJが発する騒音値よりも低いものとなった。\n運用.\n日本ではYS-11が長年にわたり地方路線で活躍していたが、航空法の改正で空中衝突防止装置（TCAS）の設置が義務付けられたことにより、能力的に同機の後継機種として導入が行われた。2003年に日本エアコミューターが運航を開始。その後、エアーニッポンネットワーク・エアーセントラルも運航を開始した。なお、日本エアコミューターでは就航空港の滑走路長によりATR42-600の導入およびATR72-600に一部置き換え、J-AIRへのエンブラエル170・190の導入とそれに伴うJACからJ-AIRへの路線移管に伴い、順次退役が進行しており、2018年11月30日をもって全機退役。\n琉球エアーコミューターではこれまで運航してきたQ100・Q300の代替としてQ400CCを導入し、2018年1月までに在来のQ100・Q300をすべて退役させた。Q400CCの導入の理由はこれまで運航してきた機材の老朽化に加えて、離島路線の貨物輸送力を増強してほしいという地域からの要望に応えるためであった。2013年に那覇～久米島線の一部・石垣～与那国線をJTAからRACへ移管した際、これまでのボーイング737からQ100・Q300へ変更したことにより貨物輸送力の減少が問題となっていた。特に与那国町では特産であるカジキの積載数が減少することから当時問題視されていた。Q400CCへの機材更新により、この問題の解決を図り、離島路線の貨物輸送力増強が図られることとなった。\nANAウイングスでは2026年以降にQ400を退役させることを発表\n運用者.\n軍用.\nカナダを始め、アメリカ、オーストラリアやオランダの海外領土など軍隊に限らず警備隊でも採用されている。\n仕様.\nQ200, Q300, Q400それぞれのデータはボンバルディア社のホームページ及び出版物に準拠する。\n", "アムール川（アムールがわ、、ラテン文字転写: Amur）、あるいは黒龍江（こくりゅうこう、、、満洲語:転写：sahaliyan ula）は、ユーラシア大陸の北東部を流れる川である。中国では別に黒河、黒水などとも呼ばれる。上流部の支流を含めた全長4,368 kmは世界8位、流域面積は185万5500 km2で世界10位である。\n地理.\nアムール川はモンゴル高原東部のロシアと中国との国境にあるシルカ川とアルグン川の合流点から生じ、中流部は中国黒竜江省とロシア極東地方との間の境界となっている。ロシアのハバロフスク付近で北東に流れを変えロシア領内に入り、オホーツク海のに注ぐ。リマンとは川の河口を指し、リマン海流は日本海を流れる海流である。オホーツク海の流氷は、アムール川からの流水により塩分濃度が薄くなったことによって凝固点が高くなった海水が氷結して形成される。\n沿岸一帯のゼヤ川とブレヤ川の氾濫原、ヒンガンスキー自然保護区および三江平原などはラムサール条約登録地である。\n流域の都市.\nアムール川はロシア側のアムール州・ユダヤ自治州・ハバロフスク地方と中国側の黒竜江省との国境を成しており、川沿いの主要な都市としてはロシアのブラゴヴェシチェンスク、ハバロフスク、コムソモリスク・ナ・アムーレ、ニコラエフスク・ナ・アムーレ、中国側の黒河市・同江市などがある。\n産業.\nアムール川は栄養が豊富であり、サケ類をはじめ豊かな水産資源に恵まれ、これにより北海道のオホーツク海沿岸及び沖合はよい漁場になっている。一方で2005年11月13日に起きた中国吉林省吉林市にある石油化学工場の爆発事故により、支流の松花江に流れ込んだ有毒な大量のベンゼン化合物による大規模な汚染をはじめ河川の汚染が深刻である。ロシア側アムール川周辺住人は河川汚染を憂慮しておりオホーツク海等の環境汚染により日本も警戒している。\n歴史.\nアムール川流域の文化と、北海道の東北部で遺跡が発掘されているオホーツク文化との関連性についての議論がある。\n古代の中国では「黒水」「弱水」「烏桓河」などと呼ばれていたが、13世紀の『遼史』においてはじめて「黒竜江」の名が出ている。満洲語では「サハリャン・ウラ（　転写：Sahaliyan Ula、薩哈連烏拉、「黒い河」の意）」と呼ばれており、モンゴル語では「ハラムレン（/Khar Mörön、哈拉穆連）」、ロシア語では「アムール」となりこれが世界的に共通する呼び名となっている。サハリン（樺太）という島の名は「サハリャン・ウラの河口の対岸」にあることからつけられたとされる。\n中国人はこの川を使い流域民族（ほか、アムール河口の対岸の樺太に住むアイヌ人など）と、毛皮などと中国産品を交換する取引(山丹交易)を行っていたが、次第に東へ進出してきたロシア人と取引や領土をめぐり争いが起こった。17世紀には、ヴァシーリー・ポヤルコフやエロフェイ・ハバロフなどロシア人の探検隊がアムール川流域に侵入し、中国の清と南下するロシア帝国との間の紛争（清露国境紛争、、、）が起こった。ロシア人はアムール川上流にアルバジンの要塞を築いたが、清軍により何度も包囲され破壊された。ロシア側は和議を求め、1689年のネルチンスク条約において、上流の西側以外の流域が清国領土と定められた。\nしかしその後清は弱体化し、ロシアは再びアムール川沿いの領有を目指して探検隊を送るようになる（）。1858年のアイグン条約（璦琿条約）、1860年の北京条約で、清国領土の割譲（）を経て現在の国境線に定められた。\nその後、アムール川およびその支流の中にある多くの島や中州の領有権を巡って中ソ国境紛争が発生した。1969年にはウスリー川で大規模な軍事衝突が発生したが、2004年に中露両国は最後まで帰属が決まらなかったアムール・ウスリー合流点の黒瞎子島（大ウスリー島）をはじめとするすべての地域における東部国境の確定完了を宣言し、対立は鎮静化している。国境画定に伴い、ロシア軍により黒瞎子島内より強制退去させられた元ロシア人居住者が、補償を求めロシアに対し国家賠償訴訟を起こしている。\n2019年、国境のアムール川（黒竜江）に架かる初の鉄道橋である同江鉄路大橋と初の道路橋である黒河・ブラゴヴェシチェンスク大橋が完成した。\n洪水.\n2013年7月からはアムール川の流域で多雨となったことによって、以降、中流域や下流域で洪水が発生した。なお、ハバロフスクでは、2013年9月3日から2013年9月4日にかけて、808cmの水位を観測した。これは、1897年に観測された最高水位の642cmを上回って、観測史上最高の水位であった。\n支流.\n\"下流より記載\"\n橋とトンネル.\n下流から順に、次の場所に橋とトンネルがかかっている。\n", "フリント () は、アメリカ合衆国ミシガン州ジェネシー郡に属する都市。ジェネシー郡の郡庁所在地である。ミシガン州内で4番目に大規模な都市で、現在の人口は、約12万人。\nゼネラルモーターズの創業の地であり、かつて同社の企業城下町として繁栄した。しかしGMの工場閉鎖に伴って市の経済は破綻し、治安悪化や人口減少・社会基盤の崩壊など、様々の社会問題を抱える、典型的なラストベルトの街である。\n地理.\nフリントはデトロイト周囲の衛星都市で、デトロイトの北西約60マイルのフリント丘の北東に展開している。市域はフリント川 (Flint River) 流域の低地で、南及び東側づたいをゆるやかに起伏し、北西が平地となっている。西に隣接するフリント・チャーター郡区は、同市からは独立した自治体である。\n市の総面積は88.2 km2 (34.1 mi2) である。このうち87.1 km2 (33.6 mi2) が陸地で1.1 km2 (0.4 mi2) が水地域である。総面積の1.26%が水地域となっている。\n統計.\n人口動態.\n1998年の人口は131,000人であったが、2000年現在の国勢調査では人口124,943人と、人口が減少しつつある。人口密度は1,434.5/km2 (3,714.9/mi2) である。636.8/km2 (1,649.1/mi2) の平均的な密度に55,464軒の住宅が建っている。\n人種構成は、白人41.39%、アフリカン・アメリカン53.27%、先住民0.64%、アジア0.44%、太平洋諸島系0.02%、その他の人種1.11%、及び混血3.14%である。人口の2.99%はヒスパニックまたはラテン系である。\n住民は30.6%が18歳未満の未成年、18歳以上24歳以下が10.3%、25歳以上44歳以下が29.4%、45歳以上64歳以下が19.2%、及び65歳以上が10.5%である。中央値年齢は31歳である。女性100人ごとに対して男性は88.6人である。18歳以上の女性100人ごとに対して男性は83.1人である。\n世帯数は48,744世帯、及び30,270家族が居住する。世帯ごとの平均的な収入は28,015米ドルであり、家族ごとの平均的な収入は31,424米ドルである。男性は34,009米ドルに対して女性は24,237米ドルの平均的な収入がある。この都市の一人当たりの収入 (per capita income) は15,733米ドルである。人口の26.4%及び家族の22.9% は貧困線以下である。全人口のうち18歳未満の37.4%及び65歳以上の13.4%は貧困線以下の生活を送っている。\n治安.\n市の財政破綻に伴う貧困層と失業者の増大、警察の予算や人員の不足、市街地の荒廃などが重なり、治安状態は全米で最悪のレベルまで悪化している。FBIによれば、2011年の1000人当たりの暴力犯罪率は23.4%で、全米で最も危険な都市の一つとされた（殺人52件、失業率18.9%）。\n社会基盤.\n教育.\nミシガン大学フリント校はアナーバー市内に本部キャンパスを持つミシガン大学のサテライト・キャンパスである。元 GMI と知られる、ケタリング大学は高い評価を得た工学系大学である。Mott Community College はフリント内での主要なコミュニティカレッジである。\n交通機関.\nフリント市はビショップ国際空港及び多数のバス路線によってサービスされている。Flint Mass Transportation Authority はこの都市及び郡のためにローカルバス・サービスを提供している。\n水道水汚染問題.\n従来、フリント市はデトロイト水道下水局を通じ、ヒューロン湖の水を水源として取水していたが、同局と財政破綻状態のフリント市の管財人との支払額をめぐる交渉が決裂した結果、給水停止を通告された。やむなくフリント市は、市内を流れるフリント川から取水して、2014年4月から市内へ給水を始めた。しかしフリント川の水質に問題があったため、多くが20世紀初期に敷設された老朽化した水道管が腐食し、水道水が錆で茶色く変色したり、異臭がするなどの苦情が急増した。さらに水道管の鉛が水に溶け出し、地区によっては水道水から基準値の数十倍の鉛が検出されるようになった。\n現在、同市では6歳から12歳の児童1万人以上が汚染された水道水を使用しており、血中の鉛濃度が上昇したり、皮膚病の症状が現れるなど市民に健康被害が広がっている。飲料水は全国からの寄付により、ペットボトル詰めのミネラルウォーターが無料配布されているが、水道管の更新などの抜本的対策は、財源不足のためまったく目途が立っていない。現在、行政に対する複数の訴訟が進行中で、知事などの責任追及に発展している。また同市に黒人貧困層の多いことから、行政の無策は人種偏見によるものだったとして、事態は人種差別問題に発展する様相を見せている。\n姉妹都市.\n1980年代に本市は愛知県の刈谷市に姉妹都市提携を呼びかけたが、実現しなかった。 \n", "流体（りゅうたい、）とは、静止状態においてせん断応力が発生しない連続体の総称である。\n一般的には液体や気体であるが、液体と気体が混ざったものやこれらに微量の固体が混ざった混相流体のように特殊な流体として扱われるものもある。\n定義.\n流体に共通の性質は流動性である。これは体積一定で準静的な変形には力を要しないことであり、さらに言い換えると、静止状態において接触面に平行な内部の力が発生しない（せん断応力、接線応力が発生しない）となる。これより、上述の「静止状態においてせん断応力が発生しない連続体」という流体の定義が得られる。\nこの「流動性」という定義は熱力学的・物性的なものでなく、運動学的なものである。よって、連続体としての固体と流体の区別は、物質の形態としての固体と液体・気体の区別と厳密には一致しない。例えば、非常に急激な力を加えると水も固体のような性質を示すし、非常に緩慢な力が働いていると氷も流動することからも、同じ状態の物質でも運動の時間・空間スケールの違いによって流体とも固体とも観ることができる（粘弾性を参照）。また、塑性を持つ固体や、分散系と呼ばれる液体・気体中に固体が分散した状態のものも流体として扱われることがある。\n体積変化を伴う変形には力が必要だが、これは接触面に垂直な内部の力は発生してもよいからである。いかなる方向の接触面に関しても面に平行な内部の力が発生しないことから、「静止流体において内部の力は接触面に垂直でその大きさは接触面の方向によらず面積に比例すること」が導かれる。この定理を発見者の名前からパスカルの原理と呼び、垂直な内部の力と面積の間の比例定数を圧力（あるいは静水圧）と呼ぶ。なお、以上のことから流体の定義を「静止状態において等方的な応力をもつ連続体」とすることもできる。\n連続体モデル.\n実在流体は互いに衝突をする離散的な分子から構成される。しかし、連続体モデルでは流体を連続であると、すなわち、密度・圧力・温度・速度といった量は各点で定義され、空間に対して連続的に変化すると考える。これは、各「点」を十分に小さいが多数の分子を含む領域と考え、諸量はこの領域での平均量として定義することで実現できる。\n連続体モデルは、不連続に変化する量を連続的に変化するとみなす近似である。クヌーセン数 \"Kn\"（分子の平均自由行程長と、考えている物理問題に現れる特徴的な長さスケールとの比）が1より十分小さければ（たとえば \"Kn\" &lt; 1/5 ならば）、近似の精度は十分に高く、実在流体を連続体とみなしてよい。\n希薄流体力学.\n通常のモデルの流体は多くの分子で構成される連続した物質として捉えられるが、分子数が極めて少ない場合には個々の分子運動の性質に大きく影響されるものであり希薄流体力学という分野で扱われる。\n分類.\n密度の変化による分類.\n連続体力学の巨視的な視点において、気体と液体には定性的な違いはない。定量的な違いとして密度以外に圧縮性（圧力変化に対する密度変化の比）の大小があげられるので、\nという分類が考えられる。ただし、特徴的な速さが音速より小さい場合は気体も非圧縮性流体として考えてよく、液体でもその内部を伝わる音波（密度の粗密波）を議論するときには圧縮性流体として考えなければならない。\nなお、密度が一様で一定な流れ（非圧縮性流体の一部）もバロトロピック流体の一つである。\n粘性による分類.\n運動中の変形に対してはせん断応力が発生してもよい。準静的でない変形に対してせん断応力が発生する性質を粘性と呼ぶ。せん断速度で変形の速さを定義できるので、流体は、\nに区分される。\n完全流体.\n非粘性流体を理想流体あるいは完全流体と呼んで粘性流体である実在流体と区別する。実在流体でも粘性が相対的に小さい流れの場合、粘性の影響が無視できない境界層や衝撃波などの領域は比較的薄く、それ以外の領域で完全流体の流れとみなせる場合が多いので、完全流体の力学は実在流体を考察する上でも重要である。\nなお、この完全流体・理想流体の定義は文献や分野により異なることがある。物理の分野では、粘性だけでなく熱伝導性を持たない流体を完全流体と呼ぶことがある、また、水理学や土木工学などの分野では非粘性・非圧縮性流体を完全流体と呼ぶこともあり、非粘性・非圧縮性流体を理想流体として完全流体と区別する文献\nもある。\n", "バハムート（ \"bhmwt\", \"Bahamūt\"/\"Bahmūt\"）は、イスラムの伝承に登場する巨大な魚またはクジラである（大海蛇とされる場合もある）。\nイスラムの宇宙誌を載せる博物誌文献には、「神は大地を天使に背負わせ、天使の足場に岩盤を、岩盤の支えに巨大な牛を、牛を乗せるために巨大な魚を配置した」と言う宇宙観が存在する。ただしこれはコーランやハディースに存在するものではなく、ユダヤの伝承がイスラムの伝承に混じって生まれたものだと考えられている。\n名前は文献ごとに、あるいは同じ文献であっても写本による差異が見られ、バルフート（ \"blhwt\", \"Balhūt\"）などとも書かれる。また、ルティーヤー（ \"lwtya\", \"Lutīyā\"）などの名前も見られる。\n語源.\n名前（ \"bhmwt\"）は聖書『ヨブ記』のベヒモス（ \"bhmwt\"）の借用だとされる。この巨魚の名前の遡源が陸の獣であるとされるベヒモスというのは整合性を欠くが、これについては牛をベヒモス、魚をレヴィアタンと比定すべきを、あべこべにしたという指摘がある。\n一部のイスラム写本では、牛の名をクユーター (\"kywṯa\") もしくはクユータン (\"kywṯan\") 等と記すが、レヴィアタンのアラビア語形である (\"lwytan\")の誤写であると論じられる。\n要約.\nアラビア語の宇宙誌をによる要約に従えば、以下のようになる。\nバハムートの巨躯は、全世界の海洋をその鼻孔に入れても、砂漠に置かれた芥子粒ほどしかならないと比喩される。また、その巨大さと目の輝きのために、誰もその姿を見ることが出来ないとされる。\nその巨魚を支えるのは辺り一面の水であり、その水域の下には暗闇があるが、そのさらに深淵は何があるか人には知れない、とされる。