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[ "By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror pictures, the latter now solely B pictures. The studio fostered many series: The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials (1938–43); the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy (1938–41); comedies with Hugh Herbert (1938–42) and The Ritz Brothers (1940–43); musicals with Robert Paige, Jane Frazee, The Andrews Sisters, and The Merry Macs (1938–45); and westerns with Tom Mix (1932–33), Buck Jones (1933–36), Bob Baker (1938–39), Johnny Mack Brown (1938–43); Rod Cameron (1944–45), and Kirby Grant (1946–47)." ]

[ "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.", "Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012–2013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.", "One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as \"The Biggest Picture Ever Made.\" Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up \"Camp Hollywood\" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.", "In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.", "On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better, more relevant discussions appear at the top. The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question \"why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?\" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 \"thumbs down\" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that \"Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos\" and \"Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system\". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:", "In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or \"founder lineages\", that were \"likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool\" originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Additionally, Behar et al. suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from ~150 women, and that most of those were also likely of Middle Eastern origin. In reference specifically to Haplogroup K, they suggested that although it is common throughout western Eurasia, \"the observed global pattern of distribution renders very unlikely the possibility that the four aforementioned founder lineages entered the Ashkenazi mtDNA pool via gene flow from a European host population\".", "It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times, the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden, \"the double-axe men\", which indicates Minoan origin. The double-axe, labrys, was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth. The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne (\"womb\").[citation needed] Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan \"Mistress of the animals\". In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the \"Mister of the animals\", a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute. His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin \"Mistress of the Animals\", becoming her brother." ]

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[ "Jay McInerney John Barrett \"Jay\" McInerney, Jr. ( ; born January 13, 1955) is an American novelist. His novels include \"Bright Lights, Big City\", \"Ransom\", \"Story of My Life\", \"Brightness Falls\", and \"The Last of the Savages\". He edited \"The Penguin Book of New American Voices\", wrote the screenplay for the 1988 film adaptation of \"Bright Lights, Big City\", and co-wrote the screenplay for the television film \"Gia\", which starred Angelina Jolie. He was the wine columnist for \"House & Garden\" magazine, and his essays on wine have been collected in \"Bacchus & Me\" (2000) and \"A Hedonist in the Cellar\" (2006). His most recent novel is titled \"Bright, Precious Days\", published in 2016, and since April 2010 he has been a wine columnist for \"The Wall Street Journal\". In 2009, he published a book of short stories which spanned his entire career, titled \"How It Ended\", which was named one of the 10 best books of the year by Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\".", "Robin McKinley Jennifer Carolyn Robin McKinley (born November 16, 1952), known as Robin McKinley, is an American author of fantasy and children's books. Her 1984 novel \"The Hero and the Crown\" won the Newbery Medal as the year's best new American children's book." ]

[ "Bright, Precious Days Bright, Precious Days is a 2016 novel by American author Jay McInerney. It is his third novel about Corrine and Russell Calloway, a couple who live on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Like the previous two novels in the series, \"Bright, Precious Days\" is set against the backdrop of a historical event, in this case the Great Recession. The novel received mostly negative reviews.", "Terrance Hayes Terrance Hayes (born November 18, 1971) is an American poet and educator who has published five poetry collections. His 2010 collection, \"Lighthead\", won the National Book Award for Poetry in 2010. In September 2014, he was one of 21 recipients of the prestigious MacArthur fellowships awarded to individuals who show outstanding creativity in their work.", "Lisa McInerney Lisa McInerney (born 1981) is an Irish short story writer, blogger, and novelist. Her debut novel, \"The Glorious Heresies\", was published in April 2015 and won the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction and the Desmond Elliott Prize in 2016.", "J. Ivy J. Ivy (born March 3, 1976 as James Ivy Richardson II) is an American performance poet, spoken word artist, recording artist, and author. He is a three-time HBO Def Poet and has earned a Grammy Award for his performance on Kanye West’s debut album \"The College Dropout\". His full-length solo album, \"Here I Am\", was released in late 2010 on his co-owned entertainment company Ivyous Entertainment.", "Jay Asher Jay Asher is an American writer of contemporary novels for teens. He is best known for writing \"Thirteen Reasons Why\".", "Greg Weisman Greg Weisman (born September 28, 1963) is an American novelist and comic book and animation writer and producer, best known as the co-creator and producer of \"Young Justice\", the (uncredited) co-creator of \"Gargoyles\", the Supervising Producer of \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\". In addition, Weisman wrote the script for \"\", an animated short feature that is included on the DVD for the film, \"\". His first novel, \"Rain of the Ghosts\" was released on December 3, 2013. Its sequel, \"Spirits of Ash and Foam\" was released on July 8, 2014. Weisman was executive producer on the \"Star Wars Rebels\" animated series, alongside Dave Filoni and Simon Kinberg, but left the show after season one had been produced. In 2015, Weisman launched a KickStarter campaign to crowdfund $43,000 for a full-cast unabridged AudioPlay based on \"Rain of the Ghosts\". The project reached 100% of funding in less than a month, raising $54,022 (more 25% than its intended goal) backed by 512 pledges, and it stands as the most funded Young Adult project on KickStarter.", "John Kenrick (theatre writer) John Kenrick (born October 3, 1959) is an American author, teacher and theatre and film historian. Kenrick is an adjunct teacher of musical theatre history at New York University, Brind School – University of the Arts (Philadelphia) and The New School, and lectures frequently on the subject elsewhere. His 2008 book \"Musical Theatre: A History\" is a comprehensive history of musical theatre from ancient times to the present. Kenrick is the curator of the extensive musical theatre and film website \"Musicals101.com: The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film\"", "Ecofiction Ecofiction (also \"eco-fiction\" or \"eco fiction\") is the branch of literature that encompasses nature-oriented (non-human) or environment-oriented (human impacts on nature) works of fiction. While this super genre's roots are seen in classic, pastoral, magical realism, animal metamorphoses, science fiction, and other genres, the term ecofiction did not become popular until the 1970s when various environmental movements created the platform for an explosion of environmental and nature literature, which also inspired ecocritism, the study of, among other ideas, humanity's connection with nature in literature. By this time, natural histories of ecology were modernizing, and literature followed. Environmentalists had claimed that the human relationship with the ecosystem often went unremarked in earlier literature.", "Kenney Mencher Kenney Mencher is an American painter. He is Associate Professor of Art and Art History as well as the director and curator of the Louie-Meager Art Gallery at Ohlone College in Fremont, California, and he has previously taught at institutions including the University of Chicago and Texas A&M University. He is also the author of \"Liaisons: Readings in Art, Literature and Philosophy\", a thematically-framed textbook about how the study of culture relates to students' other classes and to life in general.", "Michael McInerney Michael McInerney was an Irish author and historian, republican, and a member of the Communist Party of Ireland.", "Jay Batzner J. C. Batzner is a composer primarily of electronic music and is a currently on the faculty of Central Michigan University. Jay Batzner is also the programming director for Electronic Music Midwest He ran a daily podcast about miniatures He wrote the music for Carla Poindexter's \"Carnival Daring Do\" His 10-minute opera \"Secrets & Waffles\" debuted in Carnegie Hall with the Remarkable Theater Brigade's \"Opera Shorts\" in 2010. Batzner's work was also part of several 60x60 mixes including the Sanguine Mix, Order of Magnitude Mix, 2009 International Mix, Evolution Mix (part I), 2005 Midwest Mix.", "Robin DiAngelo Robin J. DiAngelo (born September 8, 1956) is an American academic, lecturer, and author working in the fields of critical discourse analysis and whiteness studies. She is a part-time lecturer at the University of Washington, and formerly served as a tenured professor of multicultural education at Westfield State University. She is known for her work pertaining to white fragility, a term which she coined in 2011.", "Robin Crow Robin Z. Crow (born October 30, 1953) is an American author, recording artist, and public speaker. Crow is best known for his 2002 autobiographical book entitled \"Jump and the Net Will Appear\". He is the builder, owner, and operator of Dark Horse Recording Studio in Franklin, TN. Crow also speaks at seminars and clinics around the country.", "Taylor McLam Taylor McLam is a multi-instrumentalist, music composer and producer. He has composed music for more than 300 advertisements for brands including Verizon, Chrysler, Mitsubishi, Cotton, Visa, Miller Lite, Sears, Lego, McDonald's and Coca-Cola.", "Sean Murphy (artist) Sean Patrick Murphy is an American animator and comic book creator known for work on books such as \"Batman/Scarecrow: Year One\", \"Teen Titans\", \"Hellblazer: City of Demons\", \"Shaun of the Dead\", \"Joe the Barbarian\", \"American Vampire: Survival of the Fittest\", \"Punk Rock Jesus\", \"The Wake\" and \"Tokyo Ghost\".", "Joyce Dyer Joyce Dyer (born July 20, 1947) is a U.S. writer of nonfiction and memoirs whose most recent memoir, \"Goosetown: Reconstructing an Akron Neighborhood\", tells the story of the author's attempt to remember the first five years of her life growing up in an ethnic neighborhood in Akron called Old Wolf Ledge (known to residents as \"Goosetown\"), famous for its glacial formations, breweries, and cereal mills. \"Goosetown\" is the prequel to \"Gum-Dipped: A Daughter Remembers Rubber Town\", her book about the decades when Akron was the Rubber Capital of the World. In it Dyer provides a loving but complicated portrait of her father and a view of the relationships among Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, its employees, and the city of Akron, Ohio. Earlier memoirs were \"In a Tangled Wood: An Alzheimer's Journey\" and \"Gum-Dipped: A Daughter Remembers Rubber Town.\" She has also edited two collections of essays, \"Bloodroot: Reflections on Place by Appalachian Women Writers\" and \"From Curlers to Chainsaws: Women and Their Machines.\" Her first book, \"The Awakening: A Novel of Beginnings\", was a scholarly study of Kate Chopin, a turn-of-the-century American writer. Joyce Dyer is Professor Emerita of English at Hiram College, where she continues to teach occasional courses in creative writing. Her teaching and writing specialties are essay and hybrid nonfiction. Dyer's biography is included in \"Contemporary Authors\", volume 146, and in the New Revision Series, volume 91.", "Cynthia Rylant Cynthia Rylant (born 6 June 1954) is an American author and librarian. She has written more than 100 children's books, including works of fiction (picture books, short stories and novels), nonfiction, and poetry. Several of her books have won awards, including her novel \"Missing May\", which won the 1993 Newbery Medal, and \"A Fine White Dust\" which was a 1987 Newbery Honor book. Two of her books are Caldecott Honor Books.", "Jay Clayton (critic) Jay Clayton (born July 11, 1951 in Dallas, Texas, as John B. Clayton, IV) is an American literary critic who specializes in contemporary American fiction and Victorian literature. He has written on literature and digital technology, the representation of genetics in fiction and film, and literary theory. He is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of English at Vanderbilt University.", "Charles Ghigna Charles Ghigna (born August 25, 1946) is an American poet and author of more than 100 books for children and adults from Random House, Disney, Hyperion, Scholastic, Simon & Schuster, Time Inc., Abrams, Charlesbridge, Capstone, Boyds Mills Press, Orca and other publishers, and more than 5,000 poems, many of which appear in textbooks and anthologies, and in hundreds of newspapers and magazines from \"The New Yorker\" and \"Harper's\" to \"Cricket\" and \"Highlights\". He has spoken at schools, colleges, conferences, libraries, and literary events throughout the United States and overseas, and has read his poems at the Library of Congress, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the American Library in Paris, the American School in Paris, and the International Schools of South America. He sometimes uses his trademark nickname Father Goose®.", "Trent McMartin Trent McMartin is a Canadian music journalist and entertainment writer. He is notable for his pieces that blend editorial and news, making for an entertaining yet informative read. His career in journalism happened accidentally when an editor from an online newspaper discovered his posts on the message boards at Rollingstone.com. His work has been featured in such daily newspaper publications as the Chicago Tribune and Calgary Herald." ]

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[ "When they went out of business, they just move it to somewhere that was a distance from here" ]

[ "The place never went out of business, they're really trading really strongly.", "A young man is running around singing songs by The Village People.", "The wall is plain brick design.", "She refused to give him another chance for any reason.", "Unfortunately, your route won't take you near the Casino Costa Blanca.", "There are three dogs sitting.", "Teen sits in room and reads." ]

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[ "The person is near umbrellas." ]

[ "The person is wearing a prom dress.", "The people at the conference represented over half the states in the US.", "These men are behind a fence", "Ask What are your opinions about your neighbor?", "the building is unbreakable", "Nevertheless, she persisted.", "It is very warm outside." ]

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[ "Egyptian language survive into modern usage. Examples include \"ebony\" (Egyptian 𓍁𓈖𓏭𓆱 \"hbny\", via Greek and then Latin), \"ivory\" (Egyptian \"ꜣbw\", literally 'ivory, elephant'), \"natron\" (via Greek), \"lily\" (via Greek, from Coptic \"hlēri\"), \"ibis\" (via Greek, from Egyptian \"hbj\"), \"oasis\" (via Greek, from Demotic \"wḥj\"), perhaps \"barge\" (possibly from Greek \"baris\" \"Egyptian boat\", from Coptic \"bari\" \"small boat\"), and possibly \"cat\"; and of course a number of terms and proper names directly associated with Ancient Egypt, such as \"pharaoh\" (Egyptian 𓉐𓉻 \"pr-ꜥꜣ\", literally \"great house\", transmitted via Hebrew and Greek). The name \"Egypt\" itself is etymologically identical to that of the \"Copts\", ultimately", "Mose (Ancient Egyptian official) king's house, because the king is \"pleased with the speech of his mouth\". To the soldiers Ramesses says: \"I wish you may see and do what His Majesty loves. How good is what he has done! Great, great!\". Mose's name was cited in sources who looked to check the authenticity of The Exodus' story, his name was usually brought as similar in definition and pronunciation to Moses' Hebrew name: Moshe. Mose (Ancient Egyptian official) Mose was an Ancient Egyptian official who served in the court of 19th Dynasty Pharaoh Ramesses II during the 13th century BC. Mose was a Soldier", "The Egyptian reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten of the 18th Dynasty, whom some have claimed to be the first monotheistic ruler in the world. The novel is known for its high-level historical accuracy of the life and culture of the period depicted. At the same time, it also carries a pessimistic message of the essential sameness of human nature throughout the ages. The protagonist of the novel is the fictional character Sinuhe, the royal physician, who tells the story in exile after Akhenaten's fall and death. Apart from incidents in Egypt, the novel charts Sinuhe's travels in then Egyptian-dominated Syria (Levant), in Mitanni,", "Horus name Horus name The Horus name is the oldest known and used crest of Ancient Egyptian rulers. It belongs to the \"Great five names\" of an Egyptian pharaoh. However, modern Egyptologists and linguists are starting to prefer the more neutral term: the \"serekh name\". This is because not every pharaoh had placed the falcon, which symbolizes the deity Horus, atop his (or in some cases, her) serekh. The picture of the Horus name is made of two basic elements: A sitting or walking figure of a certain deity holds a rectangular, ornamental vignette, imitating the floor plan of a palace facade", "Maathorneferure healed by a divine statue sent from Egypt. Maathorneferure Maathorneferure was an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II. Maathorneferure was a daughter of the Hittite king Hattusili III and his wife, Queen Puduhepa. She was the sister of the crown prince Nerikkaili of Hatti and the sister of the later Hittite king Tudhaliya IV. Maathorneferure was married to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 34th year of his reign, becoming the King's Great Wife. Her original name is unknown, but her Egyptian name translates as \"One who sees Horus, the invisible splendor of Ra\". Egypt", "Alexander the Great true God\". In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of Nectanebo II, the last pharaoh before the Persian conquest. His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, \"proving\" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian. According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. In Hindi and Urdu, the name \"Sikandar\", derived from Persian, denotes a rising young talent. In medieval Europe, Alexander the Great was revered as a member of the", "Maathorneferure Maathorneferure Maathorneferure was an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II. Maathorneferure was a daughter of the Hittite king Hattusili III and his wife, Queen Puduhepa. She was the sister of the crown prince Nerikkaili of Hatti and the sister of the later Hittite king Tudhaliya IV. Maathorneferure was married to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 34th year of his reign, becoming the King's Great Wife. Her original name is unknown, but her Egyptian name translates as \"One who sees Horus, the invisible splendor of Ra\". Egypt and the Hittite empire had been increasingly at", "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary were known only by this title. The Horus name was usually written in a serekh, a representation of a palace façade. The name of the pharaoh was written in hieroglyphs inside this representation of a palace. Typically an image of the falcon god Horus was perched on top of or beside it. At least one Egyptian ruler, the Second Dynasty pharoah Seth-Peribsen, used an image of the god Set instead of Horus, perhaps signifying an internal religious division within the country. He was succeeded by Khasekhemwy, who placed the symbols of both Set and Horus above his name. Thereafter, the" ]

[ "Supreme Ruler The Great War and \"Overall, I feel the good vastly outweighs the bad and the ugly, so it has my strong recommendation.\" John Breeden writing for Game industry News recommended the game saying that, \"perfectly captures the flavor of the times, and the long slog that nearly murdered a generation.\" Supreme Ruler The Great War Supreme Ruler The Great War is a grand strategy video game developed by BattleGoat Studios. It is the sixth installment in the Supreme Ruler series and was released on August 1, 2017. The game is the sequel to \"Supreme Ruler Ultimate\". \"Supreme Ruler The Great War\" generally operates", "Supreme Ruler The Great War Supreme Ruler The Great War Supreme Ruler The Great War is a grand strategy video game developed by BattleGoat Studios. It is the sixth installment in the Supreme Ruler series and was released on August 1, 2017. The game is the sequel to \"Supreme Ruler Ultimate\". \"Supreme Ruler The Great War\" generally operates as a real-time strategy game, but the player is able to pause the game and choose the game speed. In the game, the player tries to control a country they have chosen. War is a dominant theme in the game with its military element played in battalion-sized", "Supreme Ruler The Great War 2010 game in 2005. The Supreme Ruler games series is a modern update of the original Supreme Ruler game first released for the TRS-80 microcomputer in 1982. Game developer George Geczy created the original game and has been the technical lead and primary programmer in each of the modern game releases. \"Supreme Ruler The Great War\" was released to the public on Steam for Windows and Mac OSX on August 1st, 2017. In a review of the game at Wargamer (website), Bill Gray called playing the game \" a rewarding, if frustrating experience, but overall I’d say I’m very impressed\",", "Sebastião (given name) as auxiliaries. Notable people with this name include: Sebastião (given name) Sebastião is a Portuguese male given name, descending from the Latin Sebastianus and equivalent to the English name Sebastian. Originally it was a Title given a band of soldiers charged with the guarding of Herod The Great, This troop was sent to aid Julius Ceasar who was besieged in Alexandria by Egyptian forces loyal to Pharoh the co-ruler of Egypt with Cleopatra. It was this rescue which promted Ceasar his Title of Sebaste or the revered ones on them. From this point 'the men of sebaste' became an integrated", "Sebastião (given name) Sebastião (given name) Sebastião is a Portuguese male given name, descending from the Latin Sebastianus and equivalent to the English name Sebastian. Originally it was a Title given a band of soldiers charged with the guarding of Herod The Great, This troop was sent to aid Julius Ceasar who was besieged in Alexandria by Egyptian forces loyal to Pharoh the co-ruler of Egypt with Cleopatra. It was this rescue which promted Ceasar his Title of Sebaste or the revered ones on them. From this point 'the men of sebaste' became an integrated part of Roman forces stationed in the Levant", "Supreme Ruler The Great War units created by the player during the game. There is also a detailed economic aspect that records a large variety of statistics including under and over employment and natural resources. Starting eras of the game sandboxes include: There is also a game Campaign featuring objectives and events, starting in June 28, 1914. The Campaign can be played from a number of starting regions: \"Supreme Ruler The Great War\" was developed and published by BattleGoat Studios on Steam (software). The game uses the proprietary \"BattleGoat Game Engine\" that has been used and updated since the release of the original Supreme Ruler", "House of Gravina the Royal Chapel of Catania, now known as Basilica della Collegiata. The house's coat of arms is emblazoned as \"\"Azure, two bends Or, a mullet of ten points in sinister chief Argent\".\" Its motto was \"Spero\", which translates to \"I hope\" from Italian. House of Gravina The House of Gravina was a noble family of Norman origins, with roots stretching back to Rollo, the first ruler of Normandy. The house was founded by Silvano, owner of the land of Gravina in modern-day Apulia, from which he and his descendants took the name. King Martin I of Sicily, on 20 November", "Egyptian House, Penzance nearby Queen Square in March 1882. The building was later neglected and in the 1960s hardly noticed. In 1973 scaffolding, which had been erected for several years, was removed to reveal a refurbished building and a new exterior colour scheme of brown and creams. The architect Paul Pearn of Plymouth concluded, that these were the original colours after stripping layers of paint from the elaborate mouldings which were mainly of coade stone. The building was fully restored under the ownership of the Landmark Trust. Egyptian House, Penzance The Egyptian House is a grade I listed building in the Cornish town", "Mary (name) Mary (name) Mary is a feminine given name, the English form of the name Maria, which was in turn a Latin form of the Greek name Μαρία (\"María\"), found in the New Testament. Both variants reflect Syro-Aramaic itself a variant of the Hebrew The name may have originated from the Egyptian language; it is likely derivative of the root \"mr\" \"love; beloved\" (compare \"mry.t-ymn\" \"Merit-Amun\", i.e. \"beloved of Amun\"). The name was early etymologized as containing the Hebrew root \"mr\" \"bitter\" (cf. myrrh), or \"mry\" \"rebellious\". St. Jerome (writing c. 390), following Eusebius of Caesarea, translates the name as \"drop", "Mutnedjmet known as the tomb of an otherwise unknown Tanedjmet, but both cartouches with her name are damaged and the similar hieroglyphs for \"ta\" and \"mut\" allow for this interpretation. Mutnedjmet Mutnedjmet \"(Mutnedjemet, Mutnodjmet, Mutnodjemet)\" an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Horemheb, the last ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The name, Mutnedjmet, translates as: \"The sweet Mut.\" Mutnedjemet's titles include: Hereditary Princess (\"iryt-p`t\"), Great King’s Wife (\"hmt-niswt-wrt\"), Great of Praises (\"wrt-hzwt\"), Lady of Grace (\"nbt-im3t\"), Sweet of Love (\"bnrt-mrwt\"), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (\"hnwt-Shm’w -mhw\"), Songstress of Hathor (\"hsyt-nt-hwt-hrw\"), and Songstress of Amun (\"Sm’yt-nt-imnw\") Some Egyptologists", "Egyptian wine on wine and a local barley beer, known as \"\"booza\"\" (, not to be confused with the Levantine ice cream of the same name), even during the most draconian periods of Islamic rule. The most popular wine was known as \"\"nebit shamsi\"\" (), made from imported raisins and honey and left to ferment in the sun (hence the name, which roughly translates into \"sun wine\"). Viticulture was revived in Egypt by Greek-Egyptian tobacco merchant and entrepreneur, Nestor Gianaclis, who founded the country's first modern vineyard south of Alexandria in 1882. The country's wine industry expanded under the early 20th century,", "Egyptian House, Penzance Egyptian House, Penzance The Egyptian House is a grade I listed building in the Cornish town of Penzance. It is built in the style of Egyptian Revival architecture and has been in the ownership of the Landmark Trust since the 1970s. The current building possibly dates from 1835–36. The building is at 6–7 Chapel Street, Penzance. An older building on the site was owned by Richard Hitchens of Madron and later, John Fleming, (described as Perukemaker). The site or building was put up for auction on 3 April 1835 by James Tregarthen, a master mariner of St Mary's, Isles of", "Egyptian House, Penzance exact copy of Peter Robinson's 1811–12 museum in Piccadilly, London, which in not correct. Robinson rebuilt Trelissick the seat of Thomas Daniell in 1824–25. In his \"Guide to Penzance\", published in 1845, J S Courtney describes the building as \"... the astonishing gaudy and eccentric Egyptian House recently built by John Lavin, mineralogist and Egyptologist\". In 1878 and 1879, the property is described as ″The Library″ in weekly advertisements in \"The Cornishman\" newspaper, and states that Mrs Daves stocks ″a large and complete stock of berlin and other wools, stationery, useful and ornamental articles″. Mrs Daves moved her business to", "Nebty name Nebty name The Nebty name (also called Two-Ladies-name) was one of the \"great five names\" used by Egyptian pharaohs. It was also one of the eldest royal titles. The modern term \"Two-Ladies-name\" is a simple derivation from the translation of the Egyptian word \"nebty\". The terms \"Nebty name\" and \"Two-Ladies-name\" derive from the Egyptian word \"nbtj\" (\"Nebty\"), which is a dual noun meaning \"the (two) ladies\". As a mere noun it is a religious euphemism paraphrasing the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet as a deified pair. As a royal crest it was thought to represent a unified Egypt. The Nebty name,", "Mutnedjmet Mutnedjmet Mutnedjmet \"(Mutnedjemet, Mutnodjmet, Mutnodjemet)\" an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Horemheb, the last ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The name, Mutnedjmet, translates as: \"The sweet Mut.\" Mutnedjemet's titles include: Hereditary Princess (\"iryt-p`t\"), Great King’s Wife (\"hmt-niswt-wrt\"), Great of Praises (\"wrt-hzwt\"), Lady of Grace (\"nbt-im3t\"), Sweet of Love (\"bnrt-mrwt\"), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (\"hnwt-Shm’w -mhw\"), Songstress of Hathor (\"hsyt-nt-hwt-hrw\"), and Songstress of Amun (\"Sm’yt-nt-imnw\") Some Egyptologists have speculated that Mutnedjemet is identical to Nefertiti's sister Mutbenret. This identification was partially based on the fact that Mutbenret's name used to be read as Mutnedjmet. Other Egyptologist", "Egyptian cobra African cobras (for example the red spitting cobra), this species does not spit venom. The Egyptian cobra was represented in Egyptian mythology by the cobra-headed goddess Meretseger. A stylised Egyptian cobra — in the form of the uraeus representing the goddess Wadjet — was the symbol of sovereignty for the Pharaohs who incorporated it into their diadem. This iconography was continued through the end of the ancient Egyptian civilization (30 BC). Most ancient sources say that Cleopatra and her two attendants committed suicide by being bitten by an aspis, which translates into English as \"asp\". The snake was reportedly smuggled", "The Egyptian The Egyptian The Egyptian (\"Sinuhe egyptiläinen\", Sinuhe the Egyptian) is a historical novel by Mika Waltari. It was first published in Finnish in 1945, and in an abridged English translation by Naomi Walford in 1949, from Swedish rather than Finnish. So far, it is the only Finnish novel to be adapted into a Hollywood film, which happened in 1954. It's regarded as \"one of the greatest books in Finnish literary history\". \"The Egyptian\" is the first and the most successful, of Waltari's great historical novels, and which gained him international fame. It is set in Ancient Egypt, mostly during the", "HMS Ruler (D72) HMS Ruler (D72) HMS \"Ruler was a \"Ruler\"-class escort aircraft carrier of the British Royal Navy during World War II. She was built in the United States as the \"Bogue\"-class carrier St. Joseph\" (AVG/CVE/ACV-50) for Lend-Lease to the United Kingdom. The name \"St. Joseph\" (making her the first United States Navy ship named for St. Joseph Bay, Florida) was assigned to MC hull 261, a converted C3-S-A1 cargo ship, on 23 August 1942. She was laid down on 25 March 1943 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation of Tacoma, Washington. She was redesignated CVE-50 on 15 July, launched on 21 August", "The Daily Egyptian The Daily Egyptian The Daily Egyptian is the student-led newspaper for Southern Illinois University. Established in 1888, the paper has gone through several name changes, as well as several suspensions; including a 3-year hiatus beginning in the late 1800s and a suspension after the start of the First World War. \"The Daily Egyptian\", formally known as the Normal Gazette and later changed to \"The Egyptian\" in 1916, was the first newspaper at Southern Illinois University. It consisted of eight pages and was printed monthly by the Free Press Printing House of Carbondale, Illinois in 1888 to 1889. The subscription cost", "Izi (Ancient Egyptian official) Izi (Ancient Egyptian official) Izi was an important Ancient Egyptian official of the Fourth Dynasty. His most important title was \"overseer of the treasury\". Other important titles he hold are \"scribe of the king's document\", \"overseer of the great house\" and \"overseer of the king's ornament\". Izi is mainly known from different relief decorated blocks of his mastaba. These blocks are now in the Egyptian Museum (Cairo), in the Pushkin Museum and in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. On the latter blocks he bears different titles making it possible that they belong to a different person with the name Izi. His", "Egyptian language they modify: \"s nfr\" \"(the) good man\" and \"st nfrt\" \"(the) good woman\". Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify: \"(the) great god\" (\"nṯr ꜥꜣ\"). However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as \"(the) god (is) great\" (\"ꜥꜣ nṯr\") (literally, \"great (is the) god\"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. Egyptian uses prepositions which, like in English and many other Indo-European languages, always come before the noun, never after. Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: in \"zı͗.n nṯr ı͗m\" \"the god went there\", \"there\" (\"ı͗m\") is the", "Supreme Ruler Cold War in July 2011, Supreme Ruler 1936 in May 2014, Supreme Ruler Ultimate in October 2014, and Supreme Ruler The Great War in August 2017. Supreme Ruler Supreme Ruler is a computer strategy game in which a player controls a region's government and attempts to conquer a fictional world of fragmented states. The game simulates raising funds through taxes and spending on agriculture, government services, and the military. Up to 9 regions play at once, either human hotseat or AI controlled, and all actions are resolved simultaneously at the end of each turn. The design of Supreme Ruler was", "Theoderic the Great version, based on German sources, moves the location of Dietrich (Thidrek)'s life to Westphalia and northern Germany. The legends paint a generally positive picture of Dietrich, with only some influence from the negative traditions of the church visible. Theoderic the Great Theoderic the Great (454 – 30 August 526), often referred to as Theodoric (; , ', , , , ', , , ), was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patricius of the Roman Empire. As ruler of the combined Gothic realms, Theoderic controlled an empire stretching from the", "Theoderic the Great reconstructed by linguists as \"*Þiudareiks\", translates into \"people-king\" or \"ruler of the people\". The son of King Theodemir and Ereleuva, Theoderic went to Constantinople as a young boy, as a hostage to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Thracian (ruled 457–474). He was Leo's hostage at the Great Palace of Constantinople from 461 to 471 and was well-educated by Constantinople's best teachers. Theodoric was treated with favor by the Emperors Leo I and Zeno (ruled 474–475 and 476–491). He settled his people in Epirus in 479 with the help of", "Standard ruler Standard ruler A standard ruler is an astronomical object for which the actual physical size is known. By measuring its angular size in the sky, one can use simple trigonometry to determine its distance from Earth. In simple terms, this is because objects of a fixed size appear smaller the further away they are. Measuring distances is of great importance in cosmology, as the relationship between the distance and redshift of an object can be used to measure the expansion rate and geometry of the Universe. Distances can also be measured using standard candles; many different types of standard candles", "Laborec (ruler) Laborec (ruler) Laborec was an alleged White Croat ruler in the 9th century, who was a vassal of Great Moravia. He is mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum by Bele Regis Notarius. At the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 896, Laborec opposed the conquest of Carpathian Ruthenia by Hungarian tribes led by Árpád, according to the Gesta Hungarorum. During the 9th century a fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement (now Uzhhorod), which became the centre of a new Slavonic principality, at the head of which was Laborec, who was a vassal of Great Moravia.", "Llywelyn the Great Llywelyn the Great Llywelyn the Great (, ), full name Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, (c. 117311 April 1240) was a King of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually ruler of all Wales. By a combination of war and diplomacy he dominated Wales for 45 years. During Llywelyn's childhood, Gwynedd was ruled by two of his uncles, who split the kingdom between them, following the death of Llywelyn's grandfather, Owain Gwynedd, in 1170. Llywelyn had a strong claim to be the legitimate ruler and began a campaign to win power at an early age. He was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200", "Nebty name wished to present himself as the one under the guidance and protection of the two goddesses, thus legitimizing himself as being ruler of the whole of Egypt. After the Horus name, the Nebty name is the second eldest royal name of Ancient Egyptian history and also known as \"Two-Ladies name\". Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson and Ludwig David Morenz point to an obvious prototype of the Nebty name used before the introduction of the final form: ivory tags from the abydene tombs of the kings Hor-Aha, Djer and queen Neithhotep show the Two-Ladies crest with the red crown instead of", "Black Egyptian hypothesis that this is a reference to the fertile black soil which was washed down from Central Africa by the annual Nile inundation. By contrast the barren desert outside the narrow confines of the Nile watercourse was called \"dšrt\" (conventionally pronounced \"deshret\") or \"the red land\". Raymond Faulkner's \"Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian\" translates \"kmt\" into \"Egyptians\", Gardiner translates it as \"the Black Land, Egypt\". At the UNESCO Symposium in 1974, Professors Sauneron, Obenga, and Diop concluded that KMT and KM meant black. However, Professor Sauneron clarified that the Egyptians never used the adjective \"Kmtyw\" to refer to the various black", "Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles chapel; and an \"Egyptian\" library. The Library became the Odd Fellows Hall, and today is a public House. Of these, all but the chapel and the houses survive, and are Grade I listed. 1835–37: Egyptian House, Penzance was built by local bookseller John Lavin as a museum. There is some dispute over the architect and the date of build. In his \"Guide to Penzance\", published in 1845, J S Courtney describes the building as \"... the astonishing gaudy and eccentric Egyptian House recently built by John Lavin, mineralogist and Egyptologist\". On this basis the design has been attributed to John", "The Green House, Sliema il-Ħadra\". This unofficial name translates to as \"The Green House\". It has been, as still is, an iconic building and a landmark on its own. Predominantly on the façade sits a Baroque niche where a statue of the Assumption of Our Lady stands. Being one of the first houses to be built in the area, the integral niche gave the name to the street that is found at, as St Mary Street. The later name was likely given as a consequence of the building being visible from different points of the street, which like the name of the house may", "Titular ruler object, location, artefact, etc., takes its name or title from the particular person. So, for example, Simon Bolivar is not the titular ruler of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, but its eponym. Titular ruler A titular ruler, or titular head, is a person in an official position of leadership who possesses few, if any, actual powers. Sometimes a person may inhabit a position of titular leadership and yet exercise more power than would normally be expected, as a result of their personality or experience. A titular ruler is not confined to political leadership but can also reference any organization, such", "Egyptian Labour Corps causing discontent among the general population. By 1917 the Egyptian Labour Corps had over 55,000 labourers, mainly organized into companies with 12 gangs forming one company. The gang was the working unit consisting of 50 men with a headman, often all belonging to one home village. These men often sang while they worked and this was thought to be an indication that they were happy, but one Egyptian chant sung by the workers was, \"Kam Lehloh, Kam Yaum?\" which translates as \"How many days, how many nights?\" The Egyptian Labour Corps was described in February 1918 as organised into Companies", "Sparse ruler bounds were obtained:<br> formula_41 Many optimal rulers are of the form W(r,s) = 1^r, r+1, (2r+1)^r, (4r+3)^s, (2r+2)^(r+1), 1^r, where a^b represents b segments of length a. Thus, if r = 1 and s = 2, then W(1,2) has (in order): 1 segment of length 1, 1 segment of length 2, 1 segment of length 3, 2 segments of length 7, 2 segments of length 4, 1 segment of length 1 That gives the ruler {0, 1, 3, 6, 13, 20, 24, 28, 29}. The length of a Wichmann ruler is 4r(r+s+2)+3(s+1) and the number of marks is 4r+s+3. Note", "The Egyptian Theatre (Boise, Idaho) rented out the Egyptian theater in downtown Boise to live stream the 14th episode of \"Breaking Bad\". The Egyptian Theatre (Boise, Idaho) The Egyptian Theatre is a theatre and concert venue in Boise, Idaho. It has also been known as the Ada Theater. Inaugurated in 1927, it is the oldest theatre in the city. When it opened the local press wrote that it \"embodies the characteristic features of the land of the Nile, from the truncated pyramids which form the great pylons, to the lotus bud pillars with their ornate frescoes\". The great lotus pillars flanking the screen are based", "Egyptian nightjar Egyptian nightjar The Egyptian nightjar (\"Caprimulgus aegyptius\") is a medium-small nightjar which occurs in south west Asia and north Africa and winters in tropical Africa. This is a fairly common species with a wide distribution which faces no obvious threats apart from habitat destruction, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of \"least concern\". The genus name \"Caprimulgus\" is derived from the Latin \"capra\", \"nanny goat\", and \"mulgere\", \"to milk\", referring to an old myth that nightjars suck milk from goats. The specific \"aegyptius\" is Latin for \"Egyptian\".\". The common name \"nightjar\",", "Nebty name name. Another problem is that during the Old Kingdom Egyptian queens also used the Nebty crest as a part of their birth names. Prominent examples are the queens Hetephernebti and Djefatnebti. This caused a problem concerning a Nebty name appearing on an ivory stencil from Saqqara. It is disputed whether it was the name of a queen (Djeseret-ankh-Nebty) or just the Nebty name of king Sekhemkhet. Nebty name The Nebty name (also called Two-Ladies-name) was one of the \"great five names\" used by Egyptian pharaohs. It was also one of the eldest royal titles. The modern term \"Two-Ladies-name\" is a", "Farrukhan the Great city of Zadracarta and made it his capital, and because his son's name was \"Saruyih\", he called it by this name, which later became known as Sari. Farrukhan the Great Farrukhan the Great (in Persian: فرخان بزرگ, \"Farrukhan-e Bozorg\"; 712–728) was the independent ruler (\"ispahbadh\") of Tabaristan in the early 8th century, until his death in 728. He is the first actually attested (through his coinage) member of the Dabuyid dynasty, which is traditionally held to have ruled Tabaristan since the time of the Muslim conquest of Persia. He maintained his independence against the attacks of the Umayyad Caliphate, and", "The Egyptian Gazette of the British Army stationed in Egypt, the market for English-language newspapers shrank dramatically. As a result, and as continues to the present day, \"The Egyptian Gazette\" is published every day except Tuesdays, when the now-weekly \"The Egyptian Mail\" appears. In May 1954, following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and the nationalization program of President Nasser, El Tahrir Printing and Publishing House took over ownership of the newspaper from the SOP. Amin Abul Enein was appointed managing editor, bringing the newspaper under the editorial authority of an Egyptian for the first time. Since the publication of its maiden issue as", "Ancient Egyptian medicine and on a stela dedicated to her in his tomb she is referred to as \"imy-r swnwt\", which has been translated as \"Lady Overseer of the Lady Physicians\" (\"swnwt\" is the feminine of \"swnw\"). There were many ranks and specializations in the field of medicine. Royalty employed their own \"swnw\", even their own specialists. There were inspectors of doctors, overseers and chief doctors. Known ancient Egyptian specialists are ophthalmologist, gastroenterologist, proctologist, dentist, \"doctor who supervises butchers\" and an unspecified \"inspector of liquids\". The ancient Egyptian term for proctologist, \"neru phuyt\", literally translates as \"shepherd of the anus\". The latter title", "Egyptian pound Egyptian pound The Egyptian pound ( ' ; sign: E£, L.E. ; code: EGP\"') is the currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres, or ersh ( ; \"plural\" ), or 1,000 milliemes ( ; ). The Egyptian pound is frequently abbreviated as LE or L.E., which stands for \"livre égyptienne\" (French for Egyptian pound). E£ and £E are commonly used on the internet. The name \"\" is derived from the Guinea coin, which had almost the same value of 100 piastres at the end of the 19th century. In 1834, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an Egyptian", "Mafolie Great House which studied a transit of Venus. The area has been said to have \"an excellent panoramic view\". Mafolie Great House The Mafolie Great House, in Mafolie in the Northside subdistrict north of Charlotte Amalie in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, was built in 1795. The estate was originally part of Estate Catherineberg, but was sold to Captain Sonderburg in 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The listing included three contributing buildings and a contributing structure. The name means \"My folly\" in French. The larger house is unusual in being composed of two parallel", "The Great S. Cape detective. When he stumbles across the most insidious murder plot in Hollywood, powerful forces set out to stop him at all costs. In an interview with Michael Uslan, he stated '\"The Great S. Cape! marks the triumphant return of the chapter-by-chapter Saturday matinee movie serial of old that was dominated by superheroes like Batman, Superman and Captain America.\" The Great S. Cape The Great S. Cape is an American comedy web series written by director Michael Uslan, who served as the executive producer on Christopher Nolan's \"The Dark Knight Trilogy\". The Great S.Cape will be broadcast on the internet and", "Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions In mathematics, the greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions is a greedy algorithm, first described by Fibonacci, for transforming rational numbers into Egyptian fractions. An Egyptian fraction is a representation of an irreducible fraction as a sum of distinct unit fractions, as e.g. 5/6 = 1/2 + 1/3. As the name indicates, these representations have been used as long ago as ancient Egypt, but the first published systematic method for constructing such expansions is described in the Liber Abaci (1202) of Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci). It is called a greedy algorithm because at each step the", "Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs numerous ways for Egyptians to secure their fate. Many of the actions Egyptian people took after death were to influence the god's decision in allowing for another life. For example, scholars have concluded that ancient Egyptian women were forced to redefine their gender by encompassing more masculine features. Osiris, who was the ultimate ruler of the underworld, was applauded for his incredible superiority as a result of his virility. Additionally, the overall theme associated with gods connected their male attributes to resurrection, and goddesses were much more vigilant. This ideology was conspired from original doctrines, which denoted the overall creator", "Great house the lady of the house: For the children: An estate manager may have charge of the maintenance and care of the grounds, landscaping, and outbuildings (pool, cabana, stables, greenhouse etc.) which is divided into departments run by the: The complex hierarchy of a staff in a great house has been portrayed in several notable productions for film and television. Among these are: Great house A great house is a large house or mansion with luxurious appointments and great retinues of indoor and outdoor staff. The term is used mainly historically, especially of properties at the turn of the 20th century,\"i.e.\",", "Ancient Egyptian race controversy (conventionally pronounced \"deshret\") or \"the red land\". Raymond Faulkner's \"Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian\" translates \"kmt\" into \"Egyptians\", Gardiner translates it as \"the Black Land, Egypt\". At the UNESCO Symposium in 1974, Sauneron, Obenga, and Diop concluded that KMT and KM meant black. However, Sauneron clarified that the adjective \"Kmtyw\" means \"people of the black land\" rather than \"black people\", and that the Egyptians never used the adjective \"Kmtyw\" to refer to the various black peoples they knew of, they only used it to refer to themselves. Ancient Egyptian tombs and temples contained thousands of paintings, sculptures, and written works,", "Weneg (Egyptian deity) spell from 6th dynasty, where he is identified and equated with the sky god Shu. The name ‘Weneg’ as a such is otherwise known only as the name of a king from the Second Dynasty, whose chronological position and length of reign is uncertain. Weneg (Egyptian deity) Weneg (also read as Uneg) was a sky and death deity from ancient Egyptian religion, who was said to protect the earth and her inhabitants against the arrival of the \"great chaos\". The first known mention of a god named Weneg appears in a spell from the \"Pyramid Texts\" from the Sixth Dynasty,", "C-Thru Ruler the inventory, tooling, brands, and other intellectual property for approximately $1.47 million. In 2011, revenues for the C-Thru Ruler part of the business reached about $2.7 million. The Zachs family continued to focus on the design and paper crafting business under the Little Yellow Bicycle Inc. name with Ted Zachs as president. After the acquisition, the C-Thru products were gradually integrated into Acme United’s Westcott product family, which mainly consists of rulers, scissors and other school and office products. So, the identity of C-Thru in most cases has become Westcott. C-Thru Ruler The C-Thru Ruler Company is an American maker", "History of the Egyptian parliament lower house and was formed in 1971 as a result of the adoption of the new constitution. The Assembly is made up of 454 deputies, 444 of whom are directly elected while the remaining 10 are appointed by the President of the Republic. The Constitution reserves 50 percent of the Assembly's seats for \"workers and farmers\", one per each two seat constituency. The Assembly sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the president. All seats are voted on in each election. The Shura Council was the upper house. Its name roughly translates into English as \"the", "Irynachet called Iry, a short version of his longer name. His \"good name\" was Ny-ankh-Pepy. Irynachet Irynachet was an Ancient Egyptian physician living at the very end of the Old Kingdom or First Intermediate Period around 2200 BC. Irynachet is only known from a false door found at Giza and reused as cover for a shaft tomb (excavation no. S 2065). Irynachet bears on the false door several rare titles. He was \"senior physician of the great house\", \"physician of the belly of the great house\", \"protector of the anus\" and \"physician of the eyes of the great house\". These titles", "90's House Love the 90’s Cruise. This show is based on an earlier show called \"MTV's The 70s House\" which aired in 2005, but centered around the culture of the 1970s. 90's House 90's House is an American reality television series broadcast on MTV. The show aired for eight episodes from September 26 to November 17, 2017. The show featured 12 \"millennial\" housemates living in a house set in the 1990s. Each show had the housemates participating in various 1990s-themed challenges. On each show, one or two members of the house would be voted out (\"be illin'\", as it was called; those", "The Dream Concert: Live from the Great Pyramids of Egypt The Dream Concert: Live from the Great Pyramids of Egypt The Dream Concert: Live from the Great Pyramids of Egypt is the seventh live album and concert video by contemporary instrumentalist Yanni, officially released on June 3, 2016. The two concerts were performed outdoors on October 30 and 31, 2015, on the grounds of the Egyptian pyramids and Great Sphinx of Giza, Yanni's first performance in Egypt. The concerts included fireworks and a video broadcast from International Space Station commander Scott Kelly, and were recorded in 4K HD for subsequent broadcast on PBS. To convey an image of stable security", "Arabic name the family al-Fulan.\" The Arabic for \"daughter of\" is \"bint.\" A woman with the name \"Fatimah bint Tariq ibn Khalid al-Goswami\" translates as \"Fatimah, daughter of Tariq, son of Khalid; of the family al-Goswami.\" In this case, ibn and bint are included in the official naming. Most Arab countries today, however, do not use 'ibn' and 'bint' in their naming system. If Saleh were an Egyptian, he would be called \"Saleh Tariq Khalid al-Fulan\" and Fatimah would be \"Fatimah Tariq Khalid al-Goswami.\" If Saleh marries a wife (who would keep her own maiden, family, and surnames), their children will take", "Egyptian language the \"Instruction of Any\". Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. Late Egyptian was also the language of New Kingdom administration. The Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph. Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian vernacular of the Late and Ptolemaic periods. It was written in the Demotic script, derived from a northern variety of hieratic writing. Coptic is the name given to the", "Laborec (ruler) Gyula Kristó, Ferenc Makk, etc.), Laborec was not a real person. Laborec (ruler) Laborec was an alleged White Croat ruler in the 9th century, who was a vassal of Great Moravia. He is mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum by Bele Regis Notarius. At the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 896, Laborec opposed the conquest of Carpathian Ruthenia by Hungarian tribes led by Árpád, according to the Gesta Hungarorum. During the 9th century a fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement (now Uzhhorod), which became the centre of a new Slavonic principality, at the head", "Egyptian Revival architecture House in New Orleans. The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument, begun in 1848, this obelisk originally featured doors with cavetto cornices and winged sun disks, later removed. The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri is another example of Egyptian revival architecture and art. The South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an \"Egyptian building\" constructed in 1841; the Egyptian revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing. The Great Synagogue was Australia's first Egyptian revival building, followed by the Hobart Synagogue, the", "Ancient Egyptian literature of Egyptian civilization. By the Early Dynastic Period in the late 4th millennium BC, Egyptian hieroglyphs and their cursive form hieratic were well-established written scripts. Egyptian hieroglyphs are small artistic pictures of natural objects. For example, the hieroglyph for door-bolt, pronounced \"se\", produced the \"s\" sound; when this hieroglyph was combined with another or multiple hieroglyphs, it produced a combination of sounds that could represent abstract concepts like sorrow, happiness, beauty, and evil. The Narmer Palette, dated \"c\". 3100 BC during the last phase of Predynastic Egypt, combines the hieroglyphs for catfish and chisel to produce the name of King", "The Dream Concert: Live from the Great Pyramids of Egypt after the Egyptian Crisis (2011–14), an Egyptian security force of 3,000 people secured the concert area; the terrorist downing of Metrojet Flight 9268 in the Sinai Peninsula happened to occur on the morning of October 31, 2015 between the times of the two Cairo concerts. Yanni's lighting manager for over twenty years, Bud Horowitz, said that the Pyramids location brought its own set of challenges. The Great Pyramid was a kilometer behind the stage, and 24 searchlights had to be brought to Egypt from Germany to light the pyramids and Sphinx in the background so that they were visible beyond", "Ethiopian–Egyptian War Ethiopian–Egyptian War The Ethiopian-Egyptian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1876, resulting in an Ethiopian victory. Egypt under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, led by Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt, sought to expand his reign to the land of Abyssinia and control the Blue Nile. Isma'il Pasha became the ruler of Egypt in 1863. After annexing Darfur in 1875, he turned his attention to Ethiopia. He wished to create an empire covering the whole of the Nile River, part of which, the Blue Nile, is located within Ethiopia,", "Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit connected to the divine name YHWH. Another possibility is that the vowels could represent a secret, sacred way for the soul of the reader to move closer to gnosis Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit Two versions of the formerly lost Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, also informally called the Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians (which is quite distinct from the Greek Gospel of the Egyptians), were among the codices in the Nag Hammadi library, discovered in 1945. It received the name because towards the end of the text it is also expressed as the “Egyptian Gospel.”", "The Egyptian Theatre (Boise, Idaho) The Egyptian Theatre (Boise, Idaho) The Egyptian Theatre is a theatre and concert venue in Boise, Idaho. It has also been known as the Ada Theater. Inaugurated in 1927, it is the oldest theatre in the city. When it opened the local press wrote that it \"embodies the characteristic features of the land of the Nile, from the truncated pyramids which form the great pylons, to the lotus bud pillars with their ornate frescoes\". The great lotus pillars flanking the screen are based on those of Karnak. The theatre has been renovated by Conrad Schmitt Studios. It was designed by", "Ruler (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about . Ian Whitelaw holds that the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy, to within . Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units. Anton Ullrich invented the folding ruler in 1851. Frank Hunt later made the flexible ruler in 1902. The equivalent of a ruler for drawing or reproducing a smooth curve, where it takes the form of a rigid template, is known as a French curve. A flexible device which can", "Khyan Khyan Seuserenre Khyan, Khian or Khayan was a king of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt. His royal name Seuserenre translates as \"The one whom Re has caused to be strong.\" Khyan bears the titles of an Egyptian king, but also the title \"ruler of the foreign land\" (heqa-khaset). The later title is the typical designation of the Hyksos rulers. Khyan is one of the better attested kings from the Hyksos period, known from many seals and seal impressions. Remarkable are objects with his name found at Knossos and Hattusha indicating diplomatic contacts with Crete and the Hittites. A sphinx", "The Great House of God of their written form abandons readers in the foyer\". In a \"Booklist\" article, Ray Olson compares the book to Philip Yancey's \"What's So Amazing About Grace?\", which was also published in 1997, and argues that, although Lucado and Yancey have each written several bestselling Christian books, Yancey's book is better edited. The Great House of God The Great House Of God: A Home for Your Heart is a Christian religious book written by Max Lucado and published by Word Publishing in 1997. Terry Burns of the \"Pembroke Daily Observer\" called \"The Great House of God\" \"an excellent book on the", "Ethiopian–Egyptian War Munzinger led one of the Egyptian attacks against Ethiopia, marching inland from Tadjoura, but his troops were overwhelmed by the army of \"Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe\", Sultan of Aussa, and he was killed in battle. Ethiopian–Egyptian War The Ethiopian-Egyptian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1876, resulting in an Ethiopian victory. Egypt under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, led by Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt, sought to expand his reign to the land of Abyssinia and control the Blue Nile. Isma'il Pasha became the ruler of Egypt in 1863.", "The Brick House, Great Warley couple had eleven children: three sons and eight daughters. Edmund died in 1898 and Harriett bought Brick House (now the Kilns Hotel). She died in 1914 and her daughters continued to live at the house for the next sixty years. The youngest daughter Norah died in 1972 at the age of 98. She was recorded as living at Brick House in the electoral roll of 1965, but moved shortly after that date. The Kilns Hotel website The Brick House, Great Warley The Brick House in Great Warley, Essex, is a Grade II listed building which is on the English Heritage", "Bluff Great House Bluff Great House Bluff Great House is an Ancestral Puebloan great house and archeological site located in southeastern Utah, United States. The site lies near the north bank of the San Juan River, approximately northwest of Chaco Culture National Historical Park. It contained between fifty and sixty rooms, with four kivas and a great kiva nearby. Two ancient road segments were found in the area, and several berms were leveled to create a terrace, which is rare in Chacoan sites. The great house was partially excavated from 1996 to 2004, and archeologists believe the site was constructed, in at least", "The Brick House, Great Warley The Brick House, Great Warley The Brick House in Great Warley, Essex, is a Grade II listed building which is on the English Heritage Register. The main part of the building is a Queen Anne structure which was built in the early 18th Century but part of the house dates back to the 16th century. It is now a hotel called The Kilns Hotel. The house dates back to the 16th century and appears to have been the main residence of the Hulmers Estate before the present Hulmers House (which is next door) was built in the late 18th century.", "Bold Ruler debut. Bold Ruler was assigned 135 pounds compared to 128 pounds for Gallant Man. Bold Ruler once again rated close behind the early pace, while Gallant Man was far back. Gallant Man made a strong late run to finish third, but never threatened Bold Ruler, who drew off for a length win. Gallant Man gained his revenge in the Metropolitan Handicap on June 14, closing from well back to overtake the front-running Bold Ruler in deep stretch. Arcaro attributed the loss to the high weight of 135 pounds combined with a strong headwind, which took its toll in the final", "A Name for Evil Corporation in 1973. The film was released on VHS in the U.S. by Paragon Video Productions in the 1984. A Name for Evil A Name for Evil is a 1973 American horror film directed by Bernard Girard and starring Samantha Eggar and Robert Culp. Dissatisfied with the family architectural business, a man and his wife pack up and move out to his great-grandfather's old house in the country. While trying to patch it up, the house starts to make it clear to him that it doesn't want him there, but the local church (with some off-kilter practices of their own)", "A Name for Evil A Name for Evil A Name for Evil is a 1973 American horror film directed by Bernard Girard and starring Samantha Eggar and Robert Culp. Dissatisfied with the family architectural business, a man and his wife pack up and move out to his great-grandfather's old house in the country. While trying to patch it up, the house starts to make it clear to him that it doesn't want him there, but the local church (with some off-kilter practices of their own) seems to take a shine to him... The film was released theatrically in the United States by Cinerama Releasing", "Yo'nal Ahk III stelae, according to Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube. Yo'nal Ahk III, also known as Ruler 5, was likely the son of Itzam K'an Ahk II, based on Yo'nal Ahk III's veneratiion of Itzam K'an Ahk II's mortuary temple. Yo'nal Ahk III, whose name translates to \"Black House Great Turtle\", ascended to the throne of Piedras Negras on March 10, 758 AD (9.16.6.17.1 7 Imix 19 Wo in the Long Count), following the death of Itzam K'an Ahk II. Not much is known about either Yo'nal Ahk III or his successor Ha' K'in Xook, which led Flora Clancy to refer to", "Heather (given name) For example, the name Heidi in German resembles \"Heidekraut\", which is the German word for the Heather shrubs, though the name Heidi usually is attributed to \"ruler\". The name Erica actually has two meanings, one of which is related to the Heather plant whose Latin name is \"Ericaceae\". Its other meaning is equal to that of the German meaning of Heidi, meaning \"ruler\". This leaves the impression that the shrub name and the meaning of \"ruler\" are similar, or it is a large coincidence. Heather (given name) Heather is a common English speaking nation given name, for girls. The name", "Egyptian temple Ptolemies, Greek kings who ruled as pharaohs for nearly 300 years. After Rome conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC, Roman emperors took on the role of ruler and temple patron, reducing the temples' wealth and political power. Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style. Others, including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods—such as the temple to Isis at Ras el-Soda—were built in a style derived from Roman architecture. Temple-building continued into the third century AD. As the empire weakened in the crisis of the third century, imperial donations to the temple cults dried", "The Great S. Cape The Great S. Cape The Great S. Cape is an American comedy web series written by director Michael Uslan, who served as the executive producer on Christopher Nolan's \"The Dark Knight Trilogy\". The Great S.Cape will be broadcast on the internet and will be exclusively premiering on Blip in 2013. Twelve episodes have been written and the filming started in April 2013. The shows plot revolves around a superhero Stephen Cape played by South African Actor Ian Duncan, a magician and illusionist who applies his skills, and refusal to use a gun, to his new found mission as a private", "Sparse ruler Golomb ruler with formula_2 marks will be considerably longer than an optimal sparse ruler with formula_2 marks, since formula_16 is a lower bound for the length of a Golomb ruler. A long Golomb ruler will have gaps, that is, it will have distances which it cannot measure. For example, the optimal Golomb ruler {0, 1, 4, 10, 12, 17} has length 17, but cannot measure lengths of 14 or 15. For every formula_23 let formula_24 be the smallest number of marks for a ruler of length formula_23. For example, formula_26. The asymptotic of the function formula_24 was studied by Erdos,", "Bold Ruler of Secretariat on his dam's side). Much like Bold Ruler, A.P. Indy was a Horse of the Year, a leading sire and would go on to become an important sire of sires. In 2014, A.P. Indy's great-grandson California Chrome became the 16th male-line descendant of Bold Ruler to capture an American classic. A.P. Indy is also the grandsire of leading sire Tapit, who sired three winners of the Belmont Stakes in the four years between 2014 and 2017. Bold Ruler was the first horse to undergo radiation therapy when he was diagnosed with sinus cancer in 1971. He died at", "Egyptian hieroglyphs and for that reason has been labelled by some an \"abjad\" alphabet, i.e., an alphabet without vowels. Thus, hieroglyphic writing representing a pintail duck is read in Egyptian as \"sꜣ\", derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck: 's', 'ꜣ' and 't'. (Note that ꜣ (, two half-rings opening to the left), sometimes replaced by the digit '3', is the Egyptian \"alef\"). It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two phonemes \"s\" and \"ꜣ\", independently of any vowels that could", "Egyptian blue Egyptian blue Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSiO or CaOCuO(SiO) (calcium copper tetrasilicate)) or cuprorivaite, is a pigment used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. It was known to the Romans by the name \"caeruleum\" – see also the English word cerulean. After the Roman era, Egyptian blue fell from use and the manner of its creation was forgotten. The ancient Egyptian word wꜣḏ signifies blue, blue-green, and green. The first recorded use of \"Egyptian blue\" as a color name in English was in 1809. Egyptian blue", "Khyan all likelihood the correct interpretation.\" It should be stressed that Khyan's name was not original and had been in use for centuries before the fifteenth (Hyksos) Dynasty. The name Hayanu is recorded in the Assyrian king lists—see \"Khorsabad List I, 17 and the SDAS List, I, 16\"--\"for a remote ancestor of Shamshi-Adad I (c.1800 BC).\" Khyan Seuserenre Khyan, Khian or Khayan was a king of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt. His royal name Seuserenre translates as \"The one whom Re has caused to be strong.\" Khyan bears the titles of an Egyptian king, but also the title \"ruler of", "RFA Wave Ruler (A390) RFA Wave Ruler (A390) RFA \"Wave Ruler\" is a fast fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) of the United Kingdom tasked with providing fuel, food, fresh water, ammunition and other supplies to Royal Navy vessels around the world. \"Wave Ruler\" was built by Kvaerner Govan (after 1999, BAE Systems Marine) and launched in 2001. She was accepted into service in 2003 and is the 2nd ship to bear this name in RFA service. \"Wave Ruler\" and her sister \"Wave Knight\", were designed to replace \"Olna\" and \"Olwen\", two 36,000 ton fast fleet tankers which were built at Swan", "Great Egg Harbor Bay Great Egg Harbor Bay Great Egg Harbor Bay (or Great Egg Harbor) is a bay between Atlantic and Cape May counties along the southern New Jersey coast. The name derives from Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May's description of the plentiful birds laying eggs, naming the waters \"Eyren Haven\", which translates to Egg Harbor in English. The bay has a total area of . Its depth ranges from shallow waters in the southern extension, called Peck Bay, to a deep channel. The Great Egg Harbor River and its 17 tributaries empty into the bay. During the Sangamonian interglacial period, the Great", "Walls-of-the-Ruler Walls-of-the-Ruler The Walls-of-the-Ruler was a fortification, or possibly a whole string of them, built by Amenemhat I in the 14th nome of Lower Egypt to protect the eastern approaches to Egypt. It succeeded the Old Kingdom Walls-of-Sneferu. The Walls-of-the-Ruler are mentioned in the \"Tale of Sinuhe\" and in the so-called \"Prophecy of Neferti\". No remains have been found.. New Kingdom depictions show forts which had a secured supply of water and were surrounded by crocodile-infested ditches or canals which were spanned by bridges. A fictionalized version of the Walls-of-the-Ruler are present in the first DLC (The Hidden Ones) of the", "The Daily Egyptian news, information, commentary and public discourse, while helping readers understand the issues affecting their lives. The newspapers revenues come from advertising. The university does not provide funds for the newspaper, only for facilities and salaries. \"The Daily Egyptian\" has received many awards from the Illinois College Press Association and the National Newspaper Pacemaker for general excellence; one of the nations most prestigious awards. \"The Daily Egyptian\" is a two-time winner of the Online National Newspaper Pacemaker for general excellence. In 2003 a woman by the name of Jaimie Reynolds, former student at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, made up a story", "The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project is a research project started by Egyptologist Chris John Bennett in 2001. The internet was meant as the medium for the project, which aimed at discussing new material related to the Ptolemaic dynasty as soon as they appeared, and provide direct access to primary sources for readers, such as inscriptions or papyrus. The project was first hosted on the Yahoo! GeoCities with a mirror by Tyndale House. After the closure of GeoCities it became available only at the Tyndale House. Many expressed their hope that the project will find its", "Mafolie Great House Mafolie Great House The Mafolie Great House, in Mafolie in the Northside subdistrict north of Charlotte Amalie in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, was built in 1795. The estate was originally part of Estate Catherineberg, but was sold to Captain Sonderburg in 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The listing included three contributing buildings and a contributing structure. The name means \"My folly\" in French. The larger house is unusual in being composed of two parallel one-story structures joined by a roof. The house was headquarters of a Brazilian astronomical expedition in 1882", "Don S. S. Goodloe House listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Don S. S. Goodloe House The Don S. S. Goodloe House, a 1915–16 Colonial Revival style building veneered with brick, is significant for its association with Don Speed Smith Goodloe, the first principal of the Maryland Normal and Industrial School. The school, now Bowie State University, was Maryland's first postsecondary school for African Americans. As principal of the school from its opening in 1911 until 1921, Goodloe directed and managed this public institution through its formative years, a period characterized by the state's unwillingness to provide adequate funding for the", "Don S. S. Goodloe House Don S. S. Goodloe House The Don S. S. Goodloe House, a 1915–16 Colonial Revival style building veneered with brick, is significant for its association with Don Speed Smith Goodloe, the first principal of the Maryland Normal and Industrial School. The school, now Bowie State University, was Maryland's first postsecondary school for African Americans. As principal of the school from its opening in 1911 until 1921, Goodloe directed and managed this public institution through its formative years, a period characterized by the state's unwillingness to provide adequate funding for the housing and training of the students, while two white normal", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul the bꜣ to return during the night, and to rise to new life in the morning. However, the complete \"ꜣḫ\"s were also thought to appear as stars. Until the Late Period, non-royal Egyptians did not expect to unite with the Sun deity, it being reserved for the royals. The \"Book of the Dead\", the collection of spells which aided a person in the afterlife, had the Egyptian name of the \"Book of going forth by day\". They helped people avoid the perils of the afterlife and also aided their existence, containing spells to ensure \"not dying a second time in", "Alvin S. Keys House entrance with a decorative fanlight and side lights; the rest of the facade is fairly plain, so as not to detract from the entrance. The interior incorporates Colonial woodwork and features into a modern floor plan, which included a powder room for guests, a recreation room, a screened porch, and an attached garage. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1994. Alvin S. Keys House The Alvin S. Keys House is a historic house located at 1600 Illini Road in Leland Grove, Illinois. The house was built in 1929-30 for Republican politician and", "Izi (Ancient Egyptian official) mastaba was discovered around 1890 at Saqqara. In the same year Vladimir Golenishchev bought eight blocks in Cairo for the Pushkin Museum. On stylistical grounds of the reliefs, Izi dates most likely to the Fourth Dynasty. Izi (Ancient Egyptian official) Izi was an important Ancient Egyptian official of the Fourth Dynasty. His most important title was \"overseer of the treasury\". Other important titles he hold are \"scribe of the king's document\", \"overseer of the great house\" and \"overseer of the king's ornament\". Izi is mainly known from different relief decorated blocks of his mastaba. These blocks are now in the" ]

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[ "The 400th anniversary of the arrival of the Jesuit missionary was in 1949." ]

[ "If you take the tram to Takamibaba stop, you'll see the church of St. Francisco Silvero.", "LSC will receive additional information on the ability of grantees", "A group of people are driving cars down the road", "A man in a green vest directs traffic.", "The man is digging.", "James IV made the decision to turn the plain living areas into a true royal palace.", "Two men are riding bikes in the forest.", ":" ]

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[ "The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest." ]

[ "Being located on the Atlantic coastline, Galicia has a very mild climate for the latitude and the marine influence affects most of the province to various degrees. In comparison to similar latitudes on the other side of the Atlantic, winters are exceptionally mild, with consistently heavy rainfall. Snow is rare due to temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. The warmest coastal station of Pontevedra has a yearly mean temperature of 14.8 °C (58.6 °F). Ourense located somewhat inland is only slightly warmer with 14.9 °C (58.8 °F). Due to its exposed north-westerly location, the climate is still very cool by Spanish standards. In coastal areas summers are temperered, averaging around 25 °C (77 °F) in Vigo. Temperatures are further cooler in A Coruña, with a subdued 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) normal. Temperatures do however soar in inland areas such as Ourense, where days above 30 °C (86 °F) are very regular.", "On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on \"religion, race, gender or geography\".", "The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.", "Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.", "Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.", "There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as \"already null and void\" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.", "At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo." ]

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[ "Pueblo (game) Pueblo is an abstract strategy game which is a competition to optimally place blocks in a constrained space. The name, theme, and artwork for the game derive from the famous architecture of Taos Pueblo, but they are very lightly applied.", "Taos Pueblo Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Tiwa-speaking Native American tribe of Puebloan people. It lies about 1 mi north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico, USA. The pueblos are considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States. This has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site." ]

[ "Apache Strike Apache Strike is a 3D helicopter game first developed for the Macintosh in 1987. Its objective is flying an Apache helicopter through a rudimentary hidden line-rendered cityscape in order to destroy the enemy's strategic defense computer. Enemy helicopters and tanks are encountered and must be shot down along the way. The Apache's position is shown in an onscreen map as well as bearing and distance to the defense computer. Some game events are presented in digitized speech by the Lifelike In-board Narrative Damage Assessment computer, or LINDA.", "Aztec Challenge Aztec Challenge refers to either of two early arcade-style computer games published by COSMI, as well as two subsequent remakes. In all game versions the player takes control of a running Aztec warrior. The first was a side-scrolling platform-jumping game created by Robert Tegel Bonifacio and released in 1982 for the Atari 8-bit family. Subsequently a different game with the same title and overall theme was created by Paul Norman and released for the Commodore 64. It included a level in a modified-first-person 3D-style.", "Cathedral (board game) Cathedral is a two-player abstract strategy board game in which two factions (\"dark\" and \"light\") vie for territorial supremacy within the bounds of a medieval city. The game is produced by Chrisbo I.P. Holdings Limited in New Zealand.", "Chinese checkers Chinese checkers (US and Canadian spelling) or Chinese chequers (UK spelling) is a strategy board game of German origin (named \"Sternhalma\") which can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners. The game is a modern and simplified variation of the American game Halma.", "Młynek (game) Mlýnek is thus an abstract strategy game of the blockade family which include Mū Tōrere, Pong Hau K'i, Umul Gonu, and Pat Gonu.", "Breakout clone A Breakout\" clone (also known as a Breakout\"-style game, block-breaking game, brick buster, or ball-and-paddle game) is a sub-class of the \"bat-and-ball\" genre. The genre is named for the dynamics of the player-controlled block, called a \"bat\" or a \"paddle\", upon which the game is based, which hits a ball towards another player's bat or different objects such as colored tiles (called a \"brick\"). The term \"brick buster\", coined in the early 2000s, mostly refers to more modern games.", "Havannah Havannah is a two-player abstract strategy board game invented by Christian Freeling. It belongs to the family of games commonly called connection games; its relatives include Hex and TwixT. Havannah has \"a sophisticated and varied strategy\" and is best played on a base-10 hexagonal board, ten hex cells to a side.", "Sun Circle (sculpture) The Sun Circle is a sculpture located within the Rillito River Park, a Pima County linear park running along the banks of the Rillito River north of Tucson, Arizona. Inspired by the archaeoastronomy of the southwestern United States Ancestral Puebloans in locations such as Chaco Canyon, \"Sun Circle\" uses astronomical alignments to cast shadows and light through apertures (windows) to align with corresponding windows on equinoxes and solstices at sunrise and sunset.", "Irrigation game Irrigation games are cooperative games which model cost sharing problems on networks (more precisely, on rooted trees). The irrigation game is a transferable utility game assigned to a cost-tree problem. A common example of this cost-tree problems are the irrigation networks. The irrigation ditch is represented by a graph, its nodes are water users, the edges are sections of the ditch. There is a cost of maintaining the ditch (each section has an own maintenance cost), and we are looking for the fair division of the costs among the users. The irrigation games are mentioned first by Aadland and Kolpin 1998, but the formal concept and the characterization of the game class is introduced by Márkus et al. 2011.", "TacOps TacOps is a turn-based wargame originally released in 1994. The game, developed by Major I.L. Holdridge, USMC (ret), details modern, hypothetical combat between U.S. and Canadian troops versus the OPFOR who are armed with various equipment from across the globe. Instead of typical hex or square based movement, the forces move around without a grid. Players take turns giving orders and then watching the battles unfold on the map. Also, players cannot directly control where their troops fire, but rather control parameters such as fire zones, and range of engagement. The game is considered very realistic, and includes a database with information and photos for all of the units in the game.", "4D Cityscape 4D Cityscape is a series of puzzles, which include elements from a city's past, present, and future. The puzzles contain many of the city's famous landmarks. The first 4D Cityscape puzzle released was for New York City. The puzzles were awarded the Gift of the Year 1st Place Prize in 2010. The puzzles have been featured in Christmas and gift magazines.", "TAMSK TAMSK is the second board game in the \"GIPF\" Project of six abstract strategy games, and was published in 1998. Players move sand hourglass timers and drop plastic rings around spaces on a hexagonal board in an attempt to limit their opponent's moves. Each player starts the game with 32 rings, and the player with the fewest remaining rings at the end of the game is the winner. The game is unique among the \"GIPF\" Project games in having time as a central game component, and the manner in which time is used is possibly unique among board games in general.", "Microsoft Ants Microsoft Ants was a free multiplayer strategy game for 2–4 players on the Microsoft Gaming Zone. The objective of the game is to get the most points by eating or stealing food, and making use of the various powerups available. Each player begins at a nest with a pre-programmed number of ants, whose goal is to scurry around the gamefield and bring back to their home nest various pieces of food such as candy, cookies, twinkies, etc. with each piece worth 15-30 points. When time runs out, the highest point score wins. On January 31, 2006, Microsoft's Zone retired Ants because of the lack of players.", "American Prize for Architecture The American Prize for Architecture, also known as the Louis H. Sullivan Award, is bestowed to an outstanding practitioner in the United States that has emblazoned a new direction in the history of American Architecture with talent, vision, and commitment and has demonstrated consistent contributions to humanity through the built environment and through the art of architecture.", "Battle royale game A battle royale game or battle royal game is a genre video game that blends the survival, exploration and scavenging elements of a survival game with last man standing gameplay. Battle royale games challenge a large number of players, starting with minimal equipment, to search for weapons and armor and eliminate other opponents all while avoiding being trapped outside of a shrinking \"safe area\", with the winner being the last competitor in the game. The name for the genre is adapted from the early entries in the field which were inspired by the Japanese media franchise \"Battle Royale\", as well as being a computerized form of a traditional battle royal.", "Deck-building game A deck-building game is a card game that uses building a deck as the main focus of the gameplay. It is similar to collectible card games (CCGs) in that each player has their own deck. However, unlike CCGs, the cards are not sold in randomized packs, and the majority of the deck is built \"during\" the game, instead of before the game. Typically, the cards provide a type of game currency which allows players to buy more cards to add to their decks.", "Tic-tac-toe Tic-tac-toe (also known as noughts and crosses or Xs and Os) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players, \"X\" and \"O\", who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game.", "Breakthrough (board game) Breakthrough is an abstract strategy board game invented by Dan Troyka in 2000 and made available as a Zillions of Games file (ZRF). It won the 2001 8x8 Game Design Competition, even though the game was originally played on a 7x7 board, as it is trivially extensible to larger board sizes.", "Linear production game \"Linear Production Game\" (\"LP Game\") is a N-person game in which the value of a coalition can be obtained by solving a Linear Programming problem. It is widely used in the context of resource allocation and payoff distribution. Mathematically, there are \"m\" types of resources and \"n\" products can be produced out of them. Product \"j\" requires formula_1 amount of the \"kth\" resource. The products can be sold at a given market price formula_2 while the resources themselves can not. Each of the \"N\" players is given a vector formula_3 of resources. The value of a coalition \"S\" is the maximum profit it can achieve with all the resources possessed by its members. It can be obtained by solving a corresponding Linear Programming problem formula_4 as follows.", "Tetris Tetris (Russian: Те́трис , pronounced ] ) is a tile-matching puzzle video game, originally designed and programmed by Russian game designer Alexey Pajitnov. It was released on June 6, 1984, while he was working for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow. He derived its name from the Greek numerical prefix \"tetra-\" (all of the game's pieces contain four segments) and tennis, Pajitnov's favorite sport." ]

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[ "Enormous crowds came out to welcome the Pope as he visited his homeland." ]

[ "When the Pope visited his homeland, none of his countrymen came out to see him.", "a man in blue", "A preacher delivers his sermon to the congregation.", "The passing of JFK junior is mourned by special editions.", "The girls are eating cake on the fence.", "He had to take off his clothes.", "Bicyclist performing a trick" ]

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[ "Overtime has become a norm over the industries." ]

[ "Companies have been using for more labor rights.", "A man is watching television.", "A girl is outside in the woods with an animal.", "One man strikes a sledgehammer to a wall while another watches.", "All four scenarios share the same marginal costs.", "Three people are angry.", "The high point of the rail is around 2100 feet." ]

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[ "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) serves as the series finale due to Ritter's death, as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off. However, \"Clifford's Puppy Days\" still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006. On May 16, 2018, Scholastic announced a reboot of the series and is scheduled for a late 2019 premiere concurrently on PBS Kids and Amazon Prime. Two 15-minute stories made up each half-hour episode. Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends, Cleo and T-Bone among them; the other story would focus on Clifford's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends. During scenes focusing on" ]

[ "Clifford (character) Clifford during his babyhood. Such characters include Jorge, a Spanish dachshund owned by Emily's friend Nina (played by Masiela Lusha), Daffodil, a pink pet rabbit owned by Clifford's family, Norville, a bird (voiced by Henry Winkler), among others. Clifford (character) Clifford is the main protagonist of the \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" book series, written by Norman Bridwell, and originally published in 1963, and the television series of the same name, which is based upon it, and ran from 2000-2003. Clifford is a giant, friendly red dog who is owned by a young girl named Emily Elizabeth. The book of", "Clifford (character) Clifford (character) Clifford is the main protagonist of the \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" book series, written by Norman Bridwell, and originally published in 1963, and the television series of the same name, which is based upon it, and ran from 2000-2003. Clifford is a giant, friendly red dog who is owned by a young girl named Emily Elizabeth. The book of his debut, as narrated by his owner, detailed Clifford's versatility, great helpfulness, and his friendship with his friends, albeit as the books progressed they detailed his many experiences with Emily Elizabeth and adventures (such as gaining temporary celebrity", "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom, and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow. The film also serves as the series finale. Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American educational animated children's television series, based upon Norman Bridwell's children's book series of the same name. Produced by Scholastic Productions, it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. The UK version (where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack) originally aired on BBC 2 on 1 April 2002. John Ritter voiced Clifford in all", "John Ritter \"It\" (1990), \"Problem Child\" (1990), \"Problem Child 2\" (1991), and \"Bad Santa\" in 2003 (his final live action film, which was dedicated to his memory). In 2002, Don Knotts called Ritter the \"greatest physical comedian on the planet\". His final roles include voicing the title character on the PBS children's program \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" (2000–2003), for which he received four Daytime Emmy Award nominations, and as Paul Hennessy on the ABC sitcom \"8 Simple Rules\" (2002–2003). Ritter was born at the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, on September 17, 1948. Ritter had a birth defect", "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) of \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" . By the time the last of the 68 half-hour episodes and the subsequent film \"Clifford's Really Big Movie\" were completed, Ritter was back on ABC's prime-time schedule, starring in \"8 Simple Rules\". Ritter's death on September 11, 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted \"Clifford's Puppy Days\", a show that kept Clifford's legacy going. While no new \"Clifford\" episodes have been released since Ritter's death in 2003, voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the \"Ready to Learn\" PBS Kids PSAs. \"Clifford's Really Big Movie\"", "Clifford's Really Big Movie in 2006. It is currently the only theatrical film based on a PBS Kids TV series, not counting the films based on \"Sesame Street\". A giant red Labrador Retriever named Clifford visits a carnival with his owner, Emily Elizabeth and her friends, Charley and Jetta, and Clifford's friends, Cleo and T-Bone. Clifford, Cleo, and T-Bone are amazed by an animal act known as Larry's Amazing Animals, consisting of Shackleford the Ferret, Dorothy the Cow, Dirk the Dachshund, and Rodrigo the Chihuahua. However, despite the animals best efforts, their show is failing due to their respective failed acts, but all remain", "Kevin Clash Space\" (1999) and \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\" (2005), and the TV series \"Muppets Tonight\" (1996—1998), in which he reprised Clifford, who served as the show's host. He performed characters and worked behind the scenes on the sitcom \"Dinosaurs\". In 1999, Clash worked on a film starring Elmo, \"The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland\". In 2006, Clash published his autobiography, co-written by Gary Brozek and Louis Henry Mitchell, entitled \"My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo Has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud\". His life was featured in the 2011 documentary \"\". After a", "Pink Panther and Pals is based on the classic DePatie-Freleng shorts. In this version, the Aardvark's (Eddie Garvar, in the style of John Byner, imitating Jackie Mason) Jewish sense of humor from his classic counterpart has retained, the Ant (now voiced by Kel Mitchell famous for his roles on the classic Nickelodeon series' \"All That\", \"Kenan and Kel\", the movie \"Good Burger\", and the PBS series, \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\") has been aged down like the teenage Pink Panther; however, he is never called \"Charlie\" (as his classic counterpart). The series now takes place in a jungle and new characters are introduced in", "Clifford's Really Big Movie Clifford's Really Big Movie Clifford's Really Big Movie is a 2004 American animated adventure film based on the classic PBS Kids TV series \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", itself an adaptation of the book series of the same name by Norman Bridwell. This film was directed by Robert Ramirez, produced by Scholastic Entertainment and Big Red Dog Productions, and originally released to theaters by Warner Bros. on February 20, 2004. The film depicts a giant red Labrador Retriever named Clifford (John Ritter) running away and joining a travelling animal show known as \"Larry's Amazing Animals\" with his best friends. Larry", "Ben Small in the UK. Small left the show alongside Thomas' US voice Martin Sherman as their contract was terminated and the executives wanted to give Thomas the Tank Engine a fresh new voice. As well as \"Thomas & Friends\" Small and fellow actor Keith Wickham previously collaborated by providing the British voices for \"Watch My Chops\" from 2004-2006. Prior to that, Small was the voice of Clifford the Big Red Dog's best friend: \"T-Bone\". He also was the voice of Jorge/George and Shun in the spin-off Clifford's Puppy Days. Small also voiced Zorro in the animated TV series \"\" and played", "Terrence C. Carson starred in the films \"Livin' Large\" and \"Firehawk\" before landing the role of Kyle Barker on the sitcom \"Living Single\". Carson reprised his role of Kyle Barker, along with \"Living Single\" co-star Erika Alexander, on \"Half & Half\". He provided the voice of Samuel (Charley's father) in the PBS Kids animated series \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\". As a voice actor, he portrayed Mace Windu in the animated series \"\"; he reprised his role as Mace Windu in the \"\" series. He appeared as Eddie Carson, a cook aboard a World War II submarine in \"U-571\", and Route 23 survivor", "Clifford's Puppy Days 2011 and like the original series, the show was dubbed with British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack. Set two years before the events of \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", the series focuses on when Clifford is a tiny red puppy, the runt of the litter in a litter of puppies given birth to by the pet dog of Emily Elizabeth's neighbor, Mr. Bradley (who appeared in an episode of the first cartoon series, \"Little Clifford\") and after he had been adopted by Emily Elizabeth and before he grew up into a giant red adult dog, forcing the Howards", "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American educational animated children's television series, based upon Norman Bridwell's children's book series of the same name. Produced by Scholastic Productions, it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. The UK version (where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack) originally aired on BBC 2 on 1 April 2002. John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes. This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the 1988 direct-to-video series. Generally speaking, Ritter's schedule dictated the production", "Walt Becker by Becker and Michael LeSieur, to also be directed by Becker. In January 2016, Becker is said to be working with \"Rome\" co-creator William J. Macdonald on a pilot for \"Storyville,\" which is based on the bestselling book \"Empire of Sin\" by Gary Krist. In September 2017, Becker has hired to direct the new \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" movie, replacing David Bowers. Walt Becker Walter William Becker is an American film director, writer and actor best known for directing the films \"Van Wilder\", \"Wild Hogs\" and \"Old Dogs.\" Becker graduated from USC School of Cinema-Television in 1995. He also", "Josh Mancell to the cult indie \"Chuck & Buck\" (Independent Spirit Award winner). Mancell's music has been used for the animated television shows \"Gary the Rat\" (starring Kelsey Grammer), \"Shorty McShorts' Shorts\" (starring Wilmer Valderrama), and \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" (starring John Ritter), which has earned him two Emmy nominations. Mancell is known for his music in video games including Sony's \"Crash Bandicoot\" and \"Jak and Daxter\" series, and other titles such as \"Johnny Mnemonic: The Interactive Action Movie\" and \"Interstate '82\". This work was done with the assistance of Mutato Muzika, the music production company which Mark Mothersbaugh formed with", "John Ritter and an episode of \"\" (2002). John also provided the voice of the title character in the PBS animated children's show \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", a role for which he received four Emmy nominations. His final film was \"Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up\" (2006), an animated direct-to-DVD film based on the television series, which was released posthumously. At the time of his death he was starring in \"8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter\". Ritter played Claude Pichon in \"The Dinner Party\" (2000) at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway, which was written by Neil Simon. It ran for 364", "Clifford the Big Red Dog and Benjamin Goldstein. These episodes include the following: \"The ABC Message Service\", \"Clifford's Birthday Surprise\", \"The Scavenger Hunt\", \"The Rhyme Cat Rescue\", \"Clifford Goes to Hollywood\", and \"The Pet Show\". Brent Titcomb voiced Clifford, and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Alyson Court. Karl-Lorimar Home Video released the video \"Clifford's Sing Along Adventure\" around the same time. Warner Home Video re-released it in the mid-1990s. Scholastic Studios produced a 65-episode adaptation shown on PBS Kids, which aired from September 2000 to February 2003. Clifford was voiced by actor John Ritter, and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Grey DeLisle. There was also", "Clifford's Really Big Movie the show as he manages to help the others improve their acts, such as helping Dorothy conquer her fear of heights. Clifford immediately becomes the star of the show, much to Shackleford's jealousy and annoyance, believing Clifford has begun to take his place. Meanwhile, Emily Elizabeth searches for Clifford and finds out he ran away. Larry's Amazing Animals finally receives entry for the Tummy Yummies contest that will perform the next night. However, when Clifford goes to find Shackleford and reveals the news, Shackleford reveals his anger and jealousy towards Clifford, expressing his regret of asking Clifford to join the", "Lara Jill Miller Big Red Dog, Clifford's Puppy Days\". Miller's roles include the recurring roles of Pookie, Wiki, and Tini on Disney Channel's \"Higglytown Heroes\", Haruka of \"Daigunder\", and the Nick Jr. series \"Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!\" as Widget, the show's problem-solving pink creature resembling a rabbit, both PBS series \"Curious George\" as Allie and \"SciGirls\" as Izzie, and regular guest-starring roles on several other animated series. As of 2017, she is doing voice work on the Disney Channel/Disney Junior television series \"Doc McStuffins\" as the voice of Lambie, as well as the Nickelodeon television series \"The Loud House\" in which she voices Lisa.", "Kenan Thompson filmed at the 2015 New York Comic-Con. In 2015, Fandango announced that Thompson would play their brand character, fictional character Miles Mouvay. Thompson would play Mouvay in 18 videos, eight 30-second commercials, and a few comedic skits. On September 23, 2015, Thompson appeared on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" alongside former \"All That\" co-star Kel Mitchell in which they reprised their popular \"Good Burger\" roles as \"Ed\" and \"Lester Oakes, Construction Worker\". Thompson returned to sketch comedy when he joined the cast of \"Saturday Night Live\" in 2003, becoming the first \"SNL\" cast member to be born after \"SNL\"s", "Red Dog (Pilbara) was played by Koko. Red Dog (Pilbara) Red Dog (c. 197121 November 1979) was a kelpie/cattle dog cross that was well known for his travels through Western Australia's vast Pilbara region. Red Dog had a series of owners and lengthy periods traveling on his own, essentially becoming a beloved friend and mascot of the greater Pilbara community. A statue was installed in his memory in Dampier, one of the towns to which he often returned. He is frequently referred to as a \"red kelpie\" or a \"red cloud kelpie\". Red Dog was believed to have been born in the town", "Cree Summer famous roles was in \"Inspector Gadget\" (Season 1) as Penny (a role she reprised in the \"Robot Chicken\" episode \"Adoption's an Option\"), WB's \"Tiny Toon Adventures\" (1990) as Elmyra Duff (which she reprised for \"Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain\") and Mary Melody, Aka Pella in WB's \"Histeria!\", Susie Carmichael in Nickelodeon's \"Rugrats\" and its spin-off \"All Grown Up!\", Cleo the Poodle in PBS Kids' \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", Miranda from Nickelodeon's \"As Told by Ginger\", Foxxy Love in Drawn Together, Dulcy the Dragon in \"Sonic the Hedgehog\", Princess 'Kida' Kidagakash for the franchise of Disney's \"\", Valerie Gray in", "Tom Kenny show \"The Fairly OddParents\". Joe Murray chose Kenny for several roles on another one of his projects, \"Camp Lazlo\" as Scoutmaster Lumpus and Slinkman, because Murray, after seeing Kenny's previous work for \"Rocko's Modern Life,\" felt that Kenny \"adds writing to his roles\" and \"brings so much\". He voiced Dog in \"CatDog\", as well as the voice of Cliff. He voices many characters in \"The Powerpuff Girls\", including the Mayor, the Narrator, Mitch Mitchelson, Snake, and Little Arturo from the Gangrene Gang, Rainbow the Clown, etc. He voiced Eduardo, and various other characters in \"Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends\", Dr.", "Clifford's Really Big Movie show and believes they are all better off without him. Hurt and upset by Shackleford's words and missing Emily Elizabeth, Clifford decides to leave early and return home to Birdwell island to reunite with Emily Elizabeth. Cleo and T-Bone join him, but managed to convince Clifford to return and in the process saves Larry and the others from their broken down bus and make it to the contest. Larry's Amazing Animals wins the contest, but the CEO of Tummy Yummies, George Wolfsbottom, steals Clifford for his spoiled daughter Madison. At a hotel, Shackleford tries to get everyone to realize Clifford", "Mitchel Musso in several films beforehand: \"Am I Cursed?\" as Richie and \"The Keyman\" as a Cub Scout, both in 2002. Musso also starred in three episodes of \"King of the Hill\" as the voice of Bobby Hill's friend Curt in the episodes \"The Powder Puff Boys\" and \"Bobby Rae\" as well as the surfer kid in \"Four Wave Intersection\" in 2007. In addition to his role as Oliver Oken in Disney Channel's \"Hannah Montana\", Musso also voiced Jeremy Johnson in \"Phineas and Ferb\", a boy on whom the title characters' sister, Candace (Ashley Tisdale) has a crush. Other acting credits include", "Wilmer Valderrama work, Valderrama voiced Rodrigo in \"Clifford's Really Big Movie\". He also voices the main character, Manny, in Disney Channel's \"Handy Manny\" series for preschoolers. He had a starring role in \"El Muerto\", an indie film directed by Brian Cox and based on the comic book created by Javier Hernandez. In January 2007, Valderrama launched his own men's fashion label called \"Calavena\". In 2010, Valderrama guest-starred on Disney Channel's series \"Wizards of Waverly Place\" playing the role of Theresa Russo's brother, Ernesto. In 2011, he appeared in three episodes of USA Network's \"Royal Pains\" as Eric Kassabian, an art dealer. In", "Clifford's Puppy Days to move to Birdwell Island so Clifford would have plenty of room, the series shows Clifford and Emily Elizabeth's life and friends before they moved from the city to Birdwell Island and all of their adventures. The show followed the same format as its predecessor, \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\". Each half-hour episode was divided into 2 stories. Season 1 Season 2 After the show's cancellation in 2006, the show aired reruns on very few PBS stations. However, it airs occasionally on the new 24/7 PBS Kids Channel, which is carried on many PBS member stations. The opening theme, \"Love", "The Steve Harvey Show That Funk.\" Though Cedric was not an original member of the group, he usually sang with them on several events. A few other recurring characters throughout the series included Cedric's grandmother named \"Grandma Puddin'\" (played by Cedric the Entertainer) and Regina's boyfriend, former NFL star Warrington Steele (played by Dorien Wilson). Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell appeared in several episodes as \"Junior\" and \"Vincent.\" Wayne Wilderson portrayed Byron, a \"bougie\" type character who was a TV producer and a member of the Onyx Club (a professional men's group that Steve and Cedric tried to join). Dwayne Adway played Jordan Maddox,", "Kevin Clash appearances, making his schedule, as he called it, \"crazy\". Cheryl Henson, president of the Jim Henson Foundation, called him \"essential\" to the show. Clash worked on the first film version of \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\", in 1990 and the sequel, \"\", which was dedicated to Henson, in 1991, voicing Master Splinter. He performed in several productions with Jim Henson Productions, including as the Muppet Clifford in \"The Jim Henson Hour\" (1989), and performing the puppetry for Frank Oz's characters (Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Sam the Eagle, and Animal) in \"Muppet Treasure Island\" (1996). Clash performed in the films \"Muppets from", "Ben Savage at the age of 9 in his elder brother Fred Savage's \"Little Monsters\" (1989) and appeared in the feature films \"Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even\" (1992), as Sam, the brainy little brother, and as a 10-year-old in \"Clifford\" (1994), the latter starring Martin Short. Savage's stage debut was in \"The Laughter Epidemic\" at the Pasadena Playhouse. He also guest starred on his brother Fred's TV series \"The Wonder Years\" in the season three episode \"The St. Valentine's Day Massacre\" as a cupid-esque character named Curtis Hartsell. His first major speaking role on network television was playing the recurring", "Dan Mitchell (comedian) Tidy productions. Dan Mitchell finished 2nd in the 2011 ITV reality/talent series Show Me The Funny. Dan appears as himself in an episode of Cynic (Web series) which features comedian Ted Shiress He was diagnosed at age seventeen with Tonic Clonic epilepsy, the absurdities of which he often talks about in his comedy act. He is good friends with fellow Welsh comedian James Dunn, and they have performed together in the live show \"It's a Dogs Life\", where Mitchell plays the role of Sinbad, a dog that lived with James in a small flat in Caerphilly. It is currently being", "Clifford (film) team – though he was accepted onto the team his parents have strictly forbidden contact sports. He's stopped by Father Clifford Daniels (Martin Short), an old priest, who tries to persuade him to change his ways by telling him a story of his own youth, stating that \"when we get frustrated, it can cause a lot of damage\". In the flashback, 10-year-old Clifford is a deceptive, sneaky, devious, obnoxious, evil, and unusual boy who never lets go of a toy dinosaur named Stephan. He talks to and blames Stephan for his own actions. He loves dinosaurs and his dream is", "Clifford's Really Big Movie Gablegobble (Judge Reinhold), the presenter of the animal show, doesn't allow animals who have owners, so they pretend their dog tags are fake. The film takes place in the fictional island of \"Birdwell Island\", which is the name is inspired by Norman Bridwell, the author of the books. This was John Ritter's final theatrical film role as he died of aortic dissection on September 11, 2003. The film was dedicated to his memory, and it serves as the series finale, as no episodes aired after the film's release, though the show's spin-off \"Clifford's Puppy Days\" continued to air before concluding", "Kel Mitchell Kel Mitchell Kel Johari Rice Mitchell (born August 25, 1978) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, musician, singer and rapper. He is known for his work as a regular cast member of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series \"All That\", as the Invisible Boy in the 1999 Ben Stiller and Geoffrey Rush superhero satire film \"Mystery Men\", his portrayal of Kel Kimble on the Nickelodeon sitcom \"Kenan & Kel\", his role as Ed in the film and \"All That\" sketch \"Good Burger\", as the voice of Dutch in the Disney XD cartoon \"Motorcity\", and as Ray in the 2006 sequel to", "Finn the Human / Jake the Dog mother, Cloris Leachman as Farmworld Marceline, James Kyson as Big Destiny & Trami, Eric Bauza as Tromo, and Jeff Bennett as Choose Bruce. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Finn and Jake chase The Lich through a dimensional portal where they meet Prismo, a wish granter, who tells them that the Lich wished for the extinction of all life. This leads Finn to", "Masiela Lusha \"George Lopez\", Lusha appeared as a main cast member in \"Clifford's Puppy Days\" (2003-2005) for PBS. She also appeared in \"\", and \"Anger Management\" with Charlie Sheen. Lusha starred in movies comprising a variety of genres, including \"Cherry Bomb\" (2004), \"My Father's Eulogy\" (2007), \"Muertas\" (2007), \"Time of the Comet\" (2008),\" Ballad of Broken Angels\" (2009), Kill Katie Malone (2010), \"Dragonfyre\" (2013), \"The Architect\" (2014), \"Of Silence\" (2014), \"Fatal Instinct\" (2014), and \"Branded\" (2016). In 2010, Lusha was appointed ambassador of Prince Harry's charity, Sentebale. In 2014, Lusha was made the World Assembly of Youth's goodwill ambassador. Lusha is an", "Kel Mitchell \"Like Mike\", \"\". He currently stars as Double G on the Nickelodeon series \"Game Shakers\". Kel Mitchell and Kenan Thompson starred in the series \"Kenan & Kel\" from 1996 to 2000, they also starred in the 1997 film, \"Good Burger\", which grew out of one of his sketches from \"All That\". The duo also appeared together in an episode of \"Sister, Sister\" with Tia and Tamera Mowry, four episodes of The Steve Harvey Show, and they appeared in a special two-part episode of \"Cousin Skeeter\". They were also featured in an episode of \"Sabrina, the Teenage Witch\". Outside of his", "Kel Mitchell episode titled \"#Peezy B\". Mitchell is currently a cast member on Dan Schneider's sitcom, \"Game Shakers\", which premiered on Nickelodeon on September 12, 2015. Mitchell plays the role of rap-superstar and business partner of the Game Shakers company, Double G. On September 23, 2015, Mitchell appeared on \"The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon\" in a skit featuring his iconic role as Ed from \"Good Burger\". Mitchell was also reunited with his former \"Kenan & Kel\" co-star Kenan Thompson who reprised his iconic role as \"Lester Oakes, Construction Worker\" . Mitchell was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up on the", "Masiela Lusha it continues to be Nick at Nite's highest rated series. In 2007, the character was written off the show by George Lopez due to \"creative differences\".<ref name=\"Madden Cover/Section C\"></ref> Lusha won two consecutive Young Artist Awards for Best Leading Actress in a Comedy and Drama for her portrayal as Carmen. While working on \"George Lopez\", Lusha also voiced the role of Nina for four years on the PBS series \"Clifford's Puppy Days\". It has been reported that portraying the character of Nina introduced Lusha to children's entertainment, inspiring her to write a children's book in 2009. In December 2009, Lusha", "Kuma von Clifford before his 17th birthday. Kuma von Clifford Kuma von Clifford (2001—November 30, 2018) was an American dog actor. With a career spanning from 2005 to 2017, the dog appeared in several films and starred as the original title character in the Disney Channel television series \"Dog with a Blog\", as well as the character of Grandma on the Nickelodeon series \"Mutt & Stuff\". Kuma was a lifelong resident of Southern California, where he was raised by Sarah Clifford. Kuma was a mutt, with Golden Retriever, Husky and Australian Shepherd lineage. The dog died in late November 2018 as the result", "Big Bad Wolf a brother named Leonard Wolf (performed by Jerry Nelson), who tells Elmo and Rosita that not all wolves are the same. In episode 4219, the Big Bad Wolf works in the hair-drying salon after telling Elmo and Telly Monster that he is no longer in the pig-chasing business. In episode 4266, the Big Bad Wolf huffs and puffs Slimey the Worm when he is unable to catch the Three Little Pigs not realizing the harm he is doing to Slimey. When he does realize this thanks to Alan, Big Bird. Mr. Snuffleupagus, and Oscar the Grouch, the Big Bad Wolf", "Koko (dog) from heart failure on 18 December 2012, in Perth, Western Australia. He was 7 years old. The prequel, \"\" was dedicated to his memory. Koko (dog) Koko (9 April 2005 – 18 December 2012) was an Australian canine film actor and fundraiser, an Australian Kelpie who best known for his role as Red Dog the title character of the 2011 film \"Red Dog\". He was owned by Nelson Woss, a producer of \"Red Dog\". Koko was born in Victoria, Australia in 2005 to breeders Carol and Len Hobday and initially trained as a show dog. He won Best Exhibiting Group,", "Norman Bridwell Norman Bridwell Norman Ray Bridwell (February 15, 1928 – December 12, 2014) was an American author and cartoonist best known for the \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" book series. Bridwell was born on February 15, 1928 in Kokomo, Indiana, to Leona and Vern Bridwell. He graduated from Kokomo High School in 1945, and went on to attend John Herron School of Art in Indianapolis, and Cooper Union, in New York City. Bridwell put together a portfolio and attempted to get a job as a children's book illustrator but was rejected by around fifteen publishing houses. While at Harper & Row,", "Daws Butler Cobbler\", Mr. Theeves in \"Droopy's \"Double Trouble\"\", Mysto the Magician in \"Magical Maestro\", John the Cab and John the B-29 Bomber in \"One Cab's Family\" and \"Little Johnny Jet\", and Maxie in \"The Legend of Rockabye Point\". Starting with \"The Three Little Pups\", Butler provided the voice for a nameless wolf that spoke in a Southern accent and whistled all the time (the tune was Henry C. Work's \"Kingdom Coming\"). This character also appeared in \"Sheep Wrecked\", \"Billy Boy\" and many more cartoons. While at MGM, Avery wanted Butler to try to do the voice of Droopy, at a time", "Dance 360 Battle tells two dancers will dance solo in two rounds in two different beats and goes head-to-head. At the end, the audience decided who is the winner as, \"The Top Dog of the 360\" by looking at videotapes of the dancers. Host Kel Mitchell previously starred in the television show Kenan and Kel and All That along with his friend Kenan Thompson for a four-year run. Host Fredro Starr previously played on the hit show Moesha playing one of her boyfriends, Q. Host Alfonso Ribeiro was best known for his role as Carlton Banks on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.", "Clifford the Big Red Dog project. Two months later, it was reported that the film was still in development at Universal Pictures and that David Bowers was in talks to direct the film. Like the 2011 film \"Hop\", the titular dog character will be animated while the other characters will be live-action. On August 1, 2014, Universal Pictures scheduled the film for a release on April 8, 2016. In the beginning of 2015, the film's release date was taken over by another Universal film, \"The Boss\". On June 30, 2016, it was reported by \"Deadline Hollywood\" that Paramount Pictures has picked up the rights for", "Kenan & Kel Mitchell were ranked No. 40 and No. 39, respectively, on VH1's 100 Greatest Kid Stars. Reruns of the show are currently shown on TeenNick, as part of their programming block \"NickSplat,\" as well as MTV2, a sister channel of TeenNick under Viacom. The show was set in Chicago, Illinois, and centered on the antics of two mischievous teenagers, Kenan Rockmore (Kenan Thompson) and Kel Kimble (Kel Mitchell). Kenan is a high school student with a job at a local grocery store, while Kel is his clumsy, orange soda-loving best friend. Episodes of the series always open and closed with Kenan", "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride Al's Big Gay Animal Sanctuary. Stan comes to understand homosexuality and tries to make everyone in South Park accept it. \"Big Gay Al's Gay Boat Ride\" addressed open homosexuality in a way that was uncommon for television at the time, which created some anxiety among Comedy Central executives. The network initially objected to offensive remarks made by sports commentators in the episode, but the comments were kept in at the insistence of Parker and Stone. George Clooney made a guest appearance as Sparky, a small role with no dialog except for dog barks. The episode marked the first appearance of", "Norman Bridwell well as a son named Timothy. At the time of his death, they had three grandchildren. The Bridwells resided in Edgartown on Martha's Vineyard, from 1969 until his death. Bridwell died of heart failure at 86 on December 12, 2014. His funeral was held at the Federated Church on South Summer street in Edgartown. His ashes were given to his son, Timothy. Norman Bridwell Norman Ray Bridwell (February 15, 1928 – December 12, 2014) was an American author and cartoonist best known for the \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\" book series. Bridwell was born on February 15, 1928 in Kokomo,", "Adrian \"Fletch\" Fletcher When a patient suggests that Fletch bets on a horse, he asks Dixie to place the bet for him so he can pay for Evie's trip. Dixie is \"reluctant\" due to Fletch's gambling problem. Fletch's debts increase when his car is clamped after parking illegally to help a patient. Fletch confesses his financial problems to porter Clifford George (Geff Francis), who becomes a friend for Fletch. Walkinshaw explained that Fletch relates to Clifford as he is a \"bloke's bloke\" and is trying to help Fletch. He added that Clifford has \"no malice\" towards Fletch. Clifford has the clamp removed and", "Rowlf the Dog a live duet of \"The Rainbow Connection\", as both were Henson's first two Muppet characters. Rowlf appears in \"The Muppets\", initially saddened he wasn't included in the montage depicting the principal Muppets being reunited (Rowlf was asleep, and was simply woken up by Kermit and easily convinced to join the cause), and helps rebuild the Muppet theater. He also performs \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" in a barbershop quartet with Sam the Eagle, Beaker, and Link Hogthrob during the Muppet Telethon, as well as an unwilling (and captive) Jack Black. A solo album titled \"Ol' Brown Ears is Back\" was released", "Clifford's Puppy Days Makes Little Things Grow\", was composed by Jared Faber and Emily Kapnek and performed by Freedom Bremner. Clifford's Puppy Days Clifford's Puppy Days is an American animated children's television series that originally aired on both PBS and PBS Kids from September 15, 2003 to February 23, 2006. A prequel to the original \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", it features the adventures of Clifford during his puppy days before he became a big red dog and before moving to Birdwell Island. The series was cancelled in February 2006 following low ratings, with very few PBS stations re-running it afterwards. Since then,", "PBS Kids Preschool Block Big Red Dog\", \"Dragon Tales\" and \"It's a Big Big World\". Each day, Miss Lori and Hooper would try to solve a problem, which was related to a daily curriculum. After \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", there was a short dance as well as a song, performed by Rebecca Frezza and Big Truck, Milkshake, or Miss Lori herself. Dash's Game of the Day aired just before Dragon Tales. Dash showed viewers how to play a game on the PBS Kids website. This was the only season to have a themed plot throughout the two hours. Season 2 premiered on September", "Ken Morley Librarian in the children's television show \"Woof!\" and guest starred as Nazi Captain Voorhese in the sitcom \"Red Dwarf\". In 1998, he appeared in an episode of the television show \"The Grand\" as Harry Frindel. In 1999, Morley returned to \"Coronation Street\" in the spin-off show \"Coronation Street: After Hours\" alongside former \"Coronation Street\" actress Julie Goodyear. He has also appeared in \"Emmerdale\" spin-off show \"Emmerdale: Don't Look Now! - The Dingles in Venice\" playing Reg Holdsworth. In 2003 to 2004, Morley starred in the sitcom \"Hardware\" as Rex alongside Martin Freeman. In 2005, he was a contestant in the", "Colin McFarlane Builder\", and as the narrator on the ITV gameshow \"The Cube\". He has also voiced God and Goliath on \"\", Jonah in the 1997 animated series \"Captain Pugwash\", as well as Bulgy the Double Decker Bus and Beresford the Crane in . In addition, he played the part of dictator Thadius Vent in children's animation \"Oscar's Orchestra\", Elvis the horse in \"Iconicles\", Sparky the dragon in \"Mike the Knight\", and voiced several characters in the episode \"The Sweater\" of \"The Amazing World of Gumball\".. He played US General Trent Stone in the 2014 original audio drama \"Osiris\" by Everybodyelse Productions.", "McCloud (TV series) the conflict between McCloud and Chief Clifford, who was played in every episode but the pilot by J. D. Cannon. In the first episodes, their relationship was portrayed as somewhat amiable, with Clifford showing a wary respect for the unconventional Westerner assigned to his command. The relationship quickly soured based mostly on McCloud's seeming disregard of authority combined with a charm that let him escape many of the consequences of his \"cowboy-like\" determination. Clifford's attitude to McCloud became one of cynical antagonism, bordering at times on extreme rage, but usually tempered with a grudging respect for McCloud's ability to solve", "Clifford's Puppy Days Clifford's Puppy Days Clifford's Puppy Days is an American animated children's television series that originally aired on both PBS and PBS Kids from September 15, 2003 to February 23, 2006. A prequel to the original \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", it features the adventures of Clifford during his puppy days before he became a big red dog and before moving to Birdwell Island. The series was cancelled in February 2006 following low ratings, with very few PBS stations re-running it afterwards. Since then, occasional reruns continue to air. In the UK the show aired on CBeebies from 2004 to early", "Dog City Rock\", Lyle the Dog and Baskerville the Hound from \"The Muppet Show\", a dog character that resembles Tramp from \"Lady and the Tramp\", and a background pug that later appears in \"Jim Henson's Animal Show\", \"Puppet Up!\", and other Henson Alternative projects. The Muppets of Ace Yu and his associates would make cameos in \"The Muppets at Walt Disney World\" and would later go on to become Eliot Shag and the other \"real world\" counterparts to the animated characters. Dog City: The Movie (sans the framing sequences) was released to regions 1 and 2. The company's YouTube channel has 6", "Kyle Soller with David Suchet, Laurie Metcalf and Trevor White at the Apollo Theatre, and in the Roundabout Theatre Company's production of \"Cyrano de Bergerac\" as Christian at the American Airlines Theatre in New York. Soller appeared in BBC Three's comedy \"Bad Education\" as the new teacher Mr Schwimer. In 2016 he appeared in BBC One's \"Poldark\", playing Ross's cousin, Francis, and in \"The Hollow Crown\", in the role of Clifford. He starred as an expert on apocalypses, Scotty, in Sky 1's comedy drama \"You, Me and the Apocalypse\". In 2015, he appeared as Gerald Croft in Helen Edmundson's award-winning BBC adaptation", "Kenan Thompson a recurring role on \"The Steve Harvey Show\" as Junior, with co-star Kel Mitchell. In 2009, Thompson was a regular voice actor in the Fox cartoon series \"Sit Down, Shut Up\", portraying Sue Sezno, who, as evidenced by her last name, always says no. The series premiered on April 19, 2009, but was canceled after only four episodes due to low ratings and less than favorable reviews. Thompson provided the voice for the LeBron James puppet in Nike's MVP \"Most Valuable Puppets\" commercials, which were produced to be shown throughout the 2009 NBA Playoffs. Thompson also guest starred on the", "Hal Sparks 1pm each Saturday. Sparks had his screen debut on the television movie \"Frog\", starring Shelley Duvall, Elliott Gould, and Scott Grimes in 1987. Over the following decades he would go on to appear in several types of TV roles, which included host of \"Talk Soup\" in 1999, and was one of the stars of Disney XD's \"Lab Rats\". Sparks will portray Nelson in the second season of \"Fuller House\". Hal portrayed Donald Davenport in Lab Rats. Donald is the older brother of Douglas Davenport (Jeremy Kent Jackson), the stepfather of Leo Dooley (Tyrel Jackson Williams), the husband of Tasha Davenport", "The Red Green Show have had a pet snail as a child, but it \"ran away on [him]\". Dougie Franklin (Ian Thomas) is an American immigrant who drives a huge monster truck and who is a self-proclaimed expert in two areas of life: cars and women, in spite of never having had a successful date, and several automotive altercations, partly due to his inability to understand Canadian traffic laws, and his reckless driving. His brother Ben was seen in a few episodes, played by Ian Thomas' actual brother Dave Thomas of SCTV. Arnie Dogan (Albert Schultz) is an accident prone roofer with aspirations of", "Clifford's Really Big Movie oblivious of the truth as their owner Larry expresses how proud he is of their efforts. After the show, Shackleford discovers that the only way for their performances to continue is to win a Tummy Yummies Animal Talent Contest, promising fame, fortune, and a lifetime supply of Tummy Yummies. When Clifford and his friends go to collect their autographs, Shackleford attempts to convince them to join the act, believing Clifford's size and appearance would help them improve and save their show, but none of them agree because they do not want to leave their owners. The next day, Clifford overhears", "Statler and Waldorf over as Statler. The two were occasionally performed by Drew Massey (Statler) and Victor Yerrid (Waldorf) in 2005 and 2006, most notably in the web series \"\". Kevin Clash filled in for Goelz as Waldorf in a few episodes of \"Muppets Tonight\". In 2017, Whitmire departed from the \"Muppets\" franchise, including the part of Statler, after being unwillingly dismissed from the part of Kermit the Frog in October 2016. While Matt Vogel was announced for the replacement for Kermit, Peter Linz had already replaced Whitmire as the voice of Statler in advertisements. Statler and Waldorf also appeared (as adults) in", "Gofer (1976) of the television series \"The Muppet Show\", Scooter was given the stage manager job because his uncle owned the theater where the Muppets performed. The pun was that a gopher not only is an animal, like the Muppets supposedly are, but is a fast animal, collecting food and delivering it somewhere else. At some point in the Muppets series, Kermit the Frog suggested that he himself was a gofer, but probably didn't last long in the job. Another example of a gofer is the fictional character of Salvatore \"Turtle\" Assante (Jerry Ferrara) on the comedy-drama HBO television series \"Entourage\".", "Dev Ross in digital screenwriting at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. Ross wrote for several popular shows during the 1990s. These included \"Land Before Time\", \"Darkwing Duck\", \"Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks\", \"Winnie the Pooh\" and \"Chip 'N Dale Rescue Rangers\",\"Return of Jafar\", \"Monster High\", \"Animated Classic Showcase\", \"Clifford the Big Red Dog\", \"Clifford's Puppy Days\", and the \"Adventures from the Book of Virtues\". She helped bring movie characters to television with \"Aladdin\" and \"The Little Mermaid\". Ross wrote a number of children's books for the popular “We Both Read” series. Before turning to animation, Ross was the Artistic Director", "Hal Rayle Hal Rayle Hal Rayle (born January 3, 1955) is an American voice actor. He has done many roles for both animated series and live action movies. Rayle has had a number of voice acting jobs over his career. Rayle's animated series roles include Miss Piggy, Gonzo & Animal for the \"Little Muppet Monsters\". Raphael in \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\", The Tin Man in \"The Wizard of Oz\" television series, Einstein the Dog and 65 other voices in Universal Animation's \"Back to the Future\", The Riddler's #1 in \"\", The Ant in \"The Ant and the Aardvark\", Inspector Clouseau in \"The", "Clifford (character) status in one book) and the endless benefits presented by Clifford's unusual size and gentleness, or the occasional disadvantages at some points. Clifford's infancy is occasionally mentioned and depicted in a few books, in which he appears as a regular-sized, small puppy, albeit it has been mentioned that he later grew to tremendous proportions. It is debated as to whether or not Clifford can be classified as a kaiju. Albeit in the series of picture books, Clifford is depicted as a regular, semi-humanized dog aside from his size, in the animated series adapted from the books, he is gifted with", "Apollo, Apollo on the show, in which he introduces Jack Donaghy by the wrong name at Jack's fiftieth birthday party. Liz's phone sex line commercial, the full-length version, is featured on \"30 Rock\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s season three DVD as part of the Bonus features. In a scene in \"Apollo, Apollo\", Jack wonders what it would be like to see the world through NBC page Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) eyes, revealing that Kenneth sees everyone as Muppets. To accommodate this, \"Sesame Street\" puppeteers Joey Mazzarino, Carmen Osbahr, and Matt Vogel were brought in to do the muppet versions of Jack, Liz, and Tracy Jordan. This", "Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem He also appeared and spoke (albeit very briefly) in the 2014 movie \"Muppets Most Wanted\". He appears (and speaks on several occasions) in the new series \"The Muppets\" completely rebuilt as the original puppet from his \"Muppet Show\" days actually disintegrated on set during the filming of the 2015 music video \"Kodachrome\". Clifford, performed by Kevin Clash, was briefly made a member of the Electric Mayhem (as a percussionist) in 1990. His only appearances with the group were in the television special \"The Muppets at Walt Disney World\" and minor publicity material. Jim was featured in the original pilot episode", "Jim Henson raise their children. Henson hired writer Jerry Juhl in 1961 and puppet performer Frank Oz in 1963 to replace her. Henson later credited both with developing much of the humor and character of his Muppets. Henson and Oz developed a close friendship and a performing partnership that lasted until Henson's death; their teamwork is particularly evident in their portrayals of the characters of Bert and Ernie, Kermit and Miss Piggy, and Kermit and Fozzie Bear. Henson's 1960s talk-show appearances culminated when he devised Rowlf, a piano-playing anthropomorphic dog. Rowlf became the first Muppet to make regular appearances on a network", "Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 2002–2003 Joey Mack, an obnoxious radio DJ who has special guests on his show, but almost never lets them talk on air because he is too preoccupied with his own comic voices. A Jeff Richards sketch. Debuted November 2, 2002. \"The Falconer\" is a recurring \"Saturday Night Live\" sketch chronicling the adventures of former businessman Ken Mortimer (Will Forte), who left his job to become a hermit, living in the forest with his trusted pet falcon, Donald. The Falconer, who speaks in a loud, strident voice, routinely encounters trouble and sends his falcon to get help, who—in turn—often gets sidetracked along", "Kuma von Clifford Kuma von Clifford Kuma von Clifford (2001—November 30, 2018) was an American dog actor. With a career spanning from 2005 to 2017, the dog appeared in several films and starred as the original title character in the Disney Channel television series \"Dog with a Blog\", as well as the character of Grandma on the Nickelodeon series \"Mutt & Stuff\". Kuma was a lifelong resident of Southern California, where he was raised by Sarah Clifford. Kuma was a mutt, with Golden Retriever, Husky and Australian Shepherd lineage. The dog died in late November 2018 as the result of a stroke, shortly", "Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American children's book series about a giant red dog named Clifford. It was first published in 1963 and was written by Norman Bridwell (1928–2014). Bridwell himself had a dog he based the stories on, however his pet canine was neither big nor red. The series helped establish Scholastic as a premier publishing company, and Clifford himself is Scholastic's official mascot. In 1988, Scholastic Studios, Mendelson-Melendez Productions, Nelvana, Wang Film Productions, and Family Home Entertainment released \"Clifford's Fun with...\", a videotape series with the theme song by Phillip Namanworth", "The Red Green Show spy, and that he even died and came back to life at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In one episode, it is hinted that he lies about his past because he has a poor self-image. Hap is always seen wearing a Royal Canadian Regiment baseball cap, which is a nod to Pinsent's own military service as a soldier in the Regiment during the early 1950s. Ed Frid (Jerry Schaefer) is Possum Lake's second animal control officer (the first being Garth Harble). He is deathly afraid of almost all animals, and believes they are out to get him. He is featured on", "Gene Shalit Timberlake, \"I'm Gene Shalit now! BYE!\" In \"Big Man on Hippocampus\", Peter reads aloud a review that was supposedly written by Shalit. Shalit also voiced his own likeness in three episodes of the animated series \"The Critic\". A Muppet character based on him appeared in \"\" (1975). Shalit was occasionally portrayed on \"Saturday Night Live\" by Horatio Sanz in sketches and Weekend Update sequences. Shalit was referenced on the TV show \"The Nanny\", episode 2X10 \"The Whine Cellar\". Gene Shalit Eugene Shalit (born March 25, 1926) is an American film and book critic. He filled those roles on NBC's \"The", "Rizzo the Rat \"Muppets from Space\" DVD. Rizzo appears as a background character in the 2011 film \"The Muppets\", without a spoken dialogue, although he is seen singing along during the finale, as well as the scene in which Kermit the Frog addresses a large crowd of Muppets. In \"Muppets Most Wanted\" (2014), and the short feature \"Rizzo's Biggest Fan\" on the Blu-ray release, the character calls for more screentime. Rizzo returned to prominence in the TV series \"The Muppets\", where he was on a writing crew with Gonzo and Pepe the King Prawn. In 2017, it was announced Whitmire departed from the", "Modern Girls It's Friday night and the girls are getting ready for a night out on the town, however Margo and Cece soon discover that Kelly has taken Margo's car to go meet a DJ she's infatuated with. Luckily, Kelly's date for the night, Clifford (Rohner, in a dual role), one of her many infatuated customers, arrives to pick her up, so Margo and Cece hitch a ride with him to go to the club where the DJ is working. Cliffie (as Cece calls him) reluctantly tags along a roller-coaster ride with them and learns how the girls usually spend their nights", "Rowlf the Dog often being credited as the iconic Muppet, Rowlf was actually the first known Muppet \"star\" as a recurring character on \"The Jimmy Dean Show\", first appearing in a telecast on September 26, 1963. Rowlf was introduced in 1962 for Purina Dog Chow TV commercials aired in Canada, in which he appeared with Baskerville the Hound. Jim Henson designed Rowlf, and Don Sahlin built him; it was Sahlin's first Muppet construction. Rowlf rose to popularity as Jimmy Dean's sidekick on \"The Jimmy Dean Show\", performed by Henson and Frank Oz. He was the first Muppet with a regular spot on network", "Kermit the Frog 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to \"The Muppet Movie,\" Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In \"Before You Leap\", Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of \"The Muppet Movie\" and details their friendship and their partnership", "Norman Bridwell an editor offhandedly suggested he turn one of his drawings into a story. The drawing was of a young girl and a horse-sized bloodhound, and the story became \"Clifford The Big Red Dog\". That book spawned over 40 best-selling Clifford books, two television series, merchandise, a live musical and a live-action film that's in development. Bridwell's other successful books include \"The Witch Next Door\", and \"A Tiny Family\". There are over 126 million copies of his books in print in 13 languages. By 1962, Bridwell was married to his wife Norma Howard, and they had a daughter Emily Elizabeth, as", "Big Bad Wolf the truth, he is shot away by a rocket stuck up his shirt. The Wolf also made appearances in other Disney cartoons. In \"Old King Cole\", with the exception of Practical, Fifer, and Fiddler, the Wolf is seen going to Old King Cole's castle with Little Red Riding Hood, and later on, he is seen dancing with Little Red Riding Hood while dancing along with the other Fairy Tale characters during the jamboree in Old King Cole's castle. In \"Toby Tortoise Returns\", Practical and the Wolf made cameo appearances during the boxing match between Toby Tortoise and Max Hare. The", "Muppet Classic Theater square showing off their Curative Elixirs. Robin the Frog doubts Rizzo's claim while another man stated that the Curative Elixir \"cured his baldness\" as a rat is seen on top of his head. The young boy states that the rat is on the man's head which the man notices. The rat jumps off the man's head as the rat tells Rizzo that the jig is up. Rizzo is arrested by the Police Chief (played by Officer Fuzzy from \"Dog City\") and is taken to Emperor Fozzie Bear. Upon being brought to Emperor Fozzie, Rizzo claims to him that the rest", "The Old Wagon car begins to roll down the hill. Phil gets on the hood, trying not to let go, but Claire tells to let go and the car gets destroyed. Despite this, the family had a good time. Meanwhile, Mitchell (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) decides to build a life-size princess castle for Lily, but Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) is scared due to Mitchell's horrible past with equipment. Cameron decides to call Jay (Ed O'Neill) in for reinforcement and the two try to get Mitchell to do meaningless jobs. Mitchell catches on and leaves the project. While Jay and Cameron get drinks, Mitchell puts the", "Rohan Nichol the TV series \"All Saints\". Rohan Nichol Rohan Nichol (born 4 July 1976) is an Australian actor who is best known for playing Captain Raymus Antilles in \"\". He thought at first he would be portraying Wedge Antilles. It wasn't until he arrived on the \"Revenge of the Sith\" set in Sydney that Nichol learned that he would actually play the part of Raymus Antilles, portrayed by Peter Geddis in \"\". Nichol appeared in the 2011 film \"Red Dog\" alongside \"Revenge of the Sith\" co-star Keisha Castle-Hughes (Queen Apailana). He also shared screen with Genevieve O'Reilly (Mon Mothma in Episode", "Richard Hunt (puppeteer) a four-month stint of doing weather reports at a local radio station, Hunt pursued a meeting with Jim Henson. He cold-called from a payphone and was invited to audition. After being hired to work on \"Sesame Street\", Hunt mostly performed background characters. One of his first major performances was as Taminella Grinderfall in \"The Frog Prince\", puppeteering the character while Jerry Juhl performed the voice. Hunt performed Scooter and shared Miss Piggy with Frank Oz until the final quarter of the first season of \"The Muppet Show\". Hunt performed many characters on \"Sesame Street\", including Forgetful Jones, Placido Flamingo, Don", "The Red Stallion friends with Andy McBride (Robert Paige), a ranch hand at the nearby Moresby Farms. Joel convinces Andy to help him train Red as a racehorse, with the intention of selling his beloved horse to pay off his grandmother's debts. Joel and Andy convinced Moresby Farms horse trainer Ellen Reynolds (Noreen Nash) to race Red against the farm's best racehorse, Black Moor. But the untrained Red loses the race because he does not stay close to the inside rail. Joel next approaches Mr. Moresby (Pierre Watkin) with an offer to sell horses from the Curtis ranch to Moresby Farms. Mr. Moresby", "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride pets, however, return. Before leaving, Big Gay Al thanks Stan for making everyone understand homosexuality. Although the Cows beat the spread, Richard Stamos appears to prove he can hit the high note that he missed earlier, triggering the bomb and killing the Middle Park team's mascot. The plot for \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\" originated from an idea by series co-founders Trey Parker and Matt Stone to have a boy try to convince his gay dog not to be homosexual. Michael Smith, a childhood friend of Parker and a basis for the Ned Gerblansky character, claimed that Big", "Method Man career in acting. He has had recurring roles in critically acclaimed television shows such as HBO's \"Oz\" as Tug Daniels, HBO's \"The Wire\" in which he plays Prop Joe's nephew Cheese, \"The Twilight Zone\" and \"\". He and Redman hosted a pilot on MTV called \"Stung\". He has made numerous appearances as himself on TV shows such as \"Mind of Mencia\" and \"Chappelle's Show\". Clifford portrays on \"CSI\", a wealthy Las Vegas party promoter who clashes with the CSI team, specifically investigator Nick Stokes, in their investigations involving his clubs or entourage. His first appearance on CSI as \"Drops\" was", "Big Bad Wolf longer in drag in the video games. In the fighting game Shrek SuperSlam, released 2005, Big Bad Wolf is a playable character and appears as \"Huff n Puff Wolf\". The Big Bad Wolf has become a regularly recurring puppet character on \"Sesame Street\", appearing usually in purple fur (although he originally had blue shaggy fur, as he was a variant of Herry Monster). Besides the purple and blue variants, there were also green and white versions of the Big Bad Wolf. He is generally performed by Jerry Nelson (particularly the blue version) and occasionally performed by Tyler Bunch, Kevin Clash,", "Charles Shaughnessy that Shaughnessy would assume the title role in the play \"Harvey\" at the New Theatre in Overland Park, Kansas after original star Judge Reinhold was offered the opportunity to leave the production. In August 2014, Shaughnessy made a guest appearance on the Disney Channel show \"Dog with a Blog\" as business tycoon Tom Fairbanks, a man who wanted to buy Stan, the title character, and use him as the spokes-dog for his animal rescue campaign. Shaughnessy has been married to Susan Fallender since 21 May 1983. Together they have two daughters: He is a Chelsea F.C. supporter. Shaughnessy is active", "Max Charles could accompany his brother, and was hired for his first acting role. In \"The Three Stooges\", Charles can be seen in a scene with all three brothers. Charles is represented by CESD Talent Agency and Symington Talent Management. In January 2015, he was cast as Zach Goodweather, on the television series \"The Strain\". He voiced the title character in the Nickelodeon series \"Harvey Beaks\". He also had a recurring role in the Disney XD TV series \"Lab Rats\" as Spin. Charles voices Kion on the Disney Channel television film \"The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar\" and its subsequent Disney", "Clifford the Big Red Dog a 39-episode prequel series that took place during Clifford's puppyhood, which ran September 2003 to February 2006. During that time, a 76-minute film which served as the show's finale was released in February 2004. There will be a new Clifford series in Fall 2019 for Amazon Prime Video. In May 2012, it was reported that Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment would make a live-action/animated feature film based on the book. Matt Lopez had been hired to write the script, while Chris Meledandri and Deborah Forte would produce the film. In July 2013, it was reported that Illumination had dropped the", "Max Keeble's Big Move resident school bullies Troy McGinty and Dobbs, and the Evil Ice Cream Man. Max also learns that an animal shelter he visits next door to the school is being closed down to build Jindrake's opulent football stadium. When Max's father, Donald, reveals that he is moving to Chicago for his boss, because he is unable to stand up for himself, Max realizes that he can do whatever he wants to his tormentors, facing no consequences because he will be gone by then. Enlisting his equally socially outcast friends, Robe and Megan, Max sets up a variety of pranks, which include", "Glenn Robbins G.' making an ill-advised comeback. In 2011 he appeared in the comedy \"Scumbus\". In 2012 Robbins reprised his role of Kel Knight in the movie entitled Kath & Kimderella. Robbins has a weekly one-hour radio segment on Melbourne radio station 3AW as part of \"The Weekend Break with Grubby and Dee Dee\" Sunday edition. Robbins has been nominated at the Logies several times. He was nominated for Most Popular Actor in 2003 and 2004 for his role in \"Kath & Kim\" and again nominated in 2005 for his role in the telemovie \"Da Kath & Kim Code\". The third son", "Kel Mitchell and \"Mystery Men\". He auditioned for \"Saturday Night Live\" in 2003, but lost to his \"Kenan & Kel\" co-star Kenan Thompson. Mitchell was the subject of a death hoax in 2006, when a rumor was spread around Myspace. In March 2008, he filmed his writing and producing debut, \"Dance Fu\", in which he also starred as the lead role. Also in 2008, Mitchell appeared in two Detroit-based stage productions, \"Affairs\" and \"Laundromat\", the latter written by Carlos Faison and also starred comedian Buddy Lewis, Leanne \"Lelee\" Lyons of R&B group SWV, celebrity impersonator/stage actor Matt Macis, and accomplished vocalist and", "Sean Biggerstaff Potter\" films has included playing Henry, Duke of Gloucester in the 2004 TV mini-series \"\"; Matt in the world premiere of Sharman MacDonald's stageplay \"The Girl With Red Hair\"; and Ben Willis in the short film \"Cashback\" for which extra scenes were recorded, and the piece was adapted into a feature released in 2006. In 2007, Biggerstaff played Jeremy Wolfenden in the BBC4 TV movie \"Consenting Adults\" which was nominated for BAFTA Scotland's Best Drama Award on 18 November 2007, and won him the BAFTA Scotland's Award for Best Actor – Television. He appeared in the film \"Hippie Hippie Shake\".", "Big Bird segment. Caroll Spinney was sick during the taping of a few first-season episodes, so Daniel Seagren performed Big Bird in those episodes. He also performed Big Bird when he appeared on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" in 1969 and on \"Hollywood Squares\" in the 1970s. According to \"The Story of Jim Henson\" by Stephanie St. Pierre, the costume was built for Jim Henson to perform, but when Henson tried it on, Kermit Love, who had built the costume, did not think that Henson was walking like a bird is supposed to walk, and so Henson decided not to perform Big Bird.", "Kermit Love \"Sesame Street\" was Love's domain, along with Caroly Wilcox, as one of the key supervisors. He also portrayed Willy, the hot dog vendor, on \"Sesame Street\". He even puppeteered on the special \"Julie on Sesame Street\". For the feature film \"Follow That Bird\", he served as special Muppet consultant, as well as appearing in many background scenes as Willy. Love was also involved in designing many of the \"Sesame Street\" puppets for the early international productions. For the special \"The Great Santa Claus Switch\", Love contributed to the giant Thig. In his memoir \"The Wit and Wisdom of Big Bird\",", "Don Austen in vision as Igor, a larger than life dancing Russian Cossack. Austen notched up 6 series as voice and puppeteer on CBBC's \"Basil Brush Show\" (2002–2007) playing evil Cousin Mortimer and naughty nephews Bingo and Bungo. The show was shortlisted for a BAFTA in 2006. Basil & Bingo performed at Buckingham Palace for the Children's Party at the Palace (2006). Austen puppeteered Wooly the Sheep in the Woolworths TV/radio commercials (2003–08) with Eccleston as sidekick Worth the Dog. The ad campaigns were shot in London and Prague. The Hyenas recorded 15 gameshows for Granada Kids – CITV (2006) In 2006," ]