\nアラビア語原典.\nレインが記述したような内容のアラビア語の『宇宙誌』を載せた原典（13世紀以降）は大同小異で数種ある。\n原典に違いがなくとも、アラビア語を他の言葉に訳す過程で差異が生じている単語や表現もある。本稿の「巨魚」の原語は「フート」(حوت, hūt)であるが、これは、「魚」とも「鯨」とも訳される。また、天使の立ち台の岩石(宝石)は、原語では「ヤークート」（ , yāqūt）だが、これは色や種類の不特定な宝石で、レインは「ルビー」だとするが、原典の多くは緑色だと明言し、「緑色のヒヤシンス石」などと訳される。イスラムの伝承では空の青さは世界の果てを取り囲む緑色の宝石でできた山「」の色を反射したものであるとされ、この、牛の乗った岩をそれと関連付ける話も見られる。\nヌーン（ ）.\nコーラン68章『筆』（القلم , Al-Qalam）は「ن وَالْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ（ヌーン、筆とその書いたものにかけて）」という文言で始まる。このヌーン（ ن ）はMuqattaʿat（حُرُوف مُقَطَّعَات ：神秘文字）と呼ばれるコーランの章のいくつかの冒頭に現れる文字のひとつであり、その解釈は諸説あるが、タバリー（923年没）などのタフスィール（コーランの解釈）文献において、「イブン・アッバース（687年没）曰く、それは地球を背負う魚（ , hūt）であり、神は最初に筆を創りそれでこの世の運命を記述し、次にヌーンを創りその上に大地が創られた」と述べられている。\nタフスィールのいくつかにおいてそのヌーンの別名としてバハムートが挙げられており、上記の『諸預言者伝』の編者アル・サラビー（1035-1036年没）もそれを述べる。アル・バガウィー（1122年没）に基づくと、その魚の名前をアル・カルビー（819年没）とムクァティル（776年没）は「 \"yhmwt\", \"Yhmūt\"」、（894年没）とアル・ワクィディー（823年没）は「 \"lywṯa\", Layūthā」、カァブ・アル＝アフバール （656年頃没）は「 \"lwyṯa\", Lawīthā」、アリー・イブン・アビー・ターリブ（661年没）は「 \"blhwt\", Blhūt」と呼んだと言う。\nアル・サラビーとアル・バガウィは『筆』のタフスィールの中で、「地球を支える天使と牛と魚」の逸話も述べており、どちらも内容は概ね同じである。天使→牛→（牛の上に）宝石の岩、の順に置かれ、次に七つの天地ほどの厚みのある「岩」が置かれて、魚が置かれる。魚の下は水でその下に闇がありその先に人知は及ばない。牛は4万の角と4万の脚を持つ。また、牛の呼吸によって潮の満ち干がおきると書かれ、下記の魚と地震の話もカァブ・アル＝アフバールによるものとして紹介される。また、アル・サラビーでは天使の立つ石の色が赤い。\nカズウィーニーに先立って書かれた、ムハンマド・ブン・マフムード・トゥースィー著の 『被造物の驚異と万物の珍奇』（a.1175-1194）に、このヌーンは「頭上に世界を乗せている魚」と書かれる他、「ある舟が（あまりに大きいためにそれが何かも分からず）その輝く両目の前を通り過ぎた」などいくつかの逸話が紹介されている。\n地震.\nヤークート所収の説話には、イブリース（イスラムの悪魔）が巨魚をそそのかして、地震を発生させようとしたが、神が魚の目に羽虫を差し向けて注意を引きつけこれを収めた（異説では、神が刀状の魚を遣わすと、その姿に心酔した巨魚が、目を奪われた）とある。イブン・イヤースの『Badāʼi al-zuhūr fī waqāʼi al-zuhūr』では、イブリースは魚を誘惑するのに失敗した後に牛に向かって誘惑し、同じく神が動物を送ったために失敗する。\n同様の説話は、アル＝サラビー編『諸預言者伝』にもあるが、そちらでは神が何かしらの生物を鼻経由でその脳に達しさせ、巨魚ルティーヤーを屈服させたとある。さらには説話の語り手を（7世紀没）としているが、この人物は、ユダヤ教からの改宗者で、ユダヤ＝イスラームの伝統をアラブ人に伝えた最古の権威と言われている。\nこのように地震を巨魚と結びつけた一例もあるが、イスラム文化圏では一般的に巨牛の地震発生説や、カーフ山にちなむ説のほうが敷衍している。ヤークートは、地球を支える天使が地震を起こすと言う説話も載せている。\nアルゼンチンの作家ボルヘスは、日本の「地震魚」（なまずが暴れると地震が起こるという俗説）の由来はバハムートであると指摘した。\n民俗学者の大林太良の研究によれば、地震牛の民間信仰はイスラーム圏に集中して分布し（北アフリカ、アラブ半島、パキスタン、マレー半島など）、「世界魚が動くと地震を起こす」というモチーフは、日本全土をはじめ、中国やインドシナに分布するという。\nボルヘス.\n「バハムート」の項はまた、作家ホルヘ・ルイス・ボルヘスの『幻獣辞典』に収録された。を主要資料として書かれている。\n千夜一夜物語.\n『千夜一夜物語』の第496夜に登場するイサ（イエス・キリスト）が見た巨魚は、名前は明記されないが、その上の巨牛が岩と天使と大地を支えるという設定になっており、バハムートのことであるとボルヘスは考察した。\nこの物語では、イサは神に魚の巨大さを把握できたか問われるが、巨魚が通り過ぎるのを見るなり失神したイサは、魚は見えなかったが、その全長が三日の行程ほどもある牛を見たと返答する。それは牛ではなく魚の頭であったと神に諭される。\nまた、世界を最下層で支えるのが大蛇としている。\n大衆文化.\n以下は、いずれも爬虫類を思わせるドラゴンの姿でデザインされた同名のキャラクター。ダンジョンズ&amp;ドラゴンズは現代のファンタジー作品に強い影響を与えた作品であり、現代フィクションにおいてバハムートと名のつくものは、ドラゴンの姿に寄せる文化が根付いている。\n", "ハンミョウ科（ハンミョウか、学名: ）は、コウチュウ目（鞘翅目）の科の一つ。最近の分類ではオサムシ科に含まれ、ハンミョウ亜科（学名: ）とする。幼虫・成虫とも肉食性の甲虫である。ハンミョウと総称されるが、これは日本のハンミョウ類でもっとも目にする機会が多いナミハンミョウ（学名: ）を示す和名でもある。\n形態・生態.\n世界最大のハンミョウは、アフリカ南部に分布するで、体長6cmに達し、巨大な顎を持つ。本種は「タイガービートル」の名でペット用に販売される。日本最大の種類は体長20mmほどのハンミョウ（ナミハンミョウ）。\n成虫は体に対して頭部が大きく、複眼や大顎が発達している。また、脚も細長く発達している。体色は種類によって様々で、全身が黒いものもいれば、斑紋や金属光沢のある鮮やかな体色のものもいる。\n動作は非常に敏捷で、素早く走り回ったり翅を使って飛び回ったりする。ただし、通常の生活で飛ぶ距離は数十m以内で、広域分散を行うときを除くと、空高く飛んだり長距離を飛び続けることはあまり行わない。中にはマガタマハンミョウにみられるように後翅が退化した種もいて、これらは飛ぶことができない。\n岩場、砂漠、川原、海岸など植物の少ない環境に生息し、昼行性の種がよく知られるが、森林の樹上で生活する種、あるいは夜行性の種もいる。\n食性は肉食性で、ハエやアリなどの小昆虫の他、ヨコエビ、ミミズなども捕食する。ハンターのイメージが独り歩きしている彼らだが、昆虫の死骸も食べる。また、おもに小型種が飼育下で削り節（鰹節）や粉砕処理したドッグフード等の“死に餌”も盛んに食べることはあまり知られていない。大型種であるハンミョウも、生肉の小片を与えると食べることがわかっている。\n成虫は粘土質の固くしまった裸地の土中などに一粒ずつ離して卵を産みつけ、孵化した幼虫はそのまま卵のあった場所の土壌を掘り下げて巣穴とする。幼虫の巣穴は、産卵の行われた場所に垂直に掘られた円筒形の深い穴であり、温帯産のハンミョウの多くでは地表に巣穴を掘るが、熱帯や亜熱帯には木の幹に巣穴を掘る種もある。海岸の岩礁にみられるシロヘリハンミョウでは、海岸の岩石が風化して、亀裂に粘土質の風化生成物がたまったところに巣を掘っている。幼虫も肉食性で、巣穴の円形の入り口付近を、円盤状の頭部と前胸でマンホールの蓋のように塞いで待ちかまえ、付近を通るアリ等の昆虫を捕らえ、中に引き込んで食べる。巣穴から勢いよく飛び出し、大顎で獲物を捕らえる様はびっくり箱のようである。このとき、力の強い獲物に巣穴の外に引きずり出されないよう、幼虫の背面には前方を向いたかぎ状の突起が備わっており、これを巣穴の壁に引っ掛けている。3齢が終齢であり、充分成長した終齢幼虫は巣穴の口を土でふさぎ、巣穴の底を蛹室に作り替えて蛹となる。\n分布.\n熱帯・亜熱帯を中心に亜寒帯まで、世界中から2,000種程が知られている。うち日本に分布するのは22種・8亜種である。ハンミョウ類の生息環境は多岐にわたるが、日本産に限れば、植物の少ない環境に生息する昼行性の種類が多い。\n人間との関わり.\n漢方の生薬にある「斑猫（はんみょう）」は、かなり縁遠いツチハンミョウ科のマメハンミョウやミドリゲンセイなどを指す。これらは非常に強いカンタリジンという毒性成分を含み、日本国外では実際に暗殺に利用された例がある。しかし、日本では江戸時代の初期に渡来した『本草綱目』を訳した際の間違いで、ハンミョウ科のものがそれだとされてしまった。そのため、実際にハンミョウ科の昆虫の粉が忍者などによって暗殺用の毒薬に使われたとも言われる。特に種としてのハンミョウはその鮮やかな色彩も相まって、いかにも毒がありそうに見えるのも、このような誤解の一因でもあろう。そのため、ハンミョウに毒があるとの誤解は長く残り、今も結構な知識人にもこの誤解を持つ人がいるという。ハンミョウ科の昆虫には実際には毒はない。ただし、大顎で噛まれるとかなり痛いので、注意しなければならないことに変わりはない。\n", "デヴォン（Devon）は、イングランド南西部の地域であり、デヴォン州（county of Devon, Devon county）とも呼ばれる。\nコーンウォール半島の中部に位置し、西にコーンウォール、東にドーセットとサマセットにそれぞれ接している。かつてはデヴォンシャー (Devonshire) と呼ばれていたが、現在ではいくつかの名称とデヴォンシャー公爵の称号に残っているのみである。地名の \"Devon\" は、西暦50年ごろに南ブリテンに侵入したローマ人によって、その地に住んでいたケルト人を指してつけられた。\"Dumnonii\"という名前がつけられ、意味は「深い谷に住むもの」という意味である。\n4億0800万年前から3億6300万年前を指す地質時代のデボン紀は、地層が良く分布し、世界で初めてこの時代の地層が研究されたこの地域名にちなむ。\n歴史.\nデヴォンには、氷期の終わりごろ、紀元前6000年ごろには定住者がいたらしい。紀元前3500年ごろからの農業の跡が見つかっている。1世紀ごろにローマ人が南部のエクセターに集落を作り、それ以後3世紀にわたり、定住し続けた。5世紀ごろからゲルマン人がイングランドに移り住みはじめたが、7世紀の初めになるまで積極的な進出を行わなかった。その後、1世紀以上にわたり隣接するウェセックスと小規模な衝突を繰り返した後、合併している。\n地理・地質.\nイングランドで唯一二つの海岸線を有する州である。州内にはダートムーア国立公園があり、サマセットとの間には国立公園が横たわる。これ以外の地域は起伏に富む田園が広がり、多くの観光客が集まる。\n南部海岸にはトーキーなどのリゾートがあり、エクスマスは世界遺産「ジュラ紀海岸」の西端になる。海岸に沿って鉄道が走る。一方、北部沿岸のとの河口部一帯にはという砂丘システムが広がり、塩性湿地、泥炭地、ヒース、牧草地、オークの森林など多様な生態系がある。\nデヴォンの気候は北大西洋海流の影響で温暖で雪は少ない。最高気温は8度C～19度C、最低気温は4度C～13度Cである。年間降水量はダートムーア周辺で2千mm、南部で750mmである。\nデヴォンを広く覆うのはデボン紀の石灰岩である。北部からコーンウォールにかけてクルムと呼ばれる石炭紀の炭層が分布する。内陸中央には花崗岩が見られる。また、ブラウントン・バローズを中心とした北部海岸と付近の海域にはアカシカ、タイセイヨウサケ、ユーラシアカワウソ、ウバザメ、小型の鯨類などの多くの動物が生息しており、エクスムーア国立公園とダートムーア国立公園の各一部も含む北部地域は1976年にユネスコの生物圏保護区に指定された。\n旗.\nデヴォン州は、デヴォン州とその周辺の聖人である聖ペトロックに捧げられた独自の旗を持っている。この旗は、2003年にBBCデヴォンで実施されたオンライン投票で選ばれた。緑の地に黒で縁取られた白の十字のデザインである。\n経済.\n他の南部の州と比較するとコーンウォールと同じようにデヴォン州の経済は、伝統的な漁業や鉱山業、農業が低迷しているため苦しんでいる。デヴォン州のほとんどの地域がEUからのオブジェクティブ2レベルの要支援地域に指定されている。2001年の口蹄疫問題により地元の酪農家は大打撃を受け、その影響は州全体に広がっている。デヴォン州の温暖な気候は、金融業のように地理や大都市や主要な交通網からの距離にあまり影響を受けない産業の誘致に役立っている。例えばダートムーアでは、金融業の雇用者数が大幅に増加している。\n食文化.\n紅茶とスコーンにジャムとクロテッドクリーム（デヴォンの名産）を添えたクリームティーはセットで「デヴォンシャークリームティー」と呼ばれている。\n市町村.\n主要な市町村を次に挙げる。\n著名人.\nフランシス・ドレーク、、、ウォルター・ローリー、などの船乗りで知られている。17世紀後半の最も悪名高い海賊と言われるヘンリー・エイヴリーは、の村で生まれたとされる。ジョン・オクセンハム（1536–1580）はドレイクの中尉だったが、スペイン人からは海賊と見なされていた。他の有名な船乗りに、南極点到達を果たすも遭難死してしまった、テラノバ遠征隊のリーダーであるロバート・スコットがいる。\n文学者では、詩人のサミュエル・テイラー・コールリッジや推理作家のアガサ・クリスティが生まれた。桂冠詩人であったテッド・ヒューズや、アイルランドの作家ウィリアム・トレヴァーはデヴォン州に移り住んでいた。\n画家では、ロイヤル・アカデミー・オブ・アーツを創設したジョシュア・レノルズがいる。\n風刺作家、作家、コメディアンのは、トーキーで生まれた。\nプリマスで生まれ、ディスカウントチェーンを創設した実業家は、同地に本社を置いている。\n俳優のマシュー・グードはデボンで育ち、同じく俳優のブラッドリー・ジェームズの出身地である。\n歌手のジョス・ストーンが幼少期を過ごし、コールドプレイのフロントマンであるクリス・マーティンが知られている。マシュー・ベラミー、ドミニク・ハワード、クリス・ウォルステンホルムからなるミューズは、全員デヴォン出身である。ロックバンド・スレイドのは、サウスハムズ地区にあるフレテハウスで生まれた。シンガーソングライターのは小さな町トットネスで育った。\n映画監督にはロジャー・ディーキンスがいる。\n犬のブリーダーであるもデボン出身である。\nノッティンガム・フォレストFCやバーミンガム・シティFCなどに在籍した元プロサッカー選手であり、100万ポンドプレーヤーとなった最初のイングランドのサッカー選手であるトレヴァー・フランシスは、プリマスで生まれ育った。\n水泳選手のと飛び込み選手のトム・デイリーはプリマスで生まれた。\nオリンピックランナーのはホニトン出身。\nレスター・タイガースとブリティッシュ・アンド・アイリッシュ・ライオンズのラグビー選手はデボンで生まれ育ち、現在は南デボン牛という血統を飼育している。\nオーストラリアのクリケット選手グレン・マクグラスと結婚したはペイントンで生まれ、乳がんとの長い戦いとその後の乳がんによる死は、オーストラリアを代表する慈善団体の1つの設立に影響を与えた。\nまた、、、マイケル・フット、デイヴィッド・オーウェンなどの著名な議員が庶民院の代表となっている。\n", "エイミー・マン（Aimee Mann、1960年9月8日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国バージニア州生まれのシンガーソングライター。1980年代後半に活動したニュー・ウェイヴ系のロックバンド、ティル・チューズデイの元ベーシスト兼ボーカリストで、1990年代以降はソロ・シンガーとして活動している。代表曲に｢セイヴ・ミー｣などがある。\n略歴.\nバンドとしての活動.\nリッチモンドのオープン・ハイスクールを卒業後、1978年にマサチューセッツ州ボストンのバークリー音楽大学に入学するが、1979年に中退。\nその後、ヤング・スネイクスというパンク・ロック・バンドを結成し、1982年にEPを1枚制作している。その翌年に、マンは大学時代のクラスメイトで恋人だったドラムのマイケル・ハウスマン（後にマンのマネージャー）、ギターのロバート・ホームズ、キーボードのジョーイ・ペッシェ、と共に新たに結成したマンがベース兼ボーカルを務めるバンド、ティル・チューズデイとしての活動を始めた。\nボストンで行われたコンテストで優勝したのをきっかけにエピック・ソニーにレコード・デビューを持ちかけられ、1985年にシングル｢愛のVoices (ボイセズ)｣でデビューする。この曲がBillboard Hot 100で最高8位を記録したことによってバンドは一躍有名になり、同曲のプロモーション・ビデオはMTV Video Music Awardsの最優秀新人賞を獲得した。\nその翌年の1986年には2枚目のアルバム『ウェルカム・ホーム』を発表。