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[ "Al Jamila Al Jamila is an Arabic monthly women's magazine, published in Dubai. It is one of the publications of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group.", "InStyle InStyle is a monthly women’s fashion magazine published in the US by Time Inc. \"InStyle\" was founded in 1994." ]

[ "Hina Jamelle Hina Jamelle is an architect living in the United States.", "Vogue Arabia Vogue Arabia is the Middle East edition of Vogue magazine. It is distribuited in several Middle East countries, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Lebanon.", "Jamila (disambiguation) Jamila is a feminine Arabic given name.", "List of Harper's Bazaar Arabia cover models This article is a catalog of actresses and models who have appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar Arabia, the Arabic edition of \"Harper's Bazaar\" magazine, starting with the magazine's first issue in March 2007.", "Vice Versa (magazine) Vice Versa (1947–1948), subtitled \"America's Gayest Magazine\", is the earliest known U.S. periodical published especially for lesbians, as well as the earliest extant example of the lesbian and gay press in that country.", "George Petty George Brown Petty IV (April 27, 1894 – July 21, 1975) was an American pin-up artist. His pin-up art appeared primarily in \"Esquire\" and Fawcett Publications's \"True\" but was also in calendars marketed by \"Esquire\", \"True\" and Ridgid Tool Company. Petty's \"Esquire\" gatefolds originated and popularized the magazine device of centerfold spreads. Reproductions of his work, known as \"Petty Girls,\" were widely rendered by military artists as nose art decorating warplanes during the Second World War, including the \"Memphis Belle.\"", "Muhammed al-Ahari Muhammad al-Ahari is a widely published writer. He has published more than60sixty articles in Muslim American magazines and journals including the \"Message\", the \"Minaret\", Islamsko Misao, \"Islamic Horizons\", \"Indian Times\", \"Fountain Magazine\", \"al-Basheer\", \"New Era\", \"Svijest\", \"Muslim Journal\", \"Muslim Prison Brotherhood Newsletter\", \"al-Talib\", \"The Light\", \"Moorish Science Monitor\", and \"Amexem Times and Seasons\". Muhammed served as the editor for the following publications: Meditations from the Bilali Muhammad Research Society (Charleston, S.C., 1988), the \"Moorish Science Monitor\" from the Moorish Orthodox Church (two issues -- the Poetry Issue 2004 and the Circle Seven Commentary issue 2005), and the ICCGC Newsletter at the Islamic Cultural Center in Northbrook, Illinois (two issues in 2011 and still editor).", "Gioia (magazine) Gioia (meaning \"Joy\" in English) is an Italian language weekly fashion and women's magazine published in Milan, Italy.", "Al Shamsi Holdings Established in 2000, Al Shamsi Holdings is a fast growing retail organization focusing on fashion in the GCC. The company represents international brands Desigual, Scotch & Soda, Vincci, Parfois, Okaidi and Tati.", "Zurain Imam Zurain Zaheen Imam (born January 7, 1968, Chittagong) is a US-Pakistani print and broadcast fashion journalist and PR writer", "Al Rai (Kuwaiti newspaper) Al Rai (Arabic: الرأي, meaning \"The Opinion\"), known as Al Rai al Aam (Arabic: الرأي العام, meaning \"Public Opinion\") from 1995 to 2006, is a Kuwaiti daily newspaper. According to a 2007 survey by the Washington-based Intermedia group, \"Al Rai\" ranked one among Kuwaiti newspapers for the fifth year in a row.", "Paul Ajlouny Paul Ajlouny is a Palestinian-American publisher, businessman and U.S. Navy veteran, who is known for launching the now-defunct Palestinian newspaper \"Al-fajr\" in 1972 in Jerusalem, and for his extensive work in the field of Palestinian development in both the United States and the Middle East. He currently resides in California.", "Al-Raida Al-Raida (English: \"The Woman Pioneer\") is a quarterly peer-reviewed feminist academic journal covering women's and gender studies that was established in 1976. It is published by the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World at the Lebanese American University. Its mission is to \"enhance networking between Arab women and women all over the world\". \"Al-Raida\" published special issues on women in Arab cinema, women and the Lebanese Civil War, women and work, and violence against women. The journal is published in English and Arabic.", "Grace Mirabella Grace Mirabella (born June 10, 1930) is a former American editor-in-chief of \"Vogue\" magazine. She started working at Vogue in the 1950s and served as editor in chief between 1971 and 1988. Her personal publication, \"Mirabella\", was created in 1989 and lasted until 2000 with the financial support of Rupert Murdoch.", "Playboy Playboy is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, and funded in part by a $1,000 loan from Hefner's mother. Notable for its centerfolds of nude and semi-nude models (Playmates), \"Playboy\" played an important role in the sexual revolution and remains one of the world's best-known brands, having grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of \"Playboy\" are published worldwide.", "Bernie Dexter Bernie Dexter (born January 13, 1970) is an American model and fashion designer. She is also a pin-up model, published in many magazines.", "Fucsia Fucsia (Spanish: \"Fuchsia\" ) is a Colombian-based monthly magazine. It is the leading women's fashion magazine in Colombia.", "Frankie (magazine) frankie magazine is a bi-monthly Australian magazine, featuring music, art, fashion, photography, craft and other cultural content. In 2012, it was awarded Australian Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as winning out over both \"Vogue\" and \"Harper's Bazaar\" for the Australian Fashion Magazine of The Year.", "Cook's Illustrated Cook's Illustrated is an American cooking magazine published every two months by the America's Test Kitchen company in Brookline, Massachusetts. It accepts no advertising and is characterized by extensive recipe testing and detailed instructions. The magazine also conducts thorough evaluations of kitchen equipment and branded foods and ingredients.", "Allure (magazine) Allure is an American women’s beauty magazine, published monthly by Conde Nast in New York City. It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells. Michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015. A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards—accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by magazine staff." ]

[]

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[ "- Pique. A staple fabric in the sportswear industry, pique has long been regarded as the go-to fabric for polo shirts and dresses, tennis skirts and a variety of golfwear. ‘Pi-kay’ refers to the weaving style characterized by the raised parallel cords." ]

[ "Luhn Family History Click on a circle in the chart to view Luhn immigration records. You can find out when most of the Luhn families immigrated to the United States. You can focus your search to immigration records dating from that era. Immigration records can tell you an ancestor's name, ship name, port of departure, port of arrival and destination.", "- Voile is a lightweight, sheer fabric used for clothing and curtains. The name is the French word for veil and the well-draping fabric can be, and has been, used to make wedding veils.Silk, rayon and cotton are the three main varieties, but lace fabric also exists.op 10 unbelievable historical concurrencies. Voile is a lightweight, sheer fabric used for clothing and curtains. The name is the French word for veil and the well-draping fabric can be, and has been, used to make wedding veils. Silk, rayon and cotton are the three main varieties, but lace fabric also exists.", "Type of fabrics Acrylic fabrics can also be referred as the imitation of wool. Acrylic fabrics is used to make loads of apparels and many other things. The main use of the Acrylic fabrics is in outfits like shirts and many other ladies outfits. Also, Acrylic fabrics is used in seats of chairs and sofas as well.", "What Is Cotton Plisse? Plisse refers to cotton that has been specially treated in order to give it a unique appearance. Plisse is created by applying a paste of caustic soda, otherwise known as sodium hydroxide, to the fabric. The caustic soda causes the fabric it touches to shrink, creating puckers. It can be used create patterns, such as stripes or dots. Plisse is also refered to as a crepe effect.", "Material Chart Batiste (or cambric) is a very fine lawn weave fabric that is mostly used in shirts and blouses. Batiste is usually made of cotton or cotton mix, but also linen and wool are used. This fabric is soft and light, but very stable, which makes it easy to maneuver.", "- You have found the suppliers of all things WONDERFLEX® and FOSSHAPE®. Home of the leading heat activated composite material and heat activated fabric for theatre, costumes, millinery, mask or armor making, puppetry, props, cosplay, craft work, model making, set design, the entertainment industry and beyond.", "Fabric Patterning Fun with Wax Resist Traditional batik fabrics get their unique patterns from a technique called wax resist. Essentially, the plain fabric is treated with wax, which acts as a mask to prevent fabric dye from reaching certain areas. These protected areas will remain a lighter color than the fabric dye, giving them a unique new fabric pattern.", "- 1 An interfacing fabric such as Vilene can be stitched or laminated to other fabrics. 2 This reinforces, stiffens and gives strength to collars and cuffs to prevent the fabric from stretching or sagging. 3 A quilted fabric has two or more layers sewn together to give an attractive appearance and added warmth.odern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristics such as lightness, breathability, waterproofing etc, or to react to heat or light.", "What is Pique' fabric? (And How do you Pronounce It?) Whether you realize it or not, you are most likely familiar with pique' fabric. Put simply, pique' is a knit-construction fabric characterized by a geometric pattern texture which is created by raised cords. If that's too technical for you, take a look at the pictures showing the variety of pique' patterns.", "- RED. S BLUE. Shade cloth is a lightweight knitted polyethylene fabric that provides plants and people with protection from the sun. Shade cloth fabric is available in densities ranging from 30% to 90% to suit the unique needs of different types of plants, flowers and crops.It can be used with greenhouses, hoop structures and in field applications. Additional uses include fences, windscreens and privacy barriers.xcellent climate characteristics include low daytime temperature due to maximum reflection and high energy savings at night, which keeps crop temperature close to ambient. Shade cloth is a lightweight knitted polyethylene fabric that provides plants and people with protection from the sun.", "- (Without the acidification, the same dyes, for example in the form of Jacquard Red Label Silk Colors, can also be used on cellulose fibers such as cotton and linen.) The only kinds of true dyes that can be used on polyester are disperse dyes, dyes which work only on synthetic fibers. Disperse dyes work best for immersion dyeing when the material is boiled in the dye, on the stovetop. Jacquard Products sells polyester dyes under the name iDye Poly.", "Applique by Hand Hand-turn applique is not the only hand-worked method, but it is quick, easy, and well suited to most pieces. You will use a sewing needle to turn under the seam allowance, and the slipstitch (sometimes called the blind stitch) to secure the motif to the background fabric.", "- Purple satin fabric. Satin (/ˈsaetən/) ˈsætən is a weave that typically has a glossy surface and a dull. Back the satin weave is characterized by four or more fill or weft yarns floating over a warp yarn or vice, versa four warp yarns floating over a single weft. yarnf a fabric is formed with a satin weave using filament fibres such as silk, nylon, or polyester, the corresponding fabric is termed a satin, although some definitions insist that the fabric be made from silk. If the yarns used are short-staple yarns such as cotton, the fabric formed is considered a sateen.", "What Is Epi Leather? Epi leather is a unique leather generally used for making purses. Louis Vuitton is the best-known supplier for bags made of this... Epi leather is a unique leather generally used for making purses. Louis Vuitton is the best-known supplier for bags made of this leather. Epi leather is tanned with plant extracts and then dyed. The dyeing process means the leather comes in many vivid colors and is very shiny. The curing process makes the bags water resistant so they are ideal for everyday use. Avoid snagging the bag as they are sturdy, but still can be easily ripped.", "- Velour is a knit which changes the properties of this fabric. Velour can be used as upholstery, clothing, cloth diapers and pillowcases. Many fabric stores supply velour in large variety of colors. This fabric is often chosen for workout or casual wear because it gives easy movement to the wearer.", "- Cotton pique is a medium weight cotton with a raised woven design, and the resulting pattern may be squares or other geometric shapes. Silk Road carries a super quality combed cotton pique made with extra warp threads called stuffer yarns. Colors below.", "What is Voile? Top 10 unbelievable historical concurrencies. Voile is a lightweight, sheer fabric used for clothing and curtains. The name is the French word for veil and the well-draping fabric can be, and has been, used to make wedding veils. Silk, rayon and cotton are the three main varieties, but lace fabric also exists.op 10 unbelievable historical concurrencies. Voile is a lightweight, sheer fabric used for clothing and curtains. The name is the French word for veil and the well-draping fabric can be, and has been, used to make wedding veils. Silk, rayon and cotton are the three main varieties, but lace fabric also exists.", "Choosing Fabric for Clothes 12 types of fabric commonly used for garment sewing: 1 Cotton voile: Voile is a lightweight, semi-sheer fabric with a great drape. 2 Cotton lawn: Lawn is very similar to cotton voile but is slightly crisper. 3 Rayon challis: Rayon challis is a smooth, lightweight fabric. Chambray: Chambray is another smooth, lightweight fabric.", "What is Visqueen Plastic Sheeting? Visqueen is used for many purposes. It is commonly used as a temporary tarpaulin, as a drop cloth when painting, to cover concrete as it sets, to line decorative ponds, and to cover the ground before applying stone or wood chips to prevent weed growth.", "Unbleached Osnaburg Fabric Osnaburg is a durable, strong fabric used for draperies, covers, apparel, and more. This vintage style fabric is also great for re-enactment costumes and is suitable for craft projects. Osnaburg can be dyed, painted, or printed. Start typing your question and we'll check if it was already asked and answered.", "- Top 10 amazing movie makeup transformations. Serge is a type of twill fabric which has been classically used in uniforms and suiting for centuries. Like other twills, this material has a distinctive weave which creates a pattern of diagonal ridges in the fabric, and it is known for being extremely sturdy and resilient.", "What Is a Pique Fabric? Woven pique fabrics work well for constructing men's ties and dress shirts. The airy dobby patterns hold starch well for a formal look and add subtle interest to the formal wear. Knit pique fabric is commonly used in summer-weight polo shirts.", "- The reactions between alkanes and chlorine or bromine. There is no reaction in the dark. In the presence of a flame, the reactions are rather like the fluorine one-producing a mixture of carbon and the hydrogen halide.The violence of the reaction drops considerably as you go from fluorine to chlorine to bromine.he reactions of the cycloalkanes are generally just the same as the alkanes, with the exception of the very small ones-particularly cyclopropane. The extra reactivity of cyclopropane. In the presence of UV light, cyclopropane will undergo substitution reactions with chlorine or bromine just like a non-cyclic alkane.", "How and When to Use Interfacing When to use interfacing Interfacing is used to add stiffness to fabric. The interfacing you’ll find in a craft store today is fusible, and it’s applied to the wrong side of the fabric with an iron.", "- Fabric Hot Melt Glue Sticks. This is a flexible, machine-washable hot melt glue for use in fabric crafts. It is ideal for bonding fabric, lace, ribbon, leather, and vinyl.", "- A staple fabric in the sportswear industry, pique has long been regarded as the go-to fabric for polo shirts and dresses, tennis skirts and a variety of golfwear. ‘Pi-kay’ refers to the weaving style characterized by the raised parallel cords.", "Brushes For Fabric Painting Wooden handled foam brushes are great for applying dyes, dye fixatives, primers or thin paints in large washes. They are also good applying dye to tie-dye instead of squirt bottles. Flat Brushes. Natural bristle, all purpose brushes for use with thickened dye, fabric paints, silk dyes, wax, afterfix, etc. These German made brushes are made of synthetic fibers and have nickle plated brass ferrules. They come in four sizes and range between 16mm to 24mm. Made for fabric painting of white nylon bristle.", "SKIP THE SHIPPING! BUY ONLINE. PICK UP IN-STORE. IT'S FREE!COUPONSBUY IN BULKAccountMy Store:0DEPARTMENTSFabric FabricHome Decor FabricHome Decor FabricDrapery & Decorator FabricDrapery LiningsOutdoor FabricUpholstery FabricTrimsDrapery Notions & HardwareUpholstery NotionsShop AllQuilt FabricQuilt FabricPremium & BatikPre-Cut FabricQuilting SolidsQuilting PrintsShop AllApparel FabricApparel FabricBottomweightsCostume & CosplayCottonEmbellished & TexturedFaux Leather & SuedeFurKnitsLinen & Linen LooksLiningsSilkySpecial OccasionSuitingsTrimsShop AllFlannel FabricFleece FabricNursery FabricUtility FabricUtility FabricBurlapCanvasFeltInterfacingMuslinOutdoor FabricSpecialtyVinylShop AllHoliday FabricHoliday FabricSt. Patrick's DayEasterPatrioticShop AllHalloweenFall HarvestChristmasHannukahValentine's DayCharacter FabricCharacter FabricDisneyMarvel ComicsNickelodeonStar WarsShop AllTeam FabricTeam FabricMLBNFLNBANHLMLSCollegeShop AllPersonalize Your FabricFeatured BrandsFeatured BrandsWaverlyRichloomSolariumKona Cotton SolidsKeepsake 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ToolsStencilsPaintable BasesHobbiesHobbiesCandle MakingDoll-MakingGlass ArtMason Jar CraftingMosaics & Stepping StonesPaper MachePurse MakingQuilling & OrigamiSculpture & ModelingSoap MakingWood CraftsBulk Craft SuppliesSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleIron-On Transfers & AppliquesSHOP NOWBaking & PartyBaking & PartyBakingBakingCake Pans & BakewareDecorating & Baking ToolsFondant & IcingMolds & Cookie CuttersSprinkles & DecorationsPackaging & DisplaySeasonal Bakeware & SuppliesBooksWilton Course KitsCelebrations & PartiesCelebrations & PartiesBirthdayBaby ShowerGraduationParty SuppliesGift Wrap & SuppliesShop by TreatShop by TreatCakesCandy MakingCookiesCupcakesBrowniesPies & TartsSnack CakesTreat PopsOur Favorite BrandsOur Favorite BrandsWilton®Rosanna PansinoSweet SugarbelleSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleSHOP NOWShop NowFloral & WeddingFloral & WeddingFloralFloralFloral Stems, Sprays & BushesArranging SuppliesFloral ArrangementsContainers & PotteryGarlands & GreeneryWreaths & 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DayNovelty GoodsNovelty GoodsDesk & Stationery AccessoriesDrinkwareFinished Jewelry & AccessoriesMonogram ShopNovelty SocksPet AccessoriesTotes & BagsOur Favorite BrandsOur Favorite BrandsOttlite LightingHudson 43Idea MarketSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleSHOP NOWSale & ClearanceNew ArrivalsINSPIRATIONProjects & Videos Projects & VideosNewArts & CraftsCelebrationsFood CraftingFloral & DecorJewelry MakingKids & TeachersPaper CraftsSeasonalSewingYarn & Needle ArtsGuides & How-To'sFeatured CollectionsBrowse All Projects & Videos#HANDMADEWITHJOANNThe Creative Spark BlogCLASSESIn-Store Classes In-Store ClassesCrochetingFoodcraftingJewelryKids'KnittingPaper CraftsQuiltingSewingOnline Classes | Creativebug Brand: OlfaIncludes a cutter with built-in blade cover for safety, and a plastic guard to cover the pivot spike when not in use. The Olfa Circle Cutter is what you need to cut clean, perfect circles on paper, cloth etc. It features an innovative ratchet mechanism for an effortless operation and an ergonomic handle for a comfortable grip. Keeping user safety in mind, this circle cutter is fitted with an integrated blade cover and a plastic guard to cover the pivot spike when left unused. Use it for cutting yo yo's, cathedral windows, drunkard's path templates and more.", "What is Interlining? Different Types, Functions, Uses, Advantage and Disadvantage of Interlinings Interlining is one kind of accessories that is used between the two layers of fabric in a garment. To keep the different component or part of apparel in a desired shape, a kind of fabric is used between the two ply of fabric by sewing or fusing is called interlining.Generally, interlinings are soft, thick, and flexible. It is made cotton, nylon, polyester, wool and viscose.o keep the different component or part of apparel in a desired shape, a kind of fabric is used between the two ply of fabric by sewing or fusing is called interlining. Generally, interlinings are soft, thick, and flexible.", "What is Huipil? Share this: Tweet. Known for its fascinating patterns and vibrant colors, a Huipil (pronounced wee-peel) is an embroidered blouse worn by indigenous women in Guatemala.o complete the traje, they often combine Huipil with a corte, a traditional, long Mayan skirt, which they weave on a hand loom. To secure the corte, they wear a faja (belt). Generally handwoven and embroidered, a faja can range anywhere from 6 to 9 feet long and vary in complexity.", "- Cotton Jacquard is a lightweight natural jacquard fabric with a beautiful drape and breathable feel. Harnessing the natural softness and comfort of cotton and enhancing it with a beautiful textured pattern, cotton jacquard is frequently used in dresses, blouses, and other apparel.", "- From whispery sheer cotton voile, to shirt-worthy cotton batiste, we love breathable and comfortable cotton fabric. These soft, lightweight cotton fabrics are ideal for chic blouses, bespoke tailored shirts, wide panel skirts, and delicious spring frocks.rom whispery sheer cotton voile, to shirt-worthy cotton batiste, we love breathable and comfortable cotton fabric. These soft, lightweight cotton fabrics are ideal for chic blouses, bespoke tailored shirts, wide panel skirts, and delicious spring frocks.", "- It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses type of yarn texturizing in which a crimped yarn is made by knitting the yarn into a fabric, and then heat-setting the fabric. The yarn is then unraveled from the fabric and used in this permanently crinkled form.", "- The possibilities are endless with nylon netting fabric! This versatile netting fabric is ideal for costumes bridal accessories petticoats tutus party dresses and more! Nylon net has larger holes than tulle. It is used for costumes petticoats decorating crafts and makes really great dishwashing scrubbies!", "- Description: Screen printed on cotton twill; this versatile lightweight fabric is perfect for window treatments (draperies, valances, curtains and swags), toss pillows, bed skirts, duvet covers, some upholstery and other home decor accents. Create handbags, apparel (skirts, lightweight jackets, pants) and ...", "- Chiffon is a sheer, lightweight woven fabric. Chiffon is most often used to sew blouses, dresses, skirts and scarves. See our Pinterest page for inspirational ideas using Chiffon.", "- Condition: Used: Very Good. Comment: This Used CD is VERY GOOD CONDITION !! We are going to ship from Japan, the delivery time is about 14-28days. Basically, Standard delivery is no charge (No tracking number) . We are unable to confirm or guarantee the availability of special accessories and bonus items, OBI, photocards, posters and a box for CD/DVD set, for pre-owned products. Sometimes, there is a case where there is a seal mark of rental CD in Japan.", "What is an onion pique? An onion pique (oignon piqué in French) is a traditional French culinary technique where a chef attaches one or more bay leaves to an onion by pushing whole cloves through the leaves into the onion (like thumb tacks). Where would you use an onion pique?", "- It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses thick, soft fabric with a long nap. It is usually made of wool, such as mohair or alpaca, but can also be made from the hair of other animals, such as camels. Zibeline can also refer to either the sable (Martes zibellina) or its pelt, which zibeline was originally made from.", "- About Batik. Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric. The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.he Tub Dye Technique is described here in more detail.) Click here for Paint-On Method Batik Instructions. This method uses repeated layers of wax and dye applied to the fabric, yielding an overlapping color design.", "- Visitors to this page also searched for: Cost to build a stone house Build a stone house cost Cost of a real stone house Cost to build a real stone house. Community Experts online right now. Ask for FREE.", "On the Inside: How to Use Interlining, Lining, Facing and Interfacing How to use interlining. Interlining is a layer of material between the outer fabric and the lining. It’s usually included to give a garment additional warmth, but can also be used to change the garment’s drape if you need to add more body.o sew interlining, cut your pattern pieces (usually just the main parts of the garment, like the body and sleeves, not the smaller details, like a collar) from the interlining fabric. Examples of synthetic interlining include Primaloft and Thinsulate. Flannel, fleece, cotton batting and chamois can also be used.", "Packaging Supplies â Plastic Sheeting Visqueen is used for many purposes. It is commonly used as a temporary tarpaulin, as a drop cloth when painting, to cover concrete as it sets, to line decorative ponds, and to cover the ground before applying stone or wood chips to prevent... Read more → Plastic Sheeting, Visqueen", "Material Chart Chiffon is a light and translucent, very well draping and flowing fabric. Chiffon is usually made of silk or polyester or other synthetic materials, and it’s often used in lighter and finer shirts, blouses and dresses. Chiffon is quite a challenging material to sew, as it is very light and thin. The thinner the chiffon, the harder it is to maneuver.", "Learn About Fabrics Shares & Saves. Save. Chiffon is a lightweight, sheer, plain woven fabric that can be made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibers. It is defined by the type of weave, twist and weight of the yarns used. Chiffon fabric is usually used for evening wear, blouses, ribbons, scarves and lingerie.", "- Our schedule of long range voyages through May of 2017 is now available for booking through or our office or on line! If you are interested in a trip aboard the Royal Star please call Tracy, Brian, Randy, or Tim at (619) 224-4764. It is our pleasure fish with you!.", "$2.99 SHIPPING ON ALL ORDERS! 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BushesArranging SuppliesFloral ArrangementsContainers & PotteryGarlands & GreeneryWreaths & FramesMiniature Fairy GardensWeddingWeddingDecorationsCandles & LightingFavorsInvitations & StationeryBouquets & FloralRibbonBridal AccessoriesGiftsShop by FlowerShop by FlowerCarnationsDahliasDaisiesDelphiniumsHydrangeaLiliesMumsOrchidsPeoniesPhalaenopsisRanunculusRosesSunflowersSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleFresh Picked Spring FloralSHOP NOWSHOP NOWHome Decor & HolidayHome Decor & HolidayHome DecorHome DecorDecorative AccentsCandles & WarmersHome & Bath EssentialsGarden & OutdoorWindow CoveringsWallpaper & BordersCustom Upholstered HeadboardsFrames & Wall ArtFrames & Wall ArtFramesPhoto OrganizersFraming AccessoriesWall DecorCustom FramingLightingLightingLights & LampsMagnifiersBulbs & AccessoriesStorage & OrganizationStorage & OrganizationCraft & Sewing StorageCraft & Sewing TotesBasketsPlastic StorageDecorative StorageHoliday StorageHome & LaundryHolidays & SeasonsHolidays & SeasonsSpringEasterSummerPatrioticFallHalloweenChristmasHanukkahValentine's DaySt. Patrick's DayNovelty GoodsNovelty GoodsDesk & Stationery AccessoriesDrinkwareFinished Jewelry & AccessoriesMonogram ShopNovelty SocksPet AccessoriesTotes & BagsOur Favorite BrandsOur Favorite BrandsOttlite LightingHudson 43Idea MarketSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleSHOP NOWSHOP NOWSale & ClearanceNew ArrivalsINSPIRATIONProjects & Videos Projects & VideosNewArts & CraftsCelebrationsFood CraftingFloral & DecorJewelry MakingKids & TeachersPaper CraftsSeasonalSewingYarn & Needle ArtsGuides & How-To'sFeatured CollectionsBrowse All Projects & Videos#HANDMADEWITHJOANNThe Creative Spark BlogCLASSESIn-Store Classes In-Store ClassesCrochetingFoodcraftingJewelryHome DecorKids'KnittingPaper CraftsQuiltingSewingOnline Classes | Creativebugâ¿ MOTHER'S DAY GIFTS Use the Duck Canvas Fabric 59'' for innovative home decor projects. Available in beautiful solid colors, this heavyweight woven 100% cotton utility fabric can be used as an upholstery material for cushions, chairs, sofas and more. It also makes for a great choice to create accessories like duffle bags, totes and camping gear.", "Cooperative, Travel Lover, Fairness If you also know the meaning of Yeslm in English or any other languages like French, Portuguese, Spanish, Please contribute that will helpful for other users, also you can edit any data like gender, pronunciation and origin to improve accuracy.", "What is Acrylic Fabric? Acrylic fabric is used widely in knits, as upholstery covering, and the fibers may be woven to make rugs. People often think of acrylic fabric as an excellent wool substitute, and certain forms of it are exceptionally soft, while remaining lightweight.arly acrylic fabric was prone to pilling, and washing it regularly could cause the top of the fabric to have a worn appearance. To this end, Monsanto Chemical Company developed a chemical process called Pil-Trol® that keeps acrylic fabric from pilling.", "Brocade Fabric It has a distinctive appearance where supplementary weft or floating threads make it look like an embroidered fabric, and is commonly used as upholstery fabric and drapery fabric, although it is not uncommon for people to use it as costume fabric and evening wear fabric given its unique look and patterns.", "- Pellon® 911FF Fusible Featherweight is a fusible, nonwoven interfacing for light to midweight fabrics. It is best for use with wovens and knits such as challis, chambray, jersey, broadcloth, and linen.", "What is Pique' fabric? (And How do you Pronounce It?) Put simply, pique' is a knit-construction fabric characterized by a geometric pattern texture which is created by raised cords. If that's too technical for you, take a look at the pictures showing the variety of pique' patterns.", "- Many fabrics overlap as well. For example, piqué is a type of cotton, but it is woven differently. And like polyester, polo shirts can have a combination of fabrics to make the fabric most desirable for the usage. Like the multiple uses, polo shirts come with multiple fabrics as well.", "What Is a Pique Fabric? A pique fabric is a knit or woven fabric with patterns of fine ribbing or cording created with a dobby loom attachment. Pique fabrics are medium weight and usually made with cotton fibers. Continue Reading.", "11 Sewing Chiffon Tips Chiffon is a lightweight, sheer fabric made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibers. It’s used frequently in evening wear and lingerie, but also works well for blouses or other light, airy garments.", "pique pique (countable and uncountable, plural piques) 1 A feeling of enmity between two entities; ill-feeling, animosity; a transient feeling of wounded pride. 2 A feeling of irritation or resentment, awakened by a social slight or injury; offence, especially taken in an emotional sense with little thought or consideration.", "iDye iDye Poly may also be used for sublimation transfer techniques and. to dye the polyester threads that are used to sew many commercially. manufactured garments. - A single iDye packet will dye 2-3 lbs/1-1.3 kg of dry fabric.", "What is Pique' fabric? (And How do you Pronounce It?) Put simply, pique' is a knit-construction fabric characterized by a geometric pattern texture which is created by raised cords. If that's too technical for you, take a look at the pictures showing the variety of pique' patterns. It's a favorite fabric of polos seen everywhere.", "- Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric.The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.atik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric.", "- Description: From the world famous Liberty Of London, this exquisite cotton lawn fabric is finely woven, light weight and ultra soft. This gorgeous fabric is oh so perfect for flirty blouses, dresses, lingerie, tunics, tops and more.", "Sewing with Silk fabric The most luxurious of all silk fabrics, silk charmeuse is often used to make special occasion clothing. It also makes lovely dresses, shirts and lingerie. Due to the nature of the fabric, it doesn’t hold its shape very well with dresses or complex patterns.", "Nancy's NotionsTrusted by sewing enthusiasts for more than 3 decades. In its natural finish, this fabric is used for linings, doll-making, costumes, and stenciling. Since it has a crease resistant finish, it's a great choice for apparel, lightweight bags, and totes too.", "Waffle fabric Waffle fabric is used for cleaning surfaces in industry. The surface of the fabric is textured rather like a culinary waffle, hence the name. This texture gives more surface area for absorption and cleaning than a normal flat surface. It is woven on a loom, and is therefore more durable than many chemically produced fibres.", "Gabardine The fibre used to make the fabric is traditionally worsted wool, but may also be cotton, texturized polyester, or a blend. Gabardine is woven as a warp-faced steep or regular twill, with a prominent diagonal rib on the face and smooth surface on the back. Gabardine always has many more warp than weft yarns.Cotton gabardine is many times used by bespoke tailors to make pocket linings for business suits, where the pocket's contents would quickly wear holes in the usual flimsy pocket lining material.urberry clothing of gabardine was worn by polar explorers, including Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, in 1911, and Ernest Shackleton, who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica.", "What Is the Difference Between a Pique and a Jersey Polo? Jersey is the same fabric used for T-shirts and is made from interloping yarns that produce a fabric with a flat, smooth face. Pique knitting produces a more textured surface, similar to a waffle... Jersey is the same fabric used for T-shirts and is made from interloping yarns that produce a fabric with a flat, smooth face. Pique knitting produces a more textured surface, similar to a waffle... Star Gazing", "- Charmeuse (. [ʃaʁmoeːz]) ʃaʁmøːz is a lightweight fabric woven with a satin, weave in which the warp threads cross over three or more of the (backing) weft. threadsridal gowns sometime use charmeuse; however, the fabric does not hold a shape well, so it is not used for full, flared skirts; the charmeuse tends to cling and hang against the body. It is best suited to a more fluid, slinky bias cut, and is too fragile and flimsy for more tailored clothing.", "What is Interlining | Types and Functions of Interlinings in apparel Fusible interlining: It is most used interlining. The interlining which is used between two layers of fabrics by applying heat and pressure for a certain time, that is called Fusible Interlining. Fusible interlining is used for all kinds of apparel.Also it is used in “Ready to wear” and “Bespoke garment”.Fusible Interlining is popular for some advantage which is given below: 1 To get similarities among the apparel. 2 Interlining gives the same outlook of the apparel.usible interlining is used for all kinds of apparel. Also it is used in “Ready to wear” and “Bespoke garment”. Fusible Interlining is popular for some advantage which is given below: 1 To get similarities among the apparel. 2 Interlining gives the same outlook of the apparel.", "- Although these four fabrics are some of the most popular materials for polo shirts, they are not the only ones. Materials such as jersey and ottoman are also used for polo shirts. Many fabrics overlap as well. For example, pique piqué is a type of, cotton but it is woven. differently", "- Performance Pique piqué is a, soft100 % polyester knit with a fine-diamond like knit, structure perfect for athletic apparel and other projects that require a, comfortable breathable fabric with a nice. drape", "pique Pique is defined as to arouse someone's interest, curiosity or resentment. An example of pique is an ad for a TV show that is intriguing and that makes people want to watch. pique. pique. A state of vexation caused by a perceived slight or indignity; a feeling of wounded pride.", "Differences Between Jersey and Pique Among the popular fabrics are jersey and pique. In this article, let us learn about the differences between jersey and pique. Perhaps almost everyone knows what a jersey is since it is commonly associated with sports garments. A jersey is actually a type of knitted clothing. It is usually made of wool or cotton.", "- It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blousest is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses", "- These 10 animal facts will amaze you. Serge is a type of twill fabric which has been classically used in uniforms and suiting for centuries. Like other twills, this material has a distinctive weave which creates a pattern of diagonal ridges in the fabric, and it is known for being extremely sturdy and resilient.", "- 1 Polyester, acetate and silk are used for a satin weave. 2 Silk is the natural and most expensive fabric used in a satin weave. 3 Silk thread is very smooth and produced by the silk worm. 4 Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is used in a satin weave that is more affordable.he next issue is a charmeuse satin weave. This type of satin weave is softer and lighter in weight. 1 The front side of the fabric has a satin finish whereas the back has a dull finish. 2 It can be made of silk or a synthetic polyester. 3 Silk charmeuse is more expensive. 4 It is softer and more delicate.", "Frequently Asked Questions Minky is a special type of plush fabric that is often used to make baby blankets, baby clothing and baby accessories. Minky fabric is like fleece – but softer and thicker. The high quality of minky fabric prevents its colors from fading and its warmth from decreasing over time.hoose the print side – Choose from our ever growing list of patterns. Look through our pictures to see what pattern fits your style best. Go wild with our zebra (Shannon) or giraffe pattern (Brian) or go for a classier look with TIfani, Sherry, Navi, Collette, or Brooke.", "- Interfacing is a textile used on the unseen or wrong side of fabrics to make an area of a garment more rigid. Interfacings can be used to: 1 stiffen or add body to fabric, such as the interfacing used in shirt collars. strengthen a certain area of the fabric, for instance where buttonholes will be sewn.", "- What is Pique Fabric. Cotton pique is a medium weight cotton with a raised woven design, and the resulting pattern may be squares or other geometric shapes. Silk Road carries a super quality combed cotton pique made with extra warp threads called stuffer yarns.", "Knowledge Center High Performance and Rayon Coolmax®Lycra® basically used for Active-wear, Sportswear, Athletic Wear, Bicycle Pants and etc. Hologram spandex fabric like Pattern/Abstract, Animal Print, Holographic Dots, Shatter Glass Hologram and Mystique Spandex can be used for Costumes, Dress, Special Occasions and etc.", "Chiffon Chiffon. Chiffon is a sheer, lightweight woven fabric. Chiffon is most often used to sew blouses, dresses, skirts and scarves. See our Pinterest page for inspirational ideas using Chiffon.", "What is Ruching? Just as it was in the 19th century, ruching is still used in evening wear, such as in ball gowns and prom dresses, in addition to everyday clothing, and in some cases it can even decorate a necktie. Ruching is also used in home design products, such as pillows or on the bottom edge of an Austrian window blind. Modern day tailors often use a plastic guide to mark the zig-zag pattern that will later be stitched. Another gadget, a fabric sack filled with chalk, can be used to make the markings.", "$2.99 SHIPPING ON ALL ORDERS! 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Use the Duck Canvas Fabric 59'' for innovative home decor projects. Available in beautiful solid colors, this heavyweight woven 100% cotton utility fabric can be used as an upholstery material for cushions, chairs, sofas and more. It also makes for a great choice to create accessories like duffle bags, totes and camping gear.", "- Pique. A staple fabric in the sportswear industry, pique has long been regarded as the go-to fabric for polo shirts and dresses, tennis skirts and a variety of golfwear. ‘Pi-kay’ refers to the weaving style characterized by the raised parallel cords. Mainly woven of cotton, pique has proven to be breathable, durable and easily cared for as its textured weave does not show perspiration stains readily. Just as any other jersey, this fabric has excellent give and comfortability.", "What is a Tulle Skirt? A tulle skirt is often worn when a female wants to wear a more fluffed out and shapely skirt. Tulle is fabric that is used to make bridal veils, scarves, gowns, tutus, skirts and various other pieces of clothing as well as decor. It can be made from several different types of materials including silk, cotton and nylon. It resembles netting and is often starched to give it a stiffer feel.", "Voile (February 2013) Voile is a soft, sheer fabric, usually made of 100% cotton or cotton blended with linen or polyester. The term is French for veil. Because of its light weight, the fabric is mostly used in soft furnishing. In tropical climates, voile is used for window treatments and mosquito nets.", "- pique noun [U]. › a ​feeling of ​anger, ​especially ​caused by someone ​damaging ​your ​feeling of being ​proud of yourself: He ​stormed from the ​room in a ​fit of pique, ​shouting that he had been ​misunderstood.", "- Many fabrics overlap as well. For example, pique piqué is a type of, cotton but it is woven. Differently and like, polyester polo shirts can have a combination of fabrics to make the fabric most desirable for the. usage", "- This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. When making small items like flower rosettes, an easy and simple technique to use to keep your fabric from fraying, use fire! By searing the edges of polyester fabric, it will stop your fabric from unraveling.USE CAUTION when working with a flame.Happy Sewing!1 Howto & Style.lease try again later. When making small items like flower rosettes, an easy and simple technique to use to keep your fabric from fraying, use fire! By searing the edges of polyester fabric, it will stop your fabric from unraveling. USE CAUTION when working with a flame.", "Inks for Polyester Inks for Polyester. Polyester is a synthetic fabric, engineered for properties that cotton does not offer. It is a more flexible fiber, making the fabric more tear-resistant. Polyester is one of the most challenging fabrics to print on due to dye migration issues caused by heating to around 300 degrees when the dyes start to bleed through. Since this heat is necessary for the ink curing process, it becomes a challenge to print on polyester.", "- Pima cotton is used to make pillow cases and bed sheets. Pima cotton is considered to be a superior blend of cotton. Pima cotton is often used for clothing, like T-shirts. Both pima and regular cotton can be used in the making of towels.", "Muslin Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theater sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well.", "Thread: Cold Espresso Espresso is only good for a few minutes after you pull it. After that it starts to loose its intensity and sweetness. It looses all the qualities that you look for in espresso. If you have patrons that understand espresso, once you add that old stuff it just doesn't taste as good.", "Do you have a problem wearing synthetic fabrics like polyester or is it just me? Not as warm as wool, can irritate the skin. Viscose or rayon. Viscose is a viscous organic liquid used to make rayon and cellophane. Viscose is becoming synonymous with rayon, a soft material commonly used in shirts, shorts, coats, jackets, and other outer wear.Viscose rayon has a silky appearance and feel, breathable similar to cotton, inexpensive.ot as warm as wool, can irritate the skin. Viscose or rayon. Viscose is a viscous organic liquid used to make rayon and cellophane. Viscose is becoming synonymous with rayon, a soft material commonly used in shirts, shorts, coats, jackets, and other outer wear.", "- What is Pique Fabric. Cotton pique is a medium weight cotton with a raised woven design, and the resulting pattern may be squares or other geometric shapes. Silk Road carries a super quality combed cotton pique made with extra warp threads called stuffer yarns. Colors below.", "24 items in Tutti Frutti Plisse Fabric 75% Polyester/25% Cotton, 44'' Wide. Plisse has a puckered finish given to fabric. This poly/cotton plisse fabric will be comfortable to wear and perfect for blouses, dresses, skirts and kids clothing. In warmer climates, it is also appropriate for lightweight pants or shorts.", "Jacquard Acid Dye Instructions Acid dyes are made for dyeing wool, silk and nylon and no other type of dye does it better. If you have skeins of yarn or yards of fabric to dye, this is the type of dye you need. These powdered dyes are intended for tub-dyeing yardage, yarns or clothing.ENERAL INFORMATION AND USE. Acid dyes are made for dyeing wool, silk and nylon These powdered dyes are intended for tub-dyeing yardage, yarns or clothing. You can use these dyes either on top of your stove or in a washing machine but they do require very hot water to work properly.", "Roubaix (fabric) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009). Roubaix fabric is a soft, warm, stretchy cloth popular for use in the manufacture of certain items of cycle-specific clothing such as leg warmers, tights and gloves.his article uses content originally from a deleted or an article undergoing deletion on Wikipedia. The original article was written by the following Wikipedia user(s): Dark Silver Crow. The text of Wikipedia, like Speedy deletion Wiki, is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.", "- Silk Jacquard is one of the most luxurious jacquard fabrics available. Combining the elegance of silk with the striking detail of jacquard patterning can be a difficult and delicate process for fabric manufacturers, but yields some of the most beautiful and luxurious textiles, perfect for elegant evening wear.", "What is Polyster Voile fabric? As Wikipedia defines: Voile is a soft, sheer fabric, usually made of 100% cotton or cotton blends including polyester. The term comes from French, and means veil. Because of its light weight, the fabric is mostly used in soft furnishing. Full-length curtains in hot countries are made with voile and used as window treatments, mosquito nets etc.", "- Tailoring Dupioni. With its crisp drape and firm hand, dupioni is best used in shaped garments such as jackets, blouses, pants, stylish dresses and formalwear. It’s also seen in tablecloths, draperies, pillow covers and other home furnishings.", "- Our stretchiest 2-way knit is our Performance Pique, piqué which stretches50 % from selvage to. Selvage Our Performance knit And Organic Cotton knit stretch about25. % with 4 great knit, options’there s something for every. Project for even more-knitty gritty, details check the chart: below", "Differences Between Jersey and Pique Another wonderful garment for you to wear is the pique fabric. Actually, “pique” refers to a weaving style. Pique is also commonly known as marcella. If jerseys are made from wool or cotton, pique is usually knitted with a cotton yarn. Pique is not your ordinary woven fabric. As defined from other sources, it is characterized by raised parallel cords or fine ribbing.", "Cambric Initially it was made of linen; later, the term came to be applied to cotton fabrics as well. Cambric is used for linens, shirtings, handkerchieves and as fabric for lace and needlework.", "Needlepoint The degree of detail in needlepoint depends on the thread count of the underlying mesh fabric. Needlepoint worked on fine canvas is known as petit point. Due to the inherent stiffness of needlepoint, common uses include wall hangings, pillows, upholstery, holiday ornaments, purses and eyeglass cases.", "- Empress Batiste/Swiss Pima Cotton Batiste is a wonderful soft 100%cotton batiste with economy in mind. The soft hand and beautiful drape of this fabric is perfect for smocking and heirloom sewing. The fabric with its wonderful soft sheen and slight transparency will be perfect for that family heirloom.or those who want to combine easy care, good looks and economy, this 65/35 poly-cotton batiste is great. This is the best quality Imperial Batiste on the market. Yes, there are less expensive batiste blends, but you won't be sorry with this quality product. Your quality work deserves the best!", "Shade Cloth, Woven and Non-Woven Knitted polyethylene shade cloth is far more versatile with hundreds of uses including greenhouse cover, wind break, deer and bird fencing, hail protection, porches and patio shade. It is available in multiple colors and it typically lasts from 7-10 years.oven shade cloth is constructed from woven polypropylene. It is ideal for use on greenhouses and is typically 30% heavier than knitted polyethylene shade cloth.", "Gabardine Gabardine is a twill weave that is characterized by raised diagonal ridges on the face of the goods. Gabardine can be made of any fiber including cotton, acetate, rayon, wool and silk. Gabardine fabrics are used in uniforms, casual wear as well as in business attire and dress wear.Depending on the fiber content, gabardine will have a smooth hard surface or a soft dull surface.ORRECTION PROCEDURE ON GABARDINE. To attempt the correction of gabardine shine, (1) spray it with a fine water mist and allow the fabric to dry. Then re-clean it, (2) spray with 5% acetic acid and allow it to dry. Then re-clean it again.", "- Polyester Jacquard is one of the most popular jacquard fabrics. Made from the synthetic fiber polyester, it is frequently dyed in two tones, and is highly moisture absorbent and quick drying, making it popular for use in the design of ready-to-. wear garments.", "Tricot Knit Fabric Tricot jersey is used in linings or lingerie. Brushed tricots are used for pocketing or lining. Lightweight mono filament tricots are used in interlinings or fusibles. Tricots are used in athletic wear mesh jerseys or dazzle shorts. Fairlane provides the following types of tricot knit fabric: Jersey; Stabilized; Marquisette; Satin; Meshes; Net; Novelty; Eyelets", "- Satin variations are used for ballet shoes. Thread used for making satin. Satin is a fabric that is classically made with silk, which comes from the cocoon of the silkworm.Sateen fabric, which is a variation on a satin weave.atin variations are used for ballet shoes. Thread used for making satin. Satin is a fabric that is classically made with silk, which comes from the cocoon of the silkworm.", "- Materials used for batik are pretty basic: fabric onto which the design and dyes are rendered, wax (used as a resist), a heat source with which to melt the wax, brushes or other tools for applying the wax, and dyes of various colors.he most widely used fabric in batik is cotton because it accepts the wax that is used to delineate the design and is easily dyed. White fabric works best. The dye most often selected for batik work comes in powder form, is easily mixed/stored/applied and dyes a variety of fiber contents.", "Dyeing Polyester with Disperse Dyes Crayola, the maker of wax crayons for paper, also makes fabric crayons for use on polyester and other synthetics. These crayons consist of disperse dye, and can be found in most fabric or crafts stores, even in discount department stores such as Target or WalMart.", "Fabric Glossary A type of fabric that is commonly used for drapery, this fabric has the distinctive quality of blocking light, and comes in two forms: 2-pass and 3-pass. Two-pass has two “passes” of foam on a fabric, which means the black layer of foam will be visible.3-pass has two layers of white and one layer of black foam.t is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses", "- Sewing a piece of fabric atop another after folding under a small bit of the fabric to create a clean edge. When done by machine, many use a satin stitch (tight zig zag). By hand, blind stitching is often used. Applique can be done with or without a fusible or stabilizer.", "- Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric. The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.", "Incontinence & Overactive Bladder Health Center Incontinence & OAB Overview. Stress incontinence causes urine to leak when you laugh or cough. Overactive bladder (OAB), or urge incontinence, is caused by urinary muscle spasms. Multiple pregnancies, being overweight, and genetic weaknesses can increase your risk.", "How is silk used? Answer: It is used in clothing, yarns, decorative textiles, bed linens and fabric. Silk's good absorbency makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and while active.Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as shirts, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes, negligees, pyjamas, robes, skirtsuits, sun dresses and kimonos.ilk's elegant, soft luster and beautiful drape makes it perfect for many furnishing applications. It is used for upholstery, wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another fiber), rugs, bedding and wall hangings.", "- Batik can be done with many types of dye & wax on cotton, silk and other natural fabrics. Most weights will work, provided the wax penetrates all the way through the fabric, but the finer weaves work best for detail work. We used cotton, but feel free to use what you want.atik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric.", "Needlepoint The degree of detail in needlepoint depends on the thread count of the underlying mesh fabric. Needlepoint worked on fine canvas is known as petit point. Due to the inherent stiffness of needlepoint, common uses include eyeglass cases, holiday ornaments, pillows, purses, upholstery, and wall hangings.", "- Rayon Jacquard is a lightweight semi-synthetic fiber that combines the fine drape and silky texture of rayon with the detailed precision of jacquard weaving. This fabric is frequently used to create beautiful and feminine blouses and dresses.", "- Pellon® 911FF Fusible Featherweight is a fusible, nonwoven interfacing for light to midweight fabrics. It is best for use with wovens and knits such as challis, chambray, jersey, broadcloth, and linen. Fusing is not recommended for triacetate, lace, seersucker, or rainwear.", "- In this process, the wood pulp or cotton liners are dissolved in an ammoniac copper oxide solution. Cupro fabric breathes like cotton, drapes beautifully, and feels like silk on your skin. Its slinky, curve-hugging drape makes it great for elegant dresses and blouses.obby fabric refers to any type of cloth that uses a dobby weave. Dobby weaving machines raise or lower the warp threads, i.e. those that run the length of the fabric, during … the weaving process to create patterns such as stripes, checks and designs.", "peak / peek / pique Finally, pique is to upset or excite someone. You will sometimes see peek one's interest for pique one's interest, but don't be fooled. If you're piquing someone's interest, you are exciting their interest not taking a quick look at it: If that doesn't pique your interest, you can leave (but I'm keeping your shoes).", "- Peached fabric is often used to make tablecloths and napkins. Peached fabric may be used to make kitchen curtains. Peached fabric may be an ideal choice for golfing shirts because it holds its shape well. Peached fabric may be used to make undergarments.", "- White/Magenta/Red Printed Sequin Charmeuse This drapey satin charmeuse fabric has a magenta, red, and white water color abstract texture print with hint of a snake skin pattern. Embellished with transparent sequin, the design adds shimmery effect. This fabric will look amazing on blouses and dresses.", "Ruching Fabric According to The Sewing Dictionary, ruching is gathering the fabric, usually along a seam, to provide decoration (many times people use ruching to make flowers), accent, or fullness (as in the side seams of a maternity top), or to provide 'camouflage' for a bathing suit..", "Dyeing Polyester with Disperse Dyes However, disperse dye can be used by even young children to make designs on paper, which can then be transferred to polyester fabric, or other synthetics, with a hot iron. The possibilities are endless, using fabric crayons, rubber stamps, painting, and even screen printing.", "- Wool Serge drapes. Wool Serge is one of the most common fabrics for theatrical drapes, borders, legs, and skirting. It’s an excellent value for money. Acoustic curtains made from Wool Serge are the ideal weight and weave for masking or directing sound in a variety of venues.While black wool serge is most common, the stage fabric exists in a variety of colours including bluekey and greenkey (chromakey shades) for television or photographic studio use.ool is FR (flame-retardant) to the British standard. Drape makers manufacture wool serge curtains for permanent theater installations, architectural design, and sound dampening in public venues and concert halls.", "- Batik fabric is a unique and beautiful fabric, and those retailers looking for wholesale, handmade, quilted batik fabric in California can count on Batik Textiles. Batik Textiles brings the ancient art of handmade batik to California. This process utilizes wax to selectively dye the fabric of the cloth different colors. When the wax is applied in dots, lines, or other patterns to the cloth, it resists the color chosen for a dye. With this technique, Batik Textiles is able to create a wide variety of vibrant colors and unusual designs. Using only high-grade cotton and rayon and vivid colors has led Batik Textiles to become one of the most sought-after wholesale sources for quilted fabric in California. The handmade fabric pieces available for sale are inspired by scenes, colors, and images around the world.", "Interfacing Interfacings can be used to: 1 stiffen or add body to fabric, such as the interfacing used in shirt collars. 2 strengthen a certain area of the fabric, for instance where buttonholes will be sewn. keep fabrics from stretching out of shape, particularly knit fabrics.", "What is Interlining? Different Types, Functions, Uses, Advantage and Disadvantage of Interlinings It is most used interlining. The interlining which is used between two layers of fabrics by applying heat and pressure for a certain time is called Fusible Interlining. Fusible interlining is used for all kinds of apparel.o keep the different component or part of apparel in a desired shape, a kind of fabric is used between the two ply of fabric by sewing or fusing is called interlining. Generally, interlinings are soft, thick, and flexible.", "Coffee Charcoal Fabric Technology Our COFFEE CHARCOAL™ infused performance fabric acts as a natural heating element. Combined with a wicking heat trap weave, the Coffee Charcoal infused yarn increases skin surface temperatures up to 10 ˚ F keeping you warm, comfortable, and dry. Fabric care Liquid Soaps Only I Hand dry all products. Technology Code SKIN TEMP Increases skin surface temp up to 10˚.", "What Is Velvet Fabric? 1 Panne: Panné panne velvet fabric is a type of crushed velvet fabric that is produced by applying heavy pressure which forces the pile in a single. 2 Direction: Plain plain velvet fabric is commonly made of cotton or, silk has a rich colour and can be used for many. purposes", "- About Batik. Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric. The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.atik can be done with many types of dye & wax on cotton, silk and other natural fabrics. Most weights will work, provided the wax penetrates all the way through the fabric, but the finer weaves work best for detail work.", "What Are the Uses of Rayon? Rayon is used in fabrics, home furnishing and industrial applications. The fabric is used to create clothing such as blouses, jackets, sportswear and dresses. In home furnishing, blankets, sheets and curtains may all be made from rayon. Rayon's industrial applications include medical surgical products.", "- Applique appliqué is the process of stitching a small layer of, fabric usually in a unique, shape onto a larger base. Fabric'it s a great way to personalize your project while also adding unique, color, texture... pattern or all of the. above", "Woven pattern fabrics: even - geometric - checked One of the piqué fabrics, made in cotton or cotton blends and with a small, distinct raised pattern on its face. Birdseye piqué’s pattern is a tiny diamond shape, reminiscent of a bird’s eye. A similar but somewhat larger oval pattern is called bullseye piqué. Also written bird’s-eye piqué, bird’s eye piqué.", "$4.99 SHIPPING ON ALL ORDERS APPLY: SHIP10H | SKIP THE SHIPPING! BUY ONLINE. 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BrandsOttlite LightingHudson 43Idea MarketSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleAmericana Home DecorSHOP NOWSeaport Home DecorSHOP NOWSale & ClearanceNew ArrivalsINSPIRATIONProjects & Videos Projects & VideosNewArts & CraftsCelebrationsFood CraftingFloral & DecorJewelry MakingKids & TeachersPaper CraftsSeasonalSewingYarn & Needle ArtsGuides & How-To'sFeatured CollectionsBrowse All Projects & Videos#HANDMADEWITHJOANNThe Creative Spark BlogCLASSESIn-Store Classes In-Store ClassesCrochetingFoodcraftingJewelryHome DecorKids'KnittingPaper CraftsQuiltingSewingOnline Classes | Creativebugâ¿ MOTHER'S DAY GIFTS Pleather fabric is easy to sew and has a shiny appearance and can be used to make apparels, costumes and accessories. Made of polyester and PVC, this durable fabric can be accentuated with accents like buttons, buckles and more. Combine this artificial leather material with lining fabric to tailor gorgeous trench coats, table linen, headboards, wallets and more. Width: 54 inches wide.", "Lining Lining fabrics are exactly what they sound like -- used to line garments to minimize the amount of show-thru on a garment, line a jacket, pants, skirt, dress and more. Lining wool pants could be helpful because wool can be itchy on the skin. Lining fabric can come in polyester, rayon, acetate, etc. Lining can be woven or knit and usually has a shine to it.", "- It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses type of fabric that is commonly used for drapery, this fabric has the distinctive quality of blocking light, and comes in two forms: 2-pass and 3-pass. Two-pass has two “passes” of foam on a fabric, which means the black layer of foam will be visible.", "- Percale material is typically used for bed linens like sheets but may also be made into clothing or used for some industrial purposes, as the fabric is a plain weave and considered easy to sew. Percale material is the type of weave used in a fabric, rather than a type of fabric.", "- About Batik. Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric. The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.atik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric.", "Wholesale Cotton Duck Canvas & Denier Fabric Heavy, strong, firm fabric similar to duck. It’s usually made of cotton, synthetic or acrylic and is used in awnings, slipcovers, and boat covers. It’s either plain or basket (oxford) weave and could have a soft or firm hand. We offer a a full array of pre primed artist canvas rolls.", "- Applique is the technique of applying motifs (simple cut outs) to fabric. Traditional applique sews down the edges of the motifs using needle and thread. Fusible applique attaches an applique motif using a type of glue which can be a fusible web or a fusible thread. If you have never done it before, don't stress! It's easy, fun, and a bit addictive. Read through our directions below and try it yourself or follow some of the video links at the bottom of this page.", "Jacquard Acid Dye Instructions GENERAL INFORMATION AND USE. Acid dyes are made for dyeing wool, silk and nylon These powdered dyes are intended for tub-dyeing yardage, yarns or clothing. You can use these dyes either on top of your stove or in a washing machine but they do require very hot water to work properly.ENERAL INFORMATION AND USE. Acid dyes are made for dyeing wool, silk and nylon These powdered dyes are intended for tub-dyeing yardage, yarns or clothing. You can use these dyes either on top of your stove or in a washing machine but they do require very hot water to work properly.", "batik a technique of hand-dyeing fabrics by using wax as a dye repellent to cover parts of a design, dyeing the uncovered fabric with a color or colors, and dissolving the wax in boiling water.", "- Stockphoto24/iStock/Getty Images. Cotton duck fabric is a heavy material made partially or completely from cotton fibers, and is commonly used for outdoor upholstery, awnings and heavy duty sacks. The heavier grades may be used for sandbags, large tents and boat covers.ommon Uses. Duck fabric is used in a wide range of utility applications. In the lighter weights, this material may be used to make shoes, fabric shower curtains, laundry bags and tote bags. Heavier weights may be used for hammocks, boat covers and sand bags.", "- We offer a wide range of PP Multifilament Yarn (PPM yarns) used in various industries for different purposes. At normal temperature this yarn gives excellent resistance to alkali's as well as acids. We offer wide range of PP Multifilament Yarn that is made of polypropylene which is widely used in the...e bring forth an exceptional collection of PP Multifilament Yarn, which is widely used in the textile industry for fabricating cloths and fabrics. Our range of PP Multifilament Yarn is made of poly propylene and is available in an array of colors. The latest dope dyed process is applied to attain bright and... more...", "Boiled Wool Fabric Boiled Wool Definition. Boiled wool, a type of fabric created by boiling woolen fabric to shrink and soften it, is widely used for making various garments for men, women and children. This variety of woolen fabric originally comes from the Andean South America and European Alps where it is used for making woolen clothing suitable for the extreme cold environments.", "- 1 Silk is the natural and most expensive fabric used in a satin weave. 2 Silk thread is very smooth and produced by the silk worm. 3 Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is used in a satin weave that is more affordable. 4 This fabric does not breathe as well as silk.", "- Fabrics made by this method include brocade, damask, and brocatelle. Dobby weaves, requiring a special loom attachment, have small, geometric, textured, frequently repeated woven-in designs, as seen in bird’s-eye piqué. Leno weaves, also made with a special... Read More.", "Why is Nutrition Important? 1 Your liver is able to diffuse toxins and hormones, metabolize fats and make appropriate amounts of sugar. 2 Your heart is able to assist in the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to the rest of the body. Your brain is able to respond instead of react and chill out with those nagging food cravings.", "Product: Fabric By The Yard Fabric: Pintuck Bright Settings can use Pintuck to make your Fabric By The Yard. Fabric By The Yard made with Pintuck. Popular at weddings and other special events, this versatile fabric comes in a variety of colors, including black. This fabric's simple styling is sure to create a perfect foundation for your table setting and coordinate beautifully with any décor - be that at a special event or in your own dining room.", "- Peruvian Pima cotton is used when at all possible, which is even softer than traditional cotton along with all the organic advantages. If you are not showing too much skin on the date, make sure you wear clothes made of soft fabric like cashmere, merino wool, pima cotton and suede.", "77 items in Voile Fabric 108 items. in Voile Fabric. Voile is a 100% cotton semi-sheer lightweight fabric that has wonderful drape. Because it is so lightweight, cotton voile is perfect for creating flowing dresses, blouses, tunics, and skirts that are perfect for warm weather.", "Choosing Fabric for Clothes 12 types of fabric commonly used for garment sewing: Cotton voile: Voile is a lightweight, semi-sheer fabric with a great drape. Cotton lawn: Lawn is very similar to cotton voile but is slightly crisper.", "Kurta Pajama Only soft material fabrics are used for making kurta pajama as it is supposed to be a comfortable loose fitting dress. Though good quality cotton is the most common material used for making kurta pajama, other fabrics like silk and satin are also used.nly soft material fabrics are used for making kurta pajama as it is supposed to be a comfortable loose fitting dress. Though good quality cotton is the most common material used for making kurta pajama, other fabrics like silk and satin are also used.", "What is Serge? 10 most extreme places on Earth. Serge is a type of twill fabric which has been classically used in uniforms and suiting for centuries. Like other twills, this material has a distinctive weave which creates a pattern of diagonal ridges in the fabric, and it is known for being extremely sturdy and resilient.ool serge is excellent for uniforms and suits, and it is possible to produce it in both light and heavy weights, for a variety of climates. Because it is a very flexible, resilient fabric, it tends to cope very well with crumpling and pressing, making it convenient for extended wear.", "Do you have a problem wearing synthetic fabrics like polyester or is it just me? Not as warm as wool, can irritate the skin. Viscose or rayon. Viscose is a viscous organic liquid used to make rayon and cellophane. Viscose is becoming synonymous with rayon, a soft material commonly used in shirts, shorts, coats, jackets, and other outer wear.", "- Further, acetate fabric is also generally used to line dresses as material is lightweight as well as soft against skin. Further, the use of this fabric also makes it provide a luxurious appearance in occasions like parties. Features: 1 Also finding usage in sheets and bedding.", "What is Serge? Serge is a type of twill fabric which has been classically used in uniforms and suiting for centuries.ool serge is excellent for uniforms and suits, and it is possible to produce it in both light and heavy weights, for a variety of climates. Because it is a very flexible, resilient fabric, it tends to cope very well with crumpling and pressing, making it convenient for extended wear.", "Jacquard weave use in textile industry. in textile: Jacquard weave. The Jacquard weave, used to make allover figured fabrics such as brocades, tapestries, and damasks, is woven on a loom having a Jacquard attachment to control individual warps.", "- Description: Designed by Katarina Roccella for Art Gallery Fabrics, this finely woven voile fabric is perfect for creating stylish blouses, shirts, or dresses and skirts with a lining. Colors include coral, peach, teal green, grey, white, navy and khaki.", "- Description: Screen printed on cotton duck; this versatile, medium weight fabric is perfect for window accents (draperies, valances, curtains and swags), accent pillows, duvet covers, upholstery and other home decor accents. Create handbags, tote bags, aprons and more. Colors include beige ...", "- Wax is dripped on the fabric and then it is dyed. This can be repeated several times with different colors and patterns of wax. Then the wax is removed, leaving the cloth with a colored pattern.n Batik painting, hot wax or paraffine is carefully drawn on the fabric. The wax should be fluid when hot, and s … tiff when cooled down, much like candlewax. When you dye the fabric (in water with cold-water dye), the colors won't go in the fabric areas that are waxed in. I think it's an Indonesian technique.", "- Chiffon is a sheer, lightweight woven fabric. Chiffon is most often used to sew blouses, dresses, skirts and scarves.", "- Select the e-mail account for which you want to update the e-mail address, and then click Change. Under User Information, in the E-mail Address box, type the complete e-mail address that was assigned by your e-mail administrator or ISP. Make sure to include the user name, the @ symbol, and the domain name.lick the File tab. Click Account Settings, and then click Account Settings. On the E-mail tab, click the e-mail account that you must change, and then click Change. Under Server Information, in the Incoming mail server box, type the complete name of the server provided by your ISP or mail administrator.", "- Pique. A staple fabric in the sportswear industry, pique has long been regarded as the go-to fabric for polo shirts and dresses, tennis skirts and a variety of golfwear.", "Which knit fabric should I buy? Our stretchiest 2-way knit is our Performance Pique, piqué which stretches50 % from selvage to. Selvage Our Performance knit And Organic Cotton knit stretch about25. % with 4 great knit, options’there s something for every. project", "Richard Carpenter Weighs In On How To Craft The Perfect Pop Song We've only just begun to live, White lace and promises. A kiss for luck and we're on our way. We've just begun. Before the rising sun we fly, So many roads to choose. We start out walking and learn to run. And yes, We've just begun.", "Fabric Glossary It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses very stiff cotton fabric that is been soaked in a substance to fill in the gaps between the fibers. The fiber is usually cotton and is finished with starch and resin. Buckram fabric is most commonly used as the supporting material inside of baseball caps. It is also used in lady's hats, costumes, belts, and handbags.", "Sewing with Silk fabric We’re starting a little fabric series! There are so many kinds of fabric available it’s overwhelming to try to understand them all at once. So these posts will cover a little bit about some commonly used fabrics. This first post is about a fabric we use a lot here at Colette Patterns: silk! We often use silks to make up the clothing for our clothing photo shoots as well as for ourselves.", "- For example: 1 An interfacing fabric such as Vilene can be stitched or laminated to other fabrics. 2 This reinforces, stiffens and gives strength to collars and cuffs to prevent the fabric from stretching or sagging. 3 A quilted fabric has two or more layers sewn together to give an attractive appearance and added warmth.odern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristics such as lightness, breathability, waterproofing etc, or to react to heat or light.", "Cambric Initially it was made of linen; later, the term came to be applied to cotton fabrics as well. Cambric is used as fabric for linens, shirts, handkerchieves, ruffs, lace and needlework.", "- The ornamental fabrics are most often sewn to the base fabric, but may also be attached with adhesive. Quilts are frequently made with Appliqué patterns, and fabric artists and fashion designers often use this technique.", "- Chamois –Chamois cloth is woven to imitate the leather, usually has a slightly napped surface, and is usually yellow, as is the goat skin. It is used for gloves and as a cloth for washing autos. It is also used in clothing. Charmeuse – Charmeuse is an opaque, shiny fabric that is similar to satin but lighter weight.", "What is Polyster Voile fabric? Voile is a soft, sheer fabric, usually made of 100% cotton or cotton blends including polyester. The term comes from French, and means veil.Because of its light weight, the fabric is mostly used in soft furnishing. Full-length curtains in hot countries are made with voile and used as window treatments, mosquito nets etc. When used as curtain material they are similar to net curtains.oile is a soft, sheer fabric, usually made of 100% cotton or cotton blends including polyester. The term comes from French, and means veil.", "What is cotton twill fabric? However, since the twill pattern is such a good choice for fabric it is also commonly used for many other types of fabrics such as chino, denim, tweed, gabardine, serge, and a host of others. When it comes to clothing, cotton twill fabric is used as the fashion side of the fabric time and time again.", "Understanding Interfacing By Judy Barlup, Unique Techniques Non-fusibles (also referred to as “sew-ins”) may be softer and less likely to change the hand of the fabric. Goats hair hymo is a non-fusible interfacing that is used in traditional tailoring. In the past, haute couture garments were more likely to use non-fusible interfacing rather than fusible. This is changing as the quality of the fusibles improves. 100% cotton fabric may have residual shrinkage (meaning that it may continue to shrink slightly with each washing). For these fabrics, it is safer to use the non-fusible interfacings.", "How To Appliqué â an Introduction to Fabric Appliqué 1 Reduce or enlarge your template on your printer to create a suitably sized applique appliqué for your. 2 project100 % cotton fabrics work best for. 3 Applique appliqué use a bobbin thread that matches the colour of your garment or. 4 Base fabric use top threads in colours that coordinate with your. applique appliqué pieces", "What Is a Pique Shirt? Defining Pique Fabric. Pique (pronounced pi-kay or pee-kay) can refer to either a woven or a knit fabric, although it is most commonly associated with knits. In both instances, the fabric is characterized by having a visible texture due to the way the fabric is made.", "What is Chiffon? Chiffon is most commonly used in evening wear, especially as an overlay, giving an elegant and floating appearance to the gown. It is also a popular fabric used in blouses, ribbons, scarves and lingerie. It is not, however, an easy fabric to work with because of its lightweight and slippery nature.", "The Most Comfortable Fabrics To Wear Cotton pique feels rough to the touch because of the slightly raised weave. This is available in a wide range of coordinating seasonal summer prints as well as solid colors. It is most frequently used for blouses, unlined jackets, and vests. This fabric is easy to work with. Cotton damask is ideal for dressy summer clothing and is versatile enough to use for all sorts of attire from slacks and dresses to jackets and blouses. Cotton batiste is an elegant fabric that is in great demand for blouses.", "Dye Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric.", "Nancy's NotionsTrusted by sewing enthusiasts for more than 3 decades. In its natural finish, this fabric is used for linings, doll-making, costumes, and stenciling. 1 Since it has a crease resistant finish, it's a great choice for apparel, lightweight bags, and totes too. 2 It's rustic appearance makes it great for home decor items like rugs, curtains, table decor, pillows and more.", "Tulle (netting) One of the most common uses for tulle netting is in garments. Tulle is often used as an accent, to create a lacy, floating look. Tulle may also be used in underskirts or petticoats to create a stiff belled shape. Gowns are often puffed out with the use of several layers of stiff tulle.", "- Pellon 911FF Fusible Featherweight is a fusible, non-woven interfacing for light to midweight fabrics. It is best for use with woven and knit fabrics such as challis, chambray, jersey, broadcloth and linen.", "The Fabrics We Use Roubaix. This is a close fitting, thermal stretch fabric, with a soft brushed lining. Roubaix is extremely warm, and it's high wicking properties help to maintain a comfortable microclimate close to the body. This reduces both chilling and overheating: a risk factor for dehydration.t also has a wonderfully sleek and attractive appearance and a beautifully soft, snug feel. Polyester / Cotton Mix. As used in Baggy Shorts, Baggy ¾ and Casual Longs. This fabric combines the natural benefits of comfortable cotton with the crease resistance and quick drying properties of Polyester.", "Try a New Way to Appliqué: A Fun & Easy Wool Appliqué Tutorial! Wool can be used in place of cotton on any quilt, bag, or handmade item that you want to appliqué. If you haven't attempted it yet, try this simple wool appliqué tutorial. You'll be surprised how fun and easy it is! Wool pillow embroidery and appliqué via Craftsy member cjsilling@gmail.com.", "Boiled wool Boiled wool is a special type of fabric primarily used in berets, scarves, vests, cardigans, coats and jackets. Created by a mechanical process using water and agitation, shrinking knitted or woven wool or wool-blend fabrics, compressing and interlocking the fibers into a tighter felt-like mass.oiled wool/felt yardage is created commercially by first weaving or knitting wool fibers resulting in a fabric of uniform thickness. The material may either be dyed first or left natural, with or without design and embellishment.", "- Batik is a “resist” process for making designs on fabric. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving “blank” areas in the dyed fabric.The process, wax resist then dye, can be repeated over and over to create complex multicolored designs.atik can be done with many types of dye & wax on cotton, silk and other natural fabrics. Most weights will work, provided the wax penetrates all the way through the fabric, but the finer weaves work best for detail work.", "- Description: Screen printed on cotton twill; this versatile lightweight fabric is perfect for window treatments (draperies, valances, curtains and swags), toss pillows, duvet covers, some upholstery and other home decor accents. Create handbags, apparel (skirts, lightweight jackets, pants) and aprons. Colors ...", "- The first polo shirts were made with piqué, which is a type of loosely woven cotton. Piqué encompasses many different patterns, including cords, waffle knits, and honeycomb. This fabric is also much stiffer than regular cotton, which lets it have a more formal appearance.", "- It is used to weave some of the popular quilting fabrics which have a silk-like hand. Pique. Piqué a-medium weight cotton or cotton blend fabric with a pebbly weave that looks almost like a. Check suitable for, vests jackets and fitted. blouses", "Voile Curtain Buying Guide Cotton voile is the lightest grade of cotton fabric, and was supposedly a favoured fabric for veils. It is soft, lightweight, and is machine washable. Many people use it for clothing as it is quite soft against the skin, but it is also used to make curtains because of its versatility.ypes of Voile Fabrics. Voile is usually made from a blend of different materials, and is used for a variety of purposes. There are different types of voile fabrics today, and the most common ones are open weave, embroidery, polyester blends, and cotton.", "What is a Godet? Any type of fabric can be used in a godet skirt, although some fabrics may perform better than others. A related concept is the gore, a triangular piece of fabric which fluffs out a skirt and makes it more flowing. A flare starts close to the top of a skirt, and is often used in patterns such as a-line skirts.", "Voile Curtain Buying Guide Embroidery voile is stiffer than other types of voile, and thus a popular material for curtains. Though usually embellished with floral designs, some manufacturers may add in other types of fibres to create designs like stripes or geometric pattern.otton voile is the lightest grade of cotton fabric, and was supposedly a favoured fabric for veils. It is soft, lightweight, and is machine washable. Many people use it for clothing as it is quite soft against the skin, but it is also used to make curtains because of its versatility.", "- Lining Fabrics. Fabrics used for lining may or may not be made specially for the purpose. There is a wide choice of special fabrics in the lining section of fabric stores. On the other hand, many dress fabrics that imitate silk-crepe, taffeta, satin, and tricot also make beautiful linings.", "- InterDry® AG (P.A.W.S.) Pus or foul drainage from the rash. InterDry® is a soft, white, polyester fabric. It is available as a roll that can be cut into sheets. It is commonly used in skin folds such as under breasts or armpits and in areas like behind the knees and inner elbows. InterDry® can also be placed under tracheostomy ties. It can help with the following: • Wicks moisture. away from skin folds • Uses antimicrobial silver to fights odor from yeast and bacteria • Relieves burning and chafing from skin-on-skin contact • Fights itching . How to use InterDry® Step 1: Wash skin and gently pat dry", "$2.99 SHIPPING ON ALL ORDERS! APPLY: 299SHIP + 10% OFF WHEN YOU BUY ONLINE PICK UP IN-STORECOUPONS Weekly AdBUY IN BULKAccountMy Store: Bellevue, WA0DEPARTMENTSFabric FabricHome Decor FabricHome Decor FabricDrapery & Decorator FabricDrapery LiningsOutdoor FabricUpholstery FabricTrimsDrapery Notions & HardwareUpholstery NotionsShop AllQuilt FabricQuilt FabricPremium & BatikPre-Cut FabricQuilting SolidsQuilting PrintsShop AllApparel FabricApparel FabricBottomweightsCostume & CosplayCottonEmbellished & TexturedFaux Leather & SuedeFurKnitsLinen & Linen LooksLiningsSilkySpecial OccasionSuitingsTrimsShop AllFlannel FabricFleece FabricNursery FabricUtility FabricUtility FabricBurlapCanvasFeltInterfacingMuslinOutdoor FabricSpecialtyVinylShop AllHoliday FabricHoliday FabricEasterPatrioticShop AllHalloweenFall HarvestChristmasHannukahValentine's DaySt. Patrick's DayCharacter FabricCharacter FabricDisneyMarvel ComicsNickelodeonStar WarsShop AllTeam FabricTeam FabricMLBNFLNBANHLMLSCollegeShop AllPersonalize Your FabricFeatured 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BushesArranging SuppliesFloral ArrangementsContainers & PotteryGarlands & GreeneryWreaths & FramesMiniature Fairy GardensWeddingWeddingDecorationsCandles & LightingFavorsInvitations & StationeryBouquets & FloralRibbonBridal AccessoriesGiftsShop by FlowerShop by FlowerCarnationsDahliasDaisiesDelphiniumsHydrangeaLiliesMumsOrchidsPeoniesPhalaenopsisRanunculusRosesSunflowersSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleFresh Picked Spring FloralSHOP NOWSHOP NOWHome Decor & HolidayHome Decor & HolidayHome DecorHome DecorDecorative AccentsCandles & WarmersHome & Bath EssentialsGarden & OutdoorWindow CoveringsWallpaper & BordersCustom Upholstered HeadboardsFrames & Wall ArtFrames & Wall ArtFramesPhoto OrganizersFraming AccessoriesWall DecorCustom FramingLightingLightingLights & LampsMagnifiersBulbs & AccessoriesStorage & OrganizationStorage & OrganizationCraft & Sewing StorageCraft & Sewing TotesBasketsPlastic StorageDecorative StorageHoliday StorageHome & LaundryHolidays & SeasonsHolidays & SeasonsSpringEasterSummerPatrioticFallHalloweenChristmasHanukkahValentine's DaySt. Patrick's DayNovelty GoodsNovelty GoodsDesk & Stationery AccessoriesDrinkwareFinished Jewelry & AccessoriesMonogram ShopNovelty SocksPet AccessoriesTotes & BagsOur Favorite BrandsOur Favorite BrandsOttlite LightingHudson 43Idea MarketSaleSaleSaleClearanceShop All SaleSHOP NOWSHOP NOWSale & ClearanceNew ArrivalsINSPIRATIONProjects & Videos Projects & VideosNewArts & CraftsCelebrationsFood CraftingFloral & DecorJewelry MakingKids & TeachersPaper CraftsSeasonalSewingYarn & Needle ArtsGuides & How-To'sFeatured CollectionsBrowse All Projects & Videos#HANDMADEWITHJOANNThe Creative Spark BlogCLASSESIn-Store Classes In-Store ClassesCrochetingFoodcraftingJewelryHome DecorKids'KnittingPaper CraftsQuiltingSewingOnline Classes | Creativebugâ¿ MOTHER'S DAY GIFTS Additional Information. Rit Liquid Dyes are versatile craft accessories with multiple uses. These pre-dissolved liquids come in a range of colors that can be used for home decor accessories, unfinished wood and wicker. Add bright pops of color to clothes, refresh faded garments or conceal laundry accidents with these wonder dyes.", "- Further, acetate fabric is also generally used to line dresses as material is lightweight as well as soft against skin. Further, the use of this fabric also makes it provide a luxurious appearance in occasions like parties." ]

[ 1.9160200357 ]

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[ "It might multiply to over 200 bodies." ]

[ "It will retain its current number of 55 bodies.", "I wished he would stop taking pictures so that the performers would stop flashing at me.", "However, they prefer the imperative on integrating through English education.", "Smuggling and piracy used to occur in close proximity to the island.", "This rule will greatly increase testing burdens on companies.", "The girl is playing on the swing.", "Some kids running." ]

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[ "The woman is on a phone." ]

[ "The woman is in a dentists office.", "the man is at home sleeping", "A man and a a painting", "Will there always be big, organized groups of criminals who follow certain rules?", "The ball man rushed him with a sword.", "Training IT professionals is essential for growth.", "The men are beside the computer" ]

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[ "Voices of a People's History of the United States Voices of a People's History of the United States (ISBN  ) is an anthology edited by Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove. First released in 2004 by Seven Stories Press, \"Voices\" is the primary source companion to Zinn's \"A People's History of the United States\". The book parallels \"A People's History\" in structure and is made up of various primary sources with short introductions to those sources.", "Howard Zinn Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, and social activist. He was a political science professor at Boston University. Zinn wrote more than twenty books, including his best-selling and influential \"A People's History of the United States\". In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers, \"A Young People′s History of the United States\"." ]

[ "Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( , his own pronunciation, or ; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.", "George F. Willison George Findley Willison (1896 – 1972) was a writer and editor who specialized in American history. He also worked in education, journalism, paintings, public relations, and the military.", "The Partly Cloudy Patriot The Partly Cloudy Patriot is a book published in 2002, by Sarah Vowell, a contributing editor for the WBEZ / Public Radio International program \"This American Life\". This book is a collection of essays about American history and the author's own reflections several matters.", "Reinhold Niebuhr Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr ( ; June 21, 1892June 1, 1971) was an American theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years. Niebuhr was one of America's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964. A public theologian, he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion, politics, and public policy, with his most influential books including \"Moral Man and Immoral Society\" and \"The Nature and Destiny of Man\", the second of which Modern Library ranked one of the top 20 nonfiction books of the twentieth century. Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr's book \"The Irony of American History\" \"the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy.\" Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as \"the most influential American theologian of the 20th century\" and \"Time\" posthumously called Niebuhr \"the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards.\"", "Roy Basler Roy Prentice Basler (November 19, 1906-October 25, 1989) was an American historian who rose to prominence in the middle of the 20th century. Basler was most famous for editing the collected works of Abraham Lincoln. He also wrote the introduction to Sam Watkins' \"Co Aytch\"", "American Folkways series The American Folkways is a 28-volume series of books, initiated and principally edited by Erskine Caldwell, and published by Duell, Sloan and Pearce from 1941 to 1955. Each book focused on a different region, or \"folkway\", of the United States, including documentary essays and folklore from that region. The books were written by local experts, describing \"their\" region. Many of the individual volumes have become regarded as classics in folklore, local history, and American writing, and a number of them have been issued in multiple editions or are still in print.", "William C. Davis (historian) William Charles \"Jack\" Davis (born 1946) is an American historian who was a Professor of History at Virginia Tech and the former Director of Programs at that school's Virginia Center for Civil War Studies. Specializing in the American Civil War, Davis has twice been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize (for \"Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol\" and \"Battle at Bull Run\"). He has written more than 40 books on the American Civil War and other aspects of early southern U.S. history. He is the only three-time winner of the Jefferson Davis Prize for Confederate history and was awarded the Jules F. Landry Award for Southern history. His book \"Lone Star Rising\" has been called \"the best one-volume history of the Texas revolution yet written\".", "Forced into Glory Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (2000) is a book by Lerone Bennett, Jr., an African American scholar and historian, and executive editor of \"Ebony Magazine\" for decades. It criticizes President Abraham Lincoln and claims that his reputation as the \"Great Emancipator\" during the American Civil War is undeserved.", "Irvine Garland Penn Irvine Garland Penn (October 7, 1867 – July 22, 1930) was an educator, journalist, and lay leader in the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States. He was the author of \"The Afro-American Press and Its Editors\", published in 1891, and a coauthor with Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells, and Ferdinand Lee Barnettof \"The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbia Exposition\" in 1893. In the late 1890s, he became an officer in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he played an important role in advocating for the interests of African Americans in the church until his death.", "Theodore H. White Theodore Harold White (, May 6, 1915 – May 15, 1986) was an American political journalist and historian, known for his wartime reporting from China and accounts of the 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980 presidential elections.", "Joshua Brown (historian) Joshua Brown is an American social historian, and Executive Director, of the American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning, at City University of New York.", "Robin Kelley Robin Davis Gibran Kelley (born March 14, 1962) is the Gary B. Nash Professor of American History at UCLA.", "Rob Reep Robert \"Rob\" Gregg Reep, Jr. (born June 1, 1988) is an American historian, filmmaker, and documentary narrator.", "Judson King Judd King (1872–1958) was a 20th-century American historical lecturer, writer, and political consultant at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, best known for serving as director of the National Popular Government League (1933–1958).", "Kenneth C. Springirth Kenneth Charles Springirth (born 1939) is a United States author, activist, politician, guest-speaker, photographer, and railroad historian.", "Journal of American Studies The Journal of American Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering international perspectives on the history, literature, politics and culture of the United States. It includes a book review section. Though academic in nature, the journal is intended also for general readers with an interest in the United States. It was established in 1967 with Dennis Welland (University of Manchester) as editor-in-chief. It is currently edited by Scott Lucas (University of Birmingham).", "Noah Webster Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the \"Father of American Scholarship and Education\". His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with \"dictionary\" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as \"An American Dictionary of the English Language\".", "Roy Franklin Nichols Roy Franklin Nichols (March 3, 1896 – January 12, 1973) was an American historian, who won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for History for \"The Disruption of American Democracy\".", "John Brenkman John Brenkman is an American historian of American literature, currently a Distinguished Professor and Department Chair at Baruch College, City University of New York, and also a published author. He is also founding editor of the Duke University journal \"Social Text\".", "Robert V. Remini Robert Vincent Remini (July 17, 1921 – March 28, 2013) was an American historian and a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He wrote numerous works about President Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonian era. For the third volume of \"Andrew Jackson\", subtitled \"The Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845\", he won the 1984 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction." ]

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[ "Hanging England. The last hanging in Britain took place in 1964, when Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester were executed for the murder of John Alan West. Hanging was also the method used in many colonies and overseas territories. In the UK, some felons were traditionally executed by hanging with a silken rope: Capital punishment in the U.S. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. The largest mass execution", "Hanging the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion. As a form of judicial execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the Anglo-Saxon period. Records of the names of British hangmen begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s; complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, Robert Leslie Stewart and Harry Allen, who conducted the last British executions in 1964. Until 1868 hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at Tyburn, a settlement west of the City on the main road to Oxford, which was used on eight hanging" ]

[ "Elections in Great Britain Elections in Great Britain Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain were principally general elections and by-elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain. General elections did not have fixed dates, as parliament was summoned and dissolved within the royal prerogative, although on the advice of the ministers of the Crown. The first such general election was that of 1708, and the last that of 1796. In 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland replaced the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. For the period after 1801, see Elections in the United Kingdom. For", "Elections in Great Britain the reforming Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Elections in Great Britain Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain were principally general elections and by-elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain. General elections did not have fixed dates, as parliament was summoned and dissolved within the royal prerogative, although on the advice of the ministers of the Crown. The first such general election was that of 1708, and the last that of 1796. In 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland replaced the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. For the period after 1801, see", "Great Britain at the Olympics Great Britain was one of four nations to play golf at the first Olympic golf events in 1900. They did not compete in the Olympic golf competition held in 1904. When the sport returned in the 2016 Rio Olympics, after a 112-year absence, Justin Rose won gold. Great Britain's first gymnastics medal came in 1908 with a silver in the men's individual all-around. Until 2008, Great Britain's last medal for gymnastics was a Bronze in the Women's all-round team event in 1928. At the 2012 Summer Games in London, Great Britain equaled its tally for all previous games combined, winning", "Historical immigration to Great Britain the Irish Sea between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. This tide has varied over the centuries in response to politics, economics and social conditions of both places, but has predominantly flowed from Ireland to Britain. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. The earliest date given for a Viking raid of Britain is 789 when, according to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\", Portland was attacked. A more exact report dates from 8 June 793, when the cloister at Lindisfarne was pillaged by foreign seafarers. These raiders, whose expeditions extended", "2019 Great Britain Lions tour 2019 Great Britain Lions tour The 2019 Great Britain Lions tour is a forthcoming tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team to the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. The tour will be the first matches played by the Lions since 2007 when they defeated New Zealand 3–0 during the New Zealand tour that year. The last time the Lions travelled to Australasia was for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament and the last full Lions tour was in 1996. After the 2007 New Zealand tour to Great Britain the Great Britain Lions were disbanded and more emphasis was placed on the", "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics only match, against Club Française, 4-0. Great Britain was one of four nations to compete in the first Olympic golf events. The British golfers took the silver and bronze medals in the men's competition, making Great Britain the only nation other than the United States to win a golfing medal that year. Great Britain's second Olympic gymnastics appearance was no more successful than the nation's first, resulting in no medals. Great Britain was one of four nations to compete in the first Olympic polo event. British athletes played on three of the five teams, two of which included either American", "Irish migration to Great Britain of Great Britain and Ireland between 1801 and 1922. Today, Ireland is divided between the independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from Ireland or have Irish ancestry. It is estimated that as many as six million people living in the UK have at least one Irish grandparent (around 10% of the UK population). The Irish diaspora () refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland. This article refers to those who reside in Great Britain, the largest island and principal territory of the United Kingdom. During the", "Great Britain at the Olympics (three as part of mixed teams). Great Britain have competed in all five triathlon competitions that have taken place since 2000. Their best finish is a 1st and 2nd place in the men's triathlon, and 3rd-place finish in the women's triathlon, in 2016. Great Britain's Olympic tug of war debut came when the nation hosted the Games in 1908. Great Britain was then one of only two teams to compete in 1912 and also won the last Tug of War competition held in the Olympics in 1920. Prior to participating, as host nation, in the 2012 volleyball tournaments, Great Britain", "Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Hanging at Gainesville The Great Hanging at Gainesville was the execution by hanging of forty-one suspected Unionists in Gainesville, Texas, in October 1862 during the American Civil War. Two additional suspects were shot by Confederate troops while trying to escape. Some 150–200 men were captured and arrested by state Confederate troops in and near Cooke County at a time when numerous citizens of North Texas were opposed to the new law on conscription. Many suspects were tried by a \"Citizens' Court\" organized by a Confederate officer. It made up its own rules for conviction and had no status under", "Bishopric of the Forces in Great Britain of the Forces. On 21 November 1953, a permanent Military Vicariate of Great Britain was established, still always held by titular bishops. On 21 July 1986, it was promoted as Military Ordinariate of (Bishopric of the Forces in) Great Britain, which can either by held by a British diocesan bishop or (as so far) full-time by a titular bishop http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19860421_spirituali-militum-curae.html Bishopric of the Forces in Great Britain The Bishopric of the Forces (in Great Britain) is the Latin Church Catholic military ordinariate (non-geographically aligned) which provides chaplains to the British Armed Forces based in Great Britain (UK minus Northern Ireland)", "When the Year Ends in One When the Year Ends in One \"When the Year Ends in One\" was a single released by the English football team Tottenham Hotspur, with uncredited accompaniment by Chas & Dave, to celebrate reaching the 1991 FA Cup Final. It reached number 44 in the UK Singles Chart. The title of the song refers to the fact that during the twentieth century, the club won a number of major trophies, in particular the FA Cup, several times in years ending in 1. They continued the trend by going on to win the 1991 Final. \"When the year ends in 1\" has", "SS Great Britain in 2007, and the European Museum of the Year Awards Micheletti Prize for 'Best Industrial or Technology Museum'. In 2008 the educational value of the project was honoured by the Sandford Award for Heritage Education. Despite the awards received by the \"Great Britain\", the way in which the exhibition is presented has been criticised as presenting a particular viewpoint on cultural history in general and the British Empire in particular. The \"Great Britain\" featured in several television specials. Engine Propeller Other data SS Great Britain SS \"Great Britain\" is a museum ship and former passenger steamship, which was advanced for", "When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \"If I Told You\" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since \"Wagon Wheel\" in 2013. The album's second single, \"For the First Time,\" was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country", "When the Year Ends in One become a general superstition for supporters, although Tottenham have not won a trophy in such a year since 1991. The major trophies to which the song and the superstition apply are: When the Year Ends in One \"When the Year Ends in One\" was a single released by the English football team Tottenham Hotspur, with uncredited accompaniment by Chas & Dave, to celebrate reaching the 1991 FA Cup Final. It reached number 44 in the UK Singles Chart. The title of the song refers to the fact that during the twentieth century, the club won a number of major trophies,", "It was just last year... It was just last year... It was just last year... is a 2013 installation by Richard Ross, which consists of three photomurals containing a total of 108 24\" x 24\" photographs, that is located within the Eskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center on the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital campus, near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, and is part of the Eskenazi Health Art Collection. \"It was just last year...\", by artist Richard Ross, consists of three photomurals containing a total of 108 photographs of the people and environments in the neighborhoods served by Eskenazi Health as a “depiction of the community’s collective", "Last Year Was Complicated enough to stand out.\" The album debuted at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, with first week sales of 66,000 units, being 47,000 actual album sales, that gave to him a position at number one that week on the Top Albums sales Chart, in the United States. signifies a vocal producer. Credits adapted from the standard edition of \"Last Year Was Complicated\". Performers and musicians Production Design and management Last Year Was Complicated Last Year Was Complicated is the third solo album by American singer Nick Jonas. It was released on June 10, 2016, by Island and Safehouse Records. The", "It was just last year... National Endowment for the Arts grants. Ross has taught photography at the University of California at Santa Barbara since 1978. It was just last year... It was just last year... is a 2013 installation by Richard Ross, which consists of three photomurals containing a total of 108 24\" x 24\" photographs, that is located within the Eskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center on the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital campus, near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, and is part of the Eskenazi Health Art Collection. \"It was just last year...\", by artist Richard Ross, consists of three photomurals containing a total of 108", "2019 Great Britain Lions tour tests against New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Fiji and Samoa; the exact locations and dates are subject to ratification by the various national league and player organisations. 2019 Great Britain Lions tour The 2019 Great Britain Lions tour is a forthcoming tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team to the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. The tour will be the first matches played by the Lions since 2007 when they defeated New Zealand 3–0 during the New Zealand tour that year. The last time the Lions travelled to Australasia was for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament and the", "Toll roads in Great Britain Forth Road Bridge were removed in 2008 following a divisive 3-year political debate during which it was proposed that variable congestion pricing tolls would be introduced. A new toll road is being planned in South Wales. The M4 is planned to have a relief road built and managed in the same way as the M6 Toll. College Road, Dulwich Toll roads in Great Britain Toll roads in Great Britain, used to raise fees for the management of roads in the United Kingdom, were common in the era of the turnpike trusts. Currently there is a single major road, the M6", "Great Hanging at Gainesville was privately constructed in 2014. Consisting of two 5' x 6' granite slabs, it was installed at a small park which had been donated to the city near the site of the hangings. One slab is inscribed with the names of the 42 victims; the other gives a full account of events, based on documented history. Great Hanging at Gainesville The Great Hanging at Gainesville was the execution by hanging of forty-one suspected Unionists in Gainesville, Texas, in October 1862 during the American Civil War. Two additional suspects were shot by Confederate troops while trying to escape. Some 150–200 men", "Historical immigration to Great Britain population. Studies of DNA suggest that the biological influence on Britain of immigration from the Norman conquests up till the 20th century was small; The native population's genetics was marked more by stability than change. For the settlement/invasion of Great Britain before the arrival of the Romans see the article Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland The first Roman invasion of Great Britain was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC; the second, a year later in 54 BC. The Romans had many supporters among the Celtic tribal leaders, who agreed to pay tribute to Rome in return for", "Great Britain at the Olympics been gold. Great Britain's Olympic lacrosse debut was in 1908. Great Britain's Olympic modern pentathlon debut was in 1912 when the it was first included in the Olympics. Since the women's event was added in 2000, Great Britain has medalled in that event at every Games. The most successful Games was in 2000, when Great Britain won the gold and bronze medals. Great Britain was one of four nations to compete in the debut of Olympic polo. Three of the five teams had British players, and those three teams took both the top two places and split the third place", "Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Paralympics Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Paralympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics held in Turin, Italy. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes. The team was able to be made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who elected to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, were eligible to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics. However no Northern Irish athletes took part in the Winter Paralympics for either team", "Champagne Stakes (Great Britain) Champagne Stakes (Great Britain) The Champagne Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. The event was established in 1823, and it was originally open to horses of either gender. For a period it was contested over a mile, and it was shortened to 6 furlongs in 1870. It was extended to 7 furlongs in 1962, and restricted to male horses in 1988. The", "History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date completed and more construction projects are currently under way. Overall rail subsidies have risen, as shown in the graph, although spend per journey has decreased. Rail subsidies have increased from £bn in 1992-93 to £bn in 2015-16 (in current prices), although subsidy per journey has fallen from £ to £. However, this masks great regional variation: for instance, in 2014-15 funding varied from \"£1.41 per passenger journey in England to £6.51 per journey in Scotland and £8.34 per journey in Wales.\" Due to the increase in passenger numbers and the prospect of high speed rail both within Great Britain and", "Great hanging parrot incubates the eggs for 20 days and the chicks leave the nest about 33 days from hatching. Great hanging parrot The great hanging parrot (\"Loriculus stigmatus\"), also called Celebes hanging parrot, Sulawesi hanging parrot and maroon-rumped hanging parrot, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Sulawesi and nearby smaller islands in Indonesia, where it occurs in forest, secondary growth and tall mangrove. With a total length of approximately 15 cm, it is a small parrot, but the largest species of hanging parrot. It has traditionally been considered monotypic, but recent work has re-validated the", "Great hanging parrot Great hanging parrot The great hanging parrot (\"Loriculus stigmatus\"), also called Celebes hanging parrot, Sulawesi hanging parrot and maroon-rumped hanging parrot, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Sulawesi and nearby smaller islands in Indonesia, where it occurs in forest, secondary growth and tall mangrove. With a total length of approximately 15 cm, it is a small parrot, but the largest species of hanging parrot. It has traditionally been considered monotypic, but recent work has re-validated the subspecies \"croconotus\" from Muna and Buton Island, and \"quadricolor\" from the Togian Islands, leaving the nominate for", "Great Britain by some of James's successors, England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries, each with its own parliament, until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year. This created a single kingdom out of two, with a single parliament, with effect from 1 May 1707. The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all-island state as \"Great Britain\", while describing it as \"One Kingdom\" and \"the United Kingdom\". To most historians, therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is \"Great Britain\"", "Champagne Stakes (Great Britain) The 1886 and 1904 races were dead-heats and have joint winners.<br> The 1941 edition took place at Newbury. Champagne Stakes (Great Britain) The Champagne Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. The event was established in 1823, and it was originally open to horses of either gender. For a period it was contested over a mile, and it was shortened to 6 furlongs", "Great Britain at the 1998 Winter Paralympics finished in last place and scored no goals, but managed to pick up one point in a draw against 5th placed Japan. Andrew white 0 – 7 0 – 0 Great Britain at the 1998 Winter Paralympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 1998 Winter Paralympics held in Nagano, Japan. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes. The team did not win any medals during these games. Britain had 4 athletes competing in alpine skiing events. Britain had 2 athletes competing in the biathlon events. Britain had", "Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics United States-Great Britain) carried forward to the medal round. All-round <br> Distances: 500m; 1000m; 5000m & 10,000m. Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. Based on medal count, this was Great Britain's best ever performance at a Winter Olympic Games until the 2014 games were held in Sochi in Russia. On February 3rd, Great Britain won two medals on one day. This was not to be bettered until the 2018 games when 3 medals were won on one day.", "Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain the same manner that Committees of Parliament are usually now chosen shall be the members of the respective Houses of the said first Parliament of Great Britain for and on the part of Scotland ...\" The Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence on 1 May 1707. Election: The members of the last House of Commons of England had been elected between 7 May 1705 and 6 June 1705. The last general election in pre-Union Scotland was in 1703. First meeting and maximum legal term: Parliament first met on 23 October 1707. The Parliament was due to expire, if not", "Last Year Was Complicated Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic claimed that the album \"feels assured in a way its eponymous 2014 predecessor did not,\" noting that \"the entirety of 'Last Year Was Complicated' walks a fine line between immaculately produced pop confection and personal confession: it may not be heartbreaking but it feels as if it comes from the heart.\" In his review for \"Entertainment Weekly\", Nolan Feeney declared that it \"grows into the neon pop-R&B sound of 2014’s Nick Jonas while adopting a show-don’t-tell approach to maturity on [its] songs.\" Keith Harris wrote for \"Rolling Stone\" that Jonas is \"personable and versatile\" on", "Great Britain to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of \"Prettanikē\" as a collective name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term \"Britannia\" was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of Caledonia. The earliest known name for Great Britain is \"Albion\" () or \"insula Albionum\", from either the Latin \"albus\" meaning \"white\" (possibly referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view", "Miss Universe Great Britain Scotland and Miss Wales first competed in 1961 and again, competed every year until 1990. Miss Universe Great Britain Miss Universe Great Britain (Miss Universe GB) is a national beauty pageant that selects Britain's representative in the Miss Universe contest. When created as Miss Universe Great Britain in 1952, 30 women around the island of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed. Aileen Chase would be the only contestant to compete at Miss Universe as Miss Great Britain or Miss UK until the 1990s. For four decades there would be no Miss Universe GB/UK. There was no UK participant at Miss", "National Children's Wind Sinfonia of Great Britain is one of the few Children's Ensembles in the country to offer the experience of the level of music and of the way in which the more senior National groups work. The standard required of the children to apply for audition is Grade 5 and they must be over the age of 10, and usually under 14. National Children's Wind Sinfonia of Great Britain The National Children's Wind Sinfonia of Great Britain (NCWS) is the most junior of the national-level wind ensembles in Great Britain. Most players aspire to join the National Youth Wind Ensemble of Great Britain when they", "Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. Based on medal count, this was Great Britain's best ever performance at a Winter Olympic Games until the 2014 games were held in Sochi in Russia. On February 3rd, Great Britain won two medals on one day. This was not to be bettered until the 2018 games when 3 medals were won on one day. The top two teams (highlighted) advanced to the medal round. Results from the group round (Canada-Sweden and", "Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Paralympics Duffy had an opportunity, with the last stone of the tournament for an open hit of a Canadian stone. If successful he would have scored four for Britain and won them the gold medal but he threw too hard and the shot tracked an inch wide. This meant that Canada scored one to win 7–4, leaving the British team as silver medallists. Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Paralympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics held in Turin, Italy. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for", "Great Britain at the 2015 European Games GB competitors won multiple medals at the 2015 European Games. Great Britain qualified for three quota places in the women's archery events at the Games, and as a result also qualified for the women's team event. Great Britain qualified for one quota place in the men's event, and as a result also qualified Great Britain for the mixed gender team event. Great Britain endured mixed fortunes at the archery field, failing to qualify from the ranking round for the mixed pairs events, and failing to reach the quarter-finals in any of the disciplines; Kieran Slater's run to the last sixteen", "Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain opened its embassy in Nine Elms in 2018. The Nuncio to Great Britain is also the papal representative to Gibraltar. The current Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain is Edward Joseph Adams. He was appointed by Pope Francis on 8 April 2017. Formal diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and the Holy See resumed in 1914 and an Apostolic Delegation to Great Britain was established on 21 November 1938. The Apostolic Delegation to Great Britain was promoted to the rank of an Apostolic Nunciature by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain The Apostolic Nunciature to Great", "When Was the Last Time the album charted at No. 8 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, which is Rucker fifth top 10 album on the chart. It also debuted at No. 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, with 30,000 copies sold in the first week, 34,000 units, including track sales and streams. In its second week, it sold a further 9,300 copies. It has sold 118,100 copies in the United States as of October 2018. Credits by AllMusic When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer", "Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Olympics Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and sent a team of selected athletes was officially known as Team GB. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, whose athletes may elect to hold Irish citizenship, allowing them to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Olympic competition. Great Britain sent a delegation of fifty athletes to compete in eleven sports and were led", "Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics in November 2013, Great Britain qualified 3 men and 2 women. The team for GB was named on 16 December 2013. Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February 2014. The British team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, whose athletes may have elected to hold Irish citizenship, allowing them to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. Additionally some British overseas territories competed separately from Britain in Olympic competition. A total", "Bus deregulation in Great Britain Bus deregulation in Great Britain Bus deregulation in Great Britain was the transfer of operation of bus services from public bodies to private companies as legislated by the Transport Act 1985. In the early 1980s much of the British bus network was in public ownership, either by the state owned National Bus Company or by municipal owned bus operators. It was regulated with operators not subject to competition. The Thatcher Government commissioned a white paper into the bus industry. This resulted in the implementation of the Transport Act 1985 on 26 October 1986 and the deregulation of bus services in", "Great Britain at the 1920 Summer Olympics appearance in the sport, matched only by France. The British squad included only one team, with no gymnasts competing in the individual all-around. The team came in last place of the five competing countries. Four pentathletes represented Great Britain in 1920. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport, having competed in both instances of the Olympic pentathlon. Great Britain competed in the Olympic polo tournament for the third time, the only nation to have competed in each edition of the competition to that point (and, eventually, the entire time polo was played at the Olympics). Great Britain fielded", "Great Britain island of Great Britain. It is also often used to refer politically to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller off shore islands. While it is sometimes used to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom, including Northern Ireland, this is not correct. Similarly, \"Britain\" can refer to either all islands in Great Britain, the largest island, or the political grouping of countries. There is no clear distinction, even in government documents: the UK government yearbooks have used both \"Britain\" and \"United Kingdom\". \"GB\" and \"GBR\" are used instead of \"UK\" in some international codes to", "Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Great Britain competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Great Britain sent a delegation of around 400, of which 212 were athletes, to compete in eighteen sports at the Games. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics. Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Paralympic", "Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February 2014. The British team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, whose athletes may have elected to hold Irish citizenship, allowing them to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. Additionally some British overseas territories competed separately from Britain in Olympic competition. A total of 56 athletes competed in 11 sports making it the biggest contingent that Great Britain had sent to a Winter Olympic", "Great Britain to return in 1656. There were also Jewish migrations from Lithuania. The 2001 census recorded that Islam had around 1.5 million adherents. More than 1 million people practise either Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism–religions introduced from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island, and the ninth-largest island in the world. In 2011, Great Britain had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's", "Miss Great Britain Party power of its own to harness and create positive change. Miss Great Britain 2008, Gemma Garrett, entered the Crewe and Nantwich by-election under the campaign slogan \"Beauty for Britain\". She came last out of ten candidates, with 113 votes (0.27%). \"Beauty for Britain\" again stood in the 2008 Henley by-election called when Boris Johnson became the Mayor of London. Two candidates stood for the election, Louise Cole and Amanda Harrington. Although technically Independents, they were known as \"The Miss Great Britain Party\". The main policy was \"To make Westminster sexy not sleazy and to encourage voters to re-engage with politics", "Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics. Kelly Gallagher became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in", "Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics live. Radio coverage was provided by BBC Radio 5 Live. Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Great Britain competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Great Britain sent a delegation of around 400, of which 212 were athletes, to compete in eighteen sports at the Games. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics. Additionally", "Great Britain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics Great Britain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, from 7 to 16 March 2002. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes. The team was able to be made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who elected to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, were eligible to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics. However no Northern Irish", "One-way travel more than 365 days (12 months in one year) then a one-way ticket is advised by airlines and travel agents (as normal return tickets are valid for 12 months or 365 days). One way tickets are more expensive (especially when the origin of travel is from one zone to another zone) but if within the same zone then it can be half of the return ticket price. Following the September 11 attacks, one-way tickets into the United States when purchased for air travel drew suspicion because the hijackers involved in the attacks had one-way tickets. One-way travel One-way travel is", "Great Britain at the 1912 Summer Olympics was that the matches got easier from there, with the British team beating Sweden 6–3 in the semifinals and Austria 8–0 in the final. 65 athletes represented Great Britain. It was the fifth appearance of the nation in athletics, which Great Britain had competed in at each Games. The team finished with two gold medals, one silver, and five bronzes. Ranks given are within that athlete's heat for running events. Twenty-six cyclists represented Great Britain; 24 of the 26 finished the race. It was the third appearance of the nation in cycling. Frederick Grubb had the best time in the", "Irish migration to Great Britain Irish migration to Great Britain Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to the present. There has been a continuous movement of people between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain due to their proximity. This tide has ebbed and flowed in response to politics, economics and social conditions of both places. Ireland was a feudal Lordship of the Kings of England between 1171 and 1541; a Kingdom in personal union with the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Great Britain between 1542 and 1801; and politically united with Great Britain as the United Kingdom", "Great Britain II the World Races. Racing in the first five and \"following\" (not a registered participant) in the last, \"transitional\" Whitbread in 1993–94 under the name \"With Integrity\", sailing with a short handed crew. The following year the race became known as the Volvo Ocean Race. She is now named the \"Whitbread Heritage\" and has been in private ownership since 1996. Great Britain II Great Britain II (also United Friendly, Norsk Data GB, With Integrity, Whitbread Heritage) is a Maxi racing yacht launched by Princess Anne on 21 May 1973 named after the , built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was the", "Southern Department (Great Britain) Southern Department (Great Britain) The Southern Department was a department of the government of the Kingdom of England and later the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1660 until 1782 when its functions were merged within the new Foreign Office. The Department was initially established in 1660. It had a variety of responsibilities, including domestic and Irish policy, colonial policy and foreign affairs concerning southern European powers such as France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Greece and the Ottoman Empire. It was administered by the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The Southern Department's opposite number within government was the Northern", "Great Hanging at Gainesville 21st century. Gainesville, a city of 16,000, was named in 2012 by Rand McNally as \"the most patriotic small town in America\". That year the Cooke County Heritage Society planned an October event in Gainesville to mark the 150th anniversary of the Great Hanging, as part of Civil War history. It was cancelled after the mayor objected to marketing about it. The city provides funding to the society's museum, and directors feared losing support. The mayor wanted to emphasize the city's new \"patriotic\" status and the annual Depot Days instead. Descendants of the victims of the hanging were angry that", "Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain sooner dissolved, at the end of the term of three years from the first meeting of the last Parliament of England, which would have been on 14 June 1708. Dissolution: The 1st Parliament of Great Britain was dissolved on 3 April 1708. Scotland was entitled to 45 Members in the new House of Commons. The Scottish legislation prescribed the constituencies from which the Members of the Commons from Scotland were in future to be elected. These constituencies were first used in the election of 1708 to the 2nd Parliament. Of the 45 Members returned to the Parliament of Great Britain,", "Great Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics Great Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 257 competitors, 213 men and 44 women, took part in 127 events in 18 sports. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. Indeed, it is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games: in 1952, they achieved their only gold medal during the last event of the last day of competition in Helsinki. Along with 1904 and 1996, this is Great Britain's lowest gold medal", "1978 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France Great Britain scored the first try of the second half when 31-year-old Roger Millward, captaining Great Britain for the last time, reached out of a tackle and bounced the ball off the turf of the Australian in-goal area. The home side scored again when they moved the ball through the hands out to the left wing where Bevan dived over in the corner. The Kangaroos scored next when Raudonikis, directly from a scrum win, ran through and put the ball down. Australia therefore retained the Ashes with the first of a fourteen-year winning streak between these two sides that would", "Kingdom of Great Britain continued to carry the right to a seat in the House of Lords, while the Scottish peers elected representative peers from among their own number to sit in the Lords. Peerages continued to be created by the Crown, either in the new Peerage of Great Britain, which was that of the new kingdom and meant a seat in its House of Lords, or in the Peerage of Ireland, giving the holder a seat in the Irish House of Lords. Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe", "Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain The government gave £3.8 billion to Network Rail in 2015/16. The government gave out £2.4 billion in subsidies and received £3.0 billion in franchise payment, so received a net total of £0.6 billion. Certain regions have the ability to subsidise services within their area. Cities such as London, Liverpool and Manchester do this through Transport for London, Merseytravel and Transport for Greater Manchester respectively. Scotland and Wales gave out £0.8 billion and £0.2 billion respectively. Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain The financing of the rail industry in Great Britain is how rail transport in Great Britain is", "House of Commons of Great Britain the Parliament of Scotland joined the new house. In Scotland there was also no new election from the burghs, and the places available were filled by co-option from the last Parliament. The constituencies which elected members in England and Wales remained unchanged throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain. House of Commons of Great Britain The House of Commons of Great Britain was the lower house of the Parliament of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. In 1707, as a result of the Acts of Union of that year, it replaced the House of Commons of England and", "Turkish organised crime in Great Britain officials publicly announced that is unlikely as the street price of heroin for the last several years has remained relatively stable at £70 a gram. Turkish organised crime in Great Britain Turkish organised crime in Great Britain has been prevalent in the country since the early 90s when the Arifs controlled London's underworld for a brief time. Since the fall of the Taliban during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, it has been speculated that the lifting of the ban on opium cultivation may become a highly lucrative trade for Turkish criminal organizations who already control the smuggling and distribution of", "Great Britain at the Olympics contest and the only Olympic gold medalists in cricket. Great Britain made its Olympic diving debut in 1908. Great Britain first competed in the 1912 competition having not competed in the first event held in 1900. Great Britain won its first fencing medal, a silver, in 1908 at the London Games. Great Britain hosted the first Olympic figure skating contests in 1908. Great Britain and Ireland – now represented separately by Team Ireland and Team Great Britain – was one of three nations to play in the inaugural football tournament, winning their only match to take the first Olympic gold", "Communist League of Great Britain was renamed the \"Communist League\" in 1975, its ideological position strengthened with the Sino-Albanian Split. The group remained active into the new millennium, but became less so since Bland's death in 2001, and their website contains no new content since that year. The \"Communist Party Alliance\", a successor group working within the Stalin Society, had their own site which was active until 2009. Communist League of Great Britain The Communist League of Great Britain was an anti-revisionist group in the United Kingdom. It origins were in the Communist Party of Great Britain, where a faction formed around Bill Bland. Initially", "Hanging in the United States 1960s. Delaware's Billy Bailey was the last criminal to be hanged in the United States. Bailey was just the third criminal to be hanged since 1965, the other two being Charles Rodman Campbell and Westley Allan Dodd. Since the death penalty was restored in 1976, the states of Washington, Delaware and New Hampshire have returned to hanging as an available method of execution. Hanging in the United States Hanging has been practiced legally in the United States of America from the nation's birth, up to 1972 when the United States Supreme Court found capital punishment to be in violation of", "Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain is the system of contracting out the operation of the passenger services on the railways of Great Britain to private companies through a system of franchising. The system was created in the 1990s as part of the privatisation of British Rail, the former state owned railway operator, and involves franchises being awarded by the government to train operating companies (TOCs) through a process of competitive tendering. Franchises usually last for a minimum of seven years and cover a defined geographic area or service type; by design, franchises are", "Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution of children in the work and family sphere of life. The Elementary Education Act 1870 allowed all children within the United Kingdom to have access to education. Education was not made compulsory immediately (not until 1880) since many factory owners feared the removal of children as a source of cheap labor. However, with the simple mathematics and English they were acquiring, factory owners now had workers who could read and make measurements. A great contribution to the factory. Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution underwent vast social and economic changes,", "Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics may elect to hold Irish citizenship and are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympics). Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Olympic competition. Great Britain's medal performance at the 2008 Summer Olympics was its best in a century; only its performance at the 1908 Summer Olympics, which Britain hosted in London, resulted in more gold medals being awarded. The total medal count, 47, is also the fourth highest Great Britain has ever achieved, with only the 1908, 2012 and 2016 Games resulting in more medals. Following retests of doping", "Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Olympics Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Olympics The United Kingdom competed under the name Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Athletes from Northern Ireland were generally free to participate for either this team or the Ireland team under a long-standing settlement between the British Olympic Association and the Olympic Council of Ireland. Forty-one athletes were selected for these Winter Games. In the super-G and downhill, Chemmy Alcott was a rare female competitor in a historically male-dominated GB team. Alcott impressed as she finished 11th in the women's downhill, but was disqualified from the combined due to", "Hanging in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic \"hangman's fracture\" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a", "Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain The Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain is a diplomatic office of the Holy See in Great Britain. It is headed by the Apostolic Nuncio who has the rank of an ambassador. The office has existed since the parties agreed to exchange representatives at the ambassadorial level in 1982. Before then the interests of the Holy See in Great Britain had been represented by an Apostolic Delegate since 1938, though not granted diplomatic status until 1979. The decision to designate the nuncio to \"Great Britain\" rather than \"the United Kingdom\" reflected the complex and frequently antagonistic", "Historical immigration to Great Britain Historical immigration to Great Britain Historical 'immigration' to Great Britain concerns the inward movement of people, cultural and ethnic groups into the island of Great Britain before Irish independence in 1922. A significant amount of this movement was not immigration as a voluntary, peaceful movement but violent invasion or refugees forced to leave their homelands due to war or persecution. Immigration after Irish independence is dealt with by the article Immigration to the United Kingdom since Irish independence\". Modern humans first arrived in Great Britain during the Palaeolithic era, but until the invasion of the Romans (1st century BC) there", "Historical immigration to Great Britain Historical immigration to Great Britain Historical 'immigration' to Great Britain concerns the inward movement of people, cultural and ethnic groups into the island of Great Britain before Irish independence in 1922. A significant amount of this movement was not immigration as a voluntary, peaceful movement but violent invasion or refugees forced to leave their homelands due to war or persecution. Immigration after Irish independence is dealt with by the article Immigration to the United Kingdom since Irish independence\". Modern humans first arrived in Great Britain during the Palaeolithic era, but until the invasion of the Romans (1st century BC) there", "Irish migration to Great Britain The Irish have been the largest source of immigrants to Britain for over 200 years and as many as six million people in the UK are estimated to have at least one Irish grandparent. There are many people in Great Britain with Irish ancestry and they are found mainly in the following towns and cities: Additionally, the 2011 census listed the following towns and cities as having the largest Irish populations (note that this list does not contain towns and cities with a population of less than 15,000): Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated throughout Great Britain, owing to many", "Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain and Scotland it was provided: \"III. THAT the United Kingdom of Great Britain be Represented by one and the same Parliament to be stiled the Parliament of Great Britain. XXII. THAT ... A Writ do issue ... Directed to the Privy Council of Scotland, Commanding them to Cause ... forty five Members to be elected to sit in the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain ... in such manner as by a subsequent Act of the present session of the Parliament of Scotland shall be settled ... And that ... the members of the House of Commons", "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War Great Britain in the Seven Years' War Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763, although warfare in the European Theatre involving countries other than Britain and France only commenced in 1756 (hence the name \"Seven Years' War\"). Britain emerged from the war as the world's leading colonial power, having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself as the world's pre-eminent naval power. The war started poorly for Britain, which suffered many deaths from the plague and scurvy, and at", "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally. Great Britain in the Seven Years' War Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763, although warfare in the European Theatre involving countries other than Britain and France only commenced in 1756 (hence the name \"Seven Years' War\"). Britain emerged from the war as the world's leading colonial power, having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself", "Autumn Stakes (Great Britain) became part of a new fixture called Future Champions Day but from 2014 it moved to be run at the same fixture as the Cesarewitch Handicap. Since 2015 it has formed part of the revamped Future Champions Festival at Newmarket. The leading horses from the race sometimes go on to compete in the Racing Post Trophy. The last to win both was Kingston Hill in 2013. Leading jockey (3 wins): Leading trainer (3 wins): Autumn Stakes (Great Britain) The Autumn Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run on the", "Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Games in Rio when she was chosen to represent Great Britain in the 2.4mR sailing class. On 1 March 2016, Paralympics GB announced the selection of the five sailors who will represent Great Britain in the SKUD and Sonar classes in Rio. Great Britain secured three quota places at the 2014 IPC Shooting World Championships. Britain secured three further quotas at the 2015 IPC Shooting World Cup in Croatia. Further quotas were achieved at the World Cup event held in the USA later in 2015. On 8 April 2016, the IPC announced that Issy Bailey was one of eleven shooters", "Last Year Was Complicated music is hard\". During a radio interview with Carson Daly, Jonas noted that the album was supposed to be named \"Unhinged\" like the song on the record. However, after a conversation with rapper Jay Z, Jonas changed the title to \"Last Year Was Complicated\". Two songs of the record (\"Don't Make Me Choose\" and \"Under You\") were performed on several dates of his tour. Jonas is set to promote the record on the Future Now Tour alongside Demi Lovato. On the evening of March 24, 2016, Jonas previewed four tracks from \"Last Year Was Complicated\" during a listening party, held", "Miss Great Britain The Miss Great Pageant is owned by The Singhs and organised/ran by Kreative Group Ltd. Miss Great Britain winner will go on to represent Great Britain as its Tourism Ambassador in Miss Tourism World. The 2006 title holder was Preeti Desai who hailed from Cleveland. Desai made history when she became the first ever winner of Indian ethnicity when she replaced the dethroned Danielle Lloyd. Lloyd had lost the crown after stirring up scandals for posing nude for Playboy magazine and dating one of the judges during her participation in the pageant. Danielle Lloyd has been re-instated into the Wall", "Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics British by some statistics, whereas the Irish Whales who represented U.S. clubs are counted as American. Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics Great Britain did not send a team to the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Numerous events were contested, of which only some were later recognized by the IOC as official Olympic events. Within these, three athletes representing Ireland participated, winning one gold and one silver medal. Because Ireland was then part of the United Kingdom, the IOC classifies these athletes as British. John Holloway had emigrated from Bansha to the U.S. some years", "Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics Great Britain did not send a team to the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Numerous events were contested, of which only some were later recognized by the IOC as official Olympic events. Within these, three athletes representing Ireland participated, winning one gold and one silver medal. Because Ireland was then part of the United Kingdom, the IOC classifies these athletes as British. John Holloway had emigrated from Bansha to the U.S. some years previously and, like Kiely, wore a green singlet with a shamrock competing. He is counted as", "Great Britain minor\" (\"Lesser Britain\"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by migrants from Britain. The term \"Great Britain\" was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England, and James the son of James III of Scotland, which described it as \"this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee\". It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself \"King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland\". \"Great Britain\" refers geographically to the", "American Ambulance Great Britain Phillips (Joseph E. Kennedy, then United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, was Honorary Chairman). Within six weeks of being set up £140,000 had been raised. By the end of 1940 the organisation had raised $856,000. American Ambulance, Great Britain eventually operated a fleet of around 300 vehicles. The American Ambulance, Great Britain, operated from 17 stations across mainland Britain with five located in London and one each in Cardiff, Cambridge, Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Reading and Tunbridge Wells. The ambulance staff were British women aged between 18 and 45 and numbered around 400, some of", "Either Way (K. Michelle song) Either Way (K. Michelle song) \"Either Way\" is a song by American R&B singer K. Michelle featuring Chris Brown. The song was released on September 15, 2017 through Atlantic Records, taken from her fourth studio album, \"\" (2017). The song gained positive reviews from critics. HotNewHipHop gave the track a positive review stating \"Aiming this one at the airwaves, K Michelle delivers an unapologetic record that finds her spitting some braggadocios bars aimed at her haters, while reminding everyone that she gon’ be good “either way.”\" Vibe praised the song stating \"A series of trap beats and a talk-rap narrative", "Last Year Was Complicated Last Year Was Complicated Last Year Was Complicated is the third solo album by American singer Nick Jonas. It was released on June 10, 2016, by Island and Safehouse Records. The album features collaborations with Tove Lo, Ty Dolla $ign, Big Sean and Daniella Mason. The album's lead single, \"Close\", was released on March 25, 2016. On August 5, 2015, Jonas debuted and performed a new song, \"Under You\", at the iHeartRadio Music Summit. In February 2016, Jonas covered the February/March 2016 edition of \"Complex\" magazine he mentioned the songs \"Chainsaw\" and \"Don't Make Me Choose\", and also revealed a", "Great Hanging at Gainesville the event would not be acknowledged. A member of the Cooke County Heritage Society said that, \"Gainesville has been hiding from the Great Hanging since it happened.\" Colleen Carri, a heritage society board member, decided to combine the commemoration with the annual Clark family reunion already planned for October 13. She expected 220 attendees, including descendants of six other hanging victims. They called the event \"Remembering Our Past, Embracing Our Future.\" Richard B. McCaslin, a history professor at University of North Texas, was scheduled as a speaker at the event. He wrote \"Tainted Breeze: The Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas", "Great Britain Fed Cup team been called up in the last two years. (Most recent call-up in brackets) Qualifying rounds were introduced from 1992, \"World Group II\" and \"World Group II Play-offs\" were introduced from 1995 Great Britain Fed Cup team The Great Britain Fed Cup team represents the United Kingdom in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Lawn Tennis Association. They currently compete in the Europe/Africa Zone of Group I. Great Britain competed in the first Fed Cup in 1963. They have reached the finals on four occasions, 1967, 1971, 1972 and 1981. Great Britain is one of only four nations", "1932 Great Britain Lions tour front before two tries from Bert Cooke and Edwin Abbott, one of which Watene converted put New Zealand 18–12 in front with only minutes to play. England struck back through Stanley Smith who scored a try and with Sullivan's conversion closed the score to 18–17. In the last minute of the game Hudson scored his second try of the game to give England victory. 1932 Great Britain Lions tour The 1932 Great Britain Lions tour was a tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team) of Australia and New Zealand which took place between May and August 1932. The", "Eurasian eagle-owl in Great Britain significance of the increase in wild pairs in Britain. Eurasian eagle-owl in Great Britain The Eurasian eagle-owl was not considered to be naturally resident in Britain; however, there is evidence it was native to the UK some time ago. According to a BBC TV programme (2005), a pair bred for several years in a valley in Ministry of Defence land in North Yorkshire. There was some debate as to whether these birds were escapees or whether they have arrived naturally from the continent, which would only be a short journey from either France, the Low Countries or Scandinavia. At the", "Hanging restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. This also included the Grand Duchy of Finland and Kingdom of Poland under the Russian crown. Taavetti Lukkarinen became the last Finn to be executed this way. He was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916. The hanging was usually performed by short drop and in public. The gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in case of Lukkarinen, or", "1988 Great Britain Lions tour the uprights. O'Connor successfully converted his try taking the score to 14–4 in favour of the hosts. After playing the ball around mid field the Australians kept the ball alive with a total of nine passes, the last of which was to Andrew Ettingshausen on the right wing who beat Martin Offiah to dive over in the corner. O'Connor's conversion attempt hit the upright so the half time score remained at 18–4. After the break Great Britain were playing the ball within their own half of the field when Ellery Hanley got it at first receiver and ran himself, splitting", "Mainline steam trains in Great Britain Mainline steam trains in Great Britain Although steam locomotives were withdrawn from normal railway service in Great Britain in 1968, due to sustained public interest including a locomotive preservation movement, steam hauled passenger trains can still be seen on the mainline railway (i.e. Network Rail owned tracks as opposed to heritage railways) in the present day. Following the ramping up of dieselisation efforts in the 1960s, the last steam-hauled service trains on the standard gauge mainline of the British Railways network ran in August 1968, the last train itself being the \"Fifteen Guinea Special\" on 11th August. The day after" ]