キョードー東京／エピック・ソニー主催のニュー・アーチスト・ショーケースにて9月27日の東京厚生年金会館ホールなどで初来日公演を行う。このアルバム以降、ティル・チューズデイはマンが実質的に主導権を握るバンドとなり、メンバーのペッシェが脱退。とりわけ1988年発表の『エヴリシング・イズ・ディファレント・ナウ』はその後の彼女のソロ活動の伏線というべき作風のアルバムとなっている。しかし、｢愛のVoices (ボイセズ)｣で華々しいデビューを飾ったこのバンドはその後、同曲を超えるヒットに恵まれなかったため、結果的にこのアルバムを最後に1989年に解散することになった。\n1980年代後半、バンドとしての活動以外で彼女はシンディ・ローパーの『トゥルー・カラーズ』や、ラッシュの『ホールド・ユア・ファイアー』の「タイム・スタンド・スティル」、『ラッシュ・ライヴ〜新約・神話大全』といったアルバムやMVに客演している。また、ティル・チューズデイのラスト・アルバムとなった『エヴリシング・イズ・ディファレント・ナウ』にはエルヴィス・コステロとの共作曲が収められている。コラボレーションしたミュージシャンとの恋仲が囁かれることもあり、MTVの看板番組『MTVアンプラグド』の初代司会者として知られるシンガーソングライターのジュールズ・シアーと交際していた時期もあったといわれている。\nソロ活動.\n1993年にイマーゴ・レコードからアルバム『ホワットエヴァー』でソロ・デビューする。ティル・チューズデイの『エヴリシング・イズ・ディファレント・ナウ』でギタリストとして参加し、後年にフィオナ・アップルなどを手がける大物プロデューサーとして成功するジョン・ブライオンが初めてプロデュースしたレコードでもあったが、発売後まもなくして所属レコード会社が倒産してしまったため、小規模のヒットに終わっている。その後、ゲフィン・レコードと契約を交わしたマンは、1995年にセカンド・アルバム『アイム・ウィズ・ステューピッド』をリリース。前作同様にブライオンがプロデュースし、バーナード・バトラーやジュリアナ・ハットフィールド、スクイーズのグレン・ティルブルックとクリス・ディフォードなどが参加したこのアルバムは、評論家の間では高い評価を得たものの、チャート上では苦戦を強いられた。\n1997年には所属していたゲフィン・レコードがインタースコープ・レコードに買収され、再びレコード会社がらみのトラブルに巻き込まれる。また、レコードのセールス不振を理由に大衆受けする楽曲を求めるゲフィンとの関係は悪化。最終的にマンは1998年に同社を離れ、その後、過去の作品の原盤権を買い取っている。一方、私生活では、『アイム・ウィズ・ステューピッド』の制作によってより親密になった10年来の友人であるシンガーソングライターのマイケル・ペン（俳優ショーン・ペンの兄）と1997年に結婚。ペンとは後年、映画『アイ・アム・サム』（2001年公開）のサウンドトラックで「トゥ・オブ・アス」をデュエットした。\n1999年、マンはインディーズのレコード会社、スーパーエゴ・レコードを設立する。そこからリリースされた彼女の初の作品が2000年の『バチェラーNo.2』である。ゲフィンの買収によって発売が延期されていたこのアルバムは、当初はインターネット限定での販売だったが、2001年にV2レコードのディストリビュートによって世界各国で再発売された。紆余曲折を経てようやく発表にこぎつけたこの作品は、マンにとってティル・チューズデイ以来、最も大きな反響を呼んだ代表作というべきアルバムとなった。そのきっかけとなったのが、アルバム発表の前年に公開されたポール・トーマス・アンダーソン監督の映画『マグノリア』である。マンの長年の友人だったアンダーソンが『バチェラーNo.2』収録曲の｢デスリー｣の冒頭の一節にインスピレーションを受けて制作し、ブライオンがスコアを手がけたこの作品は、第50回ベルリン国際映画祭の金熊賞を受賞。アンダーソンや出演したトム・クルーズが第72回アカデミー賞にノミネートされるなど高い評価を得た。この映画のサントラ盤として発表され、映画同様に反響を呼んだのがマンの楽曲を中心に構成された同名のアルバムで、グラミー賞の最優秀コンピレーション・サウンドトラック・アルバム部門にノミネートされた。主題歌｢セイヴ・ミー｣も同賞の最優秀女性ポップ・ヴォーカル・パフォーマンス部門をはじめとする2部門や、アカデミー歌曲賞の候補曲となっている。\nその後もコンスタントに作品を発表し、精力的にライブ活動を行っている。2002年に発売された4枚目のソロ・アルバム『ロスト・イン・スペース』はビルボードのインターネット・アルバム・セールス・チャートで1位を記録する成功を収め、2005年の『フォーゴトン・アーム』も同チャートで5位以内に入るヒットとなった。2013年からはシンガーソングライターのテッド・レオとのデュオ、ザ・ボスとしても活動し、2014年にアルバムを発表している。2017年に発表したアルバム『メンタル・イルネス』は第60回グラミー賞で最優秀フォーク・アルバム賞を受賞した。\n2005年秋には19年ぶり、単身では初となる日本公演を10月3日のLIQUIDROOMなどで行った。『スマイラーズ』発表後の2009年にも再来日し8月25日のSHIBUYA-AXなどで日本公演を行っている。日本国内の音楽フェスには2005年の朝霧JAM、2013年のフジロックフェスティバルに出演した。\n", "火星（かせい、、マールス、、マーズ、、アレース）は、太陽系の太陽に近い方から4番目の惑星で、太陽系内では水星より大きく2番目に小さい惑星である。英語では火星はローマ神話の軍神の名を持ち、しばしば「赤い惑星(Red Planet)」と呼ばれる 。\n概要.\n火星は大気の薄い地球型惑星で、月の衝突クレーターや地球の谷、砂漠、極地の氷冠を思わせるような表面形状をしている。別名の赤い惑星とは、火星の表面に存在する酸化鉄の影響で、肉眼で見える天体の中でも独特の赤みを帯びた外観を持つことを指す。\nまた、自転周期や黄道面に対する回転軸の傾きが似ているため、1日の長さ（火星日）や季節は地球と同等である。火星には、太陽系最大の火山であり、最も高い山として知られるオリンポス山や、太陽系最大の峡谷のひとつであるマリネリス峡谷がある。北半球にある滑らかなボレアリス盆地は、火星の40％を占めており、巨大な衝突現象の可能性がある。火星にはフォボスとダイモスという2つの衛星があり、小さくて不規則な形をしている。これらは、火星のトロヤ群である「5261 エウレカ」と同様に、捕獲された小惑星である可能性がある 。\n火星はいくつかの無人探査機によって探査されている。1964年11月28日にNASAによって打ち上げられたマリナー4号は、1965年7月15日に火星に最接近した、火星を訪れた最初の宇宙船である。マリナー4号は、地球の約0.1％という弱い火星の放射線帯を検出し、深宇宙から他の惑星を撮影した最初の画像となった。ソ連の火星探査機「マルス3号」は着陸船を搭載し、1971年12月にソフトランディングを果たしたが、タッチダウンの数秒後に連絡が途絶えた。1976年7月20日、「バイキング1号」が火星表面への着陸に初めて成功した。1997年7月4日、火星探査機「マーズ・パスファインダー」が火星に着陸し、7月5日には火星で活動した初のロボットローバー「ソジャーナー」を放出した。2003年12月25日には、欧州宇宙機関（ESA）が初めて火星を訪れた探査機「マーズ・エクスプレス」が軌道上に到着した。2004年1月には、スピリットとオポチュニティと名付けられたNASAのマーズ・エクスプロレーション・ローバーがともに火星に着陸し、スピリットは2010年3月22日まで、オポチュニティは2018年6月10日まで活動した。NASAは2012年8月6日、火星の気候と地質を調査する「マーズ・サイエンス・ラボラトリー（MSL）」ミッションの一環として、探査機「キュリオシティ」を着陸させた。2014年9月24日、インド宇宙研究機関（ISRO）は、初の惑星間ミッションである探査機「マーズ・オービター・ミッション」が軌道上に到着し、火星を訪れた4番目の宇宙機関となった。アラブ首長国連邦は、2021年2月9日に火星探査機を火星の大気圏に投入し、火星へのミッションを成功させた5番目の宇宙機関となった。また、NASAのローバー「パーサヴィアランス」が2021年2月18日に火星への着陸に成功した。\n火星の過去の居住性や現存する生命の可能性を評価する調査が行われている。欧州宇宙機関のロザリンド・フランクリン・ローバーのようなアストロバイオロジー・ミッションが計画されている 。火星の気圧は地球の1％以下と低いため、火星の地表に液体の水は存在しない。2つの極地の氷冠は、大部分が水でできているとされる。南極の氷冠に含まれる水の氷の量は、もし溶けた場合、惑星の表面を11メートルの深さまで覆うのに十分である。2016年11月、NASAはユートピア平原領域で大量の地下氷を発見したことを報告した。検出された水の量は、スペリオル湖の水の量に相当すると推定されている 。\n火星は、その赤みを帯びた色合いのように、地球から肉眼で簡単に見ることができる。火星の見かけの等級は-2.94で、これは金星、月、太陽に次ぐ明るさである。地上の光学望遠鏡では、地球の大気の影響を受けるため、地球と火星が最も接近したときに、300km程度の大きさのものしか見ることができない。\n物理的性質.\n火星は地球型惑星に分類される、いわゆる硬い岩石の地表を持った惑星である。火星には海が無く、酸化鉄（赤さび）を大量に含む赤い地表が広がっている。半径は地球の約2分の1、質量は地球の約10分の1であり、火星の地表での重力の強さは、地球の40パーセントほどである。火星の表面積は、地球の表面積の約4分の1であるが、これは地球の陸地の面積（約1.5億平方キロメートル）とほぼ等しい。火星の自転周期は地球のそれと非常に近く、火星の1日（1火星太陽日、1sol）は、24時間39分35.244秒である。また、地球と同じように太陽に対して自転軸を傾けたまま公転しているため、火星には季節が存在する。\n質量.\n地球や金星と比べて火星の質量は小さい。太陽系の惑星移動のモデルであるグランド・タック・モデルによると、木星は火星形成前に一度火星軌道程度まで太陽に近づき、のちに現在の軌道に落ち着いたとしている。その際、火星軌道付近の微惑星がはじき飛ばされ枯渇してしまったため、火星が大きく成長できなかった可能性を示唆している。\n大気.\n火星の大気は希薄で、地表での大気圧は約750Paと地球での平均値の約0.75パーセントに過ぎない。逆に大気の厚さを示すスケールハイトは約11キロに達し、およそ6キロである地球よりも高い。これらはいずれも、火星の重力が地球よりも弱いことに起因している。大気が希薄なために熱を保持する作用が弱く、表面温度は最高でも約20℃である。大気の組成は二酸化炭素が95パーセント、窒素が3パーセント、アルゴンが1.6パーセントで、ほかに酸素や水蒸気などの微量成分を含む。ただし、火星の大気の上層部は太陽風の影響を受けて宇宙空間へと流出していることが、ソビエト連邦の無人火星探査機のフォボス2号によって観測されている。したがって上記の火星の大気圧や大気組成は、長い目で見ると変化している可能性、そして今後も変化していく可能性が指摘されている。\n2003年に地球からの望遠鏡による観測で大気にメタンが含まれている可能性が浮上し、2004年3月のマーズ・エクスプレス探査機の調査による大気の解析でメタンの存在が確認された。現在観測されているメタンの量の平均値は体積比で約11±4 ppbである。\n火星の環境下では不安定な気体であるメタンの存在は、火星にメタンのガス源が存在する（または、少なくとも最近100年以内には存在していた）という興味深い事実を示唆している。ガスの生成源としては火山活動や彗星の衝突、あるいはメタン菌のような微生物の形で生命が存在するなどの可能性が考えられているが、いずれも未確認である。地球の海では、生物によってメタンが生成される際には同時にエタンも生成される傾向がある。一方、火山活動から放出されるメタンには二酸化硫黄が付随する。メタンは火星表面のところどころに局所的に存在しているように見えることから、発生したメタンは大気中に一様に分布するよりも短時間で分解されていることがうかがえる。それゆえ、おそらく持続的に大気中に放出されているとも推測される。発生源に関する仮説でどれがもっとも有力かを推定するために、メタンと同時に放出される別の気体を検出する計画も現在進められている。\n火星大気には大きく変化する面もある。冬の数か月間に極地方で夜が続くと、地表は非常に低温になり、大気全体の25パーセントもが凝固して厚さ数メートルに達する二酸化炭素の氷（ドライアイス）の層をつくる。やがて、極に再び日光が当たる季節になると二酸化炭素の氷は昇華して、極地方に吹き付ける時速400キロに達する強い風が発生する。これらの季節的活動によって大量の塵や水蒸気が運ばれ、地球と似た霜や大規模な巻雲が生じる。このような水の氷からなる雲の写真が2004年にオポチュニティによって撮影されている（NASA撮影画像へのリンク）。また、南極で二酸化炭素が爆発的に噴出した跡がマーズ・オデッセイによって撮影されている。\n火星は短い時間尺度では温暖化していることを示唆する証拠も発見されている。しかし21世紀初頭の火星は1970年代よりは寒冷である。\n火星の質量は地球の11％で、地球より太陽からの距離が離れているが、気候変動、観測可能な気候パターンなど、気候面では重要な共通点を持っている。\n温度.\n火星の有効温度は氷点下56℃であり、実際の温度の氷点下53℃とほとんど変わらないのは、二酸化炭素が0.006気圧であり水蒸気もほとんど存在せず温室効果が弱いからである。\n地質.\n火星の表面は主として玄武岩と安山岩からなっている。いずれも地球上ではマグマが地表近くで固まって生成する岩石であり、含まれる二酸化ケイ素（SiO）の量で区別される。火星では多くの場所が厚さ数メートルあるいはそれ以上の滑石粉のような細かい塵で覆われている。\nマーズ・グローバル・サーベイヤー探査機による火星の磁場の観測から、火星の地殻が向きの反転を繰り返すバンド状に磁化されていることが分かっている。この磁化バンドは典型的には幅160キロ、長さ1,000キロにわたっている。このような磁化のパターンは地球の海底に見られるものと似ている。1999年に発表された興味深い説によると、これらのバンドは過去の火星のプレートテクトニクス作用の証拠かもしれないと考えられている。しかしそのようなプレート活動があった証拠はまだ確認されていない。2005年10月に発表された新たな発見は上記の説を支持するもので、地球で発見されている海底拡大によるテクトニクス活動と同様の活動が太古の火星にあったことを示している。もしこれらが正しければ、これらの活動によって炭素の豊富な岩石が地表に運ばれることによって地球に近い大気が維持され、一方で磁場の存在によって火星表面が宇宙放射線から守られることになったかもしれない。またこれらとは別の理論的説明も提案されている。\nオポチュニティによる発見の中に、メリディアニ平原で採取した岩石から小さな球形の赤鉄鉱（ヘマタイト）が発見された。この球体は直径わずか数ミリしかなく、数十億年前に水の多い環境の下で堆積岩として作られたものと考えられている。ほかにも鉄ミョウバン石など、硫黄、鉄、臭素を含む鉱物が発見されている。これらを含む多くの証拠から、学術誌『サイエンス』 2004年12月9日号において50名の研究者からなる研究グループは、「火星表面のメリディアニ平原では過去に液体の水が断続的に存在し、地表の下が水で満たされていた時代が何回かあった。液体の水は生命にとって鍵となる必要条件であるため、我々は火星の歴史の中でメリディアニでは生命の存在可能な環境が何度か作られていたと推測している」と結論している。メリディアニの反対側の火星表面では、コロンビア・ヒルズにおいてスピリットが針鉄鉱を発見している。これは（赤鉄鉱とは異なり）水が存在する環境で「のみ」作られる鉱物である。スピリットはほかにも水の存在を示す証拠を発見している。\nマーズ・グローバル・サーベイヤーが2006年に撮影した写真から、クレーター内壁の斜面を液体が流れた痕跡が見つかったが、1999年に同じ場所を撮影した写真には写っておらず、それ以降にできたものと思われる。\n1996年、火星起源であると考えられている隕石「ALH84001」を調査していた研究者が、火星の生命によって残されたと思われる微小化石がこの隕石に含まれていることを報告した。2005年現在、この解釈についてはいまだに議論があり、合意は得られていない。\n地形.\n火星の地形は大きく2通りに分かれており、特徴的である。北半球は溶岩流によって平らに均された平原（北部平原の成因としては大量の水による侵食説もある）が広がっており、一方、南半球は太古の隕石衝突による窪地やクレーターが存在する高地が多い。地球から見た火星表面もこのために2種類の地域に分けられ、両者は光の反射率であるアルベドが異なっている。明るく見える平原は赤い酸化鉄を多く含む塵と砂に覆われており、かつては火星の大陸と見立てられてアラビア大陸（Arabia Terra）やアマゾニス平原（Amazonis Planitia）などと命名されている。暗い模様は海と考えられ、エリトリア海（Mare Erythraeum）、シレーヌス（セイレーンたち）の海（Mare Sirenum）、オーロラ湾（Aurorae Sinus）などと名づけられている。地球から見えるもっとも大きな暗い模様は大シルチス（Syrtis Major）である。