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[ "Lost Gardens of Heligan Lost Gardens of Heligan The Lost Gardens of Heligan (, meaning \"willow tree garden\"), near Mevagissey in Cornwall, are one of the most popular botanical gardens in the UK. The gardens are typical of the 19th century Gardenesque style with areas of different character and in different design styles. The gardens were created by members of the Cornish Tremayne family from the mid-18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and still form part of the family's Heligan estate. The gardens were neglected after the First World War and restored only in the 1990s, a restoration that was the", "Lost Gardens of Heligan was the subject of a six-part Channel 4 television series produced by Bamboo Productions and Cicada Films in 1996, proved to be an outstanding success, not only revitalising the gardens but also the local economy around Heligan by providing employment. The gardens are now leased by a company owned by their restorers, who continue to cultivate them and operate them as a visitor attraction. Lost Gardens of Heligan The Lost Gardens of Heligan (, meaning \"willow tree garden\"), near Mevagissey in Cornwall, are one of the most popular botanical gardens in the UK. The gardens are typical of the 19th", "Heligan estate Heligan estate The Heligan estate (; , meaning willow tree) was the ancestral home of the Tremayne family near Mevagissey in Cornwall, England. Purchased by Sampson Tremayne in 1659, the present house was built in 1692 and extended in the early 19th century. The family let the house after World War I, and by the end of World War II the house and gardens had fallen into disrepair. The house and outbuilding were converted into flats in the 1970s and the garden was considered lost, but it was rescued during a televised project in 1996. The Lost Gardens of Heligan", "Heligan estate Originally developed by Rev. Henry Hawkins Tremayne the gardens include enormous rhododendrons and camellias as well as a series of lakes fed by ram pump. They include Europe's only remaining pineapple pit, and two large sculptures known as the Mud Maid and Giant's Head. Heligan estate The Heligan estate (; , meaning willow tree) was the ancestral home of the Tremayne family near Mevagissey in Cornwall, England. Purchased by Sampson Tremayne in 1659, the present house was built in 1692 and extended in the early 19th century. The family let the house after World War I, and by the end", "Conservation and restoration of historic gardens include Lowther Castle in Cumbria, Lever Park in Lancashire, Biddulph Grange in Staffordshire, Croome Court and Witley Court in Worcestershire, Wrest Park in Bedfordshire, and the Lost Gardens of Heligan in Cornwall. Conservation and restoration of historic gardens Historic garden conservation is a specialised type of historic preservation and conservation or restoration concerned with historical and landmark gardens and designed landscapes. Practitioners predominantly come from backgrounds in horticulture, garden design, landscape design, and landscape architecture. To prepare a management plan for a historic garden, such experts require knowledge and skills in environmental design, horticulture, landscape history, architectural history, and management.", "Heligan estate are now open to the public as a tourist attraction. Originally owned by the Heligans, the estate was bought by Sampson Tremayne in 1659. Heligan House was built by William Tremayne in 1603 in Jacobean style, but only the basement of that house remains. The house was substantially rebuilt in 1692 by Sir John Tremayne (1647–1694) in William and Mary style and extended in 1810 and 1830. Unusually for Cornwall, the house is built of brick. Set at the top of a hill overlooking Mevagissey, the gardens are found along the hills above and below the house. The Tremayne family", "Henry Hawkins Tremayne Henry Hawkins Tremayne The Reverend Henry Hawkins Tremayne (1741–1829) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey, with significant interests in the Cornish tin mining industry. He is credited as initiating the creation of the set of gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan. Henry Hawkins Tremayne was born in 1741, the second son of John Tremayne and Grace Hawkins. He was baptized at St Ewe on 17 July 1741, and was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton. He", "John Hearle Tremayne John Hearle Tremayne John Hearle Tremayne (17 March 1780 – 27 August 1851) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey. He was a member of the UK Parliament for the constituency of Cornwall, a Justice of the peace, and High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1831. He was also the second of four successive members of the Tremayne family who are credited with the creation of the gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan. John Hearle Tremayne was born", "John Tremayne (1825–1901) John Tremayne (1825–1901) John Tremayne (1825–1901) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey. At various times, he was a member of the UK Parliament for the constituencies of East Cornwall and South Devon, and High Sheriff of Cornwall. He was also the third of four successive members of the Tremayne family who are credited with the creation of the gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan. John Tremayne was born 15 April 1825, the son of Caroline and", "Henry Hawkins Tremayne dating respectively from 1777 and sometime before 1810, show the changes wrought to the Heligan estate during Henry's ownership. The first plan shows a predominantly parkland estate, with the site of today's \"Northern Gardens\" occupied by a field. The second plan shows the development of shelter belts of trees surrounding the gardens, and the main shape of the \"Northern Gardens\", the \"Mellon Yard\" and the \"Flower Garden\" are all readily discernable. Henry Hawkins Tremayne The Reverend Henry Hawkins Tremayne (1741–1829) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near", "Geography of Cornwall in) per year, however not as much as in more northern areas of the west coast. The Gulf Stream, moderates the climate of Cornwall enough that Cornwall's weather distinctly milder than other places in the world at the same latitude, such as Newfoundland. The mild climate has resulted in a number of botanical gardens, such as Trebah and the Lost Gardens of Heligan. The Isles of Scilly, for example is the warmest place in the whole of Great Britain with an average temperature of 11.6 °C, where there are on average less than 2 days of air frost per year,", "The Forgotten Garden secret was one of the inspirations for her novel. Morton was also inspired by her own home, which sits on a Paddington hillside, and the mysterious Lost Gardens of Heligan in Cornwall. All of these elements are woven throughout her story. \"The Forgotten Garden\" has generally been received positively by critics and readers alike. Morton is described as having the \"storyteller's touch,\" an author who has \"supreme control of her material,\" and a \"writer who is really getting into her stride.\" Her novel is described as a \"beautifully written and satisfying novel,\" \"another beautiful and compulsively readable romantic mystery.\" Morton's", "John Tremayne (1825–1901) of Oxford. John Tremayne inherited the Heligan estate from his father in 1851. Like his father, John was a keen gardener. He was particularly fond of hybridizing rhododendrons, and is credited with much of the planting around Flora's Green in the north of what is now the Lost Gardens of Heligan. John Tremayne also inherited an estate at Sydenham in Devonshire. John Tremayne was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the East Cornwall parliamentary constituency in 1874 and represented that constituency until he was defeated in 1880. He then sat for the South Devon parliamentary constituency from 1884 to 1885.", "Tim Smit platinum and gold discs. In 1987 he moved with his family to Cornwall and became involved with Rob Poole, John Nelson and The Lost Gardens of Heligan. During his time at Heligan, Smit wrote a popular book about the project. Later he dreamt up and then created the Eden Project, near St Austell, an £80 million initiative to build two transparent biomes in an old china clay pit near the village of Bodelva. The biomes contain different eco-climates; rainforest and Mediterranean. The outside area is also described as a biome and features areas such as \"Wild Cornwall\". Eden aims to" ]

[ "Lost Gardens of Heligan \"willow tree\". The Lost Gardens of Heligan completely surround Heligan House and its private gardens. They lie some to the north-west of, and about above, the fishing village of Mevagissey. The gardens are by road from the town and railway station of St Austell and are principally in the civil parish of St Ewe, although elements of the eastern gardens are in Mevagissey parish. The northern part of the gardens, which includes the main ornamental and vegetable gardens, are slightly higher than the house and slope gently down to it. The areas of the gardens to the west, south, and", "Lost Gardens of Heligan east of the house slope steeply down into a series of valleys that ultimately drain into the sea at Mevagissey. These areas are much wilder and include the Jungle and the Lost Valley. The Heligan estate was originally bought by the Tremaynes in the 16th century, and earlier members of the family were responsible for Heligan House and the (still private) gardens that immediately surround it. However, the more extensive gardens now open to the public were largely the result of the efforts of four successive squires of Heligan. These were: Two estate plans, dating from 1777 and sometime before", "Lost Gardens of Heligan sold, without the gardens, in the 1970s. Against this background, the gardens fell into a serious state of neglect, and were lost to sight. After the childless death of Jack Tremayne, the Heligan estate came under the ownership of a trust to the benefit of several members of the extended Tremayne family. One of these, John Willis, lived in the area and was responsible for introducing record producer Tim Smit to the gardens. A group of fellow enthusiasts and he decided to restore the garden to its former glory, and eventually leased them from the Tremayne family. The restoration, which", "Lost Gardens of Heligan 1810, show the changes wrought to the Heligan estate during Henry Hawkins' ownership. The first plan shows a predominantly parkland estate, with the site of today's Northern Gardens occupied by a field. The second plan shows the development of shelter belts of trees surrounding the gardens, and the main shape of the Northern Gardens, the Mellon Yard and the Flower Garden are all readily discernible. Henry Hawkins' descendants each made significant contributions to the development of the gardens, including the ornamental plantings along the estate's Long Drive, The Jungle, the hybridising of rhododendrons and their planting around Flora's Green, and", "Lost Gardens of Heligan the creation of the Italian Garden. Before the First World War, the garden required the services of 22 gardeners to maintain it, but that war lead to the deaths of 16 of those gardeners, and by 1916, the garden was being looked after by only eight men. By the 1920s, Jack Tremayne's love of Italy, which had earlier inspired the Italian Garden, led him to set up permanent home there, and lease out Heligan. The house was tenanted for most of the 20th century, used by the US Army during the Second World War, and then converted into flats and", "Heligan estate remained at the house until World War I, at which point the house was let out. The tenants were unable to keep up maintenance of the estate and by the end of World War II, maintenance of the house and gardens slipped into decline. The house was divided into flats and sold in the 1970s, with the remaining buildings also being converted into accommodation. The garden remained in the ownership of the Tremayne family, but was not maintained. It was rediscovered and rescued in a televised project in 1996. The Lost Gardens of Heligan are now a major visitor attraction.", "Lost Gardens of Heligan subject of several popular television programmes and books. The gardens include aged and colossal rhododendrons and camellias, a series of lakes fed by a ram pump over 100 years old, highly productive flower and vegetable gardens, an Italian garden, and a wild area filled with subtropical tree ferns called \"The Jungle\". The gardens also have Europe's only remaining pineapple pit, warmed by rotting manure, and two figures made from rocks and plants known as the Mud Maid and the Giant's Head. The place name, properly pronounced 'h'LIG'n', and not the commonly heard 'HEL-i-gun', is derived from the Cornish word \"helygen\",", "I Hope You Find It in 2001. On September 24, 2013, Cher talked about \"I Hope You Find It\", calling it \"an emotional ballad\". She further stated- \"Love songs are [usually about] 'I'm looking for love' or 'I've lost love'... They're usually not 'I found love, I lost love, and now I hope you find love with someone else'. Usually we're not that charitable.\" The song received generally favorable reviews. John Hamilton of \"Idolator\" described that Cher \"brings an appropriate world-weariness to the song.\" Tim Sendra of \"AllMusic\" stated that the second half of the album, which also includes \"I Hope You Find It\", wasn't", "The Girl You Lost to Cocaine The Girl You Lost to Cocaine \"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine\" (sometimes titled \"The Girl You Lost\") is a song by Sia Furler. Sia said the album \"Some People Have Real Problems\" was an easy album to write, except for, \"The Girl You Lost\" which took longer to pen than the other tracks. She explained: \"It's like a bath. It's a big bath. I can sit down with my friends and play three chords or whatever or we'll hunt around and find the right three chords. Then they'll tell me what the song's about. Usually a sentence or a", "Find It in You Find It in You Find It in You is the name of This Condition's first demos, recorded in 2007. The band's first effort has been recognized to be a \"catchy-as-hell debut\", featuring and overpoweringly optimistic message in its lyrics. Frontman Nate Cyphert's chops have been lauded by most of the reviews; in particular, James Viscardi of pop.is.dead: \"Lead singer Nate Cyphert has the makings to be a quintessential front man ala Freddie Mercury. This is fresh, original, inspirational and fun! You can’t go wrong with ingredients like that. Find It in You is full of infectious melodies and singalongable lyrics.\"", "Find It in You Find It in You Find It in You is the name of This Condition's first demos, recorded in 2007. The band's first effort has been recognized to be a \"catchy-as-hell debut\", featuring and overpoweringly optimistic message in its lyrics. Frontman Nate Cyphert's chops have been lauded by most of the reviews; in particular, James Viscardi of pop.is.dead: \"Lead singer Nate Cyphert has the makings to be a quintessential front man ala Freddie Mercury. This is fresh, original, inspirational and fun! You can’t go wrong with ingredients like that. Find It in You is full of infectious melodies and singalongable lyrics.\"", "Until I Find You Until I Find You Until I Find You (2005) is the 11th published novel by John Irving. The novel was originally written in first person and only changed 10 months before publication. After realizing that so much of the material—childhood sexual abuse and a long-lost father who eventually ends up in a mental institution—was too close to his own experiences, Irving postponed publication of the novel while he rewrote it entirely in third person. The cover is a close-up photo/illustration of the side of a woman's breast, with a tattoo on it (as in the novel). The American publisher requested", "John Tremayne (1647–94) about 1692. He succeeded his father to the Heligan estate in 1685, where in 1692 he rebuilt the house using Heligan bricks in William and Mary style. His death is recorded by Narcissus Luttrell on 20 February 1694, but the exact date is unknown. On 23 February, he was buried in the Temple Church, London. The estate passed to his younger brother Charles (1650–1695), ancestor of Henry Hawkins Tremayne (1741–1829), who initiated the creation of the gardens now known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan. After studying law, he was called to the bar in 1673, after entering the Inner", "Too Lost in You recorded at Realsongs, which is located in Hollywood and shares the name of Warren's publishing company. \"Too Lost in You\" was programmed by Yoad Nevo, who also provided the instruments. The group members' vocals were engineered by Mario Luccy and produced by Khris Kellow. According to Range, \"Too Lost in You\" represented all three group members' romantic lives, saying: \"You need that comfort when you go home.\" \"Too Lost in You\" is prominently featured on the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film \"Love Actually\", which was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom on 21 November 2003. The director, Richard", "Flora and fauna of Cornwall of Scilly in 2002. There are botanic gardens at the Eden Project, the Lost Gardens of Heligan, and at Trebah and Tresco Abbey Gardens on the Isles of Scilly. Araucaria araucana derives its popular name of \"monkey puzzle tree\" from what happened when a young specimen of it at Pencarrow was shown to a group of friends of the owner; one of them made the remark \"It would puzzle a monkey to climb that\"; as the species had no existing popular name, first 'monkey puzzler', then 'monkey puzzle' stuck. It is probable that no area of the world has the", "Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones is the second album by Dave Hensman released on the Big Sky Music label. It was released on January 10, 2009. It features a song co-written with Brian Doerksen and a cover of the Neil Diamond song, \"Hello Again\". The album also features the guest vocal work of Tim Neufeld and Brian Doerksen amongst others. The album cover was designed to have two different titles depending on which side it was viewed from: \"\"Find Me\"\" on one side and \"\"Blessed Are The Lost Ones\"\" on the other. In", "Where I Find You Where I Find You Where I Find You is the second studio album release by Kari Jobe, which was released January 24, 2012, but was her first album on the Sparrow Records label. The song \"We Are\" is the only radio and charted hit off of the album, so far. The album has charted on three \"Billboard\" charts: No. 10 on \"Billboard\" 200, No. 1 on Christian Albums and at No. 5 on Digital Albums. All of the peak positions occurred on February 11, 2012 selling 25,000 copies in the first week. \"Where I Find You\" earned a Grammy Award", "Too Lost in You as \"Flowing into your arms, falling into your eyes\" as \"lyrical gubbins\" and stated that the song's release would be \"for the name behind [it] rather than any individual merits\". In 2007, Udell described \"Too Lost in You\" as one of the finest pop songs of the 2000s. James Mortlock of the \"Eastern Daily Press\" considered it to be one of the group's classic pop singles, while \"Daily Star\"s Sarah-Louise James similarly regarded the song as a \"goose-pimpling\" classic. \"Too Lost in You\" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 18 December 2003 at number 16 and peaked at number", "Too Lost in You Too Lost in You \"Too Lost in You\" is a song by English girl group Sugababes, from their third studio album \"Three\" (2003). It was written by American songwriter Diane Warren as an English rendition of the song \"Quand j'ai peur de tout\" (\"When I'm Afraid of Everything\") by French singer Patricia Kaas (which had lyrics in French by Jean-Jacques Goldman). The song was produced by the Australian musician Rob Dougan in collaboration with Andy Bradfield, and recorded at the Realsongs studio in Hollywood. \"Too Lost in You\" is prominently featured in the soundtrack to the 2003 film \"Love Actually\",", "Behind the Gardens Tree...\" The ellipsis at the end suggests a continuation. The full title of the next album is \"Caverna Magica (...Under the Tree - In the Cave...)\" The first ellipsis, followed by the repetition of \"Under the Tree\" from the first album title, clearly indicates a continuation. The second ellipsis suggests another continuation, which would turn out to be \"White Winds (Seeker's Journey).\" The last track on the White Winds album is entitled \"\"Trilogy (At The White Magic Gardens) & The White Winds\"\". The title of the first album \"is like giving someone directions: \"You will find us behind The Garden,", "I'll Find You 22 million on the official video, and 9 million on the lyric video, Also, both videos landed on YouTube's \"Trending\" list, peaking at #8 and #10, respectively. Mark Braboy of \"Vibe\" described the \"I'll Find You\" a \"soul-stirring song\". Tony Cummings of \"Cross Rhythms\" felt that the song \"has one of the most powerful flows ever uttered by the renowned rapper\". Credits adapted from Tidal. I'll Find You \"I'll Find You\" is a song by American Christian hip hop recording artist Lecrae, featuring American singer and songwriter Tori Kelly. It was written by Lecrae, Kelly, Natalie Sims, Sasha Sloan, John", "Wish You Would studio album \"Paper Trail\", on the song \"On Top of the World\", also featuring B.o.B. Wish You Would \"Wish You Would\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Ludacris, released September 2, 2008 as the first promo single from his sixth studio album \"Theater of the Mind\" (2008). The song, produced by DJ Toomp, features Ludacris' former rival, fellow Southern rapper T.I.. At the 2009 Grammy Awards, the song was nominated for an award in the category of Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. The song ultimately lost to T.I.'s respective single, \"Swagga Like Us\". In", "Wish You Would Wish You Would \"Wish You Would\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Ludacris, released September 2, 2008 as the first promo single from his sixth studio album \"Theater of the Mind\" (2008). The song, produced by DJ Toomp, features Ludacris' former rival, fellow Southern rapper T.I.. At the 2009 Grammy Awards, the song was nominated for an award in the category of Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. The song ultimately lost to T.I.'s respective single, \"Swagga Like Us\". In October 2008, American hip hop production duo Play-N-Skillz composed a remix, giving it one of", "Would You Rather (film) to find Raleigh was not sleeping but had committed suicide by overdosing on his medication, causing her to cry out in anguish. The film's shooting began in July 2011. It was filmed on location in Pasadena, Woodland Hills, and Los Angeles, CA. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 57% of 21 surveyed critics gave it a positive review; the average rating is 5/10. Metacritic rated it 20/100 based on 11 reviews. Would You Rather (film) Would You Rather is a 2012 American psychological horror-thriller film starring Brittany Snow and Jeffrey Combs. It is based on the party game \"would", "The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu intellect'. The \"JazzTimes\" review by Thomas Conrad said \"it is the best album in years from each of them. The fact that Fresu fits seamlessly into Bley’s band the Lost Chords proves that he is an unusually brainy sensualist. And the purity and warmth and soulfulness of his sound make Bley’s lyricism less ambiguous\". All compositions by Carla Bley. The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu is an album by American composer, bandleader and keyboardist Carla Bley with Andy Sheppard, Steve Swallow, and Billy Drummond and Paolo Fresu recorded in Europe in 2007 and released", "Find You (Nick Jonas song) said, \"'Find You' is about a lot of things. For me, it's got a lot to do with just the idea of finding love, in general, and the journey we all go on with that. And how sometimes, it can be something you're afraid of and running away from it in that sense, but it is desperately something we all hope for.\" Hugh McIntyre from Forbes said that \"Find You\" felt like it \"would be better suited for the lazy, muggy days of summer\". He also called the song \"[a] cool track\" and noted the Robin Schulz inspiration behind it", "Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones 2009 the album won the CD/DVD design artwork of the year at the Covenant Awards. Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones Find Me/Blessed Are the Lost Ones is the second album by Dave Hensman released on the Big Sky Music label. It was released on January 10, 2009. It features a song co-written with Brian Doerksen and a cover of the Neil Diamond song, \"Hello Again\". The album also features the guest vocal work of Tim Neufeld and Brian Doerksen amongst others. The album cover was designed to have two different titles depending on which side it was viewed from:", "The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu is an album by American composer, bandleader and keyboardist Carla Bley with Andy Sheppard, Steve Swallow, and Billy Drummond and Paolo Fresu recorded in Europe in 2007 and released on the Watt/ECM label. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars and stated \"With all of her strengths on display here, from humor and a strict reliance on substance over her own considerable instrumental virtuosity, to her canny compositional skill at writing balanced and nuanced, elegant works that add to the actual literature of the", "Lost You Anyway then says that he probably would have \"lost [her] anyway\". Dan Milliken of Country Universe gave the song a C- rating. He said that the lyrics were largely uninspired, but added that the production was solid, and that Keith's vocals were strong. Jonathan Keefe of \"Slant\" magazine critic Jonathan Keefe said that although Keith's masculine image tended to make his ballads sound insincere, \"Lost You Anyway\" was still a better-constructed song in comparison to other similar songs on country radio. Lost You Anyway \"Lost You Anyway\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It", "Where I Find You Christian Manifesto's Lydia Akinola said that \"however, I feel that in an effort to appeal to an even wider audience, in a push for a more poppy and accessibly sound, some of the aesthetic purity that made Jobe’s debut so successful has been sacrificed. The strongest points of \"Where I Find You\" are those which have developed what worked from the first project and taken it further. The closer \"Here\" is one such song.\" Akinola wrote that \"nevertheless, \"Where I Find You\" is not without its bright spots. Jobe collaborated with Matt Maher performing a beautiful duet on “We Exalt", "Where I Find You The album sold 25,000 copies in the first week, and this helped it achieve the spots on the 200, Christian and Digital albums charts for the week of February 11, 2012. Where I Find You Where I Find You is the second studio album release by Kari Jobe, which was released January 24, 2012, but was her first album on the Sparrow Records label. The song \"We Are\" is the only radio and charted hit off of the album, so far. The album has charted on three \"Billboard\" charts: No. 10 on \"Billboard\" 200, No. 1 on Christian Albums and", "Find You (Zedd song) for \"Find You\" was uploaded to YouTube on 16 March 2014. The video has over 40.4 million views as of December 12, 2017. Find You (Zedd song) \"Find You\" is a song by Russian-German musician and producer Zedd for the \"Divergent\". It was released as the first single from the soundtrack on 26 January 2014. The song features vocals from Swedish singer Miriam Bryant and American pop singer Matthew Koma, and was written by all three artists alongside Victor Radstrom, a frequent collaborator of Bryant. A lyric video was released on 30 January 2014. The song is written in the", "Anything (To Find You) hip hop soul music, \"Anything (To Find You)\" was well received by music critics, who praised its retro theme and noted it a much-welcomed break from the Europop-dominated influence on contemporary R&B by the time of its release. An accompanying music video for the track was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Chris Robinson in August 2011. Featuring flashy 1990s fashions, boomboxes, and colorfully dressed dancers, the retro-themed video pays homage to the 1990s. \"Anything (To Find You)\" was written by longtime contributor Missy Elliott along with singer Jazmine Sullivan and producer Cainon Lamb, all of which had contributed", "Would You...? (Touch and Go song) \"I've noticed you around / I find you very attractive / Would you go to bed with me?\". The lyrics – with almost identical wording – were originally used as part of a psychological study conducted in 1978. The Peruvian TV channel Andina de Televisión, through its extinct gossip program Magaly Teve, used it for its section of bloopers that end with the Crazy Seal breaks TVs, and an instrumental version sounds, created by the Peruvian producer and singer Carlos Figueroa which also makes different versions of the song of Phone Gossip. Previously, the original version was used. 12\" single", "Too Lost in You in the UK and Ireland. The group performed an acoustic version at the Peel Bay Festival during June 2007 in Peel, Isle of Man, as part of a set list; the event contained a crowd of 25,000 people. The band played \"Too Lost in You\" in July 2007 at the Liverpool Summer Pops festival, which was held at the Aintree Pavilion. The group performed the single on 14 September 2007 at London's music club indig02, and according to Nick Levine of Digital Spy, their harmonies managed \"the unfathomable trick of sounding both delicate and sturdy\". \"Too Lost in You\" was", "Too Lost in You Head and Stronger as part of the Sacred Three tour. Recording Personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of \"\" (2006). Too Lost in You \"Too Lost in You\" is a song by English girl group Sugababes, from their third studio album \"Three\" (2003). It was written by American songwriter Diane Warren as an English rendition of the song \"Quand j'ai peur de tout\" (\"When I'm Afraid of Everything\") by French singer Patricia Kaas (which had lyrics in French by Jean-Jacques Goldman). The song was produced by the Australian musician Rob Dougan in collaboration with Andy Bradfield, and recorded", "Take What You Find \"The sound is funkier and harder-edged than we've come to expect from Reddy, as she tackles such tough topic matter as 'Killer Barracuda',\" in which she describes a rather vicious love-'em-and-leave-'em type. Side 1 Side 2 Take What You Find Take What You Find is the twelfth studio album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1980 by Capitol Records. It was her last album while under contract with the aforementioned record label before signing with MCA Records. Like the previous three -- \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\", \"Live In London\", and \"Reddy\" -- it failed to", "The Girl You Lost to Cocaine alone.\" Amber Henson of The Red Alert, as a part of the album review said, \" “The Girl You Lost to Cocaine” is intensely addictive and heartfelt. “No, I don’t need drama” she effusively and loudly sings over the chorus is a refreshing sentiment in the current music industry.\" The Girl You Lost to Cocaine \"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine\" (sometimes titled \"The Girl You Lost\") is a song by Sia Furler. Sia said the album \"Some People Have Real Problems\" was an easy album to write, except for, \"The Girl You Lost\" which took longer to pen than", "Too Lost in You positive reviews from most critics. Simon Evans of musicOMH described \"Too Lost in You\" as \"instantly, infectiously likeable\" and called it one of the album's best tracks. According to Alan Braidwood of BBC Music, the ballads from \"Three\", including \"Too Lost in You\", match the quality of the group's songs \"New Year\" and \"Stronger\". Dan Gennoe of Yahoo! Music interpreted the song as a reminder that the Sugababes \"handle trip-hop melancholy with the same devastating confidence as their seething club stomps\". \"Herald Sun\" critic Cameron Adams wrote that the group made \"Too Lost in You\" sound edgy and described it", "I'll Find You I'll Find You \"I'll Find You\" is a song by American Christian hip hop recording artist Lecrae, featuring American singer and songwriter Tori Kelly. It was written by Lecrae, Kelly, Natalie Sims, Sasha Sloan, John Mitchell, DJ Frank E and Danny Majic, with production handled by the latter two. The song was released through Reach Records on August 9, 2017, as the third single from Lecrae's eighth studio album \"All Things Work Together\". The song is composed in the key of G# Major and has a tempo of 135 beats per minute. In a statement announcing the new song, Lecrae", "Where I Find You you buy an album like this is because you want to hear the strong vocals of Kari Jobe and for me they have become even stronger, richer and much more delightful to listen to. Kari Jobe has made an amazing jump in quality and Where I Find You proves it.\" Davies noted the \"standout tracks\" as being \"What Love Is This\", \"Steady My Heart\" and \"We Exalt Your Name\". New Release Tuesday's Sarah Fine said \"\"Where I Find You\" has been well worth the wait for Kari Jobe fans. Intensely passionate and honest, this has taken Kari’s artistry and elevated", "Would You Believe? (The Hollies album) this album was recorded for \"Would You Believe?\" but omitted from the album and thus wasn't released in the UK at the time. It differs from the version released on the box set \"The Long Road Home\", which was recorded in 1968. Side 1 Side 2 Side 1 Side 2 Would You Believe? (The Hollies album) Would You Believe? is an album by the Hollies, released in 1966. It features a cover of Simon and Garfunkel's \"I Am a Rock,\" which displayed progression for the band at the time – the rising folk-rock nascent was on the horizon. However, \"Would", "Get Lost, Find Yourself Get Lost, Find Yourself Get Lost, Find Yourself is the third studio album by French rock band Chunk! No, Captain Chunk!, released on 18 May 2015. It is their first album without founding drummer Jonathan Donnaes, who left the band to spend time with his fiancée in August 2014. The first single, \"Playing Dead\", was released on 24 March 2015. The second single, \"The Other Line\" was released on 20 April. The album was released on 18 May through Fearless Records. Reviewing the album for \"Kerrang!\", Tom Shepherd said the band \"stack their sound in favour of their saccharine melodies\"", "Would You Believe? (The Hollies album) Would You Believe? (The Hollies album) Would You Believe? is an album by the Hollies, released in 1966. It features a cover of Simon and Garfunkel's \"I Am a Rock,\" which displayed progression for the band at the time – the rising folk-rock nascent was on the horizon. However, \"Would You Believe\" also features covers of Buddy Holly's \"Take Your Time\" and Chuck Berry's \"Sweet Little Sixteen\" — by 1966, R&B and blues covers were becoming passé. Another sign of growth for the band on \"Would You Believe\" includes the Evie Sands cover, \"I Can't Let Go\", a major hit", "Get Lost, Find Yourself matched with a \"more measured use of the chuggy breakdowns\" and as a result the album benefits. The album was included at number 28 on \"Rock Sound\"s top 50 releases of 2015 list. Get Lost, Find Yourself Get Lost, Find Yourself is the third studio album by French rock band Chunk! No, Captain Chunk!, released on 18 May 2015. It is their first album without founding drummer Jonathan Donnaes, who left the band to spend time with his fiancée in August 2014. The first single, \"Playing Dead\", was released on 24 March 2015. The second single, \"The Other Line\" was", "Too Lost in You included in the set list for their 2008 Change Tour. The trio played it on 3 July 2008 at the Liverpool Summer Pops, held in Echo Arena Liverpool. In June 2009, they performed the single at the Cannock Chase Forrest as part of a 75-minute show, and at Canterbury, Kent as the sixth song on the set list. During the latter performance, members of the crowd began to leave the event after Range forgot the words to the song. The Sugababes performed \"Too Lost in You\" on 10 July 2009 at the Riverside Ground in County Durham, England, as part", "Anything (To Find You) find to be a much needed breath of fresh air in Europop centric world, Monica has once again proven why she is the kind of artist whose creativity and skill is firmly based in her ability to deliver enjoyable music.\" \"Billboard\" called the track \"a throwback to '90s hip-hop,\" adding: \"Monica arrives with lyrics that combine attitude and vulnerability ... With \"Anything (To Find You)\", she das issued another soft jam to secure her status as an R&B queen in the company of Mary J. Blige.\" Before being released as a digital download and rhythmic radio, \"Anything (To Find You)\"", "Lost in You (Chris Gaines song) Lost in You (Chris Gaines song) \"Lost in You\" is a song co-written by Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick, and Tommy Sims. It was recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks under the fictitious persona of Australian alternative rock artist Chris Gaines. It was released in July 1999 as the lead single from the album \"Greatest Hits\". Originally, the album was intended to be the soundtrack for a movie called \"The Lamb\" that would star Brooks as a rock star recalling the different periods of his life. The single was purposefully released over a year in advance from the scheduled", "I'll Never Find Another You song for her 1968 album \"Nora Aunor Sings\". I'll Never Find Another You \"I'll Never Find Another You\" is a 1964 single by The Seekers which reached No. 1 in the UK in February 1965. It was The Seekers' first UK-released single, and was the second-best selling single of 1965 in the UK. The song was also popular in the US, reaching peaks of No. 4 pop and No. 2 easy listening on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 charts. The track was written and produced by Tom Springfield, who was also responsible for most of The Seekers' subsequent hits. The tune", "I'll Never Find Another You I'll Never Find Another You \"I'll Never Find Another You\" is a 1964 single by The Seekers which reached No. 1 in the UK in February 1965. It was The Seekers' first UK-released single, and was the second-best selling single of 1965 in the UK. The song was also popular in the US, reaching peaks of No. 4 pop and No. 2 easy listening on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 charts. The track was written and produced by Tom Springfield, who was also responsible for most of The Seekers' subsequent hits. The tune received a 1967 US revival as a country", "Would you rather Would you rather \"Would you rather\" is a conversation or party game that poses a dilemma in the form of a question beginning with \"would you rather\". The dilemma can be between two supposedly good options, such as, \"Would you rather have the power of flight or the power of invisibility?\", two attrative choices such as \"Would you rather have money or have fame?\", or it can be between two supposedly bad options, as in, \"Would you rather sleep with your best friend's lover or your lover's best friend?\" The players, sometimes including the questioner, then must choose their answers.", "Too Lost in You Curtis, specifically chose the song for the film, and described the soundtrack as \"the life and soul of the film.\" According to Heather Phares of AllMusic, \"[a]n emphasis on songs from British artists, such as Sugababes' \"Too Lost in You\" [...] keep the soundtrack from becoming too predictable\". \"Too Lost in You\" is the second single from \"Three\", and was released as a CD single and 12-inch single in the United Kingdom on 15 December 2003. The song's release around Christmas time prompted several media outlets to classify it as a contender for the 2004 Christmas number one. \"Too Lost", "I Hope You Find It I Hope You Find It \"I Hope You Find It\" is a country pop and adult contemporary ballad by American entertainer Miley Cyrus recorded most popular by Cher. It was written by Steven Robson and Jeffrey Steele for inclusion on the soundtrack of Cyrus' 2010 film \"The Last Song\". Although \"I Hope You Find It\" was not released as a single from the album, it debuted at #8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10, 2010 and peaked at #5 a week later, on the basis of a large amount of digital downloads alone.", "I Hope You Find It 17 and remained in the top 20 for 15 non-consecutive weeks. I Hope You Find It \"I Hope You Find It\" is a country pop and adult contemporary ballad by American entertainer Miley Cyrus recorded most popular by Cher. It was written by Steven Robson and Jeffrey Steele for inclusion on the soundtrack of Cyrus' 2010 film \"The Last Song\". Although \"I Hope You Find It\" was not released as a single from the album, it debuted at #8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10, 2010 and peaked at #5 a week later,", "Find You (Nick Jonas song) 2017, he performed the song on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\". On October 4, 2017 he performed the song during an episode of Total Request Live. On November 19, 2017, he performed \"Find You\" on the American Music Awards. Find You (Nick Jonas song) \"Find You\" is a song by American singer Nick Jonas. It was released on September 14, 2017, through Island and Safehouse Records, released as the second single of his upcoming album. On September 11, 2017, Jonas teased his next track on Twitter. On Instagram, Jonas teased the track with a series of images showing the same desert", "Would You Like a Tour? that the \"Would You Like A Tour?\" was set to feature in over 38 stadiums and arenas across the United States and Canada. The tour was scheduled to begin on October 18 in Pittsburgh, and conclude on December 18 in Philadelphia. The \"Would You Like a Tour?\" concert tour was in support of Drake's third studio album, \"Nothing Was the Same\". On October 15, 2013, it was reported that Future had been removed from the tour due to disparaging comments made by him towards Drake during a \"Billboard\" interview. It was rumored that Future was demanding $1.5 million for lost", "Miami Gardens, Broward County, Florida Miami Gardens, Broward County, Florida Miami Gardens was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,706 at the 2000 census. It was one of the four unincorporated neighborhoods that were incorporated to create the new city of West Park in 2005. This area is distinct from the City of Miami Gardens, a Miami-Dade County municipality which incorporated in 2003. Miami Gardens is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,706", "Until I Find You as an adolescent. The second half of the narrative sees Jack on the road to discovering the truth behind the misconceptions that his younger self once thought he understood. In the book, Jack earns the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1999. In reality, this award went to John Irving himself in 1999 for his adaptation of his own book, \"The Cider House Rules\". Additionally, Jack loses the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor to Michael Caine, who also won for \"The Cider House Rules\" that year. Until I Find You Until I Find You (2005) is the 11th published", "Take What You Find Take What You Find Take What You Find is the twelfth studio album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1980 by Capitol Records. It was her last album while under contract with the aforementioned record label before signing with MCA Records. Like the previous three -- \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\", \"Live In London\", and \"Reddy\" -- it failed to sell enough copies to reach \"Billboard\" magazine's list of the 200 Top LP's & Tapes of the week in the US but also became her first studio LP that didn't have a single appearing on either", "Too Lost in You as \"stunning\". Writing for \"Hot Press\", Phil Udell praised the Sugababes' performance of the ballad, which he considered a transition from Warren's \"big radio number\" into \"something genuinely lovely\". Becky Howard and Andrew Williams of the \"London Evening Standard\" wrote that \"Too Lost in You\" \"[sweeps] you up all misty-eyed\" and regarded it as \"utterly brilliant\" in comparison to \"Caught in a Moment\", another ballad from \"Three\". \"The Observer\"s Kitty Empire was unfavourable and criticised the song's \"dead maturity\", while Stuart McCaighy of \"This Is Fake DIY\" regarded the song as turgid. Fiona Shepherd of \"The Scotsman\" dismissed lines such", "Which Side Are You On? Which Side Are You On? \"Which Side Are You On?\" is a song written in 1931 by Florence Reece, the wife of Sam Reece, a union organizer for the United Mine Workers in Harlan County, Kentucky. In 1931, the miners and the mine owners in southeastern Kentucky were locked in a bitter and violent struggle called the Harlan County War. In an attempt to intimidate the family of union leader Sam Reece, Sheriff J. H. Blair and his men, hired by the mining company, illegally entered their home in search of Reece. Reece had been warned in advance and escaped", "Take What You Find already sung about the previous year in \"Take What You Find\" goes so far as to recommend taking any sexual encounter available, even if it means lowering one's standards: Charles Donovan's retrospective review on Allmusic described the new tack Reddy was taking: \"In search of a harder rock edge, Reddy employed Dr. Hook producer Ron Haffkine for \"Take What You Find\", but despite tougher material like 'Killer Barracuda,' this was essentially another MOR-focused collection. Whatever artistic development there might have been failed to reverse Reddy's commercial decline.\" The reviewer for \"Billboard\" magazine also noted the different feel of this project.", "Which Side Are You On? \"Coal Mining Women\". The song is referred to by Bob Dylan in the song \"Desolation Row\". It was also the inspiration for the title of Alessandro Portelli's 2011 book on Harlan County's coal mining community. Which Side Are You On? \"Which Side Are You On?\" is a song written in 1931 by Florence Reece, the wife of Sam Reece, a union organizer for the United Mine Workers in Harlan County, Kentucky. In 1931, the miners and the mine owners in southeastern Kentucky were locked in a bitter and violent struggle called the Harlan County War. In an attempt to intimidate", "Somewhere I'll Find You and $1,129,000 elsewhere, making the studio a profit of $1,749,000. Somewhere I'll Find You Somewhere I'll Find You is a 1942 film directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. The film took almost two years to complete and was the last film Gable starred in before he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces for World War II. His next film was the post-war \"Adventure\" (1945). In October 1941, war correspondents and brothers \"Jonny\" (Clark Gable) and Kirk Davis (Robert Sterling) return to the still-neutral United States after being", "Somewhere I'll Find You Somewhere I'll Find You Somewhere I'll Find You is a 1942 film directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. The film took almost two years to complete and was the last film Gable starred in before he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces for World War II. His next film was the post-war \"Adventure\" (1945). In October 1941, war correspondents and brothers \"Jonny\" (Clark Gable) and Kirk Davis (Robert Sterling) return to the still-neutral United States after being kicked out of Germany. Jonny's boss, isolationist \"New York Daily", "The Lost Chords find Paolo Fresu music, this baby trumps \"The Lost Chords\" quartet date (it's sort of amazing that's even possible) in all the right places, making it arguably the finest small group record Bley's ever made\". The All About Jazz review by John Kelman said that \"\"The Lost Chords Find Paolo Fresu\" finds Bley at her most elegant compositionally; but with a certain je ne sais quoi that still injects subtle levity. Beautiful\" Another review by Budd Kopman stated \"Carla Bley has composed music for her quartet, plus the outstanding Italian trumpeter Paolo Fresu that is just about the ideal mixture of beauty and", "If There Is Light, It Will Find You If There Is Light, It Will Find You If There Is Light, It Will Find You is the seventh studio album by American rock band Senses Fail. It charted at number 57 on the \"Billboard\" 200. This is the first Senses Fail album with lyrics written solely by vocalist Buddy Nielsen. On June 27, 2017, The band entered the studio with Saosin guitarist Beau Burchell, who also handled recording duties on \"In Your Absence\", to begin recording the album. Nielsen commented that the album would feature a style more akin to earlier releases, such as \"Let It Enfold You\". On", "Would You Be Mine? Would You Be Mine? Would you be mine? is a song by Italian/Swiss singer-songwriter Diamá, it was released as her third single from her upcoming debut album We're not done on August 19, 2014 exclusively on iTunes 2014 (Mastered for iTunes) andw will be released in all other digital music stores on September 2, 2014. The song, which was produced by producer Jason Grey, was co-written by Jiameé and Diamá herself. \"Would you be mine?\" is a Pop song produced and composed by Jason Grey and co-written by Jiameé and Diamá. \"Would you be mine?\" premiered on August 12, 2014,", "Somewhere I'll Find You \"Red Light\" but changed back to \"Somewhere I'll Find You\" before its release. It was the last film made by Gable prior to his military service during World War II; he did not make another film until 1945. The film was, like the Gable/Turner pairing in \"Honky Tonk\" (1941), a box office success. The pair later made two more films together, \"Homecoming\" (1948) and \"Betrayed\" (1954). Both those movies, like \"Somewhere I'll Find You,\" had Gable and Turner serving as comrades and lovers in World War II. According to MGM records the film earned $2,885,000 in the US and Canada", "Would you rather Answering \"neither\" or \"both\" is against the rules. This leads the players to debate their rationales. In December 2011, BBC America premiered a television show based on the game, titled \"Would You Rather...? with Graham Norton\". The game is played on the TV shows \"Family Guy\", \"Extras\" and Zoey 101 episode \"Lola Likes Chase\", the podcasts \"Comedy Bang! Bang!\" and Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast, and in the 2012 horror film \"Would You Rather\". Would you rather \"Would you rather\" is a conversation or party game that poses a dilemma in the form of a question beginning with \"would", "You Lost Me wine, and what's playing over the sound system? The Knife and Arthur Russell. She doesn't listen to pop music\". In the standard edition of \"Bionic\", the couple co-wrote three tracks, including \"You Lost Me\". The song was described as \"the heart of the album\" by Aguilera. According to the \"Herald Sun\", Aguilera wanted to collaborated more with Furler for the album. \"You Lost Me\" was announced to be released as the third single in the US and the second internationally from \"Bionic\", while \"I Hate Boys\" would be the second single in Australia. The single's cover artwork was revealed three", "Gardens of ancient Egypt of trees. The house resembled the kiosks in gardens, where the owner would play checkers or relax. The dead were traditionally surrounded by the objects they would have enjoyed in life, and it was expected that they would continue to enjoy their gardens in their afterlife. The inscription of one tomb said: \"You promenade at your ease by the lovely bank of your pond; your heart rejoices from your trees and is refreshed under your sycamores; your heart is satisfied by the water from your wells that you made so that they would last forever.\" Trees were used in the", "Anything (To Find You) taken from \"New Life\" liner notes. Anything (To Find You) \"Anything (To Find You)\" is a song by American recording artist Monica taken from her seventh studio album, \"New Life\" (2012). It features additional vocals from American rapper Rick Ross, and was written and produced by longtime contributors Missy Elliott and Cainon Lamb with additional penning from fellow R&B singer Jazmine Sullivan, Henry Fuse, Miguel \"Pro\" Castro, and William Roberts. The song samples 1995's \"Who Shot Ya?\" performed by The Notorious B.I.G. and Diddy, and uses an interpolation of Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's 1968 hit, \"You're All I Need", "Anything (To Find You) Anything (To Find You) \"Anything (To Find You)\" is a song by American recording artist Monica taken from her seventh studio album, \"New Life\" (2012). It features additional vocals from American rapper Rick Ross, and was written and produced by longtime contributors Missy Elliott and Cainon Lamb with additional penning from fellow R&B singer Jazmine Sullivan, Henry Fuse, Miguel \"Pro\" Castro, and William Roberts. The song samples 1995's \"Who Shot Ya?\" performed by The Notorious B.I.G. and Diddy, and uses an interpolation of Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's 1968 hit, \"You're All I Need to Get By.\" A lyrical homage", "Find You (Zedd song) Find You (Zedd song) \"Find You\" is a song by Russian-German musician and producer Zedd for the \"Divergent\". It was released as the first single from the soundtrack on 26 January 2014. The song features vocals from Swedish singer Miriam Bryant and American pop singer Matthew Koma, and was written by all three artists alongside Victor Radstrom, a frequent collaborator of Bryant. A lyric video was released on 30 January 2014. The song is written in the key of E major, with a tempo of 128 beats per minute and a vocal range from E♭4 to E♭5. The music video", "Too Lost in You the lyrics follow the verse-chorus form; the song also includes a middle eight performed by Range. \"Too Lost in You\" is emotive and melodic, and presents the group's dark harmonies throughout. According to Harry Rubenstein of \"The Jerusalem Post\", \"[in 'Too Lost in You'] we're led to believe that these girls are actually losing control in a moment of passion, but the song refrains from moving into typical pop fairy-land characters\". A survey conducted by scientists in 2004 found that the song's slow tempo can assist in the prevention of accidents and promotion of safer driving. The song received generally", "Too Lost in You Kingdom. A music video for the single was directed by Andy Morahan and filmed at London Stansted Airport over a two-day period. It features each member of the Sugababes with a man from the airport. Since its release, \"Too Lost in You\" has become a staple of the group's live performances, and was included in the set lists for their tours in support of \"Taller in More Ways\" (2005), \"\" (2006) and \"Change\" (2007). \"Too Lost in You\" is a rendition of \"Quand j'ai peur de tout\" (\"\"When I'm Afraid of Everything\"\"), a 1997 song performed by French singer Patricia", "Gardens of Grief Gardens of Grief Gardens of Grief is an EP by Swedish melodic death metal band At the Gates. This EP was later re-released as a split CD with Grotesque's \"In the Embrace of Evil\" album. On the inlay of the rerelease you can find this line: \"Tomas wants to dedicate the lyrics in 'At the Gates' to the memory of Per Ohlin ..R.I.P...\" He was the vocalist of Mayhem and Morbid who committed suicide in April 1991. When the tracks were recorded at Sunlight Studio, At the Gates had been playing together for \"roughly\" four months. Björler accredits this period", "Too Lost in You release. The Sugababes performed \"Too Lost in You\" on the British television programme \"TRL\" in December 2003, and at the MTV Asia Awards on 14 February 2004. The song was one of six tracks that they played on 20 June 2004 at Live & Loud, a music event held at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland. The group performed \"Too Lost in You\", along with \"Hole in the Head\" and \"In the Middle\", at Birmingham's Party in the Park festival on 10 July 2004. The song was played as part of a gig in August 2004 at Delamere Forest, Cheshire, in", "Too Lost in You became the band's first top-forty hit on the French Singles Chart, where it appeared at number 22. \"Too Lost in You\" also reached the top forty on the singles charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, New Zealand and Sweden. The music video for \"Too Lost in You\" was directed by Andy Morahan and filmed at London Stansted Airport in November 2003 over a two-day period. It premiered on the Sugababes' official website in the same month, and was included on the song's CD release. The video begins with the trio walking together in the airport. Buchanan captures the attention of a", "Lost You Anyway Lost You Anyway \"Lost You Anyway\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in March 2009 as the third and final single from his album \"That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy\". The song peaked at number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. Keith wrote this song with Bobby Pinson. \"Lost You Anyway\" is a mid-tempo country ballad in which the male narrator looks back on a failed relationship. He lists off various things that he could have done in attempts to keep his lover from leaving, but", "You Lost the Sweetest Boy You Lost the Sweetest Boy \"You Lost the Sweetest Boy\" is a song written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and released as a single by Motown star Mary Wells. The song is most noted for the background vocals by The Supremes and The Temptations. In this song, the narrator of the song gets back at a girl whom she says always chased after other boys while supposedly with a boyfriend. The narrator ends up winning the girl's boyfriend's affections and before she knew it, the boyfriend had left her for the narrator causing her to chant, \"you lost the sweetest boy that you", "Mevagissey salt was also used for adding to butter at the same factory. Barley, grown nearby, was exported to Campbeltown, Scotland. There are currently 63 registered fishing vessels in the harbour worked by 69 fishermen. The harbour also offers tourist fishing trips and there is a regular summer passenger ferry to Fowey. The Heligan estate is located on the steep slopes above Mevagissey, albeit mostly in the adjoining civil parish of St Ewe. The long term home of the Tremayne family, the estate is now best known as the location of the Lost Gardens of Heligan, a recently restored Victorian garden.", "Gold Is Where You Find It of Robin Hood\", which was not ready for release. So he chose this screenplay, making it probably the first Western shot in the new process, and second Warner Bros. movie to be shot in new Technicolor. The film was shot near Weaverville, California. Gold Is Where You Find It Gold is Where You Find It is a 1938 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring George Brent, Olivia de Havilland, and Claude Rains. Based on a story by Clements Ripley, with a screenplay by Warren Duff and Robert Buckner, the film is about the rivalry between farmers", "Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom deciphered by the player using a magic viewer, similar to 3D glasses. A \"clue hotline\" was also available for players, providing them with pre-recorded hints on how to finish each level. Robert J. Sodaro of \"Ahoy!\" wrote, \"I must admit, the lure of the Lost Kingdom is strong, but having to fumble through several sessions without direction almost sent me hying back to civilization. No documentation may have sounded good in the planning stages, but at the game-playing stage, engaging and coherent instructions would have sounded much better. If you have the tenacity to muddle through, however, you'll find much", "I Hope You Find It back on disparaging comments regarding Cyrus' controversial 2013 MTV Video Music Awards performance. In 2013, \"I Hope You Find It\" was covered by American singer Cher, who released it as the second single from her twenty-fifth album \"Closer to the Truth\". Her rendition is prominently a country pop ballad. \"I Hope You Find It\" became Cher's biggest radio hit in the United Kingdom in the 21st century, reaching number thirty-four on the official UK Airplay Chart. On the UK Singles Chart, the song debuted at number twenty-five, becoming Cher's first top 40 hit since \"The Music's No Good Without You\"" ]

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[ "Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a \"Sanskritised register\" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more." ]

[ "Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.", "Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.", "The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate]. Ratio: 1,411,200/128,000 = 11.025). An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.", "The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service. John maximised his right to demand relief payments when estates and castles were inherited, sometimes charging enormous sums, beyond barons' abilities to pay. Building on the successful sale of sheriff appointments in 1194, John initiated a new round of appointments, with the new incumbents making back their investment through increased fines and penalties, particularly in the forests. Another innovation of Richard's, increased charges levied on widows who wished to remain single, was expanded under John. John continued to sell charters for new towns, including the planned town of Liverpool, and charters were sold for markets across the kingdom and in Gascony.[nb 11] The king introduced new taxes and extended existing ones. The Jews, who held a vulnerable position in medieval England, protected only by the king, were subject to huge taxes; £44,000 was extracted from the community by the tallage of 1210; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders.[nb 12] John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 – effectively a version of a modern income tax – that produced £60,000; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the crown. John found that these measures enabled him to raise further resources through the confiscation of the lands of barons who could not pay or refused to pay.", "Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.", "The word \"insect\" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning \"with a notched or divided body\", or literally \"cut into\", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, \"to cut into, to cut up\", from in- \"into\" and secare \"to cut\"; because insects appear \"cut into\" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or \"insect\" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their \"notched\" bodies. \"Insect\" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for \"insect\" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu \"to cut\" and mil, \"animal\"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, \"to cut\"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', \"to cut\"), etc.", "Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\"" ]

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[ "Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist (Franco's army's) hands throughout the war. While there were no pitched battles, there was repression and death: all political parties were abolished, as were all labor unions and Galician nationalist organizations as the Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Galicia's statute of autonomy was annulled (as were those of Catalonia and the Basque provinces once those were conquered). According to Carlos Fernández Santander, at least 4,200 people were killed either extrajudicially or after summary trials, among them republicans, communists, Galician nationalists, socialists and anarchists. Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces; Juana Capdevielle, the wife of the governor of A Coruña; mayors such as Ánxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela, of the Partido Galeguista; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Martínez Garrido in Vigo; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbatúa, José Miñones, Díaz Villamil, Ignacio Seoane, and former deputy Heraclio Botana); soldiers who had not joined the rebellion, such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola; and the founders of the PG, Alexandre Bóveda and Víctor Casas, as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists, as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana. Many others were forced to escape into exile, or were victims of other reprisals and removed from their jobs and positions." ]

[ "The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.", "Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).", "England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.", "To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\".", "The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.", "Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.", "A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a \"bit stuff violation\" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver." ]

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[ "A woman is walking." ]

[ "A man is walking past a store.", "It's okay if you fight a lot, you can still stay here.", "Hawaii's culture had a warm, friendly and family feel to it.", "A child does cartwheels.", "Asian girl and an old man walking to the marked ground.", "A man is on a sailboat", "That is the key, I will not look at the papers at all." ]

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[ "Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families." ]

[ "Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.", "Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the \"Neolithic Revolution\". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.", "Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.", "Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements. Finally, in December 1894, the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills, tactics and weaponry. These units were collectively called the New Army. The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China.", "There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called \"the Broadway of the Bronx\", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial \"bow-tie\" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.", "Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.", "The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology." ]

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[ "A kid is hiding." ]

[ "A kid is hiding under the kitchen table.", "A man is riding his bike on the street", "You get a cash advance on one credit card to pay off another credit card.", "Our results will be new data that can be used to find solutions to the pricing out of a lawyer's public interest law, due to low salaries and law school debt.", "We found out that our Discover and Visa card does not have an annual fee.", "A man is making music.", "He saw what happened and the others did as well." ]

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[ "Men charged forth to meet her, but succumbed to the ravages of her blade." ]

[ "She stood alone, walking in the dead of night down the alleyways of the market.", "Two men are getting their picture taken with a phone.", "The man is holding a weapon.", "a guy is eating a sandwich inside", "The woman was writing while music played", "Stop getting your slobber all over me.", "An Asian lady is cooking noodles." ]

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[ "Wars of Scottish Independence Wars of Scottish Independence The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion by Edward Balliol and the \"Disinherited\" in 1332, and ended in 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland and the" ]

[ "Stranraer of the first areas in the country to do so, behind Workington and the Scottish Borders. This opened up a number of digital services for the town and the surrounding area, which previously struggled to get even the likes of Channel Five on their television sets. The Battle of Loch Ryan was fought near Stranraer on 9/10 February 1307 during the Scottish Wars of Independence. King Robert I of Scotland's invasion of his ancestral lands in Annandale and Carrick began in 1307. The Annandale and Galloway invasion force was led by his brothers Alexander de Brus and Thomas de Brus,", "Robert the Bruce Robert the Bruce Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: '; modern Scottish Gaelic: '; Norman French: ' or '; Early Scots: \"Robert Brus\"; ), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation, and eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent country and is today revered in Scotland as a national hero. Descended from the Anglo-Norman and Gaelic", "Robert II of Scotland hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new entail naming Marjorie's son, Robert, as heir should the king die without a successor. The birth of a son, afterwards David II, to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart's position as heir presumptive, but a Parliament at Cambuskenneth in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir. This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire and the Lothians. The first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol. His short reign", "William Wallace William Wallace Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: \"Uilleam Uallas\" ; Norman French: \"William le Waleys\"; died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn, and quartered", "Robert Munro, 6th Baron of Foulis to Robert Munro, 6th Baron's existence are the Calendar Munro of Fowlis Writs, a series of legal agreements, now preserved in the Register House in Edinburgh, that conclusively prove that the Munro family held land in Ross-shire in the early 14th century and earlier to 1299. The Wars of Scottish Independence began during Robert Munro's chieftaincy. The Munros, from early times held their land direct from the crown, but even so, until 1478 they were regarded as vassals of the Earl of Ross. This may explain the \"obscure\" record of them from these times. William II, Earl of Ross may", "Robert the Bruce favourite axe. To this day, the story stands in folklore as a testament of the Scottish people and their culture. Robert the Bruce Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: '; modern Scottish Gaelic: '; Norman French: ' or '; Early Scots: \"Robert Brus\"; ), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation, and eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place", "Battle of Roslin has lingered in the public imagination to this day. A monument cairn erected by the Roslin Heritage Society at the end of the 20th century marks the site of the battle. At the start of the 21st century the battlefield was under research to be inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. Battle of Roslin The Battle of Roslin was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. It took place near the village of Roslin, Midlothian on 24 February 1303. An Anglo-Scottish truce expired on 30 November 1302, and the English", "Wars of Scottish Independence his nobles when he married the widow of a minor laird after the death of his English wife. He himself died in February 1371. By the end of the campaign, Scotland was independent and remained thus, until the unification of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to create the single Kingdom of Great Britain was completed in the Treaty of Union of 1707. Notes Citations Wars of Scottish Independence The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early", "William Wallace the Wallace Monument dedicated in 1869. William Wallace Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: \"Uilleam Uallas\" ; Norman French: \"William le Waleys\"; died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who", "Capitulation of Irvine his fealty to Edward anew, only to break it as soon as he was released. The Capitulations of Irvine, is housed in the National Archives, Kew Surrey, England. Capitulation of Irvine The Capitulation of Irvine was an early armed conflict of the Wars of Scottish Independence which took place on 9 June 1297. Due to dissension among the Scottish leadership, it resulted in a stand-off. In May 1297, William Wallace killed William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark. At the time, it was not an isolated incident, although it is unclear whether this was a spontaneous occurrence or", "Battle of Loch Ryan Battle of Loch Ryan The Battle of Loch Ryan was a battle fought on 9/10 February 1307 during the Scottish Wars of Independence near Stranraer on Loch Ryan, Galloway, Scotland. King Robert I of Scotland's invasion of his ancestral lands in Annandale and Carrick began in 1307. The Annandale and Galloway invasion force was led by his brothers Alexander de Brus and Thomas de Brus, Malcolm McQuillan, Lord of Kintyre, an Irish sub king and Sir Reginald de Crawford. The force consisted of 1000 men and eighteen galleys. They sailed into Loch Ryan and landed near Stranraer. The invasion force", "Unionism in Scotland with some historians dating its foundation from the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin in 843. The independence of the Kingdom of Scotland was fought over between Scottish kings and by the Norman and Angevin rulers of England. A key period in the Kingdom of Scotland's history was a succession crisis that started in 1290, when Edward I of England claimed the Scottish throne. The resulting wars of Scottish Independence which led to Scotland securing its independent status, with Robert the Bruce (crowned in 1306) winning a major confrontation at Bannockburn in 1314. England, Ireland and Scotland shared the same monarch in", "Scottish independence Scottish independence Scottish independence (; ) is the political movement for Scotland to become a sovereign state independent of the United Kingdom. In 2014, a national referendum was held in Scotland. Voters were asked: \"Should Scotland be an independent country?\" 45% of voters answered yes and 55% answered no, with a turnout of 85%. Scotland emerged as an independent polity during the Early Middle Ages, with some historians dating its foundation from the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin in 843. The level of independence of the Scottish kingdom was fought over by the Scottish kings and by the Norman and Angevin", "Roslin, Midlothian fanciful. Legend has it the village was founded in 203 A.D. by Asterius, a Pict. In 1303 Roslin was the site of a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. In 1446, Rosslyn Chapel was constructed, under the guide of William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness. Roslin became important as the seat of the St Clair (or Sinclair) family. In 1456 King James II granted it the status of a burgh. Coal mining has been a major occupation from the twelfth to the late twentieth centuries. From the 19th century onward, the attractions of the Glen, Castle and Chapel", "Battle of Falkirk of the Antonine Fort. Battle of Falkirk The Battle of Falkirk (\"Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice\" in Gaelic), which took place on 22 July 1298, was one of the major battles in the First War of Scottish Independence. Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, led by William Wallace. Shortly after the battle Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland. King Edward learned of the defeat of his northern army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. After concluding a truce with the French king, Philip the Fair in October 1297, he returned to England on 14", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth. The Earl of Surrey had won a victory over the aristocracy of Scotland at the Battle of Dunbar. However, by August 1297 Moray and Wallace controlled almost all of Scotland north of the Forth, except for Dundee. Surrey marched north with an army from Wicker to", "Scottish Games in North Carolina convince him to help her start highland games in North Carolina. Mr. MacDonald agreed and the first games were held on August 19, 1956, on the anniversary of the landing of Bonnie Prince Charlie in Scotland and the beginning of the 1745 uprising. The two set out to model the games after what Mr. MacDonald remembered from the Braemar games and using the program he had brought back with him. The very first games were only one day in length with two bands and a small group of competitions. The games were small at first with only 1500 attendees, but", "Inch, Dumfries and Galloway waterfront. The name \"Inch\" is of Gaelic origin, and means an island or a meadow. It is found quite commonly in Scottish place names. On 9–10 February 1307 the Battle of Loch Ryan was fought during the Scottish Wars of Independence near Stranraer. This area has been known as, and has been recorded in deeds and charters, as \"Inch\" and \"Insche\" from about the 15th century, when it was part of the Sheriffdom of Wigtown. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Wigtownshire was composed of baronies which were controlled and defended by the hereditary barons. For example, in 1608 William", "Scotland in the early modern period Edinburgh, Dumbarton, and Stirling. As part of the British Army, Scottish regiments took part in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13), the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20), wars with Spain (1727–29) and (1738–48) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1740–48). The first official Highland regiment to be raised for the British army was the Black Watch in 1740, but the growth of Highland regiments was delayed by the 1745 Jacobite rising. The bulk of Jacobite armies were made up of Highlanders, serving in clan regiments. The clan gentlemen formed the front ranks of the unit and were more heavily armed", "Battle of Falkirk Battle of Falkirk The Battle of Falkirk (\"Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice\" in Gaelic), which took place on 22 July 1298, was one of the major battles in the First War of Scottish Independence. Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, led by William Wallace. Shortly after the battle Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland. King Edward learned of the defeat of his northern army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. After concluding a truce with the French king, Philip the Fair in October 1297, he returned to England on 14 March 1298 to continue", "Battle of Stanhope Park Unable to raise this sort of money again to resist another Scots incursion in 1328, the English were forced to negotiate, leading to the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, which recognised Robert Bruce's claim to the throne of Scotland and dropped English claims of feudal superiority over the monarchs of Scotland. Battle of Stanhope Park The Battle of Stanhope Park, part of the First War of Scottish Independence, took place during the night of 3–4 August 1327. The Scots under James Douglas led a raid into Weardale, and Roger Mortimer, accompanied by the newly crowned Edward III on his first campaign, led", "Stirling with different lettering. Sibbald conflated the two mottos into a single rhyme; he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece's work. Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century, with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs. A ferry, and later bridge, on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its tidal port at Riverside. Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving William Wallace and Robert the Bruce respectively.", "Stirlingshire Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth, at the Battle of Stirling Bridge during the First War of Scottish Independence. On 22 July 1298 the Battle of Falkirk saw the defeat of William Wallace by King Edward I of England. On 24 June 1314 the Battle of Bannockburn at Bannockburn, (\"Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich\" in Scottish Gaelic) was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was one of the decisive battles of the First War of", "Clan MacQuarrie manuscript describes the descent of Clan MacQuarrie from their namesake progenitor \"Guaire\" (\"Scottish Gaelic\" for: noble), brother of \"Fingon\" (ancestor of Clan MacKinnon) and \"Anrias\" (ancestor of Clan Gregor). They were fierce fighters in the Wars of Scottish Independence and fought in support of King Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Clan MacQuarrie is first found in possession of the island of Ulva in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, and followed the Lords of the Isles. The first record of Clan MacQuarrie is of the chief John Macquarrie of Ulva, who died in 1473. John's son, Dunslaff,", "Capitulation of Irvine Capitulation of Irvine The Capitulation of Irvine was an early armed conflict of the Wars of Scottish Independence which took place on 9 June 1297. Due to dissension among the Scottish leadership, it resulted in a stand-off. In May 1297, William Wallace killed William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark. At the time, it was not an isolated incident, although it is unclear whether this was a spontaneous occurrence or co-ordinated with other risings in Scotland. The story that Wallace was seeking revenge for the killing by Heselrig of his wife, Marion Braidfute of Lamington is derived from", "Scots Wha Hae title \"Robert Bruce's March To Bannockburn\", and a postscript saying that he had been inspired by Bruce's 'glorious struggle for Freedom, associated with the glowing ideas of some other struggles of the same nature, not quite so ancient.' This is seen as a covert reference to the Radical movement, and particularly to the trial of the Glasgow lawyer Thomas Muir of Huntershill, whose trial began on 30 August 1793 as part of a British government crackdown, after the French Revolutionary Wars led to France declaring war on the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 February 1793. Muir was accused of", "Rob Roy MacGregor (1695-1754), Ranald (1706-1786), Coll (died 1735) and Robert (1715-1754 - known as Robin Oig or Young Rob). It has been claimed that they also adopted a cousin named Duncan, but this is not certain. Along with many Highland clansmen, at the age of eighteen Rob Roy together with his father joined the Jacobite rising of 1689 led by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, known as Bonnie Dundee, to support the Stuart King James II who had fled Britain during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Although victorious in initial battles, Dundee was killed in 1689, deflating the rebellion. Rob's father was", "Scotland in the Late Middle Ages said to date from at least the 15th century. The earliest reference to the Saint Andrew's Cross as a flag is to be found in the \"Vienna Book of Hours\", circa 1503. Scotland in the Late Middle Ages Scotland in the Late Middle Ages, between the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and James IV in 1513, established its independence from England under figures including William Wallace in the late 13th century and Robert Bruce in the 14th century. In the 15th century under the Stewart Dynasty, despite a turbulent political history, the Crown gained greater political control at the", "Clan Murray Clan Oliphant. He was a regent of Scotland in 1255. He also started construction of Bothwell Castle, which became one of the most powerful strongholds in Scotland. It was the seat of the chiefs of Clan Murray until 1360 when it passed over to the Clan Douglas. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Andrew Moray took up the cause of Scottish independence against Edward I of England and he was joined by William Wallace. Andrew Moray was killed following the Scottish victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, after which Wallace assumed command of Scottish forces. It has", "Clan Fraser of Lovat Among those listed, the families of Moubray, Ramsay, Laundells, Valognes, Boys and Fraser are certainly or probably introduced under King William. The earliest written record of Frasers in Scotland is in 1160, when a Simon Fraser held lands in East Lothian at Keith. In that year, he made the gift of a church to the Tironensian monks at Kelso Abbey. The Frasers moved into Tweeddale in the 12th and 13th centuries and from there into the counties of Stirling, Angus, Inverness and Aberdeen. During the Scottish Wars of Independence, Sir Simon Fraser, known as \"the Patriot\", fought first with the", "Action at Lanark Action at Lanark The Action at Lanark was an attack at Lanark, Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence in May 1297. The Scottish William Wallace led an uprising against the English and killed Sheriff William Heselrig. The attack was not an isolated incident, but rather saw Wallace joining in with risings taking place across Scotland. Not much is definitely known about this incident. The best account comes from the \"Scalacronica\" by Thomas Grey, whose father, also called Thomas Grey, was present. A fracas broke out at a court being held by Heselrig, but Wallace was able to escape", "Independent Highland Companies native clansmen and who were keeping the peace to some extent. Scotland followed England in dethroning King James II (VII of Scotland) and replacing him with William III of Orange, whose wife was a Stuart princess, in what was known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A Jacobite rising in favour of James broke out in 1689 led by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee who had scraped together an army of 1000 men, mainly from the Highland clans such as Clan Cameron, Clan MacGregor, Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, Clan MacDonald of Sleat, Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, MacDonald of Glencoe, Clan", "Battle of Killiecrankie Battle of Killiecrankie The Battle of Killiecrankie (), also referred to as the Battle of Rinrory by contemporaries, took place on 27 July 1689 during the First Jacobite Rising between a Jacobite force of Scots and Irish and those of the new Williamite government. The Jacobites won a stunning victory but suffered heavy casualties, their commander John Graham, Viscount Dundee being killed in the final minutes. James VII and II became King of Scotland and England in February 1685 with widespread support in both countries despite his personal Catholicism. The 1681 Scottish Succession Act confirmed his right to the Crown", "Independent Highland Companies chief, Captain Robert Menzies. In the ensuing Battle of Killiecrankie Mackay’s forces were defeated and there are various reasons and accounts given to this by different historians. However, the Menzies Independent Company was later present at the Battle of Cromdale in 1690 where the Jacobites were defeated. Troops from England and the Scottish Lowlands did not like serving in the Scottish Highlands and in view of this five Independent Highland Companies were raised over a twenty-month period from February 1691. The first of which began mustering in February of that year was commanded by Major George Munro, 1st of Newmore", "Midlothian battle of the First War of Scottish Independence, taking place on 24 February 1303 at Roslin, Midlothian. A Scottish army led by Simon Fraser and John Comyn defeated the English. The English force was raised in Northumberland and was tasked with intervening in support of the occupation forces of Edward I. The much smaller Scottish force rode through the night from Biggar, intercepted them and defeated them in two, possibly three, sharp fights. The site of the battle has been said to be the field opposite the old and new burial grounds. Members of the Comyn, Fraser and possibly Sinclair", "First War of Scottish Independence Two similar declarations were also sent by the clergy and Robert I. In 1327, Edward II of England was deposed and killed. The invasion of the North of England by Robert the Bruce forced Edward III of England to sign the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton on 1 May 1328, which recognised the independence of Scotland with Bruce as King. To further seal the peace, Robert's son and heir David married the sister of Edward III. First War of Scottish Independence The First War of Scottish Independence was the initial chapter of engagements in a series of warring periods between English and", "Second War of Scottish Independence give his support, Balliol and his followers began preparing for invasion of Scotland. The first skirmish of the Second War of Scottish Independence took place in August 1332, when Edward Balliol and his Disinherited followers took the day at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. The decisive victory left the invaders well placed in Scotland, where their ranks swelled as those who had not supported the Bruce cast their lots. Particularly prominent among Balliol's supporters were residents of Fife and Strathearn. On 24 September, Edward Balliol was crowned the King of Scots, under which title he continued to rally supporters and", "Battle of Skaithmuir the raiding party, set out to cut them off. Douglas won, and Caillou was killed. Douglas later called it the most difficult fight of his long career. The Scots under Douglas and Thomas Randolph went on to capture Berwick in April 1318. Battle of Skaithmuir The Battle of Skaithmuir was a skirmish of the First War of Scottish Independence. It took place near Coldstream, on the Anglo-Scottish border, in February 1316. The skirmish was fought between the Scottish captain Sir James Douglas, and an English raiding party from Berwick upon Tweed. The English were having difficulty getting supplies to Berwick", "Wars of Scottish Independence This marriage would not create a union between Scotland and England because the Scots insisted that the Treaty declare that Scotland was separate and divided from England and that its rights, laws, liberties and customs were wholly and inviolably preserved for all time. However, Margaret, travelling to her new kingdom, died shortly after landing on the Orkney Islands around 26 September 1290. With her death, there were 13 rivals for succession. The two leading competitors for the Scottish crown were Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale (grandfather of the future King Robert the Bruce) and John Balliol, Lord of Galloway.", "Henry de Beaumont Henry de Beaumont Henry de Beaumont, \"jure uxoris\" 4th Earl of Buchan and \"suo jure\" 1st Baron Beaumont (bef. 1280 - 10 March 1340) was a key figure in the Anglo-Scots wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, known as the Wars of Scottish Independence. Henry de Beaumont was a veteran campaigner who participated in every major engagement, from the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 to the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Although not now a widely known figure, he was, nevertheless, of considerable military and political importance. His long experience of the Scottish wars led him to develop", "Regiam Majestatem freedom in the First War of Scottish Independence, which ended \"de facto\" with the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, ending \"de jure\" in 1328 with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton. Effective government required a legal basis and its documentation, and the Scots were forced to rebuild their legal provenance quickly. The origin of the contents of the \"Regiam Majestatem\" is largely from Glanvill's \"Tractatus\". About two-thirds of the work was adopted without change from it, parts of the remainder are similar to it, and the rest is unrelated to it. This last category includes most of the fourth book, which covers", "Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms episodes in Scottish history. History of Scotland Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms Between 1639 and 1653, Scotland was involved in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of wars starting with the Bishops Wars (between Scotland and England), the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the English Civil War (and its extension in Scotland), the Irish Confederate Wars, and finally the subjugation of Ireland and Scotland by the English Roundhead New Model Army. In Scotland itself, from 1644–45 a Scottish civil war was fought between Scottish Royalists—supporters of Charles I under James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose—and the", "Holyrood Abbey of Holyrood during the four centuries of its existence as a religious house were Kings David I and II; Robert, Bishop of St. Andrews; and Fergus, Lord of Galloway. The Parliament of Scotland met at the abbey in 1256, 1285, 1327, 1366, 1384, 1389 and 1410. In 1326 Robert the Bruce held parliament here and there is evidence that Holyrood was being used as a royal residence by 1329. The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton (1328), which brought an end to the First War of Scottish Independence, was signed by Robert I in the \"King's Chamber\" at Holyrood in March 1328. The", "Scotland ships on the route to Virginia. Until the American War of Independence in 1776, Glasgow was the world's premier tobacco port, dominating world trade. The disparity between the wealth of the merchant classes of the Scottish Lowlands and the ancient clans of the Scottish Highlands grew, amplifying centuries of division. The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians, including Roman Catholics and Episcopalian Protestants. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to", "Battle of Roslin Battle of Roslin The Battle of Roslin was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. It took place near the village of Roslin, Midlothian on 24 February 1303. An Anglo-Scottish truce expired on 30 November 1302, and the English prepared for a fresh invasion of Scotland, with John Segrave as the king's lieutenant in Scotland. King Edward I ordered Segrave to carry out a large-scale reconnaissance as far as Kirkintilloch, before the king himself fought a larger campaign. This force assembled at Wark on Tweed and moved north. The English advanced in three divisions, harassed by the Scots.", "Clan Graham by the Covenanters. The battle was fought on 22 June 1679 in Lanarkshire. Dundee was appointed Commander in Chief of all Scottish Forces by King James VII but died at the Battle of Killiecrankie whilst commanding the Jacobite Forces during their victory over a much larger Williamite Army in 1689. The Clan Graham took no side in the Jacobite Uprisings and remained neutral throughout. Highlanders can thank James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose for the repeal in 1782 of the Dress Act 1746 prohibiting the wearing of highland dress. He persuaded Parliament to remove the law forbidding Scots to wear", "Battle of Skaithmuir Battle of Skaithmuir The Battle of Skaithmuir was a skirmish of the First War of Scottish Independence. It took place near Coldstream, on the Anglo-Scottish border, in February 1316. The skirmish was fought between the Scottish captain Sir James Douglas, and an English raiding party from Berwick upon Tweed. The English were having difficulty getting supplies to Berwick after the Scots had won back the surrounding territory and the garrison was facing starvation. Under Edmond Caillou, a Gascon knight, about 80 men set out from Berwick to raid Teviotdale for cattle. Douglas, having been informed that there were fewer in", "Battle of Killiecrankie groups have objected to the extent of the survey and the proposed route of the new road; these provide perspective on the unique features of the battlefield itself. Battle of Killiecrankie The Battle of Killiecrankie (), also referred to as the Battle of Rinrory by contemporaries, took place on 27 July 1689 during the First Jacobite Rising between a Jacobite force of Scots and Irish and those of the new Williamite government. The Jacobites won a stunning victory but suffered heavy casualties, their commander John Graham, Viscount Dundee being killed in the final minutes. James VII and II became King", "Gillies Hill of Stirling and the M9. Gillies Hill is the hill from which Robert the Bruce’s camp followers, or Gillies, descended onto the field of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 turning the tide of the battle which granted Scotland nearly 400 years of independence. The majority of Gillies Hill has been classified as a Semi-natural Ancient Woodland by the Woodland Trust using aerial surveys and by a follow-up Phase 1 habitat survey conducted in 2010. To date 21 Scotland & 38 United Kingdom ancient woodland indicator species have been documented on the hill demonstrating that the woodland's understory and sections", "Clan Mackintosh confederation of independent Scottish clans that was led by the Mackintosh chiefs. However their leadership was unsuccessfully challenged over the centuries by the Clan Macpherson who were part of the confederation. From this point onwards Clan Mackintosh and Chattan history is inextricably entwined. During the Wars of Scottish Independence the sixth chief of Clan Mackintosh supported Robert the Bruce. Clan Mackintosh were involved in many clan battles, mostly against Clan Cameron with whom they had an extensive feud which lasted over 350 years: The Battle of Drumlui was fought in 1337; it was a dispute between the Clan Mackintosh and", "Alan Stewart of Dreghorn and Sir John Stewart, at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. With unknown mothers, Sir Alan Stewart had these children: Balfour Paul, Sir James, \"Scots Peerage\", IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Alan Stewart of Dreghorn Sir Alan Stewart of Dreghorn (died 19 July 1333) was a Scottish nobleman. The son of John Stewart of Bonkyll and his wife Margaret de Bonkyll, Sir Alan fought for Robert the Bruce during the First War of Scottish Independence. Sir Alan accompanied Edward Bruce to Ireland in 1315, during the latter's attempt at the throne of Ireland. He was captured by the English in", "Carrick, Scotland to become King Robert I of Scotland, upon her death in 1292. Carrick saw some involvement in the Scottish wars of independence under Robert Bruce which culminated in his victory over the English at Bannockburn and was the scene of much inter-family feuding during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with various branches of the powerful Kennedys contending for land and honour. Its scattered villages and rugged terrain made it a favourite haunt of the persecuted Covenanters in the seventeenth century and its rocky coastline with its many hidden coves and inlets has made it a favourite location for smuggling. Robert", "Braemar native-speakers of the similar Strathspey dialect. At the 2001 census, out of a total population of 839 in Crathie and Braemar Civil Parish, only 5 (0.6%) claimed to be Gaelic-speakers. Known colloquially as \"The Games\" and originating from those believed to have been held by Malcolm III, an annual Highland Games Gathering is held at Braemar on the first Saturday in September and is traditionally attended by the British Royal Family. In 1746, the Act of Proscription stopped all clan gatherings, but following its repeal in 1782, the old enthusiasms for such events returned. About 1826, the Braemar Highland Society", "Jacobitism alienated and dispossessed. There were Jacobite risings in 1689, 1715, 1719 and 1745. There were also planned French invasions of Britain in support with or in support of the Jacobites in 1708 and 1744. Jacobitism entered permanent decline after the \"Forty-Five\" rebellion. In an effort to prevent further trouble in the Scottish Highlands, the government outlawed many cultural practices to destroy the warrior clan system. The Act of Proscription 1746 – incorporating the Disarming Act and the Dress Act – required all swords to be surrendered to the government and prohibited wearing of tartans or kilts. The Tenures Abolition Act", "Gallowgate Barracks throughout Europe had culminated in the French Revolution of 1789 and the ensuing war with France and there had been riots in the area during the Weavers Strike of 1787. The first regiment to be stationed at the barracks were the Argyleshire Fencibles, soon followed the Sutherland Fencibles and The Gordon Highlanders. In 1796/7, in response to threats of a general uprising in Scotland and the establishment of a Scottish Republic, mainly due to the Militia Act in which the government had passed a law conscripting able bodied Scots males, between nineteen and twenty-three years old, for military service, the", "Kirroughtree House Middle Ages, although its origin is a matter of conjecture. A popular explanation is that it derives from Caer Uchtred meaning fortress of Uchtred, one of the sons of Fergus of Galloway, but there is no evidence that Uchtred built a fortress in the area. It could, however, derive from a geographical description such as corrach-traigh \"marsh at the river side\" describing the lower part of the estate. A Battle of Kirroughtree took place in 1308 during the First War of Scottish Independence in which Edward Bruce put to flight a significantly larger English-led army. When and how the Heron", "Clan Munro held land principally at Findon on the Black Isle but exchanged it in 1350 for Estirfowlys. Robert's son Hugh who died in 1425 was the first of the family to be styled \"of Foulis\". During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Munros feuded with their neighbors the Clan Mackenzie, and during the seventeenth century many Munros fought in the Thirty Years' War in support of Protestantism. During the Scottish Civil War of the seventeenth century different members of the clan supported the Royalists and Covenanters at different times. The Munro chiefs supported the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and during the", "Battle of Maol Ruadh Battle of Maol Ruadh The Battle of Maol Ruadh (Mulroy or Maoile Ruaidh) was fought in August 1688 in the Lochaber district of Scotland between the Chattan Confederation led by the Clan Mackintosh against the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch and the Clan Cameron. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. Because the rebel clans were victorious despite the government's superior numbers, it was the prototype for Dundee's victory at Killiecrankie the following summer. The Battle of Maol Ruadh (or Mulroy in English) is sometimes described as being the last", "Clan MacIntyre established their home at Glen Noe, in Ardchattan Parish, on the east side of Loch Etive. The earliest recorded clan chiefs do not emerge until the 17th century. According to tradition, they had held the land at Glen Noe for centuries, although subject to a feudal tenure converted to money rent in later years. In 1806, however, the chief was forced to relinquish the tenancy of Glen Noe due to inability to meet the payments. He and his family subsequently emigrated to the United States. MacIntyres participated in military campaigns during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Jacobite", "Battle of Drumchatt (1501) the Munro chief was an act of reconciliation after the Battle of Drumchatt in 1501. Battle of Drumchatt (1501) The Battle of Drumchatt, or Druim-a-Chait was a Scottish clan battle claimed by non-contemporary historians to have taken place in the year 1501 near Strathpeffer, in the Scottish Highlands. It was allegedly fought between the Clan Mackenzie and the Clan Munro. Mackenzie chronicles have claimed a signal victory. The first account of the Battle of Drumchatt was written in 1669 by George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie in his \"History of the Family of Mackenzie\" and describes a battle between the", "Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms Between 1639 and 1653, Scotland was involved in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of wars starting with the Bishops Wars (between Scotland and England), the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the English Civil War (and its extension in Scotland), the Irish Confederate Wars, and finally the subjugation of Ireland and Scotland by the English Roundhead New Model Army. In Scotland itself, from 1644–45 a Scottish civil war was fought between Scottish Royalists—supporters of Charles I under James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose—and the Covenanters, who had controlled Scotland since 1639", "Clan Donald with the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch and the MacDonalds of Glencoe fought as Jacobites at the Battle of Prestonpans on 21 September 1745. The Clan MacDonald of Clan Ranald, along with the Clan MacDonald of Glengarry, and Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, fought as Jacobites at the Battle of Falkirk Muir on 17 January 1746 The Clan MacDonald of Glencoe, Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, and Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, fought as Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746, as did the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch whose chief, Alexander MacDonald of Keppoch, was killed. The Clan MacDonald of Sleat branch", "Battle of Drumchatt (1501) Battle of Drumchatt (1501) The Battle of Drumchatt, or Druim-a-Chait was a Scottish clan battle claimed by non-contemporary historians to have taken place in the year 1501 near Strathpeffer, in the Scottish Highlands. It was allegedly fought between the Clan Mackenzie and the Clan Munro. Mackenzie chronicles have claimed a signal victory. The first account of the Battle of Drumchatt was written in 1669 by George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie in his \"History of the Family of Mackenzie\" and describes a battle between the Munros and Mackenzies in 1501. This has perplexed many historians because there is no reference", "First War of Scottish Independence Justices were to be appointed in pairs, one Englishman and one Scot. Militarily strategic localities were to be controlled by English sheriffs and constables, but most others by Scots. A council was formed to advise the Earl of Richmond, including Bruce, Comyn and Lamberton. For all the apparent participation by Scots in the government, however, the English held the real power. While all this took place, William Wallace was finally captured at Robroyston near Glasgow on 3 August 1305. He was delivered to the English by retainers in the service of Sir John Menteith. Wallace had been easily the most", "Anglo-Scottish Wars Anglo-Scottish Wars The Anglo-Scottish Wars comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland from the time of the Wars of Independence in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century. Although the Wars of Independence, in which Scotland twice resisted attempted conquest by Plantagenet kings of England, formally ended in the treaties of 1328 and 1357 respectively, relations between the two countries remained uneasy. Incursions by English kings into Scotland continued under Richard II and Henry IV and informal cross-border conflict remained endemic. Formal", "Greyfriars, Dumfries his supporters, at the high altar in the chapel of Greyfriars. The killing sparked the Second War of Scottish Independence with Bruce crowned King of Scots at Scone Palace seven weeks later. Bruce's campaign for an independent Scotland reached its climax with victory in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn. Greyfriars, Dumfries Greyfriars, Dumfries, was a friary of the Friars Minor, commonly known as the Franciscans, established in Dumfries, Scotland. Following dissolution the friary was demolished and the site levelled. The locality has retained a reference to the friary in the street named \"Friars Vennel\". The present neo-Gothic Greyfriars was", "Battle of Methven were quickly seized and taken south, and incarcerated in an English dungeon, saved only from execution by their clerical orders. Bruce barely escaped and fled with a few followers to the Scottish Highlands. Battle of Methven The Battle of Methven took place at Methven, Scotland on 19 June 1306, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The battlefield is currently under research to be included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. In Scotland, Robert the Bruce was already engaged in a full-scale civil war with the", "First War of Scottish Independence to attack Douglas's stronghold in Lanarkshire. Whilst traveling north to face Douglas, Bruce began to think about where his loyalties truly lay. He decided to follow the Scottish cause, being quoted as saying, \"No man holds his flesh and blood in hatred, and I am no exception. I must join my own people and the nation in whom I was born.\" The confederacy of men that Bruce joined included James the Steward, Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow and William Douglas. Dissension broke out in the Scottish camp when the Scottish and English armies met in July 1297 near Irvine. The", "Malcolm Maclean, 3rd Chief the head of his clan, fought at the Battle of Bannockburn, in the First War of Scottish Independence on Monday, June 24, 1314. It was at this battle that the power of the English Edwards was broken, and the sovereignty of Scotland once more recognized. Edward Bruce's army consisted of thirty thousand men, while that of Edward II of England has been estimated at over one hundred thousand. The English lost thirty thousand, and that of the Scots did not exceed ten thousand. With Edward II of England were all the great English nobles and barons, and their followers, all", "Scotland in the Late Middle Ages Scotland in the Late Middle Ages Scotland in the Late Middle Ages, between the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and James IV in 1513, established its independence from England under figures including William Wallace in the late 13th century and Robert Bruce in the 14th century. In the 15th century under the Stewart Dynasty, despite a turbulent political history, the Crown gained greater political control at the expense of independent lords and regained most of its lost territory to approximately the modern borders of the country. However, the Auld Alliance with France led to the heavy defeat of a", "Scotland under the Commonwealth and were executed, the most prominent being the Marquis of Argyll, but also including the Protester James Guthrie. Scotland under the Commonwealth Scotland under the Commonwealth is the history of the Kingdom of Scotland between the declaration that the kingdom was part of the Commonwealth of England in February 1652, and the Restoration of the monarchy with Scotland regaining its position as an independent kingdom, in June 1660. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Scottish Parliament declared his son Charles II to be King of Scotland, England and Ireland. The English responded with an invasion led by", "Clan Buchanan the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320. During the Wars of Scottish Independence the Clan Buchanan supported King Robert the Bruce by aiding his escape in 1306, the chief, Maurice 10th of Buchanan, refused to sign the Ragman Roll, and the chief and lairds of the clan (and presumably their clansmen) served under Malcolm the Earl of Lennox. It is tradition and likely given the aforementioned service, but ill-documented, that the clan fought at the Battle of Bannockburn. During the reign of king David II (1324–1371), undated, at least part of the lands of Buchanan belonged to Sir Gilbert Carrick. During", "Battle of Myton Battle of Myton The Battle of Myton, nicknamed the Chapter of Myton or The White Battle because of the number of clergy involved, was a major engagement in the First Scottish War of Independence, fought in Yorkshire on 20 September 1319. In April 1318, Berwick-upon-Tweed, the last Scottish-claimed stronghold still in the hands of the English, was captured by Sir James Douglas and Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, two of King Robert Bruce's most able commanders. Ever since his defeat at Bannockburn in 1314, Edward II had been preoccupied by an ongoing political struggle with his senior barons, headed by", "William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas had no such compunction. He was the first nobleman to join with Sir William Wallace in 1297 in rebellion; combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and later Scone Abbey where the two liberated the English treasury. With that booty Wallace financed further rebellion. Wallace joined his forces with that of Sir Andrew Moray and together they led the patriot army in the Battle at Stirling Bridge fought on 11 September 1297. They were joined by other patriots such as Robert Wishart Bishop of Glasgow, and the Morays of Bothwell, with a contingent of Douglases at the national muster at Irvine, North", "Independent Highland Companies Independent Highland Companies The Independent Highland Companies were irregular militia raised from the Scottish clans of the Scottish Highlands, by order of the Government between 1603 and 1760 in order to help keep the peace in the Highlands and enforce the law and were officially recognized as such by the Government. The Independent Highland Companies were the progenitors of the world-famous Highland Regiments of the British Army that began with the raising of the Black Watch in the early 18th century. The first Independent Companies are generally regarded to have been formed after the Union of the Crowns in 1603", "Andrew Moray Andrew Moray Andrew Moray (Norman French: \"Andreu de Moray\"; ), also known as Andrew de Moray, Andrew of Moray, or Andrew Murray, an esquire, was prominent in the Scottish Wars of Independence. He led the rising in north Scotland in the summer of 1297 against the occupation by King Edward I of England, successfully regaining control of the area for King John Balliol. He subsequently merged his forces with those led by William Wallace and jointly led the combined army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Moray was mortally wounded in the fighting, dying at an unknown date", "Kirkintilloch on the main Glasgow to Edinburgh line, around which the later village of that name developed. Following the Scottish victory in the wars of independence and the subsequent decline of Clan Cumming, the baronies of Kirkintilloch, Lenzie, and Cumbernauld were granted by Robert Bruce to Sir Malcolm Fleming, Sheriff of Dumbarton and a supporter of the Bruce faction in the war. Hitherto part of Stirlingshire, the area subsequently became a detached part of the county of Dumbarton, in which it remains today. On 3 January 1746, the retreating Jacobite army of Charles Stuart made its way through Kirkintilloch, on its", "Scotland King for over 20 years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the Norman English invaders piece by piece. Victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved the Scots had regained control of their kingdom. In 1315, Edward Bruce, brother of the King, was briefly appointed High King of Ireland during an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish invasion of Ireland aimed at strengthening Scotland's position in its wars against England. In 1320 the world's first documented declaration of independence, the Declaration of Arbroath, won the support of Pope John XXII, leading to the legal recognition of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.", "Jacobite rising of 1745 Jacobite rising of 1745 The Jacobite rising of 1745, also known as the Forty-five Rebellion or simply the '45 ( , \"The Year of Charles\"), was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in a series of revolts that began in 1689, with major outbreaks in 1708, 1715 and 1719. Charles launched the rebellion on 19 August 1745 at Glenfinnan in", "Stirlingshire Scottish Independence. On 11 June 1488 the Battle of Sauchieburn was fought at the side of Sauchie Burn, a stream about two miles south of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland. The battle was fought between the followers of King James III of Scotland and a large group of rebellious Scottish nobles including Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home, nominally led by the king's 15-year-old son, Prince James, Duke of Rothesay (reigned 1488–1513). In 1645 the Covenanter army under General William Baillie formed near Banton for their engagement with the Royalist forces under the command of Montrose at the Battle of Kilsyth, Kilsyth, on", "Robert Macfarlan (schoolmaster) Lord North's administration, in particular from those delivered in the debates on the American War of Independence. In 1792 he was employed by the Highland Society of Scotland as a teacher of Scottish Gaelic. On the evening of 8 August 1804, during the election, Macfarlan was killed by an accidental fall under a carriage, at Hammersmith. Marfarlan was engaged by Thomas Evans the publisher, of Paternoster Row, to write a \"History of the Reign of George III\", the first volume of which was issued in 1770. Evans then fell out with him, and employed another writer to continue the work,", "Independent Highland Companies the Clan Mackintosh and Chattan Confederation against the Clan Cameron and Clan MacDonald of Keppoch. Following on from Mulroy, King James II of England (VII of Scotland) made a decision to secure peace throughout both the Scottish Highlands and Scottish Lowlands. The main chiefs were asked to supply a certain number of men each and their composition is given in the following table. The period between the restoration of Charles II in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 was amongst the most unruly and unlawful in the history of the Scottish Highlands. Many men lost land that they had", "Clan Sutherland Earldom of Orkney and Caithness. Although the senior line of chiefs who were the Earls of Sutherland had the surname 'de Moravia', they often used the territorial surname 'Sutherland' and the younger sons of the family also took the surname 'Sutherland', thus creating the cadet branches of the Clan Sutherland. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, chief William de Moravia, 3rd Earl of Sutherland (William Sutherland) fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where the English army was defeated. Kenneth de Moravia, 4th Earl of Sutherland (Kenneth Sutherland) was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. William", "First English Civil War after the conflict. Convention uses the name \"The English Civil War\" (1642–1651) to refer collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of King Charles I's standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, and ended on 3 September 1651 at the Battle of Worcester. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland, which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. The English Civil War can be divided into three: the", "Anti-Scottish sentiment the distinctive Scottish kilt, became synonymous with that of wild, rough and fierce fighting men. Stereotypes of Highland cannibalism lasted till the mid-18th century and were embraced by Lowland Scots Presbyterian and English political and anti-Jacobite propaganda, in reaction to a series of Jacobite uprisings, rebellions, in the British Isles between 1688 and 1746. The Jacobean uprisings themselves in reaction to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, were aimed at returning James VII of Scotland and II of England, and later his descendants of the House of Stuart. Anti-Jacobite predominantly anti-Highland propaganda of the 1720s includes publications such as the London", "Battle of Methven Battle of Methven The Battle of Methven took place at Methven, Scotland on 19 June 1306, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The battlefield is currently under research to be included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. In Scotland, Robert the Bruce was already engaged in a full-scale civil war with the family and friends of John Comyn. The coronation in March had given him some legitimacy; but overall the position was very uncertain. His wife, Elizabeth de Burgh, the daughter of the Earl of", "Scotland in the modern era electorate (despite a small majority of those who voted supporting the proposal) and the SNP went into electoral decline during the 1980s. The introduction in 1989 by the Thatcher-led Conservative government of the Community Charge (widely known as the Poll Tax), one year before the rest of the United Kingdom, contributed to a growing movement for a return to direct Scottish control over domestic affairs. On 11 September 1997, the 700th anniversary of Battle of Stirling Bridge, the Blair-led Labour government again held a referendum on the issue of devolution. A positive outcome led to the establishment of a devolved", "Cairnburgh Castle de Brus in the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Crown seized the castle. Temporarily occupied by Clan MacDonald, it at some point became the property of Clan MacLean. While the property of Clan MacLean, the castle was the location of several conflicts, but it was extremely well defended by the cliffs that surrounded it. It was besieged in 1504 by James IV when the MacLeans rebelled in favor of Domhnall Dubh, chief of Clan Donald. It was briefly taken in 1647 during the War of the Three Kingdoms by General David Leslie. In the next decade, it was torched by", "John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732) in disguise to Scotland and placed himself at the head of the Jacobite adherents of James Edward, the Old Pretender. Meeting many Highland chieftains at Aboyne, Mar avowed an earnest desire for the independence of Scotland. At Braemar on 6 September 1715, he proclaimed James VIII King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, thus beginning the Jacobite rising of 1715. Gradually the forces under his command were augmented, but as a general he was a failure. Precious time was wasted at Perth, a feigned attack on Stirling was without result, and he could give little assistance to the English Jacobites.", "Clan Sweeney supporters of the powerful MacDougall Lords of Lorne who supported John Balliol as patriots, as long as John was king of Scotland. After the murder of John Comyn, the nephew of Balliol, by Bruce in 1306, the First War of Scottish Independence became at one and the same time a civil war. The Balliol and Comyn parties taking the side of the English in opposition to Bruce, crowned Robert I of Scotland on 25 March 1306. This was an era of constantly shifting alliances, and in 1301 John MacSween was in alliance with Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay", "Battle of Bannockburn Battle of Bannockburn The Battle of Bannockburn ( or ) on 23 and 24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory by King of Scots Robert the Bruce against the army of King Edward II of England in the First War of Scottish Independence. Though it did not bring overall victory in the war, which would go on for 14 more years, it was a landmark in Scottish history. King Edward invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters still loyal to ousted Scottish king John Balliol acknowledge Bruce as their king or lose their lands. Stirling Castle,", "Chaucer's influence on 15th-century Scottish literature Chaucer's influence on 15th-century Scottish literature Chaucer's influence on 15th-century Scottish literature began towards the beginning of the century with King James I of Scotland. This first phase of Scottish \"Chaucerianism\" was followed by a second phase, comprising the works of Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglas. At this point, England has recognised Scotland as an independent state following the end of the Wars of Scottish Independence in 1357. Because of Scottish history and the English’s recent involvement in that history, all of these writers are familiar with the works of Geoffrey Chaucer. James I and his work The", "Royal Scots Fusiliers late 19th or early 20th century. This was partly due to the 1881 Childers Reforms; the abolition of the numbering system for regiments was as bitterly resisted then as the various amalgamations have been since and establishing precedence or age became almost an obsession. The regiment was formed in Scotland in September 1678 by the Earl of Mar for service against dissident Covenanters and helped suppress Presbyterian rebellions at Bothwell Bridge in 1679 and the 1685 Argyll's Rising. Thomas Buchan, a Scottish Catholic and professional soldier replaced the Earl as Colonel in July 1686. When William III landed in England", "First War of Scottish Independence to take his side in defiance of Rome, proved to be of great importance at this key moment when Bruce asserted his claim to the Scottish throne. He went to Glasgow and met with the Bishop of Glasgow, Robert Wishart. Rather than excommunicate Bruce, Wishart absolved him and urged people to rise in his support. They both then travelled to Scone, where they were met by Lamberton and other prominent churchmen and nobles. Less than seven weeks after the killing in Dumfries, at Scone Abbey on 25 March 1306, Robert Bruce was crowned as King Robert I of Scotland. He", "52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 5 February; disbanded 16 October 1916 The 52nd (Lowland) Division, which had seen numerous changes in composition during the interwar period, was mobilised, along with the rest of the Territorial Army (previously the Territorial Force, reformed in 1920 and soon renamed the TA), in late August 1939, due to the worsening situation in Europe at the time. The Second World War began on 3 September 1939, after both Britain and France declared war on Germany after the latter's invasion of Poland and the 52nd, based in Scotland under the command of Major General James Drew, was serving in Scottish Command,", "Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a successful war of independence and remained an independent state throughout the late Middle Ages. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal", "Sawney This was originally published in London in June 1745, just over a month before \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\" landed in Scotland to begin the Jacobite rising of 1745. In this version Sawney's excreta emerge from below his kilt and flow across the bench. The idea was revived in a different and slightly more decorous version of 1779, which is attributed to the young James Gillray. An inscription reads: It has also been suggested that the Galloway cannibal Sawney Bean may have been a fabrication to emphasise the alleged savagery of the Scots. Sometimes also used in the term \"Sawney Ha'peth\", meaning", "Highland Clearances landlords, rather than as patriarchs of their people. The various intervals of warfare since the Statutes of Iona intermittently paused the steady transition to landlordism, because the ability to raise a band of fighting men at short notice became important again. So, the civil war that started in 1638 reinvigorated the military aspects. The restoration of Charles II in 1660 brought peace, but also increased taxes, restarting the financial pressure. The succession of Jacobite rebellions emphasised again the martial aspects of clanship, but the defeat at Culloden brought brought an end to any willingness to go to war again. The", "Scotland in the Late Middle Ages in May 1328, which recognised Scotland as an independent kingdom, and Bruce as its king. Robert I died in 1329, leaving his five-year-old son to reign as David II. During his minority, the country was ruled by a series of governors, two of whom died as a result of a renewed invasion by English forces from 1332. This was on the pretext of restoring Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol, to the Scottish throne, thus starting the Second War of Independence. Despite victories at Dupplin Moor (1332) and Halidon Hill (1333), in the face of tough Scottish resistance led by", "Clan Campbell During the Wars of Scottish Independence the Campbells fought for Scotland against the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. During the 14th century the Clan Campbell rapidly expanded its lands and power. This is partly explained by the loyalty of Sir Neil Campbell (\"Niall mac Caile\"), (d.1315), to the cause of Robert the Bruce – a loyalty which was rewarded with marriage to Bruce's sister Mary. The family was also closely associated with the Stewarts as well as the Bruces in the time of Cailean Mór. Sir Neil, as a staunch ally of \"the Bruce\" was rewarded with" ]

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[ "Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers." ]

[ "In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\".", "To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.", "On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, \"I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit.\" Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.", "VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.", "Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: \"But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.\" These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.", "Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.' [. . .] Title VII is designed to encourage the hiring on basis of ability and qualifications, not race or religion.\" Title VII prohibits discrimination. Humphrey was the silent hero of the bill's passing through Congress. He pledged that the bill required no quotas, just nondiscrimination. Doing so, he convinced many pro-business Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (IL) to support Title VII.:78–80", "The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a \"place of palaces\". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake." ]

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[ "Leura railway station Leura railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Leura opening on 6 December 1890.", "Leura, New South Wales Leura (postcode: 2780) is a suburb in the City of Blue Mountains local government area that is located 100 km west of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the series of small towns stretched along the Main Western railway line and Great Western Highway that bisects the Blue Mountains National Park. Leura is situated adjacent to Katoomba, the largest centre in the upper mountains, and the two towns merge along Leura's western edge." ]

[ "Albion Park Rail, New South Wales Albion Park Rail is a suburb of Shellharbour, Australia situated in the Macquarie Valley (Shellharbour). The South Coast railway line was opened to the railway station and Bombo in 1887. At the time the nearest town was Albion Park, several kilometres away. Over time, houses were built around the railway station, and Albion Park Rail developed into a town in its own right, and with its own name.", "Blaxland railway station Blaxland railway station is located on the Main Western line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains suburb of Blaxland opening on 11 July 1867 as Wascoes, being renamed Blaxland on 21 April 1879.", "Kendall railway station Kendall railway station is located on the North Coast line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Kendall, opening on 12 April 1915 when the line was extended from Taree to Wauchope. In 1917, a locomotive depot was established.", "Linden, New South Wales Linden is a village in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the City of Blue Mountains, 81 km west of Sydney and 19 km east of Katoomba. The village is on the Great Western Highway and has a railway station on the Main Western railway line served by NSW TrainLink's Blue Mountains Line. It shares a post office, and therefore the 2778 postcode, with adjoining Woodford. In the 2011 census , its population was 594, including 19 indigenous people (3.2%).", "Broadmeadow railway station Broadmeadow railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the western Newcastle suburb of Broadmeadow, opening on 15 August 1887.", "Murrumburrah railway station Murrumburrah was a railway station on the Main South railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1879 and closed to passenger services in 1976. It was subsequently demolished and little trace remains.", "Bundanoon railway station Bundanoon railway station is located on the Main South line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the small town of Bundanoon opening on 6 August 1868 as Jordans Crossing, being renamed Jordans Siding in 1878 and finally Bundanoon in 1881.", "Towradgi, New South Wales Towradgi is a small beach-side suburb approximately 5 km north of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. Towradgi is a corruption of the aboriginal word \"Kow-radgi\", meaning \"guardian of the sacred stones\". On an early map it was called Towroger. Towradgi is served by electric double deck trains to Towradgi railway station, opened in 1948.", "Cowan railway station Cowan railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the northern Sydney suburb of Cowan, opening in 1890.", "Eastern Suburbs &amp; Illawarra Line The Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line (numbered T4, coloured azure blue) is a commuter railway line in the eastern and southern suburbs of Sydney and is a part of the Sydney Trains network. The line was constructed in the 1880s to Wollongong to take advantage of agricultural and mining potentials in the Illawarra area. In March 1926 it became the first railway in New South Wales to run electric train services.", "Koolewong railway station Koolewong railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the southern Central Coast suburb of Koolewong opening on 29 November 1920.", "Coledale railway station Coledale railway station is located on the South Coast railway line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the seaside village of Coledale opening in July 1902. The station building was built in 1915 when the line was duplicated.", "Royalla, New South Wales Royalla is a rural locality on the border of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The area takes its name from the nearby Mount Rob Roy, and was originally a railway settlement on the Bombala railway line known as Rob Roy and changed to the current name in 1905. Modern Royalla is a large rural locality east of the Monaro Highway which forms the border with the ACT. The town was served by a railway station until 1975.", "Narromine railway station Narromine is a closed railway station in the town of Narromine on the Main West railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1882 and is now closed to passenger services, as passenger services now do not proceed past the town of Dubbo. The station survives in good condition and has been restored. To the west of Narromine station lies the junction of the branch-line to Parkes, which forms part of a cross country route to the Main South railway line at Cootamundra.", "South Kensington railway station South Kensington railway station is located on the Werribee and Williamstown lines in Victoria, Australia. It serves the inner Melbourne suburb of Kensington opening on 11 March 1891.", "Lara railway station Lara railway station is located on the Port Fairy line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Lara opening on 1 November 1856 as Duck Ponds, being renamed Lara in September 1872.", "Marooma railway station Marooma is a locality in far western New South Wales, Australia, approximately 20 km south-east of Bourke. A railway station on the Main West line was situated there between 1891 and 1957.", "Violet Town railway station Violet Town railway station is located on the North East line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Violet Town opening on 20 March 1873 as the temporary terminus of the line from Longwood, before it was extended to Benalla on 18 August 1873.", "Exeter railway station, New South Wales Exeter railway station is located on the Main South line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the village of Exeter opening in 1878 as Badgerys Siding being renamed on 12 August 1890.", "2013 New South Wales bushfires The 2013 New South Wales bushfires were a series of bushfires in Australia across the state of New South Wales primarily starting, or becoming notable, on 13 October 2013; followed by the worst of the fires beginning in the Greater Blue Mountains Area on 16 and 17 October 2013." ]

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[ "Clive Barker’s Undying\nClive Barker’s Undying (в локализации «Клайв Баркер. Проклятые»[1], дословно Undying — «Бессмертные») — компьютерная игра, созданная на модифицированном движке Unreal Engine в жанре мистического хоррор-экшена от первого лица, разработанная DreamWorks Interactive и изданная Electronic Arts в 2001 году[2]. Игра была выпущена исключительно на PC-платформе для операционных систем семейства Microsoft Windows, позже портирована на Mac OS. В разработке участвовал знаменитый автор романов ужасов Клайв Баркер. В России проект был локализован компанией Soft Club. Слоганы игры: «Жить в ужасе. Или умереть, пытаясь» (English: Live the horror. Or die trying), «То, что вас не убивает, заставит пожалеть об этом» (English: What does not kill you, will make you wish it had)[3]." ]