\n火星には水と二酸化炭素の氷からなる極冠があり、火星の季節によって変化する。二酸化炭素の氷は夏には昇華して岩石からなる表面が現れ、冬には再び氷ができる。楯状火山であるオリンポス山は標高27キロの太陽系最高の山である。この山はタルシス高地と呼ばれる広大な高地にあり、この地方にはいくつかの大きな火山がある。火星には太陽系最大の峡谷であるマリネリス峡谷も存在する。この峡谷は全長4,000キロ、深さ7キロに達する。火星には多くのクレーターも存在する。最大のものはヘラス盆地で、明るい赤色の砂で覆われている。\n火星の最高地点と最低地点の標高差は約31キロである。オリンポス山の山頂 27キロがもっとも高く、ヘラス盆地の底部、標高基準面の約4キロ下がもっとも低い。これと比べて地球の最高点と最低点（エベレストとマリアナ海溝）の差は19.7キロに過ぎない。両惑星の半径の差を考えると、火星が地球よりもおよそ3倍も凸凹であることを示している。\n21世紀初頭現在では、国際天文学連合（IAU）の惑星系命名ワーキンググループが火星表面の地形名の命名を担当している。\n座標の基準.\n火星には海がないため海抜という定義は使えない。したがって高度0の面、すなわち平均重力面を選ぶ必要がある。火星の基準測地系は4階4次の球面調和関数重力場で定義され、高度0は温度273.16Kでの大気圧が610.5Pa（地球の約0.6パーセント）となる面として定義されている。この圧力と温度は水の三重点に対応している。\n火星の赤道はその自転から定義されているが、基準子午線の位置は地球の場合と同様に任意の点が選ばれ、後世の観測者によって受け入れられていった。ドイツの天文学者ヴィルヘルム・ベーアとヨハン・ハインリッヒ・メドラーは1830年から32年にかけて最初の火星の体系的な地図を作成した際に、ある小さな円形の模様を基準点とした。彼らの選択した基準点は1877年に、イタリアの天文学者ジョヴァンニ・スキアパレッリが有名な火星図の作成を始めた際に基準子午線として採用された。1972年に探査機マリナー9号が火星の広範囲の画像を撮影したあと、子午線の湾のベーアとメドラーの子午線上にある小さなクレーター（のちにエアリー0と呼ばれる）がアメリカ、RAND社のメルトン・デーヴィスによって、惑星撮影時の制御点ネットワークを決める際により正確な経度0.0度の定義として採用された。\n「運河」.\n火星にはかつて生命が存在したという考えのために、火星は人類の想像の世界の中で重要な位置を占めている。こういった考えはおもに19世紀に多くの人々によって行われ、特にパーシヴァル・ローウェルやジョヴァンニ・スキアパレッリによる火星観測から生まれ、一般に知られるようになった、スキアパレッリは観測された模様を（溝）という語で記述した。これが（運河）と誤訳され、ここから「火星の運河」という説が始まった。これらの火星表面の模様は「人工的な」直線状の模様のように見えたために運河であると主張された。またある領域の明るさが季節によって変化するのは植物の成長によるものだと考えられた。\n当初の観測時点でも自然地形とみなされたものが、翻訳（誤訳）によって「運河」と表現されたことで、人工物的な意味合いが付与されてしまった。そこから火星人に関連した多くの話が生まれた。だが火星探査が進むと、運河は無い（＝人工物ではなく自然地形である・知的生命体はいない・火星人の文明はない）ことがわかる。先述の色の変化は塵の嵐のためであると考えられている。\n衛星.\n火星にはフォボスとダイモスの2つの衛星が存在する。ともに1877年にアサフ・ホールによって発見され、ギリシア神話で軍神アレースの戦いに同行した息子のフォボス（「狼狽」の意）、ダイモス（「恐怖」の意）から名付けられた。アレースはローマ神話では戦争の神マルスとして知られている。\n探査.\n火星の地表や気候、地形を研究するために、ソ連、アメリカ、ヨーロッパ、日本によって今までに軌道探査機、着陸機、ローバーなどの多くの探査機が火星に送り込まれた。火星を目指した探査機のうち、約3分の1がミッション完了前に、またはミッション開始直後に何らかの失敗を起こしており、失敗率が高い。原因は技術上の問題によるものと考えられるが、また一方で原因不明の失敗や交信途絶も多くあり、研究者の中には冗談半分に地球・火星間の「バミューダトライアングル」と呼んだり、火星探査機を食べて暮らしている宇宙悪霊がいると言ったり、火星の呪いと言う人もいる。\nもっとも成功したミッションとしては、ソ連の火星探査機計画やアメリカのマリナー計画、バイキング計画、マーズ・グローバル・サーベイヤー、マーズ・パスファインダー、2001マーズ・オデッセイなどがある。グローバル・サーベイヤーは峡谷や土石流の写真を撮影し、帯水層と同様の液体の水が流れる水源が火星の地表または地表近くに存在する可能性を示唆した。2001マーズ・オデッセイは、火星の南緯60度以南の南極地方の地下約3メートル以内の表土には大量の水の氷が堆積していることを明らかにした。\n2003年、欧州宇宙機関（ESA）はマーズ・エクスプレス・オービタと着陸機ビーグル2からなるマーズ・エクスプレス探査機を打ち上げた。マーズ・エクスプレス・オービタは火星の南極に水と二酸化炭素の氷が存在することを確認した。NASA はそれ以前に北極について、同様の氷が存在することを確認していた。ビーグル2との交信には失敗し、2004年2月初旬にビーグル2が失われたことが宣言された。\n同じ2003年に NASA はスピリット（MER-A）、オポチュニティ（MER-B）と命名された2機のマーズ・エクスプロレーション・ローバーを打ち上げた。2機とも2004年1月に無事に着陸し、すべての探査目標を調査した。当初計画されたミッションは90日間だったが、ミッションは数回延長され、いくつかの機械的トラブルは起きたものの、2007年現在もなお科学的成果を地球に送り続けている。最大の科学的成果は、両方の着陸地点で過去のある時期に液体の水が存在した証拠を発見したことである。また、火星の地上で撮影された旋風（dust devil）が火星の地表を動いていく様子がスピリットによって検出された。この旋風はマーズ・パスファインダーで初めて撮影されていた。\n2012年にマーズ・サイエンス・ラボラトリーが火星に到着し、キュリオシティー着陸の過程を撮影した720p10fpsの高精細な動画が地球に送られた。キュリオシティーには、過去火星に投入された探査機の中では最高の解像度（1600×1200）のカメラが搭載されており、次々に高精細なパノラマ画像が送られている。\n2018年には、インサイトがエリシウム平原に着陸。搭載した地震計により、最初の15か月間の観測だけでも火星の地震（火震）活動を数百回観測。地球や月と同レベルの「生きた天体」であることが確認された。\n有人探査.\nヴェルナー・フォン・ブラウンをはじめ、多くの人々が有人月探査の次のステップは、有人火星探査であると考えてきた。有人探査の賛同者は、人間は無人探査機よりも幾分優れており、有人探査を進めるべきだと主張している。\nアメリカ合衆国のブッシュ大統領（父）は1989年に月および火星の有人探査構想を明らかにしたが、多額の予算を必要とするために断念された。また、ブッシュ大統領（息子）も2004年1月14日に「宇宙探査の将来」と題した新たな計画を発表した。これによると、アメリカは2015年までにもう一度月に有人探査機を送り、その後有人での火星探査の可能性を探ることとなっていた（コンステレーション計画）。また、ロシアも将来的に有人火星探査を行うことを予定しており、技術的・経済的に判断して2025年までには実現可能であるとしている。さらにESAも、2030年までに人間を火星に送る「オーロラ・プログラム」と呼ばれる長期計画を持っている。\n特にネックとなるのは、火星への往復と滞在期間の合計で1年強から3年弱という、月探査とは比較にならない長期間のミッションであることと、運ばなければならない物資の量である。このため、火星の大気から帰還用燃料を製造する無人工場を先行して送り込み、有人宇宙船は往路分のみの燃料で火星に到達し、探査後に無人工場で製造されていた燃料で帰還するというプラン「マーズ・ダイレクト」なども提案されている。\n2010年、オバマ大統領はコンステレーション計画の中止を表明したが、同時に予算を新型のロケットエンジン開発などの将来性の高い新技術開発に振り向けるとしており、より短期間で火星に到達できる航行手段が実用化されることが期待される。また、同計画の代わりにオバマ大統領は、2030年代半ばを目標にした新たな有人火星探査計画も発表している。\n探査批判.\n火星探査は近年根強く実施されているが、前述のように探査計画の約3分の1が失敗に終わるうえに、莫大な予算がかかるとして批判する声も大きい。「火星に水がかつてあった。それがどうした。我々の生活に関係あるのか?予算を地球のために使うべきだ」というようなものである。実際には（アメリカ合衆国を例に取れば）国防費の20分の1以下のNASAの予算の、さらにごく一部が火星探査に割り当てられているに過ぎないのだが、こうした声を無視することもできず、探査計画の低コスト化が進められている。\n観測.\n16世紀デンマークの天文学者ティコ・ブラーエは、地球を中心に太陽（火星など惑星は太陽の周りを回る）が回る変則的な天動説をとっていたが、肉眼によるものではもっとも精密に火星の軌道を観測した。ティコ（慣習として姓でなく名を通称とする）の助手であったヨハネス・ケプラーは師の死後、観測データを解析することで惑星の軌道が円ではなく楕円であること、さらに火星の軌道からほかの惑星の軌道も楕円でありケプラーの法則に従うという地動説を主張した。公転速度が速く観測しやすい火星の軌道離心率が冥王星や水星に次いで大きい0.0934であったことも幸運であった。\n1877年の火星大接近とスキアパレッリの発表に始まった火星運河説に重大な疑問を投げかけたのが、エッジワース・カイパーベルトの提唱者の1人であるカイパーである。1947年、火星を赤外線帯で観測し、大気の成分が二酸化炭素であると主張した。地球大気の重要な成分である窒素、酸素、水蒸気の痕跡は見当たらず、文明を持つ火星人の存在はほぼ否定された。\n地球は780日（2年と7週間と1日）ごとに火星を追い越し、そのときの距離は約8000万キロ（約4光分）まで接近する。しかし、火星軌道が楕円であるために最接近時の距離は変化する。火星の近日点付近で接近すれば接近距離は5600万キロ程度となるが、遠日点付近で接近すれば1億キロ程度と2倍近く距離が異なる。肉眼で観測していると、火星は通常、ほかの星とはっきり異なる黄色あるいはオレンジ色や赤っぽい色に見え、軌道を公転するにつれて地球から見るほかのどの惑星よりも大きく明るさが変化する。これは、火星が地球からもっとも離れるときにはもっとも近づいたときの7倍以上も距離が離れるためである。なお、太陽と同じ方向にある合前後の数か月間は太陽の光で見えなくなることもある。もっとも観測に適した時期は32年ごとに2回、15年と17年をおいて交互にやってきて「大接近」と呼ばれる。この時期は常に7月終わりから9月終わりの間になる。この時期に火星を望遠鏡で見ると表面のさまざまな様子を詳細に見ることができる。低倍率でも見える特に目立つ特徴は極冠である。\n2003年8月27日9時51分13秒（世界時）に火星は過去60,000年でもっとも近く、5,575万8,006キロまで地球に接近した（惑星光行差補正なしでの値）。この大接近は火星の近日点通過の3日後が火星の衝の翌日と重なったために生じたもので、地球から火星を特に見やすくなった。これ以前にもっとも近く接近したのは紀元前57617年9月12日と計算されている。太陽系の重力計算の詳細な解析から、2287年には2003年よりも近い接近が起こると計算されている。しかし正確に見ていくと、この記録的な大接近は284年ごとに4回起きている別の大接近よりもごくわずかに近いだけであることが分かる。たとえば、2003年8月27日の最接近距離が0.37271auであるのに対して1924年8月22日の最接近距離は0.37284auであり、2208年8月24日の接近は0.37278auである。\n2084年11月10日には火星から見て地球の太陽面通過が起こる。このときには太陽と地球、火星が一直線上に並ぶ。同様に火星から見た水星や金星の太陽面通過も起こる。火星の衛星であるダイモスは火星から見た角直径が太陽のそれより充分に小さいため、ダイモスによる部分日食も太陽面通過とみなせる。\n1590年10月13日には過去唯一の金星による火星食が起こり、ドイツのハイデルベルクでメストリンによって観測された。\n火星起源の隕石.\n地球上で発見されたもののうち、確実に隕石であり、かつ火星に起源を持つと思われる岩石がいくつか知られている。これらの隕石のうち2つからは古代の細菌の活動の痕跡かもしれない特徴が見つかっている。1996年8月6日、NASAは火星起源と考えられている「ALH84001」隕石の分析から、単細胞生命体の化石の可能性がある特徴が発見されたと発表した。しかしこの解釈にはいまだに議論の余地がある。\n『Solar System Research』2004年3月号（38, p.97）に掲載された論文では、イエメンで発見されたカイドゥン隕石が火星の衛星フォボスに起源を持つ可能性があると示唆している。\n2004年4月14日にNASAは、オポチュニティによって調査された\"Bounce\"という名前の岩石が、1979年に南極で発見された隕石「EETA79001-B」と似た組成を持っていることを明らかにした。この岩石はこの隕石と同じクレーターから飛散したか、あるいは火星表面の同じ地域にある別々のクレーターから飛ばされた可能性がある。\n氷の湖.\n2005年7月29日、BBCは火星の北極地方のクレーターで氷の湖が発見されたと報じた。ESAのマーズ・エクスプレス探査機に搭載された高解像度ステレオカメラで撮影されたこのクレーターの画像には、北緯70.5度、東経103度に位置し、火星北極域の大半を占めるボレアリス平野にある無名のクレーターの底に平らな氷が広がっている様子がはっきりと写っている。このクレーターは直径35キロ、深さ約2キロである。\nBBCの報道ではやや誇張されているが、もともとのESAの発表ではこれが湖であるとは主張していない。火星の数多くのほかの場所に見られるものと同様に、この円板状の氷は暗く低温の砂丘の頂上（高度約200メートル）に薄い層状の霜が凝結してクレーターの底に広がったものである。報じられたこの氷が特に珍しいのは、霜のいくらかが1年中残りうるほどこの場所が高緯度にあるという点だけである。赤道付近は日中20℃を越すこともあり、高緯度でなければ氷は存在できない。また、液体の水も、火星の大気は希薄、すなわち大気中の水蒸気圧が小さいため、火星表面のほとんどの地域ではすぐ蒸発してしまうため存在できない。液体の水が存在できるのはヘラス盆地など限られた場所のみである。\n生命.\nかつての火星は現在よりも確実に生命に適した環境だったという証拠は存在するが、実際に生命がいたかどうかについては確定できていない。\n現在の火星は、ハビタブルゾーン内（生命存在の可能な天体が、存在できる領域）にあるという。\n太陽系天体の中では、植民地化（テラフォーミング）の最有力候補といえる。あくまで他よりはマシという意味であり、将来本当に行われるのか、現実に妥当なのかは別である。\n人類との関係.\n歴史と神話.\n火星の名称（Mars／マーズ）は、ローマ神話の神マルス（ギリシア神話の軍神アレース）から名付けられた。メソポタミアの民は赤い惑星に戦火と血を連想して彼らの戦神ネルガルの名を冠して以来、火星には各々の地でその地の戦神の名がつけられている（ほかの惑星名についてもほぼ同様の継承が認められる）。\n東洋.\n火星は五行説に基づく呼び名であり（五行説は東洋医学の基礎理論でもある）、学問上（天文史料）ではといった。「熒」はしばしば同音の「螢」と誤られる。また、この場合の「惑」は「ワク」ではなく「コク」と読む。江戸時代には「なつひぼし」と訓じられた。そのため夏日星という和名もある。\n火星がさそり座のアンタレス（黄道の近くに位置しているため）付近にとどまること（地球から観測する場合、火星は順行から逆行に切り替える数日間、天球上の同じ場所に止まるように見える）を熒惑守心（熒惑心を守る）といい、不吉の前兆とされた。「心」とは、アンタレスが所属する星官（中国の星座）心宿のこと。\n占星術.\n火星は七曜・九曜の1つで、10大天体の1つである。\n西洋占星術では、白羊宮の支配星、天蝎宮の副支配星で、凶星である。積極性を示し、運動、暴力戦争などの争い、外科、年下の男にあてはまる。\n惑星記号.\n火星の惑星記号はマルスを象徴する盾と槍を図案化したものが、占星術・天文学を通して用いられる。これを雌雄の表記に転用したのはカール・フォン・リンネであり、生殖器の図案ではない。\n", "MZ（エムゼット）は、1970年代から1980年代にかけてシャープが販売していたパソコンのシリーズ名。\n設計とシステム構成.\nMZシリーズの始まりは、1978年5月に発売されたマイコン博士MZ-40Kという4ビットマイコンのトレーニングキットである。MZ-40Kの名前の由来は風呂ブザー用に用意してあった登録コードを流用したものであった。\n製品を発案した事業部は部品を販売する部署であり、計算機などを扱う部署との摩擦を防ぐ意味合いもあって、MZ-40Kに続いて技術者用のトレーニングキットという名目でMZ-80Kを半完成キットの形で発売した。これらとは別に、MZ-80Tというワンボードトレーニングマイコンも用意されていた。\nシリーズとして以下のような特徴を持っている。\nクリーン設計.\nMZ-80Kも試作機では、BASICもROMで搭載されたコンピューターであったが、シャープがROMを外部調達する都合上、ROMに納めたプログラムにバグが発覚すればその原価から多大な損害が発生する。このリスクを回避するため実際に商品化された製品で採られた苦肉の策が、システム全体をROMとして持つのではなく、最低限の処理を収めたモニタのみを本体にROMで搭載し、基本プログラムはカセットテープなどのメディアで供給するという、後に「クリーンコンピューター」とうたわれるシステムであった。現実にはそれほど致命的なバグが露見することはなかったが、逆にマニアからすれば自分で自由にソフト開発ができる環境となっており、ハドソンソフトやキャリーラボをはじめとしてシャープ以外のさまざまなソフトハウスから言語、オペレーティングシステム等が発売されると共に、各種言語やシステムのリリースが行われたり、シャープ自身もハイスピードBASICなどのソフトウェア的なアップグレードを実施した。これらの状況から、苦肉の策の設計であったクリーンコンピューターは、ソフトウェア的にフレキシブルなシステムであることを、以降のMZシリーズの特徴的な設計として広告文句にも利用するようになった。この実装では、システムそのものを本体に持たないため、当時の標準環境であったBASICが利用可能になるまで、標準内蔵デバイスであるデータレコーダからの起動で数分を要するという欠点もあったが、FDDの利用で10秒前後に短縮できるほか、MZ-80B以降のIPL (Initial Program Loader) では、MZ-1R12等のメモリボードに予め起動するシステムを書き込むことでも改善することが出来た。同様にクリーン設計を採用したX1では、CZ-8RB01として予め拡張ボードに書き込まれたBASICも発売されていた。これらのSRAM若しくはROMボード上からの起動でも、それらは直接メモリ空間にマッピングされているわけではなく、IPLにより、メインメモリに「転送」されて起動する。\n実装の変遷.\nMZ-80Kではコマンド自体が6種しか実装されていないものの、実際にROMで実装されているモニタは現在のBIOSに相当し、文字表示や内蔵デバイスへの入出力、音の出力などのローレベルな処理が書き込まれており、最低限の物しか存在していないわけではない。MZ-80Bでは、本体基板にはIPLのみをROMで実装し、モニタも含むシステムプログラムは、全てRAMに展開されるようさらにその設計を推し進めたものになり、同社X1では更にアドレスデコードの工夫によって、IPL自身が直接読み込むことが可能な容量が増えている。これら、ソフトウェアを固定しないかたちで進められたその思想は、X1turboやMZ-2500では再度、複雑化したハードウェアをサポートするためのBIOS(IOCS)が本体に実装されるようになり、結果として先祖返りするかたちになっている。また、他の機種であっても、起動時にディスク対応のモジュールの読み込みを行ったり、ROM部分のバンク切り替えによるRAM化が可能になるなど、実質的には実装の差は、互換性を維持するために搭載されるBASIC-ROMの有無のみになっていった。\nオールインワン設計.\n初期の同シリーズは、本体・ディスプレイ・キーボード・データレコーダーを一体とし、本体のみでシステムが最低限完結するように設計されていた。機種によって構造やパーツは異なるものの、筐体は底面のビスを外すことで背面の蝶番を支点として、車のボンネットカバーのように持ち上げることが可能になっており、内部に用意された支柱によって固定し、内部をメンテナンスできるようになっている。PCシリーズを祖とするMZ-3500、MZ-5500シリーズを除けば、MZ-2000やMZ-1200の世代まで受け継がれる外観にも現れる特徴的な設計となっていたが、ディスプレイのカラー化などの流れとコストのバランスの都合から、MZ-700以降は見られなくなった。\nアルゴマーク.\nMZ-80Kの発売に合わせ、ブランドの確立のため、シリーズのシンボルマークとして勇気、未来、探求、憧れの象徴として、ギリシャ神話の物語からアルゴ号をモチーフに作られたデザインが制定された。その意匠デザインの由来については「MZ-80 SERIES BASIC解説」の冒頭に言及があり、Oh!MZ誌上でも、その一節は取り上げられた。このロゴマークは、当時家電メーカーとしてのイメージが強かったシャープでは社名のみではインパクトが弱く、多くの売れ筋製品の名前などの要素や、対象になるユーザーの嗜好などを考慮し、新しいベンチャーとしてのイメージを託すかたちで新設された。この象徴的なマークは最終機まで引き継がれ、MZ-2500、MZ-2861では特殊キーのひとつにこのロゴが描かれたキーが存在する。\n内蔵データレコーダ.\nMZシリーズの内蔵データレコーダは、専用に周辺回路が設計されていることもあり、競合製品のデータレコーダよりも高い信頼性を確保していた他、読み書きの速度も競合製品の平均的な速度よりも高速に設定されていた。記録されるデータはソフトウェア制御によるPWM変調で、同じデータの書き込みを繰り返し二回記録する。データの読み込みが失敗した場合は、二度目に記録したデータの読み込むを試みるようになっている。このフォーマットは速度の差はあるものの引き継がれた。また、ハードウェアでは、その機種の標準速度を基準に調整されているものの、ソフトウェアによって波形は生成されるため、ソフトウェアによってある程度の記録速度の調整を行うことが可能であった。\nMZ-80Bではソフトウェアでも頭出しやデッキオープン、早送り、巻き戻し等の制御が可能になった。この電磁制御のデータレコーダは別部署からリリースされたX1でも標準の内蔵デバイスとして採用された。また、MZ-2500では録再ヘッドがステレオ仕様になり、片方にデータ、片方に音声を記録し、ロードしながら音声を再生、本体側から音声を頭出しし、再生するなどの利用も可能になった。この信頼性と高速性を持つデータレコーダに加え、他社の競合製品と比較し、純正FDDの標準価格が高価であることも手伝い、フロッピーディスクの標準搭載への対応が遅れる遠因となった。\nフロッピーディスクインターフェイス.\nFDDインターフェイスの初期回路設計において、本来、負論理のバッファを通すところを直結し、その設計を踏襲したため、直接は互換性のない機種においてもそのままディスクサイドの指定や、実記録されるデータが、標準的なディスクに対し反転している。また、初期の1Sドライブが片面35トラックであり、互換性を維持するため、純正FDDであるMZ-80BFではヘッドにストッパーが装着され、公式なトラック数が2Dでも片面35トラックとなっている。ただしコントローラーやドライブ自体はそれ以降のトラックも取り扱えるため、本来のドライブ側の仕様である80トラックを利用できるようにする改造や、仕様外のそれ以降を利用するソフトウェアも個人、雑誌レベルでは存在している。Hu-BASICでは、ソフトウェア的に反転させることにより、記録媒体レベルでのX1との互換性が実現されている。\nプリンタインターフェイス.\nプリンターインターフェースは初期の実装ではMZ-80K系、MZ-80B系列それぞれ異なる独自仕様になっていたが、MZ-2000以降は一般的なセントロニクス準拠仕様に変わっている。ただし、MZ-1500では互換性維持のため、本体背面にMZ専用仕様とセントロニクス準拠仕様とを切り替えるディップスイッチがあった。なお、最初に発売されたMZ-80P2は放電破壊プリンターだった。その後のMZ-80P3以降はドットマトリクスプリンターである。MZ-700には、専用内蔵プリンタが存在しており、その後継機であるMZ-1500にもそれを外付け可能にしたMZ-1P09が発売されている。このプリンタは、安価にボールペンによって本来高価であるカラーペンプロッターを実現していた。\n回路図・ソースコード.\n元々部品事業部のトレーニングキット名目での製品であり、メモリの増設にもハードウェアに手を入れる必要があるという状況もあいまって、MZ-2200の時代まで本体の回路図、モニタのソースコード、Z80の命令表等、ハードウェア、ソフトウェアを製作するのに必要な情報が、標準添付のOwner's Manualに記載されていることも特徴であった。シャープ純正の言語や開発ツールは価格も高かったことから、これらのソースコードを使いこなしていたユーザーは多くはなかったが、シャープ社内開発担当者ではこれらの開発ツールが縦横無尽に有効活用されていたことが、前記モニタプログラムのソースコードから読み取れる。なお、MZ-1500の回路図およびROMモニタのソースコードは、工学社『MZ-1500 テクニカル・マニュアル』に掲載され、MZ-2500の回路図は、電波新聞社『Super MZ活用研究』、工学社『MZ-2500 テクニカル・マニュアル』〈Super Series 1〉、ソフトバンク『Oh!MZ』に掲載された。BIOSやBASICのソースリストは工学社から発売された。本体だけではなく、シャープ純正オプションの一部では付属マニュアルに回路図が記載されている。\n製品系列.\n系列としてはMZ-80K系(40×25文字のテキスト画面を持つ。グラフィックキャラクタを使用した80×50ドットのセミグラフィックが可能)、MZ-80B系(320×200のモノクログラフィックを最大2画面分、テキストと別プレーンで持つ)、MZ-2000系(640×200の解像度に加えカラー表示対応)、PC-3100系、MZ-5500系(MZ-3500系を16bit化)などがある。\nなお、MZの名称は同社のMebiusとZaurusの頭文字に、分割して引き継がれていると宮永好道がコラムで語っている。\n情報システム事業部によるMZ.\n1982年MZ-80Kグループを開発した部品事業部から、情報システム事業部にパソコン事業を移管。\nMZ型番は、シリーズ名に下二桁に00を持つ3〜4桁の数字。PC型番は、PCからMZにシリーズ名が変更になり、全体としての命名規則が変わった。同時に周辺機器の型番もリセットされ、シリーズ全体で、カテゴリごとに末尾1からの連番で割り当てられた。ホビー用途では部品事業部由来の製品が多く広告、販売されていたこともあり、MZとしてイメージされるのは部品事業部由来のシリーズである。同一シリーズにバリエーションがある場合は、その下位二桁である00の部分にバリエーションを示す数字が割り当てられた。\n以降のパソコン開発に、部品事業部でMZ-80を設計していた技術者達は参画していない。\nホビー向けMZ.\n部品事業部が展開していた主にホビー向けの流れを受けたシリーズ。代を追うごとにホビー向けの機能が充実して行き、多くの人がMZとして思い出すのはこちらの系列である。\nビジネス向けMZ.\n存続する事業部となった情報システム事業部が元々展開していたシリーズの後継機。ビジネス向けの一体型PC、PC-3100S/PC-3200の、本体・キーボード分離型にした新型機の型番をMZに移行したもの。5.25インチフロッピーディスクドライブを搭載（MZ-6550のみ3.5インチ）。\nソフトウェア.\n自社供給.\nSHARP BASICとして、(後にS-BASICと呼ばれる)PET由来のコマンド群を持つBASICをカセットテープ並びにフロッピーディスクで標準添付、並びにオプションとして供給していた。演算精度の高いもの、漢字表示や特定デバイスのサポート、カラー表示のサポートなど、拡張機能を実装したBASICは、別途オプションとして提供されている。それらBASIC以外にも、リロケータブルバイナリ出力でユーザー定義のマクロ命令記述も可能なマクロアセンブラ(リンカ・シンボリックデバッガ・P-ROMフォーマッタ含む)アセンブリ言語、マシンランゲージモニタ(現在でいうバイナリエディタ)等も別売されており、テープメディアゆえ使い勝手に難ありといえども極めて強力な開発ツールであった。Floppy Disk Operating System(FDOS)には前記アセンブラのほかBASICコンパイラも同梱されており、Z80のセルフ開発環境としてはコストパフォーマンスを考慮すると当時のCP/M-80をも凌駕するものであった。\nシャープ純正の言語は前記のとおりバリエーションが直交している場合が多かったため、プログラマーはさまざまな言語を選択できたかわりに、アプリケーション使用者はその言語を購入する必要がある場合もあった。\n", "金（きん、、）は、原子番号79の元素。元素記号はAu。第11族元素に属する金属元素。常温常圧下の単体では人類が古くから知る固体金属である。和語ではこがね、くがねといい、おうごんとも（黄金）。\n見かけは光沢のあるオレンジがかった黄色すなわち金色に輝く。金属としては重く、軟らかく、可鍛性がある。展性と延性に富み、非常に薄く延ばしたり、広げたりすることができる。同族の銅と銀が比較的反応性に富むこととは対照的に、標準酸化還元電位に基くイオン化傾向は全金属中で最小であり、反応性が低い。金を溶解する水溶液としては、王水（塩化ニトロシル）、セレン酸（熱濃セレン酸）、ヨードチンキ、酸素存在下でのシアン化物の水溶液がある。\n宇宙ではキロノヴァ（中性子星合体）などで生み出される。地球ではマントルで生成されるとする説もある。宇宙で生み出された金は隕石として降り注ぎ地球で採掘される金となった。熱水鉱床として鉱床が生成され、そのまま採掘されるか、風化の結果として生まれた金塊や沖積鉱床（砂金）として採集される。\nこれらの性質から、金は多くの時代と地域で貴金属として価値を認められてきた。化合物ではなく単体で産出されるため精錬の必要がなく、装飾品として人類に利用された最古の金属で、美術工芸品にも多く用いられた。銀や銅と共に交換・貨幣用金属の一つであり、現代に至るまで蓄財や投資の対象となったり、金貨として加工・使用されたりしている。ISO通貨コードでは XAU と表す。また、医療やエレクトロニクスなどの分野で利用されている。\n名称.\n元素記号Auは、ラテン語で金を意味する \"aurum\" に由来する。大和言葉で「こがね/くがね（黄金: 黄色い金属）」とも呼ばれる。\n日本語では、金を「かね」と読めば通貨・貨幣・金銭と同義（すなわちお金）である。金属としての金は「黄金」（おうごん）とも呼ばれ、「黄金時代」は物事の全盛期の比喩表現として使われる。「金属」や「金物」（かなもの）といった単語に金の字が含まれるように、古くから金属全体を代表する物質として見られた。\n性質.\n原子番号は79であり、貴金属としては最も大きい。\n金は単体では金色と呼ばれる光沢のあるオレンジがかった黄色の金属であるが、非常に細かい粒子状（金コロイド）にすると黒やルビー色に見える場合があり、時には紫色になる。これらの色は金のプラズモン周波数によるもので、主に黄色と赤色を反射して、青色を吸収する。このため、薄い金箔を光にかざすと、反射と吸収の谷間にあたる緑色に見える。化合率が低めだが、合金が多く、頻繁に色が変わってしまう。\n展延性.\n展性・延性に優れ、最も薄く延ばすことができる金属である。1グラムあれば数平方メートルまで広げることができ、長さでは約3000メートルまで延ばすことができる。平面状に延ばしたものを「金箔」（きんぱく）、金箔を和紙に貼って細く切るなど糸状に装飾しやすくしたものを「金糸」（きんし）と呼ぶ。華美な衣装を作るために、金糸は綿や絹など一般的な繊維素材と併用される。逆に大きな展延性が精密加工時や加工後の製品では、耐久性が悪いという弱点にもなる。かつてよく行われていた金メダルを噛むという行為は、歯型が付くほどの展延性を持つ金であることを確かめる行為だったことに由来する（現代の金メダルは純金ではないので歯型は付かない）。\n合金.\n金は柔らかく、宝飾品などの工業製品とするには加工がしにくいため、合金にする。合金にすれば硬度を上げることができ、イエローゴールドやピンクゴールドなどといった、変化に富んだ色調を生み出すことができる。\nちなみに、合金を作る際に混ぜる金属は、割り金と呼ばれ、例えば銅を混ぜると赤っぽくなるほか、鉄は緑、アルミニウムは紫になる。他にも、ガリウムやインジウムは青、パラジウムやニッケルは白、ビスマスと銀が混ざった物では黒味を帯びた色調になるなど、色の変化に富む。\n自然に存在する金には通常、10%程度の銀が含まれており、銀の含有率が20%を超える物はエレクトラム、青金または琥珀金と呼ばれる。さらに銀の量を増やしていくと、色は次第に銀白色になり、比重はそれにつれて下がる。\nなお、金合金における金の含有率を品位といい、千分率もしくはカラット（K）で表される。\n熱伝導、電気伝導、反応性.\n金は熱伝導、電気伝導ともに優れた性質を持ち、空気では浸食されない。熱、湿気、酸素、その他ほとんどの化学的腐食（通常の酸やアルカリ）に対して非常に強い。そのため、貨幣の材料や装飾品として古くから用いられてきた。\n一方、金はある特殊な条件下で化合物を生成する。\n金化合物の性質.\n化合物中での金の安定な原子価は+1, +3であり、化合物あるいは水溶液中において Au3+ など単純な水和イオンは安定でなく、&lt;chem&gt;[Au(CN)2]^-&lt;/chem&gt; および &lt;chem&gt;[AuCl4]^-&lt;/chem&gt; など主に錯体として存在する。AuCl など1価の金化合物はシアノ錯体を除いて一般的に水溶液中で不安定であり、不均化しやすい。