[ "Stardew Valley\nИзначально Барон намеревался выпустить игру в системе Xbox Live Indie Games из-за простоты публикации на этой платформе, но в скором времени понял, что хочет создать намного более масштабный проект, чем рассчитывал первоначально. Барон публично анонсировал игру в сентябре 2012 года через систему Steam Greenlight, чтобы оценить интерес игроков к его творению. Обнаружив большую поддержку от сообщества, Барон занялся полноценной работой над проектом, также пользуясь обратной связью с игроками через форум Reddit и Twitter — это позволило быстро получать отзывы о предлагаемых дополнениях и обсуждать достигнутые результаты. Вскоре после завершения кампании на Greenlight в 2013 году с Бароном связался Финн Брайс, руководитель компании Chucklefish Games, предложив помощь в публикации игры после завершения разработки. Компания Chucklefish также взяла на себя ряд задач, не связанных с разработкой игры, в том числе поддержку сайта и вики по игре. По мнению Барона, Chucklefish предложила свою помощь очень вовремя, поскольку в то время он колебался, не использовать ли для привлечения средств систему Steam Early Access. В общей сложности Барон провел четыре года в работы над проектом как единственный разработчик, часто тратя на это по 10 часов в день. Stardew Valley была написана на языке C# с помощью инструментария Microsoft XNA; при этом Барон самостоятельно создал всю двухмерную пиксельную графику и музыкальное сопровождение к игре.", "Infinity Ward\n26 марта 2012 года Роберт Боулинг, который возглавил студию после ухода Зампеллы и Уэста, также покинул \"Infinity Ward\" и перестал быть сотрудником \"Activision\". Официальный комментарий издателя сообщает, что Роберт был очень важным человеком для компании, которая желает ему всяческих успехов в его желании реализации своих возможностей. Сам Боулинг в ответ на вопрос одного из пользователей о его дальнейших планах ответил, что планирует остаться в игровой индустрии, косвенно намекнув, что возможно уйдёт в сферу инди-разработки в жанре, отличном от \"FPS\". 24 апреля 2012 года Роберт Боулинг сообщает о создании собственной студии Robotoki.", "Not Breathing\nNot Breathing — это творческий проект Дэвида Райта (David Wright), создателя экспериментальной электронной музыки и оригинальных инструментов. Проект начинался в конце 80-х с серии кассет собственного производства и к настоящему моменту насчитывает девять полноценных CD-релизов, несколько релизов на виниле, более сорока участий в компиляциях, шесть туров по Соединенным Штатам, более трехсот живых перформансов. Шесть лет Дэйв работал совместно с чикагским индустриальным лейблом Invisible Records и создал 3 CD-альбома, также сотрудничая с Dead Voices on Air.", "Criterion Games\nИзначально компания Criterion Software Ltd была основана для коммерциализации технологии рендеринга трёхмерной графики Дэвидом ЛауКи () и Адамом Биллярдом (), которые ранее были сотрудниками Европейской лаборатории исследований компании Canon (). Criterion специализировалась на разработке семейства игровых движков RenderWare, которые включают графический движок, физический движок, звуковой движок, игровой искусственный интеллект и другие необходимые компоненты и являются полноценной платформой для создания компьютерных мультиплатформенных игр. Движок активно предлагается для лицензирования другим компаниям. RenderWare используется во множестве высокобюджетных игр, он был лицензирован различными компаниями для своих нужд, например, Rockstar Games для \"Grand Theft Auto III\", \"\" и \"\". Также на RenderWare выпущены все игры собственного производства Criterion. Движок активно дорабатывался в недрах компании и имеет множество внутренних версий, он подходит для создания игр любого жанра и типа игрового процесса. ", "SCP — Containment Breach\nИгра разрабатывалась небольшой независимой командой Undertow Games под управлением Йонаса «Regalis» Рикконена, ранее создавшего игру \"SCP-087-B\"; с 2016 года разработкой занимается команда разработчиков Third Subvision Studio — авторы мода \"Nine Tailed Fox Mod\". Актёрский состав, занимавшийся озвучиванием персонажей, в основном состоит из видеоблогеров. Обновления игры выходят редко — один раз в несколько месяцев.", "Crysis 2\n9 апреля 2010 года Electronic Arts опубликовала официальный пресс-релиз, в котором вместе с Crytek сообщила, что сюжет Crysis 2 пишет британский писатель-фантаст Ричард Морган, чьи научно-фантастические произведения неоднократно отмечались наградами, такими как Награда имени Филиппа Дика. Crysis 2 — дебют Ричарда Моргана в игровой индустрии. «Компьютерные игры являются одной из немногих вещей в моей жизни, которые я бы квалифицировал как полная наркомания, — заявил Морган. — Каждый бит медиаразвлечений содержит потенциал для интересных и эмоциональных сюжетных историй, как литература и кино, и я рад изучить этот формат в своём первом проекте в партнёрстве с разработчиком мирового класса, компанией Crytek». Вместе с данным сообщением, в пресс-релизе была сказана новая дата выхода Crysis 2 — рождественские праздники, которые пройдут в конце декабря 2010 года. О Питере Уоттсе в пресс-релизе ничего сказано не было.", "Stacking\nStacking — приключенческая игра/головоломка, разработанная студией Double Fine Productions и изданная компанией THQ. Была выпущена в феврале 2011 года для Xbox Live Arcade и PlayStation Network. Версия для Windows вышла 6 марта 2012 года, версия для Linux — в мае 2013 года.", "ACE Encrypt\nВсе алгоритмы, написанные в ACE, основаны на алгоритмах, разработанных Виктором Шоупом(Victor Shoup) и Рональдом Крамером (Ronald Cramer). Полная спецификация алгоритмов написана Виктором Шоупом. Реализация алгоритмов выполнена Томасом Швейнбергером(Thomas Schweinberger) и Медди Нассей (Mehdi Nassehi), их поддержкой и развитием занимается Виктор Шоуп. Томас Швейнберг принимал участие в составлении документа спецификаций ACE, а также написал руководство пользователя.\nРональд Крамер в настоящее время находится в университете Орхуса, Дания. Он принимал участие в работе, относящейся к ACE Encrypt пока находился в ETH в Цюрихе, Швейцария.\nМедди Нассей и Томасом Швейнбергер работали над проектом ACE в исследовательской лаборатории IBM в Цюрихе, Швейцария, но в настоящее время закончили своё пребывание там.\nВиктор Шоуп работает в исследовательской лаборатории IBM в Цюрихе, Швейцария.", "Space Hulk: Deathwing\nИгра была разработана на игровом движке Unreal Engine 4. Соавтором сценария выступил работающий в издательском подразделении Games Workshop Black Library писатель Гэвин Торп. Разработкой игры занимались французские студии Streum On Studio и Cyanide Studio, издателем выступил Focus Home Interactive. Для ПК игра вышла 14 декабря 2016 года, версия для Playstation 4 вышла 24 мая 2018 года.", "Chrono Trigger\n— инструментарий для хакинга Chrono Trigger, написанный в среде Microsoft .NET Framework программистом Geiger. — пакет редакторов, позволяющих корректировать игру. Включает в себя редактор магазинов, редактор персонажей, редактор монстров и редактор диалогов. В 2001 году был заброшен. был разработан как вспомогательный инструмент по отношению к Geiger’s/Evil Peer’s Editor. — утилита для перевода игры. Была разработана финским программистом под ником Bisqwit и вносила в игру многие не предусмотренные разработчиками возможности, в частности, склонение произвольно введённых имён персонажей по падежам.", "Stranded III\nStranded III () — третья часть серии игр Stranded, по-прежнему разрабатываемая немецким разработчиком Unreal Software. Основной замысел игры не изменился, по-прежнему это компьютерная 3D-игра от первого лица, где по сюжету игрок попадает на необитаемый остров, на котором стоит пытаться выжить, создавая различные постройки из подручных средств. Разработка игры началась 19 августа 2012 года.", "Curiosity — What’s Inside the Cube?\nИгра была разработана небольшой студией 22Cans, основанной Молиньё после ухода из Microsoft. По словам Молиньё\nв интервью сайту Eurogamer, в марте 2012 года весь коллектив студии состоял из трёх человек, которые около недели «игрались» с движком Unity, прежде чем заняться каким-то конкретным проектом. Молиньё сам пытался заниматься разработкой, но понял, что частично растерял навыки программиста и должен собирать большую команду. Молиньё заявлял о планах в течение ближайших двух лет разработать некую большую игру, а в её преддверии провести серию из 22 «экспериментов» — анонсированный проект под названием \"Curiosity\" должен был стать лишь первым из них. В июле 2012 года Молиньё выступил на мероприятии Rezzed с посвященной грядущей игре презентацией под названием «Будущее принадлежит любопытным» — к этому времени в студии работало уже восемь человек, а к октябрю, перед выходом в App Store, их количество было увеличено до 20 и позже до 21. В августе 2012 года Молиньё сообщил о намерении переименовать экспериментальную игру: в это же время внимание всего мира было приковано к программе НАСА «Марсианская научная лаборатория» и марсоходу «Кьюриосити», и, хотя юридического спора из-за названия игры и не возникло, Молиньё опасался, что из-за многочисленных новостей о марсоходе игру будет трудно найти в поисковых системах. Изначально планировалось выпустить игру также для персональных компьютеров, но из-за проблем, связанных с выпуском игры на мобильных устройствах, эти планы были отложены на будущее и так и не реализованы.", "LessWrong\n\"LessWrong\" был разработан на базе Overcoming Bias (Преодоление Предубеждений), более раннего блога сообщества, фокусирующегося на человеческой рациональности, который был создан в ноябре 2006 теоретиком искусственного интеллекта Элиезером Юдковски и экономистом Робином Хансоном. В феврале 2009 сообщения Юдковского были использованы в качестве основного материала для создания блога сообщества LessWrong, и Overcoming Bias стал персональным блогом Хансона.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nПатрик застаёт Иеремию умирающим и выясняет, что тот волнуется о родовом проклятии, с давних пор преследующим его семью. В детстве он вместе с четырьмя младшими братьями и сёстрами отыскал в отцовской библиотеке древнюю книгу, и, забавляясь, прочитал заклинание из неё на Острове Камней, древнем памятнике кельтской культуры, расположенном недалеко от поместья. После этого все пятеро детей, ещё начиная с детского возраста подверглись воздействию некого злого рока. Мать семейства Эвелин умерла при родах. Самая младшая сестра, Элизабет (English: Lizbeth), обычная спокойная, но страдающая от резких и беспричинных приступов агрессивности, умирает от истощения и чахотки[16][17]. Младший сын Амброзий (English: Ambrose), в приступе гнева убивает отца семейства, Иосифа (English: Joseph), и, убегая от полиции, прыгает с обрыва в море[18]. При странных обстоятельствах пропадают без вести двое близнецов — погружающийся в безумие художник Аарон (English: Aaron)[16] и безжалостная интриганка Вифания (English: Bethany)[19], которые имели между собой неприязненные отношения. Иеремия считает, что души его братьев и сестёр не упокоены. По ночам прислуга видит разгуливающую по особняку Элизабет[20], а призрак Аарона постоянно преследует как Иеремию, так и Патрика.", "Overseer\nРоб Оверсир (), известный под псевдонимом Overseer — валлийский диджей из Солсбери, чьи работы известны в первую очередь благодаря фильмам «Аниматрица», «Большой куш», , «Евротур» и «Каждое воскресенье», а также компьютерным играм «» и «Stuntman», «», «». Тинейджером Роберт Хауес (Robert George Howes) играл в школьных ансамблях, одевался во все чёрное и поклонялся группам The Cure, Smiths, Pixies и Sisters of Mercy. Влияние на него оказали Neil Young, Frank Sinatra и Radiohead.", "Thirty Flights of Loving\nThirty Flights of Loving — приключенческая видеоигра от первого лица, созданная инди-студией Брендона Чанга Blendo Games. Она была выпущена в августе 2012 года для Microsoft Windows, а в ноябре 2012 года для MacOS. В игре используется модифицированная версия движка id Tech, первоначально используемая для Quake 2, и включает музыку, написанную участником Idle Thumbs Крисом Римо.", "ImgBurn\n\"Lightning UK!\", автор программы ImgBurn, начал её разработку после остановки разработки предыдущего проекта, DVD Decrypter, в связи с требованием компании Macrovision..ImgBurn поддерживает более 30 языков (перевод касается только управления программой; ошибки, предупреждения, подсказки, отчёты не переводятся), включая русский (перевод Дмитрия Ерохина и Алексея Нама) и украинский (перевод Влада Лозинского). .lng файл перевода должен быть помещен в подкаталог Languages в главном каталоге программы; используемый язык переключается вручную (Tools, Settings, tab General, Languages/Сервис, Настройки, закладка Общие, Язык).", "Баркер, Клайв\nКлайв Ба́ркер (, родился в 1952 году в Ливерпуле, Великобритания) — британский писатель-фантаст. Режиссёр и сценарист, автор многих бестселлеров. На литературном поприще он впервые выступил в качестве драматурга; в то время он и сам играл в театре и ставил спектакли. Создатель фильмов «Восставший из ада», «Кэндимен», а также «Ночной народ», «Повелитель иллюзий» и «Святой грешник». Кроме того, Баркер известен как живописец и фотограф: его работы выставлялись в Нью-Йорке и Лос-Анджелесе. Живёт в Беверли-Хиллз вместе со своим партнёром Дэвидом Армстронгом и его дочерью от первого брака Николь.", "Victoria II\nНад игрой работала команда разработчиков, состоящая из продюсера, дизайнера и программиста Юхана Андерссона, руководителя проекта и программиста Томаса Юханссона, дизайнера и тестера Кристофера Кинга, программистов Дэна Линда, Фредрика Зеттермана, Олофа Бьорка, Хенрика Фохраэуса, Бьорна Юханнессена, Сары Вендел-Эртквист, художников Юнуса Якобссона, Фредрика Перссона и композитора Андреаса Вальдетофта. Команда разработчиков подробно освещала процесс создания игры в своих дневниках, которые на официальном форуме публиковал один из дизайнеров, Кристофер Кинг. Всего в период с ноября 2009 по июнь 2010 было опубликовано 29 номерных дневников и два бонусных.", "CodeIgniter\nCodeIgniter — популярный MVC фреймворк с открытым исходным кодом, написанный на языке программирования PHP, для разработки полноценных веб-систем и приложений. Разработан компанией , а также Риком Эллисом (Rick Ellis) и Полом Бурдиком (Paul Burdick).", "Cube Escape\nВ 2015 году Робин Рас Ангенам () и его друг Мартен (), разработчики из Амстердама, вдохновившись юмором и тревожной атмосферой американского сериала «Твин Пикс», решили создать собственную игровую вселенную и 25 апреля того же года основали студию Rusty Lake (). В этот день были выпущены два первых эпизода серии Cube Escape. Чтобы вокруг них быстро организовалось сообщество, игры стали выпускаться бесплатно. Разработчики стараются, чтобы фанаты с нетерпением ждали новые части, как новые серии телесериала. В долгосрочной перспективе цель разработчиков — стать «Твин Пиксом» в игровой индустрии.", "Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End\n2 июня 2014 года во время интервью Game Informer со-президент Naughty Dog Эван Уэллс заявил, что за разработку игры теперь отвечают геймдизайнеры \"\" и \"The Last of Us\" Нил Дракманн и Брюс Стрэли.", "Antichamber\nИстоками «Antichamber» являются 2 игры-прототипа, которые Александер разработал во время получения им степени бакалавра в области «Мультимедиа (игры и интерактивные приложения) и наука (информатика и программная инженерия)» (). Часть курса предполагала создание модификаций к игре Unreal Tournament 2004 и в своё свободное время Александер решил сделать ремейк игры Snake на движке Unreal. Это оказалось сложнее, чем он предполагал и в результате получился уровень обставленный лифтами и довольно абстрактная версия старой игры. Вторым прототипом является ремейк игры Asteroids, который также оказалось трудным выполнить в Unreal Engine, однако попытки принесли свои плоды и после использования трюков над движком, Александер получил практически бесконечный мир.\nХотя изначально Александер планировал портировать только на платформу Mac OS X без указания точных сроков, так как Unreal Development Kit на тот момент не поддерживал Linux, однако 18 февраля 2014 года, игра сразу вышла и для Mac OS и для Linux в составе сборника игр Humble Bundle.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nГлавный герой ведёт дневник. Он состоит, во-первых, из собственных заметок, пополняющихся по мере продвижения по сюжету; во-вторых — из записок, писем, фрагментов чужих дневников, посланий, адресованных напрямую Патрику, которые находятся в различных местах игры; в-третьих — из кратких описаний свойств оружия, магии или предмета, которые возникают после их появления в инвентаре[5]. Иногда в заметках содержатся и текущие подсказки по прохождению. В проекте также можно встретить мини-игру по отстрелу пролетающих птиц[11], а также скрытые сцены, являющиеся пасхальными яйцами, некоторые из которых активируются только при введении чит-кодов[12][13]. После смерти главного героя следуют различные fatality-анимации. Так, скелеты могут вырвать у Патрика сердце, а Ревуны — откусить голову[14].", "Indivisible\n5 октября 2015 года Lab Zero Games запустила на краудфандинговой площадке Indiegogo кампанию по финансированию проекта, намереваясь собрать долларов. Одновременно с этим, разработчики сделали доступным для широкой публики прототип будущей игры. В случае, если Lab Zero Games смогла бы достигнуть или превзойти поставленную цель, то издатель 505 Games обещал возместить остальную часть бюджета, необходимого для разработки. Изначально кампания проходила довольно вяло и к 8 ноября 2015 года разработчики сумели привлечь только долларов. Однако, 13 ноября 2015 года, кампания была продлена на дополнительные 20 дней, после того как проект смог собрать приблизительно долларов, что оказалось выше необходимого для продления кампаний на Indiegogo порога в 60 %. После увеличения времени на сборы, проект смог достичь цели 2 декабря 2015 года.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nДействие игры разворачивается как в Ирландии начала XX века, так и в параллельных измерениях. Согласно сюжету Undying, главный герой Патрик Гэллоуэй, владеющий экстрасенсорными способностями, прибывает в старинное родовое поместье к своему другу Иеремии. Он соглашается помочь ему в борьбе с проклятием, настигшим семью Ковенантов. Попутно Патрику необходимо отправиться в прошлое и умертвить членов семьи, обратившихся в нежить. Игра использует двуручную боевую систему, совмещающую различные виды оружия и заклинаний. Игрок может сражаться с противниками, периодически решать головоломки, в том числе применяя дар ясновидения, и читать дневник, раскрывающий сюжетные подробности.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nПроект был высоко оценён критиками и считается вехой как в истории игровой фантастики, так и в эволюции хоррор-игр. Обозреватели отметили как исключительный уровень графического исполнения и звукового сопровождения, а также похвалили высокую долю атмосферности, интригующий сюжет и элементы ужаса. Впрочем, рецензенты находили некоторые недоработки, такие как несбалансированность игрового процесса и избыточную линейность. Получив ряд наград, игра номинировалась на премию BAFTA. Несмотря на поддержку со стороны прессы и поклонников, Clive Barker’s Undying продалась крайне низким тиражом, что исключило возможность появления продолжения.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\n“И ваши подозрения верны, франшиза «Проклятых» мертва. Отзывы критиков и поддержка игроков были потрясающими, а продажи — отстойными. У меня и у всей PC-команды разбиты сердца, но мы движемся дальше. Выбора нет. Спасибо за вашу поддержку, ребята. Мы старались изо всех сил[71].”", "Alice: Madness Returns\nРазработка \"Alice: Madness Returns\" проходила под непосредственным руководством Американа Макги как генерального директора компании \"Spicy Horse\". Хотя концепция и сюжетная линия игры создавались Макги в сотрудничестве с исполнительным продюсером оригинальной \"American McGee’s Alice\" Робертом Джоном Бергом, разработка дизайна и содержания игры была поручена команде художников \"Spicy Horse\" под руководством Кена Вонга. Как и в \"American McGee’s Alice\", некоторых главных героев — Алису и Чеширского кота — на английский язык озвучили актёры Сьюзи Брэнн и Роджер Джексон соответственно. Авторами музыкального сопровождения выступили Джейсон Тай и Маршалл Кратчер, а композитор предыдущей игры — Крис Вренна — написал для \"Alice: Madness Returns\" лишь одну композицию. В \"Alice: Madness Returns\" используется игровой движок Unreal Engine 3.5, а также графическая технология ускорения физических эффектов и повышения реалистичности игрового мира \"PhysX\".", "Subversion (игра)\nПосле 6 лет разработки, в конце октября 2011, главный разработчик Introversion Software, Крис Делей, объявил о том, что проект заморожен на неопределенное время, так как вместо разработки самой игры, сотрудники Introversion больше занимались созданием технологий и вспомогательных модулей, вместо основного геймплея. В результате, демонстрация игры, которая была представлена на конференции World Of Love имела однообразную игровую механику и разработчики отказались выпускать её в таком виде для широкой публики. После отказа от Subversion, Introversion Software объявила о работе над проектом Prison Architect.", "Pinch\nВ рунете заслуживает большую популярность троян под названием UFR Stealer(Usb File Rat Stealer) , написанный на Delphi с использованием кода пинча. Программа имеет множество функций для ухода от отладочных программ и т.п. Автором является Геннадий vazonez Вазгенов.\nТакже был известен Xinch, переписанный пинч с добавлением различных функций.", "Sandbox (игровой редактор)\nSandbox — редактор уровней, который позволяет конструировать карты и модификации в трёхмерной среде CryEngine или CryEngine 2. Разработчик редактора — Crytek. Sandbox 1 (официальный релиз — 2004 г.) поставляется вместе с Far Cry и базируется на движке CryEngine, а Sandbox 2 (официальный релиз — 2007 г.) поставляется вместе с Crysis и базируется на движке CryEngine 2.\nСтиль редактирования акцентирован на создании больших ландшафтов и свободного стиля программирования миссий. Редактор также поддерживает создание закрытых () уровней или локаций.", "A Hat in Time\nИзначальный концепт \"A Hat in Time\" принадлежит разработчику Йонасу Керлеву (), который начал проект как ответ на его ощущение недостатка трёхмерных платформеров, в особенности разработанных компанией Nintendo. В интервью изданию Polygon, Керлев рассказал, что изначально он и команда Gears for Breakfast не ожидали того успеха, который \"A Hat in Time\" получил на краудфандинговой платформе Kickstarter. Керлев считал, что игра будет пользоваться не очень большой популярностью из-за влияния Donkey Kong 64 на жанр, которое он воспринимал как сильно утомляющее игрока собирательством. Разработка игры началась в августе 2012 года и предполагалось, что игра выйдет в третьем квартале 2013 года, однако после этого дата выпуска была существенно сдвинута. В самом начале работы, Йонас Керлев был единственным программистом проекта, но со временем разработка расширилась и была образована команда Gears for Breakfast, участниками которой являются люди из 4 стран на добровольных началах. Во время кампании на Kickstarter, игра смогла собрать долларов вместо изначально предполагавшихся . В июле 2013 года игра прошла отбор по программе Greenlight для выхода на площадке Steam.", "Баркер, Клайв\nВ 2001 году вышел новый роман Клайва «Каньон холодных сердец» (Cold Heart Canyon), вышла игра Clive Barker’s Undying, к которой Баркер создал сюжет, героев. 2002 год ознаменовался выходом фильма «Saint Sinner», который был снят по рассказу Баркера. Также в этом году вышла первая книга серии «Абарат» — детская сказочная книга, в которой можно найти множество иллюстраций, сделанных самим Баркером. 23 октября 2007 года вышла игра Clive Barker’s Jericho по мотивам Клайва Баркера. В 2008 году вышел фильм, снятый по его рассказу «Полуночный мясной экспресс» (Midnight Meat Train). Клайв выступил в роли продюсера этого фильма. Также в этом году вышел фильм «Книга крови» (Book of Blood), а в 2009 году — фильм «Страх» (Dread).", "Harbour\nОснователем проекта является испанский программист Антонио Линарес (). Первое сообщение о «мыслях, витающих в воздухе» относительно адаптации ПО, написанного для Clipper, к новым реалиям, инициировав тем самым дискуссию, приведшую к созданию Harbour, он опубликовал в Usenet-группе comp.lang.clipper 16 марта 1999 года. Название \"Harbour\" () было предложено проекту Линаресом по общности «морского контекста» с названием компилятора \"Clipper\" () (в смысле «безопасная гавань для клиппера»). В том же 1999 году группой разработчиков, среди которых, помимо Линареса, особенно следует отметить Рышарда Глаба (), были выпущены первые версии компилятора.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nБаркер неоднократно говорил о продолжении франшизы[5]. Обсуждая потенциально возможную Undying II, он хотел продолжить «семейную» тематику игры, и цитировал старую итальянскую поговорку: «Семья, убивающая вместе, остаётся вместе». Он желал развития той межпространственной мифологии, которая в первой части была затронута, на его взгляд, поверхностно. Игра должна была стремиться к красоте, интеллектуальности и эмоциональности, вызывая дебаты по поводу своего содержимого. У Клайва уже была сформирована история для продолжения, наполненная саспенсом, ужасом, ожиданием и огромным эмоциональным подтекстом, благодаря которым «можно начать долгий, медленный и устойчивый путь к состоянию искусства»[21]. Несмотря на колоритность персонажей, он отрицал возможность написания романа, но как о вероятном факте сообщал о создании комикса, либо экранизации[7][10][22][31]. Сайферт также заявлял, что команда изначально разрабатывала «мир, в который вы хотели бы вернуться»[28].", "CryEngine 3\nС 29 по 30 апреля 2009 года в городе Рэйли (English: Raleigh), Северная Каролина, США проходила конференция Triangle Game Conference 2009, на которой Мартин Миттринг (English: Martin Mittring), ведущий программист по графике в Crytek, сделал доклад «„A bit more Deferred“ — CryEngine 3», в котором детально описал графическую подсистему CryEngine 3, её основные особенности и нововведения по сравнению с CryEngine 2, а также основную особенность нового движка — внедрение технологии отложенного освещения и затенения (English: deferred shading/rendering)[61][62].", "CrunchBang Linux\nCrunchBang Linux — дистрибутив Linux, изначально созданный Филипом Ньюбаро (Philip Newborough) на основе Ubuntu, и использующий менеджер окон Openbox вместо рабочей среды GNOME. С выходом летом 2010 года 10 версии дистрибутив перешёл на пакетную базу Debian. Распространяется в виде Live CD.", "The Unguided\nРичард намекнул фанатам, что 16 июня их ждет сюрприз. 16 июня без всяких анонсов The Unguided выпустили свой дебютный сингл Betrayer of the Code. Песня Betrayer of the Code была написана Роджером и Ричардом, когда они еще играли в Fallen Angels. Обложка сингла была нарисована Хосе Арангуреном, который в свое время рисовал обложку для альбома Eden Fire и альтернативную обложку Nightmareland. Хотя запись материала для дебютного альбома уже была в процессе, официальная группа подтвердила это только в момент выхода сингла 16 июня.", "UNIGINE Corp.\nUNIGINE Corp. (по-русски читается «Юниджайн») — международная компания со студией разработки в Томске (Россия). UNIGINE Corp. ведет разработку одноименного кроссплатформенного 3D движка для игр и систем виртуальной реальности, а также создает собственные проекты на его основе.\nРазработка технологии UNIGINE началась с open source проекта Frustum, который был открыт в 2004 году Александром Запрягаевым, который в настоящее время является соучредителем (наряду с Денисом Шергиным, генеральным директором) и техническим директором компании UNIGINE Corp., а также ведущим разработчиком движка Unigine.\nНазвание UNIGINE — это аббревиатура от Unique Engine (уникальный движок) или от Universal Engine (универсальный движок).", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nДействие разворачивается осенью 1923 года[15]. Главный герой, ирландец Патрик Гэллуэй (English: Patrick Galloway), был много лет назад изгнан из родной страны. За прошедшие годы он успел прославиться как знаток оккультных наук и удачливый борец с потусторонними явлениями. Однажды, вернувшись после долгой отлучки домой, он находит уже полгода дожидающееся его письмо. Писал ему прежний командир времён Первой мировой войны и старый друг Иеремия Ковенант (English: Jeremiah Covenant) — владелец большого поместья в Ирландии[8]. Ранее Иеремия спас Патрика во время нападения группы бандитов Трсанти на отряд английской армии. С тех пор главный герой получил странный предмет — Камень Гельзиабара. Иеремия просит Патрика как можно скорее приехать и помочь ему, не вдаваясь при этом в подробности.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nУчастие в проекте Клайва Баркера позволило команде убедиться, что геймплей игры на фоне повествования выглядит насыщенным и интересным. Ведущий дизайнер Делл Сайферт изначально задумывал проект как шутер с двуручной боевой системой с уникальными видами оружия. Одним из главных ориентиров считался Half-Life. В то время как Баркер углублялся в повествование и формировал окончательный вид монстров, Сайферт пытался достичь баланса между историей и действием. Некоторые повествовательные моменты игры были вырезаны, чтобы сосредоточиться на игровом процессе. Сайферт объяснял это своим желанием сфокусироваться на адреналине, а не сценарии. Так в одном из моментов Undying игроку необходимо преодолеть магический барьер, растратив весь запас магической энергии, которая восстанавливается в течение долгого периода времени. Сразу же после этого он подвергается нападению монстров, которые восприимчивы в первую очередь к магическим атакам[14]. Таким образом команда разрабатывала ситуации, позволяющие игроку планировать нападение[5].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nСюжетно «Проклятые» представляют собой тёмную сагу о семье бессмертных, сталкивающихся с существами из иных измерений в декорациях Ирландии XIX века. История включает в себя кельтский фольклор и готические элементы[29]. Баркер говорил: «Я люблю семейные саги. Они — драмы наших жизней, в которых мы живём»[21]. Писатель хотел воплотить историю в рамках нелинейной среды, которая предоставляет множество вариантов повествования. Баркер отмечал высокую долю кинематографичности проекта, не столь яркую как в «Покемонах», а выполненную в серых оттенках, сепии, а иногда и красных тонах. В «Проклятых» можно проводить параллели как с творчеством Говарда Лавкрафта, так и Эдгара Алана По. Некоторые локации и пейзажи определенно имеют связь с пространствами Лавкрафта, в то время как отношения в семье Ковентов выстраиваются по канонам По, что роднит их с «Падением дома Ашеров»[40]. Своё влияние также оказали «Восставший из ада» и «Дракула»[41].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nИгра Clive Barker’s Undying относится к жанру боевиков от первого лица[1]. В «Проклятых» три уровня сложности — «Лёгкий» (English: Easy), «Средний» (English: Medium) и «Кошмарный» (English: Nightmare)[4]. В игре встречаются головоломки, требующие тщательного планирования способов их решения со стороны игрока[5]. Двуручная боевая система[5] позволяет использовать разнообразный набор оружия дальнего и в меньшей степени ближнего боя, как имеющего реальные прототипы, так и фантастического характера. К ним, в частности, относятся револьвер, коктейль Молотова, двуствольный дробовик, гарпун, похожая на голову золотого дракона Тибетская пушка войны, Коса Кельтов, Камень Гельзиабара и яйца Феникса[6]. У большинства видов оружия есть альтернативный режим действия[7]. На локациях также встречаются различные виды боеприпасов, включая серебряные пули, динамит[6], эфирные ловушки, позволяющие ловить призраков, аптечки[4].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nВ игре также существует набор из восьми заклинаний, изучаемых героем посредством магических свитков[8]. Большинство из них приобретаются в обязательном порядке и необходимы для прохождения. На использование заклинаний расходуется магическая энергия, которая со временем восстанавливается самостоятельно[5]. Заклинания могут быть улучшены до пяти раз при помощи усилителей[9]. К видам магии относятся Воскрешение (English: Invoke), Эктоплазма (English: Ectoplasm), Рассеивание (English: Dispel), Молния (English: Lightning), Скорость (English: Haste), Буря Черепов (English: Skull Storm), Щит (English: Shield) и прочие. Некоторые из них позволяют воскрешать мёртвых, другие ориентированы на одиночные, либо массовые атаки, третьи могут увеличивать скорость передвижения протагониста, либо его защиту. Особенно часто применяется экстрасенсорные способности ясновидения (English: Scrye), которые, помимо всего прочего, позволяют увидеть события далёкого прошлого, либо ближайшего будущего, а также открывают порталы в иные миры. На некоторых уровнях Патрик может левитировать[6][10].", "Unexplored\nБудущий автор \"Unexplored\" Йорис Дорманс () занимался научными проблемами процедурной генерации, и он опубликовал результаты своей работы в 2010 году. Данные созданные технологии стали основой для будущей игры. Одним из привнесённых новшеств стала циклическая генерация подземелий (), отличающееся способом построения лабиринта и генерации в нём задач для игрока. Традиционные подходы создавали игровой мир в виде произвольного графа связей между локациями, и далее расставляли в нём препятствия и объекты для прохождения \"(см. илл. (а))\". Это приводило к тому, что игроку приходилось часто двигаться по одним и тем же проходам, возвращаться в ранее посещенные места и тому подобное, что вызывало повторяемость и скучность игрового процесса. Инновационность подхода Йориса Дорманса заключалась в генерации уровней по циклическим шаблонам \"(см. илл. (б-д))\", каждый из которых представлял собой циклический путь для движения героя, или в некоторых случаях им создавался альтернативная траектория прохождения. Такие лабиринты реже требовали возвращения, предоставляли различные способы прохождения, а созданные уровни становились более похожи на те, которые проектируются человеком вручную при проектировании игры.", "Бартик, Джин\nДжин Дженнингз Бартик (; 27 декабря 1924 года — 23 марта 2011 года) — американский программист, она является одним из первых программистов компьютера ENIAC.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nОриентация на вид от первого лица была одной из приоритетных задач разработчиков. Они отмечали, что хорроры традиционно создаются от третьего лица. Некоторые скептики считали, что ужас нельзя передать в FPS-перспективе, но DreamWorks Interactive опровергли эту точку зрения: «… не нужно беспокоиться о персонаже, если ты находишься в его ботинках». По их мнению вид от первого лица создает более интимный мир. Наблюдение собственными глазами за древними руинами и затененными коридорами усиливается звуковыми эффектами и ограниченным полем зрения. Подтвердило мнение студии и вышедшая во время разработки Aliens versus Predator. Только анимации смерти главного героя отображаются в режиме от третьего лица[41].", "Clay Fighter\nОдним из создателей музыки и звуковых эфеектов игры Clay Fighter был Чарльз Динен () — известный голландский композитор видеоигр, работавший также над музыкой и звуком к более чем 90 видеоиграм на различных игровых системах. В их числе — Golden Axe (1990 год), Back to the Future Part III (1991 год), Out of This World (1992 год), The Lost Vikings (1992 год), Conquest of the New World (1996 год), Enter the Matrix (2003 год), Black (2006 год), а также игры серий Descent³, Baldur’s Gate, Star Trek, Fallout и Need for Speed.", "Unlambda\nUnlambda — минимальный функциональный язык программирования, придуманный Дэвидом Мэдором (\"David Madore\"). Он основан на комбинаторной логике, варианте Лямбда-исчисления, который опускает оператор \"lambda\". Язык полагается в основном на две встроенные функции (\"s\" и \"k\") и оператор аппликации (\"`\"). Уже это делает язык полным по Тьюрингу, но в нём также есть несколько функций ввода-вывода для возможности взаимодействия с пользователем, функция для ленивых вычислений и короткие эквиваленты некоторых функций.", "Unlimited Detail\nЖурналисты блога Kotaku в начале августа 2011 года нашли разработчика из неназываемой австралийской компании, которая занимается физическими движками и которая имела контракт с Euclideon в прошлом. Согласно интервью с этим разработчиком, его компания разорвала контракт с Euclideon и отказалась её финансировать, ссылаясь на технические проблемы «Unlimited Detail»: плохая работа с памятью, особенно при анимациях. Согласно ему, все живые демонстрации «Unlimited Detail», которые предоставляла Euclideon, имели плохое художественное наполнение и ассеты, и поэтому было трудно определить, насколько аппаратно интенсивной является технология в реальных задачах.", "Deflektor\n\"Deflektor\" считается одной из игр, которые до сих пор предлагают основу для творчества и пищу фантазии современных геймдизайнеров. Для разработчиков середины 2010-х, работающих на мобильных платформах, игра является одним из хороших источников вдохновения. По заключению редакции журнала «Страна игр», \"Deflektor\" породил такое количество клонов, что для одного только их перечисления и обсуждения требуется отдельная публикация. Самыми известными являются следующие неофициальные ремейки: в 2001 году для платформы Windows Игнасио Перес Гил () разработал и опубликовал игру \"Deflektor PC\", а в 2003 году для платформ Windows и Linux Хольгером Шемелем () была разработана и выпущена игра \"Mirror Magic\". Помимо этого головоломки, подобные \"Deflektor\", можно встретить в других играх в качестве мини-игры.", "Bullfrog Productions\nПоскольку теперь Молиньё занимал пост вице-президента Electronic Arts, его роль и обязанности в компании также возросли, ввиду чего он стал часто бывать в командировках в Сан-Франциско. Со временем он разочаровался в своей новой должности и захотел вернуться к разработке игр. В июле 1996 года, не желая становится рядовым сотрудником, он решает уволиться из Bullfrog, чтобы сконцентрироваться на геймдизайне. В ответ на это Electronic Arts запретили ему находиться в их офисах, вынуждая перенести разработку \"Dungeon Keeper\" в собственный дом. Молиньё делал предположения, что это могло быть связано с опасениями Electronic Arts, что он мог переманить часть коллектива. В итоге он решил покинуть компанию как только закончится работа над \"Dungeon Keeper\", дав комментарий: «Моим последним днем здесь будет день, когда игра пройдет последний тест. Мне очень, очень, очень грустно, но также я чувствую большое облегчение». Также он заявил, что Electronic Arts была «невероятно терпимой» и поблагодарил вице-президента Марка Льюиса () за мотивацию завершения работ над \"Dungeon Keeper\". Молиньё рассчитывал увольнение так, чтобы сделать \"Dungeon Keeper\" хорошей игрой. Он думал, что работа на административной должности ему понравиться, однако она стала для него «полным кошмаром». Вскоре после увольнения, Молиньё говорил, что по-прежнему беспокоится о Bullfrog и желает ей успехов. Не смотря на свое неудовольствие на посту вице-президента, он отмечал, что «много чему научился». В 2017 году он рассказал, что истинной причиной увольнения было опьянение его и технического директора Тима Рэнса (). Он сказал, что хотел бы вернуть письмо с просьбой об увольнении, если бы мог.", "Фарго, Брайан\nБрайан Фарго (\"Brian Fargo\"; родился в 1962 году) — разработчик компьютерных игр, видная фигура в игровой индустрии. Является автором или соавтором таких игр как Wasteland, Stonekeep, Fallout, Baldur's Gate, The Bard’s Tale (1985), и ряда других.", "Deflektor\nDeflektor — компьютерная игра в жанре головоломка, разработанная Vortex Software в году. Геймдизайнером, разработчиком и художником игры является , а над музыкой и звуковым сопровождением \"Deflektor\" работал . Игра была выпущена компанией Gremlin Graphics Software Ltd. в декабре 1987 года на платформе ZX Spectrum в Великобритании и в феврале 1988 года компанией в Испании. В дальнейшем \"Deflektor\" был портирован на ряд платформ и выпускался в странах Европы и в Японии. Игра переиздавалась и выпускалась в составе нескольких сборников, в том числе в 2012 году в составе сборника на платформе iOS.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\n«DreamWorks Interactive была создана чтобы разрабатывать большие игры с богатой историей и интересными персонажами — это и было нашей основной целью в Undying. Вклад Баркера был существенным, он был гораздо более щедр как на потраченное время, так и на идеи, чем мы от него ожидали», — говорил Белл[16]. Клайв создал мифологию для повествования, сформированного студией. «Это не одна из тех игр, в которых надо бегать как сумасшедший и стрелять во всё, что движется», — говорил Баркер. Он отмечал, что у творческой команды были проблемы с сюжетом, и работа с DreamWorks Interactive была захватывающей, как «прыжок на глубину бассейна»[29]. Писатель считал, что некоторые моменты игры засоряли её, не позволяя повествованию течь. Он называл это «эффектом Криса Картера»[21]. Впрочем команда не желала переносить его наиболее зрелые идеи в проект, касающиеся сексуальных сцен, чтобы сохранить ориентацию на массового потребителя[28]. Помимо прочего, Клайв озвучивал роль Амброзия[30]. Запись была сделана в конце ноября 2000 года в студии в Голливуде[29].", "Бликса Баргельд\nБли́кса Ба́ргельд ( — настоящее имя: Кри́стиан Э́ммерих, , родился 12 января 1959 года в Западном Берлине) — немецкий музыкант, певец, поэт, актёр. Известен, в частности, как лидер, основатель и автор текстов группы Einstürzende Neubauten; бывший гитарист группы Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.", "CodeView\nCodeView — автономный отладчик, созданный Дэвидом Норрисом из Microsoft в 1985 году. Первоначально CodeView разрабатывался для Microsoft C 4.0 и более поздних версий. Он также разрабатывался для Visual Basic для MS-DOS, Microsoft Basic PDS, и ряда других продуктов Microsoft. Это был один из первых отладчиков для MS-DOS, являвшийся полноэкранным, а не линейным (как его предшественники DEBUG.COM и symdeb). ", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nЧернов писал, что игровые монстры довольно тупы, но быстры, целеустремлённы и чересчур живучи. Способности протагониста к экстрасенсорике были охарактеризованы как забавные и приятные. Наиболее досадным упущением, по его мнению, была названа загрузка момента первого появления на уровне после смерти главного героя, а не последнего сохранения[7]. Светличный отмечал несбалансированность игрового процесса: многочисленные дневники, не придавали игре динамизма, а интеллект противников оставлял желать лучшего[89]. Линейность проекта не вызывала раздражения у Константина Подстрешного, благодаря многочисленным дизайнерским находкам и скриптовым сценам. Не понравилось рецензенту большинство магических способностей и невозможность пропустить fatality-анимации[10]. Бен Сильверман также ругал искусственный интеллект врагов, называя монстров не иначе как слабоумными, а также малое разнообразие противников на ранних этапах игры. Избыточная линейность проекта осложняется постоянно закрытыми дверьми без видимой на то причины. Не понравились критику дизайнерские клише в виде разбросанных аптечек и упаковок патронов, частые загрузки уровней и отсутствие многопользовательского режима[90].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nВпервые новости о разработке игры опубликовал ресурс Stomped.com. Он сообщил, что проект будет демонстрироваться на выставке Electronic Entertainment Expo 2000 в Лос-Анджелесе[43]. На E3 от Electronic Arts был установлен огромный видеостенд, посвященный Undying[14]. Во время проведения выставки появились первые подробности о сюжете игры и были опубликованы порядка десятка скриншотов[49]. Игра на тот момент находилась на стадии бета-тестирования[50]. Релиз игры был намечен на четвертый квартал 2000 года[47].", "Unladen Swallow\nПроект спонсировался Google и главные разработчики проекта, Томас Воутерс (Thomas Wouters), Джеффри Ясскин (Jeffrey Yasskin) и Коллин Винтер (Collin Winter) сами являются штатными сотрудниками Google, однако большинство участников проекта не являются сотрудниками Google. Unladen Swallow размещается на Google Code..", "Unigine\nИсторически разработка движка начиналась под Linux и Windows, с тех пор все проекты UNIGINE Corp. поддерживают как минимум эти две платформы. Движок Unigine признан экспертами как лучшая 3D технология под Linux\nЧасть алгоритмов, использованных в Unigine, опубликована в книге «ShaderX7: Advanced Rendering Techniques», редактор серии — Вольфганг Энджел. Ведущий разработчик движка Александр Запрягаев стал одним из авторов статьи о реализации теней в Unigine («Practical Cascaded Shadow Maps»).", "Байрон, Анжела\nАнжела Байрон (р. 1977 (1978?), Rochester, Minnesota, США) — разработчица программного обеспечения. Наиболее известна её работа Drupal (Drupal — система управления содержимым, которая используется как каркас для веб-приложений (CMF), написанная на языке PHP и использующая в качестве хранилища данных реляционную базу данных), со свободным и открытым исходным кодом системы управления содержимым и фреймворк управлением контентом. Она была названа одной из наиболее уважаемых участниц движения по работам с открытым исходным кодом , призывала разработчиков писать программы с открытым исходным кодом, особенно женщин. . Была первой женщиной, появившейся на обложке \"журнала Линукс\", в апреле 2011 года.", "Shank\nРазработка \"Shank\" началась в январе 2009 года, вскоре после закрытия предыдущего издателя Klei’s. Оригинальная идея игры принадлежит CEO Jamie Cheng и креативному директору Джеффу Агале. Большая часть анимации персонажей была сделана художником Aaron Bouthillier.", "Crypt (Unix)\nПрограммы для взлома шифров crypt(1) широко доступны. В 1984—1985 Боб Балдвин создал программу Crypt Breaker’s Workbench, которая является интерактивной утилитой, предоставляющей пользователю последовательно 'догадки' о пароле, а пользователь должен выбирать из них наиболее подходящий. Unixcrypt-breaker Питера Селингера использует простую статистическую модель для отсеивания неподходящих паролей и не требует вмешательства пользователя.", "Unigine\nРазработка движка началась с open source проекта Александра Запрягаева в 2004 году. В 2005 году Александр как единственный автор перевел его на коммерческую лицензию (тогда же появилось название Unigine — аббревиатура от Unique Engine (уникальный движок) или от Universal Engine (универсальный движок), разработка движка продолжается компанией UNIGINE Corp.", "OUYA\n18 июля 2012 года было официально заявлено об участии в разработке консоли Маффи Гадиали — одного из создателей Amazon Kindle, разработчика One Laptop Per Child и Jawbone Jambox. На следующий день Роберт Боулинг, бывший креативный директор Infinity Ward, заявил в своем блоге и на страничке консоли на Kickstarter, что его новая студия Robotiki создаёт эксклюзивную игру для Ouya. Игра будет приквелом проекта \"Human Element\" и будет издана в 2015 году.", "NeocoreGames\nNeocoreGames компания разработчик и издатель компьютерных игр, которая занимается разработкой RPG игр. Штаб компании находится в Будапеште, создает компьютерные игры используя свой собственный компьютерный игровой движок Коретеч . Компания известна больше всего игрой , но в 2012 году они объявили о создании игры The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing и Broken Sea.\"King Arthur II: The Role-playing Wargame. Interview with NeocoreGames\"\nAction RPG The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing Announced\nThe Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing coming to PC and Xbox 360\nБлог\nофициальный сайт", "Пайк, Роб\nРоб Пайк (, род. 1956) — разработчик операционных систем и языков программирования, работавший c 1980 года в Bell Labs, где в соавторстве с другим программистом написал графический терминал Blit для Unix, и также позднее участвовал в создании операционных систем Plan 9 и Inferno. Один из создателей кодировки UTF-8. Автор текстовых редакторов Sam и Acme.", "1408 (рассказ)\n«1408» — рассказ американского писателя Стивена Кинга в жанре ужасов, впервые появившийся в ноябре 1999 года в аудиокниге «». В печатном формате он был опубликован в марте 2002 года в сборнике «Всё предельно», выпущенном издательством . Позже рассказ вошёл в сборник «Стивен Кинг идёт в кино». Сюжетная линия повествует о писателе Майке Энслине (), желающем попасть в номер 1408, чтобы собрать материал для новой книги. В своём стремлении он не поддаётся на уговоры управляющего отеля «Дельфин» мистера Олина (), предостерегающего от заселения в номер. В комнате отеля с героем начинают происходить сверхъестественные события.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nDreamWorks Interactive также создавали порт игры для PlayStation 2, однако 30 мая 2001 года было объявлено, что его разработка была отменена[69]. Спустя неделю после релиза игра вошла десятку самых продаваемых игр на PC, но заняла только девятую позицию. На первых строках числились такие проекты как The Sims, Diablo II и Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings[70]. Белл впоследствии заявлял, что продажи игры были настолько плохи, что денег на дальнейшую работу с PS2-версией нет[71]. Это в свою очередь также исключает любую возможность появления продолжения[48][72]. На определённой стадии разработки всякое упоминание об игре исчезло с официального сайта DreamWorks Interactive[10]. Белл писал:", "Unsung (EP)\nUnsung () — мини-альбом американской христкор группы The Chariot, выпущенный 6 декабря 2005 года на звукозаписывающем лейбле Solid State Records. Альбом был спродюсирован самой группой и продюсером Мэттом Голдманом в его домашней студии Glow in the Dark в городе Атланта, штат Джорджия. В данный релиз вошли шесть композиций, две из которых новые («Yanni Depp» и «Kenny Gibler»), а остальные четыре — это переработанные версии песен с предыдущей пластинки \"Everything Is Alive, Everything Is Breathing, Nothing Is Dead, and Nothing Is Bleeding\". Релиз \"Unsung\" примечателен тем, что он стал первым в дискографии группы, на обложке которого можно узреть логотип The Chariot — череп.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nВ России проект был локализован компанией Soft Club. Игра была полностью переведена на русский язык, персонажей озвучивали актёры московских театров и телевидения[65]. Помимо официальной локализации, существовал и ряд пиратских. Свою версию игры выпускала команда 7 Wolf. В ней была оставлена оригинальное озвучивание, текстовый материал был довольно качественно переведен на русский язык. Однако в этой версии Undying было замечено несколько ошибок, связанных с исчезновением букв в текстах[66]. Ещё одну вариацию игры распространяла студия RUS. Местами текст был переведен коряво и посредственно, игра отличалась некачественным озвучиванием, при которой один диалог мог накладываться на другой, а мимика лиц была полностью утрачена[67]. Наконец локализацией занималась компания «Фаргус Мультимедия», переозвучившая диалоги длительностью в 8 часов. При качественном переводе, ранняя версия игры была испорчена многочисленными критичными ошибками загрузки уровней[68].", "Duke Nukem 3D: Reloaded\n14 октября 2010 года компания Gearbox Software, текущий разработчик «Duke Nukem Forever», официально разрешила вести работу над «Duke Nukem: Next-Gen». По этому поводу на форуме Gearbox было опубликовано большое сообщение от Fresch, который назвал своё настоящее имя — Фредерик Шрайбер (). Согласно Шрайберу, идея подобного проекта пришла ему в голову несколько недель до этого, и когда он написал об этом на форуме Gearbox и опубликовал несколько предварительных скриншотов, то это вызвало существенный резонанс не только на форуме, но и на многих игровых тематических и фан-сайтах. Шрайбер связался с Джорджем Бруссардом и Скоттом Миллером — основателями 3D Realms и главными разработчиками «Duke Nukem 3D», однако Скотт Миллер ответил, что этот вопрос находится в юрисдикции Take-Two. После этого Шрайбер связался с Gearbox Software, которая благосклонно отнеслась к проекту и разрешила его легальную разработку под персональной некоммерческой лицензией. Ещё одной особенностью проекта является использование Unreal Development Kit — профессионального инструментария для разработки игр, основанного на Unreal Engine 3, который позволяет создавать некоммерческие продукты на своей основе. Проект «Duke Nukem: Next-Gen» является freeware.", "Mirror’s Edge\nИгра использует движок Unreal Engine 3 компании Epic Games, а не собственный движок Frostbite, используемый в игре , так как производство Mirror’s Edge началось раньше, чем движок был закончен. В Unreal Engine 3 была встроена новая система освещения, названная Beast, созданная DICE в сотрудничестве с Illuminate Labs. Она подчёркивает особый художественный стиль игры и учитывает отражение цветов также, как и света.", "Stack Up\nИгра создана британским разработчиком Дэвидом Сандерсом (), и изначально она вышла для ZX Spectrum в июле 1991 года. Согласно статье в журнале \"Scroller\", данная версия \"Stack Up\" была написана по большей части на языке Sinclair BASIC, а в дальнейшем скомпилирована компилятором \"МCODER II\" версии 1982 года. Данный факт стал характерным примером того, что для создания качественных программ необязательно использовать на ZX Spectrum языки ассемблера, и пример \"Stack Up\" показывает, что некоторые фирмы успешно использовали этот путь для облегчения разработки игровых программ.", "Вхід у змінному взутті\nС 2010 по 2013 года Александр Стёганов — пионер украинского шоу-бизнеса, являющийся автором популярных песен Потапа, групп «Dress Code», «Вхід у Змінному Взутті», певца Виктора Павлика, других популярных украинских исполнителей — получил предложение от Руслана Минжинского принять участие в проекте «3:15». Будучи действительно творческой личностью, Александр активно начал работу над проектом. Однако, во времена всеукраинского кризиса и революции в стране, Руслан Минжинский — продюсер центра Music Motors был не в состоянии «тянуть» проект «3:15». Тогда пришлось довольно тяжело всем музыкантам поющим исключительно на украинском языке. К тому же, из тех же политических соображений, ранее дружественный российский рынок теперь закрыт.", "Баркер, Клайв\nВ 1985 году Баркер получает «Всемирную премию фентези» за \"Книги крови\". В этом же году выходит первый роман Баркера «Проклятая игра» (The Damnation Game), который был выдвинут на Bram Stoker Award за лучший дебют и на Букеровскую премию. В том же 1985 году он написал сценарий для фильма «Подземный мир». После того, как две адаптации его рассказов ему не понравились (Rawhead Rex (1985) и Transmutations (1987)), Баркер решает заняться режиссурой. Таким образом, он снял фильм «Восставший из ада» (1987), бюджет фильма составлял менее миллиона долларов, а в качестве Пинхэда снялся друг и одноклассник Баркера Даг Бредли. В 1987 году вышел второй роман Баркера Сотканный мир (Weaveworld), в следующем году вышел роман «Кабал» (в России известен как «Племя тьмы»).", "Fate/stay night\n21 ноября 2007 года стало известно, что компания Eighting под эгидой Capcom и Cavia начала разработку 3D-файтинга \"Fate/unlimited codes\". В отличие от \"Fate/tiger colosseum\", эта игра не носила комедийного характера и основывалась на боевых навыках персонажей визуального романа. 18 декабря 2008 года \"Fate/unlimited codes\" был выпущен для PlayStation 2, причём ограниченная серия игры, оформленная через предварительный заказ, включала альтернативный костюм для персонажа Сэйбер. 18 июня 2009 года игра была портирована для PlayStation Portable, а 3 и 9 сентября того же года — выпущена в Европе и Северной Америке.", "Зингер, Рубин\nРубин Зингер (р. 1978 или 1979, Австрия) — американский кутюрье из Нью-Йорка. Создаёт женскую одежду и смокинги. Он создал множество сценических костюмов для американских артистов, среди которых можно выделить Шакиру и Алишу Киз. Наиболее известной его работой стал костюм для выступления певицы Бейонсе на Супербоул 3 февраля 2013 года. Рубин Зингер и его работы стали объектом внимания десятков публикаций в прессе.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nНаиболее разнонаправленно был воспринят игровой процесс. Касавин посчитал двуручную боевую систему интересной: «… впечатляющее заклинание Буря черепов позволяет вызвать несколько косоватых, бестелесных, гогочущих черепа, которые сердито ёрзают в своей магической сцепке ровно до тех пор, пока не взорвутся». Автор подчеркнул и побочные эффекты некоторых видов магии. Так, Щит создающий стекловидный барьер, ухудшает периферийное зрение, покрывается трещинами и конечном итоге разрушается с громким треском. Множество деталей подобного рода выглядят впечатляюще. К некоторым незначительным недостаткам обозреватель отнёс линейность игры, долгие паузы для загрузки уровней, несбалансированность некоторых видов оружия и заклинаний[91]. Блевинс был впечатлён работой искусственного интеллекта и поведением монстров. Так Воющие предпочитают атаковать стаями, и пока один из них отвлекает внимание Патрика, другие флангом заходят за спину. Скелеты открыто идут в атаку, другие монстры — прятчутся и стараются не попадать под прямой натиск игрока. Различные стили боя заставляют думать, что главный герой действительно сражается со множеством различных существ. К системе управления легко привыкнуть, а широкий спектр оружия отличает игру от ближайших конкурентов. Особо Блевинс отметил заклинание экстрасенсорики, которое повышает градус атмосферности и порой позволяет увидеть причудливые вещи[77].", "Bullfrog Productions\nПитер Молиньё оставался в Lionhead Studios до основания 22Cans. Лес Эдгар был мало вовлечен в индустрию компьютерных игр после ухода из Bullfrog. Он работает в автомобильной промышленности. В августе 2009 года Electronics Arts объявила о решении «оживить» некоторые из игр Bullfrog на современных на тот момент игровых системах.", "Id Tech 5\nВ интервью Джон Кармак заметил, что для id Tech 5, как и для его предшественников, в конечном счёте будет опубликован исходный код (open source). Это, вероятно, случится через много лет, за время которых id Tech 5 будет использоваться в коммерческих проектах. На QuakeCon 2007 Джон Кармак, ведущий разработчик игровых движков в id Software, заявил сайту «LinuxGames» о своём стремлении минимализировать использование в движке сторонних коммерческих (проприетарных) технологий, так как «в конечном счёте id Tech 5 тоже будет open source. В id Software мы всё ещё придерживаемся правила, согласно которому мы не интегрируем в движок те технологии, которые в конечном счёте не дадут нам возможности сделать движок открытым.»", "The Stanley Parable\nРиден тогда обучался в университета Южной Калифорнии и не имел опыта работы с движком Source, поэтому начал работу над проектом с самообразования, изучая форумы и вики, посвящённые Source Development Kit. Кроме озвучивания, которым занялся британский актёр озвучания Кивэн Брайтинг, \"The Stanley Parable\" был полностью работой самого Ридена. Риден нашёл Брайтинга, разместив объявление на специализированном сайте, и счёл его кандидатуру идеально подходящей для грядущей игры. Брайтинг записал все свои реплики с первого раза. Риден хотел сделать игру достаточно короткой, чтобы позволить игрокам познакомиться со всеми концовками без значительных временных затрат. Краткость игры также позволила ему ввести бессмысленные окончания, как, например, «и после этого все были счастливы!», которые в противном случае могли быть отрицательно восприняты игроками, прошедшими долгий путь. Бо́льшая часть задуманных идей была воплощена, отброшены были только те, к которым он не смог придумать реализацию на Source. Так, Риден хотел включить в игру эпизод, где игрок должен был нажимать кнопки согласно получаемым указаниям, но у него не получалось разобраться с обработкой ввода с клавиатуры, и этот момент остался недоделанным; позже он получил положительные отзывы от аудитории, поскольку несоответствие требований и возможности их исполнить было воспринято как авторская задумка; в ремейке этот момент был исправлен и обработка нажатий требуемых клавиш стала происходить верно. Несмотря на успех игры, Риден признал, что в целом проект был для него изнурительным и несколько снизил его карьерные амбиции, хотя и отметил, что замеченный им интерес к его продукту со стороны других игроков придавал ему силы.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\n19 января 2001 года Electronic Arts был обнародован короткий видеоролик, демонстрирующий боевую систему Undying[51]. 24 января заработал официальный сайт проекта, содержащий подробную информацию об игре, в том числе описания персонажей, монстров, оружия, заклинаний, локаций; в некоторых разделах были выложены скриншоты и видеоролики[52]. К 29 января появилось сразу несколько клипов, освещающих действие револьвера, ружья и гарпуна, а также нескольких видов магии, включая Invoke[53]. Тизер-трейлер готовила группа Rambo team. Его планировали включить в качестве анонса в проект Alice[26]. Полная версия появилась в декабре 2000 года[14]. По игре было выпущено 192-страничное официальное руководство от Prima Games за авторством Стива Ханейвелла (English: Steve Honeywell)[54]. Оно содержало прохождение каждой локации, советы по освоению заклинаний, оружия и подробные карты местности[55].", "Impire\nImpire — компьютерная игра в жанре стратегии в реальном времени. Разработчик игры студия Cyanide, издатель Paradox Interactive. Игра вышла 14 февраля 2013 года. Игра является отсылкой к Dungeon Keeper.", "Untappd\nUntappd был создан в 2010 году двумя любителями пива: дизайнером Тимом Мэтером из Южной Калифорнии и веб-разработчиком Грегом Эволой из Нью-Йорка. 17 января 2014 года количество пользователей Untappd достигло 1 миллиона, а уже в апреле 2016 года их число достигло 3 миллионов 200 тысяч. Незадолго до этого, в январе 2016 года, Untappd стал частью проекта Next Glass, специализирующегося на мобильных приложениях с похожей функциональностью, ориентированных на алкогольные напитки в целом. По состоянию на октябрь 2018 года общее количество пользователей превышает 6 миллионов.", "Indivisible\nIndivisible — находящаяся в разработке мультиплатформенная компьютерная игра в жанре Action/RPG, создаваемая компанией Lab Zero Games. Издателем проекта выступит фирма 505 Games. Выход игры запланирован на год.", "UClibc\nВ 2014 году разработчики OpenWRT объявили о создании форка библиотеки, назвав его uClibc-ng. Они решили запустить форк после того, как на протяжении более чем двух лет не могли связаться с майнтейнером.. По состоянию на 2017 год этот форк продолжает выпускать релизы, используется в Buildroot, OpenADK, OpenWrt/Lede для архитектуры ARC, в системах NDS32, Xtensa, Blackfin. Ранее использовавший uclibc мини-дистрибутив Alpine Linux и OpenWrt/Lede переключились на musl; OpenEmbedded вместо uclibc позволяет использовать glibc или musl.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nРелиз проекта на платформе Microsoft Windows состоялся 21 февраля 2001 года в США[56][57], хотя первоначально планировался на День святого Валентина[5][58]. В комплект также вошло 28-страничное руководство[4] и 60-страничный дневник под названием «Семейный альбом Ковенантов» (English: Covenant Family Ålbum) за авторством Грега Ронча[59]. Порт на Mac OS появился в 2002 году — игра ушла в тираж 10 июня[60]. Clive Barker’s Undying выпускались совместно с American McGee’s Alice и вошли в сборник The Vault of Darkness, наряду с такими проектами, как Dracula: Resurrection, Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary и Dungeon Keeper 2. Он был выпущен 11 мая 2004 года[61][62]. В 2013 году игра, совместимая с версиями Windows XP, Vista, 7, и 8, появилась в сервисе Good Old Games[63][64].", "Vinux\nVinux был первоначально разработан в 2008 году Тони Спрингсом, в Национальном Колледже для слепых в Херефорде, Соединённом Королевстве. Он был впервые внесён в список дистрибутивов DistroWatch 1 июня 2010 года.\nVinux позволяет слепым и слабовидящим пользователям компьютеров самостоятельно устанавливать версию Ubuntu. Он включает в себя Orca (экранная лупа и экранный диктор), Speakup (консольный экранный диктор), Compiz (лупа на основе 3D-технологии), и поддержку Брайлевского дисплея. Брайлевский дисплей автоматически работает при подключении, и поддерживает шрифты Брайля. Vinux может работать с Live CD или с Live USB без каких-либо изменений в текущей операционной системе. Он может быть установлен на USB, или жёсткий диск рядом с текущей операционной системой или в качестве единственной операционной системы.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nБрайан Хортон, ведущий художник Undying заявлял, что в игре встречается 42 персонажа. Спустя месяц после начала работ к команде присоединилось семь человек, трое из которых были художниками[36]. Джонатан Грегерсон разрабатывал дизайн монстров, а также задние виды местности. Дэнни Келлер, помимо прочего занимавшийся анимацией, создавал приспешников Амброзия — Трсанти. Рион Вернон разработал внешний вид финального босса. Один из лидеров арт-команды, Джефф Хейни, будучи опытным специалистом в области иллюстрирования, помогал Хортону на протяжении всего производственного процесса[37]. Сайферт предоставлял сведения, в которых отражалось в каком мире жили существа и чем они занимались. По мнению Хортона, указанный контекст был также важен, как и индивидуальное описание. Ревун был представлен как существо, живущее в сырых, тёмных норах и катакомбах в недостатке солнечного света. Так как он должен был рыть норы, то в центре его дизайна — длинные когти. На внешний вид существ влияла и определённая группировка. Так монстры из Онейроса напоминали скваттеров в умирающем мире, существующих во враждебном окружении. Между ними происходят межличностные войны, в которых есть охотники и жертвы, одиночки и группы[36]. Над дизайном главных героев команда работала на протяжении месяца. Наброски внешнего вида Патрика, Кейсинджера, Элизабет, Амброзия, Аарона, Вифании и Иеремии оценивали продюсеры, давали свои комментарии, после чего арт-группа осуществляла редизайн[37].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nНа ранних этапах разработки протагонист носил имя графа Магнуса Вольфрама (English: Magnus Wolfram)[5][43] и описывался как духовный наследник Индианы Джонса[9]. Баркер раскритиковал как имя главного героя, которое не могло встретиться в реальности, так и образ дородного лысого татуированного парня[5], обладающего нечеловеческой силой[27]. Клайв много работал над дизайном персонажей и полностью трансформировал внешний вид протагониста[33], сделав его более сексуальным[31]. Будучи открытым гомосексуалом, Баркер напутствовал команду: «Возвращайтесь с героем, с которым я мог бы переспать!»[44]. DreamWorks Interactive придумала новое имя для персонажа — Патрик Гэллуэй и избавилась как от татуировок, так и лысины. У героя бёдра стали стройными, плечи — широкими, и в целом он стал напоминать молодого Мела Гибсона и Харрисона Форда[21]. С точки зрения характера он получился более спокойным[22]. Клайв был впечатлён — он счёл дизайн Патрика великолепным, «… он больше не кукла Кен, и это важно, поскольку всё высохнет на корню, если в нём не будет правдивости»[5]. Баркер характеризовал Элизабет как чрезвычайно сексуальную и пугающую героиню, а Амброзия — как отвратительного персонажа[27], паршивую овцу семьи, чей голос напоминает Кэрол Чэннинг[21].", "Indivisible\n\"Indivisible\" была анонсирована компанией Lab Zero Games во время выступления об их игре Skullgirls на фестивале Anime Expo 2 июля 2015 года. Согласно разработчикам, в игре будет присутствовать сюжетная линия, вдохновлённая мифологией южно-восточной Азии и другими культурами. В проекте будет использоваться традиционная двухмерная анимация от художников как Lab Zero Games так и Studio Yotta. Хироки Кикута, наиболее известный как автор саундтрека к игре Secret of Mana выступит в качестве композитора.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nГлавный герой попадает в потусторонний мир Онейрос, где встречает окультиста и давнего неприятеля Отто Кейсинджера (English: Otto Keisinger), прибывшего из Германии с целью изучения Стоячих Камней. Ранее Кейсинджер таинственно исчез после обвинения Патрика в убийстве. Овладевая новой магией, Отто открыл путь в разрушенный город Снов, где и обосновался. После небольшой стычки он ретируется, а протагонист вновь попадает в реальный мир. Патрик добирается до руин древнего монастыря. Выполнив ритуал, он попадает сквозь озеро в прошлое, когда все постройки ещё были целы. Там он похищает Косу Кельтов, оружие, обнаруженное монахами из у Камней[22]. Коса влияла на её обладателей, что в конечном итоге привело к гибели большей части аббатства. После он вновь попадает в 1923 год. Главный герой слышит пение, и подходит к Эвелин. После того как Патрик дотрагивается до неё, подгнившее тело матери семейства Ковенантов безжизненно падает. Протагонист сражается с появившейся Элизабет и отрубает Косой её голову, и все ещё скалящуюся и угрожающую, сбрасывает с обрыва.", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nБольшинство критиков положительно высказалось о сюжетном повествовании[10][15][89], атмосферности игры[7][77] и элементах хоррора[90]. Александр Башкиров, критик «Игромании», в своем ретро-обзоре отмечал, что игра подвержена большему влиянию Говарда Лавкрафта, нежели самого Клайва. Однако подача сюжета о «падении дома Ковенантов» выполнена в фирменном баркеровском стиле. Реальность проекта довольно зыбка, что роднит его с «Восставшим из ада» и «Кэндименом». Автор подчеркнул высокую атмосферность шутера[15]. Сюжетное наполнение виделось Сергею Светличному, рецензенту журнала «Домашний ПК», оригинальным и достойным, а имена персонажей вызывали у него библейские ассоциации[89]. Таль Блевинс, сотрудник IGN, счёл, что «Проклятые» обладают страшным атмосферным сюжетом, который держит зрителя в ожидании чего-то жуткого[77]. Дмитрий Чернов, обозреватель портала Absolute Games положительно оценил атмосферу игры, которая воссоздавалась благодаря таким стилистическим приёмам, как мрачное поместье, тусклый свет, грозовые облака и одинокие слуги. «Играть действительно жутко, без преувеличения. Как-то слегка бьет по нервам, когда бродишь по подземельям монастыря, и над тобой скрипят доски, из туннеля справа раздается вой, а сзади кто-то шепчет „Look around!“. Все это в соответствующем антураже мрачных серых стен, скудно освещаемой темноты подземелий, периодически гаснущих факелов, многочисленной паутины и разбросанных повсюду обглоданных трупов»[7]. Бен Сильверман, обозреватель Game Revolution, посчитал Undying жестокой и страшной игрой, с фонтанами крови и потусторонними демонами, которые порадуют поклонников жанра[90].", "Clive Barker’s Undying\nОдной из реальных проблем игровой индустрии Клайв считал предсказуемость: «Вот пистолет, вот чудовище — вы знаете что делать». Однако сотрудники DreamWorks Interactive были более заинтересованы в создании атмосферы и проработке персонажей, чем в статистике убитых врагов[40]. Хоррору в игре предшествует его предзнаменования — записи в дневнике, звуковые сигналы. Пустынные катакомбы, звуки в тенях, разбросанные трупы создают атмосферу ещё до появления первого врага. Готика в повествовании находит отражение в антураже: дом с привидениями, семья в упадке. Эти элементы, в свою очередь, постепенно преображаются в космический Лавкрафтовый рассказ. События большей части сюжета разворачиваются в особняке. Появление в нём существ зависит от контекста истории. Так Патрик может пересекать кухню множество раз, до тех пор пока не разозлит призрака Аарона и он не станет бросать в героя ножи и другие предметы[42].", "Unknown Horizons\nUnknown Horizons — первый значимый проект на движке , который также находится в стадии разработки. Языком программирования был выбран Python, так как он поддерживается движком FIFE и предоставляет кросс-платформенную независимость. Модели для Unknown Horizons создаются с использованием Blender.", "Пёттеринг, Леннарт\nРодился в Гватемале, детство провёл в Рио-де-Жанейро, впоследствии переехал в Гамбург. С 2004 года начал разрабатывать подсистему PulseAudio, ставшую со временем основным звуковым сервером в Linux. В 2005 году создал реализацию Zeroconf для Linux и BSD — демон Avahi. С 2010 года разрабатывает альтернативную традиционной со времён System V систему инициализации для Linux — systemd. С 2011 года — сотрудник Red Hat, где является ведущим разработчиком systemd. Хотя поддержка systemd в дистрибутивах Red Hat и вклад Пёттеринга из-за кардинальности изменений нередко сопровождались критикой в сообществе, с начала — середины 2010-х годов systemd фактически стала стандартом и почти полностью вытеснила традиционную систему init в экосистеме Linux.", "Microsoft Singularity\nBartok — это исследовательский проект по созданию на языке C# оптимизирующего компилятора из CIL в x86." ]

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[ "Hilary Duff (album) Hilary Duff is the self-titled third studio album by American singer Hilary Duff. It was released on September 29, 2004, shortly after her seventeenth birthday, by Hollywood Records. Duff cited the album as being more mature than her previous albums, stating \"Basically, I'm not Lizzie McGuire anymore\". The seventeen-track album saw Duff collaborating with the same producers she did on \"Metamorphosis\", saying that it was more comfortable for her that way. Recording sessions for the album took place during May to August 2004, partially between filming of \"Raise Your Voice\" (2004) and \"The Perfect Man\" (2005), both in which Duff had starring roles.", "Lizzie McGuire Lizzie McGuire is an American live-action scripted teen sitcom, whose characters were created by Terri Minsky, who also developed its core format. It featured an animated version of the title character performing soliloquies; these animated sequences were interspersed with the show's live-action sequences. It premiered on the Disney Channel on January 12, 2001, following the premiere of \",\" and was canceled by that channel effective on February 14, 2004, after a total of 65 episodes were produced and aired. Its target demographic was preteens and adolescents." ]

[ "Pilot (My So-Called Life) \"Pilot\" is the first episode of the American teen drama television series \"My So-Called Life\". The episode premiered on ABC on August 25, 1994. Written by series creator Winnie Holzman and directed by Scott Winant, the episode begins the story of Angela Chase (Claire Danes), a fifteen-year-old high school sophomore who is experiencing the difficulties of friends and parents. In addition, the pilot also introduces the supporting cast, including Angela's parents, Patty and Graham, her two best friends, Rayanne Graff and Rickie Vasquez, as well as Angela's love interest, Jordan Catalano.", "Lindsey Shaw Lindsey Shaw (born May 10, 1989) is an American actress. She is known for playing Jennifer \"Moze\" Mosely on the Nickelodeon series, \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". She also co-starred in the 2007 CW sitcom \"Aliens in America\", and was the lead on ABC Family's 2009 comedy series \"10 Things I Hate About You\". Since 2011-2017 she played the recurring role of Paige McCullers on the ABC Family teen drama series \"Pretty Little Liars\".", "Hilary Duff discography American singer Hilary Duff has released five studio albums, two extended plays (EPs), two live albums, five compilation albums, five video albums, 18 singles, and 21 music videos. Duff released her debut studio album \"Santa Claus Lane\" on Buena Vista Records in October 2002. The holiday album peaked at the 154th position on the \"Billboard\" 200 in the United States, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "TeenNick TeenNick is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. Aimed primarily at teenagers aged 13-18, the channel features a mix of original programming, Nickelodeon-produced series, and acquired programs initially geared towards pre-teens and young teenagers.", "All of Us All Of Us is an American sitcom that premiered on the now-defunct UPN network in the United States on September 16, 2003, where it aired for its first three seasons. On October 1, 2006, the show moved to The CW, a new network formed by the merger of UPN and The WB (whose sister company Warner Bros. Television produced this series), where it aired for one more season before being cancelled on May 14, 2007.", "Everything's Relative (1999 TV series) Everything's Relative is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from April 6, 1999 until April 27, 1999. The series was created by Mitchell Hurwitz, and was produced by Witt/Thomas Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television.", "Best Friends Forever (TV series) Best Friends Forever is an American sitcom series that ran on NBC from April 4, to June 1, 2012. The series aired during the 2011–12 NBC primetime season as a mid-season replacement and was created by real-life best friends Lennon Parham and Jessica St. Clair. The pilot episode was made available early through Hulu and NBC.com on March 21, 2012. NBC officially canceled the series on May 11, 2012.", "List of Good Luck Charlie episodes \"Good Luck Charlie\" is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from April 4, 2010 to February 16, 2014. The series revolves around Teddy Duncan (Bridgit Mendler), a teenage girl who makes video diaries for her little sister Charlie (Mia Talerico) about her family and life as a teenager. The video diaries are made to help Charlie when she grows up. The series also stars Jason Dolley as PJ; Bradley Steven Perry as Gabe; and Leigh-Allyn Baker and Eric Allan Kramer as Amy and Bob Duncan, the children's parents.", "Dear Santa (2005 film) Dear Santa is a 2005 American Christmas television film directed by Jim Hunziker and starring Clay Aiken, Hilary Duff, and Tony Hawk. The film first aired December 9, 2005 on the Fox network, and was rebroadcast on November 28, 2006 on ABC Family.", "Payne (TV series) Payne is an American sitcom patterned after the British program \"Fawlty Towers\". It starred American John Larroquette, who was also an executive producer for the series.", "United States (TV series) United States is an American sitcom (dramedy) that aired on NBC from March 11 until April 29, 1980.", "Really Me Really Me is a Canadian teen situation comedy series airing on Family. It premiered on April 22, 2011 and on VRAK.TV on August 31, 2011. On June 13, 2011, Family announced that the series was being renewed for a second season, which premiered on October 5, 2012. There is no season 3 planned for the series at this time (according to FRESH TV). The last episode aired April 5, 2013 in Canada. It started airing on Netflix in the United States June 15, 2015.", "The O'Keefes The O'Keefes is an American television sitcom, that aired on The WB Television Network. It premiered on May 22, 2003 and ended on June 12, 2003.", "My So-Called Life My So-Called Life is an American teen drama television series created by Winnie Holzman and produced by Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz. It originally aired on ABC from August 25, 1994, to January 26, 1995, and was distributed by The Bedford Falls Company with ABC Productions.", "You Wish (TV series) You Wish is an American fantasy sitcom that ran from September 26, 1997 to June 19, 1998. It started as part of ABC's TGIF programming on Friday nights for the fall of 1997, along with \"Sabrina, the Teenage Witch\", \"Boy Meets World\", and \"Teen Angel\".", "List of Girls episodes \"Girls\" is an American comedy-drama television series created by Lena Dunham, who serves as executive producer along with Judd Apatow and Jenni Konner. The series premiered on HBO on April 15, 2012. \"Girls\" stars Dunham as Hannah Horvath, an aspiring writer in her 20s trying to navigate her personal and professional life in New York City after her parents discontinue their financial support. Allison Williams, Jemima Kirke, Zosia Mamet, Adam Driver, and Alex Karpovsky co-star as Hannah's circle of friends, who are also trying to figure out their own lives and relationships. During the course of the series, episodes of \"Girls \" aired over seasons.", "Mr. Young Mr. Young is a Canadian Teen situation comedy that premiered on March 1, 2011 on YTV. The series was filmed in Burnaby, British Columbia. The series was created by Dan Signer (who also worked on shows such as \"The Suite Life on Deck\" and \"A.N.T. Farm\"), and stars Brendan Meyer, Matreya Fedor and Gig Morton as attendees of Finnegan High School. Further main cast includes Kurt Ostlund, Emily Tennant, and Milo Shandel. The show ended its run on November 28, 2013 with three seasons and 80 episodes. The whole series is available for streaming on Netflix in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.", "The Michael Richards Show The Michael Richards Show is an American sitcom that debuted on NBC in 2000. The show starred Michael Richards as reality-challenged but successful private detective Vic Nardozza who gets the job done despite his unconventional methods.", "List of Younger episodes \"Younger\" is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on March 31, 2015, on TV Land. Based on the Pamela Redmond Satran novel of the same name, \"Younger\" was created by Darren Star, and stars Sutton Foster in the lead role of Liza Miller, a 40-year-old recently divorced mother who, after finding it difficult to get a job at her age, attempts to pass herself off as a 26-year-old in order to start her life over. Hilary Duff, Debi Mazar, Miriam Shor, Nico Tortorella, Molly Bernard and Peter Hermann also star in supporting roles. On April 21, 2015, \"Younger\" was renewed for a second season of 12 episodes, which premiered in January 2016. On January 6, 2016, \"Younger\" was renewed for a third season of 12 episodes, which aired on September 28, 2016.", "Gossip Girl (season 1) The first season of \"Gossip Girl\", an American teen drama based upon the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar. Developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. Airing on The CW from September 19, 2007 till May 19, 2008 with 18 episodes. It tells the story of Serena van der Woodsen's return to Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City following her mysterious disappearance to boarding school in Connecticut, while being watched by gossip website Gossip Girl." ]

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[ "Maurice Cole (pianist) Maurice Cole (pianist) Maurice Cole (1902–1990), was an English pianist, teacher and adjudicator who studied privately and at the Guildhall School of Music with Arthur De Greef. Maurice Cole was born in London, England. He was the first pianist to broadcast a recital on the BBC and went on to perform, amongst many other compositions, both books of Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\" on the BBC Third Programme. He was professor at the Guildhall School of Music from 1953, was appointed Professor of Pianoforte at the School on two occasions and was a member of the Incorporated Society of Musicians. He was", "Maurice Cole (pianist) an avoidance of all posturing and pretentiousness (would that the same could be said for all other Bach players!)\" Review of Cole's recording of Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier book I in Gramophone Magazine, November 1962. Maurice Cole (pianist) Maurice Cole (1902–1990), was an English pianist, teacher and adjudicator who studied privately and at the Guildhall School of Music with Arthur De Greef. Maurice Cole was born in London, England. He was the first pianist to broadcast a recital on the BBC and went on to perform, amongst many other compositions, both books of Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\" on the BBC Third Programme.", "Maurice Cole (pianist) 4 February 1950, Frederick Fuller (baritone), Maurice Cole (piano) Monday 7 September 1959, Basil Cameron, John Hollingsworth, Constance Shacklock (contralto), Nicanor Zabaleta (harp), Maurice Cole (piano) \"One can perhaps scarcely expect subtlety for eight shillings. What we get is sensible work and passable orchestral tone, with the pianoforte’s part a good way the best of the bargain. Would it be better worth while to improve the orchestral tone, and charge a little more for the records – if that could be arranged?\". \"I have never regarded Mr. Cole as an extremely fine interpreter—more as a sound general utility man. Still,", "Maurice Cole Tanquary slides and journals to The Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum, Bowdoin College, in 2006. Maurice Cole Tanquary Maurice Cole Tanquary (November 26, 1881 - October 25, 1944) was a professor of entomology, a member of the Crocker Land Expedition and is considered to be a pioneer in modern beekeeping. Tanquary was the son of Thomas J. and Florence A. Tanquaary and was raised on a farm near Lawrenceville, Illinois, where he attended public schools. He then attended Vincennes University where he was a member of Tau Phi Delta society and was one of the authors of the society's first constitution and by-laws.", "Maurice Cole Tanquary Maurice Cole Tanquary Maurice Cole Tanquary (November 26, 1881 - October 25, 1944) was a professor of entomology, a member of the Crocker Land Expedition and is considered to be a pioneer in modern beekeeping. Tanquary was the son of Thomas J. and Florence A. Tanquaary and was raised on a farm near Lawrenceville, Illinois, where he attended public schools. He then attended Vincennes University where he was a member of Tau Phi Delta society and was one of the authors of the society's first constitution and by-laws. He graduated in 1903 and taught for four years in the public", "Maurice Cole (pianist) married with Doris Allen. During the Second World War, he was a member of ENSA and entertained the forces, both in London and abroad. In 1958, he went on an extensive performance tour to Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and other countries. Maurice Cole recorded extensively in the 1920s and 1930s for release on 78 rpm for Vocalion, for Hyperion during the late 1940s, and for Classics Club Records during the late 1950s (later reissued by Saga Records). He was also one of the first pianists to broadcast from the Marconi House Studio in 1922 and also broadcast from Savoy Hill." ]

[ "Dave Collins (radio personality) Dave Collins (radio personality) Dave Collins is a British radio DJ who has broadcast across a number of radio stations in his career including Voice of Peace and Radio Caroline and a dozen radio stations in the UK. Dave was born in Liverpool. His real name is David Young. After leaving school, worked as a carpenter/joiner for Liverpool City Council. He gained a City and Guilds qualification in his trade and lived at his parents home. In his spare time, he worked on various landbased pirate radio stations in Liverpool such as Radio Elenore(he was owner/programme manager after Peanut Kenny", "Pebbles (radio personality) Program Director Elroy Smith told her she needed a radio-friendly name, and gave her three choices: Pebbles, Gypsy, or Asia. She chose Pebbles because, at the time, R&B singer Perri \"Pebbles\" Reid was popular for the song \"Mercedes Boy.\" \"It kind of had a buzz around the name, which is good,\" Pebbles told the Boston Globe in 2006. \"The Ramiro & Pebbles Morning Show\" was awarded Best Morning Show by Cityvoter.com in January 2011. Pebbles reported from the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Pebbles (radio personality) Susan Lynne Semedo (\"Pebbles\") is a radio presenter, personality, and voice-over artist in", "Gene Taylor (TV and radio personality) Gene Taylor (TV and radio personality) Gene Taylor (born Eugene Lee Herships, June 26, 1947 – January 6, 2001) was an American comedian, TV and radio host and writer, best known for his on-air work in Toronto and Detroit. Taylor was born in Detroit, where he attended Frank Cody High School. He became a stand-up comedian after high school, working nightclubs at age 20. He briefly joined the army and then returned to comedy, working primarily in strip clubs starting in 1969, including the Victory Burlesque theatre in Toronto. He also wrote jokes for Bob Hope and other comedians. In", "Get Real (UK TV series) only series of seven episodes. However, according to Mark Lewisohn in the \"Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy\": Get Real (UK TV series) Get Real! is a 1998 British sitcom. It starred Lindsay Duncan, Simon Godley, Lloyd Owen and Lesley Vickerage. It was made by Tandem Television and Carlton Television (developed in association with Red Rooster Film & Television Entertainment) for the ITV network. Louise (Duncan), Adam (Owen), Lestor (Godley) and Francine (Vickerage) are four Londoners in their late 20s or early 30s, all living in Ladbroke Grove. They are constantly meeting up in each other's flats or in a", "Real Radio ruled Global would have to sell radio stations in seven areas of the UK - including all areas served by a Real Radio station. A subsequent appeal by Global was rejected at a tribunal. On 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be rebranding all Real Radio stations as Heart and be selling Real Radio Yorkshire and the Northern licence of Real Radio Wales to Communicorp. Heart's network programming and brand name will be used under a franchise agreement. On 25 March 2014, the stations began a transition period to the Heart branding. The Real Radio branding was phased", "Radio personality Radio personality A radio personality (American English) or radio presenter (British English), commonly referred to as a \"disc jockey\" or \"DJ\" for short, is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host, and in India and Pakistan as a radio jockey. Radio personalities who introduce and play individual selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys. The term has evolved to also describe a person who mixes a continuous flow of recorded music in real time. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk", "Mike Elliott (radio personality) Elliott built WBZN - Z-107.3 / Bangor, Maine from a construction permit into a CHR market leader, owning it for two years. Mike Elliott & co-worker \"Bill\" LaTour wrote the parody song \"Rock Me Jerry Lewis\" in 1986 which reached Number 1 on The Dr. Demento's Funny Five chart. Mike Elliott (radio personality) Mike Elliott (John Michael Elliot) is a voice over artist and radio personality. Mike Elliott's radio career has taken him from Maine to Pittsburgh, Tampa and Orlando, to Los Angeles, to Phoenix (KZZP) and Tucson, Arizona, where he had the highest-rated morning show in the contemporary-hit format", "Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television The Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television, commonly referred to simply as the Gold Logie, is an award presented annually at the Australian TV Week Logie Awards. It was first awarded at the 2nd Annual TV Week Logie Awards, held in 1960 when the award was originally called Most Popular Personality on Australian Television. It was briefly renamed \"Best Personality on Australian Television\" in 2016-2017. For the 2018 ceremony, the award category name was reverted to Most Popular Personality on Australian Television. The winner and nominees", "Real Men (UK TV series) Real Men (UK TV series) Real Men is a two-part British television crime drama series, written by playwright Frank Deasy and directed by Sallie Aphramain, that first broadcast on BBC2 on 12 and 13 March 2003. The series stars Ben Daniels as Detective Inspector Matthew Fenton, who after re-opening the cold case of a missing child, finds himself drawn to a local orphanage where he suspects the caretaker of sexual improprieties with the minors. The script for the series took writer Frank Deasy more than four years to write. The series was considered so-hard hitting that the \"Radio Times\" published", "Ron Fournier (radio personality) Ron Fournier (radio personality) Ronald \"Ron\" Fournier (born August 3, 1949) is a Quebec-born radio host and sport journalist. He is also a retired professional hockey referee. Fournier was raised in Montreal. In his youth he played baseball with teammates Maurice Jr. and Normand Richard (Maurice Richard's sons) with the Braves d’Ahuntsic. When winter came, he switched to a goalie outfit with which he would be drafted with the Drummondville Rangers in the beginnings of the LHJMQ. He was never drafted by the National Hockey League but he had already thought of becoming a referee if he couldn't get in", "Ron Fournier (radio personality) motivation. He is the current president of an eponymous hockey referee school situated in the arena in Candiac, Quebec. The band Les Cowboys Fringants have written a song that portraits him, \"Salut mon Ron\", which was showcased on the album \"Break syndical\" in 2002. Ron Fournier (radio personality) Ronald \"Ron\" Fournier (born August 3, 1949) is a Quebec-born radio host and sport journalist. He is also a retired professional hockey referee. Fournier was raised in Montreal. In his youth he played baseball with teammates Maurice Jr. and Normand Richard (Maurice Richard's sons) with the Braves d’Ahuntsic. When winter came, he", "Scott Winters (radio personality) In September 2011, Winters was hired by WOOD-TV as a digital sales consultant. Winters left WOOD TV in December 2014. He is currently a licensed realtor working for Berkshire Hathaway Home Services. In addition to real estate he and a friend own and run a website development and media company called Winrock Media. Winters can also be heard on Greatest Hits 98.7 WFGR in Grand Rapids weekdays from 3-8 pm and Saturdays from 2-6 pm. Scott Winters (radio personality) Richard Scott Winters (born March 31, 1963) is an American radio disc jockey and former talk show host. Winters is a", "Jack Jackson (radio personality) then moved from Radio 1 to BBC Radio 2. Suffering from a bronchial illness, he returned to Britain to live in 1973, and died in Rickmansworth in 1978. He is remembered as a member of the UK Radio Academy's Hall of Fame. Jack Jackson (radio personality) Jack Jackson (20 February 1906 – 15 January 1978) was an English trumpeter and bandleader popular during the British dance band era, and who later became a highly influential radio disc jockey. He was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, the son of a brass band player and conductor, and began playing cornet at the age", "Elaine Cole novelist for the Governor General's Award, and her granddaughter Val Cole, is a Vancouver-based actress, radio and television personality. Elaine Cole Elaine Cole was a well-known Southern Ontario on-air television personality in the 50s and 60s with CKCO-TV, (now CTV Southwestern Ontario) Kitchener, Ontario. Born Elaine Hessenaur, daughter of a prominent Kitchener family, Elaine was recruited by CKCO as someone already well known locally through her roles in various organizations to host their public service/’women’s interest’ programming. Her live, daily \"Elaine Cole Show\" became a major attraction, opening a wide area television audience for local groups promoting current activities, visiting", "Gene Taylor (TV and radio personality) been working on a book about Michigan at the time of his death, and it was completed by Colleen Burcar, his colleague on the Purtan show, and published as \"Michigan Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff\" in 2003. Taylor was married twice, first to Mardi, whom he met in 1969 and married in 1972. They had two sons together, Kelly (born in 1978) and Christian (1984). He later married Helen Pasakarnis, and the two were together when Taylor died. Gene Taylor (TV and radio personality) Gene Taylor (born Eugene Lee Herships, June 26, 1947 – January 6,", "Name of Russia (Russia TV) Name of Russia (Russia TV) Name of Russia (, \"The Name Russia\") was a project of the Russia TV channel aimed to elect the most notable personality in Russian history through Internet, radio and television voting. The program is similar to British \"100 Greatest Britons\" and other similar projects held in different countries. The Russia TV Channel initially nominated 500 names who \"played significant role in Russia's history\", selected by the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. On 12 June 2008 the list was shortened to 50 by voting. In December 2008 the name of the", "People Are Funny (film) Are Funny\" that mixes bizarre challenges to contestants with musical entertainment. Corey gets the show's producer Pinky Wilson to bring his show to Mr Guedel. Pine Thomas bought the screen rights to the radio show in 1944. Jack Haley who signed a two-picture deal with Pine Thomas was assigned to star. People Are Funny (film) People Are Funny is a 1946 American musical comedy film directed by Sam White based on the popular radio show of the same name. Radio producer John Guedel is panicked and dumbfounded when his popular radio show \"Humbug\" is immediately taken off the air for", "Red Blanchard (radio personality) Red Blanchard (radio personality) Richard Bogardus \"Red\" Blanchard, Jr. (June 11, 1920 – June 16, 2011) was an American radio show personality in California markets from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s whose shows were novelty- and comedy-oriented. He was also a musician and record producer and released a few novelty songs of his own in the early 1950s. Blanchard also added his voice to novelty songs written and performed by recording personality Nervous Norvus, and to radio commercials. In 1965 Blanchard became the technical director of the Los Angeles station KHJ-TV until he retired in 1978. Blanchard was born in", "John O'Donnell (radio personality) John O'Donnell (radio personality) John O'Donnell was born on 4 February 1947 in Warrnambool, Victoria. John's career as an started in Warnambool at 3YB and since then has worked at 7HO, 4IP, 7EX, 6PR, 2HD, 3XY, 2SM, 3DB, 3UZ, 2Day FM, New FM, 3MP, Magic 693, and Hope 1032 fm Sydney previously known as 2CBA. When Countdown (Australian TV series) began on TV in the early 70's, John O'Donnell hosted the second week as producers searched for the right host. The first week was hosted by Sydney radio Personality Grant Goldman. They finally decided on music guru Molly Meldrum as", "Radio personality the 1960s, and resulted in the first all-sports station in the US, WFAN (AM) that would go on to feature many sports radio personalities such as Marv Albert and Howie Rose. Radio personality salaries are influenced by years of experience and education. In 2013, the median salary of a radio personality in the US was $28,400. A radio personality with a bachelor's degree had a salary range of $19,600–60,400. The salary of a local radio personality will differ from a national radio personality. National personality pay can be in the millions because of the increased audience size and corporate sponsorship.", "Elaine Cole Elaine Cole Elaine Cole was a well-known Southern Ontario on-air television personality in the 50s and 60s with CKCO-TV, (now CTV Southwestern Ontario) Kitchener, Ontario. Born Elaine Hessenaur, daughter of a prominent Kitchener family, Elaine was recruited by CKCO as someone already well known locally through her roles in various organizations to host their public service/’women’s interest’ programming. Her live, daily \"Elaine Cole Show\" became a major attraction, opening a wide area television audience for local groups promoting current activities, visiting celebrities and dignitaries, show headliners, local talent, new product demonstrators, along with discussions of timely issues. When CKKW Radio", "Maurice Jay Maurice Jay Maurice Jay is a radio and television personality in Northern Ireland. He is currently the Programme Controller for U105, a Belfast-based radio station that is part of the Wireless Group. Jay played lead roles in over 100 UK-wide performances of West Side Story by Leonard Bernstein. He was included in the Sound of 2008 and 2011 panels at the BBC. Jay was born in Holywood, Northern Ireland and attended Sullivan Upper School there. He was awarded a diploma in Sound Technology & Music Business from New York University . In the mid 80s Jay began club DJ'ing and", "People Are Funny (film) People Are Funny (film) People Are Funny is a 1946 American musical comedy film directed by Sam White based on the popular radio show of the same name. Radio producer John Guedel is panicked and dumbfounded when his popular radio show \"Humbug\" is immediately taken off the air for making fun of the legal profession. Given a deadline to produce a replacement, Gudel contacts his writer girlfriend Corey Sullivan to help him but Corey has another client, Leroy Brinker seeking a radio show for himself. The two come across a radio show put on in a small town called \"People", "Pebbles (radio personality) special backpack, books and school supplies. Newspaper articles have labeled women hip-hop/pop/rock radio morning show hosts in Boston a \"vanishing species,\" saying that women are often replaced by male personalities who can compete with syndicated male-dominated morning shows. There are currently a handful of women morning radio hosts and co-hosts on Boston's 20 top-ranked popular music stations, including Pebbles on WBQT, co-host Kennedy on WWBX, Rita Cary on WXRV, and traffic reporter Lisa on the \"Matty in the Morning\" show on WXKS-FM. Pebbles, whose real name is Susan Semedo, was given her radio nickname while at WILD in the 1980s.", "Real Men of Genius Real Men of Genius Real Men of Genius is a series of advertisements, primarily 60-second American radio spots, for Bud Light beer. The campaign was originally conceived by copywriter Bob Winter and art director Mark Gross and co-created with copywriter Bill Cimino at DDB Chicago. The campaign began in 1998 under the title Real American Heroes with 12 radio spots. Over 200 installments have been made. In 2001, the radio version was adapted for television in the UK, advertising Budweiser beer instead of Bud Light (Bud Light is not officially distributed in the UK). The six UK TV spots maintained", "Clivillés and Cole Woman\", originally by Chaka Khan. In 1994, the duo produced a radio version of Jim Carrey's performance of \"Cuban Pete\" from the movie \"The Mask\". In 1991, as Clivillés + Cole, the duo released an LP-single A-side featuring a cover of U2's \"Pride (In the Name of Love)\", but it was the B-side, \"A Deeper Love\", featuring vocals by Deborah Cooper (a long time Clivillés and Cole vocalist) and Paul Pesco that proved to be a hit, peaking at No. 15 in the UK. Deborah Cooper performed \"Deeper Love\" various times, including on \"Saturday Night Live\" with Clivillés and Cole's", "Real Radio XS services as Radio X. The Manchester service retained the Real Radio XS name until early 2016, when it relaunched as XS Manchester. Unlike the other Communicorp stations, which share branding and network programming with Global networks under franchise, XS is a standalone service with its own branding, format and programming. WEEKDAYS EVENINGS WEEKENDS Themed weekends are often featured on the station and clips are voiced by presenters which include information about the featured artist. Real Radio XS Real Radio XS was a radio station brand operated by Real and Smooth Ltd (formerly GMG Radio) based in Salford, Greater Manchester, broadcasting", "Maurice Jay for the Northern Ireland Hospice; this entailed endurance challenges where he lived in a shop window in Belfast City Centre for more than nine days, and in September 2011 visited 105 towns and villages on a bed. To date U105 has raised over £1,000,000 for the charity. Maurice Jay Maurice Jay is a radio and television personality in Northern Ireland. He is currently the Programme Controller for U105, a Belfast-based radio station that is part of the Wireless Group. Jay played lead roles in over 100 UK-wide performances of West Side Story by Leonard Bernstein. He was included in the", "Funny Business (TV series) Funny Business (TV series) Funny Business: \"A Lecture by Rowan Atkinson M.Sc. (Oxon.)\" (also known as Laughing Matters) is a documentary style television series about the craft of comedy consisting of six 50-minute episodes. The first episode aired in the UK 22 November 1992. The show was also shown in Germany and released on video. It was directed by David Hinton. The writers were Rowan Atkinson, Robin Driscoll, and David Hinton. It was produced by Tiger Aspect Productions (formerly Tiger Television Productions). The show featured appearances by many comedians, including Rowan Atkinson who made an appearance both as the presenter/narrator", "Dave Wilson (radio personality) physical size and beard. Wilson owned One Liner's Comedy club in Greenwood, Indiana, a popular Indianapolis Comedy club and restaurant. The club was also known for an airplane sticking out of its roof. It was closed in 2008. Dave Wilson (radio personality) Dave \"The King\" Wilson is an American radio personality based in Indianapolis. He hosted the afternoon \"Dave Wilson Show\" on 93.1 WIBC, (formerly 1070 AM-WIBC), an Emmis Communications station, in Indianapolis until let go in March 2009. Wilson is also a member of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network. Wilson earned the nickname \"The King\" from his work", "Radio personality not have a post-high school education, but some do hold degrees in audio engineering. Radio personalities typically have a bachelor's degree level qualification in radio-television-film, mass communications, journalism, or English. A radio personality position generally has the following requirements: Radio personality A radio personality (American English) or radio presenter (British English), commonly referred to as a \"disc jockey\" or \"DJ\" for short, is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host, and in India and Pakistan as a radio jockey. Radio personalities who", "Pat O'Brien (radio and television personality) O'Brien was a member of Sioux Falls area rock and roll band Dale Gregory and the Shouters, from 1964 to 1967 for which he was inducted into the South Dakota Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 25, 2010. Subsequent to the Shouters, he was the lead band personality in the local band Those of Us, a compilation of the Shouters and the X-Men. O'Brien started his career working for KSOO TV-Radio in his hometown of Sioux Falls. After graduating from college in 1970, he worked as a researcher at NBC News in Washington, D.C. and was a production", "Billy Bean and His Funny Machine Billy Bean and His Funny Machine Billy Bean and His Funny Machine was a UK children’s TV series which was broadcast by the BBC in 1954. It featured a puppet called Billy Bean who operated a large fantastic machine that could produce anything he drew on the \"cartoonorator\". Many mistakes were made with humorous results. Peter Hawkins who went on to make a career in children’s puppet TV was the voice of Billy Bean. Based upon Chuck Luchsinger's American children's show \"Jolly Gene & His Fun Machine\", like Jolly Gene, Billy Bean also ran a train and was dressed as", "Real Men (UK TV series) characters - you don't approve of it, but \"Real Men\" just shows you how it is.\" Real Men (UK TV series) Real Men is a two-part British television crime drama series, written by playwright Frank Deasy and directed by Sallie Aphramain, that first broadcast on BBC2 on 12 and 13 March 2003. The series stars Ben Daniels as Detective Inspector Matthew Fenton, who after re-opening the cold case of a missing child, finds himself drawn to a local orphanage where he suspects the caretaker of sexual improprieties with the minors. The script for the series took writer Frank Deasy more", "Alan Cox (radio personality) Alan Cox (radio personality) Alan Brandon Cox (born June 23, 1971) is an American radio/TV personality and comedian. Cox is currently the morning host at WDTW Detroit (106.7 The D) and afternoon host on 100.7 WMMS in Cleveland, Ohio. He is also a frequest guest host for the nationally syndicated \"America Now\" show. Prior to Cleveland & Detroit, Cox was on the air at the former WKQX (Q101), in Chicago & WXDX-FM in Pittsburgh, PA. Cox began his career on stations in Rockford, Illinois and Kalamazoo, Michigan. Cox is known for literate, polite and caustic stream-of-consciousness commentary, left-leaning political views,", "Alan Cox (radio personality) host for the nationally syndicated \"America Now\" show. Alan Cox (radio personality) Alan Brandon Cox (born June 23, 1971) is an American radio/TV personality and comedian. Cox is currently the morning host at WDTW Detroit (106.7 The D) and afternoon host on 100.7 WMMS in Cleveland, Ohio. He is also a frequest guest host for the nationally syndicated \"America Now\" show. Prior to Cleveland & Detroit, Cox was on the air at the former WKQX (Q101), in Chicago & WXDX-FM in Pittsburgh, PA. Cox began his career on stations in Rockford, Illinois and Kalamazoo, Michigan. Cox is known for literate,", "Get Real (UK TV series) Get Real (UK TV series) Get Real! is a 1998 British sitcom. It starred Lindsay Duncan, Simon Godley, Lloyd Owen and Lesley Vickerage. It was made by Tandem Television and Carlton Television (developed in association with Red Rooster Film & Television Entertainment) for the ITV network. Louise (Duncan), Adam (Owen), Lestor (Godley) and Francine (Vickerage) are four Londoners in their late 20s or early 30s, all living in Ladbroke Grove. They are constantly meeting up in each other's flats or in a nearby coffee bar to drink and discuss life, love and sex (possibly due to some of the subject", "The Block (UK TV series) Cowell (brother of Simon Cowell) and the best couple won a prize (either furniture or building materials). The show, which had been so popular in Australia where it originated, was not successful in the UK and after it premiered in a prime-time ITV slot, was moved to the \"graveyard slot\" of after 11pm. A second series was not commissioned. The Block (UK TV series) The Block was a British reality television series broadcast on ITV in the summer of 2004, based on the Australian series of the same name. The show was presented by Lisa Rogers. The show followed 4", "Gene Taylor (TV and radio personality) 1971 he auditioned for the Detroit Playboy Club and spent the next two years working the Playboy circuit across the U.S. In September 1973, Taylor—who had married a woman from Toronto the previous year—joined Toronto TV station CITY-TV, giving away prizes during the station's afternoon movie on a program called \"Prizewinner's Playhouse\". Taylor said CITY initially paid him $14,300 and a car. One of his popular early characters was Victor Voice, a newscaster parody. The afternoon show evolved into an interview and comedy show called \"Speak Easy\", which ran weekdays at 1 pm with Taylor as host. He also hosted", "The Big Story (radio and TV series) The Big Story (radio and TV series) The Big Story is an American radio and television crime drama which dramatized the true stories of real-life newspaper reporters. The only continuing character was the narrator, Bob Sloane. Sponsored by Pall Mall cigarettes, the program began on NBC Radio on April 2, 1947. With Lucky Strike cigarettes sponsoring the last two seasons, it was broadcast until March 23, 1955. The radio series was top rated, rivaling Bing Crosby's \"Philco Radio Time\". Produced by Barnard J. Prockter, the shows were scripted by Gail Ingram, Arnold Pearl and Max Ehrlich. Tom Victor and Harry", "Gary Cole and \"Arrested Development\". He also played Joe Maxwell on DCOM \"Cadet Kelly\" and appeared as real-life astronaut Edgar Mitchell in HBO's recreation of Project Apollo, \"From the Earth to the Moon\". One of his most notable roles in 1991 was as General Custer in the much acclaimed television film \"Son of the Morning Star\". Between 1988 and 1991, Cole became popular on TV for playing the part of Jack \"Nighthawk\" Killian in the series \"Midnight Caller\". In 1999, Cole starred in the film \"Office Space\", in which he portrayed the sadistic office supervisor Bill Lumbergh. When asked about the oft-quoted", "Real Radio Digital of London's 102.2 Smooth Radio was also removed from the MXR South Wales & Severn multiplex for Jazz FM). This in effect ended all DAB carriage of Real Digital. In 2009, Century in the North West and North East was renamed Real Radio; this led to the Real name returning to DAB in these areas and the demise of the final use of the Century name. Real Radio Digital was also available nationally within the radio section of Sky Digital. This continued as an automated music service for a time after Real Digital's closure, then subsequently became a relay of", "Catherine Cole from Vietnam\" \"Travelling Partners: Using Literary Studies to Support Creative Writing about Real Spaces\" Conference of the Australian Association of Writing Programs. Eds. Brien D., Cole C., & Freiman M. (Lobb, J.) McNeil, P., Karaminas, V. & Cole, C. \"Fashion in Fiction: Text and Clothing in Literature, Film and Television\". \"The Road to Austinmer Beach\" 2014 June BBC Radio Four Catherine Cole Catherine Cole (born 9 December 1950) is an Australian author and academic. She lives between Australia, South West France and the UK Cole's work in the fields of fiction, poetry, non-fiction and academic writing has been widely published", "Greg Williams (radio personality) Greg Williams (radio personality) Greg \"Greggo\" Williams is an American former radio personality. Williams was most recently co-host of the sports talk program \"RAGE\" (Richie and Greggo Extravaganza) with Richie Witt. It aired at 2pm-7pm on KRLD-FM, \"The Fan\" 105.3, in Dallas, Texas. Williams first became popular as 'The Hammer', Mike Rhyner's partner on KTCK's top-rated \"The Hardline\" drivetime show, but his tenure there ended abruptly in 2008 after 13 years on the air. Robert Gregory Williams was born in 1960 to parents \"Junior\" and Patsy Williams. Greg was a \"service brat\" living overseas until he was 13. He attended", "Kevin Matthews (radio personality) Kevin Matthews (radio personality) Kevin Menear (born March 12, 1956), known professionally as Kevin Matthews, is a Midwest United States radio personality, best known for his 12-year association with WLUP \"The Loop\" and its one-time sister-station, WMVP \"AM 1000.\" Matthews became popular for his off-kilter take on various topics. He's known for doing voices, including that of his irascible sidekick, sportscaster Jim Shorts. One of his bits was encouraging his listeners to yell out \"Free Bird!\" at various concerts, whether it was the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, or Barry Manilow. One incidence of this was a heckler shouting \"Free Bird!\" as", "Thomas Black (TV personality) to be interviewed by Pat Kenny when Kenny famously came under attack from an intruder live on \"The Late Late Show\". Thomas Black produced a radio documentary for RTE doc on one series called ‘007 The Irish Connection’This Documentary won a Gold award at the www.newyorkfestivals.com Worlds Best radio awards in 2018 Thomas Black (TV personality) Thomas Black is a former Irish record label executive and TV personality. He worked at EMI Records Ireland as A&R director, where he signed artists like Relish, Aslan, Cathy Davey and John Spillane. He previously worked for Sony Records in the same position, signing", "Mike Stone (radio personality) American University and worked at WRC-TV for George Michael after graduating. He came to Detroit to work as the sports producer for WDIV-TV. He was an original on-air personality of WDFN when it changed its format to all sports on July 11, 1994. He first worked with \"Detroit News\" reporter Rob Parker. Beginning in the late 1990s, he partnered with \"Detroit News\" columnist Bob Wojnowski. Prior to joining WXYT-FM, Stone worked with Detroit Free Press columnist Mitch Albom on The Sunday Sports Albom, Albom's sports talk radio show which at that time was being broadcast on WLLZ, a now defunct", "Bob Cole (sportscaster) 2013 TV film, \"The Magic Hockey Skates\" (based on the book of the same name). Bob Cole (sportscaster) Robert Cecil Cole (born ) is a Canadian sports television announcer who has worked for CBC and Sportsnet and former competitive curler. He is known primarily for his work on \"Hockey Night in Canada\". Cole began broadcasting hockey on VOCM radio in St. John's NL. CBC Radio in 1969 and moved to television in 1973 when \"Hockey Night in Canada\" (HNIC) expanded its coverage. Cole was the primary play-by-play announcer for HNIC on CBC, usually working Toronto Maple Leafs games, from 1980", "Clay Cole Clay Cole Clay Cole (January 1, 1938 – December 18, 2010) was an American host and disk jockey, best known for his eponymous television dance program, \"The Clay Cole Show\", which aired in New York City on WNTA-TV and WPIX-TV from 1959 to 1968. Clay Cole was born Albert Rucker Jr. on January 1, 1938, in Youngstown, Ohio. He became a juvenile stage and radio actor; then in 1953, at age 15, became the television host and producer of his own Saturday night teen music show, \"Rucker's Rumpus Room\", first on WKBN-TV, then, until 1957, on WFMJ. Arriving in Manhattan", "Clay Cole Clay Cole Clay Cole (January 1, 1938 – December 18, 2010) was an American host and disk jockey, best known for his eponymous television dance program, \"The Clay Cole Show\", which aired in New York City on WNTA-TV and WPIX-TV from 1959 to 1968. Clay Cole was born Albert Rucker Jr. on January 1, 1938, in Youngstown, Ohio. He became a juvenile stage and radio actor; then in 1953, at age 15, became the television host and producer of his own Saturday night teen music show, \"Rucker's Rumpus Room\", first on WKBN-TV, then, until 1957, on WFMJ. Arriving in Manhattan", "My Funny Valentine appeared for one week and hit #16. Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1956 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set \"The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56)\" issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.<br> In the TV show Greys Anatomy, \"My Funny Valentine\" is the wedding song of Adele and Dr. Richard Webber. Richard sings the song to calm Adele from Alzheimers episodes. My Funny Valentine \"My Funny Valentine\" is a show tune from the 1937 Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart musical \"Babes in Arms\" in which it was introduced", "Real Radio Digital decision was taken to remove Real Digital from DAB in the North East and North West, in favour of continuing the local Century services (which were becoming more integrated into the Real network). In May 2008, Real Digital was removed from the North East to make way for Rock Radio. However, Real Digital ultimately remained available in the North West for a time. In October 2008, the launch of the new version of Jazz FM (UK) saw GMG remove Real Digital from the North West, West Midlands and London multiplexes and instead use the space for Jazz FM. (A relay", "Jon Hensley (radio personality) attend a Tom Petty concert. Hensley attended ITT Technical Institute college for two years after high school, and began broadcasting music and interviews from his studio apartment while studying. The internet radio station, \"DarkSide of the Radio\", launched Hensley's career in broadcasting, becoming a highly popular online radio station. Hensley was also a very close friend of the internet personality Angry Grandpa. After dropping out of college in 2003, Hensley launched his first commercial radio show titled \"Are You Ready for the Country?\". The show was eventually syndicated and picked up by over 20 commercial radio stations across the country,", "Red Blanchard (radio personality) the Army, Blanchard went to the west coast and worked for the rest of his career for various radio and TV stations in California and Nevada: In radio as an on-air personality: In TV as Technical Director: By the time he got to KCBQ in San Diego, early in 1950, Blanchard had developed a formula of \"...puns, parodies and gross-out gags, much of it delivered in a jive patois he called Zorch, with the occasional novelty record thrown in, [he] became a huge hit...\" An article in the \"San Diego Daily Journal\" gave Blanchard the \"Show of the Month\" award", "Chad Johnson (TV personality) Chad Johnson (TV personality) Brian Chad Johnson (born August 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality. He is notable for being a contestant on \"The Bachelorette\", \"Bachelor in Paradise\", \"Famously Single\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother UK\". He is also a special correspondent for the TV program, \"Extra\". Chad Johnson was born on 11 August 1987 in Oklahoma. He attended the University of Oklahoma and served in the United States Armed Forces, in the Marine Corps. In 2016, Johnson became a contestant on the ABC Network reality television show \"The Bachelorette\" season 12 to compete for Joelle \"JoJo\" Fletcher's affections.", "The Big Story (radio and TV series) was two of the main themes from the tone poem \"Ein Heldenleben\" (A Hero's Life) by the German composer Richard Strauss. The series was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1953. The series finished at #25 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950-1951 season, #23 for 1952-1953 and #29 for 1953-1954. The Big Story (radio and TV series) The Big Story is an American radio and television crime drama which dramatized the true stories of real-life newspaper reporters. The only continuing character was the narrator, Bob Sloane. Sponsored by Pall Mall cigarettes, the program began on NBC Radio on", "TV radio TV radio TV radio, TV band radio, and TV audio radio are common names for a type of radio receiver that can play the audio portion of a TV channel. The actual name of the device may comprise a list of all frequency bands the device can receive (e.g. AM, FM, weather, TV radio), one or two of which includes the TV channel bands. For the increasingly uncommon analog television standard, the audio for each TV channel is broadcast on a separate frequency band near the video signal frequency band (refer to article NTSC, Transmission modulation scheme). This audio signal", "Billy Bean and His Funny Machine an American locomotive engineer (train driver). John Wright made the puppets and equipment, the series was written by Lisa Lincoln, and the puppetry was by Jane Tyson and Elizabeth Donaldson. The show was produced by Vere Lorrimer. Billy Bean and His Funny Machine Billy Bean and His Funny Machine was a UK children’s TV series which was broadcast by the BBC in 1954. It featured a puppet called Billy Bean who operated a large fantastic machine that could produce anything he drew on the \"cartoonorator\". Many mistakes were made with humorous results. Peter Hawkins who went on to make a", "The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box is a television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is the namesake of The Box Plus Network, a joint venture between Channel Four Television Corporation and Bauer Media Group. Originally based on the U.S broadcast network of the same name, The Box primarily broadcasts music videos and features other music-related programming from across The Box Plus Network. The Box was brought to the United Kingdom by Vincent Monsey (of Radio Caroline fame) and his partner Liz Laskowski, who discovered the U.S channel in Miami in 1991, when it was", "Real Radio XS 2014 before closing entirely in 2015. The Manchester frequency now transmits as XS Manchester under the control of Communicorp UK. The station obtained a licence under the name Rock Talk despite competition from other existing stations in other categories. The station began test transmissions as 106.1 FM Rock Radio on 10 April 2008 from the top of the City Tower (the former Sunley Building) in Piccadilly in Manchester. The station promoted its launch with a free, one-day festival at Cathedral Gardens featuring the bands Bad Company, Gun, Salford Jets, Letz Zep and Mercury. Real Radio XS's sister station, 96.3 Rock", "The Adventures of Dick Cole got his own book with five issues of \"Dick Cole\" (Novelty Press/Star Publications, 1948-1949), illustrated by L.B. Cole, Joe Certa, Jim Wilcox, Al Fagaly, Jack Hearne, and others. L.B. Cole continued the title for five more issues at Star Publications in 1949-1950. (Many of the stories published in the Star issues were reprints from \"Blue Bolt\" and another Novelty Press title, \"Target Comics\".) Despite a short run, 1948-1950, the comics series was popular enough to be adapted into a 30-minute 1942 juvenile adventure radio program that followed the adventures of Cole (Leon Janney) at the Farr Military Academy. When Cole", "Radio personality radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, and satellite radio program hosts. Notable radio personalities include pop music radio hosts Martin Block, Dick Clark, Casey Kasem, Delilah Luke, Alan Freed, Ameen Sayani, Herb Kent, and Wolfman Jack; shock jocks such as Don Imus and Howard Stern; sports talk hosts such as Mike Francesa; and political talk hosts such as Rush Limbaugh. A radio personality can be someone who introduces and discusses genres of music; hosts a talk radio show that may take calls from listeners; interviews celebrities or guests; or gives news, weather, sports, or traffic information. The radio personality may", "Real Radio Wales in January 2011, over two years after winning a second licence. In June 2001, Scot FM was acquired from the Wireless Group for £25.5 million. Scot FM would become Real Radio's second station at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002. A bid to expand the service to Aberdeenshire in 2006 proved unsuccessful, losing out to Original 106. Real Yorkshire, the third station, launched on 25 March 2002 and broadcast to South & West Yorkshire. In 2008, John Myers convinced the GMG board to invest £1 million in documentaries, a first for modern-day UK commercial radio which would lead to", "FM (UK TV series) Radio Star\" by The Buggles, and \"Blinded by the Light\" by Manfred Mann's Earth Band. FM (UK TV series) FM is a British sitcom which aired on ITV2, starring Chris O'Dowd, Kevin Bishop and Nina Sosanya. The series followed the lives of two DJs and their producer on their FM radio programme, \"Skin 86.5 FM\". The show also featured music from real-life artists and guest stars from the music industry. The first episode aired on 25 February 2009 and the series ran for 6 episodes. It broadcast on Wednesdays at 22:30. The series launched with 213,000 viewers. The whole series", "John Anderson (TV personality) scale. John Anderson (TV personality) John Anderson (born 28 November 1931) is a Scottish television personality best known as referee and official trainer on the UK television show \"Gladiators\". Anderson has previously worked as a teacher and coach for Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games athletes. Anderson had a successful career long before his athletics and TV fame. Plaudits included representing Scotland as a schoolboy footballer, becoming the first home Scot to gain the prestigious Full FA Coaching Certificate (then only four were awarded per year), being one of only two confirmed recipients (along with Wilf Paish) of every British Senior", "John Anderson (TV personality) John Anderson (TV personality) John Anderson (born 28 November 1931) is a Scottish television personality best known as referee and official trainer on the UK television show \"Gladiators\". Anderson has previously worked as a teacher and coach for Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games athletes. Anderson had a successful career long before his athletics and TV fame. Plaudits included representing Scotland as a schoolboy footballer, becoming the first home Scot to gain the prestigious Full FA Coaching Certificate (then only four were awarded per year), being one of only two confirmed recipients (along with Wilf Paish) of every British Senior Coaching", "Larry Scott (radio personality) KLAC (570) radio in Los Angeles. A popular track from the album was \"Diesel Cecil.\" Larry Scott was retired from the radio business for a time and ran a trucking service out of Terrell, Texas. He returned to Shreveport to host several one-hour shows on KWKH on Sunday mornings until KWKH instituted a format change to sports talk in May 2012. Larry Scott received the Deejay of the Year 1981 from the Country Music Association and from the Academy of Country Music Disc Jockey of the Year (1971, 72) and Radio Personality (1968,74). Larry is also an inductee into the", "Real Estate TV Real Estate TV Real Estate TV, also known as RETV, was an award-winning UK-based television channel and multi-media company that formed part of News Corporation's Fox International Channels' network. As a simulcast company, RETV was the UK's only dedicated property television channel, and it successfully bridges the divide between traditional television transmission and new media, online, on demand broadcasting. Launched in October 2004 by Mark Dodd, its founding partner and Bruce Dunlop on the British Sky Broadcasting platform and closed on 1 April 2009, Real Estate TV was available on Sky Channels 262 and 263, on demand on Virgin TV", "Thomas Black (TV personality) band subsequently changed their name to KODALINE signing to Sony Records,their debut album In a Perfect World went to No.1 in Ireland and number 3 in the UK charts in 2013. He also set up Ireland's only independent A&R consultancy service in 2004 working with unsigned and established artists, such as The Star Parade, who are seeking record and publishing deals as well as consulting for various UK and US record and publishing companies including Polydor Records, Sony Music Publishing, TV and radio including RTÉ and Newstalk. Alongside Linda Martin and Brendan O'Connor, Black was one of the guests about", "Grady Cole Center Grady Cole Center Grady Cole Center is a small civic center located on the campus of Central Piedmont Community College in Charlotte, North Carolina. The 3,000 seat center is located near the city's center, and can host several types of events. It was built in 1954 to replace the Charlotte Armory Arena, which had been destroyed by fire. Originally the Park Center, it was renamed in 1987 in honor of WBT Radio morning personality, Grady Cole. The building was an important venue for Jim Crockett Promotions during the organization's heyday. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Grady Cole", "Louis Cole Louis Cole Louis John Cole (born 28 April 1983), better known by his online alias FunforLouis, is an English film-maker and YouTube personality from Epsom, Surrey. He has a following of over 2 million on YouTube and is best known for posting a daily video blog on the channel FunForLouis, which documents his life and travels adventuring all over the globe. Cole originally found fame through filming eating stunts on another channel, FoodForLouis, but has since taken these videos down to focus on the positive message of FunForLouis. Louis appeared on the BBC TV show called 'Homefront' when he was", "Chad Johnson (TV personality) Shore\"'s Ronnie Ortiz-Magro, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians'\"s Malika Haqq, \"Dancing with the Stars'\"s Karina Smirnoff, and \"Rich Kids of Beverly Hills\"'s Dorothy Wang. Johnson appeared on the twentieth series of the reality game show, \"Celebrity Big Brother UK\". He reached the final and ultimately finished in fifth place, behind Derek Acorah, Sam Thompson, Amelia Lily and Sarah Harding. Chad Johnson (TV personality) Brian Chad Johnson (born August 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality. He is notable for being a contestant on \"The Bachelorette\", \"Bachelor in Paradise\", \"Famously Single\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother UK\". He is also a", "Dave Peters (radio personality) Dave Peters (radio personality) Gerardus A. D. Peters (born 9 June 1976, in Lommel, Belgium) is a Flemish presenter with the pseudonym Dave. He presented shows on Studio Brussel, including four seasons \"Brussel Vlaams\"(Brussel Flemish)(crowned with a ZAMU Award) and in 2005-2007 \"Brussel Midi\", with every day a prominent Belgian. Starting 2007 he presented A.D.H.Dave between 16h and 19h on Radio Donna. Next presenting on radio he also makes television. After JIM, Canvas (reports for \"Voetzoeker\", \"Republica\" and \"Brussel Vlaams Deluxe\") and één (reporter in \"Aan Tafel 2003\") and he is also a soccer commentator Belgacom TV. Starting January 2009", "John O'Donnell (radio personality) of 3MP. John programmed Sydney's Christian Music Station Hope 1032 from 2000 to 2014 and Inspire Digital Sydney's Digital Christian Station from 2010 to 2014. John O'Donnell (radio personality) John O'Donnell was born on 4 February 1947 in Warrnambool, Victoria. John's career as an started in Warnambool at 3YB and since then has worked at 7HO, 4IP, 7EX, 6PR, 2HD, 3XY, 2SM, 3DB, 3UZ, 2Day FM, New FM, 3MP, Magic 693, and Hope 1032 fm Sydney previously known as 2CBA. When Countdown (Australian TV series) began on TV in the early 70's, John O'Donnell hosted the second week as producers", "Rumpole of the Bailey (radio series) were special radio adaptations of stories first published in book format after the end of the final TV series and some were brand-new, purpose-written episodes created for radio. Five different actors – including Leo McKern – portrayed Horace Rumpole in these 40 different episodes. 1980 – One series – a total of thirteen episodes featured Maurice Denham as Horace Rumpole. 2003 – 2012 – In this period there were seven mini-seasons – a total of eighteen episodes featuring Timothy West as Horace Rumpole. West's real-life wife Prunella Scales appeared as Rumpole's wife Hilda. The seven mini-seasons were produced in 2003,", "Tom Sullivan (radio and television personality) Tom Sullivan (radio and television personality) Tom Sullivan is an Atlanta, Georgia radio and television personality. Sullivan has been in radio since his senior year in high school, and with WSTR Star94 since graduation. In October 2007 he became the co-host along with Holly Firfer of \"Atlanta and Company\" on 11 Alive NBC and broadcast on cable to Jamaica, Costa Rica and North Carolina. An Atlanta native, Sullivan gave Ryan Seacrest his first gig in radio. Ryan interned with Tom for a year, learning all aspects of radio broadcasting. In his tenure as the \"out there\" guy on Star 94's", "Beulah (radio and TV series) a week for the first season, doubled the ratings of the original series and pleased the NAACP which was elated to see a historic first: a black woman as the star of a network radio program. McDaniel continued in the role until she became ill in 1952 and was replaced by Lillian Randolph, who was in turn replaced for the 1953–54 radio season by her sister, Amanda Randolph. For most of the radio show's run, the series ran as a 15-minute daily sitcom, a format popular among daytime serials. In 1950, Roland Reed Productions adapted the property into a TV", "The Taste (UK TV series) The Taste (UK TV series) The Taste is a British cooking game show that aired on Channel 4 from 7 January to 11 March 2014. The judges and mentors are English chef and TV personality Nigella Lawson, American chef and food writer Anthony Bourdain and French chef Ludo Lefebvre. The UK version followed the U.S. format, but with only 12 contestants (three teams of four) taking part. The general format sees contestants (a mixture of professional chefs and home cooks) present spoonfuls of food to impress the judges, Nigella Lawson, Anthony Bourdain and Ludo Lefebvre, and avoid weekly elimination. The", "Natalie Cole the jazz-influenced \"Mr. Melody\". Cole released her first platinum record with her third release, \"Unpredictable\", mainly thanks to the number-one R&B hit, \"I've Got Love on My Mind\". Originally an album track, the album's closer, \"I'm Catching Hell\", nonetheless became a popular Cole song during live concert shows. Later in 1977, Cole issued her fourth release and second platinum album, \"Thankful\", which included another signature Cole hit, \"Our Love\". Cole was the first female artist to have two platinum albums in one year. To capitalize on her fame, Cole starred on her own TV special, which attracted such celebrities as", "Jack Jackson (radio personality) Jack Jackson (radio personality) Jack Jackson (20 February 1906 – 15 January 1978) was an English trumpeter and bandleader popular during the British dance band era, and who later became a highly influential radio disc jockey. He was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, the son of a brass band player and conductor, and began playing cornet at the age of 11 before playing violin and cello in dance bands. He learnt to play trumpet and worked in swing bands in circuses, revues, ballrooms and ocean liners before joining Jack Hylton's band in 1927, staying until 1930 as the orchestra's lead trumpet", "Funny Wonder Funny Wonder Funny Wonder is the name of two British comics published by Amalgamated Press. The first was published from 30 July 1892 – 25 May 1901 this comic was more satirical in nature like other early comics during its first run, also in this first run it absorbed another comic called Wonder in 1893. A second series ran from 26 December 1914 – 16 May 1942 when it merged with \"Wonder\" which in turn merged with \"Radio Fun\" in 1953. This new comic was aimed much more at children than the previous \"Funny Wonder\". In 1915 \"Funny Wonder\" began", "Richard Clarke (radio personality) Richard Clarke (radio personality) Richard \"Rich\" Clarke (born 19 August 1978) is an English radio presenter and DJ from Worcester, England, currently employed by Global Radio as a presenter on Heart South Coast. He also covers weekend presenters across the heart network At Royal Holloway, University of London he co-operated with future BBC journalist Ed Harry, wrestling personality Dean Ayass, future Digital Radio industrialist Matt Deegan and a diverse number of fellow students to create Insanity, a student radio station which soon became a major player in the Student Radio Association, and went on to manage Insanity for Restricted Service", "The Funny Side numbers. \"The Funny Side\" received poor Nielsen ratings and was cancelled after less than four months on the air. The Funny Side The Funny Side is an American sketch comedy program that aired on NBC as part of its 1971 fall lineup. \"The Funny Side\" was hosted by Gene Kelly and starred five pairs of actors and actresses who were presented as married couples (although only one was married in real life). Each week was an examination of the \"funny side\" of a potential issue in real-life marriages, such as health, money, sex and the like. Each couple was a", "Johnny Grant (radio personality) Johnny Grant (radio personality) Johnny Grant (May 9, 1923 – January 9, 2008) was an American radio personality and television producer who also served as the honorary mayor of Hollywood, in which capacity he was often present at Hollywood community functions, including the unveiling of new stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. An intersection just north of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue is designated \"Johnny Grant Way.\" Grant was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina. He made his show business debut on the radio in 1939 as a local newscaster there. According to publicity released by the third annual Hollywood", "Michael Williams (Canadian TV personality) Michael Williams (Canadian TV personality) Michael Williams is a Canadian television personality who may be best known for his work as a VJ at MuchMusic from 1984 to 1993. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Williams moved to Montreal in the 1970s to attend the Communications Arts School at Loyola (now Concordia University). Williams was part of MuchMusic's core opening team of VJ's alongside J. D. Roberts, Erica Ehm, Christopher Ward, and Denise Donlon. At MuchMusic, Williams hosted various shows including \"Soul in the City\", \"RapCity\", \"Electric Circus\", \"Pepsi Power Hour\" and \"The NewMusic\". He was recently a radio personality in Hamilton,", "Real Estate TV channel won the 'Best Use of Broadband' award at the Broadcast Digital Channel Awards and RETV also won the OPP Special Innovation Award in 2007 As an advertisement platform for property professionals, Real Estate TV allowed brand owners to target property-focused consumers through spot advertising, sponsorship, or advertiser funded programming. Tailor-made, long-form advertisements can be produced by the RETV creative team as well, offering developers, agents and property professionals the opportunity to showcase their properties or services in a measurable way to secure leads for example. Real Estate TV Real Estate TV, also known as RETV, was an award-winning UK-based", "Dave Wilson (radio personality) Dave Wilson (radio personality) Dave \"The King\" Wilson is an American radio personality based in Indianapolis. He hosted the afternoon \"Dave Wilson Show\" on 93.1 WIBC, (formerly 1070 AM-WIBC), an Emmis Communications station, in Indianapolis until let go in March 2009. Wilson is also a member of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network. Wilson earned the nickname \"The King\" from his work on \"The Bob & Tom Show\", in which his character was \"The King\", modeled after Elvis Presley. He was once the traveling partner with rising comic Jay Leno. Leno called Wilson \"The Viking Comic\" referring to his large", "Jeff Newman (TV personality) to \"The West Australian\" that he was battling prostate cancer and has since recovered. Newman won five Logie Awards for the state's most popular male television personality. In 1994 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for services to charity and fundraising. Jeff Newman (TV personality) Jeffrey William Newman OAM (born 4 February 1944) is a former Australian television presenter. He was the Seven Network's weather presenter in Perth from 1991 to 2009. Newman began his media career with 6GE in Geraldton, Western Australia in early 1963, filling a vacancy left by the departure of Tony Barber.", "Funny Farm (TV series) Funny Farm (TV series) The Funny Farm was a Canadian television series shown on CTV during the 1974-1975 season. Blake Emmons was host of the half-hour series, which was derivative of the more successful American \"Hee Haw\" series. The first episode was broadcast on 12 September 1974 and only one season was produced. The programme continued to be broadcast on CTV for at least two seasons, and was still airing as late as 1976. The cast included Bruce Gordon (credited as Ben Gordon), John Evans, Monica Parker, Yank Azman (credited as Jank Zajfman), Jayne Eastwood, Valri Bromfield and Linda Rennhoffer.", "Funny Farm (TV series) Funny Farm (TV series) The Funny Farm was a Canadian television series shown on CTV during the 1974-1975 season. Blake Emmons was host of the half-hour series, which was derivative of the more successful American \"Hee Haw\" series. The first episode was broadcast on 12 September 1974 and only one season was produced. The programme continued to be broadcast on CTV for at least two seasons, and was still airing as late as 1976. The cast included Bruce Gordon (credited as Ben Gordon), John Evans, Monica Parker, Yank Azman (credited as Jank Zajfman), Jayne Eastwood, Valri Bromfield and Linda Rennhoffer.", "FM (UK TV series) FM (UK TV series) FM is a British sitcom which aired on ITV2, starring Chris O'Dowd, Kevin Bishop and Nina Sosanya. The series followed the lives of two DJs and their producer on their FM radio programme, \"Skin 86.5 FM\". The show also featured music from real-life artists and guest stars from the music industry. The first episode aired on 25 February 2009 and the series ran for 6 episodes. It broadcast on Wednesdays at 22:30. The series launched with 213,000 viewers. The whole series was re-run on Friday 3 April from 22:00 until 01:00. On 13 April 2009 the", "Ed Walker (radio personality) Ed Walker (radio personality) Ed Walker (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was a Washington, D.C., radio personality. He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, \"The Big Broadcast\", on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Jack Benny Show\", \"The Lone Ranger\", \"Fibber McGee and Molly\", and \"Superman\". Walker began hosting \"The Big Broadcast\" in 1990 when his friend John Hickman discontinued hosting due to illness; the show, which started in 1964 as \"Recollections\", has been the longest running program on WAMU. The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its", "Ed Walker (radio personality) Ed Walker (radio personality) Ed Walker (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was a Washington, D.C., radio personality. He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, \"The Big Broadcast\", on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Jack Benny Show\", \"The Lone Ranger\", \"Fibber McGee and Molly\", and \"Superman\". Walker began hosting \"The Big Broadcast\" in 1990 when his friend John Hickman discontinued hosting due to illness; the show, which started in 1964 as \"Recollections\", has been the longest running program on WAMU. The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its", "Lloyd Cole and the Commotions Lloyd Cole and the Commotions Lloyd Cole and the Commotions were a British rock/pop band that formed in Glasgow, Scotland in 1982. Between 1984 and 1989, the band scored four Top 20 albums and five Top 40 singles in the UK. After breaking up in 1989, Cole embarked on a solo career but the band reformed briefly in 2004 to perform a 20th anniversary mini-tour of the UK and Ireland. The band were formed whilst Cole (who was born in Derbyshire, England) was studying at the University of Glasgow. They signed to Polydor Records; their debut single \"Perfect Skin\" reaching" ]