\n金化合物は一般的に熱力学的に不安定であり、光の作用により分解し、単体の金を遊離しやすい。合金中において金はイオン化したとしても直ちに他の金属によって還元され、添加された金属は酸化される。このことも「金は安定的」と言われる所以になっている。\n利用の歴史.\n金は、美しい光沢を含めて有用な性質を多く持つ。また精錬の必要がない単体の金そのままで自然界に存在しているため、精錬が必要な鉄などよりも早く人類が利用していた金属とされる。しかし産出は非常に限られていたため、有史以前から貴重な金属、貴金属として知られていた。また、そのままでは金として利用できない金鉱石であっても、アマルガム法や灰吹法などの冶金法によって取り出すことができた。\n長い年月を経ても変化しない金の性質は神秘性を産み、不老不死との関連としても研究された。占星術においては、中心に点が描かれた円の記号は太陽を表すと同時に金も表し、これは古代エジプトのヒエログリフにも見られる。このように、金は歴史とともに利用価値の高さゆえの豊かさと富の象徴であり、金そのものや鉱山（金鉱や金山）の所有、採掘の権利などを巡る争奪・紛争が、個人間から国家間の規模に至るまでしばしば引き起こされた。\n紀元前.\n金は紀元前3000年代に使われ始めた。最古の金属貨幣は紀元前7 - 6世紀（紀元前670年ごろ）にリディアでアリュアッテス2世王により造られたエレクトロン貨で、天然の金銀合金に動物や人物を打刻している。金は中国で商時代に已に装飾品として使われ、春秋戦国時代には貨幣や象嵌材料として使用された。\n古代エジプトのヒエログリフでは、紀元前2600年ごろから金についての記述が見られる。ミタンニの王トゥシュラッタが、通常は粒として請求をしている。エジプトとヌビアは、史上でも有数の金産出地域である。『旧約聖書』でも、金について多く触れられている。黒海の南西部は、金の産出地として名高い。金を利用した物としては、ミダスの時代にまで遡ると言われている。この金は、前述のリディアでの世界で初めての貨幣成立（エレクトロン貨）に大きく影響をおよぼしたと言われている。\n日本.\n日本での古代の金製品は福岡県志賀島にて発見された漢委奴国王印などがある。古墳時代には奈良県東大寺山古墳出土の「中平」銘鉄剣や埼玉県稲荷山古墳出土の「辛亥」銘鉄剣など、鉄地に線を彫って金線を埋め込んだ金象嵌があった。\n奈良時代までの日本は金を産出せず、供給は朝鮮半島の新羅や高句麗からの輸入に頼っていたことから、東大寺盧舎那仏像の建立に合わせ、鍍金のために全国で探索が行われていた。天平21年（749年）に涌谷で金が採掘され陸奥国守の百済王敬福が鍍金料として金900両（約13kg）を献上すると、聖武天皇は神仏の奇跡であるとして天平から天平感宝へ改元した。これ以降は状況が一変し、8世紀後半からは逆に渤海、新羅などへ輸出され、遣唐使の滞在費用として砂金が持ち込まれることで、後の「黄金の国」のイメージの原型が形作られた。\n平安時代後期には金の産地となっていた奥州を掌握した奥州藤原氏によって、産金による経済力を背景に、平泉が平安京に次ぐ日本第二の都市にまで発展した。砂金は平安京や北宋・沿海州などとの貿易に使用された。奥州産の金をふんだんに使用した中尊寺金色堂は、マルコ・ポーロが『東方見聞録』で 紹介した黄金の国ジパングのモデルになったともされる。\n豊臣政権や江戸幕府は金山への支配を強め、金を含有した大判や小判を発行した。\n（関連：金相場会所、御定相場）\n1937年（昭和12年）日中戦争が始まると戦時経済体制の強化が進められる中で、国民の金献納運動が行われた。さらに同年12月には九金（金の品位1000分中376）以上の大部分の金製品は原則製造禁止に、さらに翌1938年（昭和13年）8月20日からは対象を品位を問わず全ての金製品に拡大。金製品を製造する場合には大蔵大臣の許可が要することとされた。\n世界.\nコロンブスのアメリカ州到達以来、探検家や征服者（コンキスタドール）によって行われたアメリカ原住民（インカ帝国など）からの金の強奪は膨大な量に上った。特に中央アメリカや南米大陸のペルー、コロンビアを原産とする物が多い。それらは金と銅の合金で作られており、スペイン人たちはと呼んでいた。金への欲望を募らせたヨーロッパ人は、金鉱あるいは採掘済みの金があると信じたエル・ドラード（黄金郷）を探し求めて南米奥地に分け入ったが、現在に至るまで該当する土地は見つかっていない。\n大航海時代以降には、日本近くにあると信じられた金銀島も探索の対象となった。\n1848年、アメリカ合衆国では、ゴールドラッシュと呼ばれる、金採掘を目的としたカリフォルニア州への大規模移民が起きた。同様の現象は、現在までにアメリカ国外を含めてしばしば発生している。\n1899年から1901年まで南アフリカで起きたボーア戦争は、イギリスとボーアの鉱山労働者の権利や金の所有権に関する争いである。\n資産価値と金本位制.\n歴史上の評価を総括するならば、金は最も価値のある金属と考えられてきた。また純粋、価値、特権階級の象徴としてもとらえられてきた。これは、金が他の金属と比較して年代を経ても基本的な性質を損なわず、価値を保存する性質に優れていたことが大きな理由である。したがって、その後発展した多くの通貨制度においても、金は最も上位に位置する基準とされてきた（金本位制）。\nほとんどの国が管理通貨制度に移行した現代でも、多くの中央銀行や政府が、財務的な信用力を確保するため資産の一部を地金として保有している。\nまた金の先物取引などは、個人からヘッジファンドなどのトレーダーに至るまで投資の一手段とされている。さらに資産の一部を金地金や金貨、金装飾品で保有する個人もいる。\n2004年11月、ロンドン金価格に連動するETF（上場投資信託）が誕生し、一般投資家が金地金の現物を購入・保管する手間やコストなく投資可能となったことで需要が増大した。\n金は「安全資産」と看做されており、世界経済や国際情勢への不安感が増したり、金利が低下して、金利を生まない金を保有するデメリットが薄れたりすると金価格は上昇する傾向がある。金の国際相場最高値は、2011年に1トロイオンス1900ドルを超え、2020年に新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響で2000ドルを突破。日本国内では新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響で2020年4月13日、1グラム6513円と従来の最高値（消費税導入前の1980年1月に付けた6495円）を超えた。 \n金の採掘は比較的容易であり、1910年からこれまでに、究極可採埋蔵量のうち75%ほどの金が産出されてきたと考えられている。地質学的に、地球上にある採掘可能な金の埋蔵量は、一辺が20 mの立方体に収まる程度と考えられている。\n金と錬金術・科学.\nこうして金が財力として価値が見いだされると、新たに金を採掘するよりも容易に金が得られる技術の開発が試みられた。金そのものの性質を調べることに加え、それまでの冶金術を元に、身近な金属や物質から金を作り出す研究が盛んに行われ、これは錬金術として確立した。占星術からの引用で太陽を表す記号で金も表し、金を生み出すことができるとされた物質には賢者の石の名を与えた。錬金術師達により賢者の石を作ることに多くの努力がなされ、その試みの全ては失敗に終わったが、得られた多くの成果はその後の化学や物理学の基礎となった。\n現代では原子核物理学と宇宙物理学の発展により、鉄（原子番号26）より重い元素核種は、中性子捕獲とベータ崩壊によって作られることがわかっている。この過程を解明するための再現実験で、金よりも原子番号が一つ大きい水銀（原子番号80）の安定核種に中性子線を照射すると放射性同位体が生成され、これがベータ崩壊することで金の同位体が得られる。ただし、これらは安定核種ではない（放射能を持つ）上に、実用に耐えうる十分な量の金を求めるのなら長い年月と膨大なエネルギーが必要であり、得られる金の時価と比べると現実的でない。\n自然界での金の生成.\n金を含むあらゆる元素は、宇宙の進化とともに生成されてきた。特に鉄よりも重い金のような元素は、星の爆発などの凄まじい天文現象で生成された。\n宇宙で金を含むこのような重元素が作られるプロセスは、これまで漸近巨星分枝と呼ばれる赤色巨星内で合成される過程（s過程）と、そのような巨大な恒星が寿命を終え超新星爆発を起こす過程（r過程）の両方で合成されると考えられていた。しかし、これらの過程では、前者は中性子束が低いため反応断面積が小さくて重元素は生成できず、後者は爆発の際に発生したニュートリノが中性子を陽子に変えてしまうため、やはり重元素は生成しにくいことがわかってきた。最新の研究では、強い重力によって中性子の密度が非常に高くなった中性子星が合体する過程で、白金や希土類（レアアース）といった元素とともに金も大量に合成される可能性が高いことが判明した。\n用途.\n金は前述のような耐食性、導電性、低い電気抵抗などの優れた特性を持つため、20世紀になってからは工業金属として様々な分野で使用されているが金単体では金属加工用途としては軟らかすぎるため、通常は銅や銀、その他の金属と鍛錬されて、合金として用いられる。\n金とその他の金属の合金は、その見栄えの良さや化学的特性を利用して指輪などの装飾品として、また美術工芸品や宗教用具（仏像や神像など）の材料として利用されてきた。さらに貨幣、または貨幣的物品を代替する品物として用いられてきた。\n金は古くから利用されていた金属であるが、構造材としては強度が小さく重いことや、そもそも高価なことから武具の材料としては使われなかったが、装飾としては多く利用された。\n通貨・投資対象としての利用.\n明治時代になっても、金は銀行が発行する紙幣との交換（兌換）が可能で、その価値が保証されていた。1971年にアメリカが金本位制を廃止して以後、ほとんどの主要国で兌換は出来ない。キロバー（質量1キログラムの地金）の購入の場合は、地金商や鉱山会社などの貴金属専門業者等で購入するよりも商品取引員で購入するほうが、東京商品取引所の金先物市場の期近を活用しているため、東京商品取引所の受渡供用品であり、そして、受渡供用品の商号または商標の指定は出来ないが、中間マージンが低い分安いコストで購入できる。逆にキロバーを鋳造する地金商からの購入の場合は、自社で溶解し自社ブランドの刻印を刻んで販売するため、その分コストを上乗せされ販売されている。\n芸術や装飾品としての用途.\n金は通常錆びることがなく、アクセサリーとして手入れしやすく、安心して身につけられることも人気の理由となっている。ただし、一部に金属アレルギーに関する懸念がある。\n純金は軟らかく、そのままでは装飾品として機能しづらい。従ってほとんどの場合、別の金属（割り金）を添加した合金を用いて装飾品を作る（純度に関しては当該項目を参照）。国内の装飾品では K18 や K14 が一般的であるが、欧米ではK9やK8も市場に多い。\n金を使った装飾品は、特にインドや中華人民共和国で需要が高い。また、日本製の金装飾品は品質が高く、アジアからの観光客に人気がある。現在は貴金属を使わないコスチュームジュエリーなどが伸びてきており、金装飾品の需要を減らしている。\n食用としての利用.\n厚生労働省では既存添加物89番、E番号では着色料E175として分類される。インドなどでは、()と呼ばれ食されている。ヨーロッパでは16世紀から食されており、元々は薬用として摂取されていた。最も有名な例としては、1598年以前から生産されている金粉を添加した薬用酒「ゴールドワッサー」などがある。\nカラーゴールド.\n金合金は、割り金の銅、パラジウム等の配合によって様々な色調を示す。これらを総称してカラーゴールドと呼ぶ。\nカラーゴールドの代表的なものをあげる。\nこのほか、黒味がかったブラック・ゴールドや、柔らかな金茶色のベージュ・ゴールドなどもある。\n純度.\n合金の主成分の含有率を純度、または品位という。金の品位は、24分率で表される習慣がある。その場合、純金は24金、24カラット (米国:karat、英仏:carat)、あるいは、K24（この語順でも読みは 24 karat）、24K、24kt、24ctと表す。そして、金の含有率に従い数値を変える。例えば、18金は金の含有率が18/24、すなわち750‰であることを表し、装飾品に750と刻印される。なお、このカラットは宝石の重量を表すカラット (carat、1ct=0.2g) とは異なるものである。\n金鉱床.\n酸化をほとんど受けない金は、自然金（しぜんきん、native gold、金の単体）として得られることがほとんどである。また金は、火成岩中にも極微量に含まれる。ただし、採算が取れるほど固まって産出されるのは稀である。一方、低品質の金鉱床では、含金珪酸鉱と呼ばれて出荷される場合もある。これは銅の精製過程に融剤として珪酸分が用いられ、この副産物（不純物）として金が得られるというものである。\n金鉱山として金を産出する場合は、金の鉱脈、あるいは鉱染を受けた岩体に沿って掘っていく。その他に、金を含む鉱石が風化した、砂状のものをパンニング皿（側面に一定間隔で凹凸の刻みが入れてある皿）などの道具によってより分ける砂金掘りの方法もある。\n通常、石英、炭酸塩、まれに硫化物の鉱脈（英：vein）の中に自然金として存在する。硫化物では黄鉄鉱、黄銅鉱、方鉛鉱、閃亜鉛鉱、硫砒鉄鉱、輝安鉱、磁硫鉄鉱などの鉱床に含まれていることが多い。非常に稀であるがペッツ鉱、カラベラス鉱、シルバニア鉱、ムスマン鉱、ナギヤグ鉱、クレンネル鉱などの鉱脈に含まれていることもある。また、金は鉱化流体として存在していることが多く、間隙の多い岩体を金を含む熱水が通過した場合は鉱染状に金が産出する。この場合、鉱石単位量当たりの金含有量は少ないものの、総量が多くなることがある。\n熱水鉱床は変成岩と火成岩のなかに生成する。このような海中で見つかる火山性(成)塊状硫化物鉱床(VMS鉱床、Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide. Deposits)、では、ほとんどが（鉛、亜鉛、銅）であるが、貴金属も多く含む。\nそのほかに、、酸化鉄型銅金鉱床(IOCG、Iron Oxide-hosted Copper-Gold Deposits)や。\n鉱床は風化や浸食されていることもあり、その場合、金は砂金として小河などに流されるが比重が大きいために沈殿しやすく、重い鉱物の漂砂鉱床やに集まっている。もう一つ重要な鉱床は堆積頁岩または石灰岩の鉱脈で、これはまばらに単体の金が白金などの金属とともに散在する形で存在する。\n金は地球全体の地殻内に広く分布して存在しており、存在比は0.003 g/1000 kg程度 (0.003 ppm) である。\n公害.\n金鉱床は銀、銅や水銀、硫化鉄、テルルなどのレアメタル、砒素を同時に産出することが多い。銀やレアメタルは鉱山の収益を補えるが、脈石となる水銀や砒素はそのまま廃棄されると公害の原因になり、公害対策や公害処理の費用のために逆に収益に影響をおよぼすことがある。\n金鉱床と直接の関係は無いが、金の製錬の際にはアマルガム法（水銀）や青化法（シアン化合物）といった有毒物質を使用する場合が多く、金の生産に付随して排出される鉱滓や排水、廃液を適切に処理しないと周辺地域の環境汚染につながる場合がある。\n金鉱山.\n経済的に金鉱山と言える物は、平均して1000 kgあたり0.5 gの金を産出する必要がある。典型的な鉱山では、露天掘りで1 - 5 g/1000 kg (1 - 5 ppm)、通常の鉱山で3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) 程度である。人間の目で見て金と分るには、鉱脈型の鉱床で少なくとも30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) 程度の濃度が必要で、それ以下の金鉱石では、鉱石内に金があることを人間の目で見分けることは出来ない。\n沖積層の鉱床ではが用いられ、堅い岩の鉱脈では金属抽出が用いられる。金の精製を完了するには、塩素処理または電解精錬を用いる。\n日本の鉱山.\n日本ではかつて、比較的多く金が産出された。マルコ・ポーロ『東方見聞録』などで「黄金の国」と呼ばれていたのも、日本産の金が出回っていたからである。\n戦国期には甲斐国（現在の山梨県）において黒川金山や湯之奥金山が稼業し、金山衆により採掘された金鉱石を粉成、精錬し金生産を行なっていたと考えられている。しかしながら、江戸時代前期、すなわち寛永年間以降は国産の金山は徐々に衰え始めた。たとえば有名な佐渡金山も既に採掘をやめ、現在は観光地化している。大正・昭和初期のころには「東洋一の金山」と言われた北海道の鴻之舞金山は採算ベースに乗る金を全て掘り尽くして1973年（昭和48年）に、国内第3位だった大分県の鯛生金山も1972年（昭和47年）に枯渇して閉山した\n2022年現在は1985年（昭和60年）から採掘を開始した菱刈鉱山にて年間約4トン程度産出している。\n恐山（青森県）では温泉沈殿物として金の異常濃集体が発見されており、「恐山の金鉱床」として日本の地質百選に選定された。地質調査によると、金の含有量は鉱石1トン当たり平均約400g、場所によっては6500gにも達するが、この一帯は国定公園に指定されている上、土壌には毒性を有する砒素が高濃度に含まれていて作業者の生命にも危険がおよぶため、商業目的の金の採掘は不可能とされている。