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[ "The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio." ]

[ "The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and operated canteens, salvage and recycling schemes. By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members. Prior to the outbreak of war, civilians were issued with 50 million respirators (gas masks). These were issued in the event of bombing taking place with gas before evacuation.", "A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.", "Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.", "Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.", "Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).", "The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.", "Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”" ]

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[ "That's When Your Heartaches Begin and His Buddies recorded the song for RCA, which was released in 1952 to positive reviews. On July 18, 1953, a young Elvis Presley entered Sun Records in Memphis, where he paid $3.98 for enough studio time to record a double-sided acetate single. On the A-side, he recorded \"My Happiness\", later made famous by Connie Francis in 1958, while he recorded \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" for the B-side. He would later revisit the song on at least two occasions, the first during the famous Million Dollar Quartet sessions on December 4, 1956, and the second when he re-recorded the", "These Wilder Years These Wilder Years These Wilder Years is a 1956 American drama film directed by Roy Rowland and starring James Cagney and Barbara Stanwyck. It is the story of a businessman who tries to find the illegitimate son he gave up to an orphanage many years ago. The film marked the first and only onscreen pairing of Hollywood stars Cagney and Stanwyck. Detroit business tycoon, Steve Bradford, tells his board of directors without explanation that he is taking a leave of absence. He travels to his small hometown, where it turns out that his goal is to find a son he", "Chrysler TV-8 the chassis weighing 10 tons. Following review, it was concluded that the TV-8 design did not prove to have significant advantages over conventional tank design to warrant further development, and on 23 April 1956, the TV-8 and three ASTRON proposals were effectively terminated. The phase I design of the Chrysler TV-8 featured a Chrysler V-8 engine with 300 gross horsepower which was coupled to an electric generator located within the rear turret; the generator powered two electric motors in the front hull, each motor driving either of the two 28-inch wide tracks. Other methods of powering the tank that were" ]

[ "The Way to Begin The Way to Begin \"The Way to Begin\" is a Christian rock song from Christian rock/pop singer Krystal Meyers. The song served as the lead single to her self-titled debut album and peaked at No. 1 on the United States Christian CHR Charts. It was released to radio and to digital stores such as iTunes and Rhapsody. \"The Way to Begin\" was composed by Krystal Meyers, Andrew Bojanic, Ian Eskelin, Elizabeth (Liz) Hooper and appears on: \"Krystal Meyers\", self-titled album, Release Date: Jun. 7, 2005 and \"Krystal Meyers [Bonus Track]\", Release Date: Aug. 28, 2006. It was included in \"WOW", "The Way to Begin Hits 2006\" (track 30), Release Date: Oct 4, 2005 and \"Amazing Grace: Songs of Hope and Inspiration\", Release Date: Aug. 26, 2008. It was also included in \"Dance Praise Christian Video Game - Pop and Rock Hits Expansion Pack\", Release Date: Oct. 17, 2006. \"The Way to Begin\" charted at No. 1 in May 2005 on the Christian CHR Charts. The Way to Begin \"The Way to Begin\" is a Christian rock song from Christian rock/pop singer Krystal Meyers. The song served as the lead single to her self-titled debut album and peaked at No. 1 on the United States", "The Adverts Understanding the band's limitations, the song's lyrics, composed by TV Smith, were likeably self-deprecating: I wonder what we’ll play for you tonight Something heavy or something light Something to set your soul alight I wonder how we’ll answer when you say ‘We don’t like you – go away Come back when you’ve learnt to play The Adverts were a prolific live act. Their first nationwide tour was with Stiff labelmates the Damned. The tour poster read: \"The Adverts know one chord, the Damned know three. See all four at...\" Later they would support Iggy Pop on tour, as well as", "Within These Walls is incorrectly titled as 'Nowhere For The Kids' on YouTube. Within These Walls Within These Walls is a British television drama programme made by London Weekend Television for ITV and shown between 1974 and 1978. It portrayed life in HMP Stone Park, a fictional women's prison. Unlike the later women-in-prison TV series \"Prisoner\" (aka \"Prisoner: Cell Block H\", original run 1979-1986) and \"Bad Girls\" (1999–2006), \"Within These Walls\" tended to centre its storylines around the prison staff rather than the inmates. The lead character was the well-groomed, genteel governor Faye Boswell (Googie Withers), and episodes revolved around her attempts to", "Within These Walls Within These Walls Within These Walls is a British television drama programme made by London Weekend Television for ITV and shown between 1974 and 1978. It portrayed life in HMP Stone Park, a fictional women's prison. Unlike the later women-in-prison TV series \"Prisoner\" (aka \"Prisoner: Cell Block H\", original run 1979-1986) and \"Bad Girls\" (1999–2006), \"Within These Walls\" tended to centre its storylines around the prison staff rather than the inmates. The lead character was the well-groomed, genteel governor Faye Boswell (Googie Withers), and episodes revolved around her attempts to liberalise the prison regime while managing her personal life at", "Two-way alternating Two-way alternating Two-way alternating communications is a term sometimes used to disambiguate the term Duplex (telecommunications). In a two-way alternating communications channel, each endpoint can either send or receive at any given time, but cannot send and receive at the same time. Two-way simultaneous communications lets the endpoints talk and listen simultaneously. Two-way alternating communications are sometimes called half-duplex, but there may be a fine distinction that two-way alternating communications is a property of the communication protocol used between the endpoints, while the underlying communications medium may support either two-way alternating or two-way simultaneous communications. When the medium is shared", "When Did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? of several TV series of the 1970 era under the title Retro-Action 1 - The cool age of TV in High Definition. When Did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? When did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? is the tenth episode of the popular 1969 ITC British television series \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\" starring Mike Pratt, Kenneth Cope and Annette Andre. The episode, directed by Jeremy Summers, was first broadcast on 23 November 1969 on the ITV. Jeff is hired by a company based in Metropolis House to find out who is leaking information for use on the stock", "When Will My Life Begin? Begin?\" was the first song that was written for the movie. Alan Menken explained how he devised the song within the constraints of the chosen genre (guitar-themed score): \"When I thought about Rapunzel in the tower and her long hair, on a gut level, and I thought of the folk music of the 1960s—Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell—and, it wasn’t an immediate yes, but I wrote six different versions of that opening number [“When Will My Life Begin” performed by Mandy Moore as Rapunzel] and it worked\". Menken noted that in the context of the musical film's structure and to move", "The Adverts Devon. After relocating to London, the two young punks recruited guitarist Howard Pickup (Boak) and drummer Laurie Driver (Muscat), and the Adverts were born. The Roxy, London's first live punk venue, played a crucial role in the Adverts’ early career. They were one of the pioneering bands who played at the club during its first 100 days. The Adverts played at the club no less than nine times between January and April 1977. In January 1977, after their first gig supporting Generation X, the band impressed Michael Dempsey so much that he became their manager. Their second gig supporting Slaughter", "Two-way finite automaton quantum computing by John Watrous's \"On the Power of 2-Way Quantum Finite State Automata\", in which he demonstrates that these machines can recognize nonregular languages and so are more powerful than DFAs. A pushdown automaton that is allowed to move either way on its input tape is called two-way pushdown automaton (2PDA); it has been studied by Hartmanis, Lewis, and Stearns (1965). Aho, Hopcroft, Ullman (1968) and Cook (1971) characterized the class of languages recognizable by deterministic (2DPDA) and non-deterministic (2NPDA) two-way pushdown automata; Gray, Harrison, and Ibarra (1967) investigated the closure properties of these languages. Two-way finite automaton In", "What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? as isolation, lust, religion and mental health with Spellman's character appearing to be a loose cannon throughout the narrative before revealing himself to be a vampire in the final seconds. Clash magazine called the first single \"Crunching heavyweight rock\" and comparing the band with \"pomp\" of Queens of the Stone Age and \"matching blistering energy\" of early Foo Fighters. Billboard called the opening song a \"pounding track\" and praised Connor Mason's \"operatic vocals\". Nothing but Thieves Technical personnel What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? is the", "What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way? is the fifth EP released by British rock band Nothing But Thieves. It was released on 19 October 2018 through RCA Records. The EP's first single \"Forever & Ever More\" was released on 27 August 2018 through streaming services and as made available as a download. The second single \"Take This Lonely Heart\" was released also on 19 October 2018 to coincide with the record's release. \"Forever & Ever More\" had its live debut at Reading Festival on 24 August", "That's When Your Heartaches Begin \"The Right to Love\". A performance of the song was recorded by Italian singer Mina for her 1974 album \"Baby Gate\" where she recorded hits of the fifties. Another notable performance of the song was by Andy Kaufman during the 1979 \"Johnny Cash Show\" Christmas special, when he performed the song to a standing ovation as part of his Elvis Presley imitation act. That's When Your Heartaches Begin \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" is a song recorded by Elvis Presley on at least three occasions, most notably the first time in July 1953, when it was one of the two", "That's When Your Heartaches Begin That's When Your Heartaches Begin \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" is a song recorded by Elvis Presley on at least three occasions, most notably the first time in July 1953, when it was one of the two first songs recorded by Presley at Sun Records for a demo acetate he purportedly gave to his mother as a birthday present. The song was actually written in 1937 by Fred Fisher, William Raskin and Billy Hill. It was recorded and released the same year by Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm, and again by the Ink Spots in 1941. R&B male soprano Billy Bunn", "When Will My Life Begin? with acoustic guitar, Hammond organ, and aggressive percussion. Mandy Moore's performance in the lead is passable but a little too rough around the edges to put the stamp of approval upon her for this role. A princess' voice is typically prettier and better enunciated in spoken portions, so Moore may bother some listeners. This applies especially to the two reprises of 'When Will My Life Begin?', both of which orchestral and requiring better performance range in the merging of spoken and sung lyrics than Moore seems comfortable providing.\" Allmusic wrote \"\"When Will My Life Begin\" and \"Every Girl Can Be", "Either Way (K. Michelle song) engulf the song’s club-banging track, as she tells all her haters and foes how she’s increasing her bank accounts regardless of their disapproval and constant chatter.\" \"Either Way\" debuted at number 1 on US Billboard R&B Digital Song Sales chart for the week beginning October 7, 2017. Either Way (K. Michelle song) \"Either Way\" is a song by American R&B singer K. Michelle featuring Chris Brown. The song was released on September 15, 2017 through Atlantic Records, taken from her fourth studio album, \"\" (2017). The song gained positive reviews from critics. HotNewHipHop gave the track a positive review stating", "Either Way (K. Michelle song) Either Way (K. Michelle song) \"Either Way\" is a song by American R&B singer K. Michelle featuring Chris Brown. The song was released on September 15, 2017 through Atlantic Records, taken from her fourth studio album, \"\" (2017). The song gained positive reviews from critics. HotNewHipHop gave the track a positive review stating \"Aiming this one at the airwaves, K Michelle delivers an unapologetic record that finds her spitting some braggadocios bars aimed at her haters, while reminding everyone that she gon’ be good “either way.”\" Vibe praised the song stating \"A series of trap beats and a talk-rap narrative", "Either Way (Chris Stapleton song) his debut album, \"Count On Me\" (2017). Either Way (Chris Stapleton song) \"Either Way\" is a song written by Chris Stapleton, Tim James and Kendell Marvel. It is the first single off Stapleton's 2017 album \"\". The song was first recorded by Lee Ann Womack for her album \"Call Me Crazy\". It won the award for Best Country Solo Performance at the 60th Grammy Awards. \"Either Way\" is a country ballad performed with an acoustic guitar. Lyrically, is about the end of a relationship. Some reviewers opined in the song Stapleton offers a sparsely arranged requiem for a dormant marriage,", "Either Way (Chris Stapleton song) Either Way (Chris Stapleton song) \"Either Way\" is a song written by Chris Stapleton, Tim James and Kendell Marvel. It is the first single off Stapleton's 2017 album \"\". The song was first recorded by Lee Ann Womack for her album \"Call Me Crazy\". It won the award for Best Country Solo Performance at the 60th Grammy Awards. \"Either Way\" is a country ballad performed with an acoustic guitar. Lyrically, is about the end of a relationship. Some reviewers opined in the song Stapleton offers a sparsely arranged requiem for a dormant marriage, telling the painful tale of a union", "No Good Either Way Kin's upright and prudent supervisor who has a crush on her. The following is a table that includes a list of the total ratings points based on television viewership. No Good Either Way No Good Either Way is a Hong Kong television comedy-drama serial produced by TVB under executive producer Amy Wong. The first episode premiered on 11 June 2012. The drama depicts the lives of office employees in Hong Kong working for their overbearing and abusive bosses. Although valued by their boss Ko Wai-ting (Stephen Au), product designer Alex Mo (Ruco Chan) and marketing officer Steve Man (Louis Yuen)", "No Good Either Way No Good Either Way No Good Either Way is a Hong Kong television comedy-drama serial produced by TVB under executive producer Amy Wong. The first episode premiered on 11 June 2012. The drama depicts the lives of office employees in Hong Kong working for their overbearing and abusive bosses. Although valued by their boss Ko Wai-ting (Stephen Au), product designer Alex Mo (Ruco Chan) and marketing officer Steve Man (Louis Yuen) of GOALTECH Scientific, Ltd. despise their department's general manager Violet Che (Florence Kwok), who is preventing them from getting a promotion. Enumerating the \"ten sins\" of Violet, Alex and", "The Adverts the 1990s onward. In regards to their legacy, critic and author Dave Thompson argued that \"nobody would make music like the Adverts and nobody ever has. In terms of lyric, delivery, commitment and courage, they were, and they remain, the finest British group of the late 1970s\". Former members who have died include Cross (died 9 July 2012) and Pickup (died 11 July 1997). The Adverts The Adverts were an English punk band who formed in 1976 and broke up in late 1979. They were one of the first punk bands to enjoy chart success in the UK; their 1977", "Two-way alternating for transmitting and receiving, it can only support two-way alternating protocols, and the medium may be called physically half-duplex. Two-way alternating Two-way alternating communications is a term sometimes used to disambiguate the term Duplex (telecommunications). In a two-way alternating communications channel, each endpoint can either send or receive at any given time, but cannot send and receive at the same time. Two-way simultaneous communications lets the endpoints talk and listen simultaneously. Two-way alternating communications are sometimes called half-duplex, but there may be a fine distinction that two-way alternating communications is a property of the communication protocol used between the endpoints,", "The Way to Happiness Scientology-affiliated organization Narconon - all clients receive a pamphlet of \"The Way to Happiness\" when they begin the program. Volunteer Ministers, a Scientology-affiliated organization which responds to disaster scenes, distributes \"The Way to Happiness\" pamphlets, and did so in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre. The Scientology organization Concerned Businessmen's Association of America (CBAA) has also distributed \"The Way to Happiness\", though representatives of the group have denied connections to Scientology. A 1993 article in \"Newsweek\" described cases where schools in Bellflower, California and Brooklyn, New York were influenced by CBAA to", "Let the Love Begin (TV series) Pia were childhood friends and got separated due to their parents' arguments. They will meet again as teenagers, with Erick eventually falling in love with Pia. When Pia's stepmother, Celeste, and Luchie torture Pia and her family, it leads to the both of them deciding to end their relationship. According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of \"Let the Love Begin\" earned a 19.7% rating. While the final episode scored a 22.1% rating which is the series' highest rating. Let the Love Begin (TV series) Let the Love Begin is a 2015 Philippine television", "Way to Go (TV series) Way to Go (TV series) Way to Go is a British television sitcom, created by American television writer and producer Bob Kushell, about three men who start an assisted suicide business. The series premiered on BBC Three on 17 January 2013 and ran to six 30-minute episodes. In July 2013 it was announced that \"Way to Go\" had been axed after one series. Scott is a receptionist at a veterinary clinic who dropped out of medical school when he couldn't afford to pay for it. The moral centre of the show, Scott constantly struggles with the implications of the business", "Within These Walls (film) Within These Walls (film) Within These Walls is a 1945 American drama film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and written by Eugene Ling and Coles Trapnell. The film stars Thomas Mitchell, Mary Anderson, Edward Ryan, Mark Stevens, B.S. Pully and Roy Roberts. The film was released on July 13, 1945, by 20th Century Fox. When a judge, Michael Howland, decries conditions at a state prison, the governor recommends he become the new warden. Howland accepts, requiring that his family move to a new home near the penitentiary. His daughter Anne understands the situation, but teen son Tommy is upset by", "Menachem Begin second-class citizens. His open embrace of Judaism stood in stark contrast to the Alignment's secularism, which alienated Mizrahi voters and drew many of them to support Begin, becoming his burgeoning political base. In the years 1974–77 Yitzhak Rabin's government suffered from instability due to infighting within the labor party (Rabin and Shimon Peres) and the shift to the right by the National Religious Party, as well as numerous corruption scandals. All these weakened the labor camp and finally allowed Begin to capture the center stage of Israeli politics. On 17 May 1977 the Likud, headed by Begin, won the Knesset", "No Good Either Way Steve secretly start a business with their Indian friend Interpal (Gill Mohindepaul Singh). Alex's girlfriend, Ling (Kristal Tin) joins GOALTECH, and pressures Violet to step down. Alex is later promoted to manager, and Steve eventually becomes the new boss of the company. As Alex and Steve's positions climb higher, they begin to exert similar pressure on their subordinates, also committing the \"ten sins.\" TVB released news to the media of the drama's development after announcing the signing of Ruco Chan in January 2012, who subsequently had to turn down a role in \"The Confidant\". At the time, \"No Good Either", "Living TV Group they could have watched at any time they like during the week. The programmes were all free to watch, and did not have any adverts in them. The viewer could also have used their remote control to pause, fast forward, rewind and stop the programme at any time. On 7 April 2009, it was announced that Virgin Media Television had agreed to buy options to acquire 9.9 percent of NetPlay TV Plc's shares at a strike price of 18 pence per share. NetPlay acquired the business assets of Two Way Gaming Ltd, the provider of the Challenge Jackpot gaming services,", "Begin Again (TV series) Begin Again (TV series) Begin Again () is a South Korean television program which airs on JTBC. It is a reality program where national level musicians from South Korea travel overseas, to places where no one knows anything about them, and hold busking events, introducing themselves to the people in other countries through their music. Season 1 starred musicians Lee So-ra, You Hee-yeol, Yoon Do-hyun and host Noh Hong-chul, the quartet's project group being Begin Us (). Season 2 will star Kim Yoon-ah (Jaurim), Lena Park, Lee Sun-kyu (Jaurim), Hareem, Yoon Gun (formerly of Brown Eyes), Henry, Roy Kim, and", "Either/Or conscious effort to choose one's life, with a choice to choose. Either way, however, an individual can go too far in these realms and lose sight of his or her true self. Only faith can rescue the individual from these two opposing realms. \"Either/Or\" concludes with a brief sermon hinting at the nature of the religious sphere of existence, which Kierkegaard spent most of his publishing career expounding upon. Ultimately, Kierkegaard's challenge is for the reader to \"discover a second face hidden behind the one you see\" in him/herself first, and then in others. After writing and defending his dissertation", "When Will My Life Begin? My Life Begin\", though this time in a lovely romantic setting\". When Will My Life Begin? \"When Will My Life Begin?\" is a song from Disney's 2010 animated feature film, \"Tangled\". It is sung by Rapunzel (Mandy Moore), and serves as the \"I Want\" song of the film. It is reprised later on once she is allowed out of the tower for the first time. A short reprise with Rapunzel reiterating her situation, and reasoning that \"I've got my mother's love...I have everything\" etc., was cut from the final film, though was included in the soundtrack. Lyrics are by Glenn", "Either/Or out other stages in further works, and the \"Stages on Life's Way\" is considered a direct sequel to \"Either/Or\". It is not the same as \"Either/Or\" as he points out in \"Concluding Postscript\" in 1846. The whole book can be viewed as the struggle individuals go through as they attempt to find meaning in their lives. Victor Eremita bought a secretary (desk), which was something external, and said, \"a new period of your life must begin with the acquisition of the secretary\". \"A\" desires the absolute highest. He can find no meaning in his life until he begins to study.", "Two-way radio these companies began renting two-way radios short term and long term. The two-way radio rentals is a significant and important component of two-way radio businesses. Many have become reluctant to buy two way radios because of the duration of their event or the necessity to save money. Renting two way radios has brought comfort to customers in renting two way radios because the price and non commitment to owning such two way communication devices. Customers can rent anything from two-way radios to two-way radio equipment like speaker microphones or repeaters. Two-way radio A two-way radio is a radio that can", "Two-way player days that he does not pitch. Babe Ruth is the last player to pitch 100 innings and have 200 plate appearances as a batter in the same season. Two-way players are still common in college baseball, with the John Olerud Award being given to the best two-way player of the season. However, by the major league level, a player is usually better at either pitching or batting, and rarely is given the chance to do both. The term two-way player can also be used to describe a position player who plays good defense for his position. In the National Football", "TV advertisements by country With on-demand services in the video field as well as music, the game has changed, but TV stations have found a way to integrate their standard TV advertising into their streaming platforms. When you include on-demand viewing, commercial TV reaches 91.9% of the UK every week, that means the average broadcast TV ad campaign gets 237 million views. £5.28 billion was invested in TV advertising in 2016, that's up 0.2% from the year before. In 2017, it's forecast to grow by another 1.6% As of 2017, London-based production company, Space City Productions had produced the most TV adverts in the", "When Will My Life Begin? the plot forward \"In Tangled, we had to have to have Rapunzel start with [the premise that] ‘everything’s great here [in the tower]’ and end with: ‘when will my life begin?’\". When asked by DenofGeek about the \"over-arching [musical] theme of the film\", Menken responded: The film's Blu-ray disc features \"extended versions of the songs 'When Will My Life Begin?' and 'Mother Knows Best', with animatic renderings of the unfinished animation\". The main version originally had a prologue in which Rapunzel sings about how she had spent 6000 hours of her life locked up in a monotonous life, and how", "Two-way player League (NFL), there are few two-way players, as most offensive players do not play on defense and vice versa. A major concern is the possibility of injury when a player is \"overused.\" Patrick Ricard is an example of a two-way player in the NFL, playing both as a fullback and a defensive lineman in 2017. In the early years of the NFL, two-way players were more common, as part of the one-platoon system, but it is now a rarity. At the college level, some players do play on both sides of the ball, especially the more \"electric\" athletes. While he", "When Will My Life Begin? her 18th birthday is 24 hours away. Bennets Reviews wrote \"Interestingly, the first reprise of \"When Will My Life Begin\" does not appear in the film, though the second reprise does\". 7 AM, the usual morning lineup: Start on the chores and sweep 'til the floor's all clean, Polish and wax, do laundry, and mop and shine up Sweep again, And by then It's like 7:15. And so I'll read a book or maybe two or three I'll add a few new paintings to my gallery I'll play guitar and knit, and cook and basically Just wonder when will my", "When Will My Life Begin? When Will My Life Begin? \"When Will My Life Begin?\" is a song from Disney's 2010 animated feature film, \"Tangled\". It is sung by Rapunzel (Mandy Moore), and serves as the \"I Want\" song of the film. It is reprised later on once she is allowed out of the tower for the first time. A short reprise with Rapunzel reiterating her situation, and reasoning that \"I've got my mother's love...I have everything\" etc., was cut from the final film, though was included in the soundtrack. Lyrics are by Glenn Slater, and music is by Alan Menken. \"When Will My Life", "The Adverts The Adverts The Adverts were an English punk band who formed in 1976 and broke up in late 1979. They were one of the first punk bands to enjoy chart success in the UK; their 1977 single \"Gary Gilmore's Eyes\" reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart. \"The Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music\" described bassist Gaye Advert as the \"first female punk star\". The band was formed in 1976 by T.V. Smith (Tim Smith) and Gaye Advert (Gaye Black). Smith was from the town of Okehampton in mid-Devon, and Advert was from Bideford, a small coastal town in North", "Within These Walls in the season 2 episode 'Skivers', long before becoming original cast members of \"Eastenders\" togeher. Episode three from series 2, \"Nowhere for the Kids\", no longer exists in any format, but its script is included in PDF format on Series Two, Disc One. The script is located in the root directory of the DVD and is called \"Within These Walls-N#149129.pdf\" The script lists St. John's Waterloo church as the rehearsal hall for read-through for the shows. Despite indications that this episode is unofficially available on the video-sharing website YouTube, this is not the case. 'The Slap' (series 2 episode 4)", "All These Years how much I stand to lose; All these years,\" attributed to neither the husband nor wife, indicates that both have seen what they have to lose, but are confused at the way forward. Larry Flick, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it \"a downer, but effectively presented for a dreary breakup number.\" He goes on to says that the positive is that listeners feel like there was a \"meeting of the minds\". Mac McAnally recorded it on his 1993 album \"Live and Learn\". McAnally's version was the b-side to the album's first single, which was its title track.", "Two-way communication B responds with their own email back to Person A. The cycle then continues. This chart demonstrates two-way communication and feedback. Two-way communication may occur horizontally or vertically in the organization. When information is exchanged between superior and subordinate, it is known as vertical two-way communication. On the other hand, when communication takes place between persons holding the same rank or position, it is called horizontal two-way communication. Two-way communication is represented in the following diagrams: (Cite: https://thebusinesscommunication.com/two-way-communication-and-importance/) There are many different types of two-way communication systems, and choosing which is best to use depends on things like the intended", "Now TV (Sky) that have already been subscribed to and made active while within either the UK or Ireland can be accessed in the same way for up to 30 days at a time in the following countries: The subscriptions in Italy are branded as \"Now TV Tickets\": Entertainment Ticket, Series TV Ticket, Cinema Ticket, and Sports Ticket. Tickets are offered within two main subscription packages: Now TV Mobile and Now TV All Screens. The monthly Now TV Mobile subscription includes Entertainment and Series TV tickets that can be used to watch on tablets and smartphones. The Sky Sport Ticket is not available", "Two-way communication phone company is rather straightforward as well. The telephone makes it easy to connect instantly with others from all over the world, making it simple to have a two-way conversation with a neighbor or with someone many miles away. Phones have undergone some changes over the years. Today, for example, phones use electronic switches instead of operators. The switch uses a dial tone so that when you pick up the phone you are aware that both the switch and the phone are functioning properly. Computer networks are used to have two-way communication by having computers exchange data. Ways that this", "Two-way communication the person speaking, making eye contact, watching body language, responding appropriately with comments, questions, and paraphrasing, and summarizing to confirm main points and an accurate understanding. Two-way communication is different from one-way communication in that two-way communication occurs when the receiver provides feedback to the sender. One-way communication is when a message flows from sender to receiver only, thus providing no feedback. Some examples of one-way communication include: radio or television programs or even listening to policy statements from top executives. Two-way communication is especially significant in that it enables feedback to improve a situation. Two-way communication involves feedback from", "These Dangerous Years takes revenge, and eventually ends up marrying his singing partner. These Dangerous Years These Dangerous Years (also known as Dangerous Youth) is a 1957 British comedy musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring George Baker, Frankie Vaughan, Carole Lesley, Thora Hird, Kenneth Cope, David Lodge and John Le Mesurier. The army sequences were filmed in the Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill, London NW7. Tough gang leader and wannabee rock star Dave Wyman, from the slums of Liverpool, gets the call up for military service. He undergoes basic training, finds the discipline surprisingly suits him, and emerges stronger. When his best", "These Dangerous Years These Dangerous Years These Dangerous Years (also known as Dangerous Youth) is a 1957 British comedy musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring George Baker, Frankie Vaughan, Carole Lesley, Thora Hird, Kenneth Cope, David Lodge and John Le Mesurier. The army sequences were filmed in the Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill, London NW7. Tough gang leader and wannabee rock star Dave Wyman, from the slums of Liverpool, gets the call up for military service. He undergoes basic training, finds the discipline surprisingly suits him, and emerges stronger. When his best friend from training is killed by the camp bully, Dave", "When Will My Life Begin? a Princess\" are lush, wittily written songs typical of latter-day Disney films\". CommonSenseMedia describes it as \"eternally optimistic\". Pajiba writes \"The only song that doesn't feel lifted [from an earlier Disney film] is Rapunzel's \"When Will My Life Begin?\", and that's because the guitar and rhythm instantly date it as a circa 2010 pop song performed by Mandy Moore. GaryWrightOnline named the song \"rather forgettable\". Vulture said \"Early on, Rapunzel sings a ditty called 'When Will My Life Begin?' that recounts how she spends her days and nights, and though it's awfully sprightly for a lifelong shut-in, Moore has a", "Begin Again (TV series) Lee Su-hyun (Akdong Musician). Season 1 aired on Sundays at 22:30 (KST) beginning 25 June 2017 till 10 September 2017. Season 2 will air on Fridays at 21:20 (KST) beginning 30 March 2018 till 29 June 2018. Team Kim Yoon-ah Team Lena Park In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue each year. Begin Again (TV series) Begin Again () is a South Korean television program which airs on JTBC. It is a reality program where national level musicians from South Korea travel", "Fifteenth: After All These Years the DVD. The release was produced by Bomb Factory and directed by Takanobu Nishimori and Rina Minamisawa. Fifteenth: After All These Years Fifteenth: After All These Years is an extensive DVD by Bomb Factory. It contains 23 live performances, 8 music videos, 40 photos, and one bonus video with interviews and commentary scattered throughout the live and bonus footage. The live \"Puke\" has commentary at the end in Japanese. Track 13 contains two versions of \"Slickdrive\", the first is video from a recording studio, the second is the official music video. \"When the Wind Blows\" contains footage of their tour", "Fifteenth: After All These Years Fifteenth: After All These Years Fifteenth: After All These Years is an extensive DVD by Bomb Factory. It contains 23 live performances, 8 music videos, 40 photos, and one bonus video with interviews and commentary scattered throughout the live and bonus footage. The live \"Puke\" has commentary at the end in Japanese. Track 13 contains two versions of \"Slickdrive\", the first is video from a recording studio, the second is the official music video. \"When the Wind Blows\" contains footage of their tour in the United States. The track \"Time\" includes some band commentary and ends with the credits for", "Let the Love Begin (TV series) Let the Love Begin (TV series) Let the Love Begin is a 2015 Philippine television drama romance comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. The series is based on the 2005 film of the same title. Directed by Gina Alajar, it stars Ruru Madrid and Gabbi Garcia. It premiered on May 4, 2015 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing \"Once Upon a Kiss\" and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on August 7, 2015 with a total of 70 episodes. It was replaced by \"Beautiful Strangers\" in its timeslot. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Erick and", "Did You See Me Coming? do not feature on the album. There are also new mixes of album track \"Did You See Me Coming?\" by Pet Shop Boys and Unicorn Kid, and \"The Way It Used to Be\" mixed by Richard X. The Brit Awards medley, which was originally performed in February, is also released in one of the digital bundles. The Possibly More Mix features significant extra lyrics inspired by common descriptions found in lonely hearts/singles adverts, such as \"attractive, single, blue eyed, smart\". Did You See Me Coming? \"Did You See Me Coming?\" is a song written and recorded by Pet Shop Boys", "When Will My Life Begin? life begin? Then after lunch it's puzzles and darts, and baking Paper mache, a bit of ballet and chess Pottery and ventriloquy, candle making Then I'll stretch, Maybe sketch, Take a climb, sew a dress! And I'll reread the books if I have time to spare I'll paint the walls some more, I'm sure there's room somewhere. And then I'll brush and brush, and brush and brush my hair Stuck in the same place I've always been. And I'll keep wonderin' and wonderin', and wonderin', and wonderin' When will my life begin? Tomorrow night the lights will appear Just like", "TV advertisements by country were banned in 1963. The first advert to be shown in the UK was an advert for S.R. Toothpaste on September 22, 1955, on the ITV network (its first day) in England, In Scotland the first adverts were aired on August 31, 1957, Northern Ireland adverts were first aired on October 31, 1959 and Wales adverts were first aired on May 10, 1968. Many of the popular adverts over the years were for Bisto Gravy, Boots, Smith's Crisps & Flora. On July 1, 2000, TV broadcasters began requiring commercials to be delivered to them in widescreen, an event referred to", "Menachem Begin to implement a large scale expansion of Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, a policy intended to make future territorial concessions in these areas effectively impossible. Begin refocused Israeli settlement strategy from populating peripheral areas in accordance with the Allon Plan, to building Jewish settlements in areas of Biblical and historic significance. When the settlement of Elon Moreh was established on the outskirts of Nablus in 1979, following years of campaigning by Gush Emunim, Begin declared that there are \"many more Elon Morehs to come.\" During his term dozens of new settlements were built, and Jewish population in the West", "Way to Go (TV series) before the show began airing, Conservative Tory MP Mark Pritchard publicly criticised the BBC for commissioning the programme and turning the subject of assisted dying into \"a matter of fun\". Way to Go (TV series) Way to Go is a British television sitcom, created by American television writer and producer Bob Kushell, about three men who start an assisted suicide business. The series premiered on BBC Three on 17 January 2013 and ran to six 30-minute episodes. In July 2013 it was announced that \"Way to Go\" had been axed after one series. Scott is a receptionist at a veterinary", "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You \"When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You\" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye for his \"Here, My Dear\" album, following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye. In the album, he \"poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall.\" The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the \"Here, My Dear\" album. As if offering confessional testimony to", "These Happy Golden Years Newbery Honor Books. These Happy Golden Years These Happy Golden Years is an autobiographical children's novel written by Laura Ingalls Wilder and published in 1943, the eighth of nine books in her \"Little House\" series – although it originally ended it. It is based on her later adolescence near De Smet, South Dakota, featuring her short time as a teacher, beginning at age 15, and her courtship with Almanzo Wilder. It spans the time period from 1882 to 1885, when they marry. The novel was a Newbery Honor book in 1944, as had the previous four \"Little House\" books. As", "These Happy Golden Years These Happy Golden Years These Happy Golden Years is an autobiographical children's novel written by Laura Ingalls Wilder and published in 1943, the eighth of nine books in her \"Little House\" series – although it originally ended it. It is based on her later adolescence near De Smet, South Dakota, featuring her short time as a teacher, beginning at age 15, and her courtship with Almanzo Wilder. It spans the time period from 1882 to 1885, when they marry. The novel was a Newbery Honor book in 1944, as had the previous four \"Little House\" books. As the novel begins,", "Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts is the debut studio album by English punk rock band the Adverts. It was released on 17 February 1978 by record label Bright. \"Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts\" was recorded at Abbey Road Studios. The album title was coined by Jane Suck. The album was preceded by the single \"No Time to Be 21\", which reached No. 34 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts\" reached No. 38 on the UK Albums Chart. In its retrospective review, AllMusic called", "Two-way radio that affect the range of a two-way radio such as weather, exact frequency used, and obstructions. Not all two way radios are hand-held devices. The same technology that is used in two way radios can be placed in other radio forms. An example of this is a wireless callbox. A wireless callbox is a device that can be used for voice communication at security gates and doors. Not only can they be used to talk to people at these entry points, personnel can remotely unlock the door so the visitor can enter. There are also customer service callboxes that can", "Either Way (Snakehips and Anne-Marie song) Either Way (Snakehips and Anne-Marie song) \"Either Way\" is a song by British electronic music duo Snakehips and British singer Anne-Marie, featuring American rapper Joey Badass. It was written by James David, Julia Michaels, Warren \"Oak\" Felder, Oliver Dickinson and Joey Badass, with production handled by Snakehips. The song was released on 28 July 2017, via Sony Music. Kat Bein of \"Billboard\" felt that the song has a \"cool R&B sound\". He continued: \"Some low-key tropical touches add to the lazy summer haze. It also doubles as dope makeup inspo.\" Marcus of EDM Sauce opined that the song is \"elegantly", "James A. Reed (entrepreneur) to the 2010 general election, Reed conducted public video-interviews with the three Parliamentary candidates nominated for the role of Secretary of State (Steve Webb, Yvette Cooper and Theresa May), asking questions sent in by job hunters. For the 2017 general election, Reed's cross-party interviews were conducted with Damien Hinds, Debbie Abrahams and Baroness Kramer. Between 2008 and 2018, Reed was depicted in a series of humorous TV adverts featuring the actor and comedian Rufus Jones. Some of these adverts have been directed by the previous year's winners of Reed's annual Short Film Competition. The adverts begin with Jones introducing himself", "Two-way radio service life for a communications console used in the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection is 10 years. Two-way radios can operate on many different frequencies, and these frequencies are assigned differently in different countries. Typically channelized operations are used, so that operators need not tune equipment to a particular frequency but instead can use one or more pre-selected frequencies, easily chosen by a dial, a pushbutton or other means. For example, in the United States, there is a block of 5 channels (pre-selected radio frequencies) are allocated to the Multiple Use Radio System. A different block of 22 channels", "Two the Hard Way it without her consent or participation. To promote the release of the album Cher and Allman did a mini tour called Two the Hard Way Tour. Two the Hard Way Two the Hard Way is a studio album by American singer-actress Cher and the third studio album by American rock singer Gregg Allman released in November 1977 by Warner Bros. Records. The album, billed to \"Allman and Woman\", was a critical and commercial failure and has sold fewer than 550,000 copies worldwide. The product of the two musicians' unlikely and turbulent relationship and marriage, it attempted an even more unlikely", "Silent All These Years nominated for Breakthrough Video, Best Cinematography in a Video, Best New Artist in a Video, and Best Female Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1992. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine lists this video at #98 of the 100 greatest videos of all time. The video has been released on two compilations: the \"Little Earthquakes\" VHS and \"\". \"Silent All These Years\" was initially a B-side of the first single, \"Me and a Gun\". The decision to release \"Silent All These Years\" came after UK station Radio One named it \"Song of the Week\". In the United Kingdom, it was released", "Friendly TV 6 January 2010, when the EPG slot was sold to the adult channel, Dirty Talk. This incident which made Friendly TV infamous occurred in May 2003 when former QVC presenter Paul Lavers and his co-presenter, Karen Witchalls were fronting the morning show. The show mainly consisted of items based on that day's newspapers. The show ran a text poll with a Nicole Kidman related question. The channel did not show adverts at this time even though they still had breaks, which consisted of the studio camera zooming in to a television screen in the studio that was displaying details of", "When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way' a wink at Frank Sinatra, the two brothers who gave us Amateur Hour among a host of other gems return armed with a German deal. This song which includes remixes by the Grid's Vince Clarke has them sounding like a cross between Alphaville and Pet Shop Boys.\" A witty black-and-white music video in a '40s Hollywood style was made for the song. It was directed by English music video director Sophie Muller. When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way' \"When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way'\" is a 1994 electronic dance music song by American rock band Sparks.", "All These Years \"All These Years\" debuted at number 72 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of November 28, 1992. All These Years \"All These Years\" is a song written by Mac McAnally, originally recorded on his 1992 album \"Live and Learn\". It was later recorded by American country music group Sawyer Brown. It was released in November 1992 as the second single from their album \"Cafe on the Corner\". Their version peaked at 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, in addition to being a minor AC hit, peaking", "Either Way (Snakehips and Anne-Marie song) in its elegant beauty.\" Kevin Apaza of Direct Lyrics wrote that the song is \"so good\" and \"so catchy\". Credits adapted from Tidal. Either Way (Snakehips and Anne-Marie song) \"Either Way\" is a song by British electronic music duo Snakehips and British singer Anne-Marie, featuring American rapper Joey Badass. It was written by James David, Julia Michaels, Warren \"Oak\" Felder, Oliver Dickinson and Joey Badass, with production handled by Snakehips. The song was released on 28 July 2017, via Sony Music. Kat Bein of \"Billboard\" felt that the song has a \"cool R&B sound\". He continued: \"Some low-key tropical touches", "Either/Or things, approach, if you please—that is, if, by parting with them, you have a mind to purchase serenity, freedom, and tranquillity. If not, do not come hither; do not, like children, be now a philosopher, then a publican, then an orator, and then one of Caesar’s officers. These things are not consistent. You must be one man, either good or bad. You must cultivate either your own reason or else externals; apply yourself either to things within or without you—that is, be either a philosopher or one of the mob.\" His motto comes from Plutarch, \"The deceived is wiser than", "Two-way radio to increase the communication distance. There are more available channels with UHF. Since the range of UHF is also not as far as VHF under most conditions, there is less chance of distant radios interfering with the signal. UHF is less affected than VHF by manmade electrical noise. The useful direct range of a two-way radio system depends on radio propagation conditions, which are a function of frequency, antenna height and characteristics, atmospheric noise, reflection and refraction within the atmosphere, transmitter power and receiver sensitivity, and required signal-to-noise ratio for the chosen modulation method. An engineered two-way radio system will", "Prange Way to close any stores (though it did expect to lay off some employees). However, the stores did not last long after this, as liquidation sales were soon slated to begin in November. All Prange Way stores would be closed after the 1995 Christmas holiday season. Prange Way Prange Way was an American chain of discount department stores. It was owned by the H. C. Prange Co. of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and at its peak, it operated stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota. The chain closed its stores by the mid-1990s, several years after H. C. Prange itself was assumed into the", "Two-way radio past Jupiter). For the Apollo program and the Space Shuttle, Quindar tones were used for transmit PTT control. Though the general life term for the two way radio is 5 to 7 years and 1 to 2 years for its accessories but still the usage, atmosphere and environment plays a major role to decide its life term (radios are often deployed in harsh environments where more fragile communication equipment such as phones and tablets may fail). There are so many speculations on the life term of two way radios and their accessories i.e. batteries, chargers, headset etc. In government systems,", "Begin the Begin of the I.R.S. Years 1982-1987\". As the opening track on \"Lifes Rich Pageant\", the song heralded a new clarity in Stipe's vocals. Written on acoustic guitars in Stipe's home, the original version of the song was a minute longer, with five different choruses, lacking melody and a bridge. Replete with references to Americana and revolution, the title is a pun on Cole Porter's \"Begin the Beguine\". Begin the Begin \"Begin the Begin\" is the first song on R.E.M.'s fourth album, \"Lifes Rich Pageant\". Lead singer Michael Stipe has called it \"a song of personal, political activism.\" Though never released as", "After All These Years (Mickey Newbury album) After All These Years (Mickey Newbury album) After All These Years is the 1981 album by singer-songwriter Mickey Newbury. Considered the concluding album of his remarkable 1970s run, it was the last album he would record for seven years. The album is very different in tone from its predecessor and revives Newbury's talent for song suites with \"The Sailor/Song of Sorrow/Let's Say Goodbye One More Time\". Other highlights on the album include \"That Was The Way It Was Then\" and \"Over the Mountain\". \"After All These Years\" was collected for CD issue on the eight-disc Mickey Newbury Collection from Mountain", "Still Crazy After All These Years (song) lover\" has been variously interpreted to be either Simon's ex-wife Peggy Harper, from whom he was recently divorced, his former girlfriend from the 1960s Kathy Chitty, or even Simon's former musical partner Art Garfunkel, who appears on the song that follows 'Still Crazy After All These Years\" on the album. After sharing a few beers, the singer and the old lover part ways again. The singer notes that he is \"not the kind of man who tends to socialize\" but rather leans \"on old familiar ways\" and is \"still crazy after all these years.\" The lyrics acknowledge a nostalgia for", "When Will My Life Begin? my life begin?” What she's really asking is, When will I be making my own decisions and having my own new adventures in life?\". Thematically, the song harks back to similar songs in Disney's history. \"From Snow White to Tangled: Gender and Genre Fiction in Disney's \"Princess\" Animations\" notes the song is \"very similar to Snow Whites' first song 'I'm wishing'\". The academic paper \"From Rapunzel to Tangled and beyond: Multimedia practices in the language and literature classroom\" explains that at the very beginning of the movie when this song is sung, \"first Rapunzel is a maid\". It explains that", "When Did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? When Did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? When did You Start to Stop Seeing Things? is the tenth episode of the popular 1969 ITC British television series \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\" starring Mike Pratt, Kenneth Cope and Annette Andre. The episode, directed by Jeremy Summers, was first broadcast on 23 November 1969 on the ITV. Jeff is hired by a company based in Metropolis House to find out who is leaking information for use on the stock market. Unfortunately matters are complicated when a financial adviser named Charles Tully is murdered in a car park late at night and", "Two Years Before the Mast us of Melville” and “other passages seem to anticipate him”. (Melville, born in 1819, was exactly four years Dana's junior, and returned from his first tour as a seaman when \"Two Years Before the Mast\" was first published in 1840): The following description of the English sailor, Bill Jackson, has literary similarities to Melville's \"Billy Budd\": Writes Morris, \"Dana is something more of a poet than either he or his contemporaries were aware; and that his ignorance of this gift was a loss to him as well as to us.\" With the onset of the 1849 California Gold Rush, Dana's", "Later...When the TV Turns to Static Store Day, which included the album track \"Later...When the TV Turns to Static\" as a special teaser for the album. \"If\" was released as the second single from the album on 8 July 2013. Title track \"Later...When the TV Turns to Static\" was released as the album's third single in November 2013, and \"Secret Truth\" was released as the fourth and final single in July 2014 as a digital download only. Later...When the TV Turns to Static Later...When the TV Turns to Static is the third studio album by Scottish rock band Glasvegas. It was released on 2 September 2013", "When Will My Life Begin? supple voice, the staging is amusing, and the tune (by Alan Menken) is catchy.\" Spirituality & Practice notes the song expresses the \"teenager's frustration\". Bennets Reviews wrote \"The album opens with \"When Will my Life Begin\" which also acts as Repunzel's theme. The song is a mix of orchestra and contemporary elements that actually blend together well. Mandy Moore's vocals may not be as strong as some of the vocals from other Menken scored films, but they still work fine in this instance\". The site added that \"\"I See the Light\" returns to the classic/contemporary blend heard in \"When Will", "Later...When the TV Turns to Static bonus DVD featuring a full-length 'stripped' version of the album and exclusive live performances. Part of the footage contained within the deluxe almanac DVD is still broadcast by Sky Arts. During their 2011 autumn tour, the band debuted \"If\" live. They continued to perform and develop songs from the album throughout 2012 with \"Later...When the TV Turns to Static\", \"I'd Rather Be Dead (Than Be with You)\" and \"All I Want Is My Baby\" being among the first to be premiered. During the summer and autumn of 2012, the band went into Gorbals Studio in Glasgow to record the album.", "WHDH (TV) new WNEV-TV at 5:55 a.m. ET that morning; it also dropped WNAC-TV's strip-layered \"7\" logo in favor of a new \"SE7EN\" logo. However, WNEV inherited most of the former WNAC-TV staff and channel 7's CBS affiliation. New England Television's mission from the start was to allocate programming hours to innovative, in-house productions, in much the same way that Boston Broadcasters did when it launched WCVB-TV on channel 5 ten years earlier. Notable productions that premiered early on were \"Look\" (1982–1984), which began as a two-hour (4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) late afternoon talk and lifestyle show that led into WNEV's", "Within These Walls (film) for his son. His daughter, meantime, has fallen in love with Purcell, finding out he was innocent of his crime, taking the rap for his guilty brother. Ruthless inmate Martin Deutsch learns this from Tommy and uses this information against Purcell, saying he will inform on the brother if Purcell doesn't help him escape. Tommy's conscience gets the better of him. He knocks out Purcell to keep him from the prison break. Deutsch, trapped at the gate by the warden's guards, shoots Tommy in the back. Howland pursues the fleeing Deutsch and guns him down. Within These Walls (film) Within", "Two-way contract to play with the NHL team, but will receive a lower salary if assigned to play for a team in the minor leagues such as the American Hockey League or the ECHL. Beginning in the 2017–18 season, the National Basketball Association added two-way contracts between NBA teams and their NBA G League affiliates. Unlike in the NHL, these contracts are not offered to every aspiring NBA player, but only to undrafted players whom a team would like to keep \"on retainer\" without having to sign to a full-time contract. Each NBA team can have up to two two-way contract players", "Two-way radio equipment may be replaced based on budgeting rather than any plan or expected service life. Funding in government agencies may be cyclical or sporadic. Managers may replace computing systems, vehicles, or budget computer and vehicle support costs while ignoring two-way radio equipment. Equipment may remain in use even though maintenance costs are unreasonable when viewed from an efficiency standpoint. Different system elements will have differing service lifetimes. These may be affected by who uses the equipment. An individual contacted at one county government agency claimed equipment used by 24-hour services wears out much faster than equipment used by those who", "I Can't Begin to Tell You (1983).<br> It was sung by Marty Robbins on his 1978 \"Spotlight\" TV show sitting on stools with Eddie Rabbit and singing songs back and forth in \"duet\".<br> The song has also been recorded by Perry Como (1946), Brook Benton (1959), Jane Morgan (1959), Michael Holliday (1960) and Joni James (1960). I Can't Begin to Tell You \"I Can't Begin to Tell You\" is a popular song with music written by James V. Monaco and lyrics by Mack Gordon. The song was published in 1945. The song was introduced by John Payne and reprised by Betty Grable in the film \"The", "TV advertisements by country minutes and of the movies/telefilms that exceed the length of 110 minutes which can have more than one commercial break every 45 minutes for 9 minutes. In Ireland, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland determines the number of adverts on commercial and community TV stations, while the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources is responsible for the advertising limits of Public Service Broadcasters on TV and Radio, and commercial radio advertising is governed through statue. The first television adverts were shown on December 31, 1961. But in the early years all were in Black 'n' White but in the 1970s", "One-way pair and Seventh Avenue with either Sixth Avenue or Eighth Avenue. Two major streets in the city of Pittsburgh serve as a one-way pair; Forbes Avenue and Fifth Avenue. Both streets begin in Downtown near Point State Park before becoming a one-way pair just east of Market Square, with Forbes serving outbound traffic and Fifth serving inbound traffic, going through Uptown and Oakland before both streets end up with two-way traffic and diverge, with Fifth Avenue eventually terminating in Highland Park, while Forbes terminates in Wilkinsburg just outside the city limits. The mostly two-way Boulevard of the Allies parallels Forbes and", "Either Way (Chris Stapleton song) guitar shadows him as Stapleton works up the scale at each thundering chorus. Contrast the power of his vocals with the dark, fragile and hopeless nature of his lyrics.\" The song debuted on \"Billboard\"'s Hot Country Songs at No. 17 as the third best-selling country song of the week, with 23,000 copies sold. After his performance on the finale of \"The Voice\", it sold a further 21,000 copies. It has sold 87,000 copies as of June 2017. On May 23, 2017, Stapleton performed \"Either Way\" on the season 12 finale of \"The Voice\". Australian Judah Kelly covered the song on", "Cast of Thousands (The Adverts album) Cast of Thousands (The Adverts album) Cast of Thousands was the Adverts' second album, released in 1979. It featured a noticeably different, more experimental sound than their debut effort, \"Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts\". The album was produced by Tom Newman (known for his work on Mike Oldfield's \"Tubular Bells\"), who played synthesizer on \"I Will Walk You Home\". Doctors of Madness frontman Richard Strange guested on synthesizer on the title track., Contemporary critics were generally dismissive of the album and the band's change of direction, but it has since been reevaluated. Writing for AllMusic, critic Dave Thompson", "Way to Heaven Way to Heaven \"Way to Heaven\" is the fourteenth single by Japanese recording artist Aya Ueto. It was released on March 14, 2007. \"Way to Heaven\" was included on the standard edition of Ueto's fifth studio album \"\". The single was released in two formats: the limited edition, which includes an A4-sized 92-page photo book and a bonus DVD featuring music videos, TV spots, and footage of Ueto's past release events, and standard CD-only edition. \"Way to Heaven\" debuted on the Oricon Daily Singles chart at number 17 on March 13, 2007 and peaked at number 20 on the Oricon" ]

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[ "Mont d'Amin Mont d'Amin (1,417 m) is a mountain of the Jura, located east of the Vue des Alpes in the canton of Neuchâtel. It lies on the range between the valleys of Saint-Imier and Val-de-Ruz.", "Jura Mountains The Jura Mountains (] ; ] ) French: \"Massif du Jura\" , (German: \"Juragebirge\" , Italian: \"Massiccio del Giura\" ) are a sub-alpine mountain range located north of the Western Alps, mainly following the course of the France–Switzerland border." ]

[ "Piz Buin Piz Buin (] ) is a mountain in the Silvretta range of the Alps on the border between Austria and Switzerland. It forms the border between the Swiss canton of Graubünden and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg and is the highest peak in Vorarlberg.", "Mont Bonvin Mont Bonvin is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Crans-Montana in the Swiss canton of Valais. The border with the canton of Bern runs one kilometre north of the summit.", "Geography of Switzerland The geography of Switzerland encompasses the geographical features of Switzerland, a mountainous and landlocked country located in Western and Central Europe. It is surrounded by 5 countries: Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, France to the west, Italy to the south and Germany to the north. Switzerland has a maximum north–south length of 220 km and an east–west length of about 350 km .", "Great St Bernard Pass Great St. Bernard Pass (French: \"Col du Grand St-Bernard\" , Italian: \"Colle del Gran San Bernardo\" , German: \"Grosser Sankt Bernhard\" ; 2469 m ) is the third highest road pass in Switzerland. It connects Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland with Aosta in the region Aosta Valley in Italy. It is the lowest pass lying on the ridge between the two highest mountains of the Alps, Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa. The pass itself is located in Switzerland in the canton of Valais, very close to Italy. It is located on the main watershed that separates the basin of the Rhône from that of the Po.", "Pointe de Barasson The Pointe de Barasson is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It lies between the Great St Bernard Pass and Mont Vélan.", "Peloritani The Peloritani (Sicilian: Piluritani, Italian: Monti Peloritani ) are a mountain range of north-eastern Sicily, in southern Italy, extending for some 65 km from Capo Peloro to the Nebrodi Mountains. On the north and west they are bordered by the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, respectively, and on the south by the Alcantara River .", "Cottian Alps The Cottian Alps ( ; French: \"Alpes Cottiennes\" ] ; Italian: \"Alpi Cozie\" ] ); are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France (Hautes-Alpes and Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France (Lyon, Grenoble) and Italy (Turin).", "List of tunnels in the Alps There are a large number of tunnels in the Alps of Central Europe. They have the advantage of provide shorter routes and faster journey times by avoiding narrow, winding routes over mountain passes which may well be affected by winter conditions. This list is intended to give an overview of the main Alpine tunnels. As the list is \"country\" oriented, cross-border tunnels are listed twice (e.g. the Mont Blanc tunnel is listed under France and under Italy.)", "Grand Combin The Grand Combin is a mountain massif in the western Pennine Alps in Switzerland. With its 4314 m highest summit, the \"Combin de Grafeneire\", it is one of the highest peaks in the Alps and the second most prominent of its range. The Grand Combin is also a large glaciated massif consisting of several summits, among which three are above 4000 metres (\"Combin de Grafeneire\" 4314 m , \"Combin de Valsorey\" 4183 m , \"Combin de la Tsessette\" 4134 m ).", "Mont Bégo Mont Bégo (Italian: Monte Bego) is a mountain in the Mercantour massif of the Maritime Alps, in southern France, with an elevation of 2872 m . It is included in the Vallée des Merveilles (\"Valley of Marvels\").", "Pizzo dell'Alpe Gelato The Pizzo dell'Alpe Gelato is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps on the Swiss-Italian border.", "Enciastraia Enciastraia (French: \"Tête de l'Enchastraye\") is a mountain in the Maritime Alps, on the boundary between the province of Cuneo (Piedmont, northern Italy) and the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur.", "Appenzell Alps The Appenzell Alps (German: \"Appenzeller Alpen\" ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps. They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east.", "Lake Geneva Lake Geneva (French: \"le lac Léman\" or \"le Léman \" ] , sometimes \"le lac de Genève \" ] , German: \"Genfersee\" ] ) is a lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France. It is one of the largest lakes in Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône. 59.53% (345.31 km2 ) of it comes under the jurisdiction of Switzerland (cantons of Vaud, Geneva, and Valais), and 40.47% (234.71 km2 ) under France (department of Haute-Savoie).", "Piz da l'Acqua Piz da l'Acqua is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. The northern side of the mountain (Graubünden) is part of the Swiss National Park. The southern side of the mountain (Lombardy) is part of the Stelvio National Park. The mountain overlooks the Lago di Livigno on its eastern side.", "Wildhorn The Wildhorn is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the border between the Swiss cantons of Bern and Valais. At 3248 m above sea level, it is the highest summit of the Bernese Alps west of the Gemmi Pass. It forms a large glaciated massif, about 10 km wide, extending between the Sanetsch Pass and the Rawil Pass. Along with the Muverans, the Diablerets and the Wildstrubel, the Wildhorn is one the four distinct mountain massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie west of the Gemmi Pass. The massif of the Wildhorn is at the centre between the valleys of the Saane, Simme (both canton of Bern) and the Rhone (Valais). It comprises several distinct summits, including (from west to east) the Arpelistock, Le Sérac, the Geltenhorn, the Sex Noir, the Sex Rouge, the Schnidehorn and the Six des Eaux Froides. The main crest is between the glaciers named \"Tungelgletscher\" and \"Glacier du Wildhorn\". South of the main summit is the almost equally high summit of Mont Pucel (3,177 m). The Wildhorn is surrounded by several large mountain lakes: the Lac de Sénin, the Lauenensee, the Iffigsee, the Lac de Tseuzier and the Lac des Audannes. The Tungelgletscher, on the north-east face, was measured as 1.9 km in length in 1973.", "Bregaglia Range The Bregaglia Range (commonly the Bregaglia) is a small group of mostly granite mountains in Graubünden, Switzerland and the Province of Sondrio, northern Italy. It derives its name from the partly Swiss, partly Italian valley, the \"Val Bregaglia\", and is known as \"Bergell\" in German. Other names which are applied to the range include the Val Masino Alps and, to describe the main ridge, Masino-Bregaglia-Disgrazia. Vicosoprano (1,067 m) is the main settlement in the Swiss part of the range.", "Val Viola Pass The Val Viola Pass (Italian: \"Passo di Val Viola\" , Romansh: \"Pass da Val Viola\" ) is a high mountain pass in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It connects Poschiavo in the Swiss canton of Graubünden with Valdidentro in the Italian region of Lombardy. The pass lies at a height of 2,432 metres above sea level between Piz Paradisin and Corno di Dosdè.", "Col de Tende Col de Tende (Italian: \"Colle di Tenda\" ; elevation 1870 m) is a high mountain pass in the Alps, close to the border between France and Italy, although the highest section of the pass is wholly within France.", "Säntis At 2,501.9 metres above sea level, Säntis is the highest mountain in the Alpstein massif of northeastern Switzerland. It is also the culminating point of the whole Appenzell Alps, between Lake Walen and Lake Constance. Shared by three cantons, the mountain is a highly visible landmark thanks to its exposed northerly position within the Alpstein massif. As a consequence, houses called \"Säntisblick\" (English: \"Säntis view\") can be found in regions as far away as the Black Forest in Germany. Säntis is among the most prominent summits in the Alps and the most prominent summit in Europe with an observation deck on the top. The panorama from the summit is spectacular. Six countries can be seen if the weather allows: Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, France, and Italy." ]

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[ "It is nice out tonight I almost didn't want to come it." ]

[ "It was a terrible night I am glad I came in.", "I would have stopped fighting a long time ago, she said.", "A woman hanging whites.", "A man is getting food out of the refrigerator.", "But you cannot ignore the logic of reality.", "There is no unknown variables here in the data.", "He dressed up one time for a party as Char of Persia, an Eastern King." ]

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[ "Adrin shot the rider in the chest." ]

[ "The rider was shooting and hit Adrin in the head.", "A man is standing on a log.", "The Grammys will air on Wednesday on CBS at 8 P.M.", "Women are stealing snakes from their handlers.", "Electronic signature systems are used to represent an individuals intent.", "Station Here Jesus is proudly on display in Antonia Fortress.", "A red headed woman at a sales stand talking to five employees." ]

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[ "A child is walking through town." ]

[ "A man is driving to the store.", "A man watches the Olympics on TV.", "The government has no control over where the money goes.", "I was motionless.", "A mechanic is fixing a truck.", "The inexperienced skiers ski towards the mountains during sunrise.", "The surfers are in the ocean." ]

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[ "A woman has dark hair." ]

[ "The woman is blond.", "Child wearing t-shirt and jeans.", "A woman painter is catching up on much needed sleep.", "Japan was created by volcanic processes, and all myths and gods should be disregarded.", "None of the things listed are correct.", "Do you have one or several papers?", "The men are buying clothes in the store." ]

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[ "Thor Heyerdahl\nThor Heyerdahl syntyi Larvikissa 1914. Hänen isänsä Thor omisti panimon ja hänen äitinsä Alison oli muun muassa kaupungin museoyhdistyksen puheenjohtaja.[1] Äitinsä vaikutuksesta Thor päätyi opiskelemaan luonnontieteitä. Hän erikoistui Oslon yliopistossa eläintieteeseen, mutta opiskeli myös maantiedettä.[2]" ]

[ "Torsten Wiesel\nWiesel syntyi Uppsalassa ja aloitti uransa Karoliinisessa instituutissa vuonna 1954. Hän muutti vuotta myöhemmin Yhdysvaltoihin, jossa hän pääsi töihin Johns Hopkinsin yliopistoon. Hän tapasi vuonna 1958 Hubelin, jonka kanssa alkanut hedelmällinen yhteistyö kesti vuosikymmeniä.", "Kon-Tiki (elokuva)\nElokuva pohjautuu tutkimusmatkailija Thor Heyerdahlin vuonna 1947 tekemään tutkimusmatkaan, sekä hänen siitä kirjoittamaansa kirjaan. \"Kon-Tiki\" oli Heyerdahlin aluksen nimi.", "Linus Torvalds\nTorvalds aloitti yliopisto-opinnot Helsingin yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisessä tiedekunnassa tietojenkäsittelytieteen laitoksella. Hänen pääaineekseen tuli tietojenkäsittelytiede. Hän opiskeli ensimmäisenä vuotena aktiivisesti, mitä ei hänen mukaansa enää tämän jälkeen tapahtunut. Hän liittyi matematiikan, fysiikan, kemian ja tietojenkäsittelytieteen opiskelijajärjestöön Spektrumiin, jonka keskiviikkoiltojen juhlista tuli hänelle sosiaaliselle elämälleen tärkeitä tilaisuuksia.", "Tuomas Eerola\nTuomas Eerola (s. 27. maaliskuuta 1971 Kangasala) on suomalainen musiikkitieteilijä. Hän valmistui Jyväskylän yliopistosta filosofian maisteriksi 1997 pääaineenaan musiikkitiede. Jatko-opintoja hän suoritti Leicesterin yliopistossa, Isossa-Britanniassa (1999–2000) sekä monitieteisessä Pythagoras-tutkijakoulussa (2000–2003). Hän väitteli filosofian tohtoriksi vuonna 2003 (Jyväskylän yliopisto) ja hänen musiikin havaitsemista käsittelevä väitöskirjansa palkittiin samana vuonna Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan parhaana. Eerola on toiminut vuodesta 1997 lähtien eri tehtävissä Jyväskylän yliopiston musiikin laitoksella. Eerola on monitieteisen musiikintutkimuksen huippututkimusyksikön sekä Musiikin tutkimuksen valtakunnallisen tohtoriohjelman johtoryhmän jäsen. Hän on edistänyt tieteenalaansa Suomen musiikkitieteellisessä seurassa eri rooleissa vuosina 1999–2011. Vuonna 2011 Eerolalle myönnettiin Jyväskylän yliopiston tieteellisen tiedon julkistamispalkinto. Eerolan erityisalaa on musiikkipsykologia, erityisesti musiikki ja tunteet, musiikin havaitseminen sekä musiikki ja liike. Hänen yli 100 julkaisua löytyy helpoimmiten Google Scholar -palvelusta.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nCitation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Kon-Tiki. Lautalla yli Tyynenmeren| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1951| version = (Kon-Tiki, 1949.) Suomentanut Oiva Talvitie}} – 8. painos 1981, ISBN 951-30-5513-2. Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Aku-aku. Pääsiäissaaren arvoitus| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1957| version = (Aku-aku. Påskeöyas hemmelighet, 1957.) Suomentanut Oiva Talvitie}} Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Ra-kaislaveneellä yli Atlantin| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1970| version = (Ra ekspedisjonen, 1970.) Suomentanut Toini Havu}} Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Fatuhiva| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1974| version = (Fatuhiva. Tilbake til naturen, 1974.) Suomentanut Pekka Jalkanen| isbn = 951-30-3118-7}} Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Tigris. Matka kulttuurimme lähteille| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1979| version = (Tigris. In Search of our Beginnings, 1979.) Suomentanut Heikki Kaskimies| isbn = 951-30-4826-8}} Citation error, replace with{{cite book| title = Malediivien mysteeri| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1987| version = (The Maldive Mystery, 1986.) Suomentanut Kyllikki Villa| isbn = 951-30-6658-4}}", "Kaarlo Hildén (maantieteilijä)\nKaarlo Thorsten Oskar Hildén (28. syyskuuta 1893 Helsinki – 15. heinäkuuta 1960 Helsinki) oli suomalainen maantieteilijä ja antropologi. Maantieteilijänä hän oli erikoistunut talousmaantieteeseen ja antropologina fyysiseen antropologiaan. Hildén toimi Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulun talousmaantieteen professorina vuosina 1921–1960 ja rehtorina vuosina 1952–1957.", "Eirik Hornborg\nHornborgin vanhemmat olivat kamreeri Albrecht Hornborg ja Alma Maria Hornborg. Hän kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi Helsingin uudesta ruotsalaisesta yhteiskoulusta vuonna 1897 ja liittyi Uusmaalaiseen osakuntaan. Hän jatkoi opintojaan Helsingin yliopiston filosofisen tiedekunnan historiallis-kielitieteellisellä osastolla ja suoritti filosofian kandidaatin tutkinnon vuonna 1901. Hornborg toimi Uusmaalaisen osakunnan kuraattorina syyslukukauden vuonna 1904. Tukholman yliopiston kunniatohtorin arvonimen hän sai vuonna 1936.[2]", "Arto Haapala\nHaapala on työskennellyt professorina Helsingin yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnassa vuodesta 1995 . Hän on erikoistunut kirjallisuuteen, ympäristöön ja tulkintaan, sekä angloamerikkalaisen estetiikan lisäksi hermeneutiikkaan, etenkin Martin Heideggerin filosofiaan.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nMatkasta julkaistu dokumenttielokuva Lautalla yli Tyynenmeren voitti parhaan dokumentin Oscarin ja kirja Kon-Tiki on käännetty noin 70 kiellelle.[1] Vaikka kirja saikin paljon kehuja taitavana seikkailutarinana, tieteilijät eivät pääsääntöisesti olleet vakuuttuneita Heyerdahlin teoriasta.[2]", "Jarl-Thure Eriksson\nEriksson opiskeli sähkötekniikkaa Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa (TKK). 1970-luvulla hän toimi tutkijana akatemiaprofessori Olli Lounasmaan johtamassa TKK:n kylmälaboratoriossa tutkimusaiheinaan suprajohtavuuteen perustuvat sähkömagneettiset sovellukset, erityisesti suprajohtavat sähkökoneet. Tutkimuksen sovelluksia ovat muun muassa 1970-luvun suuret jäänmurtajat.", "Tiina Rosenberg\n1970-luvun lopulla Rosenberg opiskeli Karl Marxin yliopistossa Itä-Saksassa. Sittemmin Rosenberg opiskeli teatteri-, elokuva- ja kirjallisuustieteitä Tukholman yliopistossa ja valmistui teatteritieteestä tohtoriksi vuonna 1993. Hän on toiminut teatteritieteen yliopistonlehtorina ja elokuvatieteen laitoksen johtajana Tukholman yliopistossa ja sukupuolentutkimuksen professorina Lundin yliopistossa ja Tukholman yliopistossa.", "Lars Levi Laestadius\nLaestadius opiskeli Uppsalan yliopistossa kasvitiedettä ja teologiaa, mutta päätyi papiksi. Kasvitieteestä tuli harrastus, ja hänen erikoisalaansa olivat pajut. Taitavana piirtäjänä hän myös kuvitti kasvitieteellisiä kirjoja. .[8]", "Kon-Tiki\nKon-Tiki oli norjalaisen tutkimusmatkailijan ja kirjailijan Thor Heyerdahlin alus hänen vuoden 1947 tutkimusmatkallaan. Se oli nimetty inkojen auringonjumala Con-Tici Viracochan mukaan. \"Kon-Tiki\" on myös Heyerdahlin matkastaan kirjoittaman suositun kirjan nimi.", "Torsten Hägerstrand\nLundin yliopiston professorina Hägerstrand oli vuodet 1957–1971. Lundiin saapui tuona aikana huomattavan paljon ulkomaalaisia tutkijoita ja jatko-opiskelijoita, jotka halusivat tulla oppimaan lisää Hägerstrandin teorioista. Hägerstrandin tutkimussuunta oli kuitenkin ehtinyt hieman muuttua väitöskirjan kirjoitusajoista. Hän oli siirtynyt tutkimaan niin kutsuttua aikamaantiedettä, johon hän keskittyi erityisesti saatuaan vuonna 1971 henkilökohtaisen tutkimusprofessuurin. Lundissa työskennelleiden kollegoidensa, kuten Gunnar Törnqvistin ja Olof Wärnerydin, avulla hän pystyi keskittymään erityisesti hyvin pienessä ajassa tapahtuvien ykslöiden liikkeisiin ajassa ja paikassa. Hägerstrand oli Lundin tutkijaprofessorina vuoteen 1982, mutta hän jatkoi edelleen emeritusprofessorina aktiivisena tieteilijänä.", "Alexander Kielland\nKielland kasvoi Stavangerissa varakkaassa kauppiasperheessä. Hän valmistui oikeustieteestä ja toimi tiilitehtaan johtajana. Opiskeluaikanaan hän oli tutustunut Kierkegaardin teoksiin. Hän päätti kohdistaa luovat voimavaransa sosiaaliseen kritiikkiin ja uudistuksiin. Hän paljasti töissään köyhien ahdingon ja kirkonmiesten tekopyhyyden ja satirisoi byrokratiaa ja oppineisuutta.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl ja 11-henkinen miehistö purjehti Tigrisillä Shatt al-Arabista Masqatin kautta Indusjoelle ja sieltä Intian valtameren yli Afrikkaan. Viisi kuukautta kestänyt matka päättyi kuitenkin ennen aikojaan Djiboutiin Punaisenmeren suulle.[1] Sotatilan takia häneltä kiellettiin rantautuminen Etiopiaan. Vastalauseena Heyerdahl poltti laivansa.[2]", "Norjan historia\nKeskiaikana Norjan pääkaupunki oli Nidaros (nykyinen Trondheim), vaikkakin sitä hallittiin Tanskan vallan aikana Kööpenhaminasta käsin. Kaupan keskus oli Bergen (entinen Tyskebrygge), joka oli hansakaupunki. Oslo (aikaisemmin Christiania/Kristiania) oli hetken aikaa pääkaupunkina 1300-luvulla. Sen kasvu alkoi vasta, kun sinne perustettiin yliopisto vuonna 1811.[4] Keski-Norjassa on säilynyt kymmeniä keskiaikaisia sauvakirkkoja, joita alun perin oli laajasti koko Skandinaviassa. Vanhimmat säilyneet sauvakirkot ovat 1100-luvulta. Kirkon rakenne perustuu puisiin pystypaaluihin eli sauvoihin, joiden varaan koko kirkko on pystytetty. Katonharjassa on usein eläinhahmoja, kuten lohikäärmeen päitä. Rakennustapa on omaperäinen, ja siinä on vaikutteita roomalaisista basilikoista. Joihinkin kirkkoihin tehtiin uskonpuhdistuksen aikana muutoksia, mutta osa on alkuperäisessä muodossaan.[5]", "Thor Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl johti vuosina 1988–1992 arkeologisia kaivauksia Túcumessa Perun pohjoisosissa.[1]", "Erik Hägglund\nHägglund oli Åbo akademin professori vuosina 1920–1930, sitten Tukholman teknillisen korkeakoulun professori 1930–1953. Hänet promovoitiin Åbo akademin kunniatohtoriksi 1953. Hän tutki sulfiittiselluloosan keiton kemiaa, puun sokeroimista ja ligniinin rakennetta.", "Turid Farbregd\nFarbregd opiskeli norjaa, englantia ja suomea Oslon yliopistossa. Hän suoritti filosofian kandidaatin tutkinnon vuonna 1969. Vuonna 1970 Farbregd pyydettiin Helsingin yliopiston norjan kielen lehtoriksi. Hän toimi Helsingin yliopiston norjan kielen lehtorina vuosina 1970–1994.", "Erling Eriksen\nEriksen voitti NRK:n järjestämän kilpailun ja pääsi soittamaan Norjan radioon ennen sotaa. Pohjoismainen harmonikkakilpailutoiminta oli vilkasta sotien molemmin puolin. Erling Eriksen otti neljännen sijan vuoden 1946 Pohjoismaiden harmonikkamestaruuskilpailuissa Tukholmassa, jolloin islantilainen Lydur Sigtryggsson voitti ennen toiseksi sijoittunutta Suomen Toivo Mannista ja kolmannen sijan saanutta Ruotsin Wille Johnssonia. Vuonna 1947 olikin sitten Eriksenin vuoro voittaa Helsingissä järjestetyissä kilpailuissa, joiden tuomaristossa oli muun muassa Viljo Vesterinen. Vuonna 1949 hän sai kunnian konsertoida ensimmäisenä harmonikkataiteilijana Oslon yliopiston Aula-salissa, mikä herätti suurta huomiota. 1940-luvun lopulla Eriksen pääsi esiintymään orkestereineen Ranskan television koeluonteisiin televisiolähetyksiin Norjassa, jo ennen kuin NRK aloitti omat televisiolähetyksensä. Eriksenin trion ja kvartetin televisioesiintymisistä tuli eräänlainen käsite 1940- ja 1950-luvuilla.", "Maria Turtschaninoff\nTurtschaninoff opiskeli ihmisekologiaa Göteborgin yliopistossa. Hän valmistui filosofian maisteriksi vuonna 2000 ja muutti takaisin Helsinkiin, jossa työskenteli toimittajana Yle Radio Vegassa. Hän on myös avustanut sanomalehti \"Västra Nylandia\".", "Anders Pape Møller\nMøller on tutkinut haarapääskyn populaatiobiologiaa, morfologiaa, loisia ja immuunivastetta Tanskassa vuodesta 1970 alkaen. Hän on Jyväskylän yliopiston vuoden 2009 kunniatohtori.", "Niels Neergaard\nNeergaard opiskeli historiaa ja valtiotieteitä. Hän toimitti 1884–1892 \"Tilskueren\"-nimistä aikakauslehteä sekä vuoteen 1897 \"Aarhus amtstidendea\". Hän oli edustajana kansankäräjillä 1887–1889 ja 1892–1932. Hänestä tuli käytännössä Moderate Venstren johtava edustaja Frede Bojsenin jätettyä politiikan vuonna 1901. Neergaard toimi Tanskan valtiovarainministerinä heinäkuusta lokakuuhun 1908 ja pääministerinä lokakuusta 1908 lokakuuhun 1909 sekä samanaikaisesti puolustusministerinä elokuuhun 1909 ja sen jälkeen valtiovarainministerinä hallituksensa eroon asti. Hän oli jälleen valtiovarainministerinä Klaus Berntsenin hallituksessa heinäkuusta 1910 kesäkuuhun 1913. Neergaard oli keskeisenä henkilönä laatimassa Berntsenin hallituksen lokakuussa 1912 antamaa esitystä uudeksi perustuslaiksi, joka astui lopulta voimaan 1915. Vuonna 1919 hän oli yksi Tanskan valtuutetuista Pariisin rauhankonferenssissa, jossa käsiteltiin Slesvigin kohtaloa. Neergaard oli vielä uudelleen pää- ja valtiovarainministerinä toukokuusta 1920 huhtikuuhun 1924. Hän oli sen jälkeen vielä kerran pääministerinä Thomas Madsen-Mygdalin hallituksessa 1926–1929.", "Tom Söderdahl\nSöderdahl on erikoistunut triathlonin pisimmälle eli lajin alkuperäiselle niin sanotulle \"Ironman\"-matkalle, jossa yhtämittaisesti suoritetaan 3,8 kilometrin avovesiuinti, 180 kilometrin maantiepyöräily ja maratonjuoksu (42,195 km). ", "Otto Immanuel Colliander\nColliander valmistui filosofian kandidaatiksi vuonna 1871 ja teki sen jälkeen yli vuoden mittaisen opintomatkan Ruotsin ja Tanskan kautta Saksaan, jossa hän opiskeli teologiaa Erlangenissa. Teologian kandidaatin tutkinnon hän suoritti vuonna 1877. Samana vuonna hänet vihittiin papiksi. Valmistuttuaan Colliander toimi teologisen tiedekunnan katekeettisten (kristillinen opetus) ja homileettisten (saarnaoppi) harjoitusten ohjaajana ja hoiti Suomen kaartinpataljoonan kirkkoherran virkaa. Teologian lisensiaatin tutkinnon hän suoritti vuonna 1881 ja sai samalla myös teologian tohtorin arvon. Collianderin lisensiaatinväitöskirja Om den kyrkliga psalmen jemte inledning till evangelisk-luthersk hymnologi 1880 käsitteli virsitutkimusta. Käytännöllisen teologian professorin virkaa varten hän julkaisi Raamatun kirkkokäsitystä käsittelevän väitöskirjan Grunddragen af det bibliska kyrkobegreppet (1882).[2]", "Hugo Theorell\nAxel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903-1982) oli ruotsalainen tutkija, joka sai vuonna 1955 Nobelin lääketieteen palkinnon hapettumiseen vaikuttavia entsyymejä koskevasta tutkimuksesta.", "Odd Hassel\nHassel aloitti kemian, matematiikan ja fysiikan opinnot Oslon yliopistossa vuonna 1915 ja hän valmistui sieltä vuonna 1920. Oltuaan vuoden Etelä-Euroopassa hän vietti jonkin aikaa Münchenissä professori Kazimierz Fajansin johtamassa laboratoriossa. Siellä hän tutki adsorptioindikaattoreita. Muutettuaan Berliiniin Hassel työskenteli Kaiser Wilhelm -instituutissa röntgenkristallografian parissa. Siellä ollessaan hän saavutti filosofian tohtorin arvon Fritz Haberin johdolla. Vuosina 1925-1964 hän toimi Oslon yliopistossa.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl järjesti vuonna 1952 ensimmäisen arkeologisen tutkimusmatkan Galápagossaarille. Hänellä oli mukanaan kaksi ammattiarkeologia, yhdysvaltalainen E. K. Reed ja norjalainen Arne Skjølsvold. Tutkimusmatka rahoitettiin Kon-Tiki-matkan tuottamilla rahoilla.[1] Löytöjensä perusteella Heyerdahl uskoi, että inkat olisivat vierailleet saarilla.[2]", "Torsten Wiesel\nWiesel siirtyi Hubelin kanssa Harvardin yliopistolle vuonna 1959 ja toimi vuosina 1991–1998 New Yorkin Rockefeller-yliopiston johtajana. Hän jätti Harvardin vuonna 1984. Jo ennen Nobeliaan hän sai yhteistyöstään Hubelin kanssa vuonna 1978 Columbian Louisa Gross Horwitz -palkinnon. ", "Øystein Birkeland\nBirkeland on opiskellut Norjan valtiollisessa musiikkikorkeakoulussa sekä Heinrich Schiffin, Ralph Kirshbaumin, William Pleethin ja Ferenc Radosin oppilaana.", "Harald Hornborg\nHornborg kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi Helsingin uudesta ruotsalaisesta yhteiskoulusta vuonna 1909 ja liittyi Uusmaalaiseen osakuntaan. Opintojaan hän jatkoi Helsingin yliopiston filosofisen tiedekunnan historiallis-kielitieteellisellä osastolla vuosina 1909–1915 ja suoritti filosofian kandidaatin tutkinnon vuonna 1925 sekä filosofian maisterin tutkinnon vuonna 1927. ", "Hjalmar Magnus Eklund\nHjalmar Eklund oli hyvin lahjakas monella alalla. Hän opiskeli matematiikkaa, fysiikkaa ja filosofiaa Helsingin yliopistossa ja valmistui maisteriksi 1903. Hän keskittyi joukko-oppiin, joka sijoittuu matematiikan ja logiikan välimaastoon. Hänestä tuli täten Suomen ensimmäinen asiantuntija logiikassa, joka oli tuolloin uusi ala.", "Henrik Wergeland\nWergeland syntyi Kristiansandissa opettaja ja rovasti Nicolai Wergelandin (1780–1848) ja kulttuuripersoona Alette Dorothea (o.s. Thaulow) Wergelandin esikoisena. Isä Nicolai oli Bergenistä kotoisin ollut köyhän lukkarin poika, josta tuli sittemmin Eidsvollin itsenäisyysjulistuksen allekirjoittaja. Isällä oli myös merkittävä rooli maan ensimmäisen yliopiston perustamisessa, hän oli maan perustuslain laatijoita, ja hän myös ehdotti Norjan parlamentille sen nykyistä nimeä \"Storting\". Suvun nimi on peräisin Verklandin maatilasta Sognissa. Alette oli virkamies () Henrik Arnold Thaulowin tytär ja aktiivinen kulttuuripersoona.\nWergelandin perheestä tuli muutoinkin Norjan näkyvimpiä kulttuuriperheitä. Hänen sisarensa oli kirjailija Camilla Collett (1813–1895). Nuorin veli kenraali Oscar Wergeland (1815–1895) meni kuitenkin sotilasuralle. Kotona keskusteltiin paljon kulttuurista, Ranskan vallankumouksesta, Rousseaun lastenkasvatusfilosofiasta ja yleensä modernistisista aiheista. ", "Thor Heyerdahl\nOmien sanojensa mukaan Heyerdahl huomasi Ra II -matkan aikana ensimmäisen kerran merten saastumisen.[2] Hän kirjoitti aiheesta huolestuneen kirjeen Yhdistyneille kansakunnille.[1]", "Rita Dahl\nDahl on koulutukseltaan valtiotieteen ja filosofian maisteri sekä medianomi (ylempi korkeakoulututkinto). Pääaineinaan hän on opiskellut yleistä valtio-oppia ja kirjallisuustiedettä. Yleisen kirjallisuustieteen pro gradunsa hän teki Fernando Pessoan ortonyymeistä ja heteronyymeistä modernistis-romanttisena myyttinä ja valtio-opin pro gradunsa SDP:n ja Kokoomuksen ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittisesta retoriikasta ryhmäpuheenvuoroissa 1995–2000 . Dahl on opiskellut portugalin kieltä Lissabonin klassisessa yliopistossa 2000–2001 ja toimittanut ja kääntänyt ensimmäisen portugalilaisen nykyrunouden antologian \"Maailman syrjällä\".", "Nono Söderberg\nTalven 1966–1967 Söderberg oli basistina The Islandersissa, josta siirtyi lokakuussa 1967 The Boysiin ja sai tällöin ensimmäisen virallisen kitaristinvakanssinsa[2]. Samalla hän opiskeli yliopistossa musiikkitiedettä. Hän on opiskellut myös Liikemiesten kauppaopistossa ja Ateneumin kamerataiteen linjalla, mutta jätti ne opinnot kesken[2].", "Anders Behring Breivik\nBreivik aloitti valtiotieteen opinnot Oslon yliopistossa tuomionsa jälkeen. Vuonna 2015 Breivik hyväksyttiin opiskelijaksi Oslon yliopiston valtiotieteellisen tiedekuntaan, luettuaan valtio-oppia jo kaksi vuotta vankilasta käsin. Breivikin on suoritettava kaikki opintonsa eristyssellistään, eikä hän osallistu luennoille tai seminaareihin, minkä vuoksi hän ei pysty suorittamaan kandidaatin tutkintoa loppuun saakka.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl johti 1981–1984 Malediiveille suuntautunutta arkeologista tutkimusmatkaa, jonka aikana hän löysi todisteita, että kehittynyt sivilisaatio oli purjehtinut saarille 500-luvulla tuhat vuotta ennen eurooppalaisia. Heyerdahl julkaisi matkasta kirjan Malediivien mysteeri, ja siitä tehtiin myös kaksituntinen televisiodokumentti.[1]", "Ole Hallesby\nHallesby teki opintomatkan Saksaan. Siellä oli tarkoitus kuunnella raamatulle uskollisten sekä liberaalien luentoja. Ensimmäisenä kohteena oli Greifswaldin konservatiivinen teologinen tiedekunta. Seuraavana oli Berliini. Kesälukukaudella Leipzigissä erityisesti Ludwig Ihmelsin luennot tekivät häneen syvän vaikutuksen. Heidelbergissä hän valmisteli väitöskirjaansa filosofian tohtorin arvoa varten. Siellä hän myös kuunteli liberaaliteologi Ernst Troeltschin luentoja. Vuoden 1909 alussa hän meni Erlangeniin, jossa sai tohtorin arvonsa maaliskuussa. Väitöskirjan aiheena tietoteoria. Ennen paluutaan Norjaan hän kuunteli vielä Hallessa perinteistä teologi Martin Kähleriä.", "Heikki Saxén\nSaxén opiskeli Fulbright-stipendiaattina lukuvuoden 2014–2015 Harvardin yliopistossa terveydenhuollon priorisoinnin johtaviin kansainvälisiin teoreetikkoihin lukeutuvan professori Norman Danielsin ohjauksessa. Hän väitteli tohtoriksi Tampereen yliopistossa vuonna 2017 aiheenaan bioetiikan tieteenalan kehitys ja tulevaisuuden mahdollisuudet. Bioetiikan ohella Saxén on perehtynyt oikeudenmukaisuutta käsitelleen yhteiskuntafilosofi John Rawlsin ajatteluun.", "Thor Björgólfsson\nThor valmistui New Yorkin yliopistosta pääaineenaan rahoitus vuonna 1991. Forbesin mukaan Thorin omaisuus oli vuoden 2005 heinäkuussa 1,3 miljardia Yhdysvaltain dollaria ja vuoden 2007 maaliskuussa 3,5 miljardia dollaria.", "Charles Emil Hagdahl\nHagdahl opiskeli Uppsalan yliopistossa, josta hän valmistui 1841. Hän toimi lääkärinä Tukholmassa 1838–1847, ja 1847 hänestä tuli Djurgårdsbrunns kuranstaltin intendentti. Vähän myöhemmin hän muutti asumaan Västmanlandiin Tidön linnaan. Hän omisti sen kuitenkin vain vähän aikaa ja muutti sittemmin Tukholmaan.", "Theodor Förster\nPäästyään ylioppilaaksi Theodor Förster ryhtyi opiskelemaan matematiikkaa ja fysiikkaa Frankfurtin yliopistossa, josta hän valmistui neljän vuoden kuluttua 23 vuotiaana tohtoriksi. Opiskeluaikana hän toimi Karl Friedrich Bonhoefferin laboratoriossa tämän assistenttina. Väitöksensä jälkeen hän siirtyi vuonna 1934 Bonhoefferin perässä Leipzigin yliopistoon. Bonhoefferin alaisuudessa toimiessaan hän pääsi yhteyksiin useisiin aikakauden merkittävimpiin alansa tieteentekijöihin, kuten Peter Debyeen, Werner Heisenbergiin ja Hans Kautskyyn. Förster tuli tunnetuksi muun muassa kirjoituksistaan, jotka käsittelevä orgaanisten yhdisteiden kykyä absorboida valoa, ja hän sai vuonna 1942 professuurin Poznańin yliopistosta Puolasta, joka tällöin oli Saksan miehittämä. Sodan päätyttyä Theodor Förster siirtyi osastopäälliköksi vasta perustettuun fysikaalisen kemian Max Planck -instituuttiin Göttingeniin. Vuonna 1951 Theodor Förster sai fysikaalisen kemian professuurin Stuttgartin yliopistosta, jossa hän toimi kunnes kuoli sydänkohtaukseen vuonna 1974.", "Torsten Hägerstrand\nHägerstrand syntyi vuonna 1916 Mohedassa. Hän aloitti 1930-luvulla opinnot Lundin yliopistossa ja asui Lundin kaupungissa käytännössä koko loppuikänsä. Hägerstrandin ensimmäiset tutkimusaiheet käsittelivät ihmisen muuttoliikettä. Hägerstrandin väitöskirja \"Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt\" valmistui 1953, ja hän käsitteli siinä Ruotsin keskiosissa tapahtunutta maanviljelykeksintöjen leviämistä innovaation diffuusion näkökulmasta. Ruotsiksi kirjoitettu teos pysyi jonkin aikaa tuntemattomana, mutta vuoden 1960 Kansainvälisen maantieteen unionin kongressin jälkeen Hägerstrandin ideat alkoivat levitä. Allan Pred käänsi väitöskirjan 1967 englanniksi, ja siitä tuli maantieteellisen kirjallisuuden klassikko.", "Thor Heyerdahl\n. Norsk Biografisk Leksikon. style=\"background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;\" class=\"table-no\"|No", "Henrik Ekberg\nEkberg pääsi ylioppilaaksi 1963 Virkkalan yhteiskoulusta ja hän valmistui valtiotieteen kandidaatiksi Helsingin yliopistosta vuonna 1969. Hän jatkoi opintojaan 1980-luvun puolivälissä ja väitteli vuonna 1991 valtiotieteen tohtoriksi. Väitöskirja \"Führerns trogna följeslagare\" käsitteli suomalaista natsismia vuosina 1932–1944.", "Stein Mehren\nMehren opiskeli filosofiaa Oslon yliopistossa ja tutustui Søren Kierkegaardiin, Edmund Husserliin, 1900-luvun eksistentiaalifilosofeihin, Theodor Adornoon ja Martin Buberin Minä/Sinä-filosofiaan. Hän käänsi Buberia norjaksi. Vaikka filosofia leimaa hyvin voimakkaasti hänen runouttaan, runot eivät kuitenkaan ole filosofisen ajattelun kuvitusta.", "Politiikan tutkimus\nSuomessa politiikan tutkimusta nimenomaan valtio-oppina voi opiskella yliopistotutkinnon pää- ja luonnollisesti myös tutkinnon sivuaineena kuudessa Suomen kaikkiaan kuudestatoista yliopistokorkeakoulusta. Nuo kuusi yliopistoa ovat Helsingin yliopisto, Turun yliopisto, Tampereen yliopisto, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Lapin yliopisto sekä Åbo Akademi. Suomen monialaista yliopistokorkeakouluista Oulun yliopistossa ja Itä-Suomen yliopistossa ei politiikan tutkimusta harjoiteta eikä alaa opeteta. Suomen erityiskorkeakouluissakaan politiikan tutkimus ei ole edustettuna pääaineena. Tuolta osin poikkeuksen muodostanut Svenska Handelshögskolan on nyttemmin lakkauttanut erityisen valtio-opillisen oppiaineensa nimeltä 'talouspolitologia' (ekonomisk politologi) pääaineena, joskin sitä voi edelleen opiskella sivuaineena. Valtio-oppia opiskelleet voivat työskennellä useissa ammateissa ja tehtävissä, esimerkiksi tutkijoina, tarkastajina, konsultteina, projektipäällikköinä, toimittajina tai tiedottajina[4].", "Thorvald Ekholm\nEkholm valmistui ylioppilaaksi vuonna 1932 Turussa ja suoritti ylemmän oikeustutkinnon vuonna 1937. Hän työskenteli aluksi muun muassa notaarina, mutta tuli korkeimpaan oikeuteen jo vuonna 1942, ensin ylimääräiseksi virkamieheksi, sitten notaariksi, nuoremmaksi oikeussihteeriksi ja vuonna 1952 vanhemmaksi oikeussihteeriksi. Vuosina 1945–1946 hän oli mukana sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynnissä sihteerinä.", "Carl Niclas Hellenius\nHellenius aloitti opintonsa Turun Akatemiassa vuonna 1764 ja opiskeli aluksi luonnonhistoriaa Pehr Kalmin ja kemiaa Pehr Adrian Gaddin johdolla. Lääketieteen professori Johan Haartman sai hänet kuitenkin kiinnostumaan lääketieteestä. Hellenius lähtikin 1774 jatkamaan opintojaan Uppsalan yliopistoon, josta valmistui lääketieteen tohtoriksi vuonna 1777. Uppsalan yliopistossa hän oli mm. Carl von Linnén oppilaana.", "Christopher Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl syntyi Brittiläisessä Kolumbiassa, Kanadassa. Heyerdahl on puoliksi norjalainen. Thor Heyerdahl oli hänen isänsä serkku. Hän on myös lahjakas jääkiekon pelaaja ja häntä on jopa kerran pyydetty pelaamaan Ottawa Senators -joukkueeseen.", "Erik Lallerstedt\nLallerstedt opiskeli vuosina 1882–1889 Kuninkaallisessa teknillisessä korkeakoulussa (KTH) ja Kuninkaallisessa taideakatemiassa Tukholmassa. Yksi hänen varhaisimmista töistään oli Tukholman S:t Peterskyrkan (1900–01). Lallerstedt tuli nopeasti tunnetuksi monumentaalisesta tiiliarkkitehtuuristaan jota hän alkujaan hyödynsi jugend- ja kansallisromanttissävytteisissä töissään. Tiiliarkkitehtuuria edustaa muun muassa vuonna 1906 valmistunut Trygghuset Tukholmassa. Lallerstedtin myöhäisemmät työt, kuten hänen KTH:lle vuosina 1911–40 suunnittelemat rakennuksensa, edustavat enimmäkseen uusklassismia. Vuosien 1907 ja 1929 välisenä aikana Lallerstedt myös toimi professorina KTH:ssa.", "Leonard Grandell\nHän kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi Turun ruotsalaisesta reaalilyseosta vuonna 1913 ja liittyi Åbo Nationiin. Opintojaan hän jatkoi Teknillisen korkeakoulun insinööriosastolla vuosina 1913–1914 ja edelleen Helsingin yliopiston filosofisen tiedekunnan historiakielten osastolla vuoteen 1915 saakka. Hän teki opintomatkan Norjaan kutsuntalaitokseen vuonna 1921 ja Sveitsiin vuonna 1924 tutustuakseen maan miliisijärjestelmään sekä Ruotsiin vuosina 1928 ja 1934 tutustuakseen Ruotsin armeijan huoltopalvelukseen. Saksaan vuonna 1935 ja Ruotsiin vuonna 1936 hänen opintomatkansa kohdistui maiden taloudelliseen puolustusvalmiusjärjestelmään tutustumiseen. Hän suoritti Sotakorkeakoulun erikoiskurssin Suojeluskuntain päällystökoulussa vuonna 1925 ja Sotakorkeakoulun yleinen osaston vuosina 1926–1927.[2][3]", "Thorvald Thiele\nHän väitteli tähtitieteestä Kööpenhaminan yliopistossa vuonna 1866. Vuonna 1875 hänestä tuli observatorion johtaja ja tähtitieteen professori.", "Eliel Sundström\nEliel valmistui ylioppilaaksi Maarianhaminan reaalioppikoulusta sen ensimmäiseltä vuosikurssilta vuonna 1903. Reaalioppikoulussa oli kursseja, joita voitiin tenttiä Helsingin yliopistossa, jossa Eliel jatkoi opintojaan. Helsingissä hän oli mukana Länsi-Suomalaisen osakunnan toiminnassa. Eliel valmistui filosofian kandidaatiksi (matematiikka) ja lopulta vuonna 1911 filosofian maisteriksi. Berliinin kauppakorkeakoulussa hän opiskeli vuosina 1911–1912. Opintomatkoja Elien teki vuosina 1924, 1925 ja 1926 Ranskaan, Tiroliin, Saksaan Tanskaan ja Ruotsiin. Eliel toimi matematiikan opettajana \nHämeenlinnan jälkeen hän palasi Ouluun ja toimi puutavarakauppiaana V. Höckertin palveluksessa. Oulussa pienellä ”Villa Vava” -nimisellä vuokrahuvilatilalla Eliel aloitti vakavasti karjanjalostuskokeilut Ahvenanmaalta tuodulla Ayrshire-sekarotuisella karjalla saavuttaen maan parhaimpiin kuuluvia lypsytuloksia. Eliel kiinnostui myös suomenhevosista ja niiden jalostuksesta. Hän osti palkitun ahvenanmaalaisen Alice-Lotta-tamman (1141-O) ja kantakirjasi sen vuonna 1916. Höckertin vaikutuksesta hän myös tutustui hedelmä- ja puutarhaviljelyyn. ", "Ari Helo\nHelo valmistui maisteriksi Helsingin yliopistosta vuonna 1994 ja väitteli filosofian tohtoriksi Tampereen yliopistosta vuonna 1999 aiheenaan Thomas Jefferson. Helon erityisala on Yhdysvaltain historia ja poliittinen järjestelmä. Hän on opettanut Yhdysvaltain historiaa ja Pohjois-Amerikan tutkimusta Helsingin yliopistossa vuodesta 1996 alkaen sekä julkaissut artikkeleita Yhdysvaltain historian ja Pohjois-Amerikan tutkimuksen alalta Suomessa, Britanniassa, Hollannissa, Unkarissa, Virossa ja Yhdysvalloissa. Helo toimii Helsingin yliopistossa Pohjois-Amerikan tutkimuksen yliopistonlehtorina.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nKaisla-aluksia käytettiin antiikin aikana erityisesti Välimerellä ja Atlantin rannikolla, mutta Heyerdahl kiinnostui siitä, olisiko Induslaakson kulttuureilla, Mesopotamian sivilisaatioilla ja Egyptillä ollut meriyhteys Intian valtamerellä. Heyerdahl rakennutti Tigrisistä suurimman, 18 metriä pitkän, aluksensa, joka oli myös ohjattavissa, kun aiemmat alukset oli suunniteltu kulkemaan vain tuulten ja merivirtojen kuljettavana.[1]", "Helgi Þóririnpojan tarina\nAalto, Sirpa. 2010. . Joensuu: Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Yhteiskuntatieteiden ja kauppatieteiden tiedekunta. Aalto, Sirpa. 2018. . Glossae-blogi 2.2.2018. Ashman Rowe, Elizabeth. 2004. Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts, Helga þáttr Þórissonar, and the Conversion þættir. Scandinavian Studies 76 (2004) 4: 459–474. Budal, Ingvil Brügger. 2009. . Bergen: University of Bergen, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Literary and Aestetic Studies. Busch, Kay. 2004 [2002]. . Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Philosophische Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie. Egill Yksikätinen. Muinaissaagoja Pohjolasta, toim. Helga Hilmisdóttir, Kirsi Kanerva & Sari Päivärinne. Helsinki: Finn Lectura, 2013. Hamer, Andrew. 1973. . Teoksessa Proceedings of the First International Saga Conference, University of Edinburgh 1971, toim. Peter Foote, Hermann Pálsson & Desmond Slay. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 184–211. Kalinke, Marianne. 2012. Textual Instability, Generic Hybridity and the Development of Some Fornaldarsögur. Teoksessa , toim. Annette Lassen, Agneta Ney and Ármann Jakobsson. Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press, 201–227. Kanerva, Kirsi. 2015. Muinaista menneisyyttä etsimässä. Saagakäännöksiä ja riimututkimusta Ruotsin suurvalta-ajalta.Teoksessa Kirjoista kokoelmaksi. Kansansivistystä ja kansainvälisyyttä Turun kaupunginkirjastossa 1800–1900-luvuilla , toim. Kaisa Hypén, Leila Koivunen & Janne Tunturi. Turku: Avain, 246–254. Koskela Vasaru, Mervi. 2009. . Oulu: Oulun yliopisto. Lummer, Felix. 2017. Guðmundr á Glasisvöllum. A Study of Potential Foreign Influences. MA thesis, Háskóli Íslands. Mitchell, Stephen A. 1993. Fornaldarsögur. Teoksessa Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, toim. Phillip Pulsiano et al. New York: Garland, 206–208. Power, Rosemary. 1985. Journeys to the Otherworld in the Icelandic Fornaldarsögur. Folklore 96 (1985), 156–175. Power, Rosemary. 1993. Helga þáttr Þórissonar. Teoksessa Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, toim. Phillip Pulsiano et al. New York: Garland, 280. Simek, Rudolf & Hermann Pálsson. 2007. Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur. Kröners Taschenausgabe 490. Stuttgart: Kröner.", "Tor Heiestad\nTor Heiestad (s. 13. tammikuuta 1962 Oslo) on norjalainen entinen ampuja. Hän kilpaili vuoden 1988 kesäolympialaisissa Soulissa ja voitti kultaa 50 metrin villikarjussa. Hän osallistui myös vuoden 1992 kesäolympialaisiin Barcelonassa ja sijoittui 10 metrin villikarjussa kymmenenneksi.", "Gunnar Myrdal\nMyrdal tunnetaan maailmalla parhaiten yhteiskuntatieteellisistä tutkimuksistaan, kuten \"An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy\" (1944), jolla oli vaikutusta rotuerottelun lopettamiseen Yhdysvaltain kouluissa, sekä \"Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations and The Challenge of World Poverty. A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline\" (1968), joka on laajahko tutkielma Aasian silloisesta taloustilanteesta.", "Timo Teräsvirta\nTeräsvirta valmistui vuonna 1970 valtiotieteiden tohtoriksi Helsingin yliopistossa. Tämän jälkeen hän toimi tilastotieteen professorina Helsingin yliopistossa vuosina 1976–1980 ja Tukholman kauppakorkeakoulussa vuosina 1994-2006. Vuodesta 2001 lähtien hän on ollut yhteydessä Svenska handelshögskolaniin Helsingissä. Vuodesta 2006 Teräsvirta on työskennellyt Aarhusin yliopistossa Tanskassa. Hänen tutkimus- ja opetusalueensa sisältää epälineaaristen aikasarjojen ja mallintamista volatiliteetti. ", "Jostein Gaarder\nJostein Gaarder (s. 8. elokuuta 1952) on norjalainen kirjailija. Hän syntyi Oslossa ja opiskeli germaanisia kieliä ja teologiaa Oslon yliopistossa. Ennen ryhtymistään kirjailijaksi Gaarder myös opetti uskontoa ja filosofiaa. ", "Cyril Mardall\n1930-luvulla Mardall opetti arkkitehtuuria Lontoossa ja osallistui Suomessa Olympiastadionin suunnittelukilpailuun Ole Gripenbergin toimistossa, jonka ehdotus sai toisen palkinnon. 1950-luvun lopulla Mardall avusti amerikansuomalaista arkkitehtia Eero Saarista Yhdysvaltojen Lontoon-suurlähetystön rakennusvaiheessa. Myöhemmin hän toimi aktiivisesti Suomen ja Britannian välisten kulttuuriyhteyksien edistäjänä.", "Norja yleisurheilun maailmanmestaruuskilpailuissa\nNorjan menestynein MM-kisaurheilija on Trine Hattestad, joka voitti kultaa keihäänheitossa vuosina 1993 ja 1997 sekä vielä pronssia vuonna 1999. Muut maailmanmestarit ovat maratonin vuonna 1983 voittanut Grete Waitz, 10 000 metrin juoksun vuonna 1987 voittanut Ingrid Kristiansen, korkeushypyn vuonna 1997 voittanut Hanne Haugland, keihäänheiton vuonna 2009 voittanut Andreas Thorkildsen, 50 kilometrin kävelyn vuonna 2009 voittanut Trond Nymark ja 400 metrin aitajuoksun vuonna 2017 voittanut Karsten Warholm. Thorkildsen oli ainoa norjalaismitalisti Helsingissä 2005, Osakassa 2007 ja Daegussa 2011, joissa hän saavutti hopeaa. Myös Moskovassa 2013 hän oli paras norjalaisurheilija seitsemännellä sijallaan. Hänen lisäkseen 2000-luvulla ovat parhaiten useimmiten menestyneet kävelijät: Pariisissa 2003 Norjan ainoa pistesijalle eli kahdeksan parhaan joukkoon yltänyt urheilija oli 50 kilometrin kävelyssä kahdeksanneksi sijoittunut Trond Nymark, Helsingissä Nymark sijoittui 50 kilometrillä neljänneksi, ja Osakassa pistesijoille ylsivät Kjersti Plätzer naisten 20 kilometrillä (neljäs), Nymark 50 kilometrillä (kahdeksas) ja Plätzerin veli Erik Tysse sekä 20:llä että 50 kilometrillä (kahdeksas ja viides). Berliinissä 2009 Nymark sijoittui 50 kilometrillä alun perin hopealle, mutta nousi vuonna 2016 kultamitalistiksi kun alkuperäinen voittaja Sergei Kirdjapkin hylättiin dopingin takia. Berliinissä 2009 Tysse sijoittui 20 kilometrillä seitsemänneksi. Daegussa 2011 pistesijoille ylsivät Jaysuma Saidy Ndure neljänneksi 200 metrin juoksussa ja Ingvill Måkestad Bovim kuudenneksi 1 500 metrin juoksussa. Moskovassa 2013 Thorkildsenin lisäksi ylsivät pistesijoille kahdeksanneksi sijoittuneet Jaysuma Saidy Ndure 200 metrin juoksussa sekä Henrik Ingebrigtsen 1 500 metrillä. Lontoossa 2017 Karsten Warholm voitti kultaa 400 metrin aitajuoksussa ja Filip Ingebrigtsen pronssia 1 500 metrillä. Edmontonissa 2001 yksikään norjalaisurheilija ei päässyt pistesijoille, ja samoin kävi Pekingissä 2015.", "Hjalmar Siilasvuo\nStrömberg kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi Helsingin ruotsalaisesta normaalilyseosta vuonna 1911 ja liittyi Nylands Nationiin. Opintojaan hän jatkoi vuosina 1911–1915 Helsingin yliopiston lainopillisessa tiedekunnassa. Hän kävi hyökkäysvaunukurssin vuonna 1922 ja korkeamman päällystön kurssin vuonna 1923 sekä Sotakorkeakoulun yleisen osaston vuosina 1924–1926. Lisäksi hän suoritti Taistelukoulun orientoivan kurssin vuosina 1929 ja 1930.[3][4]", "Nicolai Wergeland\n1809 Wergeland sai suosiota koko maassa voitettuaan \"Norges Vel\" -yhdistyksen kirjoituskilpailun, jossa etsittiin parasta argumentointia Norjan ensimmäisen oman yliopiston perustamiseen. Hänen perusteellisen kirjansa nimi oli \"Mnemosyne\" ja se julkaistiin 1811. Wergeland sai kirjallaan kuitenkin myös runsaasti vastustajia tanskalaismielisistä piireistä ja hänen rohkeaa tyyliään pidetään eräänä syynä siihen, ettei hän koskaan saanut teologian professuuria. Wergelandia pidetään kuitenkin eräänä Oslon yliopiston, joka aloitti toimintansa 1813, perustamisen merkkihenkilöistä.", "Sivert Langholm\nLangholm on koulutukseltaan \"candidatus philologiæ\", ja hänet nimitettiin Oslon yliopiston professoriksi vuonna 1976. Hänen erityisiä tutkimuskohteitaan ovat olleet 1800-luvun sosiaalihistoria ja yliopiston historia. Langholm myös toimi viisiosaisen Oslon historiaa käsittelevän \"Oslo bys historie\" -teoksen toimituskunnan johdossa. Teoksen eri osat kirjoittivat Arnved Nedkvitne ja Per G. Norseng (1000–1536), Knut Sprauten (1536–1814), Jan Eivind Myhre (1814–1900), Knut Kjeldstadli (1900–1948) ja Edgeir Benum (1948 – 1990-luku).", "Tarja Halonen\nHelsingin yliopiston oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta, 2000 Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu, 2001 Kiinan metsäakatemia, Peking, 2002 Budapestin yliopisto, Unkari, 2002 Kentin yliopisto, Iso-Britannia, 2002 Ewhan yliopisto, Etelä-Korea, 2002 Turun yliopiston oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta, 2003 Finlandia University, Yhdysvallat, 2003 Tarton yliopisto, Viro, 2004 Bluefieldsin yliopisto, Nicaragua, 2004 Jerevanin valtionyliopisto, Armenia, 2005 Minnesota Duluthin yliopisto, Yhdysvallat, 2008 Teknillinen korkeakoulu, 2008 Teatterikorkeakoulu, 2009 Uumajan yliopisto, 2009 Kazanin yliopisto, Tatarstan, Venäjä, 2010 Helsingin yliopiston filosofinen tiedekunta, 2010[138]", "Oslon yliopisto\nOslon yliopisto on opiskelijamäärältään toiseksi suurin yliopisto vuodesta 2016, jolloin yhteenliitoksen seurauksena Norjan teknis-luonnontieteellinen yliopisto (NTU) ohitti sen. Oslon yliopistossa oli vuonna 2017 kahdeksan tiedekuntaa, joissa opiskeli yhteensä noin 28 000 opiskelijaa ja 2 700 tohtoriopiskelijaa. Henkilökuntaa oli yhtensä noin 6 600, josta akateemista henkilökuntaa oli vajaa 3 800, tukihenkilökuntaa noin 950 ja toimistohenkilökuntaa 1 700. ", "Gro Harlem Brundtland\nHän on saanut lääketieteellisen koulutuksen ja valmistunut Harvardin yliopistosta vuonna 1965. Vuodet 1974–1979 hän toimi Norjan ympäristöministerinä. Hänestä tuli maan ensimmäinen naispääministeri helmikuussa 1981. Hänen ensimmäisessä hallituksessaan oli kahdeksan naisministeriä kahdeksastatoista.", "Carl Theodor Sørensen\nSørensen opiskeli puutarha-alaa vuosina 1908–1916 ja työskenteli piirtäjänä puutarha-arkkitehti Erik Erstad-Jørgensenin palveluksessa vuosina 1916–1922. Hän osallistui Kööpenhaminan kaavoitustyöhön ja julkaisi useita kirjoja ja satoja artikkeleita. Sørensen suunnitteli lukuisia puutarhoja Tanskaan. Hän sai useita huomionosoituksia, esimerkiksi Dannebrogin ritarikunnan kunniamerkin sekä Prinssi Eugenin mitalin vuonna 1972. Hän toimi opettajana Tanskan kuninkaallisessa taideakatemiassa vuodesta 1940 lähtien ja maisema-arkkitehtuurin professorina 1954-1963.", "Eero Byckling\nEero Byckling opiskeli Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa valmistuen diplomi-insinööriksi 1961, tekniikan lisensiaatiksi 1962 ja tekniikan tohtoriksi 1963. Teknisten opintojen lisäksi hän suoritti filosofian kandidaatin tutkinnon pääaineena matematiikka Helsingin yliopistossa 1962. ", "Norjan kirjallisuus\n1800-luvun alku on kirjallisuudessa romantiikan ja vahvistuvan kansallistunteen aikaa. Norja siirtyi Tanskalta Ruotsille 1814, jolloin maa sai myös oman perustuslain. Vuosisadan alun tapahtumat johtivat voimistuneeseen nationalismiin ja kirjallisuudessakin kysymyksiin siitä, miten kansakuntaa tulisi alkaa rakentaa.\nVuosisadan alkupuolen tärkein prosaisti oli Maurits Hansen. Hansen oli Norjan lastenkirjallisuuden uranuurtaja ja uudisti myös aikuisille suunnatun lyhyen ja pitemmän proosan muotoa. Hän kirjoitti pääasiassa kauhuromantiikkaa sekä Norjan ja kenties koko maailman ensimmäisen salapoliisiromaanin, \"Mordet paa Maskinbygger Roolfsen\" (\"Koneenrakentaja Roolfsenin murha\", 1840), joka ilmestyi vuotta aiemmin kuin Edgar Allan Poen \"Rue Morguen murhat\" (1841). Norjan kirjallisuuden historiassa Hansenilla on tärkeä asema kerrontatekniikkojen kehittäjänä: Hansen hyödynsi esimerkiksi eri kertojia ja eri aikatasoja, mikä vaikutti merkittävästi myöhempään norjalaiseen proosaan sekä toimi muun muassa esikuvana Henrik Ibsenin näytelmien retrospektiiviselle tekniikalle.\nNorjan romanttista runoutta hallitsevat Henrik Wergeland ja Johan Sebastian Welhaven sekä heidän keskinäinen kamppailunsa. Runoilijoiden Wergelandin ja Welhavenin kiistat olivat luonteeltaan ensisijaisesti kirjallisia eivätkä niinkään poliittisia.", "Alvar Aalto\nTeknillisessä korkeakoulussa Aaltoa opettivat muun muassa Armas Lindgren, Usko Nyström ja Carolus Lindberg. Vuosisadan vaihteen kansallisromantiikka välittyi Lindgrenin kautta. Aalto oli suosittu opiskelijayhteisössään, ja Carolus Lindbergin kautta hän tutustui taiteilijoihin Henry Ericssoniin ja Topi Vikstedtiin sekä lehtimies Arthur Sjöblomiin. Kirjallisen uransa Aalto aloitti kirjoittamalla Vikstedtin ja Sjöblomin Kerberos-lehteen, johon hän teki pakinoita. Myöhemmin uransa aikana Aalto keskittyi lähinnä ammattiinsa liittyviin aiheisiin.[1]", "Niels Bohr\nNiels Bohr aloitti lokakuussa 1891 koulunsa Gammelholmissa; samaa koulua kävi myös hänen veljensä. Bohr kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi vuonna 1903. Hän menestyi hyvin koulussa, erityisesti liikunnassa. Bohr oli veljensä tavoin hyvä jalkapalloilija, veljekset edustivat yhdessä Akademisk Boldklub-seuraa, Niels maalivahtina pelaten. Viimeisinä kouluvuosina hän kunnostautui erityisesti matematiikassa ja fysiikassa, joita hänen isänsä innoitti myös opiskelemaan. Bohr aloitti 1903 opiskelut Kööpenhaminan yliopistossa, jossa hän luki fysiikkaa pääaineenaan ja sivuaineinaan matematiikkaa, tähtitiedettä ja kemiaa. Fysiikkaa hänelle opetti Christian Christiansen ja filosofiaa Harald Høffding. Molemmat Bohr oli tuntenut jo pitkään isänsä kautta. Matematiikkaa hänelle opetti Thorvald Thiele.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nEgyptiläisen auringon jumalan mukaan nimetty Ra-kaisla-alus lähti liikkeelle keväällä 1969 Marokon Safista.[1] Heyerdahl pääsi miehistönsä kanssa noin 960 kilometrin päähän Barbadoksesta, kun he joutuivat hylkäämään vettyneen aluksensa.[2]", "Eva Tigerstedt\nTigerstedt valmistui musiikin maisteriksi Sibelius-Akatemian solistiselta linjalta ja opiskeli huilunsoittoa myös ulkomailla. Hän ehti toimia kymmenisen vuotta ammattihuilistina, kunnes dystonia katkaisi muusikonuran. Uuden ammatin saamiseksi hän opiskeli dokumenttielokuvan tekoa, elokuvakäsikirjoittamista ja taidehallintoa ja päätyi toimittajan työhön. Yleisradiossa hän aloitti television kulttuuriohjelmien parissa.", "Ebba Busch Thor\nBusch Thorilla on tutkinto rauhan- ja konfliktintutkimuksesta Uppsalan yliopistosta. Hän on ollut toiminut kristillisdemokraattien europarlamentaarikon Lars Wohlinin poliittisena neuvonantajana 2007–2008. Busch Thor oli vuosina 2008–2011 kristillisdemokraattien nuorisojärjestön ensimmäinen varapuheenjohtaja. Hän on myös työskennellyt PR-konsulttina ja julkisivumaalarina.", "Kai Curry-Lindahl\nCurry-Lindahl opiskeli Lundin yliopistossa ja Uppsalan yliopistossa, jossa hän väitteli filosofian tohtoriksi. Vuosina 1945–1953 hän toimi Ruotsin luonnonsuojeluliiton toiminnanjohtajana. Hän oli Skansenin luonnonhistoriallisen osaston johtaja 1953–1974. Hän toimi vierailevana professorina Kalifornian yliopistossa Berkeleyssä vuosina 1974 ja 1983 sekä Guelphin yliopistossa Ontariossa 1974 ja 1978. Tukholman yliopistossa hän luennoi 1966–1969.", "Thor Heyerdahl\nPalattuaan Polynesiasta Heyerdahl jätti Oslon yliopiston ja eläintieteen ja alkoi tutkia sitä, miten varhaiset merenkävijät olisivat pystyneet matkustamaan valtamerten yli. Hän tutustui vuonna 1939 Brittiläisessä Kolumbiassa paikallisiin intiaaneihin.[1]", "Thor Heyerdahl\nHeyerdahl alkoi itse kerätä rahaa todistaakseen väitteitään. Hän onnistui voittamaan useita käytännön haasteita ja sai mukaansa viisi tutkimusmatkailijaa.[2] Heyerdahlin lisäksi Kon-Tikin miehistöön kuului Herman Watzinger, Erik Hesselberg, Knut Haugland, Torstein Raaby ja Bengt Danielsson. He lähtivät vuonna 1947 Kon-Tiki-balsalautalla Perusta Callaon satamakaupungista. 101 päivää kestäneen matkan jälkeen lautta päätyi noin 8000 kilometrin päähän Raroian atollille Tuamotun atolliketjulle. Heyerdahl onnistui matkallaan todistamaan, että Etelä-Amerikan esihistorialliset merenkävijät olisivat pystyneet matkaamaan Polynesiaan.[1]", "L (kirja)\nL on omaelämäkerrallinen kirja, joka kertoo seitsemän miehen Thor Heyerdahlin hengessä tekemästä tutkimusmatkasta Tyynenmeren autiolle saarelle. Retken tarkoituksena on nostaa Norja lopultakin maailmankartalle. Retkikunnan johtaja Erlend on kehittänyt teorian Polynesian saarten asuttamisesta. Hän uskoo, että eteläamerikkalaiset ovat asuttaneet ne luistellen meren yli sen ollessa oli jäässä. Kirjan alussa hän yrittää todistaa teoriaa kuitenkaan erityisemmin onnistumatta.", "Oslon yliopisto\nOslon yliopisto () on Norjan pääkaupungissa Oslossa toimiva yliopisto.\nAlun perin kuningas Fredrik VI:n mukaan nimetty Oslon yliopisto avattiin 1811. Sitä ennen Kööpenhaminan yliopisto oli ollut Tanskan ja Norjan ainoa. Nykyisellä nimellään yliopisto on toiminut vuodesta 1939. ", "Svein Haftorn\nHaftorn opiskeli Oslon yliopistossa ja väitteli filosofian tohtoriksi 1957 tiaisten (varsinkin hömötiaisten) ruokailukäyttäytymisestä, talviparvista ja ravinnon varastoinnista. Tutkimus on lintutieteen ja ekologian klassikko. Haftornista tuli Trondheimin tiedemuseon (Vitenskapsmuseet) lintuosaston kuraattori 1953 ja Norjan Lærerhøgskolen, joka myöhemmiin liitettiin Trondheimin yliopistoon, eläintieteen professori vuonna 1966.", "Hans Åkerblom\nÅkerblom on myös lastentautien ja pediatrisen endokrinologian erikoislääkäri. Hän aloitti tutkijanuransa 1960-luvulla fruktoositutkimuksella. Åkerblom työskenteli 1973–1979 lastentautien apulaisprofessorina Oulun yliopistossa, 1980–1985 hän toimi apulaisylilääkärinä HYKSin I lastenklinikalla, 1982–1983 lastentautien professorina Uumajan yliopistossa ja 1985–1999 Helsingin yliopiston lastentautien ruotsinkielisenä profesossorina sekä HYKSin lastenklinikan ylilääkärinä. Hän on työskennellyt myös Helsingin yliopiston lasten- ja nuortenklinikan ylilääkärinä. Åkerblom on tutkinut lapsuusiän diabeteksen ilmaantuvuutta, taudin syitä, syntytapaa ja ehkäisyä. TRIGR-tutkimuskeskuksen päätutkijana ja tutkimusjohtajana vuoteen 2008 saakka hän oli keskeisessä asemassa diabetes-tutkimuksessa.", "Terje Rypdal\nKansainvälistä huomiota Rypdal sai Baden-Badenin free jazz -festivaaleilla 1969, jossa hän soitti Lester Bowien kokoonpanossa. Opiskellessaan musiikkia Oslon yliopistossa ja konservatoriossa Rypdal johti \"Hair\"-musikaaliesitysten yhtyettä. ", "Friedrich von Hayek\nVuonna 1950 Hayek siirtyi Britanniasta Chicagon yliopistoon, jonka taloustieteiden professorikunnassa oli jo entuudestaan nousevia nimiä kuten Milton Friedman, ja muita Euroopasta paenneita juutalaisia kuten Oskar Morgenstern. Hayek itse keskittyi Chicagossa kuitenkin pääosin psykologiaan ja poliittiseen filosofiaan. Hayek siis yhdisti toisiinsa taloustieteen, politiikan ja psykologian. Vuonna 1962 hän siirtyi professoriksi Saksaan Freiburgin yliopistoon, josta hän jäi eläkkeelle 1968. Hayek sai ruotsalaisen Gunnar Myrdalin kanssa 1974 Nobelin taloustieteen palkinnon uraauurtavasta työstä rahateorian ja taloudellisten vaihteluiden alalla sekä taloudellisten, yhteiskunnallisten ja institutionaalisten ilmiöiden analyysista. George H. W. Bush palkitsi hänet vuonna 1991 vielä Yhdysvaltain presidentin vapaudenmitalilla.", "Thorsten Österlund\nÅbo Akademista valmistunut Österlund oli ammatiltaan diplomi-insinööri, joka työskenteli teknillisenä johtajana Havi Oy:n palveluksessa Viipurissa ja Riihimäellä.", "Helen Bjørnøy\nBjørnøy valmistui Det teologiske Menighetsfakultetistä 1980 ja sai pappisvihkimyksensä 1981. Politiikan ulkopuolella hän on muun muassa opettanut Lovisenberg diakonale høgskolessa ja toiminut Kirkens Bymisjonin pääsihteerinä. Hän oli Nei til EU -ryhmittymän varapuheenjohtaja vuonna 1994, ja hän on ollut Pressens Faglige Utvalgin jäsenenä. Hän oli vuonna 2004 ehdolla Oslon piispaksi. Vuonna 2008 hänestä tuli Norjan Planin pääsihteeri.", "Thor Borg\nBorg valmistui tie- ja vesirakennusinsinööriksi Helsingin Teknillisestä korkeakoulusta vuonna 1901 ja työskenteli vähän aikaa esimiehenä valtionrautateillä. Vuonna 1903 hän muutti Yhdysvaltoihin, jossa hän oli teollisuustyöläisenä Chicagossa ja muualla Keskilännessä. Borg liittyi Amerikan sosialistista työväenpuoluetta tukeneeseen Skandinaviska Socialistiska Arbetareförbundetiin ja ryhtyi kirjoittamaan sen lehteen \"Arbetareniin\". Vuonna 1911 hänestä tuli lehden toimittaja. Vuosina 1914–1919 Borg toimi myös Arbetareförbundetin sihteerinä. Vuodesta 1921 lähtien hän työskenteli \"Arbetarenin\" päätoimittajana ja johti sosialistiselle työväenpuolueelle uskollista Arbetareförbundetin joukkoa järjestön lakkauttamiseen saakka vuonna 1928.", "Arne Treholt\nTreholt opiskeli lyhyen aikaa Norjan puolustusvoimien korkeakoulussa (Forsvarets Høgskole) 1982–1983.[1] Vuonna 1983 Treholt sai ulkoministeriön lehdistökonttorin toimistopäällikön (byråsjef) viran.[3]", "Torsten Lindroth\nLindroth kirjoitti ylioppilaaksi Helsingin uudesta ruotsalaisesta yhteiskoulusta vuonna 1912 ja liittyi Uusmaalaiseen osakuntaan. Opintojaan hän jatkoi Helsingin yliopiston filosofisen tiedekunnan fyysis-matemaattisella osastolla vuosina 1913 - 1915. Hän suoritti sotilashallinnollisen koulun ensimmäisen jakson vuosina 1929 - 1930 ja toisen jakson vuonna 1934.", "Tere Vadén\nVadén väitteli vuonna 1996 kognitiotieteen filosofian alaan kuuluvalla tutkimuksella ja osallistui Tampereen yliopistossa syntyneen fenomenologiryhmittymän toimintaan. Vadén on suuntautunut kulttuuri- ja yhteiskuntafilosofiaan teoksillaan Kalervo Palsasta, suomalaisesta ajattelusta ja vapaiden ohjelmistojen filosofiasta sekä taiteen tutkimuksen menetelmäopista. Lisäksi hän on kirjoittanut ja suomentanut useita Martin Heideggerin ajattelua käsitteleviä tekstejä. Vadén on toiminut filosofian opettajana ja luennoitsijana Skövden yliopistossa Ruotsissa ja ma. professorina Aalto-yliopiston taiteiden ja suunnittelun korkeakoulun taiteen laitoksella. Hän on globaaleja ympäristö- ja resurssikriisejä ja niiden vaikutuksia suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan tutkivan BIOS.fi-tutkimusyksikön jäsen ja toimii Statistical Studies in Peer Production-tutkimushankkeessa. Vuonna 2011 hän oli mukana perustamassa nimettömän tutkimusrahoituksen palvelua. ", "Aarne Siirala\nSiirala opiskeli sotien jälkeen teologiksi Lundin yliopistossa ja väitteli tohtoriksi Helsingin yliopistossa vuonna 1955. Hän oli Helsingin yliopiston systemaattisen teologian dosentti 1962–1969 mutta ei astunut dogmatiikan professorin virkaan vuonna 1969.", "Horace Engdahl\nEngdahl oli Akatemian sihteeri vuosina 1999–2009 ja Skandinaavisen kirjallisuuden professorina Tanskassa Aarhusin yliopistossa. Hän osallistui 2014 Ruotsin television kirjallisuusohjelman Babel iskelmäkilpailuun Benny Anderssonin sävellykseen tekstillään \"Nyårsballongen\", joka voitti kilpailun.", "Eero Byckling\nAkateemisen uransa Byckling aloitti 1959–1962 assistenttina Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa. Valmistuttuaan hän täydensi 1962–1964 opintojaan Tanskassa. Palattuaan kotimaahan hän työskenteli aluksi 1964–1965 atomienergianeuvottelukunnan tutkijana. Sitten hän toimi Teknillisen korkeakoulun teoreettisen fysiikan dosenttina vuosina 1965–1973. Hän oli vuodesta 1965 myös Helsingin yliopiston teoreettisen fysiikan dosentti. ", "Carl-Gustaf Ehrnrooth (sijoittaja)\nEhrnrooth opiskeli taloustiedettä Svenska handelshögskolanissa, sekä liikehallintoa, tietotekniikkaa ja ympäristölainsäädäntöä Helsingin yliopistossa.", "Thorvald Oljemark\nPoliittisen aktivisminsa Oljemark aloitti 1920-luvun jälkipuoliskolla äärioikeistolaisessa Lapuan liikkeessä. Samalla vuosikymmenellä Oljemark oli Saksassa tutustunut myöhemmin SS:n ja Gestapon johtoon nousseeseen Heinrich Himmleriin. Miehiä yhdisti aatteen lisäksi myös ammatillinen tausta, Oljemark oli maanviljelijä ja Himmler koulutukseltaan agronomi. Vuonna 1932 Oljemark aloitti kansallissosialistista ja juutalaisvastaista kirjallisuutta julkaisseen Kustannus Oy Vasaran toimitusjohtajana Helsingissä sekä työskenteli myös kustantamon julkaisemien \"Herää Suomi\" ja \"Hakkorset\" -lehtien päätoimittajana. ", "Tordis Ørjasæter\nØrjasæter valmistui maisteriksi 1957 ja työskenteli vuodesta 1977 Statens spesiallærerhøgskolessa (vuodesta 1991 Institutt for spesialpedagogikk, Oslon yliopisto), professorina 1991–1993. Hän on käsitellyt erityisesti lastenkirjallisuutta ja kirjoittanut muun muassa Tove Janssonin elämäkerran lapsille. Hänen kirjoittamansa Sigrid Undsetin elämäkerta \"Menneskenes hjerter. Sigrid Undset – en livshistorie\" (1993) oli suuri menestys ja sai Brage-palkinnon. Hän on kirjoittanut myös kaunokirjallisuutta: hänen esikoisromaaninsa \"En borgerlig pike\" ilmestyi 2001." ]

[ 11.5703125 ]

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[ "The man in the hat looked over the city." ]

[ "The woman wearing a hat stood and looked over the mountains.", "An adult smiles.", "An athlete participates in a track and field event.", "A boy is walking to his house.", "A man is running a marathon.", "A man with a beard is painting.", "The girl is inside the atrium." ]

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[ "On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a \"direct snap\" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:" ]

[ "All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.", "The figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's \"The Quadroons\" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.", "Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.", "Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.", "The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.", "However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.", "The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem." ]

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[ "The preservation of this wonderful home includes a restoration of the original garden." ]

[ "Restoration of the original garden will begin next year.", "man on bull", "What about that, Kirby?", "There were three men that were in the water waiting for the women.", "The couple is standing by a poster.", "There is a mural of Alexander.", "The sun was high in the sky." ]

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[ "Soldiers wearing their full dress march to music." ]

[ "Soldiers wearing their full dress march silently past the crowd.", "Shannon was looking at the ceiling.", "The car is orange.", "the boys were angry", "I was no struck in any way.", "There are people outside.", "An old woman is singing in a show." ]

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[ "The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as extended play (EP), which achieved up to 10–15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were cheaper to produce, and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players. LP albums could be purchased 1 EP at a time, with four items per EP, or in a boxed set with 3 EPs or 12 items. The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. EPs were generally discontinued by the late 1950s in the U.S. as three- and four-speed record players replaced the individual 45 players. One indication of the decline of the 45 rpm EP is that the last Columbia Records reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 45 rpm EP records, called Frank Sinatra (Columbia B-2641) was issued on December 7, 1959. The EP lasted considerably longer in Europe, and was a popular format during the 1960s for recordings by artists such as Serge Gainsbourg and the Beatles." ]

[ "The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy.", "A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12\", 10\", 7\"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP – long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm, SP – 78 rpm single, EP – 12-inch single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).", "Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh.", "Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941–42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.", "Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.", "East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.", "The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a \"dollar\" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an \"eagle\" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar." ]

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[ "Italy at the 1988 Winter Olympics Italy competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, winning 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals.", "Alberta Alberta ( ) is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census, it is Canada's fourth-most populous province and the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Its area is about 660,000 km2 . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1, 1905. The premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015." ]

[ "China at the 1992 Winter Olympics China competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. China won its first Winter Olympic medals at these Games.", "Japan at the 1988 Winter Olympics Japan competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.", "Luxembourg at the 1988 Summer Olympics Luxembourg competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.", "Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics Russia competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. It was the first time the nation had competed at the Winter Olympic Games since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Russian athletes had competed as part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics.", "North Korea at the 1998 Winter Olympics North Korea competed as the \"Democratic People's Republic of Korea\" at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.", "Romania at the 1964 Winter Olympics Romania competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. The nation returned to the Winter Games after having boycotted the 1960 Winter Olympics due to the U.S. ban imposed to East Germany.", "South Korea at the 1988 Summer Olympics South Korea was the host nation and competed as \"Korea\" at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. 401 competitors, 269 men and 132 women, took part in 218 events in 27 sports.", "Maldives at the 1988 Summer Olympics Maldives competed in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.", "Yugoslavia at the 1988 Winter Olympics Athletes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada.", "2006 Winter Olympics medal table The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event held in Turin, Italy, from February 10 to February 26, 2006. A total of 2,508 athletes representing 80 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) (+3 from 2002 Olympics) participated in 84 events (+6 from 2002) from 15 different sports and disciplines (unchanged from 2002).", "Liechtenstein at the 1988 Winter Olympics Liechtenstein competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada.", "Hungary at the 1984 Winter Olympics Hungary competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.", "India at the 1988 Winter Olympics India competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was the first time that the nation had sent athletes to the Winter Games in 20 years.", "China at the 1994 Winter Olympics The People's Republic of China competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.", "Jamaica at the 1988 Winter Olympics Jamaica competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. They competed in one sport, Bobsledding, in both the two-man and four-man events and finished outside the medal places in both competitions. Athletes were recruited from the Jamaica Defence Force, which saw Dudley Stokes, Devon Harris and Michael White become the first members of the team. Caswell Allen was the fourth man, but was injured prior to the start of the Olympics and was replaced by Chris Stokes, who was only in Canada to support his brother and new teammate Dudley.", "Germany at the 1998 Winter Olympics Germany competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.", "North Korea at the 1984 Winter Olympics North Korea competed as the \"Democratic People's Republic of Korea\" at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.", "Netherlands at the 1988 Winter Paralympics Netherlands competed at the 1988 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck, Austria. The team included 8 athletes, 6 men and 2 women. Competitors from Netherlands won 0 medals to finish 16th in the medal table.", "1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship The 1988 World Men's Curling Championship took place at the Icehalle in Lausanne, Switzerland from April 11–17. The gold medal was won by Team Norway, who also won the Curling competition in the 1988 Olympics in Calgary, Canada. Canada took the silver medal, and Scotland the bronze.", "Switzerland at the 1984 Winter Olympics Switzerland competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia." ]

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[ "A person plays guitar" ]

[ "A man is running", "Two people spray paint the wagon a different color.", "A person and an animal are sitting on the ground by a wall.", "Some people are outside in the sun.", "The Third Punic was the second last war.", "In our investigation we found at least one CIO organization that recorded an IT turnover rate of 22%.", "Two people sit at a table and drink." ]

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[ "Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that “adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.” Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts the adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet cafés seems only to affect boys academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online. The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents, as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities. However, the Internet can be significantly useful in educating teens because of the access they have to information on many various topics." ]

[ "Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.", "Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.", "Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or \"governance\"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:", "Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.", "In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, \"I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack\", and wished for \"calamity\" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.", "The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.", "Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (\"time is money\") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans." ]

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[ "Currently, it is a busy shopping street with gigantic film advertisements." ]

[ "It is absolutely not a busy shopping street with large film advertisements.", "Commercial companies always outsource their product development.", "One male is kicking another male.", "A family is getting ready to leave on a road trip.", "Current news pages are a potential tool advocates can use.", "A person is surfing.", "Two dogs are outdoors." ]

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[ "Waterfowl are depicted on the paneled galleries." ]

[ "All of the galleries are to the right of the gate.", "The government doesn't watch the divers.", "Women standing around talking on cellphones.", "There is a website that has the programs and information center for Highway 1.", "A man is with a baby laying down.", "A man and a dog are on a dune.", "Men play a game of ball with paddles at the water's edge at the beach." ]

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[ "Jimmy Carter Wade\", 410 US 113 (1973). As president, he did not support increased federal funding for abortion services. He was criticized by the American Civil Liberties Union for not doing enough to find alternatives. In a March 29, 2012 interview with Laura Ingraham, Carter expressed his current view of abortion and his wish to see the Democratic Party becoming more pro-life: Carter is known for his strong opposition to the death penalty, which he expressed during his presidential campaigns, as had George McGovern. Two successive nominees, Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis, also opposed the death penalty. In his Nobel Prize lecture,", "Jimmy Carter liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which he attributed to Ted Kennedy's ambition to replace him as president. After Kennedy announced his candidacy in November 1979, questions regarding the latter's activities during his presidential bid were a frequency of Carter's press conferences held during the Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy surprised his supporters by running a weak campaign, and Carter won most of the primaries and secured renomination. However, Kennedy had mobilized the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which gave Carter weak support in the fall election. Carter and Vice President Mondale were formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention", "Jimmy Carter several rounds of question-and-answer before movie critic Gene Shalit correctly guessed he was a governor. In May 1973, Carter warned the Democratic Party against politicizing the Watergate scandal, the occurrence of which he attributed to President Richard Nixon exercising isolation from Americans and secrecy in his decision making. On December 12, 1974, Carter announced his candidacy for President of the United States at National Press Club in Washington, D.C. His speech contained themes of domestic inequality, optimism, and change. When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries, he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians; his name", "1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1924) that the Democratic Party nominated a private citizen for President (i.e., not serving in an official government role at the time of the nomination and election). Mondale was the last private citizen to be nominated for President by the Democratic Party until former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2016. Except former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia in 1976, all the other four of the private-citizen Democratic nominees mentioned (Davis, Stevenson, Carter, Mondale and Clinton) lost their general elections. (Republican private-citizen nominees include former Vice President Richard Nixon in 1968, former Governor Ronald Reagan of California in 1980, former", "Jimmy Carter of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement. He became an activist within the Democratic Party. From 1963 to 1967, Carter served in the Georgia State Senate, and in 1970, he was elected as Governor of Georgia, defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities. Carter remained as governor until 1975. Despite being a dark horse candidate little-known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign, Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. In the general election, Carter ran as an outsider and narrowly defeated incumbent", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter a party platform calling for the establishment of a national health insurance program, Kennedy refused to concede. He instead called for an \"open convention\", in which delegates would be free to vote for the candidate of their choice regardless of the result in the primaries. Carter's allies defeated Kennedy's maneuverings at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, and Carter and Vice President Mondale won re-nomination. Despite Kennedy's defeat, he had mobilized the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which would give Carter only weak support in the general election. The 1980 Republican presidential primaries quickly developed into a two-man contest between", "Jimmy Carter His last child Amy was born during this time, on October 19, 1967. The liberal former governor, Carl Sanders, was Carter's main opponent in the 1970 Democratic primary. Carter ran a more modern campaign this time around, employing printed graphics and statistical analysis. Responding to poll data, Carter leaned more conservative than before. He positioned himself as a populist, quickly going negative against Sanders for his wealth (labeling him \"Cufflinks Carl\") and associating him with the national Democratic Party. He accused Sanders of corruption, but when pressed by the media, could come up with no evidence. Throughout the campaign Carter", "Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1976 for a president, and Mondale became a major part of Carter's campaign. The choice of Mondale helped Carter, a Southern \"outsider\" with little experience in Washington, rally the Democratic base to his candidacy. The Carter-Mondale ticket defeated the Ford-Dole ticket in the 1976 election. Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1976 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1976 election. Former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter won the 1976 Democratic nomination for President of the United States, and chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale as his running mate.", "1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries the bulletin:CBS News estimates that when the caucuses are completed, President Carter will have won just over half of [the Maine] delegates. Second will be Senator Kennedy with just over a third...We repeat, President Carter is the winner. 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election. Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held", "Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) a key core consistency within the Democratic Party. In 1971, the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club of San Francisco was formed as the first registered political action committee for LGBT Democrats in the nation. The 1972 Democratic National Convention saw the first speaking slots for LGBT people at a Democratic National Convention, along with votes and rejecting LGBT rights plank to the Democratic Party platform. The presidency of Jimmy Carter was the first presidency that addressed LGBT rights, but did very little to address LGBT rights as President. In the 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries, in response to Carter", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter South Africa, meeting with Zimbabwe- and South Africa-based leaders from politics, business, international organisations and civil society in Johannesburg. In 2001, Carter criticized President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich, calling it \"disgraceful\" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party were a factor in Clinton's action. In June 2005, Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba, which has been a focal point for recent claims of prisoner abuse. In September 2006, Carter was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs program \"Newsnight\", voicing his concern at the increasing influence of the Religious Right" ]

[ "USS Jimmy Carter and the only submarine to be named for a living former president. The contract to build \"Jimmy Carter\" was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 29 June 1996, and her keel was laid on 5 December 1998. Original schedules called for \"Jimmy Carter\" to be commissioned in late 2001 or early 2002, but on 10 December 1999, Electric Boat was awarded a US $887 million extension to the \"Jimmy Carter\" contract to modify the boat for testing of new submarine systems and highly classified missions previously carried out by . During modification,", "Jimmy Carter UFO incident Jimmy Carter UFO incident Jimmy Carter (US President 1977–1981) reported seeing an unidentified flying object while at Leary, Georgia, in 1969. While serving as Governor of Georgia, Carter was asked to file a report of the sighting by the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which he did in September 1973. Since its writing, the report has been discussed several times by both ufologists and by members of the mainstream media. One evening in 1969, two years before he became governor of Georgia, Carter was preparing to give a speech at a Lions Club meeting. At about 7:15 pm", "Jimmy Carter UFO incident Jimmy Carter UFO incident Jimmy Carter (US President 1977–1981) reported seeing an unidentified flying object while at Leary, Georgia, in 1969. While serving as Governor of Georgia, Carter was asked to file a report of the sighting by the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which he did in September 1973. Since its writing, the report has been discussed several times by both ufologists and by members of the mainstream media. One evening in 1969, two years before he became governor of Georgia, Carter was preparing to give a speech at a Lions Club meeting. At about 7:15 pm", "USS Jimmy Carter USS Jimmy Carter USS \"Jimmy Carter\" (SSN-23) is the third and final , nuclear-powered, fast-attack submarine in the United States Navy. She is named for Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States; and as of her naming, Carter was the only President to have qualified in submarines, having served as an Officer for Communications, Sonar, Electronics, Weapons, and Supply while on board . \"Jimmy Carter\" is one of the few ships of the United States Navy (and only the third submarine) to have been named for a person who was alive at the time of the ship's naming,", "USS Jimmy Carter her homeport at Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, flying a Jolly Roger flag, traditionally indicative of a successful mission. USS Jimmy Carter USS \"Jimmy Carter\" (SSN-23) is the third and final , nuclear-powered, fast-attack submarine in the United States Navy. She is named for Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States; and as of her naming, Carter was the only President to have qualified in submarines, having served as an Officer for Communications, Sonar, Electronics, Weapons, and Supply while on board . \"Jimmy Carter\" is one of the few ships of the United States Navy (and only the third submarine)", "Jimmy Carter National Historic Site not open to the public. The Carters returned to Plains in 1981. The former President and First Lady Rosalynn Carter pursue many of the goals of his administration through the Carter Center in Atlanta, which has programs to alleviate human suffering and to promote human rights and world peace. When they are in Plains, Carter teaches Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church, which is open to the public. The former Plains High School, which both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter attended, now serves as the park's visitor center and museum. It features a classroom, principal's office, and auditorium which have been", "Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project The Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project - formerly the Jimmy Carter Work Project (JCWP) - is an annual home building blitz organized by Habitat for Humanity International and its affiliates. It generally takes place in the United States one year, and an international location the next. President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter helped Habitat volunteers renovate the 19-unit building, and media coverage brought attention to Habitat, which had been founded in 1976 in Americus, Georgia, a short distance from Carter's hometown of Plains, Georgia. Even though President Carter has said repeatedly he never", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter as a below-average president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Carter as the 26th best president. A 2017 C-Span poll of historians also ranked Carter as the 26th best president. Some critics have compared Carter to Herbert Hoover, who was similarly a \"hardworking but uninspiring technocrat.\" Robert A. Strong writes: Jimmy Carter is much more highly regarded today than when he lost his bid for reelection in 1980. He has produced an exemplary post-presidency, and today there is an increased appreciation for the enormity of the task he took on in", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter the latter's death). The Commission recommended improvements to continuity of government measures for the federal government. Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter In 1981, following his defeat in the 1980 United States presidential election, former U.S. president Jimmy Carter returned to Georgia to his peanut farm, which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. He found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust, leaving him more than one million dollars in debt. In the years that followed, he has led an active life, establishing the Carter Center, building his", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter In 1981, following his defeat in the 1980 United States presidential election, former U.S. president Jimmy Carter returned to Georgia to his peanut farm, which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. He found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust, leaving him more than one million dollars in debt. In the years that followed, he has led an active life, establishing the Carter Center, building his presidential library, teaching at Emory University in Atlanta, and writing numerous books. He has also contributed", "Jimmy Carter interview, Trump himself praised Carter's comments and thanked him over Twitter, writing \"Just read the nice remarks by President Jimmy Carter about me and how badly I am treated by the press (Fake News). Thank you Mr. President!\" Carter criticized the Bush administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina, built homes in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, and partnered with former presidents to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities, in addition to writing op-eds about the goodness seen in Americans who assist each other during natural", "Jimmy Carter National Historic Site Jimmy Carter National Historic Site The Jimmy Carter National Historic Site, located in Plains, Georgia, preserves sites associated with James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (1924–present), 39th President of the United States. These include his residence, boyhood farm, school, and the town railroad depot, which served as his campaign headquarters during the 1976 election. The building which used to be Plains High School (opened in 1921 and closed in 1979) serves as the park's museum and visitor center. As President Carter lives in Plains, the area surrounding the residence is under the protection of the United States Secret Service and is", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter he was a president who never adequately defined a mission for his government, a purpose for the country, and a way to get there. Presidency of Jimmy Carter The presidency of Jimmy Carter began at noon EST on January 20, 1977, when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as the 39th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a Democrat, took office after defeating incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election. His presidency ended with his defeat in the 1980 presidential election by Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Carter took office during a period of", "Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project was in Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, July 9–14, 2017. Habitat for Humanity's 35th Carter Work Project was in St. Joseph County, Indiana, August 26-31st. Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project The Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project - formerly the Jimmy Carter Work Project (JCWP) - is an annual home building blitz organized by Habitat for Humanity International and its affiliates. It generally takes place in the United States one year, and an international location the next. President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter helped Habitat volunteers renovate the 19-unit building, and media coverage brought attention to Habitat, which", "Inauguration of Jimmy Carter Inauguration of Jimmy Carter The Inauguration of Jimmy Carter as the 39th President of the United States was held on Thursday, January 20, 1977, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of the only four-year term of Jimmy Carter as President and of Walter Mondale as Vice President. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the presidential oath of office to Carter, and Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill administered the vice presidential oath of office to Mondale. This was the last inauguration held on the East Portico of the Capitol", "Academy of Political Science of the legal, business, and not-for-profit sectors who are dedicated to the Academy's educational mission. Current honorary members include former US president Jimmy Carter, former Secretaries of State George P. Shultz and Madeleine Albright, former Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, and former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Academy of Political Science The Academy of Political Science is an American non-profit organization and publisher devoted to cultivating non-partisan, objective analysis of political, social, and economic issues. It is headquartered in The Interchurch Center in New York City. Its current President is Robert Y.", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter Presidency of Jimmy Carter The presidency of Jimmy Carter began at noon EST on January 20, 1977, when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as the 39th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a Democrat, took office after defeating incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election. His presidency ended with his defeat in the 1980 presidential election by Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Carter took office during a period of \"stagflation\", as the economy experienced a combination of high inflation and slow economic growth. His budgetary policies centered on taming inflation by reducing deficits", "Jimmy Carter rabbit incident Jimmy Carter rabbit incident The Jimmy Carter rabbit incident, dubbed the \"killer rabbit\" attack by the press, involved a swamp rabbit that swam toward then–U.S. President Jimmy Carter's fishing boat on April 20, 1979. The incident caught the imagination of the media after Carter's press secretary mentioned the event to a correspondent months later. President Carter had gone on a solo fishing expedition in his hometown of Plains, Georgia. According to Carter, a rabbit being chased by hounds \"jumped in the water and swam toward my boat. When he got almost there, I splashed some water with a paddle.\" Upon", "Jimmy Carter of the Bush administration. Carter has been nominated nine times for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for audio recordings of his books, and has won twice—for \"Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis\" (2007) and \"\" (2016). The Souther Field Airport in Americus, Georgia was renamed Jimmy Carter Regional Airport in 2009. Official Organizations Books and movies Interviews, speeches and statements Media coverage Other Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A Democrat, he previously served as", "USS Jimmy Carter allow her to keep station over selected targets in odd currents. Past submarines outfitted this way were used to tap undersea cables and to intercept communications of foreign countries. Intelligence experts speculate that the MMP may find use in similar missions as an underwater splicing chamber for optical fiber cables. On 19 November 2004 \"Jimmy Carter\" completed alpha sea trials, her first voyage in the open seas. On 22 December, Electric Boat delivered \"Jimmy Carter\" to the US Navy, and she was commissioned 19 February 2005 at NSB New London. \"Jimmy Carter\" began a transit from NSB New London to", "USS Jimmy Carter her new homeport at the Bangor Annex of Naval Base Kitsap, Washington on 14 October 2005 but was forced to return when an unusually high wave caused damage while the submarine was running on the surface. The damage was repaired and \"Jimmy Carter\" left New London the following day, arriving at Bangor the afternoon of 9 November 2005. In November 2010 \"Jimmy Carter\" was revealed as the first US asset to provide intelligence after the North Korean bombardment of Yeonpyeong. Reports indicated that a UAV from the boat was used shortly after the incident. In 2017 \"Jimmy Carter\" returned to", "Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates During President Jimmy Carter's term in office, no vacancy occurred on the Supreme Court of the United States. Carter thus became the first president since Andrew Johnson and the fourth president overall (after William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor and Johnson) to complete his term without making any appointments to the Supreme Court. As president, Carter actively sought to burnish his standing among women's rights groups by using the power of appointment provided by his office. By the end of his term, Carter had appointed forty-one of the forty-six women serving as federal judges and three", "Jimmy Carter Library and Museum established funding for the library to provide transportation funds for all Georgia schools to use when bringing students to the museum for education activities. Jimmy Carter Library and Museum The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum in Atlanta, Georgia houses U.S. President Jimmy Carter's papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter family's life. The library also hosts special exhibits, such as Carter's Nobel Peace Prize and a full-scale replica of the Oval Office as it was during the Carter Administration, including a reproduction of the \"Resolute\" Desk. The Carter Library and Museum includes some parts that", "Jimmy Carter National Historic Site restored to look as they would have when Jimmy Carter attended. There is also an exact replica of Jimmy Carter's presidential desk, and his 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Other rooms feature exhibits that explain the lives of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, and a short video focuses on the life of Jimmy Carter according to his friends, neighbors, and family. The farm in rural Archery where Jimmy lived from age four in 1928 until he left for college in 1941 has been restored to its appearance before electricity was installed in 1938. The former Plains Train Depot, where Carter headquartered his", "Jimmy Carter Library and Museum Jimmy Carter Library and Museum The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum in Atlanta, Georgia houses U.S. President Jimmy Carter's papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter family's life. The library also hosts special exhibits, such as Carter's Nobel Peace Prize and a full-scale replica of the Oval Office as it was during the Carter Administration, including a reproduction of the \"Resolute\" Desk. The Carter Library and Museum includes some parts that are owned and administered by the federal government, and some that are privately owned and operated. The library and museum are run by the", "Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A Democrat, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Carter has remained active in public life during his post-presidency, and in 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center. Raised in a wealthy family of peanut farmers in the southern town of Plains in Georgia, Carter graduated from", "Jimmy Carter the inactive Navy Reserve until 1961, and left the service with the rank of lieutenant. His awards included the American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, China Service Medal, and National Defense Service Medal. Earl Carter died a relatively wealthy man, having also recently been elected to the Georgia House of Representatives. However, between his forgiveness of debts and the division of his wealth among heirs, his son Jimmy inherited comparatively little. For a year, Jimmy, Rosalynn, and their three sons lived in public housing in Plains; Carter is the only U.S. president to have lived in subsidized housing", "Jimmy Carter with Amnesty International, Carter criticized the use of torture at Guantánamo Bay, saying that it \"contravenes the basic principles on which this nation was founded.\" He stated that the next president should make the promise that the United States will \"never again torture a prisoner.\" In an October 2013 interview, Carter labeled the Affordable Care Act President Obama's major accomplishment and said \"the implementation of it now is questionable at best\". In July 2017, Carter concluded the US would eventually see the implementation of a single-payer healthcare system. Carter vigorously opposed the Supreme Court decision in \"Citizens United v. FEC\"", "USS Jimmy Carter her hull was extended to accommodate a 2,500-ton supplementary middle section with an ocean interface for divers, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and special operation equipment; ROV handling system, storage and deployment space for mission systems; and a pressure-resistant passage between the fore and aft parts of the submarine to accommodate the boat's crew. \"Jimmy Carter\" was christened on 5 June 2004. The ship sponsor was former First Lady Rosalynn Carter. One result of the changes was that \"Jimmy Carter\" was commissioned more than six years after and almost four months after the commissioning of the first of the subs, .", "Jason Carter (politician) Jason Carter (politician) Jason James Carter (born August 7, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Georgia. Carter is a former state senator and was the Democratic nominee for governor of Georgia in the 2014 election. He lost to incumbent Nathan Deal. Carter's grandfather is former Georgia governor and President Jimmy Carter. Carter was born at Emory University Hospital on August 7, 1975. A ninth-generation Georgian, he is a grandson of former President Jimmy Carter and the son of Jack Carter and Judy Langford, daughter of former Georgia State Senator James Beverly Langford. After graduating from", "Jimmy Carter National Historic Site presidential campaign, now serves as a museum focusing on the 1976 Presidential Campaign and Election. It features exhibits which highlight Jimmy Carter's campaign for President. The train depot operated from 1888 until 1951, when all public transportation to and from the area ceased. The current home of the Carters, while currently not open to the public, is technically a part of the National Historic Site. The Carters have lived in the home since 1961. During his presidency, it was used as his Summer White House. Jimmy Carter National Historic Site The Jimmy Carter National Historic Site, located in Plains, Georgia,", "Jimmy Carter Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Polls of historians and political scientists usually rank Carter as an average president, often receiving more positive evaluations for his post-presidential work. In 2012, Carter surpassed Herbert Hoover as the longest-retired president in U.S. history and in 2017 became the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his inauguration. He is currently the oldest and earliest serving of all living U.S. presidents. He established the Carter Center in 1982 to promote and expand human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter", "Gloria Carter Spann Gloria Carter Spann Gloria Carter Spann (October 22, 1926 – March 5, 1990) was noted as one of the first women inducted into Harley-Davidson’s 100,000 Mile Club, was named Most Outstanding Female Motorcyclist in 1978 and worked as an activist for motorcycle rights. Spann was a sister of former President Jimmy Carter. Gloria Carter was the second of four children, and the first daughter born to James Earl Carter, Sr. (1894–1953) and Lillian Gordy Carter (1898–1983) and was 24 months younger than her brother, Jimmy. When Jimmy was small, he pronounced her name \"Go Go\", a nickname which stuck. By", "Jimmy Carter issued a statement that his medical scans no longer showed any cancer. On January 20, 2017, at age 92, Carter became the oldest living former president to attend a presidential inauguration. Carter, born October 1, 1924 (age ), also has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at . He is currently the second longest-lived president in history after George H. W. Bush, who was born 111 days before Carter. With Bush's death on November 30, 2018, Carter would become the longest-lived president on March 21, 2019. Carter has made arrangements to be buried in front", "Inauguration of Jimmy Carter Bess\" (lyrics by DuBose Heyward), sung by Donnie Ray Albert and Clamma Dale. Additionally, \"America the Beautiful\" was performed by the United States Marine Band, and the \"Battle Hymn of the Republic\" was sung by selected voices from Atlanta University, Clark, Morehouse, Morris Brown, and Spelman Colleges, and the Interdenominational Theological Center. Inauguration of Jimmy Carter The Inauguration of Jimmy Carter as the 39th President of the United States was held on Thursday, January 20, 1977, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of the only four-year term of Jimmy", "Jimmy Carter (footballer) name did not make it obvious. Jimmy Carter (footballer) James William Charles Carter (born 9 November 1965 in Hammersmith, London) is an English former footballer. Playing as a winger, Carter featured for Crystal Palace, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall, Liverpool, Arsenal, Oxford United and Portsmouth throughout his career. Following his retirement from football, Carter has been heavily involved in the world of property investment. Since 2015 Carter has been a member of the commercial sales team at Millwall FC. Millwall bought Carter in 1987 for £15,000 from Queens Park Rangers, where he made his Football League debut in a 0-0 draw", "Jimmy Carter (footballer) Jimmy Carter (footballer) James William Charles Carter (born 9 November 1965 in Hammersmith, London) is an English former footballer. Playing as a winger, Carter featured for Crystal Palace, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall, Liverpool, Arsenal, Oxford United and Portsmouth throughout his career. Following his retirement from football, Carter has been heavily involved in the world of property investment. Since 2015 Carter has been a member of the commercial sales team at Millwall FC. Millwall bought Carter in 1987 for £15,000 from Queens Park Rangers, where he made his Football League debut in a 0-0 draw with Oldham at The Den. He", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter taken on the eve of the election showed a close race, Reagan won a decisive victory. In polls of historians and political scientists, Carter is usually ranked as a below-average president. Carter was elected as the Governor of Georgia in 1970, and during his four years in office he earned a reputation as a progressive, racially moderate Southern governor. Observing George McGovern's success in the 1972 Democratic primaries, Carter came to believe that he could win the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination by running as an outsider unconnected to establishment politicians in Washington, D.C. Despite scant backing from party leaders, McGovern", "Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration During the administration of American President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), the United States gave further consideration to the decriminalization of cannabis (marijuana), with the support of the president. However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure. The net result of the Carter administration was the continuation of the War on Drugs and restrictions on cannabis, while at the same time cannabis consumption in the United States reached historically high levels. During his presidential campaign, Carter responded to a candidate survey by NORML, and stated that he was in favor of", "Jimmy Carter Library and Museum foreign and domestic policy to the personal lives of President and Mrs. Carter. The complex lies next to John Lewis Freedom Parkway, which was originally called \"Presidential Parkway\" (and at one point, \"Jimmy Carter Parkway\") in its planning stages. Early in his administration, Carter indicated interest in having his presidential library be built in Georgia. The site chosen was in the Poncey-Highland neighborhood of Atlanta, on land that had been acquired by the state of Georgia DOT, for an interchange between two redundant highways that were cancelled by Carter when he was governor of Georgia, in response to the Atlanta", "Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies and Ralph Wilson Nimmons, Jr., subsequently were nominated by Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush or Bill Clinton to federal district judgeships. Also, another of the 16, Walter Meheula Heen, was given a recess appointment to his district judgeship by Carter and as a result served as a federal judge for close to a year into the presidency of Reagan, who chose not to renominate and seek a full Senate vote on Heen. The failed Carter district court nominees: Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies During President Jimmy Carter's presidency, he nominated four people for four different federal appellate judgeships", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter McCain responded to Carter's comments during an appearance on Fox News: \"I have great respect for former president Carter, but it's not first time we have disagreed. I don't think most Americans share that view. In fact, most of my supporters say talk more about your experiences, they were formative experiences.\" Despite being a Democrat, Carter endorsed former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney in the Republican party 2012 Presidential primary in mid-September 2011, not because he supported Romney, but because he felt Obama's re-election bid would be strengthened in a race against Romney. Carter added that he thought Mitt Romney would", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter former Governor Ronald Reagan of California and former Congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas. Bush, who referred to Reagan's tax cut proposal as \"voodoo economics\", won the Iowa Caucus but faded later in the race. Reagan won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the 1980 Republican National Convention and named Bush as his running mate. Meanwhile, Republican Congressman John B. Anderson, who had previously sought the Republican presidential nomination, launched an independent campaign for president. Polls taken in September, after the conclusion of the party conventions, showed a tied race between Reagan and Carter. The Carter campaign", "Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration to eradicate cannabis in Mexico, stating: \"\"Marijuana happens to be an illicit drug that's included under the overall drug control program, and I favor this program very strongly.\" Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration During the administration of American President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), the United States gave further consideration to the decriminalization of cannabis (marijuana), with the support of the president. However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure. The net result of the Carter administration was the continuation of the War on Drugs and restrictions on cannabis, while at the same time cannabis consumption", "Gloria Carter Spann Plains, Georgia where her parents and brother, Billy Carter, are also buried. Gloria Carter Spann Gloria Carter Spann (October 22, 1926 – March 5, 1990) was noted as one of the first women inducted into Harley-Davidson’s 100,000 Mile Club, was named Most Outstanding Female Motorcyclist in 1978 and worked as an activist for motorcycle rights. Spann was a sister of former President Jimmy Carter. Gloria Carter was the second of four children, and the first daughter born to James Earl Carter, Sr. (1894–1953) and Lillian Gordy Carter (1898–1983) and was 24 months younger than her brother, Jimmy. When Jimmy was", "Jimmy Carter Regional Airport Jimmy Carter Regional Airport Jimmy Carter Regional Airport previously Souther Field is a public airport located four miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of Americus, in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. It owned by the City of Americus. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Souther Field is assigned ACJ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. Jimmy Carter Regional Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways: 5/23 measuring and 9/27 measuring . As of 2011, there are 28 aircraft based at", "Jimmy Carter former President Bill Clinton, and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races, cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta, January 30 through February 1, 2008. Carter had three younger siblings, all of whom died of pancreatic cancer: sisters Gloria Spann (1926–1990) and Ruth Stapleton (1929–1983), and brother Billy Carter (1937–1988). He was first cousin to politician Hugh Carter", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez who said Carter's visit was furthering \"the policy of peace\" as opposed to \"the policy of war\" carried out by the Reagan administration. In his talks with Tomás Borge, Carter secured the release of journalist Luis Mora and labor leader Jose Altamirano, saying during his departure that it was still possible for the US to \"regain the path we envisioned in 1979.\" In May 1989, Carter and former President Ford traveled to Panama alongside a delegation for the monitoring of elections within the country to ensure they were, as Carter stated during a press conference, \"free", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter and fair\". Carter led a mission to Haiti in 1994 with Senator Sam Nunn and former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to avert a US-led multinational invasion and restore to power Haiti's democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and had full discussions with Fidel Castro and the Cuban government. He was allowed to address the Cuban public uncensored on national television and radio with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. In the speech, he called on the US to end \"an ineffective 43-year-old economic embargo\" and on", "Jimmy Carter (boxer) the two boxers. Carter died of a heart attack on September 21, 1994, at the age of 70. Jimmy Carter (boxer) James Walter Carter (December 15, 1923 in Aiken, SC – September 21, 1994) was a world lightweight boxing champion three times between 1951–55. His managers included Jimmy Roche and Willie Ketchum. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2000. Carter's loss to Lauro Salas in 1952 and his loss to Paddy DeMarco in 1954 were each named Ring Magazine upset of the year. His professional record was 80-31-9 with 32 knockouts. James Walter Carter was", "Jimmy Carter the US and Korea as well as Carter's interest in preserving his policy of worldwide tension reduction. On April 21, 1978, Carter announced a reduction in American troops in South Korea scheduled to be released by the end of the year by two-thirds, citing a lack of action by Congress in regards to a compensatory aid package for the Seoul Government. Carter made twelve international trips to twenty-five countries during his presidency. Carter was the first president to make a state visit to Sub-Saharan Africa when he went to Nigeria in 1978. His travel also included trips to Europe, Asia,", "Jimmy Carter Carter renowned as one of the most successful ex-presidents in American history. The documentary \"\" (2009) credits Carter's efforts at Camp David, which brought peace between Israel and Egypt, with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East. The film opened the 2009 Monte-Carlo Television Festival in an invitation-only royal screening on June 7, 2009, at the Grimaldi Forum in the presence of Albert II, Prince of Monaco. Carter has received numerous awards and accolades since his presidency, and several institutions and locations have been named in his honor. His presidential library, Jimmy Carter Library and Museum was opened", "Jimmy Carter an honorary citizen of Peru by Mayor of Cusco Daniel Estrada after traveling to Machu Picchu, Carter endorsing the country's elections in 2001, and offering support to the Peruvian government following a meeting with President of Peru Alan Garcia at Government Palace in Lima in April 2009. In his February 1986 talks with Tomás Borge, Carter secured the release of journalist Luis Mora and labor leader Jose Altamirano, while touring Nicaragua for three days. Carter conducted a tour of Cuba in May 2002 that included meeting with Fidel Castro and meeting political dissidents such as the AIDS sanitarium, a medical", "Jimmy Carter Leading up to the general election, Carter criticized John McCain, who responded to Carter's comments, and warned Obama against selecting Clinton as his running mate. Carter endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for the Republican nomination during the primary season of the 2012 election cycle, though he clarified his backing of Romney was due to him considering the former Massachusetts governor the candidate that could best assure a victory for President Obama. Carter delivered a videotape address at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Carter was critical of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump shortly after the latter entered the primary and predicted he", "USS Jimmy Carter \"Jimmy Carter\" is roughly 100 feet longer than the other two ships of her class, and USS \"Connecticut\". This is due to the insertion of an additional section known as the Multi-Mission Platform (MMP), which allows launch and recovery of ROVs and Navy SEAL forces. The MMP features a fairing over a wasp-waist shaped passageway allowing crew to pass between the fore and aft sections of the hull while providing a space to store ROVs and special equipment that may need to launch and recover from the submarine. \"Jimmy Carter\" has additional maneuvering devices fitted fore and aft that will", "Carter Center analysis reaffirming their original conclusions. Carter Center The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. He and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after his defeat in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections. The center is located in a shared building adjacent to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on of parkland, on the site of the razed neighborhood of Copenhill, two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center", "Carter Center Carter Center The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. He and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after his defeat in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections. The center is located in a shared building adjacent to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on of parkland, on the site of the razed neighborhood of Copenhill, two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center is governed by a Board", "Jimmy Carter would lose, noting the differing circumstances of the political climate from when he was still an active politician. As the primary continued, Carter stated he would prefer Trump over his main rival Ted Cruz, though rebuked the Trump campaign in remarks during the primary, and in his address to the 2016 Democratic National Convention. In the Democratic primary, Carter voted for Senator Bernie Sanders, and in the general election, voted for Hillary Clinton. In October 2017, however, Carter defended President Trump in an interview with The New York Times, criticizing the media's coverage of him. \"I think the media have", "Jimmy Carter rabbit incident Grail\", which includes scenes of a killer rabbit slaying humans, led to some people describing Carter as having \"fended off a killer rabbit\" instead. The incident was parodied in 1980 in a song by the folk singer Tom Paxton entitled \"I Don't Want a Bunny Wunny\". Humor columnist Dave Barry has often referred to the \"enormous swimming rabbit\" incident in his writings. In \"Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States\", he names it the uncontested single most memorable event of Carter's presidency. Jimmy Carter rabbit incident The Jimmy Carter rabbit incident, dubbed the \"killer rabbit\"", "Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies During President Jimmy Carter's presidency, he nominated four people for four different federal appellate judgeships who were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee before Carter's presidency ended. None of the four nominees were renominated by Carter's successor, President Ronald Reagan. Three of the nominees who were not processed (Eugene Nickerson, Nicholas Bua and Howard F. Sachs) were nominated after July 1, 1980, the traditional start date of the unofficial Thurmond Rule during a presidential election year. All four seats eventually were filled by appointees of President Ronald Reagan. The four nominees were blocked", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter Democrats, who had been skeptical of Carter. The Republicans experienced a contested convention that ultimately nominated incumbent President Gerald Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency in 1974 after the resignation of Richard Nixon due to the latter's involvement in the Watergate scandal. With the Republicans badly divided, and with Ford facing questions over his competence as president, polls taken in August 1976 showed Carter with a 15-point lead. In the general election campaign, Carter continued to promote a centrist agenda, seeking to define new Democratic positions in the aftermath of the tumultuous 1960s. Above all, Carter attacked the political", "Alignment (Israel) Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base. Rabin resigned over the former incident, and Peres took over as Prime Minister just a short time before the next elections. Shortly before the election, the Alignment party suffered another major blow when Rabin announced that US President Jimmy Carter supported the Israeli idea of defensive borders. Peres led the party into the 1977 elections, which proved to be a historical turning point in Israeli political history: For the first time the left-wing were defeated. The Alignment won only 24.6% of the vote, a decrease of over a third, and picked up just", "Jimmy Carter (boxer) Jimmy Carter (boxer) James Walter Carter (December 15, 1923 in Aiken, SC – September 21, 1994) was a world lightweight boxing champion three times between 1951–55. His managers included Jimmy Roche and Willie Ketchum. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2000. Carter's loss to Lauro Salas in 1952 and his loss to Paddy DeMarco in 1954 were each named Ring Magazine upset of the year. His professional record was 80-31-9 with 32 knockouts. James Walter Carter was born on December 15, 1923 in Aiken, South Carolina, but his family moved to New York when he", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter presidential campaign. In January 1984, a letter signed by Carter and Ford and urging world leaders to extend their failed effort to end world hunger was released and sent to Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. President Jimmy Carter serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity. Carter served as Honorary Chair for the Continuity of Government Commission from 2003 to 2011 (he was co-chair with Gerald Ford until", "Amy Carter Amy Carter Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter. Carter entered the limelight as a child when she lived in the White House during the Carter presidency. Amy Carter was born on October 19, 1967, in Plains, Georgia. In 1970 her father was elected Governor of Georgia, and then in 1976, President of the United States. Amy was raised in Plains until her father was elected governor, whereupon she moved with her family into the Georgia Governor's Mansion, and the White House when her father was", "Jimmy Carter sought out his advice. Carter spoke favorably of former Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton, and criticized Ross Perot. As the primary concluded, Carter spoke of the need for the 1992 Democratic National Convention to address certain issues not focused on in the past, and campaigned for Clinton after he became the Democratic nominee in the general election, publicly stating his expectation to be consulted during the latter's presidency. Carter endorsed Vice President Al Gore days before the 2000 presidential election, and in the years following voiced his opinion that the election was won by Gore, despite the Supreme Court handing", "Inauguration of Jimmy Carter building to date. Carter took the Oath with a Family Bible, opened to Micah 6:8 and also the same Bible used by George Washington at his 1789 inauguration. The Bible that originally belonged to Washington was at the time in the possession of St. John's Mason Lodge No. 1. The weather was cold, but sunny, with a wind chill factor in the teens. The estimated noon time temperature was at about 28 degrees, but the cold did not stop many excited spectators from catching a glimpse of the new president being sworn into office. Carter ended the Oath with the", "Jimmy Carter Regional Airport County Airport Authority approved Souther Field's renaming as Jimmy Carter Regional Airport. The new name was initially proposed jointly by the Sumter County Board of Commissioners and the Americus City Council. Jimmy Carter Regional Airport Jimmy Carter Regional Airport previously Souther Field is a public airport located four miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of Americus, in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. It owned by the City of Americus. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Souther Field is assigned ACJ by the FAA but has no designation from", "Jimmy Carter but pledged \"a very fine transition period\" with President-elect Reagan. Shortly after losing his re-election bid, Carter told the White House press corps of his intent to emulate the retirement of Harry S. Truman and not use his subsequent public life to enrich himself. In 1982, Carter founded the Carter Center, a non-governmental and non-profit organization with the purpose of advancing human rights and alleviating human suffering, including helping improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries. In 1994, President Bill Clinton sought Carter's assistance in a North Korea peace mission, during which Carter negotiated an", "Jimmy Carter House settlement and the electoral process begins, the President will take prompt action to lift sanctions\" against Zimbabwe Rhodesia. On November 15, 1977, Carter pledged his administration would continue positive relations between the US and Iran, calling its contemporary status \"strong, stable and progressive\". On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for the next 444 days until January 20, 1981. During the crisis, Carter remained in isolation", "Jimmy Carter visited Nigeria from March 31 – April 3, 1978, the trip being an attempt by the Carter administration to improve relations with the country. He was the first U.S. president to visit Nigeria. Carter reiterated interests in convening a peace conference on the subject of Rhodesia that would involve all parties and reported that the US was moving as it could. The elections of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Abel Muzorewa for Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, South Africa turning down a plan for African independence in the southwest, and domestic opposition in Congress were", "Jimmy Carter in 1986. In 1998, the U.S. Navy named the third and last \"Seawolf\"-class submarine honoring former President Carter and his service as a submariner officer. It became one of the few Navy vessels to be named for a person living at the time of naming. That year he also received the United Nations Human Rights Prize, given in honor of human rights achievements, and the Hoover Medal, recognizing engineers who have contributed to global causes. He won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, which was partially a response to President George W. Bush's threats of war against Iraq and Carter's criticism", "June Carter Cash which had been converted for travel. Several propane heaters were being used to heat the bus. Carter and the entire Carter Family had performed with Johnny Cash for a number of years. In 1968, Cash proposed to Carter during a live performance at the London Ice House in London, Ontario. They married on March 1 in Franklin, Kentucky, and remained married until her death in May 2003, just four months before Cash died. The couple's son, John Carter Cash, is a musician, songwriter, and producer. Carter's distant cousin, the former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, became closely acquainted with Cash and", "HOPE (Fijian political party) HOPE (Fijian political party) HOPE (Humanity Opportunity Prosperity Equality) is a political party in Fiji. The party is led by former National Federation Party president Tupou Draunidalo, and supports multiculturalism, a higher minimum wage, and the de-politicisation of the office of Attorney-General. The party was formed in March 2017 and immediately began campaigning for signatures for registration. It applied for registration as a political party on July 4 2018, and was registered on July 26. The party ran 28 candidates in the 2018 elections, 18 of which were women. It was the only Fijian party running a majority of female", "Jack Carter (politician) grandchild. He spent two days in intensive care, but had recovered by the beginning of October. Jack Carter (politician) John William Carter (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006. Carter is the eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and former First Lady Rosalynn Carter. Carter was born at the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia. Raised in Plains, Georgia, he spent winters working at his father's peanut farm warehouse, where his wages began at 10 cents per hour. Carter struggled when he first entered", "Jack Carter (politician) Jack Carter (politician) John William Carter (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006. Carter is the eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and former First Lady Rosalynn Carter. Carter was born at the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia. Raised in Plains, Georgia, he spent winters working at his father's peanut farm warehouse, where his wages began at 10 cents per hour. Carter struggled when he first entered college in 1965, bouncing around between Georgia Tech, Emory, and Georgia Southwestern State University before enlisting", "Jimmy Carter and a distant cousin to the Carter family of musicians. Carter and Rosalynn Smith were married in July 1946. They have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and two great-grandsons. Mary Prince (an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder, and later pardoned) was their daughter Amy's nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Jimmy Carter's presidency ended. Carter had asked to be designated as her parole officer, thus helping to enable her to work in the White House. The Carters celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary in July 2016, making them the second-longest wed presidential couple", "Amy Carter Since the late 1990s, Carter has maintained a low profile, neither participating in public protests nor granting interviews. She is a member of the board of counselors of the Carter Center that advocates human rights and diplomacy as established by her father. Carter illustrated her father's book for children \"The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer\" (1996). Amy Carter Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter. Carter entered the limelight as a child when she lived in the White House during the Carter presidency. Amy Carter was born on", "Presidency of Jimmy Carter refusal to play by the rules of Washington, however, which contributed to the Carter administration's difficult relationship with Congress. After the election, Carter demanded the power to reorganize the executive branch, alienating powerful Democrats like Speaker Tip O'Neill and Jack Brooks. During the Nixon administration, Congress had passed a series of reforms that removed power from the president, and most members of Congress were unwilling to restore that power even with a Democrat now in office. Unreturned phone calls, verbal insults, and an unwillingness to trade political favors soured many on Capitol Hill and affected the president's ability to enact", "1980 Republican Party presidential primaries 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries The 1980 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election. Former California Governor Ronald Reagan was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the Republican National Convention held from July 14 to July 17, 1980, in Detroit, Michigan. As the 1980 presidential election approached, incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter appeared vulnerable. High gas prices, economic stagflation, a renewed Cold War with the Soviet Union following the invasion", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter his willingness to aid President Trump with resolving growing tensions between the US and North Korea and confirmed he had notified National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster that he was open to serving as an American diplomatic envoy to North Korea. In March 2018, after President Trump agreed to a meeting with North Korea leader Kim Jong-un, Carter expressed his endorsement of the decision and said it would be \"a wonderful achievement\" if the US could avoid a nuclear confrontation with North Korea. In September 1981, Carter met with Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin at his home for discussions", "Tayo (political party) Tayo (political party) The Tayo Political Party (TPP) (), abbreviated Tayo, is the ruling political party in Somalia. The Tayo Political Party was established in early 2012 by former Prime Minister of Somalia and President of Somalia, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Farmajo), and members of his erstwhile Cabinet. The association was dubbed \"Tayo\" (\"Quality\") on account of the generally favorable reputation that his administration earned during its brief tenure. According to Mohamed, the party's primary agenda revolves around delivering services to Somalia's general population and encouraging the repatriation of Somali diasporans so as to assist in the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process.", "Jimmy Carter a full recovery was initially said to be \"excellent\". On August 12, however, Carter announced he had been diagnosed with cancer that had metastasized, without specifying where the cancer had originated. On August 20, he disclosed that melanoma had been found in his brain and liver, and that he had begun treatment with the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab and was about to start radiation therapy. His healthcare is being managed by Emory Healthcare of Atlanta. The former president has an extensive family history of cancer, including both of his parents and all three of his siblings. On December 6, 2015, Carter", "Inauguration of Jimmy Carter famous words, \"so help me God\" Carter's inaugural address was 1,228 words long. In it, he spoke of bringing \"a new spirit\" among us all\", and urged Americans to \"reject the prospect of failure or mediocrity\". He also expressed his desire that someday \"the nations of the world might say that we had built a lasting peace, built not on weapons of war but on international policies which reflect our own most precious values\". Following the swearing-in ceremony, Carter became the first president to walk from the Capitol to the White House in the post-ceremony parade. Carter also requested that", "Our Ukraine (political party) Our Ukraine (political party) The Our Ukraine () (prior to mid-July 2009 known as People's Union \"Our Ukraine\" ()) is a centre-right political party of Ukraine formed in 2005. The party supported former president President Viktor Yushchenko. It lost much of its support nationwide, yet still has some regional representation in the Western Ukraine. On 2 March 2013, there was an attempt to dissolve the party by Serhiy Bondarchuk at one of the party congresses in Kiev. However, the same day other sections of the party claimed this congress was illegal and the real party congress would be held on", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter Trump wanted \"to do a good job\" and his willingness to assist him. On May 9, after President Trump announced the US was withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Carter said the decision was \"may be the worst mistake Trump has made so far\" and that presidents should abide by agreements signed by their predecessors unless \"the situation changes dramatically\". Carter furthered that the move may have a negative impact on relations between the US and North Korea, showing the latter country \"that if the United States signs an agreement, it may or may not be honored.\" Carter", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter native Georgians to receive the Nobel Prize. In 1994, North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. In response, then-President Clinton pressured for US sanctions and ordered large amounts of troops and vehicles into the area to brace for war. Bill Clinton secretly recruited Carter to undertake a peace mission to North Korea, under the guise that it was a private mission of Carter's. Clinton saw Carter as a way to let North Korean President Kim Il-sung back down without losing face. Carter negotiated an understanding with Kim", "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter result in comprehensive immigration reform not undertaken by both the Bush and Obama administrations while speaking to Emory University students. In an October 2017 interview, Carter stated he believed President Trump was exacerbating racial divisions within the US due to his response to the U.S. national anthem protests, though possibly unknowingly, whilst stating he would rather see the players stand during the anthem. On March 25, 2018, Carter stated his opposition to President Trump being impeached, believing that the oversight of both Congress and the Supreme Court was enough to keep him in check. Carter also expressed his belief that", "Tayo (political party) Since stepping down from office, he has reportedly been campaigning in various global destinations to amass support for his new party, including the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden. On April 2, 2012, Maryam Qaasim, the former Minister of Women's Affairs in Mohamed's Cabinet, was elected Chairperson of the TPP. Mohamed is serving as the party's Secretary-General. In the Somali presidential election of 2017, Mohamed was elected President of Somalia. Tayo lists its ten core party principles as follows: Tayo (political party) The Tayo Political Party (TPP) (), abbreviated Tayo, is the ruling political party in Somalia." ]

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[ "Horrible Bosses 2 Horrible Bosses 2 is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to 2011's \"Horrible Bosses\", the film stars Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis, Jennifer Aniston, Jamie Foxx, Chris Pine, and Christoph Waltz. It was released on November 26, 2014 by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film grossed $107.7 million worldwide.", "Christoph Waltz Christoph Waltz (] ; born 4 October 1956 in Vienna) is an Austrian-German actor. Waltz is widely known for his works with American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino, he received acclaim for portraying SS-Standartenführer Hans Landa in \"Inglourious Basterds\" (2009) and bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz in \"Django Unchained\" (2012). For both performances, he earned an Academy Award, BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Waltz also received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of Landa." ]

[ "Jumbo Schreiner Thomas \"Jumbo\" Schreiner (born 24 November 1967, in Munich) is a German actor and presenter.", "Dominique Horwitz Dominique Horwitz (born April 23, 1957) is a French-born German film and television actor and singer.", "Oliver Rohrbeck Oliver Rohrbeck (born March 21, 1965 in Berlin, Germany) is a German television actor and voice actor.", "Karlheinz Lemken Karlheinz Lemken is a German television actor.", "Mišel Matičević Mišel Matičević (born 1970 in Berlin) is a German actor of Croatian descent.", "Peter Alexander (Austrian performer) Peter Alexander Ferdinand Maximilian Neumayer (30 June 1926 – 12 February 2011), commonly known as Peter Alexander, was an Austrian actor, singer and entertainer. His fame emerged in the 1950s and 1960s through popular film comedies and successful recordings, predominantly of Schlager and operetta repertory. Later, Alexander established himself as the acclaimed host of television shows. His career as a live singer touring the German language countries lasted until 1991, while he continued his television work until 1996.", "Ulrich Tukur Ulrich Tukur (born Ulrich Gerhard Scheurlen; 29 July 1957) is a German actor and musician.", "Jonas Nay Jonas Nay (] , born September 20, 1990) is a German actor and musician, notable for starring in the first German language TV series shown on American television, Deutschland 83 .", "Erwin Steinhauer Erwin Steinhauer (born 19 September 1951 in Vienna) is an Austrian actor.", "Klaus Maria Brandauer Klaus Maria Brandauer (] ; born 22 June 1943) is an Austrian actor, film director, and professor at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna. He is known internationally for his roles in \"Mephisto\" (1981), \"Never Say Never Again\" (1983) and \"Out of Africa\" (1985).", "Jürgen Frohriep Jürgen Frohriep (28 April 1928 – 13 July 1993) was a German actor. After 1972 he became widely known for his role as Oberleutnant Jürgen Hübner in \"Polizeiruf 110\", a long running television series that originated in the German Democratic Republic, but which continues to win large television audiences across Germany, following reunification.", "Gedeon Burkhard Gedeon Burkhard (born July 3, 1969) is a German film and television actor. Although he has appeared in numerous films and TV series in both Europe and the US, he is probably best recognised for his role as Alexander Brandtner in the Austrian/German television series \"Kommissar Rex\" (1997–2001), which has been aired on television in numerous countries around the world, or as Corporal Wilhelm Wicki in the 2009 film \"Inglourious Basterds\". He is also well recognised for his role as Chris Ritter in the long-running series Alarm für Cobra 11.", "Matthias Habich Matthias Habich (born 12 January 1940) is a German actor.", "Sönke Möhring Sönke Möhring (born 12 October 1972) is a German actor.", "Felix Basch Felix Basch (1885–1944) was an Austrian actor, screenwriter and film director.", "Harry Hardt Harry Hardt (born Hermann Karl Viktor Klimbacher Edler von Reichswahr, Pula, 4 August 1899 – Vienna, 14 November 1980) was an Austrian actor. The son of a military officer, he initially planned a military career for himself, studying at a military academy and serving during World War I. He later turned to acting, having a long career both in films and on television.", "Susanne Wuest Susanne Elisabeth Wuest (born September 26, 1979) is an Austrian actress from Vienna.", "Gary Weeks Gary Weeks (born June 4, 1972) is a German-born, American film and television actor; he is also a film producer and screenwriter.", "Daniel Brühl Daniel César Martín Brühl González (] ; born June 16, 1978) is a German actor. He began his work at a young age in a German soap opera called \"Forbidden Love\" in 1995. In 2003, his starring role in the German film \"Good Bye, Lenin!\" received wider recognition and critical acclaim which garnered him the European Film Award for Best Actor and the German Film Award for Best Actor. Brühl has worked in both European and American productions in several different languages.", "Dietrich Mattausch Dietrich Mattausch is a German stage, film, and television actor." ]

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[ "The actual antenna which is transmitting the original wave then also may receive a strong signal from its own image from the ground. This will induce an additional current in the antenna element, changing the current at the feedpoint for a given feedpoint voltage. Thus the antenna's impedance, given by the ratio of feedpoint voltage to current, is altered due to the antenna's proximity to the ground. This can be quite a significant effect when the antenna is within a wavelength or two of the ground. But as the antenna height is increased, the reduced power of the reflected wave (due to the inverse square law) allows the antenna to approach its asymptotic feedpoint impedance given by theory. At lower heights, the effect on the antenna's impedance is very sensitive to the exact distance from the ground, as this affects the phase of the reflected wave relative to the currents in the antenna. Changing the antenna's height by a quarter wavelength, then changes the phase of the reflection by 180°, with a completely different effect on the antenna's impedance." ]

[ "While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.", "Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.", "Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009–10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010–11 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013–14 season.", "Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012–2013.", "The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000.", "In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers \"de iure\".", "On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday." ]

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[ "Cherokee removal Cherokee removal Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the then Western United States, and the resultant deaths along the way and at the end of the movement of an estimated 4000 Cherokee. The Cherokee have come to call the event \"Nu na da ul tsun yi\" (the place where they cried); another term is \"Tlo va sa\" (our removal)—both phrases not used at the" ]

[ "Major Ridge the Cherokee. After 1838, the US government forcibly rounded up the remaining Cherokee (along with their slaves) on tribal lands. They were the last people to make the journey that became known as the \"Trail of Tears,\" during which nearly 4,000 Cherokee died. Accompanied by his wife, daughter, and one of son John's children, Major Ridge traveled by flatboat and steamer to a place in Indian Territory called Honey Creek, near the Arkansas-Missouri Border. The land Ridge had chosen was fifty miles from the territory assigned to the Cherokee. He no longer wished to live among his people. His son", "Trail of Tears River, they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks. Once in Indian Territory, the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation. By 1838, about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma). Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma. In the Cherokee language, the event is called \"nu na da ul tsun yi\" (\"the place where they cried\") or \"nu na hi du na tlo hi", "Tennessee Oklahoma). During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called \"Nunna daul Isunyi\"—\"the Trail Where We Cried.\" The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase \"Trail of Tears\" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the \"Five Civilized Tribes\". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation. In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government—led", "Trail of Tears to continue with Indian removal, and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota, on December 29, 1835, which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma). Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily. The U.S. government, with assistance from state militias, forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838. The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee. In November, the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west. They endured heavy rains, snow, and freezing temperatures. When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota, they exchanged", "Cherokee Trail Cherokee Trail The Cherokee Trail was a historic overland trail through the present-day U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming that was used from the late 1840s up through the early 1890s. The route was established in 1849 by a wagon train headed to the gold fields in California. Among the members of the expedition were a group of Cherokee. When the train formed in Indian Territory, Lewis Evans of Evansville, Arkansas, was elected Captain. Thus, this expedition is sometimes written as the Evans/Cherokee Train. According to one source, \"Neither the number of wagons nor the number of people", "John Norton (Mohawk chief) Holy Scriptures, that thereby the unbelievers may know that love we bear the commandments of God.\" (from bookmark produced by the Canadian Bible Society) In 1809-1810 Norton had a lengthy trip to the American Southeast, where he traveled through the still extensive Cherokee territory, in part to try to find his father's people. He did meet relatives and was accepted as Cherokee. The people were under pressure from land encroachment by settlers and state governments, particularly Georgia. He kept detailed accounts of what he saw and described Cherokee towns and culture in his \"The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816.\"", "Slavery among Native Americans in the United States motivated the slave trade promoted African slaves owned by Native Americans which led to new power relations among Native societies, elevating groups such as the Five Civilized Tribes to power and serving, ironically, to preserve native order. These same missionaries reported that Native American slave owners were brutal and indulgent masters, even though accounts of Indian freedmen gave different accounts of being treated relatively well without tyrannical treatment. In the 1830s, all of the Five Civilized Tribes were relocated, many of them forcibly to the Indian Territory (later, the state of Oklahoma). The incident is known as the Trail of", "Cherokee Outlet U.S. government failed to pay for the land sold to the other tribes until the 1880s, and then paid less than the price asked by the Cherokees. The practical impact of this settlement of non-Cherokee Indians in the eastern portion of the Cherokee outlet was to cut the Cherokee off from easy access to the western part of the Outlet, thus making it \"virtually useless\" to them. In 1865, mixed blood Cherokee Jesse Chisholm laid out the Chisholm Trail from Texas to Kansas and the next year the first large cattle herd was driven through the Cherokee Outlet from Texas", "Cherokee Outlet included a 7.0 million acre reservation and \"a perpetual outlet west...as far west as the sovereignty of the United States\" extended. The parcel of land extending west from the Cherokee reservation became known as the Cherokee Outlet. Under the terms of the Treaty, the lands ceded to the Cherokees would \"in no future time be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory\" and the Cherokees were promised a land patent verifying their ownership of the land. In 1838, in what is called the Cherokee removal or Trail of Tears, most of the Cherokees, living primarily", "Richard Henderson (jurist) Virginia and North Carolina, and, later, the United States, all forbade private purchase of land from Indians). During the treaty, Dragging Canoe, son of the Cherokee chief Attacullaculla, made a speech condemning the sale of Cherokee land and broke from the general Cherokee tribal government to form the sub-tribe known as the Chickamauga. After Henderson's Transylvania Company had bought Kentucky (although other tribes claimed it, such as the Shawnee), Daniel Boone was hired to widen the Indian path over Cumberland Gap to facilitate migration. This road became known as the Wilderness Road. In 1775, Henderson gathered chiefs of the Cherokee", "James Robertson (explorer) broke from the general Cherokee tribal government to form a band that the pioneers called the Chickamauga Cherokee or Chickamauga, for their settlement, although the people never had a separate tribal identity. After Henderson's Transylvania Company had bought Kentucky (although other tribes such as the Shawnee also claimed it), Daniel Boone was hired to widen the Indian path over Cumberland Gap to facilitate migration by Anglo-American pioneers. This road became known as the Wilderness Road. Robertson's group lived at Watauga in peace until July 1776, when Chief Old Abraham of Chilhowee led a Cherokee contingent that attacked Fort Watauga (a", "Samuel Worcester that he would be more effective outside prison and left. He realized that the larger battle had been lost, because the state and settlers refused to abide by the decision of the Supreme Court. Within three years, the US used its military to force the Cherokee Nation out of the Southeast and on the \"Trail of Tears\" to lands west of the Mississippi River. After being released, Worcester and his wife determined to move their family to Indian Territory to prepare for the coming of the Cherokee under removal. In 1835 he and his family moved to Tennessee, where they", "Chickamauga Cherokee The Cherokee delegation under The Ridge who visited Tecumseh's council at Tuckabatchee strongly opposed his plans; Tecumseh cancelled his visit to the Cherokee Nation, as The Ridge threatened him with death if he went there. But, during his recruiting tour, Tecumseh was accompanied by an enthusiastic escort of 47 Cherokee and 19 Choctaw, who presumably went north with him when he returned to the \"Northwest Territory.\" Tecumseh's mission sparked a religious revival, referred to by anthropologist James Mooney as the \"Cherokee Ghost Dance\" movement. It was led by the prophet Tsali of Coosawatee, a former Chickamauga warrior. He later moved", "Trail of Tears their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States, and relocated farther west. Those Native Americans who were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias. The Cherokee removal in 1838 (the last forced removal east of the Mississippi) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia in 1828, resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush. Approximately 2,000–8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way. In 1830, a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes (the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole tribes) were living as autonomous nations", "Cherokee removal Ross also purchased the steamboat \"Victoria\" in which his own and tribal leaders' families could travel in some comfort. Lewis Ross, the Chief's brother, was the main contractor and furnished forage, rations, and clothing for the wagon trains. Although this arrangement was an improvement for all concerned, disease and exposure still took many lives. This is the part of the Removal usually identified as The \"Trail of Tears.\" These detachments were forced to trek through various trails, crossing through Kentucky, Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and even Missouri to the final destination of Oklahoma. One of the main routes began in", "Trail of Tears shall cross the river... A soldier from Georgia said: It eventually took almost three months to cross the on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths. However a few years before forced removal, some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water-based route through the Tennessee, Ohio and Mississippi rivers. It took only 21 days, but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel. Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah, Oklahoma. When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835", "Tsali traffic in Cherokee, North Carolina, is named in his honor. A highly fictionalized account of the affair can be seen at the Qualla Boundary in the play \"Unto These Hills\", which was written by Kermit Hunter in 1950. New, updated versions have been written. Tsali Tsali (), originally of Coosawattee Town (\"Kusawatiyi\"), was a noted leader of the Cherokee during two different periods of the history of the tribe. As a young man, he followed the Chickamauga Cherokee war chief, Dragging Canoe, from the time the latter migrated southwest during the Cherokee–American wars. In 1812 he became known as a", "Junaluska usurped by white settlers, he moved to the remaining portion of the Cherokee Nation. It was reported that Jackson met with Junaluska regarding the Indian Removal Act, but the president said, \"Sir, your audience is ended. There is nothing I can do for you,\" and when Junaluska saw his people being removed, he cried and looked toward the sky saying, \"Oh my God, if I had known at the battle of the Horse Shoe what I know now, American history would have been differently written\". During the infamous Trail of Tears in 1838, Junaluska and many other Cherokee people were", "Richard W. Colcock Choctaw from their traditional home in Mississippi to Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma) in accordance with the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This relocation of thousands of Native Americans was known as the “Trail of Tears”, in which thousands died during the long, hard march to Indian Territory. After his short tour in the “mid-west” he was reassigned to the \"north-west\" in Iowa Territory. He served at Fort Atkinson, Iowa Territory and fought in the Black Hawk War from 1831 to 1832 (until the war ended). During these two years, he spent most of his time in the", "Trail of Tears Deaths\", a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands. The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as \"death marches\", in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838, which occurred on a predominantly land route. Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal. Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas, who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight. The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes", "John Howard Payne extreme pressure from the US government for removal to the trans-Mississippi West from the southeastern United States. Payne was taken by their story, and lobbied Congress against their removal. In 1836, Payne went to Georgia as the guest of the Cherokee Chief John Ross, who opposed removal. There were great tensions within the tribe and state at the time. Major Ridge supported removal. Payne visited with Ross to collect and record the myths, religious traditions, foodways and other aspects of the Cherokees. While staying with Ross, Payne was arrested and briefly imprisoned by Georgia authorities as his arrival was considered", "Cherokee removal to west more than once. Many deserters from the Army's boat detachments in June 1838 later emigrated in the twelve Ross wagon trains. There were transfers between groups, and later join ups and desertions were not always recorded. Jesse Mayfield was a white man with a Cherokee family went twice (first voluntarily in B.B. Cannon's detachment in 1837 to Indian Territory; unhappy there, he returned to the Cherokee Nation; and in Oct. 1838 was Wagon Master for the Bushyhead Detachment). An Army disbursing agent discovered that a Cherokee named Justis Fields travelled with government funds three times under different aliases.", "Nancy Ward available for white settlers. The militia invaded Chota and destroyed the printing press used by the tribe to print their newspaper. When the Native Americans were rounded-up and forced into exile, only a few Cherokees managed to escape and find refuge in the mountains of North Carolina. In 1838, Cherokees were forced to relocate to land west of the Mississippi river. They traveled in several large groups primarily on foot, without proper clothing and provisions, approximately 800 miles. More than 4,000 Cherokees died as a result of President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830, now referred to as the", "Cumming, Georgia Cherokee and Creek people developed disputes over hunting land. After two years of fighting, the Cherokee won the land in the Battle of Taliwa. The Creek people were forced to move south of the Chattahoochee River. The Cherokee coexisted with white settlers until the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828. Settlers that moved to the area to mine for gold pushed for the removal of the Cherokee. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed. The treaty stated that the Cherokee Nation must move to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. This resulted in the Trail", "Qualla Boundary long occupied this area, having migrated here centuries before the Europeans arrived. During their colonial expansion west, European settlers sometimes came into conflict with the Cherokee, who had territory extending into present-day Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. The Cherokee were forcibly removed from much of this area, especially the Black Belt in Georgia and Alabama, under authority of the 1830 Indian Removal Act, and were relocated to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The Qualla Boundary was first surveyed in 1876 by M. S. Temple under the auspices of the United States Land Office. These pieces were embodied in a map published", "Jesse Chisholm Jesse Chisholm Jesse Chisholm (\"circa \"1805 - March 4, 1868) was a mixed-blood Cherokee fur trader. His name is most famous because of the namesake cattle trail, which he originally scouted and developed to supply his various trading posts among the Plains Indians in what is now western Oklahoma. Although Chisholm died before the heyday of the Texas-to-Kansas cattle drives, he was nevertheless a participant in several important events in Texas and Oklahoma history. Chisholm's father Ignatius was of Scottish descent, and his mother Martha (née Rogers) was a Cherokee from the region of Great Hiwassee. He moved with his", "Qualla Boundary as the \"Map of the Qualla Indian reserve\". The Qualla Boundary is a land trust supervised by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. The land is a fragment of the extensive historical homeland of the Cherokee in the region. It was considered part of the Cherokee Nation during the nineteenth century prior to certain treaties and Indian Removal in the 1830s. William Thomas, adopted as a boy by the chief Yonaguska, bought much of the land for use by those Cherokee who remained in North Carolina after removal. Although he had assimilated as a Cherokee, he was white and", "Trail of Tears in what would be later called the American Deep South. The process of cultural transformation, as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox, was gaining momentum, especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw. American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands, while others wanted more land made available to European ('Caucasian'/'white') settlers. Although the effort was vehemently opposed by some, including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee, President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the government to", "Opothleyahola Southeast Indian peoples and forced their emigration to Indian Territory, on what was known as the \"Trail of Tears.\" In 1837, Opothleyahola led 8,000 of his people from Alabama to lands north of the Canadian River in the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. Over time, they began to specialize in stock raising and grain production there. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Opothleyahola and the Muscogee-speaking Creek remained loyal to the federal government. While it had passed legislation for Indian removal, they believed that the pressure for this came from Georgia and the southern populations, so did not support", "Nottely River the Nottely River Basin. In 1838, the Cherokees were removed from Georgia and were forcibly deported to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma.) A historical marker near the Nottely River describes a massive battle in 1755 on Blood Mountain between the Cherokees and the Creeks, in which the Cherokees won all of northern Georgia. After the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the Nottely Basin slowly filled with settlers, many of whom were from Scotland or Ulster. The region was isolated from the remainder of the State of Georgia until the 1920s, when the first paved highways were constructed. Improved highway access during the", "Trail of Tears lu i\" (the trail where they cried). The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River, but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people. The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure, and illegal settlements resulted. Long-simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery", "Chief Vann House Historic Site newly designed museum called the \"Robert E. Chambers Interpretive Center\" in 1999, next to the Vann House. It was opened on July 27, 2002, to honor the Cherokee people and their history. The new center also highlights the lives of Chiefs James and Joseph Vann, as well as featuring the history of the Cherokee Nation over the past 200 years, including the infamous Trail of Tears. Robert E. Chambers was named for supporting the Cherokee, as he was native businessman of Chatsworth. Chief Vann House Historic Site The Chief Vann House is the first brick residence in the Cherokee Nation,", "Andrew Jackson treaty was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren. Subsequently, as many as 4,000 out of 18,000 Cherokees died on the \"Trail of Tears\" in 1838. More than 45,000 American Indians were relocated to the West during Jackson's administration, though a few Cherokees walked back afterwards or migrated to the high Smoky Mountains. The Black Hawk War took place during Jackson's presidency in 1832 after a group of Indians crossed into U.S. territory. In an effort to purge the government of corruption, Jackson launched presidential investigations into all executive Cabinet offices and departments. He believed appointees should be hired on merit", "Attakullakulla the French, who held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of Chota. In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began, Cherokees journeyed to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and Indian strongholds. Cherokees were murdered on their way home by Virginia frontiersmen. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of trade goods as compensation. But", "Cherokee Trail out of Browns Park in 1839. By 1849, three routes suitable for crossing the Continental Divide had been identified: Twin Groves, Wyoming, an unnamed location near present day Rawlings, Wyoming and Bridger's Pass. The Cherokee Trail followed the Twin Groves route. In 1849, Lieutenant Abraham Buford, escorting the mail from Santa Fe to the east, turned south at McPherson, Kansas, to follow the recently blazed Evans/Cherokee Trail with Captain Lewis Evans and Lieutenant Captain Peter Mankins, with 2nd Lieutenant George Van Hoose leading the expedition Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, and then connected with another trail to nearby Fort Smith, Arkansas. Starting", "Ross's Landing as the \"Trail of Tears\"—during which the Cherokee in several southeastern states were driven from their homes. Groups of the natives were staged at various camps, including east of Ross's Landing, for their coming expulsion west. On June 6, 1838, over 1500 Cherokee departed from Ross's Landing in steamboats and barges. A final group of Cherokee left in the Fall of 1838, forced to walk due to the falling levels of water in the river caused by a drought. The westward march of the Cherokee claimed several hundred lives, including Ross' wife, Quatie. The name, \"Ross's Landing,\" was changed to", "Sycamore Shoals State Historic Area 1763, however, which prohibited private purchase of American Indian land, and the Virginia and North Carolina assemblies refused to recognize it. The purchase, nevertheless, led to the blazing of the Wilderness Road by Daniel Boone. In the weeks following the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, a faction of Cherokee opposed to the sale, led by Dragging Canoe, aligned themselves with the British with plans to drive the settlers back across the Appalachian Mountains. The Watauga and Nolichucky settlers organized themselves into the Washington District and formed a Committee of Safety, which acquired arms and built forts, including Fort Watauga. In July", "History of the United States (1789–1849) in what is now the eastern part of Oklahoma. In all, Native American tribes signed 94 treaties during Jackson's two terms, ceding thousands of square miles to the Federal government. The Cherokees insisted on their independence from state government authority and faced expulsion from their lands when a faction of Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, obtaining money in exchange for their land. Despite protests from the elected Cherokee government and many white supporters, the Cherokees were forced to trek to the Indian Territory in 1838. Many died of disease and privation in what became known as", "Oklahoma surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the Southeastern United States. The phrase \"Trail of Tears\" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal. Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 of their black slaves were deported. The area, already occupied by Osage and Quapaw tribes, was called for the Choctaw Nation until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. By 1890, more than 30 Native American nations", "J. B. Milam Sequoyah and his quest to unite Cherokee factions, J. B. Milam funded an expedition to Mexico to find Sequoyah's gravesite. Cherokee and non-Cherokee scholars drove from Oklahoma to Eagle Pass, Texas in January 1939. They discovered what they believed to be his grave near a spring in the Mexican state of Coahuila; however, they could not conclusively prove the grave belonged to Sequoyah. The Cherokee Nation's tribal government had been dismantled by the US Federal government under the Curtis Act of 1898, an amendment to the Dawes Act that applied to the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory in allotting", "Cades Cove water, and other emergency supplies. Gregory's Cave is now securely gated and entrance is by permit only from the National Park Service. Entrance is generally restricted to scientific researchers. Throughout the 18th century, the Cherokee used two main trails to cross the Smokies from North Carolina to Tennessee en route to the Overhill settlements. One was the Indian Gap Trail, which connected the Rutherford Indian Trace in the Balsam Mountains to the Great Indian Warpath in modern-day Sevier County. The other was a lower trail that crested at Ekaneetlee Gap, a col just east of Gregory Bald. This trail traversed", "Trail of Tears Van Buren allowed Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen, army regulars, and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland, Tennessee. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma. Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement. Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease, malnutrition, and exposure during an unusually cold winter. In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins. The march began in Red Clay, Tennessee, the location", "Nickajack Expedition Nickajack Expedition The Nickajack Expedition was a long-running battle fought from late summer to fall of 1794 between American frontiersmen and the Chickamauga Cherokee. The military expedition was a decisive success for the American settlers of the Southwest Territory and surrounding regions, eventually becoming known as the \"Last Battle of the Cherokee\". Following a 1777 peace treaty between Native Americans and the American settlers of the Overhill settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains during the American War of Independence, followers of the Cherokee chief Dragging Canoe (who opposed the peace), separated from the tribe and relocated to what is today", "Moccasin Bend communities began to emphasize hunting for hides as an economic resource, as hides were of great value to French and British settlers. During this time, Cherokee Indians only lightly used Moccasin Bend. Another historical site across Moccasin Bend, possibly constructed in 1805, was the USA Federal Road, used to connect Georgia with Tennessee to the north by transiting through the Cherokee Nation. In 1838, the Cherokee Indians were forced out of their national area by the U.S. Government. Moccasin Bend was not part of the Cherokee Nation in 1838 but was crossed by two departing parties on the Trail of", "Trail of Tears had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under \"Mantle Rock\", a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side, until \"Berry had nothing better to do\". Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross. Several Cherokee were murdered by locals. The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna, suing the government for $35 a head (equal to $ today) to bury the murdered Cherokee. As they crossed southern Illinois, on December 26, Martin Davis, Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel's detachment, wrote: There is the coldest weather in Illinois", "Great Smoky Mountains National Park the region was part of the homeland of the Cherokees. Frontiers people began settling the land in the 18th and early 19th century. In 1830 President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, beginning the process that eventually resulted in the forced removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to what is now Oklahoma. Many of the Cherokee left, but some, led by renegade warrior Tsali, hid out in the area that is now the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Some of their descendants now live in the Qualla Boundary to the south of the park. As", "Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it. Persons who claim under this article shall not lose the privilege of a Choctaw citizen, but if they ever remove are not to be entitled to any portion of the Choctaw annuity. The Choctaw were the first of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" to be removed from the southeastern United States, as the federal and state governments desired Indian lands to accommodate a growing agrarian American society. In 1831, tens of thousands of Choctaw walked the 800-kilometer journey to Oklahoma and many died. Like the", "Blythe Ferry Nancy Fields, around 1809. The ferry was an important river crossing on the \"Great Road\" between Chattanooga and Knoxville. Blythe sold the ferry in 1825, and the Blythe family would make the trek west with the Cherokee in the 1830s. In 1836, the Treaty of New Echota was ratified, transferring all Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River to the United States. The treaty called for a general relocation of the Cherokee Nation to the Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma). In 1838, President Martin Van Buren ordered General Winfield Scott to round up all Cherokees who had not voluntarily made the", "Trail of Tears no measure, in the whole course of [Jackson's] administration, of which he was more exclusively the author than this.\" In the years following the Act, the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia. Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court, the most influential being \"Worcester v. Georgia\" (1832). Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia without a license. Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling, arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the", "John Ross (Cherokee chief) December 29, 1835, requiring the Cherokee to leave by 1838. Neither Ross nor the council approved it, but the Federal government regarded the treaty as valid. It would send the Army to move those who did not depart by 1838 in an action known ever after as the \"Trail of Tears.\" About one-fourth of the Cherokee forced to move died along the trail. The dead included Ross's wife, Quatie. Ross tried unsuccessfully to restore political unity after the arrival in Indian Territory. Unknown people assassinated the leaders of the Treaty Party, except for Stand Watie, who escaped and became Ross's", "Trail of Tears all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government. Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal, and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty. By the end of the decade in 1840, tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River. The Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830. One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as \"A Trail of Tears and", "Occaneechi first written about in 1650, by English explorer Edward Bland. He wrote that they lived on the Trading Path that connected Virginia with the interior of North America. Their position on the Trading Path gave the Occaneechi the power to act as trading \"middlemen\" between Virginia and various tribes to the west. In 1673, Abraham Wood, a Virginian fur trader, sent James Needham and Gabriel Arthur into the southern Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to make direct contact with the Cherokee, thus bypassing the Occaneechi. The party did make contact with the Cherokee. It was not until the last decades", "Trail of Tears Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Ponca, and Ho-Chunk/Winnebago nations. The phrase \"Trail of Tears\" originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes, including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838. The Ho-Chunk Nation/Winnebago were surrounded with cannons ready, then forcibly removed at gunpoint. The first of five Trail of Tears for the Ho-Chunk Nation/Winnebago was to Iowa. Their fifth Trail of Tears culminated in Nebraska, at the current location of the Winnebago Reservation. Between 1830 and 1850, the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people (including mixed-race and black slaves who lived among them) were forcibly removed from", "Cherokee Outlet long. The cities of Enid, Woodward, and Ponca City would later be founded within the boundaries of what had been the Cherokee Outlet. The Cherokee Strip was a two-mile wide piece of land running along the northern border of much of the Cherokee Outlet. It was the result of a surveying error. The whole of the Cherokee Outlet is often called the Cherokee Strip. In 1836, the Treaty of New Echota between the Cherokees and the United States obligated the Cherokees to move west of the Mississippi River to lands assigned them in Indian Territory (later Oklahoma). Their new lands", "United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians Southeast to Indian Territory in what became known as the 1838 Trail of Tears. By the 1880s, all Cherokee people faced increased pressure by the US government for assimilation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cherokee and other Native American children were sent to Indian boarding schools away from home for their education: they were expected to speak only English, were generally prohibited from speaking their own languages, and were expected to adopt Christianity rather than practice native spirituality. The US federal government unilaterally closed and seized Cherokee and other Native American governmental and public institutions through the", "Chickamauga Cherokee Believing that removal was inevitable in the face of settlers' greed, they wanted to try to get the best lands and settlements possible. They moved with followers to Arkansas Territory, establishing what later became known as the Cherokee Nation West. They next moved to Indian Territory following an 1828 treaty between their leaders and the US government. They were called the \"Old Settlers\" in Indian Territory and lived there nearly a decade before the remainder of the Cherokee were forced to join them. Likewise, the remaining leaders of the Lower Towns proved to be the strongest advocates of voluntary westward", "Townsend, Tennessee fortified village near the cove's northern entrance. The Cherokee arrived in the area around 1600, and built a series of small villages along Little River. The name \"Tuckaleechee\" is from the Cherokee \"Tikwalitsi\", and its original meaning is unknown. A branch of the Great Indian Warpath forked at this site, with one branch heading west to the Overhill towns along the Little Tennessee River and another heading south to North Carolina. 19th-century anthropologist James Mooney recounted an attempted raid on the Cherokee villages in Tuckaleechee by the Shawano (Shawnee) in the mid-18th century. The raid was thwarted when a Cherokee", "Trail of Tears violence along the route. In addition, these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year, killing many. Exposure to the elements, disease and starvation, harassment by local frontiersmen, and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one-third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march. There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term \"Trail of Tears\" should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory (as was the stated U.S. policy),", "Cherokee–American wars Cherokee–American wars The Cherokee–American wars, also known as the Chickamauga Wars, were a series of back-and-forth raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1795 between the Cherokee (\"Ani-Yunwiya\", \"Tsalagi\") and the Americans on the frontier. Most of the events took place in the Upper South. While their fight stretched across the entire period, there were times, sometimes ranging over several months, of little or no action. The Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe, whom some historians call \"the Savage Napoleon\", and his warriors and other Cherokee fought alongside and in conjunction with", "Indian reservation Mexico. This march is similar to the well known Cherokee \"Trail of Tears\" and like it, many tribe did not survive the trek. The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive, there were too many people to feed, and they were continuously raided by other native tribes. Consequently, in 1868, the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the Treaty of Bosque Redondo. The treaty officially established the \"Navajo Indian Reservation\" in Northern Arizona. The term reservation is one", "Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) treaties with the Cherokee would not only hurt Cherokee progress in acculturating, but threatened the fabric of the Union. Boudinot's articles recounted the elements of Cherokee assimilation (conversion to Christianity, an increasingly Western-educated population, and a turn toward lives as herdsmen and farmers, etc.) He criticized the \"easy\" way in which treaty language was distorted by Indian Removal advocates for their own purposes. In 1832, while on a speaking tour of the North to raise funds for the \"Phoenix,\" Boudinot learned that, in \"Worcester v. Georgia,\" the US Supreme Court had sustained the Cherokee rights to political and territorial sovereignty", "Thomas Jefferson the Red River, and the Zebulon Pike expedition (1806–1807) into the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest. All three produced valuable information about the American frontier. Jefferson's experiences with the American Indians began during his boyhood in Virginia and extended through his political career and into his retirement. He refuted the contemporary notion that Indians were an inferior people and maintained that they were equal in body and mind to people of European descent. As governor of Virginia during the Revolutionary War, Jefferson recommended moving the Cherokee and Shawnee tribes, who had allied with the British, to west of the Mississippi", "George William Featherstonhaugh with Special Government Agent John Mason, Jr. to attend the Cherokee National Council at Red Clay, TN at the beginning of the crisis that eventually led to the Cherokee Removal, sometimes called the \"Trail of Tears\". He spent more than a month with these Indians, and was an eyewitness of the resistance of Principal Chief John Ross and the Cherokee people to the fraudulent Treaty of New Echota. The public purpose of his visit was to inspect for the Federal government the geology of the mountainous regions of Georgia and North Carolina where gold had been discovered, but there was", "Dragging Canoe left his face marked. According to Cherokee legend, his name is derived from an incident in his early childhood. Wanting to join a war party moving against a neighboring tribe, the Shawnee, his father told him he could stay with the war party as long as he could carry his canoe. He tried to prove his readiness for war by carrying the heavy canoe, but he could only manage to drag it. Dragging Canoe first took part in battle during the Anglo-Cherokee War (1759–1761). In its aftermath, he was recognized as one of the strongest opponents to encroachment by settlers", "Trading Path and later European/European-American settlements occupied key points along the path. That section of the Trading Path through the Carolina piedmont was also known as the Upper Road, and a portion between North Carolina and Georgia was called the Lower Cherokee Traders Path. Both Natives and newcomers mainly used the Trading Path for commercial cargo carriage. In early colonial times, Virginian traders used the path to travel to Native American towns in the Waxhaws. They led long pack caravans of horses carrying \"loads of guns, gunpowder, knives, jewelry, blankets, and hatchets, among other goods\", and travel southwest to Indian villages along", "Winfield Scott charge of enforcing the Treaty of New Echota, including removal of the Cherokees to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Van Buren put Scott in command of the \"Army of the Cherokee Nation\", headquartered at Fort Cass and Fort Butler. Arriving at New Echota, Cherokee Nation, on April 6, 1838, Scott immediately divided the Cherokee Nation into three military districts. He designated May 26, 1838, as the beginning date for the first phase of the removal. The first phase involved the Cherokees in Georgia. Scott wanted Army regulars rather than Georgia militia for this operation, because the militia had personal gains", "Webbers Falls, Oklahoma up land to the Cherokee. In the late 1830s and 1840, the mass of thousands of Cherokee from the Southeast were forcibly moved into Indian Territory as a result of the US policy of Indian Removal. Webber had settled here with some of the first Cherokee to go to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River; it was then considered part of Arkansas Territory. He opened a trading post and a portage service, as well as building a house. Of mixed-race Cherokee-European descent, Webber was married to a full-blood Cherokee. They had adopted many American ways and outfitted their house", "Junaluska incarcerated and held in nearby stockades. One, Fort Montgomery, was located near present day Robbinsville, North Carolina. From this stockade, Junaluska was forced to march to the Indian Territory in present day eastern Oklahoma Junaluska was assigned to Jesse Bushyhead's detachment. About seven weeks into the journey, Junaluska deserted with approximately 50 other Cherokee. He and his band were soon captured and returned to Oklahoma. After several years Junaluska made the trip back to North Carolina on foot. In 1847, after a plea by Col. William Holland Thomas, the state legislature rewarded him for his service by making him a", "Joseph Vann that day, Joseph Vann, were killed. Joseph Vann Joseph H. Vann (11 February 1798 – 23 October 1844) was a Cherokee leader of mixed-race ancestry, a businessman and planter in Georgia, Tennessee and Indian Territory. He owned plantations, many slaves, taverns, and steamboats. In 1837, he moved with several hundred Cherokee to Indian Territory, as he realized they had no choice under the government's Indian Removal policy. He built up his businesses along the major waterways, operating his steamboats on the Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas rivers. Joseph H. Vann was born at Spring Place, Georgia on February 11, 1798.", "History of Oklahoma to move west. The phrase \"Trail of Tears\" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is also used in reference to the Cherokee removal in 1838-39. The Creek refused to relocate and signed a treaty in March 1832 to open up a large portion of their land in exchange for protection of ownership of their remaining lands. The United States failed to protect the Creeks, and in 1837, they were militarily removed without ever signing a treaty. The Chickasaw saw the relocation as inevitable and signed a treaty in 1832 which", "Tsali Tsali Tsali (), originally of Coosawattee Town (\"Kusawatiyi\"), was a noted leader of the Cherokee during two different periods of the history of the tribe. As a young man, he followed the Chickamauga Cherokee war chief, Dragging Canoe, from the time the latter migrated southwest during the Cherokee–American wars. In 1812 he became known as a prophet, urging the Cherokee to ally with the Shawnee Tecumseh in war against the Americans. Later, during the 1830s roundup of Cherokee for Indian Removal, Tsali, his wife and brother, his three sons and their families were taken by surprise and marched at bayonet", "Wilderness Road the Overhill Cherokee area, but Needham was killed on the return trip. Gabriel Arthur was almost killed, but was rescued and adopted by a Cherokee chief. For his own safety, Arthur was then sent with one of the chief's raiding parties. For about a year, he traveled with the Cherokee, throughout the Appalachians. He was probably the first European to visit modern West Virginia and cross the Cumberland Gap. In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker, an investor in the Loyal Land Company, with five companions, made a famous exploration through the Cumberland Gap and into eastern Kentucky. The Loyal Land Company", "Cherokee freedmen controversy law was amended so that the punishment for non-Cherokee citizens teaching blacks was a request for removal from the Cherokee Nation by authorities. After removal to Indian Territory with the Cherokee, enslaved African Americans initiated several revolts and escape attempts, attesting to their desire for freedom. In the Cherokee Slave Revolt of 1842, several African-American slaves in Indian Territory, including 25 held by Cherokee planter Joseph Vann, left their respective plantations near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma to escape to Mexico. The slaves were captured by a Cherokee militia under the command of Captain John Drew of the Cherokee Lighthorse near Fort", "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation a kind of mythic power. It recounted a morning when Cherokee slaveholders could not find their slaves and said that \"hundreds\" had disappeared overnight, rather than the 20 of fact. 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation The 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, then located in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River, was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur among the Cherokee. The slave revolt started on November 15, 1842, when a group of 20 African-American slaves owned by the Cherokee escaped and tried to reach Mexico, where slavery had been abolished", "Evan Jones (missionary) of Foreign Missions that Bushyhead be appointed as an assistant missionary. The appointment was made, and Bushyhead served in this role for the next eleven years. He is said to have been the first Cherokee to have been ordained as a Baptist minister. He continued to work closely with Jones, not only preaching to the Cherokees, but translating the Book of Genesis and other religious books into the Cherokee language, using the Cherokee Syllabary. Jones vehemently opposed the removal of the Cherokees from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to the Indian Territory. Unable to prevent their expulsion,", "Seligman, Missouri as Old Wire Road. This road originally was a trace cut by hundreds of Cherokee in 1838 as they wound their way across Missouri to Tahlequah, Oklahoma as part of the federal government's Indian Removal Act of 1830 or \"Trail of Tears\", which passed about five miles west of the Roller homestead. Shortly thereafter, a telegraph line was built which followed this trail, and Old Wire Road was built following the telegraph line. By 1848 the Butterfield Stage Coach had established a route through the area from St. Louis, Missouri to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and brought even more settlers into the", "Trail of Tears to removal. In North Carolina, about 400 Cherokees, known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee, lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas (who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy), and were thus not subject to removal. Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet, Tsali (who faced a firing squad after capture). These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation.", "Jesse Chisholm either side attempted to contend for control of the territory. He led a band of refugees to the western part of the territory. For some time, they suffered privation, as the trade had dried up during the war, as well. At the end of the war, he settled permanently near present-day Wichita, and recommenced trade into Indian Territory. He built up what had been a military and Indian trail into a road capable of carrying heavy wagons for his goods. This road became known as Chisholm's Trail. Later, when the Texas-to-Kansas cattle drives started, the users of the trail redubbed", "Calhoun, Georgia United States for white settlers in Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, President Andrew Jackson sent US troops to the northern region of Georgia to force most of the tribe to move to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, most notably present-day Oklahoma. (See more information on Trail of Tears.) In December 1827, Georgia had already claimed the Cherokee lands that became Gordon County and other counties. A small town called \"Dawsonville\" was created and founded in the Gordon County, named for the owner of an early general store. Dawsonville was later renamed \"Calhoun\" to honor U.S. Senator John C.", "John Horse the black settlement. John Horse and Barnet settled on a plan which involved getting Marcellus Duval out of the way by inducing him to head off to Florida on a temporary mission which he thought would redound to his interest. To facilitate his agreement to make the trip, Barnet, also affiliated with the Seminole, offered to serve as scout and translator. (Barnet had reasons of his own for remaining behind since he was working to free his son who had been enslaved by two Cherokee brothers on Cherokee land within Indian Territory.) While Duval was gone with Barnet, John Horse", "Indian Territory in the American Civil War into Indian Territory. The expedition encouraged the organization of three Indian Home Guard regiments in support of the Union. Two military engagements were fought at the Cabin Creek Battlefield in the Cherokee Nation within Indian Territory. The location was where the Texas Road crossed Cabin Creek, near the present-day town of Big Cabin, Oklahoma. Both the First and Second Battles of Cabin Creek were launched by the Confederate Army to disrupt Union Army supply trains bound from Fort Scott to Fort Gibson. In the First Battle of Cabin Creek, which occurred July 1–2, 1863, the Union escort was led by", "Sequoyah to resolve the reunification issues. Sequoyah dreamed of seeing the splintered Cherokee Nation reunited. In the spring of 1842, Sequoyah began a trip to locate other Cherokee bands who were believed to have fled to Mexico and attempted to persuade them to return to the Cherokee Nation. He was accompanied by his son, Teesy (Chusaleta), as well as other Cherokees identified as Co-tes-ka, Nu-wo-ta-na, Cah-ta-ta, Co-wo-si-ti, John Elijah, and The Worm. Sometime between 1843 and 1845, he died during a trip to San Fernando de Rosas in Coahuila, Mexico. The village of San Fernando de Rosas was renamed as Zaragoza", "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Georgia in what is now the southeastern United States for thousands of years. In 1542, Hernando de Soto conducted an expedition through the southeastern United States and came into contact with at least three Cherokee villages. The English immigrants to the Carolinas began to trade with the tribe beginning in 1673. By 1711, the English were providing guns to the Cherokees in exchange for their help in fighting the Tuscarora tribe in the Tuscarora War. Cherokee trade with the English colonists of South Carolina and Georgia increased, and in the 1740s the Cherokee began to transition to a commercial hunting", "Timberlake Expedition make the return trip overland with purchased horses from the Cherokee. Ostenaco, accompanied by several hundred Cherokee warriors, guided the Timberlake group northward along what is now known as the Great Indian Warpath, which followed the western base of the Appalachian Mountains. On March 11, the party arrived at the abandoned Cherokee village of Elajoy along the Little River in what is now Maryville, Tennessee. They crossed the French Broad River the following day. A week later, they reached Fort Robinson, which the Stephen garrison had abandoned but where they left behind a large supply of flour. The expedition left", "Cherokee removal Chattanooga, TN and took a northwestern route through eastern Kentucky and southern Illinois before bearing to the southwest near the center of Missouri. The entire trip was roughly 2,200 miles. The Cherokee endured freezing temperatures, snowstorms, and pneumonia. The harshness of the trail and the intense weather conditions claimed around 4,000 lives, although estimates vary. There exist muster rolls for four (Benge, Chuwaluka, G. Hicks, and Hildebrand) of the 12 wagon trains and payrolls of officials for all 13 detachments among the personal papers of Principal Chief John Ross in the Gilcrease Institution in Tulsa, OK. The number of people", "Wheatlands (Sevierville, Tennessee) allowing this shipment of its \"Wheat Whiskey\" to New Orleans. State Highway 338 roughly follows what was once a section of the 18th-century Native American trail known as the Great Indian Warpath. In 1780, John Sevier followed the path across the French Broad River to engage and defeat a Cherokee force at the Battle of Boyd's Creek, which took place at the future site of Wheatlands. Early settlers also followed the trail into the Boyd's Creek area, among them Timothy Chandler, a Revolutionary War veteran from Virginia, who moved his family to Boyd's Creek in 1791. After Timothy Chandler died", "Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren nation, and upon human nature (Emerson, 1271).\" With Andrew Jackson's signing of the Indian Removal Act in May 1830, the Cherokee Nation first embarked on a battle with the United States government and European settlers in a fight for the right to their hunting grounds and areas of residence which spanned across the southeastern United States, primarily Georgia. As matters intensified, a small gang of Cherokees began to think it may be best to submit to a treaty before the government attacked them. Therefore, in December 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed, giving Cherokees two years to prepare", "Lucy Walker steamboat disaster passengers of the new \"Lucy Walker\" in March 1843 were 200 Seminole Indians transported from New Orleans to Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, under charter to the U.S. Army [(1)March 16, 1843]. The Indians had been captured in Florida by the Army as part of federal efforts to remove southern Indian tribes to Indian Territory. Five years earlier, other commercial steamboats had been used by the Army to transport Vann's fellow Cherokees to the West as part of their own Trail of Tears. In 1835, Vann owned 110 African-American slaves at his home \"Diamond Hill\" (see the Chief Vann House) at", "Webbers Falls, Oklahoma US agents and going to Washington, DC for meetings. The Western Cherokee resisted sharing their territory with immigrants to be resettled from the Southeast, as the US government proposed in 1834. They finally agreed that year, in exchange for an increased amount of land and annuities. In the late 1830s and 1840, the mass of thousands of Cherokee from the Southeast were forcibly moved into Indian Territory as a result of the US policy of Indian Removal. \"Rich Joe\" Vann, among the thousands of Cherokee emigrants forced from Georgia during Indian Removal, settled nearby and established a plantation, where he", "James Robertson (explorer) Treaty of Watauga), the Transylvania Company purchased a vast amount of land from the Cherokee, including most of present-day Kentucky and part of Tennessee. The treaty was technically illegal since only the government could have formal transactions and purchase land from Native American tribes. (The British, the colonial governments of Virginia and North Carolina and, later, the United States, all forbade private purchase of land from Indians). During the treaty process, Dragging Canoe, son of Cherokee chief Attacullaculla, made a speech condemning the sale of any Cherokee land, which the tribe held in common for the use of all. He", "Goingsnake Trail of Tears. The initial results were so disastrous that Cherokee leaders, including Goingsnake, successfully petitioned Scott for delays and to allow self-leadership of future detachments. Goingsnake left with the first detachment under Cherokee leadership, which departed on September 28, 1838. Arriving in Indian Territory after a 4-month journey, Goingsnake built his cabin on Ward Branch Creek about 6 miles north of present-day Westville, OK. Goingsnake's last recorded political service was participation in the general convention between the eastern and western Cherokee at Tahlequah, Indian Territory on July 12, 1839 He was 81 years old at that time. Shortly thereafter,", "Washington District, North Carolina District\" was used to refer to North Carolina's holdings west of the Appalachian Mountains. Immediately after the news of the second petition was made known, the Cherokee—from whom the district had originally leased the settlement's land, but who had now allied themselves with the British—launched an all-out invasion against the district, but were soundly defeated. In 1777, the Cherokee signed the \"Treaty of Long Island\", effectively ceding control of the Watauga and Nolichucky valleys to North Carolina. Chief Dragging Canoe (eventual leader of the Chickamauga Cherokee), and his followers, however, vowed to continue to fight. The petition requesting annexation to", "Lake Winfield Scott rank of lieutenant general. By the late 17th century the Cherokee and Creek had begun to compete for the same resources and fought a battle at nearby Slaughter Gap. The Creek lost, ceding the Blood Mountain area to the Cherokee, who considered it a holy place. Archaeological evidence has been discovered that tends to back the story of the battle, but the date of the battle and its participants are still disputed. In 1838, the American Indians were removed from the area by General Winfield Scott and forced westward along the \"Trail of Tears\" Farmers moved in later, and by", "Native American slave ownership slave ownership for several purposes, predominantly as a tactic to assimilate into European colonial society. Most of the indigenous tribes who participated in this practice resided in the Southeast where white European infrastructure thrived off of slave ownership, specifically the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole). Following the Indian removal of the 1830s, these tribes were relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) and brought their slaves with them. Slavery itself was not a new concept to indigenous American peoples as in inter-Native American conflict tribes often kept prisoners of war, but these captures often replaced slain tribe", "Cherokee Outlet in northern Georgia, were forcibly relocated to Indian territory and their new lands. A census in 1835 had counted 16,500 Cherokees. The Cherokee Outlet was little used for decades after its creation. The Cherokees were farmers rather than ranchers or hunters. Moreover, the nomadic and warlike Plains Indians recognized no ownership of the Outlet except by themselves and used the outlet for hunting. They resisted encroachments on their range, whether by whites or other Indians. Consequently, only a few Cherokees took advantage of the outlet to the west of their homes for hunting or to graze cattle. With the coming", "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia also kept the terms of the Holston treaty. In 1817, the Treaty of the Cherokee Agency began the start of the Indian removal era for the Cherokee. The treaty promised an \"acre for acre\" land trade, if the Cherokee would leave their homeland and move to areas west of the Mississippi River. In 1819, the tribal government passed a law prohibiting any additional land cessions, providing for the death penalty for violation of the statute. By the 1820s, most of the Cherokee had adopted a farming lifestyle similar to that of neighboring European Americans. By 1823, the state government and", "William Bartram up the St. Johns River in September and left Florida forever in November, 1774. On April 22, 1775 Bartram left Charleston, South Carolina on horseback to explore the Cherokee Nation. After passing through Augusta May 10, Dartmouth on May 15 (), a few days later he left Fort Prince George and Keowee () after not being able to procure a guide . In addition to his botanizing, Bartram aptly described the journey: …all alone in a wild Indian country, a thousand miles from my native land, and a vast distance from any settlements of white people. It was now after", "Moon-eyed people Congressman in the Second Provincial Congress of Georgia (1775), acted as intermediary between Native American Indians in the state of Georgia and the United States government. In his 1902 \"Myths of the Cherokee\", ethnographer James Mooney described a \"dim but persistent tradition\" of an ancient people who preceded the Cherokee in lower Appalachia and were driven out by them. Accounts often describe them as having white skin and credit them with building the ancient structures in the area. The earliest recorded mention of them appears to be in Benjamin Smith Barton's 1797 book \"New Views of the Origin of the", "Potawatomi Trail of Death \"True Indian Stories\" (1909). It was the single largest Indian removal in the state. Journals, letters, and newspaper accounts of the journey provide details of the route, weather, and living conditions. Eyewitness accounts from those who accompanied the Potawatomi on the march, including as John Tipton, Father Petit, and Judge William Polke (although Polke's journal was written by his agent, Jesse C. Douglass), provide day-to-day descriptions of their experiences. Tipton led the militia as the group's military escort. Judge Polke, from Rochester, Indiana, served as the federal agent for the group and conducted the caravan to Kansas. Father Petit led", "Henry Timberlake Willinawaw. The party sang \"the war-song\" and planted a scalp-filled pole next to the councilhouse door. The Timberlake party had decided to make the return trip overland, having purchased horses from the Cherokee. Ostenaco, accompanied by several hundred Cherokee warriors, guided the Timberlake group northward across what is now known as the Great Indian Warpath, which follows the western base of the Appalachian Mountains. On March 11, the party arrived at the abandoned village of Elajoy along Little River in what is now Maryville, Tennessee, and crossed the French Broad River the following day. A week later, they reached Fort" ]

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[ "Thomas James Maling Thomas James Maling (15 July 1778 – 22 January 1849) was a Royal Navy officer, a captain during Napoleonic Wars and later promoted to Rear-Admiral.", "Napoleonic Wars The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by Great Britain. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon; the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806–7), Fifth (1809), Sixth (1813), and the Seventh and final (1815)." ]

[ "Dummer's War The Dummer's War (1722–1725), also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War or the Wabanaki-New England War of 1722–1725, was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki), who were allied with New France. The eastern theatre of the war was fought primarily along the border between New England and Acadia in present-day Maine as well as in Nova Scotia; the western theatre was fought in northern Massachusetts and Vermont at the border between Canada (New France) and New England. (During this time Massachusetts included present-day Maine and Vermont.)", "Military history of Canada The military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. For thousands of years, the area that would become Canada was the site of sporadic intertribal conflicts among Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, Canada was the site of four colonial wars and two additional wars in Nova Scotia and Acadia between New France and New England; the conflicts spanned almost seventy years, as each allied with various First Nation groups.", "First English Civil War The First English Civil War (1642–1646) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War (or \"Wars\"). \"The English Civil War\" was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War (1648–1649) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651).", "Italian Wars The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and were marked with an increasing number of alliances, counter-alliances, and betrayals.", "Dutch West Indies campaign The Dutch West Indies campaign was a series of minor conflicts in 1781 and 1782, in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War and the Anglo-French War. Following Great Britain's declaration of war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, the commander of the Royal Navy in the West Indies, was notified by a fast-sailing packet of the declaration. He immediately acted to gain control over as many of the Dutch colonies as possible, seizing Sint Eustatius, a vital entrepot of French and Dutch trade with the Americans, in early February 1781. He also captured Saba and Sint Maarten, and orchestrated the seizure of the Dutch colonial outposts of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in South America. A planned expedition by Samuel Hood against Curaçao was called off on rumors that a French fleet was approaching. French action later in 1781 and in 1782 recovered the territories taken by the British, although Sint Eustatius never recovered its importance as a trading point.", "George Nicholas Hardinge Captain George Nicholas Hardinge (11 April 1781 – 8 March 1808) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Possessing an ability to endear himself to senior officers through his intellect and good manners, he served under several important naval commanders, whose patronage allowed him to rise through the ranks. His own skill and bravery were also important factors in his promotion to his own command, a fact he demonstrated in 1804 when he led a daring cutting-out operation against two Dutch ships. Promotion to post captain left him temporarily without a command, and he was to be disappointed in a number of the ships he was offered when they turned out to be either unfit for service, or still under construction. Having ended up in the East Indies he was forced to make do with an elderly frigate he had first served on as a midshipman much earlier in his career. While commanding this ship he fought an action with a superior French opponent, and after a gruelling three-day battle the British were victorious and the French captain surrendered. Hardinge did not live to see the moment, having been killed by grapeshot shortly before. He was buried with full military honours and monuments to his memory were erected in St. Thomas Cathedral, Bombay and St Paul's Cathedral, London.", "Timeline of the Irish Confederate Wars Presented below is a chronology of the major events of the Irish Confederate Wars from 1641-1653. This conflict is also known as the Eleven Years War. The conflict began with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ended with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53).", "Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605) The Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605) (Burmese: ယိုးဒယား-မြန်မာစစ် (၁၅၄၈) ; Thai: สงครามพม่า-สยาม พ.ศ. 2091 or สงครามสยามรุกรานพม่า, lit. \"Siam invasion of Burma\") was the war fought between the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.", "Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) The Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) occurred during King George's War from 19 July until 5 September 1745. Three weeks after the British Siege of Louisbourg (1745), the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia retaliated by attacking New England settlements along the coast of present-day Maine below the Kennebec River, the former border of Acadia. They attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Berwick and St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine), within two months there were 11 raids - every town on the frontier had been attacked. Casco (also known as Falmouth and Portland) was the principal settlement.", "Third English Civil War The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the last of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.", "Thomas Trigge General Sir Thomas Trigg(e) {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (c.1742 – 11 January 1814) fought during the Seven Years' War and commanded the 12th Regiment of Foot during the Great Siege of Gibraltar and was briefly a Lieutenant Governor of Gibraltar. He captured Suriname and several of the Leeward Islands.", "Sir Peter Halkett, 6th Baronet Admiral Sir Peter Halkett, 6th Baronet (\"c.\" 1765 – 7 October 1839) was a senior Royal Navy officer of the early nineteenth century who is best known for his service in the French Revolutionary Wars. The younger son a Scottish baronet, Halkett joined the Navy and by 1793 was a lieutenant, becoming a post captain after service at the Siege of Williamstadt in the Netherlands. He later commanded the frigate HMS \"Circe\" during the Battle of Camperdown in 1797 and later achieved success in the Caribbean in command of HMS \"Apollo\". He was made a rear-admiral in 1812, but his first major command was in the West Indies in 1836, lasting two years. Shortly before his death he inherited the Halkett Baronetcy from his brother Charles, later passing it to his son John.", "Thomas Graves (Royal Navy officer) Sir Thomas Graves KB (c.1747 – 29 March 1814) was an officer of the Royal Navy who rose to the rank of admiral after service in the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.", "Sheep Wars The Sheep Wars, or the Sheep and Cattle Wars, refers to a series of armed conflicts in the Western United States which were fought between sheepmen and cattlemen over grazing rights. Sheep wars occurred in many western states though they were most common in Texas, Arizona and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado. Generally, the cattlemen saw the sheepherders as invaders, who destroyed the public grazing lands, which they had to share on a first-come, first-served basis. Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 120 engagements occurred in eight different states or territories. At least 54 men were killed and some 50,000 to over 100,000 sheep were slaughtered.", "Malta War The Malta War was a local conflict over land titles in what is now the state of Maine, reaching its peak in 1808 and 1809. The episode was near the town of Malta, now Windsor, Maine.", "Robert Carthew Reynolds Rear-Admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds (\"bap.\" 30 July 1745 – 24 December 1811) was a long serving and widely respected officer of the British Royal Navy who served in four separate major wars in a 52-year career. During this time he saw only one major battle, although was engaged in one of the most noted frigate actions of the French Revolutionary Wars, the destruction of the \"Droits de l'Homme\", in which his own frigate was driven ashore and wrecked. Reynolds died in 1811 during a great storm in late December, which scattered his convoy and wrecked three ships of the line including his own flagship HMS \"St George\". Over 2,000 British sailors, including Reynolds, were drowned.", "Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.", "First Anglo-Maratha War The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai.", "James Gibson (seaman) James Gibson (1700 – 1752) was a British ship Captain who became a merchant in the British Colonies of Jamaica and the Province of Massachusetts Bay. During King George's War(1744–1748), William Shirley, the Governor of Massachusetts, debated whether to siege and capture the French Fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. According to Gibson's journal, he convinced Governor Shirley that the siege would be successful, and used his personal wealth to provide three hundred soldiers for the campaign. Gibson wrote an account of the Siege of Louisburg and it was published in London in late 1745.", "HMS Phoebe (1795) HMS \"Phoebe\" was a 36-gun fifth rate of the British Royal Navy. She had a career of almost twenty years and fought in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. Overall, her crews were awarded six clasps to the Naval General Service Medals, with two taking place in the French Revolutionary Wars, three during the Napoleonic Wars and the sixth in the War of 1812. Three of the clasps carried the name \"Phoebe\". During her career, \"Phoebe\" sailed to the Mediterranean, the Baltic, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, North America and South America." ]

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[ "Two people browse products at a big box store." ]

[ "A man and a little boy stand in a jewelry shop.", "An aggressive chihuahua and German shephard are fighting.", "The dog is jumping.", "A child is outdoors.", "People watch a skateboarder.", "Legislation requires that agricultural employers try to recruit U.S. workers first and if they still need workers then can open up employment to foreign workers.", "Critics accurately describe them as being very awkward indeed." ]

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[ "African wax prints with new designs. African wax prints African Wax Prints also known as Ankara and Dutch wax prints are omnipresent and common materials for clothing in Africa, especially West Africa. They are industrially produced, colorful cotton cloths with batik-inspired printing. One feature of these materials is the lack of difference in the color intensity of front and back side. The wax fabric can be sorted into categories of quality due to the processes of manufacturing. Normally, the fabrics are sold in 12 yards as \"full piece\" or 6 yards as \"half piece\". The colors comply with the local preferences of the", "African wax prints African wax prints African Wax Prints also known as Ankara and Dutch wax prints are omnipresent and common materials for clothing in Africa, especially West Africa. They are industrially produced, colorful cotton cloths with batik-inspired printing. One feature of these materials is the lack of difference in the color intensity of front and back side. The wax fabric can be sorted into categories of quality due to the processes of manufacturing. Normally, the fabrics are sold in 12 yards as \"full piece\" or 6 yards as \"half piece\". The colors comply with the local preferences of the customers. Mainly clothing", "Textile requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dyeing), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached,", "African wax prints produced 58.8 million yards (53.8 million meters), of fabric in 2011. The net sales were €225 million, or $291.65 million. In 2014 all of its 70 million yards of fabric (about 64 million meters) are produced in the Netherlands. In 2014 Vlisco made a turnover of 300 million euros. The process to make wax print is originally influenced by batik, an Indonesian (Javanese) method of dyeing cloth by using wax-resist techniques. For batik, wax is melted and then patterned across the blank cloth. From there, the cloth is soaked in dye, which is prevented from covering the entire cloth by", "African wax prints labor-intensive work required to make the real thing. Prévinaire's attempt, part of a broader movement of industrial textile innovation in Haarlem, was the most successful. By 1854 he had modified a Perrotine, the mechanical block-printing machine invented in 1834 by Louis-Jérôme Perrot, to instead apply a resin to both sides of the cloth. This mechanically applied resin took the place of the wax in the batik process. Another method, used by several factories including Prévinaire's and van Vlissingen's, used the roller printing technology invented in Scotland in the 1780s. Unfortunately for the Dutch, these imitation wax-resist fabrics did not successfully", "Fashion in Nigeria for weaving. In towns like Oyo and Ilorin, the people plant, cultivate and harvest cotton fibres. They also spin and dye. Ankara fabric, not referring to the capital of Turkey of the same name, is a 100% cotton fabric filled with vibrant patterns and African motifs. It is commonly referred to as Dutch wax or Holland wax, African print, or African wax prints. Ankara print Fabrics are made through an Indonesian wax-resist dyeing technique called Batik.In this technique, methods are used to \"resist\" the dye from reaching all the cloth, thereby creating a pattern. The lack of divergence in color", "Batik and more vibrant than deep coloured Javanese batik. The most popular motifs are leaves and flowers. Malaysian batik often displays plants and flowers to avoid the interpretation of human and animal images as idolatry, in accordance with local Islamic doctrine. However, the butterfly theme is a common exception. Indians are known to use resist method of printing designs on cotton fabrics, which can be traced back 2000 years. Initially, wax and even rice starch were used for printing on fabrics. Until recently batik was made only for dresses and tailored garments, but modern batik is applied in numerous items, such", "African wax prints the wax. If additional colors are required, the wax-and-soak process is repeated with new patterns. During the Dutch colonization of Indonesia, Dutch merchants and administrators became familiar with the batik technique. Thanks to this contact, the owners of textile factories in the Netherlands, such as Jean Baptiste Theodore Prévinaire and Pieter Fentener van Vlissingen, received examples of batik textiles by the 1850s if not before, and started developing machine printing processes which could imitate batik. They hoped that these much cheaper machine-made imitations could outcompete the original batiks in the Indonesian market, effecting the look of batik without all the" ]