\nロシアが実効支配している得撫島には金鉱床が存在しており、外国企業を受け入れる経済特区に指定されてからはスイスの鉱山会社が採掘を行っている。\n産出国.\n1880年代から南アフリカ共和国が金産出のを占め、ヨハネスブルグは世界で最も多くの金を産出する都市と言われていたが、2004年時点ではまで比率が低下した。オレンジ自由州とトランスバール州にある金鉱山は世界で最も深く掘られた鉱山となっている。その他の主な金の産出地としてはロシア、カナダ、アメリカ、オーストラリア西部にある。2009年時点、産出が最も多い国は中国である。\n南アフリカ共和国では、ハウテン州のウィットウォーターズランド地方に、先カンブリア時代に形成された鉱山が集中している（ちなみにヨハネスブルグは同州州都）。金鉱床は約400キロメートルにおよぶ露頭に沿っている。金の生産は安定しており、産出国側も値崩れを予防するために市場に供給される量を調整しており、年度ごとの増減は少ない。南アフリカ共和国での電気供給不安などのサプライ懸念がある上に、新規の鉱山開発などが年々難しくなっており、実際に過去10年の範囲で考えれば供給量は微減しているとも言われる。この一方、上述のように新たな採掘技術の可能性や海水からの抽出等については今後の技術開発に拠るものであり、資源として枯渇に向かっているわけではない。\n違法採掘.\n南アメリカ地域では、金や宝石を狙うガリンペイロ（ポルトガル語：garimpeiro ）と呼ばれる違法採掘者が使用する水銀によって、地域の希少生物や住民に水銀中毒を引き起こし問題視されている。\n海水中.\n金は海水中にも含まれており、その割合は1000 kgあたり0.1 - 2 µg (1×10−4 - 2×10−3 ppb) 程度である。フリッツ・ハーバーは第一次世界大戦でドイツ帝国に科せられた賠償金の足しにするため、海水から金の回収を計画し世界各地の海水を調査したが、それまで知られていたよりも濃度が低く採算が合わないことが判明した。\n海水ではなく鉱脈が出来る要因となる熱水から直接金を回収する研究も行われている。海洋研究開発機構とIHIでは金を吸着する性質を持つ藍藻の一種をシート状に加工した装置を使い、玉川温泉の温泉水や青ヶ島沖の熱水噴出孔から金を回収する実験を行っている。\n金の生産.\n科学的に不活性であることから、鉄などのように純度を高める精練を行う必要はない。しかし、鉱石からの抽出には王水や水銀以外との反応が難しいことから、特殊なプロセスが要求される。\n金の地上在庫.\nイギリスの貴金属調査会社トムソン・ロイターGFMSの統計によれば、2014年末時点で総量は 183,600トンである（金の地上在庫とはこれまでに採掘され精製加工された金の総量のこと）。\n化合物と同素体.\n塩化金(III) (AuCl3) とテトラクロリド金(III)酸（塩化金酸）(HAuCl4) は最も有名な金化合物の一つである。金を含む化合物は多くの場合、金原子は+1または+3の酸化状態として存在する。\n金イオンは1価、3価ともに軟らかい酸であり、軟らかい塩基と錯体を形成しやすい。またフッ素との反応では+5価の酸化状態もとり、フッ化金(V) (AuF5) を形成する。さらに金疹とよばれる Au− のアニオン（金化物イオン）を含む金化セシウムCsAu や 金化ルビジウムRbAu、および金化テトラメチルアンモニウム (CH3)4N+ Au−) のような化合物を形成する。これは水素化ナトリウムにおけるヒドリドのように、主に非金属元素がとる-1価と同形式のものである。\nこれまで合成された金の化合物の種類は同族の銀や銅と比べて少ない。下記に主な化合物を列挙する。\nなお、金の同素体は確認されていない。\n同位体.\n1種の安定同位体と、18種の放射性同位体が確認されている。\n", "フォレスタル (USS Forrestal, CVA/CV-59, AVT-9) は、アメリカ海軍の航空母艦。フォレスタル級航空母艦のネームシップ。フォレスタルは太平洋戦争時の日本海軍空母信濃の満載時の排水量を初めて超えた、アメリカ海軍の戦後第一世代の空母である。\n名称.\n艦名は、初代アメリカ合衆国国防長官・ジェームズ・フォレスタルに由来する。フォレスタルは大型空母ユナイテッド・ステーツ建造を巡っての空軍との対立などの事情により、国防長官を辞職、そして後に鬱病で自殺している。空母フォレスタルは、ユナイテッド・ステーツ建造中止により頓挫した大型空母建造計画が、復活した結果建造された艦である。\n艦歴.\nフォレスタルは1954年12月11日にバージニア州ニューポート・ニューズのニューポート・ニューズ造船所でフォレスタル未亡人によって進水し、1955年10月1日に初代艦長R・L・ジョンソン大佐の指揮下就役した。\n1950年代.\nフォレスタルは母港のバージニア州ノーフォークからバージニア岬とカリブ海で集中的な訓練を行い就役1年目を過ごす。その後重要な任務としてフロリダ州メイポートからその最新設備を利用した飛行訓練に従事する。1956年11月7日にフォレスタルはメイポートを出港し、スエズ危機の間指示があり次第地中海に展開できるよう東大西洋で待機した。その後12月12日にノーフォークに帰還し地中海の第6艦隊に加わる準備をする。1957年1月15日にフォレスタルは出航した。\n地中海での任務期間にフォレスタルは多くの港を訪れ、各国高官及び一般大衆が見学乗船し、アメリカ海軍の威容を示した。軍事関係者に対しては様々な演習に参加して示威活動を行った。1957年7月22日にノーフォークに帰還すると、NATO軍演習、オペレーション・ストライクバックに北海で参加する。演習は9月3日から10月22日まで行われ、この間にサザンプトンを訪れている。\n翌年は主要な艦隊演習への参加と、実験飛行作戦を行う。1958年夏のレバノン危機では、地中海に展開した部隊を支援するため東大西洋で待機する。7月11日にノーフォークを出港し、2日後にメイポートで航空部隊を乗艦させると大西洋での警戒巡航を行い、7月17日にノーフォークに帰還した。\n1958年9月2日から1959年3月12日まで行われた二度目の地中海配備では、警戒巡航、訓練、大規模演習への参加と各国への公式訪問を行った。この間の艦への訪問者は国防長官ニール・H・マッケロイを始めとする多数が訪れた。ノーフォークへ戻ると飛行訓練生の訓練を行い、定期的に有事即応ができるよう態勢を維持した。同年の訪問者はヨルダン国王フセイン1世を含む多くが訪れた。\n1960年代.\nフォレスタルは再び1960年1月28日から8月31日まで第6艦隊に所属し、地中海の多くの港、スプリト、ユーゴスラビアを訪れ、パトロールや訓練を行い多くの訪問者を受け入れた。アメリカへ帰国するとその年の残りは東海岸およびカリブ海での訓練スケジュールを再開した。\nフォレスタルは1962年8月3日から1963年3月2日まで第4指揮空母部隊の旗艦として再び地中海へ展開した。\n1963年11月8日、21日、22日にフォレスタルは歴史的な実験を行う。ジェームズ・H・フラットレー三世大尉および彼のクルー、「スモーキー」ストーバル少佐、エド・ブレナン一等航空技術兵曹はロッキード C-130 ハーキュリーズで21回の発着艦を行った。その実験はマサチューセッツから500マイル(900km)沖合の北大西洋上で行なわれた。フォレスタルと C-130 は海軍史上最も大きく重い航空機の発着艦を成功させた。しかもカタパルトや着艦ワイヤーを使わないという、空母に乗ることを前提とした艦上機でさえその多くができないものであった。海軍は C-130 を「スーパー-COD (\"Carrier On-board Delivery\")」として使用できるか考えていた。当時海軍では洋上の空母に補給を行うことのできる航空機が無いという問題を抱えていた。C-130 ハーキュリーズは信頼性と安定性を兼ね備え、長い航続距離と大きな輸送能力を保持していた。\n実験は大成功であった。85,000ポンド (38t) の重量を持つ C-130F は267フィート (81m) 以内で完全に停止した。また、最大積載量での発艦ではわずか745フィート (227m) しか使用しなかった。海軍は C-130 ハーキュリーズに25,000ポンド (11t) の積荷を積んで、2,500マイル (4,000km) の距離を飛行した後空母に着艦させることが可能だろうと結論を下した。しかしながら、その考えは定期的に行うには少々危険すぎると考えられた。当時 C-2 グレイハウンドの開発計画が進められていて、その一番機は1965年に使用可能となったため、C-130 を使用する計画は廃棄された。\nフラットレー大尉は実験の功績で航空殊勲十字章を受章した。\n火災事故.\n1967年6月にフォレスタルはノーフォークを出港しベトナム水域に展開する。7月29日にトンキン湾で艦載機の発艦を行う。4日間にわたって第17攻撃空母航空団は北ベトナムの目標に対して150回の出撃を行った。\n1,000ポンド爆弾が不足していたため、爆薬として高熱に耐え安全な「H6」の代わりに旧式の「コンポジション B」を使用した爆弾が給兵艦ダイヤモンド・ヘッド (\"USS Diamond Head, AE-19\") から補給された。\n7月29日10:50 (現地時間) ごろ、フォレスタルの艦載機がベトナムに向けて離陸しようとしていた所、空母のレーダーからの電波をミサイルの発信システムが受信し、誤作動してしまい、F-4 ファントム IIから発射されたズーニー・ロケット弾がジョン・マケイン海軍少佐のA-4 スカイホークに当たった。\nロケット弾は燃料タンクに当たり火災が発生した。飛行機は炎に囲まれ、マケインはコックピットをよじ登り機首から給油プローブに飛び移り燃え盛る甲板に飛び降りて避難した。\n火災発生後、直ちに消火班が機体に接近して消火を始めたが、1分34秒後にマケイン機の下で「コンポジション B」爆弾が爆発。消火班の水兵や、逃げ遅れた多数の水兵が爆発に巻き込まれて死亡し、付近の機体や爆弾が次々に誘爆。この爆発で消火班が全滅してしまい消火に不慣れな水兵が消火に当たらざるを得なくなったことで適切な消火活動ができず火災は広がり、艦は沈没の危機にさらされた。\nマケイン機の前方にあった2機のスカイホークは燃えさかるジェット燃料に飲み込まれ、装備していた爆弾が落下して約6フィート (2m) 転がり、燃えさかる燃料タンクの前で止まった。\n9回発生した爆発のうち、8回が旧型の「コンポジション B」による爆発であった。フライトデッキには巨大な穴が空き、艦の内部にJP-5ジェット燃料が流れ込んだ。その結果後部セクションで激しい火災が発生した。事故により132名(134名)の死者と62名(161名)の負傷者が生じ、2名が行方不明となった。艦は修理のためノーフォークに帰還した。\nフォレスタルの艦載カメラはかろうじて爆発から避難したマケインの様子を撮影している。\n現在アメリカ海軍では弾薬の安全性およびダメージ・コントロールの教育の際にフォレスタルの事故を教材としている。実際海軍の新兵は「\"Trial by Fire\"」と題された、フォレスタルの事故から作成された失敗例と成功例を含むビデオを視聴する。ダメージ・コントロールチームが炎で燃えさかるフライトデッキに泡を吹きかけることは正しい手順であるが、一方海水を吹きかける乗組員がいた場合、泡が洗い流され燃料による火災状況を悪化させることがある。その結果、「ウォッシュ・ダウン」システムが全ての空母に採用された。同システムはフライトデッキを水または泡で氾濫させて消火を行うようになっている。\nこの火災事故の後、フォレスタルは「フォレスト・ファイア \"Forrest Fire\"」「ジッポー \"Zippo\"」とあだ名されるようになった。\n1970年代.\nフォレスタルは1968年から1973年の間に地中海に4度展開した。さらに、チュニス湾に注ぐメジェルダ川が氾濫した際には、チュニジアで救援活動に取り組んだ。\n1968年10月、VAW-123 の E-2A が夜間の通常離陸を行った。乗組員はポール・マーティン・ライト少佐（作戦士官）、ジェームズ・レオ・ディレーニー少佐（整備士官）、ハワード・ブース・ラトリッジ中尉、フランク・J・フレデリック中尉、AT1デヴィッド・E・カーペンターであった。フライトは通常通り行われ、E-2A は回収される最後の機であった。E-2A は着艦に失敗し、アングルド・デッキから機首を先にして海中に落下した。機体はそのままひっくり返り、数分内に沈んだ。レーダードームが浮かび上がり回収された。直ちにヘリコプターが離陸して乗組員の救助がおこなわれた。カーペンターAT1とフレデリック中尉は無傷で救助された。ライト少佐、ディレーニー少佐、ラトリッジ中尉は行方不明となった。\n1973年から75年にかけてはさらに3度の地中海配備を記録した。1974年7月22日、キプロス島でクーデター政権が崩壊すると、在キプロス大使のロジャー・ディヴィスはアメリカ人の撤退を要請した。海軍と海兵隊が協力し第6艦隊のインチョン (\"USS Inchon, LPH-12\") から HMM-162 が派遣され、5時間で384名のアメリカ人を含む466名を救出した。この救助作戦の間、フォレスタルは上空援護を担当した。\n1975年、フォレスタルは建国二百周年記念祭におけるニューヨークでの観艦式のホスト艦に選ばれた。1976年7月4日の観艦式当日、フォード大統領はフォレスタルの艦上から、世界各国から集まった40隻以上の艦艇を観閲した。\n観艦式からまもなく、フォレスタルは特別衝撃試験に参加した。試験では船体近くで高性能爆薬を爆発させ、その負荷に耐えて作戦活動を継続できるかの調査が行われた。\n", "イシマンガリソ湿地公園は、南アフリカ共和国、クワズール・ナタール州の東海岸にある自然保護区である。ダーバンの北約275 km にあたる。南アフリカでは3番目に大きな自然保護区で、北はモザンビーク国境から南は河口のマペラネ（Mapelane）まで、海岸線280 kmにわたって存在している。面積は3280 km2 の原生的な生態系の守られている地域で、が管理している。 \n公園は多くの自然保護区の集合体だが、世界遺産に登録されているのは（False Bay Park）、（Sodwana Bay National Park）、ソドワナ国有林（Sodwana State Forest）、（St Lucia Game Reserve）、セント・ルシア公園（St Lucia Park）、セント・ルシア海洋保護区（St Lucia Marine Reserve）、マプタランド海洋保護区（Maputaland Marine Reserve）、ケープ・ヴィダル国有林（Cape Vidal State Forest）、東海岸国有林（Eastern Shores State Forest）、マペラネ自然保護区（Mapelane Nature Reserve）、ニャラジ国有林（Nyalazi State Forest）、シバイー淡水湖保護区（Lake Sibayi Freshwater Reserve）、海岸林保護区（Coastal Forest Reserve）の13の保護区である。公園にはこのほか（uMkhuze Game Reserve）などが含まれている。\nこの公園は以前はグレーター・セント・ルシア湿地公園の名で知られていたが、2007年11月1日付で改称された。「イシマンガリソ」とはズールー語で「驚異」を意味する。\n生態系.\n多くの干満のある河口と同じように、この公園には多様な野生生物が棲息している。それは、季節ごと、年ごと、地域ごとの塩分濃度の変化によって生み出された多様な生態系の集中を反映しているのである。河口はアフリカ最大で、とりわけ特筆すべきものは世界最大級の森林に覆われた砂丘が存在していることである。その長さは180mを超える。湖の縁に沿った湿原と、砂丘から滲み出した水で潤っている「スポンジ」と呼ばれる地域は、湖の塩水濃度が高くなったときに、淡水生物にとっての必要不可欠な避難場所になる。また、コシ・バイ湖一帯にはマングローブおよびヨシ原がある。\n公園は5つの生態系から成っている。生態系は完全に独立して機能しているが、同時に互に完全に結びついてもいる。また、という生物多様性のホットスポットの南部に位置するため、種の多様性が高い。 \n5つの生態系とは以下のものである。 \nアガラス海流が流れる温暖なインド洋に特徴付けられており、アフリカ最南端のサンゴ礁が存在している。また海底峡谷や長い砂浜も存在している。\n海岸砂丘の生態系で、線状に伸びた砂丘、亜熱帯森林、草原、湿原などが存在している。\n河口と繋がった2つの湖、すなわち、（Kosi Bay）のほか、淡水湖である（Lake Sibhayi）、ンゴベゼレニ湖（Ngobezeleni）、北バンガジ湖（Bhangazi north）、南バンガジ湖が存在している。\n（Mkhuze）とウムフォロジ湿原（uMfolozi）には、アシやカミガヤツリが広範囲に茂る湿地林が存在している。\nかつて海岸線だった段丘と乾燥したサバナの森林が広がっている。\n野生生物.\nクルーガー国立公園（Kruger National Park）やオカヴァンゴ・デルタ（Okavango Delta）のようなアフリカ大陸南部のより大きな公園に比べるとあまり知られていないが、セント・ルシアはより多くの生物種を養っており、特に一部の絶滅危惧種にとっての貴重な生息地を提供している。\nコシベニペリカン、ベニイロフラミンゴ、コフラミンゴ、マダガスカルウミワシ（Madagascar Fish Eagle）、コウノトリ類、サギ類、アジサシ類などをはじめとする530種以上の鳥類が生息している。また、南アフリカの公園の中ではカバの個体数が最も多い。2001年にはゾウの再導入が行われた。ウミガメ2種は砂浜を産卵地にしている。他にはクロサイも見られ、スラッシュマツの植栽が行われる。\n保護区には海岸線だけでなく沖合いのサンゴ礁も含まれている。また、保護区内にはザトウクジラもやってくる。1200匹のナイルワニや800頭のカバも見られるが、カバ、クロコダイル、イルカ、ジンベエザメが見られる公園はアフリカでもここだけである。\n公園は「生きている化石」であるシーラカンスの生息地でもある。科学者たちはシーラカンスが最初に発見された1938年以降、岩がちな深海域で何匹も捕獲しているが、いまなお稀少な魚であることに変わりはなく、国際法で保護されている。2000年11月27日には、セント・ルシア保護区（St. Lucia Reserve）内の（Sodwana Bay）沖の海底峡谷で、3体の生存個体が発見・撮影された。\n歴史.\nセント・ルシアが最初に名付けられたのは1554年のことで、その時はポルトガル船聖ベネディクト号の生存者によって「リオ・デ・ラ・メダオス・ド・オウラ」（Rio de la Medaos do Oura）と呼ばれた。\n（Tugela River）の名前がついたのは1575年のことだったが、その年の聖女ルシアの祝日（12月13日）に、Manuel Peresterelloが河口地域をサンタ・ルシア（Santa Lucia）と名付けた。\n1822年にはイギリスがを街区（township）とすることを宣言し、1895年に町の北30km の地域が（St. Lucia Game Reserve）に設定された。これがこの地域の最初の保護区である。1986年にはセント・ルシア湖、マプタランドのウミガメの海岸やサンゴ礁、シバイー湖とコシ・バイ湖がラムサール条約登録地になった。\n一部の地域では外来種の植物のヒマワリヒヨドリ、グアバ、、センダンが侵入しているため、現在は除去プログラムが導入されている。また、湖の周りにはマツやユーカリの植栽もあったが、現在は水の涵養のために除去された。\n世界遺産.\n1999年12月に湿地公園が世界遺産に登録された。当初の登録名は「グレーター・セント・ルシア湿地公園」（Greater St Lucia Wetland Park / Parc de la zone humide de Sainte-Lucie）だったが、2007年に公園の名称が変更されたことを踏まえて、2008年7月には世界遺産登録名も変更された。\n", "パラシュート（）は、傘のような形状で空気の力を受けて速度を制御するもの。名前はイタリア語の「守る」 (parare) とフランス語の「落ちる」 (chute) を組み合わせた造語である。落下傘（らっかさん）とも呼ばれている。\n解説.\nパラシュートは、飛行する航空機からの脱出や地上・海上施設への人員降下、物資の空中投下、スカイダイビングの最終行程などに使用される。初期のパラシュートは絹製で、これは湿ると重くなる上に、開かない事故がよく起こった。現在はナイロンなどの化学繊維製である。\nまた、パラシュートの形状には二種類あり、古典的なマッシュルーム型は、その形状からキャノピーが潰れにくく安定している代わりに、コントロール性は劣る。特に着地時には建物の2階から土の地面に安全機具なしで飛び降りたときとほぼ同じ衝撃が来るため、定められた受身を取るような着地をしないとケガをしてしまう。エアスポーツで定番となったラムエアータイプのパラシュートは、断面が翼のようになっており、滑空性能やコントロール性に優れるが、前述のマッシュルーム型と比較すると、キャノピーが潰れやすいという特性がある。\n上記の用途の他にドラッグレース競技車の停車やスペースシャトル、戦闘機が着陸滑走時の減速などにも同様の形状のものが用いられているが、これらは減速のみに用いるため、ドローグシュート（drogue chute、drag parachute、ドラッグシュート、制動傘）と呼ばれる。\nドローグシュート（Drogue chute）という小型の傘は、メインパラシュート（主傘）の展開前の姿勢制御（姿勢が安定していないとメインパラシュートの索が絡まって巧く展開しないため）と、予備減速（高速時にいきなりメインパラシュートを開くと裂けて破損するため）と、メインパラシュートを収納部から引き出すために使われる。\n日本では航空法第90条で、「国土交通大臣の許可を受けた者でなければ、航空機から落下さんで降下してはならない。」と定められている。コストや重量制限、安全性の問題から民間旅客機にはパラシュートが装備されていないことが一般的である。戦闘機には射出座席が備えられていることが多いため、実際にパラシュート降下を行うのは大型機の搭乗員であるが、軍のパイロットは必須の訓練となっている。ただし訓練のため飛行機から降下するのはコストがかかり初心者には難しいため、櫓から飛び降りる模擬訓練が行われている。現代ではバーチャルリアリティを利用した訓練装置も開発されている。\n歴史.\nパラシュートと類似した道具については中世から、いくつかの記録が残っている。852年にアンダルシアの（イブン・フィルナースも参照）が、スペインのコルドバの塔から、木枠で補強した外套を使って飛び降り、軽傷を負ったものの着地したという。1178年、あるムスリムがコンスタンティノープルの塔から同じように飛び降りたとしているが、重傷を負い、その怪我が元で死亡している。\nレオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチが1485年ごろにミラノで書き留めたパラシュートのスケッチが残っており、彼がパラシュートを発明したとする説が多い。しかし、歴史家の によると、1470年ごろにイタリアで無名の人物によって書かれたと推定される書類に2つのパラシュートの図面が残されており、そのうちの1つはレオナルドのそれに類似している。1617年にヴェネツィアでクロアチア人の発明家、（ヴェランツィオ）が、レオナルドのパラシュートを作成し、実験を行っている。\nその後、必要性がなかったためか、長らく忘れ去られていたが、1783年にフランスのルノルマンが再発明し、彼の手によって「パラシュート」という名前が提案され、定着することになる。2年後の1785年、ブランシャールがパラシュートを使えば、熱気球から安全に飛び降りられることを実験で証明した。実験は犬を使って行われたが、1793年にブランシャール本人が搭乗していた熱気球が破裂した際に、実際に自分で試すことになり、無事脱出に成功している。\nしかしながら、この頃のパラシュートは木枠の上にリンネルを張ったものが使われており、重くかさばり、実用性に乏しいものであった。また気球は墜落の際に重航空機のように急落下する例は少なく、徐々に高度を落としていく場合がほとんどであり、パラシュートが必要な機会は少なかった。\n1790年代、ブランシャールはより軽く強靭な絹布で試作を始めた。1797年にガルヌランが、新しい絹製のパラシュートで降下を行っている。また、ガルヌランは、パラシュートに排気弁を取り付け安定した降下を行えるよう再設計している。1911年グレープ・コテルニコフが背負い型のパラシュートを発明した。とは、気球からのジャンプをおこなった。\n1912年3月1日、アメリカ陸軍の大尉、アルバート・ベリーがミズーリ州上空で初めて飛行機からのパラシュートを使用しての降下を行っている。1913年にスロバキア人のが、初めて近代的なパラシュートの特許を取得している。\n1922年10月20日、アメリカ陸軍航空隊のテストパイロット、中尉の戦闘機がオハイオ州上空で補助翼の急激な操作により空中分解を起こした。高度 800 m で空中に投げだされた中尉はアービング式手動開傘式パラシュートで無事に生還し、これがアメリカ初のパラシュートによる非常脱出、世界初の重航空機からのパラシュート脱出となった。当時、各国のパイロット達はパラシュートの携行を嫌っていたが、この事故をきっかけに認識が変わり、翌年にはアメリカ陸軍航空隊において飛行機に搭乗する際のパラシュートの携行が義務付けられた。なお、日本でのパラシュートでの降下第一号は、空中分解事故で1928年6月に三菱1MF2試作機から脱出した中尾純利である。\n使用代表例.\nベースジャンピング、スカイダイビング、スカイサーフィン\n", "マンチカン (Munchkin) は、北アメリカに起源を有する猫の一品種。マンチキンと呼ばれることもある。犬種のダックスフントやコーギーを思わせる全身、短い脚を特徴とする。この猫は、その特殊性から長年にわたり論争の的となってきた。\n歴史.\nマンチカンという猫種の歴史は他猫種に比すれば浅いものの、突然変異体としての「短足猫」の存在は古くから確認されてきた。20世紀の記録としては、イギリスのある獣医師による極めて健康的な個体の発見（1944年）、ソビエト連邦のスターリングラードにおける発見（1956年）、米国のニューイングランドにおける発見（1970年）、そしてこの品種の直接の起源にあたる、1980年代における米国ルイジアナ州での報告などが挙げられる。\n本格的な繁殖が始まったのは、1983年に米国ルイジアナ州で突然変異の短足猫が発見されてからである。トラックの下で暮らしていたところを保護されるに至ったその猫は、様々な研究対象とされ、遺伝学上の検査結果、健康体であることが確かめられた。以降、通常の脚を有する個体との交配を試みたところ、同様の短い脚を持つ子猫が誕生したのである。\nやがてブリーダー主導による突然変異体を用いた異種交配の計画が始まり、これが論争を巻き起こした。交配を積極的に肯定する陣営と、遺伝的な異常であるからして公認は避けるべきとする陣営との衝突であった。\n1980年代から北アメリカの地にて繁殖が続けられた末に、1995年、（TICA）から新種として認定された。\n特色.\nブルース・フォーグルは、「普通の猫と根本的に異なった構造を持つ猫であることは否定できない」とする。その名の由来は「短縮」を意味する英語の同一語句にあり、最も顕著な特色は短い四肢である。\nこの目立って短いマンチカンの脚は、常染色体に自然発生的に現出した優性突然変異によって生まれたものである。\n脚の短さが日常生活に支障を及ぼすことはない。普通の猫のようにジャンプすることができ、木に登ることもできる。ただ、後ろ脚の短さから跳躍力は制限される。同様の短脚を持つダックスフントという犬種は背の骨格に問題を抱えているが、マンチカンにおける同様の問題の存在を示唆する証拠は挙がっていない。初期の頃には研究方面からの脊椎の構造的な欠陥を指摘する声もあり、1995年の初公認まで10年以上の時間を要した一因でもあったが、最終的には否定された。\n交配の歴史において、ありとあらゆる猫種を相手にしてきたため、頭の形から被毛の色まであらゆる種類のものが存在している。ペルシャと交配させたブリーダーもいれば、シャムやアビシニアンとの掛け合わせを行っているブリーダーもおり、更にはデボンレックスのような縮れ毛や、アメリカンカールのような屈曲した耳を持つマンチカンの作出の事例も報告されている。\n体長より少しばかり短い、動作豊かな尻尾を持つ。片足をもう一方の足と同じ直線上に置きつつ、尻尾を直立させたうえで腰を振りながら歩くという、ファッションショーにおけるファッションモデルの「キャットウォーク」を想起させるような風変わりな歩き方をする。\n足の短さが手伝ってか、前足を上げて後ろ足だけで立ち上がることもあり、一般に「マンチカン立ち」とも呼ばれる。\n雑種認定.\nマンチカンの繁殖が日本でも見られるようになったが、TICAは他の純血種との交配を認めていない。TICAはマンチカン同士、もしくは雑種との交配を公認している。これは遺伝子プールを広げるためと規定されており、純血種との交配を認めていないのは、雑種に比べ純血種に多い遺伝病の因子の危険を回避し、他の猫種の骨格に関しての遺伝因子と交雑する目的がある。\nこういった経緯からTICAは、自らの主催するキャットショー　において、マンチカンの出場条件に「耳が立っていること」という条項を設けている。これは折れ耳を特色とするスコティッシュフォールドおよびアメリカンカールという純血種との交配をそもそも認めていないからである。\n日本の一部のペットショップやブリーダーにはスコティッシュフォールドとマンチカンを交配させてスコマンチや耳折れマンチカンなどという名前で販売しているが、そのような品種をTICAは公認しておらず、ほとんどの血統登録団体がそのような交配を推奨していない。\n現在マンチカンとの交配によってグローバルに公認されるのは、ペルシャ系の猫と交配させた「ミヌエット」のみである。\n一部の日本国内の血統登録団体は巻き毛のラパーマ、セルカークレックスと交配させた「スクーカム」、「ラムキン」、ヘアレスのスフィンクスと交配させた「バンビーノ」、反り耳のアメリカンカールと交配させた「キンカロー」など公認しているが、国外では公認されていない。\n", "モノリスは、SF作品『2001年宇宙の旅』シリーズに登場する、石柱状の謎の物体。\nなお、元来のモノリス（英語の一般名詞 \"monolith\" ）は、「ひとつの、または孤立した岩」という意味のギリシャ語から派生したラテン語に由来する普通名詞であり、石柱、記念碑、オベリスク等の人工物、およびウルル（エアーズロック）、ストーン・マウンテン等の巨石を指す。\n特徴.\n大きさはものによって異なる。形状は四角柱で各辺の比は1：4：9という最初の3つの自然数の二乗となっている。これは人工物であることを見ている側に視覚的に意識させるためである。また、この数列は最初の3次元で終わってはいない。\n素材は硬質で、どんな物質で出来ているのかは一切不明。外見は非常に滑らかで傷一つなく、人類の技術では物理的に破壊できず、解析も受け付けなかった。色は基本的に黒で、光をほとんど反射しない。ただし小説版『2001年宇宙の旅』では、300万年前に出現したモノリスは透き通っているとの記述がある。なお、映画版では技術的な問題のため再現できず、他のモノリス同様に黒く描かれた。\n表紙アートや映画では、1：4：9よりもずっと厚みが薄く描かれることが多い。また、希に光を強く反射する。\n基本的な役割.\nモノリスとは一言でいえば、「魁種族」という地球外知的生命の道具である。様々な用途に使われる高い汎用性を持ち、ある生物の劇的な進化を促すものもあれば滅ぼすためのものもあるなど、役割は各モノリスによって異なっている。モノリスそれ自体に意志は無く、いわば極めて高度なコンピュータと考えられる。\n各モノリスの詳細.\n以下に2001年宇宙の旅シリーズに登場するモノリスの詳細を挙げる。なおTMAとはTycho Magnetic Anomaly（ティコ磁気異常）の略である。また『2001年宇宙の旅』と『2010年宇宙の旅』は映画版と小説版で若干の違いがある。\nTMA・1.\n「ティコモノリス」と呼ばれる。\nTMA・2.\n小説版『2001年』.\n「ビッグブラザー」と呼ばれる。\n小説版『2001年』以外.\n「ビッグ・ブラザー」または「ザガートカ」と呼ばれる。\n『2061年』で出現したモノリス.\n名称なし。\n『3001年』で出現したモノリス.\n名称なし。\n魁種族（さきがけしゅぞく）.\nモノリスを作り出した地球外知的生命体。「Firstborn（ファーストボーン）」とも呼ばれる。『3001年終局への旅』のエピローグをのぞいて、作中に直接登場することはない。かつては有機生命体だったが、宇宙の旅を続けるうちに宇宙船に思考機能を乗せた機械生命体、そして放射線生命体を経て純粋なエネルギー生命体へと自らを進化させていった。現在では思うがままに銀河系のあちこちを行き来できるほどの、「神」とも呼べる能力を手にしている。感情などは未だに持ち続けているようである。\n銀河系の様々な星で生命の進化や絶滅を促しながら知的生命体の創造を試みており、人類も彼らが実験として、モノリスを用いてヒトザルを進化させた事によって誕生したものとされている。2001年の時点では最も近い物で地球から500光年の地点に存在しており、TMA-1の信号により人類が宇宙に進出した事を知るも、報告の結果から人類を不適格とみなしてモノリスにその殲滅を命じている。信号はあくまで光速であるため、往復に約1000年を要している。\nパソコンのモノリス.\nサブノートの開祖であるThinkPad 220のさらにプロトタイプであるVHSサイズの試作機の名がモノリスである。それを元に商品化されたのがPalm Top PC 110である。\n後年、ThinkPad 235用にアルミ削り出しパームレストが限定販売された。商品紹介に記載の商品名は「モノリス？」だった。\nモノリス大明神.\n2001年度の日本SF大会の会場に、モノリスのモニュメントが飾られていた。いつの間にか賽銭箱や注連縄を付けられ、神社の御神体の如く扱われていったことから、いつしかそのモニュメントは「モノリス大明神」と呼ばれるようになった。\n火星のモノリス.\n2009年、NASAの発表によると、HiRISEで撮影された火星のフォボスの写真の中に、モノリスのような黒い物体が見られ話題を呼んだ（C-SPAN『Washington Journal』2009年7月20日、写真はマーズ・リコネッサンス・オービターの撮影）。\nこれについて最初に発言したバズ・オルドリンは、非常に珍しい形の自然物だと説明するが、詳細は不明である。\n" ]

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