[ "Textile printing Textile printing Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fibre, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but in dyeing properly the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, whereas in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns. In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens can be used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain dyes thickened", "Fashion in Nigeria intensity helps with the determination of the (front) right and (back) wrong side of the fabric. Ankara print fabrics are most often sold in 12 yards as \"full piece\" or 6 yards as \"half piece\". The fabric company/producer, The type of fabric/product and registration number is printed on the selvage of the fabric, to notify people of the quality and to protect the designs from imitators. The wax fabric can be sorted into categories of quality due to the processes of manufacturing. The colors comply with the local preferences of the costumers. Some wax prints can be named after personalities,", "History of printing in East Asia century but was not fully adopted until centuries later. Traditionally, there have been two main printing techniques in Asia: woodblock printing (xylography) and moveable type printing. In the woodblock technique, ink is applied to letters carved upon a wooden board, which is then pressed onto paper. With moveable type, the board is assembled using different lettertypes, according to the page being printed. Wooden printing was used in the East from the 8th century onwards, and moveable metal type came into use during the 12th century. The earliest specimen of woodblock printing on paper, whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed", "Rogan printing and a binding agent; the resulting paint is thick and shiny. The cloth that is painted or printed on is usually a dark color, which makes the intense colors stand out. In rogan printing, the pattern is applied using metal blocks with patterns carved into them. In rogan painting, elaborate designs are produced freehand, by trailing thread-like strands of paint off of a stylus. Frequently, half of a design is painted, then the cloth is folded in half, transferring a mirror image to the other half of the fabric. The designs include floral motifs, animals, and local folk art. Rogan", "African wax prints selvage. Even the fancy fabrics vary with a certain fashion. The fabrics are limited to amount and design and are sometimes exclusively sold in own shops. At first the Fancy Prints were made with engraved metal rollers but more recently they are produced using rotary screen-printing process. The production of these imitation wax print fabrics, allow those who cannot afford the European imported wax prints to be able to purchase these. The fancy print designs often mimic or copy the designs of existing wax print designs but as they are cheaper to make, manufacturers tend to take risks and experiment", "African wax prints Vlissingen's company. In 1927, van Vlissingen's company rebranded as Vlisco. Before the 1960s most of the African wax fabric sold in West and Central Africa was manufactured in Europe. Today, Africa is home to the production of high quality wax prints. Manufacturers across Africa include ABC Wax, Woodin, Uniwax, Akosombo Textiles Limited (ATL), and GTP (Ghana Textiles Printing Company); the latter three being part a part of the Vlisco Group. These companies have helped reduce the prices of African wax prints in the continent when compared to European imports. The costly produced wax fabrics are increasingly imitated by alternative ways", "Resist dyeing wax or some form of paste is applied to cloth before being dipped in dye. Wherever the wax has seeped through the fabric, the dye will not penetrate. Sometimes several colors are used, with a series of dyeing, drying and waxing steps. The wax may also be applied to another piece of cloth to make a stencil, which is then placed over the cloth, and dye applied to the assembly; this is known as resist printing. Stencils: a stencil is placed over the fabric where it is to be shielded from ink, similar to how screen prints are made. Mechanical:", "Digital textile printing Digital textile printing Digital textile printing is described as any ink jet based method of printing colorants onto fabric. Most notably, digital textile printing is referred to when identifying either printing smaller designs onto garments (T-shirts, dresses, promotional wear; abbreviated as DTG, which stands for Direct to Garment) and printing larger designs onto large format rolls of textile. The latter is a growing trend in visual communication, where advertisement and corporate branding is printed onto polyester media. Examples are: flags, banners, signs, retail graphics. Types of printing can be divided into: Digital textile printing started in the late 1980s as", "Microcrystalline wax the potentially unstable natural waxes that were previously used such as beeswax and carnauba. Microcrystalline waxes are excellent materials to use when modifying the crystalline properties of paraffin wax. The microcrystalline wax has significantly more branching of the carbon chains that are the backbone of paraffin wax. This is useful when some desired functional changes in the paraffin are needed, such as flexibility, higher melt point, and increased opacity. They are also used as slip agents in printing ink. Microcrystalline wax is used in sports too, specifically in ice hockey and snowboarding. It is applied to the friction tape of", "Ski wax Ski wax Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of snow runners, including skis, snowboards, and toboggans, to improve their coefficient of friction performance under varying snow conditions. The two main types of wax used on skis are glide waxes and grip waxes. They address kinetic friction—to be minimized with a glide wax—and static friction—to be achieved with a grip wax. Both types of wax are designed to be matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size, and moisture content of the snow surface, which vary with temperature and the temperature history of the", "African wax prints of manufacturing. The so-called \"fancy fabrics\" are produced in a printing procedure. Costly designs are printed digitally. Fancy fabrics in general are cheap, industrially produced imitations of the wax prints and are based on industry print. Fancy fabrics are also called imiwax, Java print, roller print, le fancy or le légos. These fabrics are produced for mass consumption and stand for ephemerality and caducity. Fancy Fabrics are more intense and rich in colors than wax prints and are printed on only one side. As for wax prints, producer, product name and registration number of the design are printed on the", "Textile printing allowing the designer to dye color upon color. These dyes are intended mostly for silk scarf dyeing. They also dye bamboo, rayon, linen, and some other natural fabrics like hemp and wool to a lesser extent, but do not set on cotton. Textile printing Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fibre, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but in dyeing properly the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, whereas in printing one", "Digital textile printing On 2015, the industry is valued at approximately US$7.5billion globally. The worldwide digital textile printing market for garment, home décor and industrial applications is experiencing strong growth of around 34% CAGR to 2019. Digital textile printing Digital textile printing is described as any ink jet based method of printing colorants onto fabric. Most notably, digital textile printing is referred to when identifying either printing smaller designs onto garments (T-shirts, dresses, promotional wear; abbreviated as DTG, which stands for Direct to Garment) and printing larger designs onto large format rolls of textile. The latter is a growing trend in visual communication,", "Marko (fabric) contact with flames and at least one type of heat. Heat contact may take the form of convective, radiant or contact heat, an electric arc, splashes of molten metal, or certain combinations of these types. Marko fabrics must also comply with other standards and are therefore tested for tear resistance, tear strength, burst strength and seam strength. The Marko trademark was later applied to new designs that were developed to address specific risks in the workplace. These include: Marko (fabric) Marko (UNE EN 11612) is a registered trademark for a group of flame retardant fabrics used in the manufacture of", "Thermal-transfer printing acceptable in quality, the printouts from these printers cannot compare with modern inkjet printers and color laser printers. Currently, this type of printer is rarely used for full-page printing, but is now employed for industrial label printing due to its waterfastness and speed. These printers are considered highly reliable due to their small number of moving parts. Printouts from color thermal printers using wax are sensitive to abrasion, as the wax ink can be scraped, rubbed off, or smeared. However, wax-resin compounds and full resins can be used on materials such as polypropylene or polyester in order to increase durability.", "Printing industry in India Printing industry in India The printing industry in India is an important industry in that country. Printing means, producing reproductions of written material or images in multiple copies. There are four traditional types of printing: relief printing (with which this article is mainly concerned), intaglio, lithography, and screen process printing. Relief printing encompasses type, stereotype, electrotype, and letterpress. Flexographic printing is a form of rotary letterpress printing using flexible rubber plates and rapid-drying inks. Printing and Print – Packaging industry in India is growing; people are taking keen interest in this key industry now. There are more than 36 printing", "Printing are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, the technique of metal block printing remained unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China. Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium", "Printing print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock. The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print \"per hour\". All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output: After the information has been prepared for production (the prepress step), each printing process has definitive means of separating the image from the non-image areas. Conventional printing has four types of process: Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. A worker composes and locks movable type into the bed", "History of printing in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by chasing or sometimes a combination of lost-wax casting and chasing. In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as old master prints in Germany in the 1430s. Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing", "Thermal-transfer printing discarded and replaced with a new one. If one were to hold a strip of used carbon ribbon up to the light, one would see an exact negative of the images that have been printed. The main benefit of using a one-trip thermal transfer ribbon is that providing the correct settings are applied prior to printing, a 100% density of printed image is guaranteed, in contrast to a pre-inked ribbon on a dot-matrix impact printer ribbon, which gradually fades with usage. Thermal-printing technology can be used to produce color images by adhering a wax-based ink onto paper. As the paper", "History of printing in East Asia not so important. The spread of printing outside Buddhist circles didn't develop until the end of the 16th century. The westward movement of printing started from eastern Turkestan where printing in the Uyghur language appeared in about 1300, though the page numbers and descriptions are in Chinese. Both blocks and moveable type printing has been discovered at Turfan as well as several hundred wooden type for Uighur. After the Mongols conquered Turfan, a great number of Uighurs were recruited into the Mongol army and after the Mongols incorporated Persia in the middle of the 13th century, paper money was printed", "Spoonflower the largest collection of independent fabric designers in the world. Spoonflower's digital textile printers are large-format inkjet printers specially modified to run fabric. Unlike conventional textile manufacturing, digital printing entails very little waste of fabric, ink, water or electricity. Spoonflower prints using eco-friendly, water-based inks on natural and synthetic fiber textiles. No additional chemicals are used in the printing or preparation process. This type of printing has the added advantages of showing greater design detail than screen printing, as well as allowing designers the ability to use as many colors as they like in their designs. All Spoonflower fabric gets", "Tension fabric building the nature of being a pre-engineered building. Some manufacturers produce tension fabric buildings spanning up to 300 feet wide and to almost any length. Buildings can be designed to be portable, mounted on wheels or other rolling crane-type designs fitted to the base-plates, or lifting in modules by overhead cranes. Industrial strength fabric, some of which can have life expectancies of 20–30 years, have been used for many applications. Fabric's life expectancy is affected by local environmental factors (e.g. sunlight, temperature, wind, air quality) and occupancy conditions (e.g. humidity, chemical vapours). The current structural membranes available are made of PVC", "History of printing in East Asia characters called Hangul for use by the common people, which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible. Though the Jesuits operated a Western movable type printing-press in Nagasaki, Japan, printing equipment brought back by Toyotomi Hideyoshi's army in 1593 from Korea had far greater influence on the development of the medium. Four years later, Tokugawa Ieyasu, even before becoming \"shōgun\", effected the creation of the first native movable type, using wooden type-pieces rather than metal. He oversaw the creation of 100,000 type-pieces, which were used to print a number of political and historical texts. An edition of", "Mr. Zog's Sex Wax stick\", included innuendos of non-surfing uses. The materials confirmed their counterculture status by being banned from schools and amusement parks. Different wax formulations are sold under the names: \"Quick Humps\", \"Really Tacky\", and \"Navel Wax\". A snowboard wax is sold by Mr. Zog's, which is applied to the bottom of a snowboard to reduce friction between the snowboard and the snow. One variety is melted and applied to the bottom of the snowboard, another variety is rubbed on as a cold wax. Mr. Zog's Sex Wax is also sold to ice hockey players. The wax is applied by rubbing it", "Warp printing in France in the eighteenth century. Warp printing Warp printing is a fabric production method which combines textile printing and weaving to create a distinctively patterned fabric, usually in silk. The warp threads of the fabric are printed before weaving to create a softly blurred, vague pastel-coloured pattern. It was particularly fashionable in the eighteenth century for summer wear. The silk and taffeta fabrics produced by this technique have a variety of names, including chiné, Pompadour taffeta (after Madame de Pompadour) and chiné à la branche. Chiné velvet was also possible, although the technique was very difficult and expensive and", "Warp printing Warp printing Warp printing is a fabric production method which combines textile printing and weaving to create a distinctively patterned fabric, usually in silk. The warp threads of the fabric are printed before weaving to create a softly blurred, vague pastel-coloured pattern. It was particularly fashionable in the eighteenth century for summer wear. The silk and taffeta fabrics produced by this technique have a variety of names, including chiné, Pompadour taffeta (after Madame de Pompadour) and chiné à la branche. Chiné velvet was also possible, although the technique was very difficult and expensive and only made in a few places", "Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum The Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum was founded in 2000 and is located in Two Rivers, Wisconsin, United States. The museum is run by the Two Rivers Historical Society. It is dedicated to the preservation, study, production and printing of wood type used in letterpress printing. The museum is located in a factory building of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company founded in 1880 by J.E. Hamilton. The museum has a collection of over 1.5 million pieces in more than 1,000 styles of wood type. Also included are presses and vintage prints. The museum holds", "African wax prints in order to form cracks or lines that are known as ‘crackles’. The English- and Dutch-produced fabrics tended to have more cracking in the resin than those produced in Switzerland. Due to the lengthy stages of its production, wax prints are more expensive to make than other commercial printed fabrics but their finished designs are clear on both sides and have distinct colour combinations. After a merger in 1875, the company founded by Prévinaire became Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij (Haarlem Cotton Company). The Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij went bankrupt during the First World War, and its copper roller printing cylinders were bought by van", "Printing Printing Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 AD. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and", "Waterproof fabric Waterproof fabric Waterproof fabrics are fabrics that are inherently, or have been treated to become, resistant to penetration by water and wetting. The term \"waterproof\" refers to conformance to a governing specification and specific conditions of a laboratory test method. They are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated with a waterproofing material such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), silicone elastomer, fluoropolymers, and wax. Treatment could be either of the fabric during manufacture or of completed products after manufacture, for instance by a waterproofing spray. Examples include the rubberised fabric used in Mackintosh jackets,", "History of printing in East Asia composit a page from so many different types. However, if one was to use movable type for multitudes of the same document, the speed of printing would be relatively quicker. Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling, repeated printing wore the character faces down, and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces. Bronze movable type printing was invented in China no later than the 12th century, according to at least 13 material finds in China, in large scale bronze plate printing of paper money and formal official documents issued by Jin", "Chiffon (fabric) to stop the fabric from fraying. Chiffon is smoother and more lustrous than the similar fabric georgette. In African countries, such as Eritrea and Ethiopia, traditional ankle-length gowns are often made of chiffon which comes in many different designs and colors. In India, chiffon is a commonly used fabric for Sarees. Chiffon (fabric) Chiffon (; , (French ' cloth, or rag; Arabic ' transparent, diaphanous, translucent fabric, or gauze; ( \"\" s.th.) to shimmer through, reveal) is a lightweight, balanced plain-woven sheer fabric, or gauze, woven of alternate S- and Z-twist crepe (high-twist) yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns", "Printing press adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process. Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed. The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty, and was later used in", "History of printing in East Asia the Confucian \"Analects\" was printed in 1598 using metal moveable type printing equipment at the order of Emperor Go-Yōzei. This document is the oldest work of Japanese moveable type printing extant today. Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, it was soon decided that the running script style of Japanese writings would be better reproduced using woodblocks, and so woodblocks were once more adopted; by 1640 they were once again being used for nearly all purposes. Despite the introduction of movable type from the 11th century, printing using woodblocks remained dominant in East Asia until the introduction of lithography and", "History of printing yinshua\" 雕版印刷), known as xylography today, was the first method of printing applied to a paper medium. It became widely used throughout East Asia both as a method for printing on textiles and later, under the influence of Buddhism, on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to about 220. \"Ukiyo-e\" is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print. Most European uses of the technique on paper are covered by the term woodcut (see below), except for the block-books produced mainly in the fifteenth century. According to southern Chinese histories,", "History of printing in East Asia History of printing in East Asia Printing in East Asia evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tables in China during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 CE). Mechanical woodblock printing on paper started in China during the Tang dynasty before the 8th century CE. Use of woodblock printing quickly spread to other East Asian countries. While the Chinese used only clay and wood movable type at first, use of metal movable type was pioneered in Korea by the 13th century. The Western-style printing press became known in East Asia by the 16th", "Digital textile printing prone to stains and it will last longer. However, digital textile printing fabric will fade out with repeated washings, so it should be labeled as dry cleaning only, and the best way is washing by hand with cold water or using washing machine with gentle cycle and use mild detergent. An alternative which does not require expensive equipment and dyes is Inkjet Fabric Printing which uses a standard inkjet printer (e.g. HP, Epson, Canon, Lexmark) and specially treated, paper-backed fabric sheets. Inkjet fabric sheets are currently available in cotton, bamboo and silk on Amazon and other websites. The removable paper", "Fabric structure Fabric structure In architecture, fabric structures are forms of constructed fibers that provide end users a variety of aesthetic free-form building designs. Custom-made fabric structures are engineered and fabricated to meet worldwide structural, flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural force requirements. Fabric structures are considered a sub-category of tensile structure. A fabric structure's material selection, proper design, engineering, fabrication, and installation are integral components to ensuring a sound structure. Most fabric structures are composed of actual fabric rather than meshes or films. Typically, the fabric is coated and laminated with synthetic materials for increased strength, durability, and environmental resistance. Among the", "Movable type were used in Mesopotamia to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay. They were used to \"sign\" documents and mark objects as the owner's property. Cylinder seals were a related form of early typography capable of printing small page designs in relief (\"cameo\") on wax or clay—a miniature forerunner of rotogravure printing used by wealthy individuals to seal and certify documents. By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens. The designs of the artists who made the first coin punches were stylized", "Wax lips Although they were intended to be used as a sort of chewing gum after the novelty of the gag wore off, the lips were often simply discarded rather than eaten. The original design of wax lips is proprietary. The patent was obtained by Concord Confections, Ltd. in 2002, and that company was in turn acquired by Tootsie Roll Industries in 2004. The lips are now produced under the Wack-O-Wax brand name. Other designs include the wax fangs design, which depicts open lips with a mouthful of bloody vampire teeth, black wax moustaches, and lips with protruding buck teeth. Although their", "Stereotype (printing) Stereotype (printing) In printing, a stereotype, also known as a cliché, stereoplate or simply a stereo, was a \"solid plate of type metal, cast from a papier-mâché or plaster mould (called a flong) taken from the surface of a forme of type\" and used for printing instead of the original. In the days of set movable type, printing involved placing individual letters (called types) plus other elements (including leading and furniture) into a block called a chase. Cumulatively, this full setup for printing a single page was called a forme. Ink was then applied to the forme, pressed against paper", "Stereotype (printing) Stereotype (printing) In printing, a stereotype, also known as a cliché, stereoplate or simply a stereo, was a \"solid plate of type metal, cast from a papier-mâché or plaster mould (called a flong) taken from the surface of a forme of type\" and used for printing instead of the original. In the days of set movable type, printing involved placing individual letters (called types) plus other elements (including leading and furniture) into a block called a chase. Cumulatively, this full setup for printing a single page was called a forme. Ink was then applied to the forme, pressed against paper", "History of printing in East Asia half of the 19th century by western-style printing, initially lithography. Bi Sheng (毕昇) (990–1051) developed the first known movable-type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the Northern Song dynasty, using ceramic materials. As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo (沈括) (1031–1095): In 1193, Zhou Bida, an officer of Southern Song Dynasty, made a set of clay movable-type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his \"Dream Pool Essays\", and printed his book \"Notes of The Jade Hall\" (《玉堂杂记》). Clay type printing was practiced in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty.", "Madurai Sungudi this fabric, \"sungudi\" as it is commonly known, is made with modern designs and techniques of block printing, wax printing and screen printing. The Madurai Sungudi, produced in Madurai city, a cottage industry product, is given protection under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the Government of India. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title \"Madurai Sungudi\" and recorded under GI Application number 21, Class 24 - Textile and Textile Goods and Class 25 – Clothing including Sarees and Rumal, as a textile product. The", "Printing of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or laser ablation. Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic", "Ski wax that factors other than wax are much more important in reducing friction on cross-country skate skis—the curvature of the ski and snow conditions. Glide wax can be applied to alpine skis, snowboards, skate skis, classic skis, back-country skis, and touring skis. Traditional waxes comprise solid hydrocarbons. High-performance \"fluorocarbon\" waxes also contain fluorine which substitute some fraction of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbons with fluorine atoms to achieve lower coefficients of friction and high water-repellency than the pure hydrocarbon wax can achieve. Wax is adjusted for hardness to minimize sliding friction as a function of snow properties, which include the", "Wax used in shoe polishes, wood polishes, and automotive polishes, as mold release agents in mold making, as a coating for many cheeses, and to waterproof leather and fabric. Wax has been used since antiquity as a temporary, removable model in lost-wax casting of gold, silver and other materials. Wax with colorful pigments added has been used as a medium in encaustic painting, and is used today in the manufacture of crayons, china markers and colored pencils. Carbon paper, used for making duplicate typewritten documents was coated with carbon black suspended in wax, typically montan wax, but has largely been superseded", "African wax prints for celebrations is made out of these. The wax prints are part of a nonverbal way of communication among African women, and hereby they carry their message out into the world. Some wax prints can be named after personalities, cities, building, sayings or occasions. The producer, name of the product and registration number of the design is printed on the selvage, protecting the design and allowing reading the quality of the fabric. The wax fabrics constitute capital goods for the African women. Therefore, they are collected depending on the financial possibilities. The design of the wax print fabrics already has", "Typometry (printing) Typometry (printing) Typometry was a short-lived relief printing technique developed during the 18th and 19th centuries to compose maps, drawings and other designs, using moveable type to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols. During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps", "Sugarcane wax because of their very similar chemical structure by E. Krendlinger and M. Neumaier. Currently, nutritional supplements containing polycosanols for lowering the cholesterol levels are offered in a wide range. Sugarcane wax is not only suitable for technical applications but also for applications in the food industry. So, sugarcane wax can be used as care product (shoe, floor and car care), in the leather and plastics industry as well as for applications in the additive and cosmetics industry. Furthermore, it is applicable in the paints and printing inks industry and for the production of candles. Sugarcane wax Sugarcane wax is a", "Crypton (fabric) contains no volatile organic compounds nor formaldehyde. It was developed in 1993. Crypton (fabric) Crypton is a name for a patented technology for the treatment of fabric to prevent it from becoming stained and to resist and inhibit the growth of bacteria. It is commonly used in the upholstery industry, and is popularly used in hotels and on cruise ships. Fabrics which are subjected to this technology become what the manufacturer describes as \"Crypton Super Fabrics\", and become able to resist penetration by water such that any water-based liquids which are applied to the fabric do not soak into it", "Fabric structure large ignition source is present. Of course, other properties must be factored in when determining a material's suitability for a structure. To fully understand a fabric's value and usefulness, consider the following: Fabric structure In architecture, fabric structures are forms of constructed fibers that provide end users a variety of aesthetic free-form building designs. Custom-made fabric structures are engineered and fabricated to meet worldwide structural, flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural force requirements. Fabric structures are considered a sub-category of tensile structure. A fabric structure's material selection, proper design, engineering, fabrication, and installation are integral components to ensuring a sound structure.", "Crypton (fabric) Crypton (fabric) Crypton is a name for a patented technology for the treatment of fabric to prevent it from becoming stained and to resist and inhibit the growth of bacteria. It is commonly used in the upholstery industry, and is popularly used in hotels and on cruise ships. Fabrics which are subjected to this technology become what the manufacturer describes as \"Crypton Super Fabrics\", and become able to resist penetration by water such that any water-based liquids which are applied to the fabric do not soak into it and do not penetrate any material underneath (such as a cushion). Crypton", "Woodblock printing in Japan Woodblock printing in Japan Woodblock printing in Japan (, mokuhanga) is a technique best known for its use in the \"ukiyo-e\" artistic genre of single sheets, but it was also used for printing books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868). Although similar to woodcut in Western printmaking in some regards, the mokuhanga technique differs in that it uses water-based inks—as opposed to western woodcut, which often uses oil-based inks. The Japanese water-based", "Woodblock printing in Japan Woodblock printing in Japan Woodblock printing in Japan (, mokuhanga) is a technique best known for its use in the \"ukiyo-e\" artistic genre of single sheets, but it was also used for printing books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868). Although similar to woodcut in Western printmaking in some regards, the mokuhanga technique differs in that it uses water-based inks—as opposed to western woodcut, which often uses oil-based inks. The Japanese water-based", "Textile printing A blade (squeegee) squeezes the printing paste through openings in the screen onto the fabric. Digital textile printing is often referred to as direct-to-garment printing, DTG printing, or digital garment printing. It is a process of printing on textiles and garments using specialized or modified inkjet technology. Inkjet printing on fabric is also possible with an inkjet printer by using fabric sheets with a removable paper backing. Today, major inkjet technology manufacturers can offer specialized products designed for direct printing on textiles, not only for sampling but also for bulk production. Since the early 1990s, inkjet technology and specially developed", "Hydrographics (printing) can be either too much activator being applied or too little. Hydrographics (printing) Hydrographics or HydroGraphics, also known as immersion printing, water transfer printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping, watermarbling or cubic printing, is a method of applying printed designs to three-dimensional surfaces. The hydrographic process can be used on metal, plastic, glass, hard woods, and various other materials. The exact origin of the water transfer printing process is unclear. However, the first hydrographic apparatus registered for a US patent was by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering on Jul 26, 1982. Its abstract reads, \"[a] printing apparatus provided", "Moustache wax Moustache wax Moustache wax is a stiff pomade applied to a moustache as a grooming aid to hold the hairs in place, especially at the extremities. The required product strength (or stiffness) is based on whisker length and the desired style. It can also have restorative properties, which become more important as the hair length increases. The wax is usually scented and sometimes pigmented with dyes; high end products utilize various combinations of iron oxide to create darker shades. Generally less than a fingernail of wax is used when applied. More sophisticated recipes may include gum arabic and a soap,", "Surfboard wax board directly. However some waxes are designed to work in all water conditions and have the ability to remain on the board at any temperature. Surfboard wax is applied by first putting a base coat onto the clean board. This harder base coat forms a bump pattern on the surfboard which the surfer will then stick to. The base coat is then topped with a top coat of wax of an appropriate temperature. There are a few techniques that can be used to apply the wax to a surfboard, from rubbing small circles to making diagonal lines. There is little", "Microcrystalline wax of renewable resources while maintaining the beneficial properties of the petrolatum. Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has", "Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point. The elastic and adhesive", "Sheer fabric winter white, eggshell, and ivory are popular. In some cases, sheer fabric is embellished with embroidered patterns or designs. A common use for sheer fabric is in curtains, which allows for sunlight to pass through during daylight, while maintaining a level of privacy. Due to the loose weave in sheer fabrics curtains offer little heat insulation. However, when it is lighter on the inside of a room than it is on the outside (such as at nighttime), then the inside of the room can be seen from the outside. Sheer fabric is used in clothing, in garments such as stockings", "History of printing in East Asia sand-casting method. The following description of the Korean font casting process was recorded by the Joseon dynasty scholar Song Hyon (15th century): While metal movable type printing was developed in Korea and the oldest extant metal print book had been printed in Korea, Korea never witnessed a printing revolution comparable to Europe's: A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for two hundred years appeared in the early 15th century—a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable type invention in Europe—when King Sejong devised a simplified alphabet of 24", "Ski wax friction between the snow and skis causes wax to abrade and remain in the snow pack until spring thaw. Then the snowmelt drains into watersheds, streams, lakes and rivers, thereby changing the chemistry of the environment and the food chain. Perfluorocarbons in ski wax are heat resistant, chemically and biologically stable, and thus environmentally persistent. Ski wax Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of snow runners, including skis, snowboards, and toboggans, to improve their coefficient of friction performance under varying snow conditions. The two main types of wax used on skis are glide waxes and grip waxes.", "Wax paper aid in scratch (where the record is rotated in a number of different ways by a finger to create special sound effects) routines. In photography, wax paper can be used as a light diffuser. There are multiple environmental issues concerned with wax paper. Though it is biodegradable in its unaltered form, oft-applied additives such as petroleum rid it of that quality. Wax paper also cannot be recycled. Wax paper Wax paper (also waxed paper or paraffin paper) is paper that has been made moisture-proof through the application of wax. The practice of oiling parchment or paper in order to make", "Wax paper wax paper was heated to be sealed. Wax paper was used as a way to keep the enclosed piece of bubble gum protected. In the mid-1990s, sports card manufacturers stopped including pieces of bubble gum in packs of sports cards, thus ending the need for wax paper packs. Plastic (mylar) or other plastic/paper blends were used from then on. Wax paper is also commonly used to attach pattern pieces to fabric while cutting it for sewing. One presses an iron over the wax paper briefly and attaches it to the cloth, making it easier to trace while cutting. When children's", "Wax motor expands, driving the plunger outwards by volume displacement. When the heat source is removed, the wax block contracts as it cools and the wax solidifies. For the plunger to withdraw, a biasing force is usually required to overcome the mechanical resistance of seals that contain the liquid wax. The biasing force is typically 20% to 30% of the operating force and often provided by a mechanical spring or gravity-fed dead weight applied externally into the wax motor . Depending on the particular application, wax motors potentially have advantages over magnetic solenoids: Wax motors are used heavily in the aerospace industry", "Wax melter wax will be triggered and there will be an explosion. Convection melters are dangerous when heating flammable substances and should not be used. Wax melter Wax melters are devices used in the packaging and candle-making industries to melt wax. The type of tank used to melt candle wax is quite different from adhesives, solder, and tar. For example, tanks used for adhesives may need to be heated up to whilst an organic soy wax will be ruined at over and should never be heated above . A delicate soy wax used to make candles would be destroyed and burned if", "Wax play significant difference between individuals' tolerance for heat, which can vary depending on exactly where the wax is applied. Wax can splatter into the eyes. Wax that is too hot can cause serious burns. Wax may be difficult to remove, particularly from areas with hair. A flea comb or a sharp knife may be necessary for wax removal; use of a knife for this purpose requires special skills, though a plastic card can work as well. Applying mineral oil or lotion before play can make wax removal easier. Wax may pool and concentrate heat. Temperatures listed above only apply when wax", "Switched fabric a fabric is typically controlled with Fibre Channel zoning. Multiple switches in a fabric usually form a mesh network, with devices being on the \"edges\" (\"leaves\") of the mesh. Most Fibre Channel network designs employ two separate fabrics for redundancy. The two fabrics share the edge nodes (devices), but are otherwise unconnected. One of the advantages of such setup is capability of failover, meaning that in case one link breaks or a fabric goes out of order, datagrams can be sent via the second fabric. The fabric topology allows the connection of up to the theoretical maximum of 16 million", "Lost-wax casting and gold plaques found at the cemetery at Xigou. Such a technique may also have been used to manufacture some Viking Age oval brooches, indicated by numerous examples with fabric imprints such as those of Castletown (Scotland). Some of the oldest known examples of the lost-wax technique are the objects discovered in the Cave of the Treasure (Nahal Mishmar) hoard in southern Israel, and which belong to the Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC). Conservative Carbon 14 estimates date the items to c.3700 BC, making them more than 5700 years old. In Mesopotamia, from c. 3500–2750 BC, the lost-wax technique was used", "History of printing in East Asia perhaps 20,000 pieces of wooden type with them and cut any other characters needed locally. But small local printers often found that wooden blocks suited their needs better. Mechanical presses as used in European printing remained unknown in East Asia. Instead, printing remained an unmechanized, laborious process with pressing the back of the paper onto the inked block by manual \"rubbing\" with a hand tool. In Korea, the first printing presses were introduced as late as 1881–83, while in Japan, after an early but brief interlude in the 1590s, Gutenberg's printing press arrived in Nagasaki in 1848 on a Dutch", "Wax melter Wax melter Wax melters are devices used in the packaging and candle-making industries to melt wax. The type of tank used to melt candle wax is quite different from adhesives, solder, and tar. For example, tanks used for adhesives may need to be heated up to whilst an organic soy wax will be ruined at over and should never be heated above . A delicate soy wax used to make candles would be destroyed and burned if not heated in an even manner at lower temperatures than solder or tar. Also, since soaps and candles are scented and coloured, tanks", "Woodblock printing in Japan the 17th century, and Toyotomi Hideyori, Ieyasu's primary political opponent, aided in the development and spread of the medium as well. An edition of the Confucian \"Analects\" was printed in 1598, using a Korean moveable type printing press, at the order of Emperor Go-Yōzei. This document is the oldest work of Japanese moveable type printing extant today. Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, craftsmen soon decided that the running script style of Japanese writings was better reproduced using woodblocks. By 1640 woodblocks were once again used for nearly all purposes. The medium quickly gained popularity, and was used to", "History of printing in East Asia the economies of scale available with the small number of different characters used in an alphabetic system. The wage for engraving on bronze was many times that for carving characters on wood and a set of metal type might contain 200,000–400,000 characters. Additionally, the ink traditionally used in Chinese printing, typically composed of pine soot bound with glue, didn't work well with the tin originally used for type. As a result of all this, movable type was initially used by government offices which needed to produce large number of copies and by itinerant printers producing family registers who would carry", "History of printing Fust and Peter Schöffer experimented with Gutenberg in Mainz. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page-setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second", "Printing industry in India of MNC's are expected to invest in this sector due to favourable working conditions. There are numerous jobs are expected in this industry due to overall growing percentage of 12% per annum.World-wide, the annual revenue of the printing industry is over $600-Billion. The United States accounts the major share for over 25% of this business, at $160-Billion a year. Printing industry in India The printing industry in India is an important industry in that country. Printing means, producing reproductions of written material or images in multiple copies. There are four traditional types of printing: relief printing (with which this article", "Spread tow fabric Spread Tow Fabric is often produced with carbon fiber and is widely used in the composites industry in a number of applications. Spread tow reinforcements (str) are reinforcements made using spread tow material, fabric or UD tapes, which is new category of composite reinforcements. Spread tow fabric Spread tow fabric (stf) is a type of lightweight fabric. Its production involves the steps of spreading a tow in thin and flat uni-directional tape (Spread Tow Tape, STT), and weaving the tapes to a woven Spread Tow Fabric. This technique increases the mechanical properties of the material and is also used to", "Thermal-transfer printing shipping identification. Thermal-transfer printing Thermal-transfer printing is a digital printing method in which material is applied to paper (or some other material) by melting a coating of ribbon so that it stays glued to the material on which the print is applied. It contrasts with direct thermal printing, where no ribbon is present in the process. Thermal transfer is preferred over direct thermal printing on surfaces that are heat-sensitive or when higher durability of printed matter (especially against heat) is desired. Thermal transfer is a popular print process particularly used for the printing of identification labels. It is the most", "Thermal-transfer printing Thermal-transfer printing Thermal-transfer printing is a digital printing method in which material is applied to paper (or some other material) by melting a coating of ribbon so that it stays glued to the material on which the print is applied. It contrasts with direct thermal printing, where no ribbon is present in the process. Thermal transfer is preferred over direct thermal printing on surfaces that are heat-sensitive or when higher durability of printed matter (especially against heat) is desired. Thermal transfer is a popular print process particularly used for the printing of identification labels. It is the most widely used", "Thermal printing often used for making permanent records of information in the computer (graphics, program listings etc.), rather than for correspondence. Through the 1990s many fax machines used thermal printing technology. Toward the beginning of the 21st century, however, thermal wax transfer, laser, and inkjet printing technology largely supplanted thermal printing technology in fax machines, allowing printing on plain paper. Thermal Receipt Printers are very efficient and quick. Its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors. Thermal printers are still commonly used in seafloor exploration and engineering geology due to their portability, speed, and ability to create continuous reels or sheets. Typically,", "Moire (fabric) threads in places, thereby forming a surface which reflects light differently. The weft threads also are moved slightly. \"Changeable moire\" is a term for fabric with a warp of one color and a weft of another, which gives different effects in different lights. Moire fabric is more delicate than fabric of the same type that has not gone through the calendering process. Also, contact with water removes the watermark and causes staining. Moire feels thin, glossy and papery due to the calendering process. Generally moire is made out of fabrics with a good body and defined ribs, such as grosgrain.", "History of printing in East Asia (1115–1234) and Southern Song (1127–1279) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti counterfeit markers. Such paper money printing might date back to the 11th-century \"jiaozi\" of Northern Song (960–1127). The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed \"check\" of Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable type characters, each selected from 1000 different characters, such that each printed paper money has different combination of markers. A copper block printed paper money dated between 1215–1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu's \"Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties\",", "Tension fabric building or polyethylene. Some fabrics are sufficiently translucent to allow sunlight to pass through, creating a naturally lit environment inside the building. Fabric selection influences project capital cost and maintenance. In some jurisdictions tension fabric buildings may qualify as temporary structures which benefit from a shorter capital depreciation period, relative to a permanent structure, for tax purposes. Buildings classified as temporary structures may have significant limitations on occupancy, applied load and fire safety considerations and period of installation. Whilst a common application of tension fabric buildings is for temporary use, they are not exempt from regulatory requirements including compliance with building", "Letterpress printing Letterpress printing Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing using a printing press, a process by which many copies are produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper. A worker composes and locks movable type into the \"bed\" or \"chase\" of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper. In practice, letterpress also includes other forms of relief printing with printing presses, such as wood engravings, photo-etched zinc \"cuts\" (plates), and linoleum blocks, which", "Fabric softener Fabric softener A fabric softener (or conditioner) is a conditioner that is typically applied to laundry during the rinse cycle in a washing machine. In contrast to laundry detergents, fabric softeners may be regarded as a kind of aftertreatment laundry aid. Machine washing puts great mechanical stress on textiles, particularly natural fibers such as cotton and wool. The fibers at the fabric surface are squashed and frayed, and this condition hardens while drying the laundry in air, giving the laundry a harsh feel. Adding a liquid fabric softener to the final rinse (rinse-cycle softener) results in laundry that feels softer.", "Textile printing mainly uses direct printing techniques. The printing process does involve several stages in order to prepare the fabric and printing paste, and to fix the impression permanently on the fabric: Cloth is prepared by washing and bleaching. For a coloured ground it is then dyed. The cloth has always to be brushed, to free it from loose nap, flocks and dust that it picks up whilst stored. Frequently, too, it has to be sheared by being passed over rapidly revolving knives arranged spirally round an axle, which rapidly and effectually cuts off all filaments and knots, leaving the cloth perfectly", "Construction 3D printing Construction 3D printing Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) refers to various technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction components. Alternative terms are also in use, such as Large scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to refer to concrete extrusion technologies. There are a variety of 3D printing methods used at construction scale, these include the following main methods: extrusion (concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering) and additive welding. 3D printing at a", "Renaissance Wax of guitar building, as a finish that protects and gives colour to the wood. Wax coatings for conservation are most widely, and least controversially, applied to metals. This has several objectives: to produce a barrier that excludes moisture and oxygen from the metal surface, to preclude the introduction of contaminating elements by handling, and to provide a protective layer over anti-corrosion undercoatings. Microcrystalline waxes used on ethnographic metal objects are discouraged, as they may require extensive treatment for removal. The wax is evenly and lightly applied over the surface, then lightly buffed with a smooth lint-free cloth to give a", "J. P. Nissen Co as the treasurer for the American Welding Society. Additionally in 2006 he was the American Welding Society’s recipient of the National Meritorious Certificate Award in recognition for his years of service with the organization. Amongst J.P. Nissen's many patented innovations are: - a printing roller which, according to the patent, \"has been particularly useful in the printing of fabric, and especially hosiery, wherein designs, trademarks, and the like, are permanently applied\" issued on Dec 18, 1928. - a marking implement that, according to the patent, could be \"cheaply manufactured, so that when the material is entirely used, the implement can", "Early phase of printing in Calcutta the same time, a great amount of prose in the vernacular languages began to appear. Around 1806–07, a Hindu called Babu Ram established a printing machine for the first time, in Devanagari type, at Kidderpore, Calcutta, for publishing Sanskrit books. Thomas Roebuck in \"The Annals of the College of Fort William\" talks about the Lord Minto's lecture at Fort William College on 27 February 1808: \"A printing press has been established by learned Hindoos, furnished with complete founts of improved Nagree types of different sizes, for the printing of books in the Sunskrit language. This press has been encouraged by" ]

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[ "People are running.", "Two dogs are outside.", "The FDA has yet to write any summary of the Initial Regulatory Impact Analysis.", "Both boxers wore black pants.", "A group of people are walking along the beach in the afternoon.", "The cover story on this edition of Time is about couples who left fast-track lifestyles to live in villages.", "Two men in green outfits are sitting at the base of a lamp post." ]

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[ "Game of Thrones (season 7) Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]

[ "Game of Thrones (season 7) The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017. The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On", "Game of Thrones (season 6) \"Game of Thrones\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2016. Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered", "Home (Game of Thrones) I washed his body 50 times.\" \"Home\" was viewed by 7.29 million American households on its initial screening on HBO, which was slightly lower than the 7.94 million viewers for the sixth-season premiere, but which still made it the fourth highest rated episode of the series to that point. The episode also acquired a 3.67 rating in the 18–49 demographic, making it the highest rated show on cable television of the night. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 2.482 million viewers on Sky Atlantic; it also received 0.079 million timeshift viewers. \"Home\" received highly positive reactions from", "Game of Thrones (season 5) 18 million different IP addresses downloaded the leaked episodes, totaling 32 million downloads during the first week. The fifth season of \"Game of Thrones\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2015. Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", the fourth and fifth", "Game of Thrones (season 5) Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, \"A Storm of Swords\", as well as the upcoming", "Game of Thrones (season 6) Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth", "Lud, zbunjen, normalan season has been announced and began airing on 3 November 2014. In 2015 the Bosnian broadcaster has changed to the commercial television Face TV. Face TV started broadcasting the 7th season regularly from 4 April 2015 at 8 p.m. In 2016, Feđa Isović stated that after 264 episodes, series will probably be ended. So far 264 episodes have filmed and while 260 episodes have aired. Lud zbunjen normalan employs an ensemble cast. Three generations of the Fazlinović family all live in a Sarajevo apartment. The oldest of the family is Izet Fazlinović (Mustafa Nadarević). Izet has a son Faruk (Senad", "Oathbreaker (Game of Thrones) lot of skill in terms of acting to play.\" \"Oathbreaker\" was viewed by 7.28 million American households on its initial viewing on HBO, which was nearly identical to the previous week's rating of 7.29 million viewers for the episode \"Home\". The episode also acquired a 3.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic, making it the highest rated show on cable television of the night. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 2.797 million viewers on Sky Atlantic; it also received 0.132 million timeshift viewers. \"Oathbreaker\" was very positively received by critics, citing the Tower of Joy flashback, the final", "Game of Thrones (season 7) Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms. The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release. On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO", "Game of Thrones called \"Game of Thrones\" the most pirated television program. Beginning on January 23, 2015, the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States; \"Game of Thrones\" is the first TV series shown in this format. The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend; the week-long release grossed $1,896,092. \"Game of Thrones\" was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere, and has become a critical and commercial success. According to \"The Guardian\", by 2014 it was \"the biggest drama\" and \"the most", "Game of Thrones (season 1) Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011 in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on \"A Game of Thrones\", the first novel in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later", "Home (Game of Thrones) was full of fratricide, patricide, head-crushing, infanticide, trompe-l'oeil eyeballs, eunuch jokes, and glorious returns.\" Home (Game of Thrones) \"Home\" is the second episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 52nd overall. The episode was written by Dave Hill and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The Wildlings arrive at Castle Black and force Alliser Thorne and his allies to surrender, allowing Melisandre to resurrect Jon Snow. Ramsay Bolton seizes Winterfell and the North for himself; Tyrion Lannister unchains the dragons being held in the catacombs of Meereen; Arya Stark proceeds to the next step", "Game of Thrones a week of the U.S. premiere (including HBO Go). In 2015, the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users. On April 11, the day before the season premiere, screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file-sharing websites. Within a day of the leak, the files were downloaded over 800,000 times; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million, with the season-five premiere alone (\"The Wars to Come\") pirated 13 million times. The season-five finale (\"Mother's Mercy\") was the most simultaneously shared file in the history", "Serial (radio and television) Drama: \"The West Wing\" (2000–2003), \"The Sopranos\" (2004, 2007), \"Lost\" (2005), \"24\" (2006), \"Mad Men\" (2008–2011), \"Homeland\" (2012), \"Breaking Bad\" (2013–2014), \"Game of Thrones\" (2015-2016), and \"The Handmaid's Tale\" (2017). In terms of DVD sales, however, strongly serialized shows often perform better than shows which are strongly procedural. \"24\" (Season 6), \"Lost\" (Season 4), \"Heroes\" (Season 2), \"True Blood\" and even ratings minnow \"Battlestar Galactica\" (Season 4.0) sell significantly more units than hit procedurals such as \"\" (Season 6), \"NCIS\" (Season 3, Season 5), \"\" (Season 4, Season 5) and \"Criminal Minds\" (Season 2, Season 3). Serialized shows tend to", "George R. R. Martin the release date of his new book, \"Fire & Blood\", dealing with the history of House Targaryen, which was released on November 20, 2018. HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled \"Game of Thrones\", it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long. Although busy completing \"A Dance With Dragons\" and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books.", "City Homicide are broadcast. The following table shows the weekly ratings for the series. Season two has been split into two parts as season two aired in two television seasons. The data is based on the five Metropolitan markets only. Series 1, 2 and 3 of \"City Homicide\" are now available on DVD. Season 3 DVD includes the first 8 episodes of Season 4. The Season 4 DVD includes the remainder of season 4 episodes plus the 6 part mini-series No Greater Honour. In September 2018 7PLUS (Channel 7's Steaming Site) Released all 5 Seasons to view for free. City Homicide City", "Game of Thrones (season 4) Game of Thrones (season 4) The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is adapted primarily from the second half of \"A Storm of Swords\", along with elements of \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", all novels from the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin. The series", "Game of Thrones (season 2) the mythology of Westeros and Essos. The second season of \"Game of Thrones\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2012. Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of \"A Clash of Kings\", the second novel of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George", "Game of Thrones (season 5) an increase in overall viewer numbers this season taking into account streaming services, which are not included in Nielsen ratings. The dip in ratings did not extend to the eighth and ninth episodes, \"Hardhome,\" and \"The Dance of Dragons\", which were both seen by over 7 million viewers. The season finale, \"Mother's Mercy\" was seen by 8.11 million people, setting a new record and making it the most watched episode of the series. For the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards, the series was nominated for Best Drama Series. For the 31st TCA Awards, the series was nominated for Program of", "Game of Thrones TV series to prevent what the \"People's Daily\" calls \"negative effects and hidden security dangers\". This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained. Broadcasters carrying \"Game of Thrones\" include Showcase in Australia; HBO Canada, Super Écran and Showcase in Canada; HBO Latin America in Latin America; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand, and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The ten episodes of the first season of \"Game of Thrones\" were released as a DVD and Blu-ray box set on March 6, 2012. The box set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material but no deleted", "Shades of Life Episode 1: Succeed 望子成龍 Episode 2: Same Root 同根生 Episode 3: Influence Life With Life 非常校長 Episode 4: Sub-divided Hero 劏房英雄 Episode 5: Winter's Fairy-tale 冬天的童話 Episode 6: Successor 接班人 Episode 7: Dream Dwelling 蝸居夢 Episode 8: So Close, So Far 這麼近, 那麼遠 Episode 9: Father and I 公公與我 Episode 10: What Is Good 餘何是好 Episode 11: Sunset Warrior 夕陽戰士 Episode 12: Homeward Bound 歸去來兮 \"Shades of Life\" received over 1500 complaints in its 2nd week of airing. The series was slammed for depicting Hong Kong citizens in a negatively and inaccurate portrayal of stereotypes. Also providing misleading information when", "Home (Game of Thrones) Home (Game of Thrones) \"Home\" is the second episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 52nd overall. The episode was written by Dave Hill and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The Wildlings arrive at Castle Black and force Alliser Thorne and his allies to surrender, allowing Melisandre to resurrect Jon Snow. Ramsay Bolton seizes Winterfell and the North for himself; Tyrion Lannister unchains the dragons being held in the catacombs of Meereen; Arya Stark proceeds to the next step in her training; and Bran Stark sees the past. \"Home\" received high praise from", "Dave Hill (screenwriter) Dave Hill (screenwriter) Dave Hill is an American television writer. He is known for writing three episodes of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\": in season 5, \"Sons of the Harpy\"; in season 6, \"Home\"; and in season 7, \"Eastwatch\". Dave Hill began working as an assistant to \"Game of Thrones\" executive producers/writers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss in season 2. In 2014, Hill became a staff writer for the fifth season and was assigned to write an episode. He was credited as story editor on Season 6 and executive story editor on Season 7, and wrote an episode for", "Game of Thrones (season 6) by HBO. After the screening of the season premiere \"The Red Woman\", HBO released a second official trailer. As well, in July 2016, HBO released a \"blooper reel\" online, a video of outtakes from season 6. \"After the Thrones\", a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series, airs on the stand-alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show's sixth season. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 15, 2016. The set includes extra background, behind-the-scenes material and deleted scenes. The sixth season of", "Desperate Housewives (season 7) the eighth season ended up being the series' final season. The first episode of the season aired in Latin America on October 6, 2010. Season 7 premiered in Ireland on Tuesday, October 12, 2010. Season 7 began airing in the United Kingdom on October 17, 2010. It started airing at 9:00 PM on October 25, 2010 on OSN's Show Series in the Middle East. It began airing in Israel on December 12, 2010. Season 7 began airing in France in the translated version on April 14, 2011 on Canal Plus. The series saw the lowest ratings in its history in", "Game of Thrones (season 2) Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of \"A Clash of Kings\", the second novel of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April", "Game of Thrones (season 3) Game of Thrones (season 3) The third season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is based roughly on the first half of \"A Storm of Swords\" (the third of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation). The series is adapted for television by David", "Game of Thrones (season 1) U.S., and totaled 5.4 million viewers across multiple Sunday and Monday night airings. It averaged 743,000 and reached a peak 823,000 in UK and Ireland on its April 18 premiere. HBO announced that they would be commissioning a second season on the strength of the reception of the premiere episode. By the final episode of the season, which aired June 20, the ratings had climbed to over 3 million. The first season of \"Game of Thrones\" was nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (Tim Van Patten for \"Winter Is Coming\"), and", "Sky Atlantic HBO programming and a first-look deal on all co-productions. In January 2016, Sky expanded the portfolio shown on Atlantic, after purchasing exclusive rights to Showtime programming. The following is a list of the ten most watched programmes on Sky Atlantic (all of them being episodes of \"Game of Thrones\"), based on Live +7 data supplied by BARB up to 28 August 2017. The number of viewers does not include repeats or Irish ratings. Additionally, all of these episodes were the most viewed programme of the week on non-terrestrial television in the UK, with the exception of \"Book of the Stranger\"", "Blake's 7 (audio drama) taking place after \"Powerplay\" and the third and fourth episodes set after \"Rumours of Death\". The role of Dayna, played by Josette Simon in the TV series, has been recast with Yasmin Bannerman. The fourth series, titled \"Crossfire\", consisting of twelve 60 minute episodes was released across 3 box sets from October 2017 to April 2018. They are set during season C of the TV series, between \"Death-Watch\" and \"Terminal\". A story arc running across the twelve episodes concerns the attempts of Servalan's predecessor to regain the presidency of the Federation. A 40th anniversary special, titled \"The Way Ahead\", consisting", "Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience \"Game of Thrones\" Live Concert Experience is the concert tour by the HBO epic fantasy series \"Game of Thrones\" featuring composer Ramin Djawadi. The all-arena tour was announced on August 8, 2016 at an intimate concert in Los Angeles, California. The tour consists of 24 dates in cities across the United States and Canada. The tour's title, \"Music is Coming\" is in reference to House Stark motto, \"Winter is Coming.\" The concert started on February 20, 2017 in Saint Paul, Minnesota and ended April 2 in Portland, Oregon. A world tour due to start", "Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) redesigning the map room for the episode. \"Dragonstone\" was viewed by 16.1 million total viewers, including 10.11 million on its initial viewing on HBO and the remaining coming from DVR and streaming, making it the most watched episode in the series' history up to that point. The episode also acquired a 4.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic. The episode inspired 2.4 million tweets during the time it aired, making it the show's most-tweeted episode yet. The episode was pirated 90 million times in the first three days since it aired. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 3.495", "Game of Thrones Game of Thrones\" () by series writer Bryan Cogman, was published on September 27, 2012. The 192-page book, illustrated with concept art and behind-the-scenes photographs, covers the creation of the series' first two seasons and its principal characters and families. \"After the Thrones\" is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series. It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth-season episode. The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience, a 28-city orchestral tour which will perform the series' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi, is scheduled to begin February 15, 2017 in", "Game of Thrones 19, 2013. First-day sales broke HBO records, with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded. The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store, parallel to the U.S. premiere, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on February 18, 2014. The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 17, 2015, and the fifth season on March 15, 2016. The sixth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 15, 2016. Beginning in 2016, HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu-ray sets which include both Dolby TrueHD", "Alik Sakharov directed a Christmas special episode entitled \"Marco Polo: One Hundred Eyes\". In 2016 he directed episodes of \"Goliath\" for the Amazon Studios. That same year, he joined Netflix' \"House of Cards\", directing chapters 55,56,59,66,72 . In 2018 he directed episodes of \"Ozark\". Later that year, Sakharov signed on to \"The Witcher\" as director of episodes 1,2,7,8, and season one executive producer. As a member of the Sopranos creative ensemble, Sakharov was honored twice (in 2002 & 2004) by the American Film Institute's A Year of Excellence Award. In 2004 Sakharov earned the 19th Annual ASC Awards nomination for Outstanding Achievement", "Wild 'n Out to February 4, 2015 on MTV2. The 7th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 10, 2015 to January 6, 2016 on MTV2. There are also stand up specials after the episodes in this season are finished. The 8th season contains a total of 21 episodes which were broadcast from August 4, 2016 to April 20, 2017 on MTV, marking the first time in almost a decade that the show aired new episodes on its original network. The 9th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 29 to October 5,", "Game of Thrones (season 7) August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. The leaked copy has the \"for internal viewing only\" watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, \"this was not related to this episode leak\", according to \"The Verge\". On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series", "Suits (U.S. TV series) channel chose to drop the series before Season 7, causing Netflix to pick up the UK rights, streaming the programme less than 24 hours after its U.S. broadcast. Netflix did not pick up the rights for Ireland. The series has not been released on Blu-ray in the United States or in Canada, but Region A/B releases are readily available in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain. \"Suits\" has received critical acclaim on Metacritic. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an 91% approval rating with the Season 3 consensus reading, \"Though it's occasionally overly wordy, \"Suits\" stimulates with drama derived", "Game of Thrones the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north, and an impending winter that threatens the realm. \"Game of Thrones\" has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 47 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015, 2016, and 2018, more than any other", "Scandal (TV series) October 3. BET airs new episodes after an eight-day delay. Seasons 1–5 of the series have been released on DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment under the ABC Studios label. Additionally, Netflix currently streams all available seasons in the U.S, Canada and Mexico. The show is available via traditional by-episode and season purchase by most online video retailers, including iTunes. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Seasons 6 and 7 The show has been met with generally favorable reviews, with a collective score of 64/100 based on 28 critics from Metacritic. Based on advanced screeners", "ER (TV series) the 1080i HD format. Since the sixth episode of season 7, it has appeared in letterbox format when in standard definition. As a result, the U.S. DVD box set features the widescreen versions of the episodes, including those episodes originally broadcast in 1.33:1 (full frame) format. The episodes also appear in 1080i widescreen when rerun on TNT HD and Pop, though the first six seasons still run in full frame 1.33:1 on the digital TNT network. Only the live episode \"Ambush\" at the beginning of the fourth season and the title sequence for the first six seasons originated in the", "Mark Mylod and executive-produced the pilot episode of the U.S. version of the dramedy, \"Shameless\", for Showtime. He remains a co-executive producer and frequent director on the series. In 2011, Mylod directed and executive-produced the pilot of the ABC fantasy series \"Once Upon a Time\". In 2014, he directed the pilot episode for American TV Series \"The Affair\". In 2014 he directed episodes 3 and 4 of Season 5 of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". He came back for Season 6, where he directed episode 7 and 8 and episode 2 of season 7. Mylod is married to costume designer Amy", "Game of Thrones (season 4) series won for Best Stunt Team. For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, the series was nominated for Best Television Series – Drama. For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards, Alex Graves was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series for the episode \"The Children\". The fourth season of \"Game of Thrones\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on . Between January 30 and February 5, 2015, the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters in the U.S. \"Game of Thrones\" is the first TV series released in this format. The show", "Dave Hill (screenwriter) each. Dave Hill (screenwriter) Dave Hill is an American television writer. He is known for writing three episodes of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\": in season 5, \"Sons of the Harpy\"; in season 6, \"Home\"; and in season 7, \"Eastwatch\". Dave Hill began working as an assistant to \"Game of Thrones\" executive producers/writers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss in season 2. In 2014, Hill became a staff writer for the fifth season and was assigned to write an episode. He was credited as story editor on Season 6 and executive story editor on Season 7, and wrote an episode", "Music of Game of Thrones to perform \"Hands of Gold\" in season 7. However, neither of the latter two songs appear in the soundtrack albums. In every season, a soundtrack album of the music used in that season was released toward the end of the season. The first two were released by Varèse Sarabande, while all subsequent releases were by WaterTower Music. Mixtapes were also released in 2014 and 2015 before the start of the fourth and fifth season respectively and they were available as free downloads to promote the season. A concert tour featuring the music of Game of Thrones was produced in 2017.", "Dudley Simpson have the BBC Radiophonic Workshop provide music from that point. While Simpson was contracted to score \"Shada\", the unfinished nature of that production meant he never started work. As a result, his last broadcast work on \"Doctor Who\" was for \"The Horns of Nimon\". In the 2017 restoration of \"Shada\", a dedication to Simpson was shown in the end credits. \"Blake's 7\" ran for 4 series totalling 52 episodes in all. Simpson provided the incidental music for 50 of the 52 episodes that were broadcast from 1978 to 1981, including the theme music. The two exceptions are the episode entitled", "Hardhome Weiss, the series' creators. It contains content from George Martin's novels \"A Feast for Crows\", chapters Cersei X and Cat of the Canals and \"A Dance with Dragons\", chapter The Ugly Little Girl. Like other episodes this season, \"Hardhome\" contained a large amount of original material that does not appear in Martin's novels. According to Erik Kain of \"Forbes,\" \"We have now fully parted ways with the books. If the rest of Season 5 hadn't convinced you that the show was forging its own path, this episode is the final nail in the coffin.\" This includes the battle scene in", "Fine Brothers TV shows that have had spoiler videos made about them have included \"Game of Thrones\", \"Breaking Bad\", \"The Walking Dead\" and \"Orange Is the New Black\". Additionally, the Fine Bros put up a video each month spoiling 50 viral videos that have circulated on YouTube and other sources during the previous month. The Fine Brothers created a show titled \"Lost: What Will Happen Next?\", which is a parody show based on \"Lost\". The show debuted on January 24, 2008, and was the first long-running series on the Fine Brothers channel. The show lasted 19 episodes and ended on November 1,", "Game of Thrones season, the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers. The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers, making \"Game of Thrones\" the second-most-viewed HBO series (after \"The Sopranos\"). For the fourth season, HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers (later adjusted to 18.6 million) had passed \"The Sopranos\" for the record. By the sixth season the average per-episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million, with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms. In 2016, a \"New York Times\" study of the 50 TV shows with the", "Beugró In season 7 the set design the opening theme and the opening sequence were all significantly changed. During the summer break of the show a webseries was being published on the official site and the Facebook profile of the show, titled \"Beugró TV\" containing interview extracts and deleted scenes. The second \"Beugró plusz\" season used featured topics for each of its twelve episodes that could be voted for via Facebook. Since the set design of the previous season received negative response, it was recoloured (again based on Facebook votes). The first eleven episodes aired at 9:15 pm on Fridays between", "Wild 7 however \"Wild 7 Another\" television series is a sequel of 13 episodes set after the OVA. It was shown in Japan from April 27 to August 31 of 2002 before airing it on Animax for Latin American viewers from September 9 to November 28 of 2006. The television series was released on DVD with Japanese audio and English subtitles by Discotek Media on 31 July, 2018. A live action drama series ran on NTV from 1972 to 1973. Despite being popular with TV viewers, it was forced to end after 25 episodes due to concerns of violence being shown. A", "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken \"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken\" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 46th overall. The episode was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode polarized critics and viewers for its ending, depicting a violent sexual assault. It received a rating of 61% on Rotten Tomatoes, the lowest rating received to date by a \"Game of Thrones\" episode. Nonetheless, director Jeremy Podeswa received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for this episode. The name of the episode comes from the", "Mhysa in HBO, \"Mhysa\" was seen by an estimated 5.4 million household viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research. It marked a year-to-year increase in viewership of 28 percent compared to the second season finale, \"Valar Morghulis\", which was seen by 4.2 million. The second broadcast of the \"Mhysa\" during the night was viewed by 900,000 viewers, bringing its total viewership for to 6.30 million. According to analysts, the success of the episode significantly helped \"Game of Thrones\" to surpass \"True Blood\" as the second most-watched series on HBO, after \"The Sopranos\". In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 1.154", "Game of Thrones (season 6) 50 chart. The season received highly positive reviews, with special praise directed at the episodes \"The Door\", \"Battle of the Bastards\" and \"The Winds of Winter\". On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the sixth season has a 95% approval rating from 30 critics with an average rating of 8.33 out of 10. The season also received a 94% episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Bloody and captivating as always, \"Game of Thrones\" plunges", "Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) a blistering opening salvo, \"Game of Thrones\" charts an assured path for its anxiously-anticipated final stretch.\" Matt Fowler of IGN wrote in his review for the episode \"'Dragonstone' sublimely set the stage for \"Game of Thrones\" Season 7 with some righteous revenge, a new alliance, a dramatic (and quiet) homecoming, and a surprisingly great sequence from The Hound as he began to atone for his old life.\" He gave the episode an 8.8 out of 10. Erik Kain of \"Forbes\" similarly gave praise to the episode, writing \"This was easily one of my favorite season premieres of any season of", "Hardhome a viewership of 7.01 million in its initial broadcast. The episode earned \"Game of Thrones\" several nominations at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards and was also Dinklage's pick to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor. This episode marks the only appearance for Birgitte Hjort Sørensen. Cersei is visited by Septa Unella, who offers her water in exchange for a confession of her sins. Cersei asks to speak with Tommen and is struck by the Septa. Later, Qyburn visits Cersei and tells her about the crimes she is charged with, including incest and the murder of Robert Baratheon, which she", "Oregon (Awake) one million less in viewers. It was simultaneously broadcast on Global in Canada, and was subsequently aired on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom on June 1, 2012. The episode obtained 228,000 million viewers in the United Kingdom, making it the fourth most-watched program for that week on the channel behind \"Smash\", \"Hit & Miss\", and \"Game of Thrones\". The episode's ratings had slightly dropped from the previous episode. \"Oregon\" was well received by most television commentators, who praised its storylines. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a good review. He claimed that the episode \"felt like a bit", "7de Laan on television. During this month, viewers got to see pictures of the show through its ten years during the end credits of each episode. On 9 May 2013, episode number 3,000 was broadcast. On 20 October 2016, the series broadcast its 3,900th episode. On 9 March 2017, \"7de Laan\" aired its 4000th episode. The 4000th episode featured characters Vanessa (Ingrid Paulus) and Xander (Theodore Jantjies) renewing their wedding vows. Several characters from the show's past were featured in the storyline, including Errol (Christo Davids), Dezi (Elma Postma), Wilmien (Nina Swart), and Karien (Christi Panagio). In 2009 \"7de Laan\" received 1.95", "Arthur (season 7) Arthur (season 7) The 7th season of the television series \"Arthur\" was originally broadcast on PBS in the United States from October 8 to November 29, 2002 and contains 10 episodes. The special \"Arthur, It's Only Rock 'N' Roll\" served as the premiere of this season. Jason Szwimmer replaced Oliver Grainger as the voice of D.W. Alex Hood is cast as the new voice of Alan \"The Brain\" Powers, replacing Steven Crowder. Mark Rendall replaced Justin Bradley as Arthur (who would later dub on re-runs of season 6, due to Justin Bradley's dialogue being unfavorable). This is the last season", "A Song of Ice and Fire season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed \"Game of Thrones\" for a fifth and sixth season. Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series. The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016. These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding", "Game of Thrones (season 8) of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason. Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\" The season is scheduled", "The Serfsons family in sort of a 'Game of Thrones', 'Lord of the Rings', 'Dungeons & Dragons' mashup extravaganza.\" \"The Serfsons\" scored a 1.4 rating with a 5 score and was watched by 3.26 million people, making it Fox's second highest rated show of the night. The Serfsons \"The Serfsons\" is the season premiere of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 619th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 1, 2017. This episode takes place in an alternate fantasy world version of Springfield. This was the first \"Simpsons\"", "Fridays (TV series) streamed select episodes from all three seasons (season one has episodes 1, 3, 8, and 10; season 2 has episodes 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19, and 20; and season three has episodes 2, 4, 12, and 13). As of 2017, the show is no longer streaming on Hulu Plus, but the best-of DVD collection is still available for purchase, and the show's episodes (which include the Hulu episodes and some episodes that weren't featured on Hulu) can be streamed on Tubi TV. Fridays (TV series) Fridays is the name of ABC's weekly late-night live comedy show, which aired" ]

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[ "Sissala East District The Sissala East District is one of the nine (9) districts in the Upper West Region of north Ghana. The capital is Tumu.", "Tumu, Ghana Tumu is a small town and is the capital of Sissala East district, a district in the Upper West Region of north Ghana. Tumu is connected by road to the town of Navrongo." ]

[ "Juabeso District The Juabeso District is one of the eighteen (18) districts in the Western Region of Ghana. Its capital is Juaboso. The district contains the village of Benchema and Nkatieso.", "Radio Upper West Radio Upper West is a public radio station in Wa, the capital town of the Upper West Region of Ghana. The station is owned and run by the state broadcaster - the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.", "East Gonja District The East Gonja District is one of the twenty (20) districts in the Northern Region of north Ghana. The capital is Salaga.", "Upper West Akim The Upper West Akim constituency is in the Eastern region of Ghana. The current member of Parliament for the constituency is Joseph Sam Amankwanor. He was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress and won a majority of 2,948 votes more than candidate closest in the race, to win the constituency election to become the MP. He succeeded Samuel Sallas Mensah who had represented the constituency in the 4th Republican parliament also on the ticket of the (NDC). The capital is Adeiso.", "Tarkwa Tarkwa is a town and is the capital of Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal district, a district in the Western Region southwest of South Ghana. Tarkwa has a 2013 settlement population of 34,941 people.", "Ofoase Ofoase is a small town in south Ghana and is the capital of Akyemansa District, a district in the Eastern Region of south Ghana.", "Abokobi Abokobi is a small town and is the capital of Ga East district, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.", "Nkawkaw Nkawkaw (meaning \"the red, red\") is a town in south Ghana and is the capital of Kwahu West Municipal District, a district in the Eastern Region of south Ghana. Nkawkaw has a 2013 settlement population of 61,785 people.", "Mpohor/Wassa East District The Wassa East District is one of the eighteen (18) districts in the Western Region of Ghana. The town of Daboase is the capital.", "Kodie, Ghana Kodie is a small town and is the capital of Afigya-Kwabre district, a district in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.", "Bawku Municipal District The Bawku Municipal District is one of the nine (9) districts in the Upper East Region of north Ghana. The capital is Bawku.", "Wassa West District The Wassa West District is one of the eighteen (18) districts in the Western Region of Ghana. Its capital is Aboso.", "Dangme East District The Dangme East District is one of the ten (10) districts in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, and covers a surface of 909 km². Major Towns in the district are Big Ada and Ada Kasseh. Ada Foah, which is the district capital, is located at the beach and river estuary. Most of the inhabitants (85.9%) belong to the cultural group of the Dangme. It has a population of 71,671.", "Abutia Abutia, also: \"Abutia Area\", is a Kingdom in West Africa, in the East of the Republic of Ghana.", "Patasi, Kumasi Patasi is suburb of Kumasi. Kumasi is the regional capital of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It is a residential area in the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly. It is about 7 kilometres eastwards from centre of the regional capital.", "Bongo, Ghana Bongo is a small town and is the capital of Bongo district, a district in the Upper East Region of north Ghana.", "Kumasi Kumasi (historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie and correctly spelled Kumase in Twi) is a city in Ashanti Region, and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana. Kumasi is near Lake Bosomtwe, in a rain forest region, and is the commercial, industrial and cultural capital of Asanteman. Kumasi is approximately 300 mi north of the Equator and 100 mi north of the Gulf of Guinea. Kumasi is alternatively known as \"The Garden City\" because of its many beautiful species of flowers and plants. It is also called Oseikrom, (Osei Tutu's town). Kumasi is described as Ghana’s second city.", "Bimbilla Bimbilla is a small town and is the capital of Nanumba North district, a district in the Northern Region of north Ghana. It is also the capital of the Nanumba State and the seat of the Overlord of Nanumba, the Bimbilla Naa.", "Assin South District The Assin South District is one of the seventeen (17) districts in the Central Region of Ghana. Its capital is Nsuaem Kyekyewere.", "Gbawe Gbawe is a town in the Greater Accra Region of southeastern Ghana near the capital Accra. Gbawe is the twenty-third largest settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 74,403 people. Gbawe is located a few kilometres west of Accra in the Ga South Municipal Assembly . At the Ghana census of 26 March 2000, the population was 28,989 inhabitants living in the Town. Projections of 1 January 2007 estimated the population to be 52,910 inhabitants. In the census of 1984, only 837 residents were listed, and in 1970 it was the 608th largest settlement in Ghana. The Town was founded more than 100 years ago. Today the Town has a more rural structure in the large-scale marked suburban development areas." ]

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[ "McCain's attempt at stopping pessimism failed." ]

[ "The battle against bitterness, led by McCain, was an outright success.", "A girl brought ten balloons from seller.", "A boy is playing with a tennis ball", "The men are playing a poker game.", "GAO staff can't get involved in partisan activities.", "People fighting in the streets.", "People gather around a water park." ]

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[ "A woman is near some dishes." ]

[ "The waiter is taking a rest at the stairs.", "The children are using their arms.", "So it is still around, sadly.", "The rue des Rosiers is called the rue des Juifs because no Jew has ever lived there.", "The Kal sword his club high.", "EDs should have interventionists on staff.", "Teenagers have overdeveloped brains, which leads to their behavior." ]

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[ "A man rests outside on a bench." ]

[ "The man rides his bike through the park.", "Capital Legislator think Mexico's News has facts on Daylight Savings.", "two people are going camping", "They are swimming in a lake.", "Is that what this target is?", "Some guys inside of a bicycle shop.", "Band performing for crowd." ]

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[ "Some states have made significant progress toward the goal of equal justice." ]

[ "Every state we have looked at showed deterioration in justice communities.", "A guy is wearing a professional outfit.", "The pitcher can do covert hand signals.", "She did not care whether or not she got the paper.", "A lady is sitting on a wall.", "However, all they could do was hope for the best.", "A foreign girl is sitting down." ]

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[ "Men talking." ]

[ "Women talking to each other.", "I have resorted to doing that lately, and it is effective.", "People are on the stage", "Game 7 of the Series was a close win for the Marlins.", "Boats sit in dry dock in an urban warehouse.", "IBM lacks the talent and market presence to remain influential for very long.", "Krugman approves that my opening sentence is sound." ]

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[ "Juliana Canal The Juliana Canal (Dutch: \"Julianakanaal\" ), named after Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, is a 36 km long canal in the southern Netherlands, providing a bypass of an unnavigable section of the river Meuse between Maastricht and Maasbracht. It is an important transport connection between the ports of the Rhine delta and the industrial areas of southern Limburg and southern Belgium.", "Juliana of the Netherlands Juliana (] ; Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until her abdication in 1980." ]

[ "Margrethe II of Denmark Margrethe II (Danish: \"Margrethe 2.\" , ] ; Faroese: \"Margreta 2.\" ; Greenlandic: \"Margrethe II\" ; full name: \"Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid\"; born 16 April 1940) is the Queen of Denmark. She is also the supreme authority of the Church of Denmark and Commander-in-Chief of the Danish Defence. Born into the House of Glücksburg, a royal house with origins in Northern Germany, she was the eldest child of Frederick IX of Denmark and Ingrid of Sweden. She succeeded her father upon his death on 14 January 1972, having had become heir presumptive to her father in 1953, when a constitutional amendment allowed women to inherit the throne. On her accession, Margrethe became the first female monarch of Denmark since Margaret I, ruler of the Scandinavian kingdoms in 1375–1412 during the Kalmar Union. In 1967, she married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, with whom she has two sons: Crown Prince Frederik (born 1968) and Prince Joachim (born 1969). She has been on the Danish throne for 45 years, becoming the second-longest-reigning Danish monarch after her ancestor Christian IV.", "Princess Ingeborg of Denmark Princess Ingeborg of Denmark (\"Ingeborg Charlotte Caroline Frederikke Louise\"; 2 August 1878 – 12 March 1958), was a Princess of Sweden by marriage to Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. She was the daughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark, and the maternal grandmother of Harald V of Norway, Baudouin and Albert II of Belgium, and the female line great grandmother of Henri of Luxembourg.", "Princess Margaretha of Sweden Princess Margaretha of Sweden (Margaretha Sofia Lovisa Ingeborg; 25 June 1899 – 4 January 1977) was a member of the Swedish Royal Family and a Princess of Denmark by marriage, the eldest sister of Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway, Queen Astrid of the Belgians and Prince Carl Bernadotte.", "Rhine–Main–Danube Canal The Rhine–Main–Danube Canal (German: \"Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal\"; also called Main-Danube Canal, RMD Canal or Europa Canal), in Bavaria, Germany, connects the Main and the Danube rivers across the European Watershed, running from Bamberg via Nuremberg to Kelheim. The canal connects the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, providing a navigable artery between the Rhine delta (at Rotterdam in the Netherlands), and the Danube Delta in south-eastern Romania and south-western Ukraine (or Constanța, through the Danube–Black Sea Canal). The present canal was completed in 1992 and is 171 km long.", "Wilhelmina-ring The Wilhelmina-ring is a bi-annual lifetime achievement award granted to a prominent . The price is initiated in 1998 by the Foundation Wilhelmina-ring to memorize that year Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was inaugurated as queen 100 years earlier.", "HMS Queen Emma HMS \"Queen Emma\" was a commando troop ship of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. Built as a civilian passenger liner in 1939 by De Schelde at Vlissingen, she was named the MS \"Koningin Emma\", after Queen Emma of the Netherlands, and operated by Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland (SMZ) (The Zealand Steamship Company) between Flushing and Harwich, along with her sister ship, MS \"Prinses Beatrix\". After fleeing to Britain after the German invasion in 1940, she was requisitioned by the British Ministry of War Transport, renamed HMS \"Queen Emma\" and converted to a troopship at Harland and Wolff's yard in Belfast. During the war her main role was transporting British Commandos, and she participated in the Lofoten Islands Raid and the Dieppe Raid. She had the advantage of a high speed that allowed hit and run operations. Later designated as a Landing Ship, Infantry (Medium) she took part in the landings in North Africa, Sicily and Normandy. She operated in the Indian Ocean, and in the Dutch East Indies after the end of the war. In 1946 \"Queen Emma\" was returned to her owners and continued to operate as ferry from the Hook of Holland until 1969, when she was scrapped in Antwerp, Belgium.", "Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Victoria Louise Sophia Augusta Amelia Helena of Schleswig-Holstein (3 May 1870 – 13 March 1948), known as Princess Helena Victoria, was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.", "Alssund Bridge The Alssund Bridge (Danish: \"Alssundbroen\") is a 662 m girder bridge that carries Highway 8 across the Alssund north of Sønderborg, Denmark. Constructed between 1978 and 1981, it was officially opened on 19 October 1981 by Queen Ingrid.", "SS Amsterdam (1950) TSS \"Amsterdam\" was a passenger vessel built for the British Railways in 1950.", "Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (2 August 1858 – 20 March 1934) was Queen of the Netherlands and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg by marriage to King-Grand Duke William III. An immensely popular member of the Dutch Royal Family, Queen Emma served as regent for her daughter, Queen Wilhelmina, during the latter's minority from 1890 until 1898.", "Nel van Vliet Petronella \"Nel\" van Vliet (17 January 1926 – 4 January 2006) was a breaststroke swimmer from the Netherlands. She won gold medals in the 200 m breaststroke at the 1947 European Aquatics Championships and 1948 Summer Olympics. In 1973, she was inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame.", "Louis Beel Louis Joseph Maria Beel (12 April 1902 – 11 February 1977) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 July 1946 until 7 August 1948, and again from 22 December 1958 until 19 May 1959. Because of his long service record he was considered by some as having the status of a statesman.", "Queen of Mauritius Elizabeth II was Queen of Mauritius from 1968 to 1992. Mauritius was a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth as head of state. The Queen was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in Mauritius were delegated to a Governor-General.", "Sophie of Württemberg Sophie of Württemberg (Sophia Frederika Mathilde; 17 June 1818 – 3 June 1877) was Queen of the Netherlands as the first wife of King William III.", "Apeldoorn–Zwolle railway The Apeldoorn–Zwolle railway was a railway in the Netherlands connecting Apeldoorn with Zwolle. The railway was constructed by the Royal Netherlands Railway Company (KNLS) and opened between 1887 and 1889. The railway sooned earned the nickname \"Baron Line\", thanks to the number of nobles living along the line. The railway was closed in 1950 and largely demolished in the 1970s.", "Grand Canal d'Alsace The Grand Canal of Alsace (French: \"Grand Canal d'Alsace\" , German: \"Rheinseitenkanal\" ) is a canal in eastern France, channeling the Upper Rhine river. It is 50 kilometers (about 30 miles) long between Kembs and Vogelgrun, and provides access to the region from the Rhine River, Basel in Switzerland, and the North Sea for barges of up to about 5000 metric tons. The Grand Canal permits the navigation of more than 30,000 boats a year between Basel and Strasbourg.", "Lijnbaansgracht Lijnbaansgracht is a partly muted canal in Amsterdam which bends beyond the boundary of the center, Amsterdam-Centrum. The canal runs parallel to the Singelgracht, between the Brouwersgracht and the Reguliersgracht.", "La Renaissance (barge) The La Renaissance was built in Belgium in 1960 as a standard péniche barge to carry cargo along the canals of Europe. Her original cargo was grain and iron ore. She presently serves as a luxury hotel barge, owned and operated by European Waterways.", "Dortmund–Ems Canal The Dortmund–Ems Canal is a 269 km long canal in Germany between the inland port of the city of Dortmund ( ) and the sea port of Emden. The artificial southern part of the canal ends after 215 km at Herbrum lock near Meppen. The route then takes the river Ems for 45 km to Oldersum lock. From there, the canal continues along a second artificial segment of 98 km . This latter section was built because inland ships at the time of the construction of the canal were not built for the open sea, which they would have faced at the Dollart and the entry to the sea port of Emden. It is connected to the Ems-Jade Canal from Emden to Wilhelmshaven.", "Hotel de l'Europe Hotel de l'Europe is a five-star hotel located on the Amstel river in the centre of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Hotel de l'Europe is situated opposite and overlooking the Munt, where the river Amstel flows into the Rokin canal. The 19th-century hotel became an official monument (\"rijksmonument\") in 2001. Since 2012 the hotel houses 2 Michelin star with its restaurant Bord'Eau." ]

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[ "Suffrage in Australia when the \"Commonwealth Franchise Act\" was passed in 1902. The Act gave women a vote in federal elections but Aboriginal people and people from Asia, Africa or the Pacific Islands (except for Māori) were excluded unless entitled under Section 41 of the Australian Constitution. Section 41 states that any individual who has gained a right to vote at a state level, must also have the right to vote in federal elections. The Solicitor-General, Sir Robert Garran, interpreted it to mean that Commonwealth rights were granted only to people who were already State voters in 1902. What transpired was a situation" ]

[ "1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals) to vote in referendums. That was not established until 1977. It is frequently stated that the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginal people Australian citizenship and that it gave them the right to vote in federal elections, but neither of these statements is correct. All Australians, including aboriginal people, first became Australian citizens in 1949, when a separate Australian citizenship was created; before that time all Australians rather were British subjects. Most Indigenous Australians had been denied the right to vote in elections for the Australian Parliament until 1949. The \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949\" gave Aboriginal people the right to vote in", "Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 Nationalist Party. Compulsory voting saw voter turnout increasing from 59.36% to 91.39% at the 1925 federal election. The Chifley Government amended the Electoral Act in 1949, in time for the 1949 federal election, as follows: Although in 1948 (effective in 1949) Australian nationality law had been altered to create an Australian citizenship, the nationality criterion for the franchise remained that of being a British subject. In 1962, the Menzies Government extended the franchise to Indigenous Australians at federal elections, though enrolment was voluntary. Changes to the Electoral Act in 1973 by the Whitlam Government included: Changes to the Electoral Act", "Parliament of Australia meant non-British. But, in the landmark case \"Sue v Hill\" (1999), the High Court of Australia ruled that, at least since the Australia Act 1986, Britain has been a \"foreign power\", so that British citizens are also excluded. Compulsory voting was introduced for federal elections in 1924. The immediate justification for compulsory voting was the low voter turnout (59.38%) at the 1922 federal election, down from 71.59% at the 1919 federal election. Compulsory voting was not on the platform of either the Stanley Bruce-led Nationalist/Country party coalition government or the Matthew Charlton-led Labor opposition. The actual initiative for change was", "Electoral system of Australia and additional costs. About 5% of enrolled voters fail to vote at most elections. In South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia voting at local elections is not compulsory. Compulsory voting was introduced for the Queensland state election in 1915, for federal elections since the 1925 federal election, and Victoria introduced it for the Legislative Assembly at the 1927 state election and for Legislative Council elections in 1935. New South Wales and Tasmania introduced compulsory voting in 1928, Western Australia in 1936 and South Australia in 1942. The immediate justification for compulsory voting at the federal level was the low voter", "Compulsory voting Australia's six states to do so. It is not compulsory to vote after having one's name marked on the voter list. At that time both men and women were afforded the right to vote, a liberty which (in South Australia and Western Australia) preceded official independence from Great Britain. However, voting rights were confined to British subjects 21 years of age and over who were qualified to vote in state elections specifically. Compulsory voting for national elections was introduced in Australia in 1924, following a pronounced fall in turnout at the 1922 federal election. Moreover, in the states of Queensland", "Racism in Australia \"dictation test\" itself being finally abolished in 1958 by the Menzies Government. The Menzies Government instigated migrants over all others since the time of Australian Federation in 1901 and abolished restrictions on voting rights for Aborigines, which had persisted in some jurisdictions. In 1950 External Affairs Minister Percy Spender instigated the Colombo Plan, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, then in 1957 non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens. In a watershed legal reform, a 1958 revision of the Migration Act introduced a simpler system for entry and", "Culture of Australia program saw the policy dismantled by successive governments, permitting large numbers of Southern European, and later Asian and Middle Eastern migrants to arrive. The Menzies Government (1949-1966) and Holt Government dismantled the legal barriers to multi-ethnic immigration and by the 1970s, the Whitlam and Fraser Governments were promoting multiculturalism. Some States and Territories of Australia retained discriminatory laws relating to voting rights for Aborigines into the 1960s, at which point full legal equality was established. A 1967 referendum to include all Aborigines in the national electoral roll census was overwhelmingly approved by voters. In 1984, a group of Pintupi people", "Compulsory voting and Western Australia, indigenous Australians were specifically disqualified, even though they were officially recognised as British subjects. Voting for Aboriginal Australians was introduced in 1949, but enrolment and having one's name marked on the voting register was not compulsory for indigenous Australians until 1984. Compulsory voting is a generalised view that democratic election of governing representatives is the responsibility of citizens, rather than a right afforded citizens constitutionally to nominate representatives. Equating in kind to similar civil responsibilities such as taxation, jury duty, compulsory education or military service, voting in these democracies is regarded as one of the \"duties to", "Election minimum age for voting. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962 (see 1967 referendum entry) and in 2010 the federal government removed the rights of prisoners to vote (a large proportion of which are Aboriginal Australians). Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence is not required. In some countries, voting is required by law; if an eligible", "Heather Hill (politician) enough to fill one quota (the required number of votes needed to be elected under the Single Transferable Vote system). Accordingly, she was declared a Senator-elect, with her term due to commence on 1 July 1999. After the election, on 18 November 1998, concerns were raised about Hill's citizenship status. She still retained her United Kingdom citizenship, and had attained dual citizenship when her Australian citizenship was granted. The Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia prevents anyone who is a citizen of a \"foreign power\" from being elected to the Parliament of Australia, and there were concerns that Hill's", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians for all Aborigines. In 1949, the \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949\" reversed Garran's interpretation of section 41 and confirmed that all those who could vote in their states could vote in federal elections. This gave the right to vote to Aboriginal people in all states except Queensland and Western Australia. Also, those who had served in the military were expressly entitled to vote. In the 1960s, influenced by the strong civil rights movements in the United States and South Africa, many changes in Aborigines' rights and treatment followed, including removal of restrictions on voting rights. In 1962, the Menzies Government amended", "History of Australia on Australian Federation. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899. Legally, indigenous Australian males generally gained the right to vote during this period when Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia gave voting rights to all male British subjects over 21. Only Queensland and Western Australia barred Aboriginal people from voting. Thus, Aboriginal men and women voted in some jurisdictions for the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901. Early federal parliamentary reform and judicial interpretation however sought to limit Aboriginal voting in practice—a situation which endured until rights activists began campaigning in the 1940s. Though the various parliaments", "Suffrage in Australia where Aboriginals who had already enrolled to vote were able to continue to do so, whereas those who had not were denied the right. This interpretation was challenged in Victoria in 1924 by an Indian migrant, where the magistrate ruled that Section 2 meant that people who acquired State votes at any date were entitled to a Commonwealth vote. The Commonwealth government in 1925 changed the law to give natives of British India living in Australia the vote (there were only about 100 in Australia at the time), but continued to deny other non-white applicants. Campaigns for indigenous civil rights", "History of Indigenous Australians At that time, those Indigenous Australians who lived in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory were still ineligible to vote in state elections, consequently they did not have the right to vote in federal elections. All Indigenous Australians were given the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in Australia by the Menzies government in 1962. The first federal election in which all Aboriginal Australians could vote was held in November 1963. The right to vote in state elections was granted in Western Australia in 1962 and Queensland was the last state to do so in 1965. The 1967 referendum,", "Right of foreigners to vote 1890, reportedly from fear of anarchist and socialist immigrants. (CN member) \"British subjects\", who are not an Australian citizen, have had voting rights at federal elections since 1948. Though that status was abolished in 1984, those on the electoral roll at that time retained voting rights. Non-citizens can generally vote in local government elections, subject to varying residency requirements. (EU member) In 2002, non-citizens were granted voting rights in state elections in Vienna, but the decision was overturned by the Constitutional Court in June 2004. EU nationals may vote and stand for office in local elections (in Vienna only at", "Thomas William Ah Chow time of Federation in 1901, all Australian colonies had enacted legislation restricting Chinese immigration. These restrictions were part of the White Australia Policy, which sought to ensure that the population remained predominantly British subjects or at least of European origin. The new Federal Parliament passed the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 which allowed the Government to deny entry to people failing an onerous dictation test in any European language chosen by the immigration officer. These policies were progressively dismantled between 1949 and 1973. When the First World War was declared in 1914 Australia issued a call to arms. At the time,", "Menzies Government (1949–66) to the Parliament on Aboriginal voting rights and in 1962, Menzies' \"Commonwealth Electoral Act\" provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections. In 1963, Yolngu people petitioned Parliament, with the famous Yirrkala bark petitions, after the government excised land from the Arnhem Land reserve, without consulting the traditional owners. Echoing developments in the United States and elsewhere in the Western World and their disintegrating colonial empires, attitudes to race underwent significant shifts in Australia during the Menzies era. Aboriginal artists like Albert Namatjira could gain great popularity and be presented to the", "Indigenous Australians legal right to vote in Australian Commonwealth elections if their State granted them that right. This meant that all Aboriginal peoples outside Queensland and Western Australia had a legal right to vote. The right of Indigenous ex-servicemen to vote was affirmed in 1949 and all Indigenous Australians gained the unqualified right to vote in Federal elections in 1962. Unlike other Australians, however, voting was not made compulsory for Indigenous people. It was not until the repeal of Section 127 of the Australian Constitution in 1967 that Indigenous Australians were counted in the population for the purposes of distribution of electoral", "History of Australia (1851–1900) the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899. Legally, Indigenous Australian males generally gained the right to vote during this period when Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia gave voting rights to all male British subjects over 21 - only Queensland and Western Australia barred Aboriginal people from voting. Thus, Aboriginal men and women voted in some jurisdictions for the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901. Early federal parliamentary reform and judicial interpretation however sought to", "Australian nationality law subjects\". The \"Australian Citizenship (Amendment) Act\" 1984 removed the status of \"British subject\" from Australian citizenship law, with effect from 22 November 1984, and British subjects who have not acquired Australian citizenship came to be treated as non-citizen permanent residents. (However, they continued to have voting rights, but not a right to an Australian passport, though existing passports held by non-citizens continued to be valid until each expired). A person born in Australia before 25 January 1949 was \"automatically\" a British subject, based on the \"jus soli\" principle, regardless of the status of their parents: children born to visitors or", "Suffrage in Australia but also wanted them to adopt the mode of life of other Australians (which very often was assumed to require suppression of cultural identity). In 1949, the right to vote in federal elections was extended to all Indigenous people who had served in the armed forces, or were enrolled to vote in state elections (Queensland, Western Australian, and the Northern Territory still excluded indigenous people from the vote). Remaining federal restrictions were abolished in 1962, though enrolment was voluntary. In the 1960s, reflecting the strong civil rights movements in the United States and South Africa, many changes in Aborigines’ rights", "Racism in Australia enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and \"wards of the state\" in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1965, Queensland became the last state to confer state voting rights on Aboriginal people, whereas In South Australia Aboriginal men had had the vote since the 1850s and Aboriginal women since the 1890s. A number of South Australian Aboriginal women took part in the vote selecting candidates for the constitutional conventions of the 1890s. The 1967 referendum was held and overwhelmingly approved to amend the Constitution,", "Electoral system of Australia It received Royal Assent on 31 July 1924 as the \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1924\". The 1925 federal election was the first to be conducted under compulsory voting, which saw the turnout figure rise to 91.4%. The turnout increased to about 95% within a couple of elections and has stayed at about that level since. Compulsory voting at referendums was considered when a referendum was proposed in 1915, but, as the referendum was never held, the idea was put on hold. It is an offence to \"mislead an elector in relation to the casting of his vote\". An \"informal vote\" is", "Right of foreigners to vote rights were granted in 1853 to all British subjects who met the other qualifications (e.g. property), to some non-citizens from 1960 to 1974, and to all permanent residents from 1975 onwards, see History of voting in New Zealand. However, permanent residents cannot gain election to parliament unless they hold New Zealand citizenship. One party-list candidate in the 2002 election, Kelly Chal, could not assume her position as a member of parliament because she did not meet that criterion. Although the former MP Matt Robson, was an Australian citizen at the time of his election, he was able to stand for", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians got a polling station in the 1890s and Aboriginal men and women voted there in South Australian elections. Queensland gained self-government in 1859, extending voting rights in 1872 to include all British male subjects over the age of 21. Aboriginals were excluded from voting in Queensland in 1885, and the disqualification was in place until 1965. Western Australia gained self-government in 1890. In 1893 voting rights were extended to include all British male subjects over the age of 21, with the exclusion of Aboriginal males. Aboriginals were disqualified for the vote in Western Australia until 1962. Section 41 of the", "1901 Australian federal election first leader of the Party. All parties were in support of a White Australia as was the norm at the time, with only a single parliamentarian, Free Trader Bruce Smith, fully opposing the legislation. Voting franchise was according to each state's specific electoral laws. South Australian and Western Australian women were enfranchised, but in the other states, they could not vote. Tasmania retained a small property qualification for voting, but in the other states, all males over 21 were eligible to vote. In several states indigenous Australians were technically allowed to vote, however, they faced voter suppression. In New South", "Menzies Government (1949–66) years of course in the past Sir Robert you have been described as a racist.\" (Menzies) \"Have I?\" (Lamb) \"I have read this, yes.\" (Menzies) \"Well if I were not described as a racist I'd be the only public man who hasn't been.\" Campaigns for Aboriginal rights gathered pace in Australia during the Menzies era. When Menzies assumed office, Aborigines were still excluded from voting in Federal elections in Queensland and West Australia. In 1949, Parliament legislated to ensure that all Aboriginal ex-servicemen should have the right to vote. In 1961 a Parliamentary Committee was established to investigate and report", "Electoral fraud of the Constitution of the Year III of 1795, it only became common in the nineteenth century. Secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in the former British colony—now an Australian state—of Tasmania on 7 February 1856. By the turn of the century, the practice had spread to most Western democracies. In the United States, the popularity of the Australian ballot grew as reformers in the late 19th century sought to reduce the problems of election fraud. Groups such as the Greenbackers, Nationalist, and more fought for those who yearned to vote, but were exiled for their safety. George", "Elections in Australia government elections. Western Australia maintains its own electoral roll. Enrolment on the electoral roll, known in some countries as registration, is compulsory for all Australian citizens aged 18 years and over. Residents in Australia who had been enrolled as British subjects on 25 January 1984 can continue to be enrolled and vote. (These comprise about 9% of the electoral roll.) Since 1984, eligible people have had seven days after a federal election is called to enrol or update address details. For the 2007 federal election, the deadline for new enrolments was reduced to 8 pm on the same business day", "Suffrage in Australia Suffrage in Australia Suffrage in Australia refers to the right to vote (usually referred to as franchise) for people living in Australia, including all its six component states (before 1901 called colonies) and territories, as well as local councils. The colonies of Australia began to grant universal male suffrage during the 1850s and women's suffrage followed between the 1890s and 1900s. Today, the right to vote at federal, state and local levels of government is enjoyed by all citizens of Australia over the age of 18 years. Upon first white settlement in New South Wales in 1788, the appointed Governors", "Suffrage in Australia granting of voting rights was uneven and restricted altogether in some colonies (and later states). Vestigial legal discrimination against Indigenous voters was removed in the 1960s. When the colonial constitutions of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania were framed in the 1850s, voting rights were granted to all male British subjects over the age of 21, which included Aboriginal men. A few may have done so in South Australia. Western Australia and Queensland specifically barred indigenous people from voting. However, few Aborigines were aware of their rights and hence very few participated in elections. The situation became murkier", "Racism in Australia Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census;– the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). The legal end of the White Australia Policy is usually placed in 1973, when the Whitlam Labor government implemented a series of amendments preventing the enforcement of racial aspects of the immigration law. These amendments: The 1975 Racial Discrimination Act made the use of racial criteria for any official purpose illegal (with the exception of census forms). Public planning to counter cultural racism was ahead of its time in", "Suffrage in Australia disenfranchisement in the Australian Capital Territory or South Australia. Suffrage in Australia Suffrage in Australia refers to the right to vote (usually referred to as franchise) for people living in Australia, including all its six component states (before 1901 called colonies) and territories, as well as local councils. The colonies of Australia began to grant universal male suffrage during the 1850s and women's suffrage followed between the 1890s and 1900s. Today, the right to vote at federal, state and local levels of government is enjoyed by all citizens of Australia over the age of 18 years. Upon first white settlement", "Instant-runoff voting non-Labor vote in conservative country areas, allowing Labor candidates to win without a majority of the vote. The conservative government of Billy Hughes introduced IRV (in Australia called \"preferential voting\") as a means of allowing competition between the Coalition parties without putting seats at risk. It was first used at the Corangamite by-election on 14 December 1918, and at a national level at the 1919 election. IRV continued to benefit the Coalition until the 1990 election, when for the first time Labor obtained a net benefit from IRV. In instant-runoff voting, as with other ranked election methods, each voter ranks", "History of South Australia they won the same voting rights as men, and they did so in South Australia's 1895 elections. The \"Constitutional Amendment Act 1894\" was also the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation. By the 1890s, several new factors were drawing the Australian colonies towards political union and South Australians voted by referendum to join the Commonwealth of Australia. On 1 January 1901, following", "Women's suffrage from Commonwealth franchise unless already enrolled in a state, the situation in South Australia. In 1949, the right to vote in federal elections was extended to all indigenous people who had served in the armed forces, or were enrolled to vote in state elections (Queensland, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory still excluded indigenous women from voting rights). Remaining restrictions were abolished in 1962 by the Commonwealth Electoral Act. Edith Cowan was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921, the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator", "Compulsory voting justification, or having appointed a proxy) at their polling station on election Sunday can face prosecution and a moderate fine. If they fail to vote in at least four elections, they can lose the right to vote for 10 years. Non-voters also might face difficulties getting a job in the public sector. Australia introduced compulsory enrolment for voting at federal elections in 1912, 11 years after independence from its colonial parent Great Britain; the State of Queensland imposed compulsory marking against name on the voting register at a polling station at state elections some three years later, the first of", "Liberal Party of Australia leaders studied in Australia. In 1958, the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' \"Commonwealth Electoral Act\" provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949, the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians the Commonwealth Electoral Act to give Indigenous people the right to enrol and vote in Commonwealth elections irrespective of their voting rights at the state level. If they were enrolled, it was compulsory for them to vote as per non-Indigenous citizens. However, enrolment itself was not compulsory. Western Australia gave Indigenous citizens the vote in the State in the same year, and Queensland followed in 1965. Until 1967, section 127 of the Australian Constitution prohibited Indigenous Australians from being counted in the population. With the repeal of the provision by a referendum in 1967, Indigenous Australians were counted in the", "Human rights in Australia with full rights restored by the \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962\". In 1856, an innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private. This system was adopted around the world, becoming known as the \"Australian Ballot\". the \"Australian Ballot\" became well known throughout Australia. The first woman elected to any Australian Parliament was Edith Cowan, to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney became the first women in", "Electoral system of Australia Australia (1877). Colonial (soon to become States) electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of all elections in Australia and also applies to referendums. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections 206, 207, 325 and 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226(4) do however, apply the principle of a secret ballot to polling staff and would also support the assumption. Proxy voting is not permitted", "Suffrage in Australia vote for Legislative Assembly was extended to all adult males in 1858. In 1901, the six Australian colonies united to form the federal Commonwealth of Australia. The first election for the Commonwealth Parliament in 1901 was based on the electoral laws at that time of the six colonies, so that those who had the right to vote and to stand for Parliament at state level had the same rights for the 1901 Australian federal election. Only in South Australia (since 1895) and Western Australia (since 1899) did women have a vote. Tasmania retained a small property qualification for voting, but", "Electoral system of Australia was introduced in 1918, in response to the rise of the Country Party, a party representing small farmers. The Country Party split the anti-Labor vote in conservative country areas, allowing Labor candidates to win on a minority vote. The conservative government of Billy Hughes introduced preferential voting as a means of allowing competition between the two conservative parties without putting seats at risk. It was first used at the Corangamite by-election on 14 December 1918. The system was first used for election for the Queensland Parliament in 1892. It was introduced in the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1906 as", "1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals) federal elections if they were able to vote in their state elections (they were disqualified from voting altogether in Queensland, while in Western Australia and the Northern Territory the right was conditional), or if they had served in the defence force. The \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962\" gave all Aboriginal people the option of enrolling to vote in federal elections. It was not until the \"Commonwealth Electoral Amendment Act 1983\" that voting became compulsory for Aboriginal people, as it was for other Australians. It is also sometimes mistakenly stated that the 1967 referendum overturned a \"Flora and Fauna Act\", which supposedly", "History of Australia (1851–1900) Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in Melbourne, Victoria in 1884. Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895. This was the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became", "The Electoral Atlas of New South Wales period of residence was further reduced to one month in 1896, voters also being allowed to vote in their old districts in the interim. Certain classes of voters such as police and the military were denied the right to vote, though these restrictions were removed in the following decade. Following the lead of other states, women were granted the vote for the 1904 election, though women were not allowed to run for Parliament until 1920. Aborigines were not denied the right to vote, but always struggled to meet the residency requirements. The adoption of the joint roll arrangements with the", "Secret ballot Australia on 2 April of that same year (a fortnight later). The other Australian colonies followed: New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859), and Western Australia (1877). New Zealand implemented secret voting in 1870. State electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of federal elections and referenda. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections 206, 207, 325, 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226(4) do however,", "History of Australia London to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. An innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia in 1856, in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private. This system was adopted around the world, becoming known as the \"Australian Ballot\". 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia. This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania", "1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals) 1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals) The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967, called by the Holt Government, approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians. Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967, which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum. The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed, winning 90.77% of votes cast and carrying in all six states. These amendments altered sections 51(xxvi), and 127, having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population, and also empowering the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group. The", "Australian nationality law Australian nationality law Australian nationality law determines who is and who is not an Australian citizen. The status of Australian nationality or Australian citizenship was created by the \"Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948\" (in 1973 renamed the \"Australian Citizenship Act 1948\"), which came into force on 26 January 1949. The 1948 Act was amended many times, notably in 1973, 1984, 1986 and 2002. It has been replaced by the \"Australian Citizenship Act 2007\", commencing on 1 July 2007. On 13 December 1973, Australia acceded to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness and to the Convention relating to the", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians Australian Constitution appears to give the right to vote in federal elections to those who have the right to vote in state elections. The first election for the Commonwealth Parliament in 1901 was based on the electoral laws at that time of the six colonies, so that those who had the right to vote and to stand for Parliament at state level had the same rights for that election. Aboriginal men had at least a theoretical vote for that election in all States except Queensland and Western Australia. Aboriginal women had the vote in South Australia. Some Aboriginal people voted", "History of Australia since 1945 ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon Johnson. Significantly, Holt's government introduced the \"Migration Act 1966\", which effectively dismantled the vestigial mechanisms of the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). Holt won the 1967 election", "History of Australia became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in Melbourne in 1884. Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895. This was the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention", "Racism in Australia of British in Australia and launched its campaign for full citizenship rights for all Aborigines. In the 1940s, the conditions of life for Aborigines could be very poor. A permit system restricted movement and work opportunities for many Aboriginal people. In the 1950s, the government pursued a policy of \"assimilation\" which sought to achieve full citizenship rights for Aborigines but also wanted them to adopt the mode of life of other Australians (which very often was assumed to require suppression of cultural identity). In 1962, Robert Menzies' \"Commonwealth Electoral Act\" provided that all Indigenous people should have the right to", "Herbert Payne until his defeat in 1937. Payne died in 1944. Payne's lasting legacy to the Australian political system was his Private Senator's Bill proposing the introduction of compulsory voting at Commonwealth elections. He felt some action was required following the record low voter turnout (59.38%) at the 1922 federal election. However, neither the government nor the opposition had compulsory voting on their platforms. Senator Payne introduced the \"Commonwealth Electoral Bill 1924\" on 16 July 1924, and it was passed with little debate. The House of Representatives agreed to it in less than an hour, and in neither house was a division", "Trade union arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas. It was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the Northern Territory and Queensland, the area would have to be abandoned. Despite these objections to restricting immigration, between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration. Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled and retained the same rights as their Anglo and Southern compatriots. The Barton Government which came to power following the first elections to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the Protectionist", "Asian Australians were necessary for development in tropical Queensland and the Northern Territory. It was claimed that without Asian workers these regions would be abandoned. Under growing pressure from the union movement, each Australian colony enacted legislation between 1875-1888 excluding further Chinese immigration. The government began to expand access to citizenship for non-Europeans in 1957 by allowing access to 15-year residents, and in 1958 by reforming entry permits via the \"Migration Act 1958\". In March 1966, the immigration ministry began a policy of allowing the immigration of skilled and professional non-Europeans, and of expanding the availability of temporary residency to these groups.", "British subject \"British subjects\". \"British subjects\" ceased to be eligible to be issued with Australian passports under Australian nationality law in 1984. The voting rights of persons who were \"British subjects\" and were enrolled to vote on 25 January 1984 have been preserved. As of June 2009, almost 163,000 voters have a \"British subject\" notation on the electoral roll. Unusual arrangements were made in the cases of Singapore and the Federation of Malaya. When Singapore became self-governing in 1959 (whilst remaining a British colony), the status \"British subject: citizen of the State of Singapore\" was introduced, a status that existed until the", "Suffrage in Australia last colony to grant universal male suffrage, though some colonies explicitly excluded Indigenous males from the vote. The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory) in 1856. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in Melbourne, Victoria in 1884. Women in the other colonies soon followed forming their own societies. The international Women's Christian", "Suffrage their country of citizenship. For example, Australian citizens who have been outside Australia for more than one and fewer than six years may excuse themselves from the requirement to vote in Australian elections while they remain outside Australia (voting in Australia is compulsory for resident citizens). Danish citizens that reside permanently outside Denmark lose their right to vote. In some cases, a certain period of residence in a locality may required for the right to vote in that location. For example, in the United Kingdom up to 2001, each 15 February a new electoral register came into effect, based on", "Australian permanent resident enjoy many of the rights and privileges of citizens, including access to free or subsidised legal and health services. They do not have the right to vote in federal or state/territory elections, unless they were registered to vote prior to 1984, but may vote in some local government elections. Permanent residents are not entitled to an Australian passport. Most permanent residents are eligible to become citizens after a waiting period. When the waiting period is complete, the process of sitting the citizenship test and attending the ceremony will add three to twelve months to gaining citizenship. There are a number", "White nationalism Berbers). The White Australia policy was semi-official government policy in Australia until the mid twentieth century. It restricted non-white immigration to Australia and gave preference to British migrants over all others. The Barton Government, which won the first elections following Federation in 1901, was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers' Union and other labor organizations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded. The first Parliament of Australia quickly moved", "Women's suffrage gave women who owned property the right to vote. In 1893, the British colony of New Zealand granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia did the same in 1894 and all women were able to vote in the next election, which was held in 1896. South Australia also permitted women of any race to stand for election alongside men, and was the first in the world to allow women to stand for election. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full women's suffrage, enabling women to vote in the constitutional referendum of 31 July 1900 and the 1901", "Immigration detention in Australia and guaranteed that no asylum applications may be made by people on board the ship. The \"Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001\" reinforced the practice of mandatory detention, providing for the indefinite detention of asylum seekers. Mandatory detention of asylum seekers was popular with sections of the Australian electorate. Some commentators argue that it helped Howard win the 2001 federal election. While the Australian Labor Party supported the policy as Opposition, in June 2005 a small backbench revolt in Howard's party led by Petro Georgiou and Judi Moylan resulted in some concessions to humanitarian concerns, including", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians South Australia (1858) and Tasmania (1896)—voting rights were granted to all male British subjects over the age of 21. It was acknowledged that Indigenous people were British subjects under the English common law and were entitled to the rights of that status. Accordingly, Indigenous men were not specifically denied the right to vote. However, few Aboriginals were aware of their rights, Aboriginals were not encouraged to enrol to vote and very few participated in elections. Some Aboriginal people are known to have voted. For example, Point McLeay, a mission station near the mouth of the Murray River, in South Australia,", "Suffrage in Australia partially achieved in 1842. Despite opposition from conservative free settlers in the colony, who sought representative government but emancipists being disenfranchised, the colony's constitution of 1842 gave to emancipists the same political rights as free settlers, but which was subject to a property test. The right to vote was limited to men with a freehold valued at £200 or a householder paying rent of £20 per year, both very large sums at the time. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843. Voter rights were extended in New South Wales in 1850 and", "Demography of Australia The status of Australian nationality or Australian citizenship was created by the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 (in 1973 renamed the Australian Citizenship Act 1948) which came into force on 26 January 1949. The 1948 Act was amended many times, notably in 1973, 1984, 1986 and 2002. The Australian Citizenship Act 2007 replaced the 1948 Act, commencing on 1 July 2007. Australian citizenship law is administered by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection which can issue certificates of citizenship on naturalisation or on request provide other proof or evidence of Australian citizenship. Australian passports are issued to Australian citizens", "King v Jones who could vote in their state. At the 1972 federal election, later in the year, the Whitlam Labor government was elected, with Lionel Murphy becoming the new Attorney-General. The Whitlam government lowered the voting age at federal elections to 18 in 1973. The states of Victoria, Tasmania and Queensland, which still had a voting age of 21, soon lowered their voting ages to 18 also. The issue of the nature of section 41, which had not been decided in this case, was considered again in 1983 in the case of \"R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka\". By that time, Lionel", "History and use of instant-runoff voting since the office came into being in 1937. It was introduced in Fiji in 1999 and in Papua New Guinea in 2007. IRV (in Australia called preferential voting) was introduced for House of Representatives elections in Australia after the Swan by-election in October 1918, when the conservative Country Party, representing small farmers, split the non-Labor vote in conservative country areas, allowing Labor candidates to win on a first-past-the-post vote then in place. The conservative Nationalist government of Billy Hughes introduced preferential voting to enable the Coalition parties to field candidates in the same electorates without putting Coalition seats at risk.", "History of Australia the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. Although this party dissolved in 1916, a successor to its version of \"liberalism\" in Australia which in some respects comprises an alliance of Millsian liberals and Burkian conservatives united in support for individualism and opposition to socialism can be found in the modern Liberal Party. To represent rural interests, the Country Party (today's National Party) was founded in 1913 in Western Australia, and nationally in 1920, from a number of state-based farmer's parties. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was one of the first laws passed by the new Australian parliament. This centrepiece of the", "Constitutional history of Australia with the passing of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, with retroactive effect to 3 September 1939, the start of World War II. The adoption of the Statute repealed the application of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 in relation to federal legislation. However, the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 continued to have application in individual Australian states until the Australia Act 1986 came into effect in 1986. The elections of the Australian Labor Party in 1972 and 1974 under its leader Gough Whitlam forced several constitutional issues to be tested. For two weeks in 1972, the Government had", "R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka constitutional right to vote in Australia. In 1983, section 45 of the \"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918\" provided that: 45 (a) Claims for enrolment... which are received by the Registrar after six o'clock in the afternoon of the day of the issue of the writ for an election shall not be registered until after the close of polling at the election. This had the effect of closing the electoral roll on the day when an election was called, so that anyone who had not registered before it was called would not be able to vote. Federal elections in Australia are held", "Suffrage in Australia and treatment followed, including removal of restrictions on voting rights. The Menzies Government \"Commonwealth Electoral Act\" of 1962 confirmed the Commonwealth vote for all Aborigines. Western Australia gave them State votes in the same year, and Queensland followed in 1965. The 1967 referendum was held and electors overwhelmingly approved the amendment of the Constitution to remove discriminatory references and giving the national parliament the power to legislate specifically for Indigenous Australians. Contrary to frequently repeated mythology, this referendum did not cover citizenship for Indigenous people, nor did it give them the vote: they already had both. However, transferring this power", "2013 Australian federal election of members of the House of Representatives and the state governors for the senators for each state. Voting in Australia's federal elections has been compulsory since 1925. For the House of Representatives, a preferential ballot system has been in use since 1919, in single-member seats. For the Senate—the proportionally representative upper house—a single transferable vote system has been in use since 1949, with optional group voting tickets since 1984. Elections are conducted by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). A special half-Senate election was conducted on 5 April 2014 in Western Australia as a result of 1,375 lost ballot papers. Independents:", "Women's suffrage 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory) in 1856. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in Melbourne, Victoria in 1884. Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895, as were Aboriginal men and women. In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation. Western", "1901 Australian federal election same policy as Labour had done in the colonial parliaments. He kept the Protectionist governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin in office, in exchange for legislative concessions including the immensely popular White Australia policy. Such was the overwhelming support for a White Australia by the electorate and the three political parties that the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was the seventeenth piece of legislation passed by the nascent parliament. The average national voting turnout was 60% of enrolled voters, with the Division of Newcastle gaining the highest turnout on 97%, while the Division of Fremantle recorded the lowest turnout on", "Women's suffrage in Australia candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election in South Australia as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation, which was held in Adelaide. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899. In Victoria, the \"Electoral Act\" 1863 enfranchised all ratepayers listed on local municipal rolls. Some women ratepayers in Victoria were able to vote at the 1864 colony election. However, the all-male legislature regarded this as a legislative mistake and promptly modified the Act in 1865, in time for the 1866 election, to apply the vote only to male ratepayers. Henrietta Dugdale, who publicly advocated women's suffrage", "Immigration detention in Australia Second Reading Speech: The \"Migration Amendment Act 1992\" did impose a 273-day limit on detention, but specifically disallowed judicial review. The final scheme was contained in the \"Migration Reform Act 1992\", which came into operation on 1 September 1994, which broadened the application of mandatory detention to all who did not hold a valid visa, and removed the 273-day detention limit. The Act also introduced detention charges (detention debts) whereby an unlawful non-citizen was liable for the costs of his or her immigration detention. Non-citizens in Australia without a valid visa were to be considered unlawful and would have to", "Charles Perkins (Aboriginal activist) again remove the ban. On 6 August 1965, Charles Perkins staged a fake \"kidnapping\" of 5 year old Nancy Prasad from under the nose of immigration officials at the Sydney airport for the purpose of highlighting the injustice her deportation under Australia’s \"White Australia\" immigration policy. His antic had effect. The newspapers headlined the \"kidnapping\". Even so, 5 year old Nancy Prasad was taken to the airport again, and deported to Fiji on 7 August 1965. In 1967 a referendum was held on constitutional amendments to allow inclusion of Aboriginal people in censuses and giving the Parliament of Australia the", "Australian nationality law found to have been ineligible for election owing to their being dual citizens, and others are possibly ineligible. New Zealanders were included in the definition of \"British subject\" in the 1948 Act and hence many New Zealanders resident in Australia acquired Australian citizenship in 1949 when this was introduced. There was no bar on New Zealanders automatically acquiring Australian citizenship as well as New Zealand citizenship under the equivalent New Zealand legislation (The \"British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948\" (NZ)). The facilities to become an Australian citizen by registration or naturalisation have been open to New Zealanders in", "White Australia policy and that of multiculturalism abolished. I believe we are in danger of being swamped by Asians. Between 1984 and 1995, 40 per cent of all migrants coming into this country were of Asian origin. They have their own culture and religion, form ghettos and do not assimilate.Hanson's remarks generated wide interest in the media both nationally and internationally, but she herself did not retain her seat in Parliament at the 1998 election or subsequent 2001 and 2004 federal elections. Hanson also failed to win election in the 2003 and 2011 New South Wales state elections. In May 2007, Hanson, with", "History of Indigenous Australians Mass layoffs across northern Australia followed the Federal Pastoral Industry Award of 1968, which required the payment of a minimum wage to Aboriginal station workers, as they were not paid by the Pastoralist discretion, many however were not and those who were had their money held by the government. Many of the workers and their families became refugees or fringe dwellers, living in camps on the outskirts of towns and cities. In 1949, the right to vote in federal elections was extended to Indigenous Australians who had served in the armed forces, or were enrolled to vote in state elections.", "Electoral system of Australia been compulsory since 1911. Today, eligible voters are Australian citizens over 18 years of age who have lived at their current address for at least one month. Special rules apply to citizens going or living outside the country, to military personnel and to prisoners, all of which do not reside at their normal residential address for electoral purposes. Homeless people or those otherwise with no fixed address have a particular problem with registration, not having a current address to give. Enrolment is optional for 16 or 17 year olds but they cannot vote until they turn 18. Enrolment is voluntary", "The Electoral Atlas of New South Wales Commonwealth in the 1920s effectively removed the right of Aborigines to vote until the 1960s. The 1893 Act had adopted a Voter’s Right document that a voter presented to be checked off the roll before a ballot paper was issued. In 1900, the compilation of annual rolls was made a function of the local police and Elector’s Rights were abolished in 1906. Rolling rolls rather than annual reviews were adopted in 1920. Compulsory enrolment was adopted in 1920 and compulsory voting for the 1930 election. The only significant change to enrolment laws since has been the extension of the vote", "Migration Act 1958 Migration Act 1958 The Migration Act 1958 is an act of the Parliament of Australia. Its long title is \"An Act relating to the entry into, and presence in, Australia of aliens, and the departure or deportation from Australia of aliens and certain other persons.\" The act is the current legislation governing immigration to Australia, and has been amended a number of times. The 1958 act replaced the \"Immigration Restriction Act 1901\" which had formed the basis of the White Australia policy, abolishing the infamous \"dictation test\" and replacing it with a universal visa system (or entry permits), as well", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians is not clear whether that section was intended to be an ongoing provision, or only an interim measure for State electors enrolled at the time of Federation. The first Permanent Head of the Attorney-General's Department, Robert Garran, gave it the second, narrower, interpretation. Garran's interpretation of section 41 was challenged in 1924 by Mitta Bullosh, a Melbourne resident Indian who had been accepted as a voter by Victoria but rejected by the Commonwealth. (The Commonwealth limitation also applied to native people of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands except New Zealand). He won his case in the District Court, and", "Women in Australia world in bringing women's suffrage rights during the late 19th century. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in Melbourne in 1884. Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895. This was the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians the Commonwealth government later withdrew a High Court challenge to the judge's ruling. The effect of the 1924 finding was that indigenous Australians in all states except Queensland and Western Australia could vote in federal polls. Campaigns for indigenous civil rights in Australia gathered momentum from the 1930s. In 1938, with the participation of leading Indigenous activists like Douglas Nicholls, the Australian Aborigines' League and the Aborigines Progressive Association organised a protest \"Day of Mourning\" to mark the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet of British settlers in Australia and launched a campaign for full civil rights", "Menzies Government (1949–66) a specified period of separation as sufficient grounds for a divorce. It was eventually replaced by the \"Family Law Act 1975\". In 1961, the Menzies Government used the powers granted by section 51(xxi) of the constitution to pass the \"Marriage Act 1961\", which gave the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over the formation of marriages. It remains in force although it has been amended on several occasions. Beginning in 1949, Immigration Minister Harold Holt decided to allow 800 non-European war refugees to remain in Australia, and Japanese war brides to be admitted to Australia. In 1950 External Affairs Minister Percy Spender", "Right of foreigners to vote being a British subject as a qualification for registration as an elector but provided that this change would not be not effective until the second general election that was to be held after this amendment came into force. The 1985 Equality Rights Statute Law Amendment Act put an end to municipal and school board elections voting rights for British citizens in Ontario. Those who could vote before the Act kept their voting rights up to July 1, 1988, the legal waiting period for the introduction of a request for naturalization. In 1971, councillor Joe Piccininni proposed allowing non-citizens who owned", "Australian nationality law connected with Burma acquired Australian citizenship on 26 January 1949 if resident in Australia for 5 years at that point. On 29 July 1950 the Australian Parliament passed the \"Nationality and Citizenship (Burmese) Act 1950\" which removed the discrepancy between Australian and British law on the status of persons connected with Burma. As a result of the Act, Australian citizenship was lost on 29 July 1950 by persons who had had British nationality removed from them under the UK legislation in 1948, and persons descended from or married to such persons. Such persons were given until 29 July 1952 (two", "Immigration detention in Australia deported, some after living in Australia for a long period. Mandatory detention of asylum seekers (technically, \"unlawful arrivals\") in Australia was established by the Keating Government by the \"Migration Reform Act 1992\" which came into operation on 1 September 1994. It was originally intended as an interim measure. Controls on unauthorised arrivals were tightened under the subsequent Howard Government, including under the Pacific Solution policy, contributing to a sharp decline in boat arrivals and, consequently, to numbers of people being detained. The Pacific Solution was dismantled by the Rudd Government and partially restored under the Gillard Government in response to", "Nativism (politics) soon after the policy was adopted, while the remainder were forced out of the canefields where they had worked for decades. Hostility of native-born white Australians toward British and Irish immigrants in the late 19th century was manifested in a new party, the Australian Natives' Association. Since early 2000, opposition has mounted to asylum seekers arriving in boats from Indonesia. The Brazilian elite desired the racial whitening of the country, similarly to Argentina and Uruguay. The country encouraged European immigration, but non-white immigration always faced considerable backlash. On July 28, 1921, representatives Andrade Bezerra and Cincinato Braga proposed a law", "Tsebin Tchen Australia Policy by altering the immigration law to allow Asian migration. After weighing up his choices, Tchen decided to remain in Australia, and gained citizenship in 1971. Tchen was interested in Australia history and had come to the view that one of the factors that brought about the anti-Chinese attitude in Australia that culminated in the White Australia Policy, was the often self-imposed isolation of the earlier Chinese community. In 1972, he joined the Liberal Party of Australia, and became active in Melbourne's Chinese community after moving there to work in 1973. At the 1993 election, Tchen was preselected on", "Racism in Australia to Australia - the foundation of the White Australia policy - and voting rights for Aborigines were denied across most states. Australia's official World War One historian Charles Bean defined the early intentions of the policy as \"a vehement effort to maintain a high Western standard of economy, society and culture (necessitating at that stage, however it might be camouflaged, the rigid exclusion of Oriental peoples).\" The new Parliament quickly moved to restrict immigration to maintain Australia's \"British character\", and the Pacific Island Labourers Bill and the Immigration Restriction Bill were passed shortly before parliament rose for its first Christmas", "History of the Australian Labor Party trade unions, and in practice Labor politicians regard themselves as part of the broader labour movement and tradition. At the first federal election in 1901 Labor's platform called for a White Australia Policy, a citizen army and compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes. Labor has historically been a pragmatic party, and has at various times supported high tariffs and low tariffs, conscription and pacifism, White Australia and multiculturalism, nationalisation and privatisation, isolationism and internationalism. Historically, Labor and its affiliated unions were strong opponents of non-British immigration, expressed as the White Australia policy which barred all non-European migration to Australia. Besides the", "Voting rights of Indigenous Australians Voting rights of Indigenous Australians The voting rights of Indigenous Australians became an issue from the mid-19th century, when responsible government was being granted to Britain's Australian colonies, and suffrage qualifications were being debated. The resolution of universal rights progressed into the mid-20th century. Indigenous Australians began to acquire voting rights along with other adults living in the Australian colonies from the late-19th century. Other than in Queensland and Western Australia, Indigenous men acquired the vote alongside their non-Indigenous counterparts in the Australian colonies. In South Australia, Indigenous women also acquired the vote from 1895 onward. Following Australian Federation in", "Immigration Restriction Act 1901 immigrant could be subjected to a 50 word dictation test: Such a person would be a \"prohibited immigrant\" and was to be prevented from landing. This was similar to tests previously used in Western Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. It enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so. After 1903 the passage chosen was not important in itself as it was already decided the person could not enter Australia and so failure was inevitable. Although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it was given", "Sinophobia describe the Chinese. A poll tax was passed in Victoria in 1855 to restrict Chinese immigration. New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia followed suit. Such legislation did not distinguish between naturalised, British citizens, Australian-born and Chinese-born individuals. The tax in Victoria and New South Wales was repealed in the 1860s, In the 1870s and 1880s, the Growing trade union movement began a series of protests against foreign labour. Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from white men, worked for \"substandard\" wages, lowered working conditions and refused unionisation. Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy", "Al Grassby the 1969 federal election. He was the seat's first Labor MP in 24 years, and only the second in 47 years. Following Gough Whitlam's victory at the 1972 election, Grassby was appointed Minister for Immigration. In this role, Grassby became one of the more high-profile members of the Whitlam ministry, and was best known for his role in the initiation of multiculturalism in Australia and the ending of the White Australia policy. This is notwithstanding that in 1966, the Holt Liberal Government introduced the Migration Act 1966, a watershed moment in immigration reform, it effectively dismantled the White Australia policy" ]

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[ "Wesley R. Elsberry helped establish the Panda's Thumb weblog. While hospitalized following emergency surgery resulting from chronic ulcerative colitis, he established his personal weblog, The Austringer. The Austringer is the personal weblog of Elsberry, initiated during a 2004 hospitalization as a convenient way to keep friends and family updated on developments. The title derives from falconry jargon for a person who flies a short-wing hawk. While posts cover falconry, science, wildlife, computation, and media issues, the most notable posts concern science education and the antievolution movement. These have included substantial materials concerning Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns, the Sternberg peer review controversy, and" ]

[ "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts to have \"passable\" gameplay and a very neat feel to it. It is featured in the PlayStation 2's Greatest Hits series. Cabela's Dangerous Hunts Cabela's Dangerous Hunts is a 2003 video game published by Activision in conjunction with Cabela's for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows video game platforms. \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts\" is a first-person shooter in which the player goes on hunting trips. The game features several game modes, such as Career Mode, which allows the player to create a profile and then customize their stats, age, and appearance. During hunts, there are penalties for killing non-game animals", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts Cabela's Dangerous Hunts Cabela's Dangerous Hunts is a 2003 video game published by Activision in conjunction with Cabela's for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows video game platforms. \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts\" is a first-person shooter in which the player goes on hunting trips. The game features several game modes, such as Career Mode, which allows the player to create a profile and then customize their stats, age, and appearance. During hunts, there are penalties for killing non-game animals if the player shoots three non-game animals will result in failing the hunt. Terrain is another thing the player must pay", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 with his father, are on an African safari to hunt dangerous possessed animals that are terrorizing locals. The plot and script for the game is written by the screenwriter Brad Santos. \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011\" also features shooting galleries as well as multi-level multiplayer modes. The game received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The game begins in the year 1982 in a cave in Uganda, where Samson Rainsford (the protagonist's father), Mbeki's friend, and their guide, Mbeki, are hunting a creature called and referred to as the \"Kaftar\" (which the locals think is a demon that can only be", "Hunts Run are strongly acidic. The watershed of Hunts Run has an area of . There are of streams in the watershed. A waterfall known as the Hunts Run falls is situated on Hunts Run. It is a cascade-over-falls type waterfall with a height of . A hiking trail passes near the lower reaches of Hunts Run. Hunts Run is designated for use by aquatic life. Hunts Run Hunts Run is a tributary of Sullivan Branch in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. Its watershed has an area of . The stream", "Terror Is a Man from its cage and kills an unwary villager. The creature is swathed in bandages, but his cat-like eyes and ears are still evident. The creature is attracted to Frances, as she is the only person on the island who shows him pity. As time passes on the island, Fitzgerald and Frances eventually fall in love, and she asks him to take her away. The creature manages to free itself once again, but Walter sets the beast on fire and is able to recapture the scorched monster. Later the beast escapes again and goes on a rampage, killing Walter and a", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 big game and defending themselves from attacking predators. This mode uses rail-shooter game mechanics, with aiming either being done with a light gun or an on-screen floating crosshair cursor. Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 is a first-person shooter light gun hunting video game developed by Cauldron and published by Activision for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Wii, and Wii U. The game's story features Jacob Marshall as he tries to hunt in Africa, while remembering a past hunting trip in Alaska with his father and brother. The game opens with young brothers Jacob and Luke Marshall", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 is a first-person shooter light gun hunting video game developed by Cauldron and published by Activision for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Wii, and Wii U. The game's story features Jacob Marshall as he tries to hunt in Africa, while remembering a past hunting trip in Alaska with his father and brother. The game opens with young brothers Jacob and Luke Marshall on a hunting trip in Alaska with their father, a park ranger. The three of them are attacked by an unusually aggressive scar-faced grizzly bear. Luke saves Jacob by", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 is a 2005 hunting video game published by Sand Grain Studios and Cabela's. It is a sequel to the 2003 game \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts\". As opposed to previous games, \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2\" is more focused on survival rather than hunting. The player takes the role of a famous hunter traveling through many different types of terrain, trying to find out who or what killed his best friend. As with the first game, the hunter has a limited amount of energy and can be injured, which results in failure. There are many", "Hunts Bay Oolite Hunts Bay Oolite Hunts Bay Oolite is an oolitic carboniferous limestone geological formation found in the south Wales region. It is named after Hunts Bay on the Gower peninsula, south-south west of Bishopston, where a significant amount of the limestone forms the cliffs there. Hunts Bay Oolite is a sub-group of the Pembroke Limestone Group which itself is part of the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. Oolite means 'egg stone': very small grains (up to 2mm) form by accumulating precipitated minerals, usually calcium carbonate. These ooids, created in a warm, tropical environment, are the precursors to the limestone. The Hunts Bay Oolite", "Creature with the Atom Brain Creature with the Atom Brain Creature with the Atom Brain is a Belgian alternative rock band consisting of Millionaire keyboardist Aldo Struyf (Guitar/Keys/Vocals), Dave Schroyen (Drums), Jan Wygers (Bass) and Michiel Van Cleuvenbergen (Guitar). The band have been said to make \"fuzzy stripped-back rock'n'roll noise with a generous helping of weird.\" The band's name is taken from the Roky Erickson & The Aliens song (Which in turn was taken from the 1955 film of the same name), with Struyf citing Erickson's former band The 13th Floor Elevators and the man himself as influencing Creature with the Atom Brain's sound. After", "Hunts Bay Oolite to the equator. Hunts Bay Oolite Hunts Bay Oolite is an oolitic carboniferous limestone geological formation found in the south Wales region. It is named after Hunts Bay on the Gower peninsula, south-south west of Bishopston, where a significant amount of the limestone forms the cliffs there. Hunts Bay Oolite is a sub-group of the Pembroke Limestone Group which itself is part of the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. Oolite means 'egg stone': very small grains (up to 2mm) form by accumulating precipitated minerals, usually calcium carbonate. These ooids, created in a warm, tropical environment, are the precursors to the limestone. The", "A Poem Is a Naked Person \"Cocksucker Blues\", but funnier and stranger than either.\" A Poem Is a Naked Person A Poem Is A Naked Person is a film directed by Les Blank, filmed in 1972-1974 but not publicly released until 2015, after Blank's death. The film is a documentary about musician Leon Russell, produced and financed largely by Russell and his then-business partner Denny Cordell. Blank spent a large portion of two years on the film, but then its release was delayed for forty years due to creative differences and music clearance problems. Blank's son, Harrod Blank (who was a child when the movie was", "A Poem Is a Naked Person A Poem Is a Naked Person A Poem Is A Naked Person is a film directed by Les Blank, filmed in 1972-1974 but not publicly released until 2015, after Blank's death. The film is a documentary about musician Leon Russell, produced and financed largely by Russell and his then-business partner Denny Cordell. Blank spent a large portion of two years on the film, but then its release was delayed for forty years due to creative differences and music clearance problems. Blank's son, Harrod Blank (who was a child when the movie was filmed), spent years working on the clearances, before", "Creature Shock Creature Shock Creature Shock is a 1994 sci-fi first-person shooter game released on the PC and 3DO. The game was developed by Argonaut Games and published by Virgin Interactive. The game was later ported to the Philips CD-i, Sega Saturn and PlayStation video game systems. The title was one of the first extensive CD-ROM titles and used full-motion video for both cutscene and interactive portions. As a result, the game spans over a gigabyte in size and over two discs. Gameplay is divided into two portions: an on-rails shoot 'em up portion in which the player pilots a ship through", "Hunts Grove the residents group became a social media group page for HGRA (Hunts Grove Residents Association). Group Description captured 2 September 2017: \"The Hunts Grove Facebook Group is established as a community resource by, and solely for, residents of Hunts Grove, Hardwicke, Gloucestershire, UK. The group is a “closed group”, meaning that it is not open to public membership. Membership is managed strictly from the following: - Confirmed current residents; - Prospective residents; and, - Service providers and project stakeholders: (utilities, local government, developers, housing associations). The purpose of the Hunts Grove Facebook Group is to provide an engaging forum to", "Who is a Jew? a matter of \"nationality\". In the registering of \"nationality\" on Israeli identity cards, which is administered by the Ministry of the Interior, a person had to meet the Halakhic definition to be registered as a \"Jew\". However, in a number of cases the Supreme Court of Israel has ordered the Ministry of Interior to register Reform and Conservative converts as Jews. The right of people who convert in the Diaspora under Reform or Conservative auspices to immigrate to Israel and claim citizenship as Jews, is detailed in Israeli law. Until recently, Israeli identity cards had an indication of nationality, and", "Who is a Jew? as an uncodified constitution); however, the definition of \"who is a Jew\" has become an important issue in Israeli politics due to the involvement of religious parties in the Knesset. The issue of who is considered a Jew has given rise to legal controversy in Israel. There have been court cases in Israel since 1962 that have addressed the question. , anyone who immigrated to Israel after 1990 and wishes to marry or divorce via the Jewish tradition within the state limits must go through a \"Judaism test\" at an Orthodox Rabbinical court. In this test, a person would need", "Hunts Point, Washington at what is now 3655 Hunts Point Road. It became the center of Hunts Point's social activity through the 1920s. That same year, the women of Hunts Point formed the charitable organization The Eastside Circle of the Seattle Fruit and Flower Mission (later called The Overlake Service League), which continues to this day. In the 1950s, Stan Sayres, owner of the famous Slo Mo unlimited hydroplane, housed the boat at the end of Hunts Point Road. Hunts Point was officially incorporated on August 22, 1955. Hunts Point is located at (47.636754, -122.230598). According to the United States Census Bureau, the", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 anaconda attack. The game received \"mixed or average reviews\" on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2 is a 2005 hunting video game published by Sand Grain Studios and Cabela's. It is a sequel to the 2003 game \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts\". As opposed to previous games, \"Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2\" is more focused on survival rather than hunting. The player takes the role of a famous hunter traveling through many different types of terrain, trying to find out who or what killed his best friend. As with the first game,", "TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts is a television series on the Versus Cable Network. It first aired August 1, 2008. TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts is a blend of reality and extreme hunting. Each episode follows host Mark Kayser, portrayed as an average family man, undertaking the quest of extreme hunts across North America. Kayser hunts large and small game across harsh terrain and through inclement weather while providing tips on hunting, game calling, gear, physical conditioning and other topics. The series also features a number of \"Hero Hunts\" to honor law enforcement heroes. Three heroes of law enforcement were selected", "Hunts Point, Washington town has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. Hunts Point is part of the 48th Legislative District of Washington State. The district's legislators are: Hunts Point is part of Washington State Congressional District 1, represented by Suzan DelBene, Democrat. George W. Bush made a fund-raising stop in the town during each of his presidential campaigns. The August 22, 2003 visit cost the town $23,000 for police security. The town of Hunts Point, along with neighboring Yarrow Point, has no agreement to participate in the King County Library System, which precludes residents from holding library", "Hunts Grove Hunts Grove Hunts Grove is a new build suburb, situated near the villages of Hardwicke and Haresfield, on the southern edge of the city of Gloucester. Building began in 2010 and the estate is as yet unfinished. The development was named Hunts Grove after the small woodland, Hunts Grove, on the site. Planning permission was granted in 2008 by Stroud District Council, the relevant planning authority. Gloucester City Council formally objected but a government planning inspector confirmed the permission in 2009. Further objections were raised when Stroud District Council proposed an extension to include a further 750 new homes. On", "Hunts Point, Bronx them were the convenient access to the Tri-State region, the existing rail lines running through the Hunts Point area and the abundance of space available for the development of industrial and commercial activity. This discovery led to an influx of businesses to the area. As the momentum of incoming businesses increased, the reputation of Hunts Point grew accordingly among business circles. With the openings of the New York City Produce market in 1967 and Hunts Point Meat Market in 1974, and culminating with the designation of Hunts Point as an In-Place-Industrial Park in 1980, Hunts Point has grown into a", "My Teacher Is an Alien he sneaks into his science classroom after school hours to use it. He gradually becomes a much more thoughtful and considerate person. One day when he is using the machine he discovers an alien creature “Poot” in the classroom refrigerator, which makes him even more suspicious of his science teacher. One day after school when Duncan was having a terrible day, he goes into his home economics teacher Miss Betty Lou Karpou's classroom to seek advice. During this conversation, Miss Karpou is revealed to be the alien and identifies herself as Kreeblim. She freezes Duncan's body and uses his brain", "Creature of Havoc languages and elven magic. The player begins the adventure as the \"creature of havoc\" of the title, an unidentified, violent beast with no concept of who or where they are. The creature gradually recovers the ability to reason and communicate, and must learn what has happened and why. Because the creature cannot make its own decisions, it is governed by instinct. Once it finds the Vapour of Reason, it is able to make choices. The creature proceeds through the dungeon, killing a number of adventurers before finding the Vapour of Languages, which allows the creature to understand what others are", "Hunts Creek William, his son Joseph Seville was granted the land and transferred 25 acres to his sister, Elizabeth Hunt (née Seville) in 1833. He subsequently granted land in 1836 to his brother-in-law Samuel Hunt, after whom the creek is named. Hunts Creek provided the water supply for Parramatta and the surrounding district between 1856 and 1909. Hunts Creek Hunts Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Hunts Creek rises in the northern suburbs of Sydney, near the south-west corner of the intersection of North Rocks Road", "Who is a Jew? languages, depending on the geographic region of the speakers or their ancestors. Who is a Jew? \"Who is a Jew?\" ( ) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. The question is based on ideas about Jewish personhood, which have cultural, ethnic, religious, political, genealogical, and personal dimensions. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism follow Jewish law (Halakha), deeming a person to be Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they underwent a halakhic conversion. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept both matrilineal and patrilineal descent. Karaite Judaism predominantly follows patrilineal descent. Jewish identity is also", "Who is a Jew? Who is a Jew? \"Who is a Jew?\" ( ) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. The question is based on ideas about Jewish personhood, which have cultural, ethnic, religious, political, genealogical, and personal dimensions. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism follow Jewish law (Halakha), deeming a person to be Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they underwent a halakhic conversion. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept both matrilineal and patrilineal descent. Karaite Judaism predominantly follows patrilineal descent. Jewish identity is also commonly defined through ethnicity. Opinion polls have suggested that the majority of", "Yara-ma-yha-who Yara-ma-yha-who The Yara-ma-yha-who is a legendary creature found in Australian Aboriginal mythology. According to legend, the creature resembles a little frog-like man with red fur, a very big head, a large mouth with no teeth and suckers on the ends of its hands and feet. The Yara-ma-yha-who is said to live in fig trees. Instead of hunting for food, it is described as waiting for an unsuspecting traveller to rest under the tree. The creature then drops down and uses its suckers to drain the victim's blood. After that it swallows the person, drinks some water, and then takes a", "Hunts Creek Hunts Creek Hunts Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Hunts Creek rises in the northern suburbs of Sydney, near the south-west corner of the intersection of North Rocks Road and Pennant Hills Road within the suburb of and generally flows south-west through Lake Parramatta to its confluence with Darling Mills Creek near the intersection of North Rocks Road and Church Street . In 1818 William Seville was 'granted fifty acres of land at Broken Back Ridge' bounded by the creek. Following the death of", "TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts be the new producer. It airs on the Versus Network in 2008 on Fridays at 3:30 p.m. EDT and Saturdays at 11:30 a.m. EDT. TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts is a television series on the Versus Cable Network. It first aired August 1, 2008. TruckVault's Xtreme Hunts is a blend of reality and extreme hunting. Each episode follows host Mark Kayser, portrayed as an average family man, undertaking the quest of extreme hunts across North America. Kayser hunts large and small game across harsh terrain and through inclement weather while providing tips on hunting, game calling, gear, physical conditioning", "Hunts Point, Bronx Ricans, with smaller numbers of African Americans, Dominicans, and Mexicans. Hunts Point has one of the highest concentrations of Hispanics in all of New York City. Almost half of the population lives below the federal poverty line. Hunts Point is a peninsula located at the confluence of the Bronx River and the East River, which is actually a tidal strait connecting Upper New York Bay to the Long Island Sound. The total land area is approximately . Most of the land area in Hunts Point is dominated by industry. There is a small but dense residential pocket that occupies the", "A Gentle Creature A Gentle Creature \"A Gentle Creature\" (), sometimes also translated as \"The Meek One\", is a short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky in 1876. The piece comes with the subtitle of \"A Fantastic Story\", and it chronicles the relationship between a pawnbroker and a girl that frequents his shop. The story was inspired by a news report that Dostoyevsky read in April 1876 about the suicide of a seamstress. Dostoyevsky referred to it as a \"meek suicide\" that \"keeps haunting you for a long time.\" The story opens with the narrator in a frenzy about an apparent tragedy that has just", "Creature (miniseries) Creature (miniseries) Creature is a 1998 American television miniseries starring Craig T. Nelson, Kim Cattrall and Matthew Carey. It is based on the 1994 novel \"White Shark\" (re-published as \"Creature\" in 1997 concurrent with the film) by \"Jaws\" author Peter Benchley. The miniseries is about an amphibious shark-like monster terrorizing an abandoned secret military base and the people who live on the island where it is located. The miniseries starts with Richland (Feore), who was sent to visit a government facility on a remote Caribbean island. He follows Peniston (Esposito) into the facility. The head scientist Dr. Bishop (Reineke) shows", "3D Virtual Creature Evolution (from zero, as not having an influence on fitness, to one, or having maximum influence) to determine the fitness goal. What generations the fitness function applies to can also be set. The environment, or “Terrain”, is then determined. This includes a flat plain, bumpy terrain (in which a hill is generated around creature that constantly inclines as distance is traveled from the creature’s spawning point), water (a low gravity simulator, non-functional), and “spheres” (spheres are generated above creature to catch). Everything in the simulation is viewed from a first person viewpoint. After settings are determined, the first generation is generated", "Who is a Jew? to adopt Judaism and join a Humanistic Jewish community, and for the Society for Humanistic Judaism to adopt the person wanting to be part of the Humanistic Jewish family. As Israeli author Amos Oz puts it, \"a Jew is anyone who chooses or is compelled to share a common fate with other Jews.\" Oz summed up his position more succinctly in a monologue published in \"Tikkun\", saying \"Who is a Jew? Everyone who is mad enough to call himself or herself a Jew is a Jew.\" Israel has no single document called a constitution (the Basic Laws of Israel function", "Creature (1985 film) Creature (1985 film) Creature (also known as The Titan Find and Titan Find) is a 1985 American science fiction horror film directed by William Malone, starring Stan Ivar, Wendy Schaal, Lyman Ward, Robert Jaffe and Diane Salinger. It features early special effects work by Robert and Dennis Skotak, who would go on to design the special effects for \"Aliens\". In the film's prologue, two geological researchers for the American multinational corporation NTI encounter an ancient alien laboratory on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. In the lab is an egg-like container which is keeping an alien creature alive. The creature", "Creature with the Atom Brain two 12\" EPs on Conspiracy records, the band released their first full-length album on March 24, 2008, entitled \"I am the Golden Gate Bridge\". The album notably featured guest vocals from fellow Millionaire band-member Tim Vanhamel and Mark Lanegan, Struyf having provided keyboards and toured for the latter's Bubblegum album. Creature with the Atom Brain have since toured in support of the album, including playing cancelled shows for Masters of Reality and supporting Jesus and Mary Chain on selected shows. Creature with the Atom Brain Creature with the Atom Brain is a Belgian alternative rock band consisting of Millionaire keyboardist", "Hunts Point, Bronx of the New York City Department of Corrections. It is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum-security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells. It was opened in 1992 and was named for Vernon C. Bain, a warden who died in a car accident. It has been used by the city of New York as a prison, but has also temporarily held juvenile inmates. There is one New York City Housing Authority low-income housing development located in Hunts Point, Hunts Point Avenue Rehab, which includes thirteen rehabilitated tenement buildings, 4 and 5 stories tall. The area is patrolled by the", "Who is a Jew? are given male names and that biblical characters are always referenced by their fathers' names. However, a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father. The divergence of views has become an issue because Orthodox and Conservative communities do not recognize a person as Jewish if only their father is Jewish. For the person to be accepted as Jewish by an Orthodox or Conservative community (for example, on an occasion of their bar/bat mitzvah or marriage), they require a formal conversion (in accordance with halakhic standards). Orthodox Judaism has", "Creature Academy America by \"ForeWord\" magazine. The film \"Creature Academy\" is currently in the early stages of pre-production. Creature Academy Creature Academy is an all-ages/science fiction/fantasy digital comic series created by Kevin Hanna, that ran for four issues and was published in a collected edition for the first time in 2013. In 2008, LeftJet announced that they had taken steps for a possible future film adaptation; The film, \"The Creature Academy\", is currently in preproduction. \"Creature Academy\" tells the story of rebellious teen, Wes Mendes, who has lived his life on the run with his mother. Once she is kidnapped by ghost-like", "Creature with the Atom Brain (film) (\"The Werewolf\", \"The Giant Claw\" and \"Zombies of Mora Tau\"). \"Creature with the Atom Brain\" inspired the name of the Belgian rock band Creature with the Atom Brain, as well as the 1980 Roky Erickson & The Aliens song of the same name. Director Cahn would go on to make \"Invisible Invaders\" (1959) using the same basic concept (in the later film, invading aliens inhabit the reanimated corpses of humans). Creature with the Atom Brain (film) Creature with the Atom Brain is a 1955 American black-and-white zombie science fiction film from Columbia Pictures, produced by Sam Katzman, directed by Edward", "Hunts Run Hunts Run Hunts Run is a tributary of Sullivan Branch in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Davidson Township. Its watershed has an area of . The stream has a low pH and poor water quality. The main rock formations in the area are the Huntley Mountain Formation, and the Burgoon Sandstone. The main soil associations in the vicinity of the stream are the Deep-Wellsboro-Oquaga association, the Morris association, and the Oquaga association. Hunts Run begins on a plateau in Davidson Township. It begins flowing east and almost immediately enters a valley,", "Hunts Point Cooperative Market Hunts Point Cooperative Market The Hunts Point Cooperative Market, a 24/7 wholesale food market located on in Hunts Point, in the Bronx, New York City, is the largest food distribution center of its kind in the world. Its revenues exceed $2 billion annually. Located at the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center, which houses the Fulton Fish Market and a produce market, the Hunts Point Cooperative Market is the source for approximately 50 percent of the New York region’s meat. More than 50 independent wholesale food businesses located at the Market supply food to over 22 million people in the New", "Creature of Havoc to the rules given the story circumstances: damage to the creature (the player) is reduced by 1 STAMINA point due to its tough hide, while rolling a double on the dice when determining the player's attack strength will instantly kill an enemy. The player begins the adventure as the \"creature of havoc\" of the title, an unidentified, violent beast with no concept of who or where they are. Because the creature cannot make its own decisions, it is governed by instinct, and die rolls are initially used to determine which pages to turn to, rather than the player's own choice.", "Who is a Jew? be threatened by the democrat who sees only \"the person\" and not \"the Jew\". Hannah Arendt repeatedly asserted a principle of claiming Jewish identity in the face of antisemitism. \"If one is attacked as a Jew, one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world-citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man, or whatever\"; \"A man attacked as a Jew cannot defend himself as an Englishman or a Frenchman. The world can only conclude from this that he is simply not defending himself at all.\" Wade Clark Roof (1976), a sociologist at", "Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock Inspector Ghote Hunts The Peacock is a detective/mystery novel by H. R. F. Keating An injury to Inspector Ghote's commanding officer prevents him from attending an international police conference on drug smuggling that is to be held in London. Inspector Ghote is ordered to go to England, attend the conference, take notes and produce a presentation on behalf of his superior. On arrival Inspector Ghote is met by his cousin and his wife, who run an Indian restaurant in London. He intends to stay with them for the duration of the conference but quickly learns", "Creature Songs Creature Songs Creature Songs is the second extended play (EP) by English alternative rock band Wolf Alice. It was released on 26 May 2014 through Dirty Hit. The EP was produced by Catherine Marks. The EP was preceded by the release of \"Moaning Lisa Smile\", which was uploaded to the band's SoundCloud page. Barnabas Abraham of \"The 405\" said \"\"Creature Songs\" features a more aggressive edge that marks itself on the EP's opening two tracks, and overall the EP is another refreshing sample of a group who carry an infectious energy.\" \"NME\"s Rhian Daly described the EP is a mix", "Who is a Jew? the field was left empty for those who immigrated not solely on the basis of being Jewish (i.e. as a child, grandchild or spouse of a Jew only) to indicate that the person may not be a Jew. Many Israeli citizens who are not recognised by the Rabbinate as Jewish have been issued with Israeli identity cards that do not include their Hebrew calendar birth date. In 2010 the Labour Court of South Africa addressed the question of who is a Jew for the purposes of the Employment Equity Act. The question has also arisen in the United Kingdom, where", "Hunts Grove on the new school buildings in Hunts Grove on 3rd September 2018 by Willmott Dixon Construction Ltd. The new school will be operated by Robinswood Academy Trust. Completion is expected in time for the September 2019 school year. Hunts Grove is being built on land formerly part of Colethrop Farm in the parishes of Hardwicke and Haresfield, Stroud District. Hunts Grove Hunts Grove is a new build suburb, situated near the villages of Hardwicke and Haresfield, on the southern edge of the city of Gloucester. Building began in 2010 and the estate is as yet unfinished. The development was named", "Who is a Jew? Chief Rabbinate. Orthodox halachic rules apply to converts who want to marry in Israel. Under these rules, a conversion to Judaism must strictly follow halachic standards to be recognised as valid. The rabbinate even scrutinizes Orthodox conversions, with some who have converted by orthodox authorities outside Israel not being permitted to marry in Israel. If one's ancestral line of Jewishness is in doubt, then a proper conversion would be required in order to be allowed to marry in the Orthodox community, or in Israel, where such rules govern all marriages. The Jewish status of a person in Israel is considered", "Who is a Jew? to or were raised in a faith other than Judaism, including Messianic Judaism. This definition is not the same as that in traditional Jewish law; in some respects it is deliberately wider, so as to include those non-Jewish relatives of Jews who may have been perceived to be Jewish, and thus faced antisemitism. The Law of Return does not, of itself, define the Jewish status of a person; it only deals with those who have a right of immigration to Israel. In the early 1950s, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate originally objected to the immigration of Karaite Jews to Israel, and", "Hunts Mesa Access to Hunts Mesa is not through the general entrance of the park but rather through the sand dunes northeast of the town of Kayenta, Arizona. On October 16, 1984, a United States Air Force B-52G bomber crashed on Hunts Mesa, killing two of the seven crewmen. Hunts Mesa Hunts Mesa is a rock formation located in Monument Valley, south of the border between Utah and Arizona in the United States and west of the border between Arizona's Navajo County and Apache County. It is one of two popular interior destinations in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park for tourists", "Hunts Grove 25 May 2014, Gloucestershire County Council announced that a new primary school in the suburb which will serve the 1,750 new homes being built. Hunts Grove Residents Association (HGRA) is a voluntary organisation that aims to protect and promote the collective interests of the residents to ensure that Hunts Grove remains a unique and special place to live during construction up to 2033 and the years beyond. This is achieved by working with the master developer (Crest Nicholson Strategic Projects), Parish, District and County Councils to ensure that residents needs and concerns in respect of construction, planning applications, management company,", "Clover (creature) of the \"Toronto Star\" thought that the \"main\" creature was disappointing, while he considered the \"mutant spider crabs\" that came from it as \"way scarier\". Lawrence Person of \"Locus Online\" describes it as \"like a cross between a truly giant mantis and Johnny the Skeletal Torso.\" Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" found that the creature was more reassuring as it appeared more in the film, explaining, \"Its very nature as a walking, stalking being suggests it can somehow be killed by conventional means\". Chris Vognar of \"The Dallas Morning News\" applauded the creature's appearance as cinematic: Clover (creature) Clover is the", "Hunts Run where it flows downhill very steeply. After a short distance, it reaches its confluence with Sullivan Branch. Hunts Run joins Sullivan Branch upstream of its mouth. Hunts Run experiences chronic acidification. During both average flow conditions and high flow conditions, the water quality of the stream is \"severe\", a rating worse than \"very poor\". Its pH is less than 4. Hunts Run is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by atmospheric deposition due to metals and pH. It was first recognized as impaired in 2002 and as of December 2011, the total maximum daily load", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 environment, in which hunters normally need to remain still while surrounded by hordes of beasts. The preview also praises the Top Shot Elite for its smooth handling and for its inclusion of an infrared scope, which it says adds to the level of realism to the gameplay. David Scammell of Gamerzines described the game as 'awesome m8' and cited the Top Shot Elite as the forty third best peripheral of 2011. This game works with PlayStation Move. Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 is a hunting video game published by Activision in conjunction with Cabela's for the Nintendo", "Hunts Grove decisions that will have a major impact on the village being built at Hunts Grove. Secondary goal is to organise. Hunts Grove will need a residents association sooner or later. So this group can be a forum for interested people to come forward to volunteer and ensure the support of residents as a whole. Issues such as build progress, roads, housing, broadband, schools, GP surgery and even the planned pub! Discuss it all here along with any local interests, issues or requests. Hunts Grove Primary School is currently located in temporary accommodation in Waterwells primary school, Quedgeley, Gloucester. Construction commences", "Creature Academy Creature Academy Creature Academy is an all-ages/science fiction/fantasy digital comic series created by Kevin Hanna, that ran for four issues and was published in a collected edition for the first time in 2013. In 2008, LeftJet announced that they had taken steps for a possible future film adaptation; The film, \"The Creature Academy\", is currently in preproduction. \"Creature Academy\" tells the story of rebellious teen, Wes Mendes, who has lived his life on the run with his mother. Once she is kidnapped by ghost-like specters, they then return for him. He must now hide in the under-city; where the human", "Hunts Point Department of Public Safety Hunts Point Department of Public Safety The Hunts Point Department of Public Safety is a private law enforcement agency in the South Bronx in New York City, which in the confines of the New York City Police Department's 41st Precinct. Hunts Point Public Safety officers' duties are to protect the people and property and enforce all laws at the Hunts Point Market which is less than 1 square mile in size, including all its facilities, storefronts, railways. Hunts Point Department of Public Safety are governed by Hunts Point Cooperative Market. HPDPS special patrolmen are NYS peace officers under New York", "Hunts Point, Bronx Hunts Point, Bronx Hunts Point is a neighborhood located on a peninsula in the South Bronx of New York City. It is the location of one of the largest food distribution facilities in the world, the Hunts Point Cooperative Market. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community District 2. Its boundaries are the Bruckner Expressway to the west and north, the Bronx River to the east, and the East River to the south. Hunts Point Avenue is the primary street through Hunts Point. ZIP codes include 10474. The neighborhood is served by the New York City Police Department's 41st Precinct.", "Hunts Point Cooperative Market The rail improvements are part of a $332.5 million major renovation to the market that is under negotiation. In 2015, Mayor de Blasio announced that New York would spend $150 million over 12 years to modernize the market. Hunts Point Cooperative Market The Hunts Point Cooperative Market, a 24/7 wholesale food market located on in Hunts Point, in the Bronx, New York City, is the largest food distribution center of its kind in the world. Its revenues exceed $2 billion annually. Located at the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center, which houses the Fulton Fish Market and a produce market, the", "Hunts Point, Bronx Point in nearly 30 years. Other schools include the John V. Lindsay Wildcat Academy Charter School, MS201 Theatre Arts & RSCH (As of 2008, it is now known as MS 424), P352 at 201 Vida Bogart School, PS 352, PS 48 Joseph R Drake, St. Ignatius School and Wildcat Second Opportunity School. IS 217, the School of Performing Arts, is also located in Hunts Point on Tiffany Street. The following New York City Subway stations serve Hunts Point: The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Hunts Point: Hunts Point, Bronx Hunts Point is a neighborhood located on a", "Modern witch-hunts were among the first to cover a wider range of witch-hunts. In recent times, Wolfgang Behringer has provided an overview about witch-hunts throughout history and continents. A particularly high prevalence of recent witch-hunting has been noted for the DRC, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria. Other states showing ongoing and repeated witch-hunts are Malawi, Ghana, Gambia, Benin, Angola, CAR. While some societies suffer at most sporadic and low-level witch-hunts (Senegal, Namibia, Rwanda), the entire Sub-Saharan Africa shows a high prevalence of beliefs in the existence of witchcraft and a considerable prevalence of violent witch-hunts. Nonetheless, many if not most ethnic", "Creature with the Atom Brain (film) Creature with the Atom Brain (film) Creature with the Atom Brain is a 1955 American black-and-white zombie science fiction film from Columbia Pictures, produced by Sam Katzman, directed by Edward L. Cahn, that stars Richard Denning, Angela Stevens, S. John Launer, Michael Granger and Gregory Gaye. The screenplay was written by Curt Siodmak. American gangster Frank Buchanan (Granger) forces former Nazi scientist Wilhelm Steigg (Gaye) to create zombies by resurrecting corpses through atomic radiation in order to help him exact revenge on his enemies. \"Creature with the Atom Brain\" was released as the bottom half of a double feature with", "Who is a Jew? definition. But, the absence of a definition of who is a Jew, for the purpose of the Law, has resulted in the divergent views of the various streams of Judaism competing for recognition. Besides the generally accepted halakhic definition of who is a Jew, the Law extended the categories of person who are entitled to immigration and citizenship to the children and grandchildren of Jews, regardless of their present religious affiliation, and their spouses. Also, converts to Judaism whose conversion was performed outside the State of Israel, regardless of who performed it, are entitled to immigration under the Law. Once", "Hunts Point Department of Public Safety after being approved and issued an (Special Patrolmen) handgun permit by the New York City Police Department, expandable baton, handcuffs, flashlight, bullet resistant vest, and a two-way radio that is directly linked to the Central Dispatcher and other officers. All Hunts Point Department of Public Safety Officers belong to the Special Patrolmen Benevolent Association. Hunts Point Department of Public Safety The Hunts Point Department of Public Safety is a private law enforcement agency in the South Bronx in New York City, which in the confines of the New York City Police Department's 41st Precinct. Hunts Point Public Safety officers' duties", "Who is a Jew? familiar with and willing to vouch for the Jewishness of their maternal lineage or the validity of their conversion. There have been several attempts to convene representatives of the three major movements to formulate a practical solution to this issue. To date, these have failed, though all parties concede the importance of the issue is greater than any sense of rivalry among them. Ethnic Jew is a term generally used to describe a person of Jewish parentage and background who does not necessarily actively practice Judaism, but still identifies with Judaism or other Jews culturally or fraternally, or both. The", "Hunts Grove services, roads, public transport, parking and public open spaces are respected. All residents are encouraged to get involved with the residents association to shape the community. On 5 May 2017, Hunts Grove residents formed a residents group to gather and represent the interests of its members. As of August 2018, Hunts Grove comprises more than 430 homes and the residents group comprises 392 verified members on its Facebook group page. Members of the group must be resident of Hunts Grove, in the process of moving to Hunts Grove or representing stakeholders delivering services to the community. On August 24 2018,", "Creature Catalogue of the player characters, originally printed in the Master Set, is reproduced in the introduction. Each creature is listed with appropriate \"D&D\" statistics and a short description of the creature, its abilities and tactics. A variety of authors and artists combined to the listings including Zeb Cook and Gary Gygax. AC9 \"Creature Catalogue\" was compiled by Graeme Morris, Phil Gallagher, and Jim Bambra, and was published by TSR in 1986. The \"Creature Catalogue\" is in the format of a 96-page perfect-bound book, which TSR had been adopting more frequently at the time. Cover art is by Keith Parkinson. An updated", "Hunts Point Riverside Park site was an abandoned lot that was once part of a defunct Robert Moses era bridge project. The POINT Community Development Corporation's Majora Carter spearheaded the development of this park. Hunts Point Riverside Park was the 2009 Silver Medalist of the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence Hunts Point Riverside Park Hunts Point Little Riverside Park is a riverside park located in the Hunts Point neighborhood in the South Bronx section of New York City. It is the first new riverside park to be built in the area in over sixty years, and is the first of a planned series", "Creature worship Creature worship In contrast with worship of a Creator deity, the theological term creature worship refers unflatteringly to veneration of that which is created. In the biblical worldview, creature worship is seen as analogous to a reversal of the relationship between God and creature or the reversal of mindedness, which places power in the handiwork. Creature worship may include: Animal worship, Animism,Cult of personality,Household deity, Idolatry, Nature worship, and/or Pantheism. In some Christian denominations and even in the early development of the Christian church, the veneration of saints is considered creature worship. It is based on the view that Christians", "Hunts Corners, Ohio Hunts Corners, Ohio Hunts Corners (also Hunt's Corners or Moorehead) is an unincorporated community in southeastern Lyme Township, Huron County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the intersection of State Route 547 and Sand Hill Road, southeast of Bellevue and southwest of the city of Norwalk, the county seat of Huron County. Its elevation is 768 feet (234 m), and it is located at (41.2275540, -82.7574062). Hunts Corners is among Huron County's oldest communities. Founded by Levi Sutton, a Virginian, the community was established as the \"Sutton Settlement\" in 1811, six years before the first settlers arrived in Norwalk. While", "Hunts Point Avenue (IRT Pelham Line) Hunts Point Avenue (IRT Pelham Line) Hunts Point Avenue is an express station on the IRT Pelham Line of the New York City Subway, served by the 6 train at all times and the <6> train on weekdays in the peak direction. It is located at Hunts Point Avenue and Southern Boulevard in the Bronx. The Hunts Point Avenue station opened on January 7, 1919 as the new terminal of the Pelham Line, which was extended from Third Avenue–138th Street. The construction of the Pelham Line was part of the Dual Contracts, signed on March 19, 1913 and also known", "Creature suit movements slowly and deliberately to emulate a slow moving creature. Creature suit Creature suits are realistic costumes used to disguise a performer as an animal, monster, or other being. They are used in film, television, or as costumed characters in live events. Unlike mascots, they are often made with a high degree of realism. In contrast with prosthetic makeup, which is applied to an actor's skin, the wearer is not normally visible outside their movements controlling the costume, although in some cases, part of the wearer's body is still visible (such as in the case of mermaids or other half-human", "Creature suit Creature suit Creature suits are realistic costumes used to disguise a performer as an animal, monster, or other being. They are used in film, television, or as costumed characters in live events. Unlike mascots, they are often made with a high degree of realism. In contrast with prosthetic makeup, which is applied to an actor's skin, the wearer is not normally visible outside their movements controlling the costume, although in some cases, part of the wearer's body is still visible (such as in the case of mermaids or other half-human monsters). Creature suits have been used since before movies were", "Creature Shock saying that the game has imaginative visuals but grainy full motion video, a cursor that tends to get lost in the graphics, and a general lack of excitement and fun. A \"Next Generation\" critic said in a brief review that it \"features great rendered graphics but drags with a low grade, point-and-click shooting interface.\" Creature Shock Creature Shock is a 1994 sci-fi first-person shooter game released on the PC and 3DO. The game was developed by Argonaut Games and published by Virgin Interactive. The game was later ported to the Philips CD-i, Sega Saturn and PlayStation video game systems. The", "Hunts Point, Bronx for Children, and South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (SoBRO). Real Life Church, who has fed over 1,200 people in two years on Thanksgiving Day. An urban arts scene is emerging in Hunts Point, with cultural institutions such as THE POINT Community Development Corporation, the Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance (BAAD), and MUD/BONE STUDIO 889. BAAD was formerly located in the historic Bank Note Building and have now since relocated to 2474 Westchester Avenue. THE POINT, which is located in a former bagel factory, provides performance art space, visual art galleries, after-school programs in the visual and performing arts", "Hunts Point, Bronx for schoolchildren in the community, and community organizing around environmental improvement and infrastructure development in the neighborhood. In 2006, an online news outlet \"The Hunts Point Express\" began reporting on Hunts Point and Longwood. It is written by students at Hunter College, edited by journalism professor Bernard L. Stein, and also appears in a print edition that is available for free at community centers, clinics, and stores throughout the neighborhood. The Hunts Point Branch of the New York Public Library was completed in 1929 as the last Carnegie library in the system. The building was designed by Carrère and Hastings,", "Hunts Mesa Hunts Mesa Hunts Mesa is a rock formation located in Monument Valley, south of the border between Utah and Arizona in the United States and west of the border between Arizona's Navajo County and Apache County. It is one of two popular interior destinations in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park for tourists to experience panoramic views of the popular sandstone formations from a distance. The other is Mystery Valley. A Navajo guide is required to hike to either. Hunts Mesa forms the southeastern edge of Monument Valley and the northern edge of Little Capitan Valley. Its elevation is .", "The Hunts the poet's quest to capture life and identity within words. The final section presents the author as a woman pursued as a heretic, for having \"spied on God.\" \"... the poetry of \"Las Cacerías\" is akin to ritual and hymn...\" The Hunts The Hunts, by Amelia Biagioni, is a book of poems written originally in Spanish. A bilingual edition of an astonishing poetic cycle that ranges across time and space to recreate the eternal hunt: the unstoppable, restless process of the universe chasing, tormenting and consuming itself. A bilingual edition of \"Las Cacerías\", an enraptured poetic cycle that takes the", "A Gentle Creature film: \"Dịu Dàng - Gentle\". Another 2015 adaption was the Russian film \"Клетка\" (\"The Cage\"). A Gentle Creature \"A Gentle Creature\" (), sometimes also translated as \"The Meek One\", is a short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky in 1876. The piece comes with the subtitle of \"A Fantastic Story\", and it chronicles the relationship between a pawnbroker and a girl that frequents his shop. The story was inspired by a news report that Dostoyevsky read in April 1876 about the suicide of a seamstress. Dostoyevsky referred to it as a \"meek suicide\" that \"keeps haunting you for a long time.\" The", "The Snow Creature the creature resists it starts to choke one of the men through the mesh. One of the men shoots the creature once who then stops choking the man. There's a pause after the choked man had been released and then the man with the gun decides to shoot the rare creature with three more slugs just for good measure. Thus, one of the greatest finds of all time is dead. \"The Snow Creature\" was the first of several Yeti/Abominable Snowman-themed movies. It also bore some resemblance to \"King Kong\" in terms of plot, with act one in an exotic setting,", "Creature worship goal to achieve \"nirvana\", the soul experiences rebirth in the form of different creatures. It is, thus, accepted to worship nature in all of its elements because it signifies respect for the environment as well as the worship for one's ancestors. Creature worship In contrast with worship of a Creator deity, the theological term creature worship refers unflatteringly to veneration of that which is created. In the biblical worldview, creature worship is seen as analogous to a reversal of the relationship between God and creature or the reversal of mindedness, which places power in the handiwork. Creature worship may include:", "The Snow Creature begins to change Parrish’s opinion regarding the creature’s existence (such as the tell-tale “giant footprints”). Finally, the team makes contact with the snow creature, who hurls stones at them from atop his mountain refuge. The expedition tracks the creature to his cave, where they encounter the creature, along with two other Yeti’s - a female and young one. The team also discover Subra’s wife, who is guarded jealously by the snow creature. Parrish forcibly prevents the enraged Subra from shooting the Yeti, reasoning that the creature is more valuable for science alive. This delays the capture long enough to enable", "Modern witch-hunts ritual murder or any ritual abuse, which is sometimes referred to as witchcraft or witch-hunting (meaning the man-hunt for body-parts for ritual purposes). A common parlance refers to witch-hunts as \"witchcraft\", a confusion of topics. Another common parlance refers to political persecution in general as \"witch-hunt\", an example were the trials of McCarthyism in the USA. Most witch-hunts today take place in modern sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of ethnographic literature on the subject remains on a local level. Summarizing studies and meta-analysis remain scarce due to the amount of data involved. Max Marwick, John Middleton, Mary Douglas and Lucy Mair", "Who is a Jew? religion derived from the \"Rufeisen Case\" in 1962. Such a person, no matter what their halakhic position, was not entitled to immigration under the Law. This created a divergence between the Israeli state's interpretation of Jewishness and that of halakha. In the 1970 Shalit case the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in favour of a family which sought to register children born in Israel from a Scottish mother as Jewish by nationality, but the 1972 amendment to the Population Registry Law prevented their third child being registered as Jewish. Current Israeli definitions specifically exclude Jews who have openly and knowingly converted", "The Hunts The Hunts The Hunts, by Amelia Biagioni, is a book of poems written originally in Spanish. A bilingual edition of an astonishing poetic cycle that ranges across time and space to recreate the eternal hunt: the unstoppable, restless process of the universe chasing, tormenting and consuming itself. A bilingual edition of \"Las Cacerías\", an enraptured poetic cycle that takes the reader through the delirious swirl of the eternal hunt on Earth and in heaven, in the past, present and future. Sections of the cycle relate to the ancient sport of man pursuing beast, beast pursuing beast, man pursuing man, and", "Hunts Run date is 2015. The elevation near the mouth of Hunts Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between and . The headwaters of Hunts Run are on Burgoon Sandstone. The rest of the stream flows over rock of the Huntley Mountain Formation. The lower reaches of Hunts Run are on soil of the Deep-Wellsboro-Oquaga soil association. The middle reaches of the stream are on rock outcroppings. The upper reaches are on soil of the Oquaga soil association, the Morris soil association, and various minor soil associations. Most of the soils that the stream flows on", "Creature Crunch Creature Crunch Creature Crunch is a 1996 animated point-and-click adventure game released for personal computers, developed by TechToons and Class6 Interactive. In the game, the player controls Wesley, a boy who is transformed into a human-monster hybrid by a mad scientist. Wesley has to escape the scientist's mansion, exploring its rooms and eating items which will help him defeat each room's guardians. Creature Crunch features the voices of comedians Martin Short and Eugene Levy. The boy Wesley (voiced by Short) is riding his bike during a storm. He stops in front of a mansion looking for shelter. Wesley is captured", "A Gentle Creature (film) A Gentle Creature (film) A Gentle Creature is a 2017 drama film directed by Sergei Loznitsa. The film was created as an international co-production between France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Latvia, Ukraine and Lithuania. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The film is inspired by the short story of the same name by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. A woman lives alone on the outskirts of a village in Russia. One day she receives a parcel she had sent to her incarcerated husband, marked 'return to sender'. Shocked and", "The Leopard Hunts in Darkness The Leopard Hunts in Darkness The Leopard Hunts in Darkness is a novel by Wilbur Smith set in the early days of Zimbabwe's independence and is the fourth in Wilbur Smith's series about the Ballantyne family of Rhodesia. The Leopard Hunts in Darkness by Wilbur Smith is a novel of politics, betrayal, love and friendship. In this continuing saga involving two families and their ongoing connections to each other, Wilbur Smith weaves a story where celebrated author Craig Mellow with the help of World Bank connections, returns to his beloved Africa as an agent of the bank, asked only to", "The Leopard Hunts in Darkness Mashona forces, during which they uncover a plot that includes the Russians to overthrow and enslave the population. Full of surprises, the story is one where good wins over evil, and Craig and Sally-Anne are able to return with Samson to Africa and the lives they were building there. Film rights were bought in the 1980s by Sylvester Stallone to develop a vehicle for Stallone but no film eventuated. An adventure story of Masud Rana series named \"Andhokarey Chita\" was based on the Leopard Hunt in Darkness. The Leopard Hunts in Darkness The Leopard Hunts in Darkness is a novel", "Creature Crunch enjoyable\". The game artwork reminded him of John Kricfalusi style. Creature Crunch Creature Crunch is a 1996 animated point-and-click adventure game released for personal computers, developed by TechToons and Class6 Interactive. In the game, the player controls Wesley, a boy who is transformed into a human-monster hybrid by a mad scientist. Wesley has to escape the scientist's mansion, exploring its rooms and eating items which will help him defeat each room's guardians. Creature Crunch features the voices of comedians Martin Short and Eugene Levy. The boy Wesley (voiced by Short) is riding his bike during a storm. He stops in", "Hunts Pond State Park Sherburne. Outside of the former Hunts Pond State Park area, primitive camping is permitted throughout Hunts Pond State Forest, pursuant to general state forest regulations. Hunts Pond State Park Hunts Pond State Park is a former state park in Chenango County, New York, United States. The former park is located in the town of New Berlin, west of Route 8 and southwest of the village of New Berlin. It has been managed since 2011 as part of Hunts Pond State Forest. The park was managed by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation prior to 2011,", "Who is a Jew? again, issues arose as to whether a conversion performed outside Israel was valid. The variation of the definition in the Law and the definition used by various branches of Judaism has resulted in practical difficulties for many people. It has been estimated that in the past twenty years about 300,000 avowed non-Jews and even practicing Christians have entered Israel from the former Soviet Union on the basis of being a child or grandchild of a Jew or by being married to a Jew. However, there was an exception in the case of a person who had formally converted to another", "Hunts Point Riverside Park Hunts Point Riverside Park Hunts Point Little Riverside Park is a riverside park located in the Hunts Point neighborhood in the South Bronx section of New York City. It is the first new riverside park to be built in the area in over sixty years, and is the first of a planned series of parks to be linked by a bike route to create the South Bronx Greenway. Ground was broken July 19, 2004, on a US$ 3.2 million project to convert a vacant lot used as an illegal dumping ground into a park. Before the planned park project, the", "Hunts Point, Bronx high ground in the northern half of the peninsula along Hunts Point Avenue. It consists primarily of older apartment buildings with a smaller number of semi-detached multi-unit row houses. The area includes a recently developed park by the riverside, called the Hunts Point Riverside Park. The New York City Department of City Planning designated a Special Hunts Point District in 2004 to incorporate zoning changes to encourage growth of the food distribution center while protecting the residential neighborhood. Hunts Point Riverside Park was spearheaded by Majora Carter in 2000, and after several iterations, won the 2009 Rudy Bruner Award for", "Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2011 is a hunting video game published by Activision in conjunction with Cabela's for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii. It was released in the U.S. for the DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010, and for the Wii on October 26, 2010; special editions of the game were released for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii that same day bundled with the Top Shot Elite wireless hunting controller. It was released in Australia in 2011. The game's story features the character Cole Rainsford, who, along" ]

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[ "Government employees should be given an average number of holidays." ]

[ "Government employees don't have enough holidays off.", "Menes was nowhere to be found.", "Inflation has decreased thanks mainly to sanctions being lifted.", "Dogs play on a rug.", "No one is playing soccer.", "The tents are made of bricks.", "The boys are in front of a camera." ]

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[ "They tend to forget when it is true." ]

[ "They will always remember what is true.", "GSA's operations need to be adequately protected, because it has extensive interactions with the private sector, and has billions of taxpayer dollars involved in the carrying of its activities.", "It was a bright, spring day up there.", "There is a group of people sitting around a fireplace.", "A man holds a brass colored lock.", "Two men are running.", "They are definitely, wait whats that?" ]

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[ "the family is enjoying themselves in the park area" ]

[ "the family decided to stay home and grill out today", "An old man plays an instrument while a child watches.", "Hot dog vendor is open for business at dinnertime", "A steam locomotive is pulled up to a water tower next to the tracks refilling its water tanks.", "The thing was more pleasurable than I anticipated.", "Podhoretz has no opinion of Al Sharpton.", "In getting the agency to understand the significance of IT to the agency, high-level leadership would need to step forward." ]

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[ "Scalia fancies himself as an originalist and sometimes disagrees with the majority decisions." ]

[ "Scalia has always thought new legal precedent is a good thing.", "People are dancing.", "Every group was remarkably similar in terms of the extent of support received from other organizational units.", "a man posing near a light post", "Islam did not become the state religion until the late 2000s.", "If you offend an Edokko, he will let you know that he is upset at you.", "I have experience with this from rats and cannabinoids." ]

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[ "The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network.:76 Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station. The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015." ]

[ "Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country. Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010. European Union officials said they would investigate a €52.7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland. European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick. EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002,[citation needed] and Dell Inc. has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now[when?] contains only offices). Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time. After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland plant. Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain. Construction of EMF4 in Łódź, Poland has started[update]: Dell started production there in autumn 2007.", "The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).", "Since the mid-1980s, Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Due to his work on these series, in the official titles, most of them say, \"Steven Spielberg presents\" as well as making numerous cameos on the shows. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time, which were released by Universal Studios. He also served as one of the executive producers of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its three related shorts (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), which were all released by Disney, under both the Walt Disney Pictures and the Touchstone Pictures banners. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation.", "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game.", "On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.", "Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.", "In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]" ]

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[ "Buddhism /ˈbudɪzəm/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: धर्म dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths." ]

[ "Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.", "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.", "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.", "Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics. Other well known contributions to fluid dynamics included the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery of the ZND detonation model of explosives.", "From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.", "White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).", "The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were \"the words of Jehovah.\" George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, \"it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do.\" However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, \"Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time.\"" ]

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[ "The Hills Have Thighs The Hills Have Thighs is a 2010 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Jim Wynorski under the pseudonym Salvadore Ross. It is based on the 1977 horror feature \"The Hills Have Eyes\" written and directed by Wes Craven.", "The Hills Have Eyes (1977 film) The Hills Have Eyes is a 1977 American exploitation-horror film written, directed, and edited by Wes Craven and starring Susan Lanier, Michael Berryman and Dee Wallace. It is about a family that is targeted by a family of savages after being stranded in the Nevada desert. The film was released in cinemas on 22 July 1977 and has since become a cult classic. It was followed by \"The Hills Have Eyes Part II\"." ]

[ "Ronald Víctor García Ronald Víctor García is an American cinematographer and film director. He is known for directing 1970s horror and exploitation films, such as \"The Toy Box\" and \"Inside Amy\", as well as his later work on television series, including directing \"Silk Stalkings\", and working as the director of photography on series such as \"Hawaii Five-0\", \"Numb3rs\", \"Gilmore Girls\", and the pilot of \"Twin Peaks\". In 1991, García received the CableACE Award for Direction of Photography for a Dramatic or Theatrical Special/Movie or Miniseries for his work on the film \"El Diablo\". In addition, he received 2 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for other projects and was honored with a lifetime achievement award from the American Society of Cinematographers.", "Lovers Are Wet Lovers Are Wet (恋人たちは濡れた , Koibito-tachi wa nureta ) is a 1973 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's \"Roman porno\" series, directed by Tatsumi Kumashiro and starring Rie Nakagawa. Alternate titles for the film include Twisted Path of Youth, Twisted Path of Love, and Lovers and Wet Sands. In 1999 the mainstream Japanese film journal \"Kinema Junpo\" named it as one of the best Japanese films of the 20th century.", "Sexploitation film A sexploitation film (or \"sex-exploitation film\") is a class of independently produced, low-budget feature film that is generally associated with the 1960s, and that serves largely as a vehicle for the exhibition of non-explicit sexual situations and gratuitous nudity. The genre is a subgenre of exploitation films. Sexploitation films were generally exhibited in urban grindhouse theatres, the precursor to the adult movie theaters of the 1970s and 1980s that featured hardcore pornography content. The term soft-core is often used to designate non-explicit sexploitation films after the general legalization of hardcore content. Nudist films are often considered to be subgenres of the sex-exploitation genre as well. \"Nudie\" films and \"Nudie-cuties\" are associated genres.", "Jessicka Rabid Jessicka Rabid is a 2010 American horror film directed by Matthew Reel about an inbred, mentally retarded girl who contracts rabies from a dog bite after years of being treated like a dog by her abusive, incestuous white trash family. A sequel, titled \"\", was slated for a 2014 release.", "The Nun and the Devil The Nun and the Devil, or \"Le Monache di Sant'Arcangelo\" in the original Italian, is an erotic 1973 French/ Italian nunsploitation film directed by", "Lust on the Prairie Lust on the Prairie is a 2011 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Stormy Daniels. It is also known by the alternative name \"Heart Strings\". Two versions of the film exist: \"Lust on the Prairie\" is a softcore film without explicit penetration, whereas the version titled \"Heart Strings\" substitutes explicit hardcore footage.", "Eyes in the Dark Eyes in the Dark is a 2010 American horror film written and directed by Bjorn Anderson. It is filmed in the \"found footage\" style.", "Cannibal boom The cannibal boom is a period in the history of exploitation film, lasting roughly from 1977 to 1981, where cannibal films were at the peak of their popularity in Grindhouse theaters and cinema. Though Umberto Lenzi started the cannibal genre with his film \"Man from Deep River\" in 1972, it was not until Ruggero Deodato released his film \"Last Cannibal World\" in 1977 that the concept of cannibal films began to catch on. Although five cannibal films were made in 1977 and 1978, none were released in 1979 (though Deodato's \"Cannibal Holocaust\" was in the works). In February 1980, Deodato released \"Cannibal Holocaust\", which was the start of a chain of seven similar films to be made and released in the same year. The following year, however, in 1981, only two cannibal films were made (one of them was \"Cannibal Ferox\", second in notoriety only to \"Cannibal Holocaust\"). Only four other cannibal films were made after 1981 until the fad's conclusion in 1988 with Antonio Climati's \"Natura Contro\".", "Deranged (1974 film) Deranged is a Canadian-American horror film made in 1974 and directed by Alan Ormsby and Jeff Gillen. It is also known by the title Deranged: The Confessions of a Necrophile in the USA. It is a low-budget movie that is based on the life of Ed Gein. The title is, however, misleading since Ed Gein never experimented with necrophilia; although a necrophile is also defined as \"an obsessive fascination with death and corpses.\"", "Forced Entry (1975 film) Forced Entry is a 1975 horror film by director Jim Sotos. The film is an R-Rated remake of a 1973 pornographic horror film of the same name by director Shaun Costello.", "Nightwing (film) Nightwing is a 1979 American horror film directed by Arthur Hiller. The screenplay by Martin Cruz Smith, Steve Shagan, and Bud Shrake is based on the 1977 novel of the same title by Smith. Its tagline is \"Day belongs to man, but night is theirs!\" It was one of many \"Jaws\" rip-offs that were popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including \"\" (1977), \"Tentacles\" (1977), \"The Pack\" (1977), \"Piranha\" (1978), \"Alligator\" (1980) and \"Great White\" (1980). It also was Hiller's only horror film.", "Highway Amazon Highway Amazon is a 2001 documentary film directed by Ronnie Cramer. It chronicles the life of body builder Christine Fetzer, as she travels across the United States wrestling men in hotel rooms. During the course of the film, Fetzer reminisces about her former career as an exotic dancer and is shown lifting weights and engaging in several erotic wrestling matches, as well as indulging her clients in muscle worship. \"Highway Amazon\" was named Best Documentary at the Humboldt Film Festival in Arcata, California.", "Home Sweet Home (1981 film) Home Sweet Home (also known as Slasher in the House) is a 1981 American slasher film directed by Nettie Peña, and written by Thomas Bush. It stars Jake Steinfeld, Peter De Paula, and Vinessa Shaw in her film debut, and the plot focuses on a PCP-addicted killer who terrorizes a family in their remote home on Thanksgiving. Along with \"Blood Rage\" and the faux \"Thanksgiving\" trailer from \"Grindhouse\"), it is one of the few slasher films centered on the Thanksgiving holiday, and one of the few to be directed by a woman.", "Machete Maidens Unleashed! Machete Maidens Unleashed! is a 2010 Australian documentary about exploitation films made in the Philippines in the 1970s and 1980s.", "Blood Mania Blood Mania is a 1970 American horror film written by Peter Carpenter and Tony Crechales and directed by Robert Vincent O'Neil, and starring Carpenter, Maria De Aragon, Vicki Peters, Reagan Wilson, and Alex Rocco. The film stars Carpenter as a doctor whose mistress, an heiress, murders her terminally ill father to help him pay off a debt.", "My Pleasure Is Your Pleasure My Pleasure Is Your Pleasure (Italian: \"Il tuo piacere è il mio\" ) is a 1973 commedia sexy all'italiana anthology film written and directed by the cinematographer , at his writing and directorial debut. It is loosely based on Honoré de Balzac's novel \"Les Contes drolatiques\".", "L'Ange et la Femme L'Ange et la femme (\"The Angel and the Woman\") is a 1977 Quebecois fantasy romance film directed by Gilles Carle. The film follows a woman who, after being brutally shot, dies in the snow and is resurrected by an angel who falls in love with her and eventually teaches her how to incinerate objects with her mind. The film is shot entirely in black-and-white and gained some controversy due to its explicit unsimulated sex scenes between the two leads.", "Leo Rossi Leo Rossi (born June 26, 1946) is an American actor, writer and producer. A highly prolific character actor with over 100 credits to his name, he is known for his role as foul-mouthed EMT Vincent \"Budd\" Scarlotti in the 1981 horror film \"Halloween II\", as the serial killer Turkell from the 1990 horror sequel \"Maniac Cop 2\", and as Detective Sam Dietz in the \"Relentless\" franchise. His other films include \"Heart Like a Wheel\" (1983), \"River's Edge\" (1986), \"The Accused\" (1988), \"Analyze This\" (1999), \"One Night at McCool's\" (2001), and \"10th & Wolf\" (2006).", "A Night at the Adonis A Night At The Adonis is a 1978 gay pornographic film by director Jack Deveau. The film stars Jack Wrangler, Chris Michaels, Big Bill Eld (also called Bill Young), and Mandingo. A highly plot-driven film, it hails from the \"Golden Age\" of gay pornography.", "Tierra Madre Tierra Madre (\"Mother Earth\") is a 2010 film made in Tecate and Tijuana, Mexico. It was directed by Dylan Verrechia, and co-written by Aidee Gonzalez based on her real life, with original music by Nortec Collective and Paco Mendoza." ]

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[ "Chinese community in London community. This is achieved by providing opportunities for British people to learn more about Chinese culture and raising awareness to issues which affecting Overseas Chinese. The Islington Chinese Association (ICA) is present in London. The Westminster Chinese Library, based at the Charing Cross Library (T: 查寧閣圖書館, S: 查宁阁图书馆, P: \"Chánínggé Túshūguǎn\"), holds one of the largest collections of Chinese materials in UK public libraries. It has a collection of over 50,000 Chinese books available for loan and reference to local readers of Chinese; music cassettes, CDs, and video films for loan; community information and general enquiries; a national subscription service" ]

[ "Islington London Borough Council following councillors: In October 2013 Richard Watts was elected Leader of the Council replacing Catherine West. Islington London Borough Council Islington London Borough Council is the local authority for the London Borough of Islington in Greater London, England. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities: Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in the United Kingdom capital of London. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors. Following the May 2018 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors", "Islington London Borough Council Islington London Borough Council Islington London Borough Council is the local authority for the London Borough of Islington in Greater London, England. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities: Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in the United Kingdom capital of London. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors. Following the May 2018 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors and 1 Green Party councillor. Of these 48 councillors, the Leader of the Council is Councillor", "London Borough of Islington London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington ( ) is a London borough in Inner London, England. The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 by merging the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury. The merged entity remains the second-smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North, the constituency of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, and Islington South & Finsbury, the constituency of Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary and", "London Borough of Islington the management of the Islington's state schools from the local education authority. London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington ( ) is a London borough in Inner London, England. The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 by merging the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury. The merged entity remains the second-smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North, the constituency of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, and", "London Borough of Islington to the 2011 census, Islington has the highest population density of local authorities in England and Wales—13,875 people per square kilometre. Islington has the second highest proportion of Irish people in the country, behind London Borough of Brent. A 2017 study by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that a third of Islington residents live in poverty. This is above the London average of 27%. It also found that just 14% of local employees are in jobs which pay below the London Living Wage - which is the 4th lowest figure of any London borough. The following", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington is short of large parks and open spaces, given its status in recent decades as a desirable place of residence. In fact, Islington has the lowest ratio of open space to built-up areas of any London borough. The largest continuous open space in the borough, at 11.75 hectares (29 acres), is Highbury Fields. Islington has access to large open spaces in neighbouring London boroughs. The Islington district of Finsbury Park is next to the southern end of Finsbury Park, in Haringey. The \"Green Route\" of", "City of London Academy, Islington City of London Academy, Islington City of London Academy, Islington (formerly Islington Green School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in the Islington area of the London Borough of Islington, England. Previously a community school administered by Islington London Borough Council, Islington Green School converted to academy status on 1 September 2008 and was renamed City of London Academy, Islington. A sixth form was opened at the school in September 2010. The school is jointly sponsored by the City of London Corporation and City, University of London. The City of London Corporation also sponsors", "London Borough of Islington and 14th centuries). \"Islington\" came to be applied as the name for the parish covering these villages, and was the name chosen for the Metropolitan Borough of Islington, on its formation in 1899. On the merger with Finsbury, to form the modern borough this name came to be applied to the whole borough. The borough includes the areas: Islington Council is the borough's local authority. It is a London borough council, one of thirty-two principal subdivisions of the administrative area of Greater London. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities: Finsbury Metropolitan", "City of London Academy, Islington City Academy, Hackney and City of London Academy, Southwark. A 2014 Ofsted inspection rated the school as \"Good\". City of London Academy, Islington City of London Academy, Islington (formerly Islington Green School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in the Islington area of the London Borough of Islington, England. Previously a community school administered by Islington London Borough Council, Islington Green School converted to academy status on 1 September 2008 and was renamed City of London Academy, Islington. A sixth form was opened at the school in September 2010. The school is jointly sponsored", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington notable remaining example, open to the public, is Culpeper Community Garden, near the Angel. There are three Local Nature Reserves in Islington, Gillespie Park, Barnsbury Wood, and the part of the Parkland Walk which is in the borough. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington is short of large parks and open spaces, given its status in recent decades as a desirable place of residence. In fact, Islington has the lowest ratio of open space to built-up areas of any London borough. The largest continuous open space in the borough, at 11.75", "1998 Islington London Borough Council election 1998 Islington London Borough Council election The 1998 Islington Council election took place on 7 May 1998 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control. The results saw the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties finish tied on 26 seats each, after the Liberal Democrats gained 12 seats. The Liberal Democrat gains included taking the ward of Barnsbury, where the then Prime Minister Tony Blair had lived before becoming Prime Minister. In the final seat Labour won", "London Borough of Islington since 2015. Islington South and Finsbury is represented by Emily Thornberry, Shadow First Secretary of State and Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the Labour Party. Islington forms part of the North East constituency for the London Assembly, represented by Jennette Arnold, also of the Labour Party. Inmarsat has its head office in the borough. Islington has a wide variety of transportation services, with direct connections to the suburbs and the City and West End. Islington also has ten tube stations within its boundaries, with connections by the tube to all around London. There are ten", "Islington London Borough Council the Parish of St Luke, the Vestry of the Parish of Clerkenwell and the Holborn District Board of Works (for Glasshouse Yard and St Sepulchre). It was envisaged through the London Government Act 1963 that Islington as a London local authority would share power with the Greater London Council. The split of powers and functions meant that the Greater London Council was responsible for \"wide area\" services such as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; with the local authorities responsible for \"personal\" services such as social care, libraries, cemeteries and refuse collection. This arrangement lasted until 1986 when Islington", "1964 Islington London Borough Council election 1964 Islington London Borough Council election The 1964 Islington Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained control of the council. These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury and Metropolitan Borough of Islington. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of Islington by the London Government Act 1963. A total of 171 candidates stood in the election for the 60", "Islington Tribune entire City of Westminster, is also produced from the \"New Journal\"'s Camden Town office. Both are also edited by Eric Gordon. Islington Tribune The Islington Tribune is a free, independent newspaper that covers the London Borough of Islington in North London. It was founded in 2003 as a sister paper to the \"Camden New Journal\". It carries significant influence locally due to its high news content, investigations and high readership. It has the highest circulation of the local papers in the borough. The paper was founded in 2003. In 2006 the \"Islington Tribune\", along with its sister paper the \"Camden", "The Angel, Islington bank within the building; the inscription says it is the \"only site on the board named after a building\". It is part of the light blue group with Pentonville Road and Euston Road. In the game, a house at the Angel costs £50; by the turn of the 21st century a house on Islington High Street fetched around £600,000. In 1827, James Pollard painted \"The Royal Mail Coaches for the North Leaving the Angel, Islington\", currently on display in the Tate Gallery. The Charles Dickens novel \"Oliver Twist\" contains a reference to the Angel, where \"London began in earnest\". Neil", "Ladele v London Borough of Islington Ladele v London Borough of Islington Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357 is a UK labour law case concerning discrimination against same sex couples by a religious person in a public office. Lillian Ladele worked as a registrar for marriages, births, and deaths for the London Borough of Islington. Following the introduction of the Civil Partnership Act 2004, Islington designated all of its existing registrars as civil partnership registrars as well as marriage registrars. Ladele objected to being required to officiate at civil partnership ceremonies due to her Christian beliefs. Islington disciplined and threatened to dismiss", "Islington London Borough Council Richard Watts , while the Mayor is Councillor Una O'Halloran. There have previously been a number of local authorities responsible for the Islington area. The current local authority was first elected in 1964, a year before formally coming into its powers and prior to the creation of the London Borough of Islington on 1 April 1965. The present Islington Borough Council replaced Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council. Both were created in 1900, in Islington the borough council replaced the parish vestry. Finsbury had a more convoluted history with the metropolitan borough council replacing the Vestry of", "Islington Green Islington Green Islington Green is a small triangle of open land at the convergence of Upper Street and Essex Road (once called Lower Street) in the London Borough of Islington. It roughly marks the northern boundary between the modern district of Angel and Islington proper. Historically it is not an old village green like others in London (for example, Shacklewell Green), but a surviving patch of common land like Newington Green to the north, that was carved out of old manorial wasteland where local farmers and tenants had free grazing rights. The original land was far more extensive but was", "1964 Islington London Borough Council election council after winning all 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 16.8%. This turnout included 461 postal votes. 1964 Islington London Borough Council election The 1964 Islington Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained control of the council. These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury and Metropolitan Borough of Islington. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of", "Islington districts of De Beauvoir and Old Street to the north east. Islington is the most densely populated borough in the UK according to the 2011 census, with a population density of 138.7 people per hectare, compared to an average of 52.0 for London. Upper Street is the main shopping street of central Islington, and carries the A1 road. Islington High Street is the former High Street of the original village of Islington. High Street runs approximately from the intersection of Pentonville Road and City Road at the south end to Islington Green at the north end, where it branches into", "1998 Islington London Borough Council election by 3 votes after 5 recounts to prevent the Liberal Democrats from winning a majority. This meant Labour was able to continue as the administration, relying on the casting vote of the Labour mayor Pat Haynes. Reasons for the losses for Labour were reported as being the council tax level, which was the highest in London, poor schools and the council's £800 million debt. At the same as the election Islington voted 81.55% in favour of the 1998 Greater London Authority referendum and 18.45% against, on a 34.15% turnout. — 1998 Islington London Borough Council election The 1998 Islington Council", "Sleeping in the Nothing beginning with an admonition to forget about her previous work. \"Billboard\" said \"the singer sounds incredibly at home in such surroundings.\" Giving the album three out of five stars, \"Rolling Stone\" called it an \"occasionally invigorating disc of shiny dance rock\". In a C+ review, \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Timothy Gunatilaka wrote: \"'Redlight' and 'I Can't Wait' make for fine party starters, and there are fairly groovy beats throughout. But with \"Sleeping\"s somber subject matter (date rape, rehab) and Osbourne's devitalized delivery, it feels wrong to get down to these ultimately drab songs.\" The first single from the album, \"One Word\",", "Islington London Borough Council Council gained responsibility for some services that had been provided by the Greater London Council, such as waste disposal. Islington became an education authority in 1990. Since 2000 the Greater London Authority has taken some responsibility for highways and planning control from the council, but within the English local government system the council remains a \"most purpose\" authority in terms of the available range of powers and functions. Islington Council is elected every four years, with 48 councillors being elected from 16 wards. From 1964 to 1998 Labour controlled the council, apart from a 3-year period of Conservative control from", "London Borough of Islington table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Islington. The London Borough of Islington is home to two higher education institutions: Moorfields Eye Hospital is a major centre for postgraduate training of ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists, and nurses. The borough also currently contains two colleges of further education: There are two performing arts colleges. The Urdang Academy and the Musical Theatre Academy are both based in Islington. The borough currently maintains 47 primary schools, 10 secondary schools, three special schools and five Pupil Referral Units. In 2000, Cambridge Education Associates, a private firm, took over", "2002 Islington London Borough Council election 2002 Islington London Borough Council election The 2002 Islington Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1998 reducing the number of seats by 4. The Liberal Democrats stayed in overall control of the council. The 1998 election saw the Liberal Democrat and Labour parties finish on 26 seats each, with Labour continuing to run the council with the mayor's casting vote. However, in December 1999 the Liberal Democrats won a majority on the", "2002 Islington London Borough Council election Labour Party all stood candidates, as well as several independents. Issues in the election were reported as being crime, council housing repairs, asset sell-offs and the proposed new Arsenal stadium. The results saw the Liberal Democrats retain control of the council with an increased majority after gaining seats from Labour. 2002 Islington London Borough Council election The 2002 Islington Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1998 reducing the number of seats by", "Islington Tunnel left down Islington High Street to the crossing near Angel Underground Station, across High Street and up Liverpool Road, turning left into Chapel Market. At the end of Chapel Market it turns right into Penton Street, and finally left into Maygood Street. At the end of Maygood Street it passes through a small residential area, before ultimately ending in Muriel Street, from where the towpath may be accessed. Islington Tunnel The Islington Tunnel carries the Regent's Canal Arm of the Grand Union Canal for underneath the Angel area of Islington, in London. The two other tunnels on the Regent's Canal", "Islington Islington Islington () is a district in Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a mainly residential district of Inner London, extending from Islington's High Street to Highbury Fields, encompassing the area around the busy High Street, Upper Street, Essex Road (former \"Lower Street\"), and Southgate Road to the east. Islington grew as a sprawling Middlesex village along the line of the Great North Road, and has provided the name of the modern borough. This gave rise to some confusion, as neighbouring districts may also be said to be in Islington. This district is", "USS S-50 (SS-161) repairs were soon started, and later that month, she began the trip back to New England. Towed initially to Guantanamo Bay, she was taken to New London and then to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, for yard work. In September, \"S-50\" departed Portsmouth, under her own power, arrived at New London on 23 February; and reported to Commander, SubDiv 2. Three weeks later, she shifted to New York, where, for the next ten months, she was used in experimental engineering work. In mid-July 1925, \"S-50\" returned to New London and for the next two years was primarily engaged in conducting experimental tests", "Live In London Town DVD Live In London Town DVD Live In London Town is the first live DVD by William Control. It was filmed at several venues in London in August/September 2012. The main feature is from the first show, at the Islington Academy on August 29, where Control’s first album, \"Hate Culture\", was played in its entirety. Extra footage was filmed over the following 2 shows at the Camden Barfly (August 31) and the Islington Metalworks (September 1). A teaser trailer was published on YouTube on October 21, 2012. The DVD itself featured a brand new song called \"Speak To Me Of Abduction\",", "A1 in London A1 in London The A1 in London is the southern part of the A1 road. It starts at Aldersgate in the City of London, passing through the capital to Borehamwood on the northern fringe of Greater London, before continuing to Edinburgh. The road travels through the City and three London boroughs: Islington, Haringey and Barnet, which include the districts of Islington, Holloway, Highgate, Hendon and Mill Hill, and travels along Upper Street and Holloway Road, crossing the North Circular Road in Hendon, a district in the London Borough of Barnet. The A1 is the most recent in a series of", "Islington within Central Islington (and many more in surrounding districts): Grade II (selected): The area contains numerous Georgian townhouses, shops and pubs. Many whole terraces are listed including much of Liverpool Road (one side of which is in Barnsbury) and Islington High Street/Upper Street. Other multiply listed streets include Arlington Square (one of the UK's top 10 garden squares) Camden Passage, Compton Terrace, Colebrooke Row, Cross Street, Duncan Terrace, Essex Road, Gibson Square and Milner Square. Other Grade II listed structures include: Islington Islington () is a district in Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. It", "London Borough of Islington with the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury particularly suffering deprivation, poverty and severe overcrowding. The increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944). The decline in population reversed in the 1980s, but it remains below its 1971 level. According to the 2001 census Islington had a population of 175,797. It was 75% White, including 5% White Irish, 6% Black African, 5% Black Caribbean and 2% Bangladeshi. Thirty-two per cent of the borough's residents were owner–occupiers. According", "Islington London Borough Council elections Islington London Borough Council elections Islington London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 48 councillors have been elected from 16 wards. Since the first election to the council in 1964 political control of the council has been held by the following parties: There were no by-elections. There were no by-elections. The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. David L. Yorath. The by-election was called following the death of Cllr. Paul A. Matthews. The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Candy Atherton. The by-election was called", "Islington Chinese Association various diverse communities in Islington and beyond and is one of the highlights of the calendar. In 2005, ICA was awarded The Queen's Award for Voluntary Service for \"providing a multi-cultural resource centre for Chinese people and the wider community locally and nationally\"。 ICA's historical records between 1987 and 2007 are held by the London Metropolitan Archives, with catalogue number LMA/4506。 Islington Chinese Association Islington Chinese Association () is a London based registered charity with an aim to promote social cohesion across the United Kingdom. It was formed in London Borough of Islington in 1986 . It was incorporated as", "Islington London Borough Council elections M. Rigby. The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Arthur T. Graves. The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. Ms. Jessica Asato. Islington London Borough Council elections Islington London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 48 councillors have been elected from 16 wards. Since the first election to the council in 1964 political control of the council has been held by the following parties: There were no by-elections. There were no by-elections. The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr. David L. Yorath. The", "Highbury & Islington station Highbury & Islington station Highbury & Islington is a London Underground and National Rail interchange station in the London Borough of Islington, north London. It is served by the London Underground's Victoria line and the Great Northern's Northern City Line, as well as the London Overground's East and North London Lines. On the Victoria line the station is between and . On the Northern City Line it is between and , down the line from . On the North London Line of the Overground it is between and . It is the terminus of the East London Line, with Canonbury", "Islington Tribune Islington Tribune The Islington Tribune is a free, independent newspaper that covers the London Borough of Islington in North London. It was founded in 2003 as a sister paper to the \"Camden New Journal\". It carries significant influence locally due to its high news content, investigations and high readership. It has the highest circulation of the local papers in the borough. The paper was founded in 2003. In 2006 the \"Islington Tribune\", along with its sister paper the \"Camden New Journal\" - broke the national story that Government minister Margaret Hodge had described the war in Iraq as British Prime", "London Borough of Islington Camden. The central London area includes a number of zone 1 stations including Farringdon and Old Street. Islington was originally named by the Saxons \"Giseldone\" (1005), then \"Gislandune\" (1062). The name means 'Gīsla's hill' from the Old English personal name Gīsla and \"dun\" 'hill', 'down'. The name then later mutated to \"Isledon\", which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors in the area, along with \"Bernersbury\", \"Neweton Berewe\" or \"Hey-bury\", and \"Canonesbury\" (Barnsbury, Highbury and Canonbury – names first recorded in the 13th", "New Islington New Islington New Islington is an inner city area of Manchester, in North West England. Historically in Lancashire and part of Ancoats, it has taken a separate identity to reflect its changed status as a regeneration area. The name \"New Islington\" is recorded at least as early as 1817 and appeared on the 1840 Ordnance Survey map. There is also a street bearing the name.The name was still current in the 1960s and 70’s, there being at the time, a New Islington swimming baths, New Islington Primitive Methodist church, and New Islington Conservative club. However, the name for the area", "Islington Corinthians F.C. Islington Corinthians F.C. The Islington Corinthians Football Club were an English association football club, now defunct. Islington Corinthians were founded in 1932 by Tom Smith, formerly of Tufnell Park, in order to raise money for local charities. The club progressed only ever playing mid-week football in the London Professional Mid Week League, where they competed against the reserve teams of clubs such as Arsenal, Chelsea and Fulham. In 1936 the Islington Corinthians were selected to play the Chinese Olympic team in a friendly at Highbury, and this was the catalyst for a world tour. The tour spanned the 1937–38 football", "Islington Museum Islington Museum Islington Museum is a public museum dedicated to the history of the London Borough of Islington. It opened in 2008 and covers various themes on local and social history. Islington Museum opened in May 2008, funded by a £1million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The museum, which replaced a previous museum at Islington Town Hall, is owned and operated by Islington Council. It is located in the basement of Finsbury Library. The museum houses a gallery covering nine themes on local and social history: childhood, food and drink, fashion, leisure, healthcare, radicals, caring, home and wartime. Amongst", "Sleeping in My Car song peaked at number two in Denmark and Finland—held off the top spot in both countries by Dr. Alban's \"Look Who's Talking!\". The song peaked in the top 10 of numerous other national record charts, including Austria, Belgium, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. It also peaked at number seven on \"Billboard\"s European Hot 100 Singles. The song was also a hit in Germany, where it peaked at number 11 for two non-consecutive weeks, and spent a total of four months on the German Singles Chart. \"Sleeping in My Car\" became the duo's final chart success in Australia and New Zealand, peaking", "London Borough of Islington Shadow First Secretary of State Emily Thornberry. The local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the most successful clubs in England and its home Emirates Stadium that is one of the largest football stadiums in the country. The southern part of the borough which is south of the A501 Pentonville Road and City Road is part of central London and the central London congestion charging zone. A significant part of the south of the borough borders the City of London with the area to the south west bordering the London borough of", "Bishop of Islington Bishop of Islington The Bishop of Islington is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of London, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after Islington, an inner-city district of London, and the first suffragan bishop, who lived at Clapton Common, was simultaneously Rector of St Andrew Undershaft. Between 1923 and 2015, the title remained in abeyance. It was reported in 2015 that Richard Chartres, Bishop of London, had proposed to take the see out of abeyance for the appointment of a national \"bishop for church plants\", and this", "I Get It In (50 Cent song) I Get It In (50 Cent song) \"I Get It In\" is a single by rapper 50 Cent. It was initially released as the official second single from \"Before I Self Destruct\", but it was later replaced by \"Do You Think About Me\". The song is produced by Dr. Dre. The unmixed version was leaked by Hot 97's Funkmaster Flex on January 5. The mix version was originally posted for a January 12 release date but was delayed to January 15 for unknown reason. The single was first released to 50 Cent's official personal internet community. The song was officially", "Metropolitan Borough of Islington Metropolitan Borough of Islington Islington was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in London, England. It was an ancient parish within the county of Middlesex, and formed part of The Metropolis from 1855. The parish was transferred to the County of London in 1889 and became a metropolitan borough in 1900. It was amalgamated with the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury to form the London Borough of Islington in Greater London in 1965. The borough comprised the districts of Pentonville (also partly in Clerkenwell/Finsbury), Islington (also partly in Clerkenwell/Finsbury), Barnsbury, Lower Holloway, Holloway, Tufnell Park (also partly in St Pancras), Archway,", "Ladele v London Borough of Islington applicants who had brought similar claims against the UK, and the Court, sitting as a Chamber, delivered judgment in the case of \"Eweida v United Kingdom\" [2013] ECHR 37. The Court dismissed her complaint, although two out of the seven judges dissented and would have upheld her complaint. She sought permission to appeal against the decision to the Grand Chamber of the Court, but this permission was refused. The judgment of the Chamber therefore became final on 27 May 2013. Ladele v London Borough of Islington Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357 is a UK labour", "St James' Church, Islington Mondays the church provides a soup and sandwich lunch for members of the street community in its church hall. The church is in the Islington deanery in the archdeaconery of Hackney in the Stepney area of the Diocese of London. The congregation of St James' Church, Islington is extremely diverse, reflecting the community in which it is based. A part of the Church of England, the style of worship is 'modern catholic', with a balance of familiar and more contemporary hymns. St James' Church, Islington St James' Church, Islington is a parish church in the inner London borough of Islington.", "Bishop of Islington was confirmed on 1 May 2015. Ric Thorpe became Bishop of Islington from his consecration on 29 September. Bishop of Islington The Bishop of Islington is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of London, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after Islington, an inner-city district of London, and the first suffragan bishop, who lived at Clapton Common, was simultaneously Rector of St Andrew Undershaft. Between 1923 and 2015, the title remained in abeyance. It was reported in 2015 that Richard Chartres, Bishop of London, had proposed to", "Live In London Town DVD which played over the closing credits. An unnamed female contributed vocals to the track. A video for this was published on YouTube on December 31, 2012. Only 500 physical DVDs were made. The audio is available for download from various sources, and Control uploaded the entire film to YouTube on December 1, 2016. Live In London Town DVD Live In London Town is the first live DVD by William Control. It was filmed at several venues in London in August/September 2012. The main feature is from the first show, at the Islington Academy on August 29, where Control’s first album,", "1917 Islington East by-election the Tories held it until Radford’s victory in 1906. However during the First World War there was an electoral truce between the main political parties by which it was agreed that all by-election vacancies would be filled unopposed. The Liberal Party could therefore expect their chosen candidate to face no Conservative or Labour opponent. Three names were put to the Islington East Liberals for consideration as candidate; Sir J Benn who was leader of the Progressives on the London County Council and a former Liberal MP, D S Waterlow, who was Liberal MP for Islington North from 1906-December 1910 and", "A1 in London which alternates with the dual carriageway A1 as it continues to Edinburgh. The London section of the road passes through part of the City of London and three London boroughs: Islington, Haringey and Barnet. The A1 is one of London's main northern routes, providing a link to the M1 motorway and the A1(M) motorway, and on to the Midlands, Northern England and Scotland. It connects a number of major areas within London, and sections of it serve as the High Street for many of the now-joined villages that make up north London. Even though it is one of London's major", "The Angel, Islington Gaiman's fantasy television series \"Neverwhere\" has a character named Angel Islington, after the inn. \"The Angel, Islington\" is the opening track on singer/songwriter Frank Turner's album \"Positive Songs for Negative People\". Citations Sources The Angel, Islington The Angel, Islington is a historic landmark and a series of buildings that have stood on the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road in Islington, London, England. The land originally belonged to the Clerkenwell Priory and has had various properties built on it since the 16th century. The site was bisected by the New Road, which opened in 1756, and properties on", "Quaker Gardens, Islington house, which was redeveloped by the BIA in 1976, and is still in use as a Quaker Meeting House. Quaker Gardens, Islington Quaker Gardens is a small public garden in the extreme south of the London Borough of Islington, close to the boundary with the City of London, in the area known historically as Bunhill Fields. It is managed by Islington Borough Council. It comprises the surviving fragment of a former burying ground for Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends), in use from 1661 to 1855. George Fox (d. 1691), one of the founders of the movement, was", "Islington Assembly Hall until Islington Council funded its refurbishment, and it reopened in 2010, almost 80 years to the day since it first opened. Islington Assembly Hall Islington Assembly Hall is a Grade II listed live music venue and events space on Upper Street, Islington, London. It has a capacity of up to 800 for live events, including seating for 200 in its balcony Events other than music shows, such as public meetings, also take place there. It has many art deco features, including clocks, paintings and decorative panels. Owned and managed by the local authority, the building hosted events such as variety", "Quaker Gardens, Islington Quaker Gardens, Islington Quaker Gardens is a small public garden in the extreme south of the London Borough of Islington, close to the boundary with the City of London, in the area known historically as Bunhill Fields. It is managed by Islington Borough Council. It comprises the surviving fragment of a former burying ground for Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends), in use from 1661 to 1855. George Fox (d. 1691), one of the founders of the movement, was among those buried here. The gardens lie to the west of Bunhill Row, to the south of Banner Street,", "S-50 (Manhattan Project) S-50 plant was disassembled in the late 1940s. Equipment was taken to the K-25 powerhouse area, where it was stored before being salvaged or buried. S-50 (Manhattan Project) The S-50 Project was the Manhattan Project's effort to produce enriched uranium by liquid thermal diffusion during World War II. It was one of three technologies for uranium enrichment pursued by the Manhattan Project. The liquid thermal diffusion process was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the Manhattan Project, and was developed independently by Philip H. Abelson and other scientists at the United States Naval Research Laboratory.", "St James' Church, Islington St James' Church, Islington St James' Church, Islington is a parish church in the inner London borough of Islington. It is located on Prebend Street between Essex Road and the New North Road. The parish is bounded by Essex Road between the New North Road and Upper Street, Upper Street to The Angel, Islington, City Road to Wharf Road, Wharf Road to the Regent's Canal, and the Regent's Canal to the New North Road. The Clothworkers' Company of the City of London built St James' Church, Islington at the same time as it built the surrounding Packington housing estate. The", "London Borough of Islington Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council. The former Islington Metropolitan Town Hall, at the intersection of Upper Street and Richmond Grove, serves as the present Borough's council building. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors. Following the May 2014 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors and 1 Green Party councillor. Of these 48 councillors, the Leader of the Council is Councillor Richard Watts, while the Mayor is Councillor Theresa Debono. Islington is represented by two parliamentary constituencies. Islington North is represented by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party, the current Leader of the Opposition", "The Angel, Islington The Angel, Islington The Angel, Islington is a historic landmark and a series of buildings that have stood on the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road in Islington, London, England. The land originally belonged to the Clerkenwell Priory and has had various properties built on it since the 16th century. The site was bisected by the New Road, which opened in 1756, and properties on the site have been rebuilt several times up to the 20th century. The corner site gave its name to Angel tube station, opened in 1901, and the surrounding Angel area of London. The", "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed won an American Music Award for Favorite Country Single. Sleeping Single in a Double Bed \"Sleeping Single In a Double Bed\" is a song written by Kye Fleming and Dennis Morgan, and recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell. It was released in August 1978 as the first single from her album \"Moods\". \"Sleeping Single In a Double Bed\" was Barbara Mandrell's twenty-sixth chart hit on Billboard magazine's Hot Country Singles, the first of her six #1 singles on that chart. The single stayed at the top for three weeks (November 1978) and spent a total of eleven weeks", "John S. Fine John S. Fine John Sydney Fine (April 10, 1893 – May 21, 1978) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. A Republican, he served as the 35th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. Fine was born in Newport Township, Pennsylvania, one of nine children of Jacob W. and Margaret (née Croop) Fine. In 1895, the family moved to nearby Nanticoke, where Fine received his early education at local public schools. He milked cows and plowed fields on a coal company farm as a young boy, and he later reported on local community news for the \"Wilkes-Barre Record\" as a", "Islington Corinthians F.C. Miller (Tufnell Park, Dulwich Hamlet, Margate), William Miller (Dulwich Hamlet), George Pearce (Hoxton Manor), Bert Read (Nunhead), Johnny Sherwood (Reading, Maidenhead United, Crystal Palace, Aldershot), Dick Tarrant (Sutton United), Bill Whittaker (Kingstonian), Ted Wingfield (Romford), J.K. Wright (Yorkshire Amateurs, Wimbledon, Dulwich Hamlet) Islington Corinthians F.C. The Islington Corinthians Football Club were an English association football club, now defunct. Islington Corinthians were founded in 1932 by Tom Smith, formerly of Tufnell Park, in order to raise money for local charities. The club progressed only ever playing mid-week football in the London Professional Mid Week League, where they competed against the reserve", "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed Sleeping Single in a Double Bed \"Sleeping Single In a Double Bed\" is a song written by Kye Fleming and Dennis Morgan, and recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell. It was released in August 1978 as the first single from her album \"Moods\". \"Sleeping Single In a Double Bed\" was Barbara Mandrell's twenty-sixth chart hit on Billboard magazine's Hot Country Singles, the first of her six #1 singles on that chart. The single stayed at the top for three weeks (November 1978) and spent a total of eleven weeks in the top 40. In early 1980, the song", "Islington Green War Memorial Islington Green War Memorial The Islington Green War Memorial is a war memorial located at Islington Green in the London Borough of Islington. A \"temporary\" memorial was erected at the site in 1918 by Charles Higham. The original memorial consisted of a painted concrete obelisk, with bronze plaques and wreath, and concrete flower boxes to either side. After the council proposed landscaping work at Islington Green, it became clear in 2004 that the old memorial needed to be replaced, and it was demolished in 2006. A new memorial was completed in 2007, designed by artist . His proposal for a", "Baron Islington the aforementioned William Dickson (d. 1803), an admiral in the Royal Navy. Baron Islington Baron Islington, of Islington in the County of London, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1910 for Sir John Poynder-Dickson, 6th Baronet, Governor of New Zealand from 1910 to 1912. The Baronetcy, of Hardingham Hall in the County of Norfolk, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 21 September 1802 for Archibald Dickson, an admiral in the Royal Navy, with remainder, in default of male issue of his own, to his nephew Archibald Collingwood Dickson", "Baron Islington Baron Islington Baron Islington, of Islington in the County of London, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1910 for Sir John Poynder-Dickson, 6th Baronet, Governor of New Zealand from 1910 to 1912. The Baronetcy, of Hardingham Hall in the County of Norfolk, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 21 September 1802 for Archibald Dickson, an admiral in the Royal Navy, with remainder, in default of male issue of his own, to his nephew Archibald Collingwood Dickson and the male issue of his body. Dickson had no sons and", "Islington Chinese Association Islington Chinese Association Islington Chinese Association () is a London based registered charity with an aim to promote social cohesion across the United Kingdom. It was formed in London Borough of Islington in 1986 . It was incorporated as a limited company by guarantee in 1991 and was recognised as a registered charity in 1994. Their current chair is Mrs Hanifah Law and prior to that the chairperson was Col Brian Kay OBE TD DL FRSA who still retains a position on the committee. Their work in the community includes organising Chinese New Year celebrations which are attended by the", "Sleeping in My Car within the top 20 in both territories. The duo would have only one further single reach the top 50 in each country: \"Run to You\" (number 49 in Australia) and \"Crash! Boom! Bang!\" (number 50 in New Zealand). It was also the final Roxette song to appear on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 50. Conversely, the song was a major commercial success in Canada, peaking at number two on the \"RPM\" Top Singles chart. Likewise, the song peaked at number three on \"The Record\"s concurrent singles chart—which incorporated airplay into its methodology. All songs written by", "Islington Assembly Hall Islington Assembly Hall Islington Assembly Hall is a Grade II listed live music venue and events space on Upper Street, Islington, London. It has a capacity of up to 800 for live events, including seating for 200 in its balcony Events other than music shows, such as public meetings, also take place there. It has many art deco features, including clocks, paintings and decorative panels. Owned and managed by the local authority, the building hosted events such as variety shows, tea dances and weddings from March 1930 until its closure in the mid-1980s. It lay dormant for around 30 years", "The Angel, Islington University. Finsbury merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Islington to form the London Borough of Islington in 1965 and ownership of the site passed to the Greater London Council. The proposals for demolition of the site along with road changes were opposed by Homes before Roads and the Islington Society. Plans to alter the intersection and create a layout similar to that at Old Street roundabout were abandoned and the building was saved from demolition. The Greater London Council sold the building to the New River Company, with the property becoming part of the London Merchant Securities portfolio. The building", "St Pancras and Islington Cemetery St Pancras and Islington Cemetery St Pancras and Islington Cemetery in East Finchley, North London while situated in the London Borough of Barnet is actually two cemeteries, owned by two other London Boroughs, Camden (formerly St Pancras) and Islington. The fence along the boundary which runs west to east between the two parts of the cemetery has been removed, although the line of it is still marked. Although Brookwood Cemetery in Woking, Surrey, is the country's biggest cemetery by area with over 2,000 acres, the St Pancras and Islington Cemetery in North London accommodates over three times the number interred", "Metropolitan Borough of Islington building. The Town hall is the headquarters, and contains the council chambers of the successor authority, Islington London Borough Council. The metropolitan borough was conterminous with the Vestry authority, when it was formed in 1900. Statistics compiled by the London County Council, in 1901 show the population growth in London, over the preceding century. The area of the borough in 1901 was . The populations recorded in National Censuses were: Islington Vestry 1801–1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900–1961 By comparison, after amalgamation with Finsbury, to form the modern London Borough of Islington, the combined area became ; in 2005, this had a", "Islington Green School II)\". The school was used as a location to film the BBC drama \"That Summer Day\", a fictional account of the effect the bombings of the London public transport system on 7 July 2005 had on six children. Some of the school's younger students were allowed to be extras in the film. Christine Peters Islington Green School Islington Green School was a comprehensive mixed secondary school from 1966 to 2008. The school was situated in North London and had an age range of 11 to 16. The City of London Academy, Islington replaced Islington Green School in September 2008. The", "I Get It In (50 Cent song) it made a \"\"Hot Shot Debut\"\" at #53 on the Billboard Hot 100 based on downloads. In Canada it debuted at #52 on the Canadian Hot 100 based on digital downloads. I Get It In (50 Cent song) \"I Get It In\" is a single by rapper 50 Cent. It was initially released as the official second single from \"Before I Self Destruct\", but it was later replaced by \"Do You Think About Me\". The song is produced by Dr. Dre. The unmixed version was leaked by Hot 97's Funkmaster Flex on January 5. The mix version was originally posted", "Islington Tunnel Islington Tunnel The Islington Tunnel carries the Regent's Canal Arm of the Grand Union Canal for underneath the Angel area of Islington, in London. The two other tunnels on the Regent's Canal are Eyre's Tunnel and Maida Hill Tunnel. Islington Tunnel opened in 1818 and was built by the engineer James Morgan. The Regent's Canal was authorised by Act of Parliament on 13 July 1812, and a month later James Morgan, who had previously produced plans and sections to support the application, was appointed as Engineer, Architect and Land Surveyor for the scheme. At the time, Morgan had little civil", "St Pancras and Islington Cemetery treecreeper and goldcrest and kestrel. Muntjac deer are frequent visitors. St Pancras and Islington Cemetery St Pancras and Islington Cemetery in East Finchley, North London while situated in the London Borough of Barnet is actually two cemeteries, owned by two other London Boroughs, Camden (formerly St Pancras) and Islington. The fence along the boundary which runs west to east between the two parts of the cemetery has been removed, although the line of it is still marked. Although Brookwood Cemetery in Woking, Surrey, is the country's biggest cemetery by area with over 2,000 acres, the St Pancras and Islington Cemetery", "A Sleeping Clergyman A Sleeping Clergyman A Sleeping Clergyman is a 1933 play in Two Acts by James Bridie. Directed by H. K. Ayliff, it opened at Malvern's Festival Theatre in July 1933, before moving to London's Piccadilly Theatre in September, where it ran for 230 performances. It then transferred to Broadway's Guild Theatre in October 1934, where it closed after 40 performances. Hereditary evil runs through three generations of a medical family - the dissolute and murderous Camerons (from 1867 to 1935) - before a son and daughter finally redeem the family name. The play was later adapted for radio and broadcast", "USS S-50 (SS-161) USS S-50 (SS-161) USS \"S-50\" (SS-161) was a fourth-group (\"S-48\") \"S\"-class submarine of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down on 15 March 1920 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. She was launched on 18 June 1921 sponsored by Mrs. William G. Esmond, and commissioned on 20 May 1922 with Lieutenant J. A. Crutchfield in command. Initially assigned to experimental Submarine Division (SubDiv) Zero, then to SubDiv 4, \"S-50\" was based at New London, Connecticut, and, until mid-June, conducted trials in the Block Island area. She then visited Poughkeepsie, New York, and New Haven, Connecticut,", "Islington Local History Centre Islington Local History Centre Islington Local History Centre is a local studies centre and archive which holds material documenting the history of the London Borough of Islington. Islington Local History Centre, which is located in Finsbury Library, was opened in 2003. This new centre was established to bring together the local history collections of the former Metropolitan Borough of Islington and Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury. These boroughs were merged in 1965 to form the modern London Borough of Islington. The collections were previously held at Islington's Central Reference Library and in smaller premises at Finsbury Library. Resources available at the", "American University in London 1985 for misleading prospective students by deceptively representing itself as a university in spite of lacking proper accreditation. An Islington Councillor noted: \"It is important that prospective students thoroughly research education providers or they could waste a lot of time and money pursuing a worthless qualification.\" American University in London The American University in London (AUL) is an unaccredited university located in Seven Sisters Road in London. The AUL's business education programs have been accredited in the past by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE), but this accreditation was suspended in April 2007. The IACBE identified need for", "Sleeping in the Aviary someone she respects because, Smith says, he is so hardworking. Sleeping in the Aviary Sleeping in the Aviary was an indie rock band established in Madison, Wisconsin, but which was based in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota at the time they broke up in 2012. Their musical style has been compared to that of \"early XTC and Talking Heads,\" Violent Femmes, Nirvana, Neutral Milk Hotel, and Bon Iver. The band's two core members were guitarist-vocalist Elliott Kozel and bassist Phil Mahlstadt. They formed Sleeping in the Aviary in 2003 in Madison, where it played its first show in the", "Sleeping in the Aviary Sleeping in the Aviary Sleeping in the Aviary was an indie rock band established in Madison, Wisconsin, but which was based in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota at the time they broke up in 2012. Their musical style has been compared to that of \"early XTC and Talking Heads,\" Violent Femmes, Nirvana, Neutral Milk Hotel, and Bon Iver. The band's two core members were guitarist-vocalist Elliott Kozel and bassist Phil Mahlstadt. They formed Sleeping in the Aviary in 2003 in Madison, where it played its first show in the spring of 2004. They cycled through several additional members before", "A Sleeping Clergyman on the BBC's \"Saturday Night Theatre\" on January 1, 1949. A televised version was also broadcast by the BBC, in its \"Sunday Night Theatre\" slot on January 11, 1959. A Sleeping Clergyman A Sleeping Clergyman is a 1933 play in Two Acts by James Bridie. Directed by H. K. Ayliff, it opened at Malvern's Festival Theatre in July 1933, before moving to London's Piccadilly Theatre in September, where it ran for 230 performances. It then transferred to Broadway's Guild Theatre in October 1934, where it closed after 40 performances. Hereditary evil runs through three generations of a medical family -", "A1 in London Burke's 2006 film \"The Bridge\". When, at the end of 2010, three men in three weeks committed suicide by jumping from the bridge, a campaign was set up by local residents for better anti-suicide measures to be put in place. Hornsey Lane and the bridge marks the boundary between the Inner London Borough of Islington and the Outer London Borough of Haringey. An inquiry was held into widening the section from the Archway intersection to the Hornsey Lane Bridge to a three lane dual carriageway in 1969 and work started in 1971. It was originally intended to widen a further", "O2 Academy Islington O2 Academy Islington The O Academy Islington, formerly known as the Carling Academy Islington, is an indoor music venue situated in the N1 Shopping Centre accessible via Upper Street and Liverpool Road, in the London Borough of Islington. It is run by the Academy Music Group. The main venue has a capacity of 800, and the adjacent O Academy 2 holds 250. The venue was purpose-built and opened in September 2002. The original occupant was the short-lived Marquee N1, a music and dining venue backed by Dave Stewart of Eurythmics and club promoter Mark Fuller. The venue re-opened in its", "Islington Green School Islington Green School Islington Green School was a comprehensive mixed secondary school from 1966 to 2008. The school was situated in North London and had an age range of 11 to 16. The City of London Academy, Islington replaced Islington Green School in September 2008. The school controversially failed its Ofsted inspection in 1997. The school had received a respectable 38 per cent pass rate the previous year and despite shortcomings the staff were convinced that the school was not failing. The decision caused the school to \"implode\". The headteacher under enormous pressure to make visible changes discarded mixed-ability teaching,", "Islington West (UK Parliament constituency) Islington West (UK Parliament constituency) Islington West was a borough constituency in the Metropolitan Borough of Islington, in North London. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until it was abolished for the 1950 general election. Elections were held using the first past the post voting system. 1918-1950: The Metropolitan Borough of Islington wards of Lower Holloway and Thornhill. General Election 1914/15: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to", "Islington Green War Memorial cost approximately £100,000. Remedial work was required in 2013 after the new memorial started to sink because its foundations were inadequate. Islington Green War Memorial The Islington Green War Memorial is a war memorial located at Islington Green in the London Borough of Islington. A \"temporary\" memorial was erected at the site in 1918 by Charles Higham. The original memorial consisted of a painted concrete obelisk, with bronze plaques and wreath, and concrete flower boxes to either side. After the council proposed landscaping work at Islington Green, it became clear in 2004 that the old memorial needed to be replaced,", "The Lexington, Islington business rates in 2017, with a proposed increase of more than 200 per cent (the average for London music venues being about 38 per cent). The venue challenged this and managed to get somewhat of a reduction. The Lexington, Islington The Lexington is a pub and music venue on Pentonville Road in Islington, London that opened in 2008. The bar specialises in bourbon, as well as American craft beer. The building it is in was built in 1850. The venue area is upstairs, with a raised back section by the bar. The front of this has bench seating, but facing", "Scouting in Greater London falls partly in the London Borough of Ealing, although most of the district is within the London Borough of Hounslow local authority Greater London North Scout County is a Scout County of the Scout Association in the United Kingdom, covering an area stretching from central London directly north out to the M25. It covers the London Boroughs of Barnet, Camden, City of London, Enfield, Haringey and Islington The County is divided into five districts with over 80 Scout Groups. The 2012 census showed a total membership of 6,036 - an increase of more than 20 percent since 2007. Enfield Scout", "Sleeping in Flame Sleeping in Flame Sleeping in Flame is a novel by the American writer Jonathan Carroll. Originally published in 1988, the novel was nominated for a World Fantasy Award the following year. The narrator, Walker Easterling, is a film actor and screenwriter. His director friend Nicholas Sylvian introduces him to Maris York, a sculptress who makes model cities and who is freeing herself from Luc, her abusive partner. On the day Maris and Walker meet, Luc has just threatened to kill her, so Walker and Nicholas take her away to Vienna, where Maris and Walker commence a relationship. Walker, who knows", "The Angel, Islington Inn became a useful stop when travelling to the City of London, as the rural area outside it was considered dangerous, with travellers having armed escorts from Wood's Close to Islington. Despite its name, and common association with Islington, the grounds of the inn and all of the western edge of Islington High Street were in neighbouring Clerkenwell. By 1630, the inn was owned by William Riplingham, officer of the Great Wardrobe. Riplingham built an extension of the courtyard ranges on the site of the Angel Inn around 1638, for which he was fined due to breaking building regulations. These", "Islington–City Centre West Islington–City Centre West Islington–City Centre West (also known as Islington Village, Six Points or Etobicoke City Centre) is a commercial and residential neighbourhood in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. One of four central business districts outside Downtown Toronto, it is bounded by Rathburn Road to the north, Islington Avenue to the east, Bloor Street to the south, Mimico Creek to the west. Islington centres on a commercial strip along Dundas Street West (originally The Governor's Road, the first highway connecting Toronto to London, Ontario) which runs along an escarpment (the Lake Iroquois Shoreline, ancient shore of Lake Iroquois) across the width", "Sleeping in the Nothing doing this shit when a grown man insults me in this way? I'm not strong enough to do this. I'd rather be the trust-fund kid that everyone thinks I am than work my arse off to get insulted.'\" She admitted herself to rehab in June 2005, which stopped any further promotion for the album. All songs written by Linda Perry, except where noted. Japanese edition bonus track Sleeping in the Nothing Sleeping in the Nothing is the second and most recent studio album by Kelly Osbourne, released in 2005. Unlike the pop punk sound of her first album, \"Sleeping in", "Islington although the building still stands. Angel tube station on Islington High Street has the longest escalator on the London Underground system, at 318 steps. In 2006 a Norwegian man made headlines after skiing down the escalator at the station. Islington features extensively in modern English literature and culture: The area is well served by bus routes, with a major bus interchange located near Angel tube station. Red route and residents' parking restrictions apply throughout the area. The Civil Aviation Authority has its head office in the CAA House in Islington. Grade II* English Heritage list three Grade II* listed buildings", "Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art The Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art (SCEMFA) opened in 1995 at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London. The centre provides opportunities for research into electronic media and fine art with the goal of contributing to debate on national and international levels. The Slade School of Fine Art had previously been home to Malcolm Hughes's Computer and Experimental Department in the 1970s. In 1997 SCEMFA presented \"Collision\", a public lecture series by artists, writers, and curators working with interactivity, telematics, and digital works. This exhibition was followed" ]

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[ "Hot Shots, March 2017 A welder in the North Yard is hard at work. Apprentice Anthony Manohan wrestling in the Builders Duals. Shell bit on John F. Kennedy (CVN 79) shows color and texture that is pleasing to the eye, while the rest of the carrier presses forward in construction. Metrology Technician Matthew Landon takes precise measurements in the Modular Outfitting Facility (MOF)." ]

[ "- Syntax. N or NN, where N represents a scale of 0 through 9, and NN represents a scale from 10 through 12; the full range of wind codes is 0-12. NOTE: Leading zeros are not required for wind codes 0 through 9.", "- no f**king surrender is a general term. No funny sh*t. No funny sh*t is a general term. The word NFS is used in Acronym, Internet, Slang, is a general term meaning not for sure,not further specified,not for sale,no f**king surrender,No funny sh*t.", "- acre ton 8.34 lbs mg/l (dry) = mg/l (wet) x 100 % Total Solids Dry Tons = Wet Tons x % Total Solids 100 Plant Available Nitrogen(PAN)(mg/kg) = Ammonia Nitrogen(mg/kg) + Organic Nitrogen(mg/kg) Organic Nitrogen(mg/kg) = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN)(mg/kg) - Ammonia Nitrogen(mg/kg) WEST PROCESS CONTROL METHOD FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE F = 31.2 lbs/ft3 x H2 x L MLSS x Q R Q = RAS CFP = ATC - FEC", "- Mostly clear. Low temperature around 19F. Dew point will be around 9F with an average humidity of 59%. Winds will be 9 mph from the NNW.", "Feature ArticleThe N O bond in covalent nitrates and nitrites The NO single bond length in gaseous nitrates MONO 2 depends strongly on the substituent M. In ‘simple’ nitrates (M=SiMe 3, CH 3, H, halogens, or CF 3) this bond lengthens with increasing electronegativity of M from 1.383(5) A å In me SiONO siono 2 to.1(507) 4 a å in. fono 2", "- Thirty-two percent UAN (32-0-0) weighs 11.06 pounds per gallon and salts out (solids separate from the liquid) at 32°F. Twenty-eight percent (28-0-0-5) contains 5 percent sulfur in addition to the nitrogen.", "- Motorcraft® FNR5 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) 1 High-quality transmission fluid for the Ford Fusion. 2 Manufactured with high-quality, high-viscosity index base oils and specially designed performance additives. 3 Provides optimal shift quality over a wide range of conditions, including at low temperatures.", "IV Drugs MOA: sodium neuronal membrane stabilizer to ↓seizures. Further dilution is controversial (use NS if need to further dilute, AVOID D5W). Use as soon as possible due to short stability (need to discard after 4hrs). Do not refrigerate as may cause precipitation. Precipitate may dissolve upon warming to room temp.", "Naval flight officer A single USN or USMC NFO is assigned to the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels, as Blue Angel #8, the Events Coordinator. This is an operational flying billet for this officer and he or she flies the twin-seat F/A-18D Blue Angel 7 aircraft with the team's advance pilot/narrator.", "Saline (medicine) Normal saline (NSS, NS or N/S) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm /L or 9.0 g per liter.Less commonly, this solution is referred to as physiological saline or isotonic saline, neither of which is technically accurate.ince normal saline contains 9 grams of NaCl, the concentration is 9 grams per liter divided by 58.5 grams per mole, or 0.154 mole per liter. Since NaCl dissociates into two ions – sodium and chloride – 1 molar NaCl is 2 osmolar. Thus, NS contains 154 mEq /L of Na + and Cl − .", "- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD)[1] is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. The first cases were identified in 1997 and its cause is not fully understood.", "- Figure 18.6 This DSC configuration script will produce one MOF file that is named after the specified target node. Line 1: We use the Configuration keyword in our script to denote a DSC configuration file. The configuration name is arbitrary.", "- MgO melts at a much higher temperature (2852 degrees Celsius) than NaF because Mg2+ is more positively charged than Na+ & O2- ion is smaller than the F-ion.", "- Winds reported in degrees true north, temperature in °Celsius. Winds aloft report issued on the 14th day of the month at 1200 Zulu for use 0900 to 1500 Zulu. Temperatures are always negative above 24,000 feet (MSL). Codes reported as 9900 are light & variable.", "DEXRON III/MERCON ATF Because it has a high viscosity index, PEAK® DEXRON® III/MERCON® ATF can be used over a wide temperature range – providing excellent low-temperature fluidity while retaining desired viscosity at high temperatures. Specific benefits and product attributes include: Smooth shifting performance where DEXRON® III or a MERCON® fluid is specified", "Suicide/Suffocation Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is nonflammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water.", "- (b) The negative limit maneuvering load factor – (1) May not be less than –1.0 at speeds up to V C; and (2) Must vary linearly with speed from the value at V C to zero at V D. Here V C is the design cruise speed and V D is the design dive speed.", "- The NSFR is defined as the amount of available stable funding (ASF) relative to the amount. of required stable funding (RSF). The ASF is defined as the portion of capital and liabilities. expected to be reliable over the time horizon considered by the NSFR, which extends to. one year.", "- depends on the salt molal concentration and the salt ΔTf = Kf · mB so for a of 1.0 molal NaCl solution ΔTf = Kf · mB ΔTf = 2 · 1.0 ΔTf = - 2.0 degrees Ce…lsius This depends on how much salt is dissolved in the water. The more salt that is dissolved, the colder the freezing point.", "What is nitrogen's boiling point and melting point? If you check on almost any Periodic Table, you will find the boiling point of N (actually N2 since the normal state of nitrogen is the molecule N2) is -195.8 C (77 K or 77 degrees above absolute zero). We have not observed solid N2 so there is no melting point listed.", "- Partly cloudy. High temperature around 46F. Dew point will be around 27F with an average humidity of 57%. Winds will be 11 mph from the NNW.", "Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. The first cases were identified in 1997 and its cause is not fully understood. However, evidence suggests NSF is associated with exposure to gadolinium in patients with severe kidney failure. Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of NSF is unrelated to gender, ethnicity, or age and it is not thought to have a geneti", "- SCF (standard cubic feet) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 70°F . Liquid measured at 21 .42 atmosphere and 1 .7°F . All values rounded to nearest 4/5 significant numbers . Nm3 (normal cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 0°C .", "Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is often referred to by the abbreviation, LN 2 or LIN or LN and has the UN number 1977. Liquid nitrogen is a diatomic liquid, which means that the diatomic character of the covalent N bonding in N 2 gas is retained after liquefaction. Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic fluid that can cause rapid freezing on contact with living tissue.", "NOS Nitrous Oxide Systems Technical Information Chemical Properties of NOS / Nitrous Oxide. Nitrous oxide molecules consist of 2 atoms of nitrogen bonded to 1 atom of oxygen. By weight it is 36% oxygen, whereas the oxygen content in air is only 23.6%. At 70° F it takes 760 PSI of vapour pressure to hold nitrous oxide in liquid form.", "- Animation: How the Total Solar Eclipse Will Look. This total solar eclipse is fully visible in Independence. This is a rare and spectacular event that can only be experienced along a relatively narrow strip on the Earth's surface. The eclipse is also visible in other areas, but the Moon does not cover the Sun completely there. More about the August 21, 2017 — Total Solar Eclipse.", "- of the new S Class is injection moulded in DSM's Akulon Ultraf low K-FHG7, a 35 percent glass reinforced, heat stabilised polyamide 6 with high resistance to engine oil and reportedly very good flow properties.", "How cold is liquid nitrogen? How cold is liquid nitrogen? Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen exists as a liquid between the temperatures of -210°C and -196°C which equals -346°F and -320.44°F. Below -210°C, nitrogen freezes and becomes a solid. Above -196°C, nitrogen boils and becomes a gas. Liquid nitrogen stored in unpressurized conatainers like the tanks sold here is slowly boiling away, so the temperature is -196°C or -320.44°F.", "Nitrogen Nitrogen is a nonmetal, with an electronegativity of 3.04. It has five electrons in its outer shell and is, therefore, trivalent in most compounds. The triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N 2) is one of the strongest.itrogen gas has become the inert gas of choice for inert gas asphyxiation, and is under consideration as a replacement for lethal injection in Oklahoma. Nitrogen is promoted by euthanasia advocate Philip Nitschke to end life in a peaceful, reliable [and] totally legal manner.", "Navy Announces Sea Shore Flow Update Navy Announces Sea Shore Flow Update. MILLINGTON, Tenn. (NNS) -- Sailors from ten enlisted communities will see their Sea Shore Flow (SSF) Enlisted Career Paths adjusted in the Navy's latest Sea Shore Flow Update, officials said Dec. 4.", "- o Pipe Friction Loss: Use 0.013 for Manning’s n for concrete pipe. Follow jurisdictional requirements for other pipe types. • Design Velocity o Within pipe system: Minimum: 3 fps for cleaning velocity using a 5 year (Q. 5) recurrence interval. Maximum: 15 fps calculated at the minor storm event and evaluated at the major storm.", "Gas Laws Save Lives: The Chemistry Behind Airbags Sodium azide (NaN 3) can decompose at 300 C to produce sodium metal (Na) and nitrogen gas (N 2). The signal from the deceleration sensor ignites the gas-generator mixture by an electrical impulse, creating the high-temperature condition necessary for NaN 3 to decompose.", "- The maximum possible NOE depends on the molecular correlation time (or the inverse of the rate of molecular tumbling), which is in large part determined by the molecular weight and solvent viscosity. Larger molecular weights and higher viscosities lead to larger correlation times.", "- Kb is the molal freezing point depression constant, and. m is the molal concentration of the solute in the solution. Note that the molal freezing point depression constant, K. solvent normal freezing point, oC Kb, oC m-1 water 0.0 1.86 acetic acid 16.6 3.9 benzene 5.5 5.12 chloroform -63.5 4.68 nitrobenzene 5.67 8.1.", "Calculating your grain fineness number. Sand that is too fine (higher GFN) can create low permeability and result in gas defects. Sand that is too coarse (lower GFN) can create high permeability and lead to problems with metal penetration, rough surface finish, burn-in and burn-on. The AFS Grain Fineness Number (AFS-GFN) is one means of measuring the grain fineness of a sand system. GFN is a measure of the average size of the particles (or grains) in a sand sample.", "News The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) closes the Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT) Angling category fishery for large medium and giant trophy BFT (measuring 73 or greater) in the southern area effective 11:30 p.m. local time, March 20, 2017, through December 31, 2017.", "What Is NF? Neurofibromatosis (NF) is one of the most common genetic conditions and can affect anyone, regardless of family history, race, gender, or ethnic background. NF1 affects approximately one out of every 3,000 individuals. NF2 affects one out of every 25,000 individuals.", "- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. The first cases were identified in 1997 and its cause is not fully understood.", "- Nitrogen gas (N2) reacts with hydrogen gas (H2) to form ammonia (NH3) at 200°C in a closed container. 1.04 atm.", "- 1 A Tcoef of Br of 0.1 means that if the magnet's temperature rises 100 degrees Celsius (180 degrees Fahrenheit), its magnetic flux decreases by 10 percent. The maximum operating temperature (abbreviated Tmax) is the highest temperature the magnet can be operated at without losing any of its field strength.", "- 2100/2206 12008KT 9999 BKN150 QNH3004INS BECMG 2108/2109 10006KT 6000 BR FEW020 QNH3002INS BECMG 2113/2114 11009KT 9999 NSW FEW030 QNH3000INS TX29/2121Z TN16/2112Z. NOTAMs. NOTAMs are issued by the DoD/FAA and will open in a separate window not controlled by AirNav.", "- NVIS requires using a frequency that is below the Critical Frequency, the highest frequency at which NVIS communications can operate at, but above the frequency at which the D-Layer absorption results in excessive attenuation, or the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF).", "- The equation for the Reynold Number. Consistent units to be used i.e Typically ρ = kg/m3, v = m/s, D= m, μ = Ns/m2 ( 1 Ns/m2 = 103cP) The value for the Reynold number is to be used to evaluate if the flow is laminar or turbulent and can be used to obtain the friction factor f from a moody chart.", "What is nominal speed? Nominal speed. Nominal speed (nN) is a suitable, rounded speed value for classifying the speed range (see Nominal value). Nominal speed is no longer the speed previously agreed on in the supply contract, but typically a deviating, rounded, and generally applicable speed such as 2,900, 1,450, or 980 min–1 (rpm) for a mains frequency of 50 Hz or 3,500, 1,750, 1,180 min–1 (rpm) at 60 Hz.", "MRI Magnet Cooling and Filling It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Liquid nitrogen is a lower cost product that can be used in the preliminary cooling of MRI or NMR magnets. Liquid nitrogen is delivered in dewars which is then transferred to the magnet. The nitrogen cools the magnet to between -330°F to -321°F (-203°C to -196°C).iquid nitrogen is a lower cost product that can be used in the preliminary cooling of MRI or NMR magnets. Liquid nitrogen is delivered in dewars which is then transferred to the magnet. The nitrogen cools the magnet to between -330°F to -321°F (-203°C to -196°C).", "13.5 Colligative Properties The values of Kf, the molal freezing-point-depression constant, for several common solvents are given in Table 13.4. For water, Kf is 1.86°C/ m; therefore, a 0.5 m aqueous solution of NaCl, or any aqueous solution that is 1 m in nonvolatile solute particles, will freeze 1.86°C lower than pure water.", "PHYSICS 151-Exam 2 Normal force. FN represents the normal force. In mechanics, the normal force F n {\\displaystyle F_{n}\\ } is the component, perpendicular to the surface (surface being a plane) of contact, of the contact force exerted on an object by, for example, the surface of a floor or wall, preventing the object from falling.", "- Maneuvering Loads and the V-n Diagram. The V-n, velocity-versus-load diagram, Figure 1, describes the relationship between an aircraft’s. speed, its longitudinal (pitch axis) maneuvering. capability, and its structural strength. The. positive-g, maximum lift line indicates how. aggressively, at any airspeed, we can apply aft.", "Cisco Support CommunityTopicsCisco Support CommunitybackNetwork InfrastructureNetwork InfrastructurebackCisco Modeling LabsMedianetNetwork ManagementOther Network Infrastructure SubjectsIPv6 Integration and TransitionOptical NetworkingWAN, Routing and SwitchingGetting Started with LANsRemote AccessLAN, Switching and RoutingEEM ScriptingDNASD WANSecuritySecuritybackFirePOWERCisco Threat Awareness Service (CTAS)Intrusion Prevention Systems/IDSPhysical SecurityVPNEmail SecurityMARSCisco Defense OrchestratorCloud Web SecurityAAA, Identity and NACFirewallingOther Security SubjectsSecurity ManagementWeb SecurityCollaboration, Voice and VideoCollaboration, Voice and VideobackContact CenterIP TelephonyPrime Collaboration ManagementUnified Communications ApplicationsVideo Over IPDigital Media SystemJabber ClientsTelePresenceConferencingHosted Collaboration SolutionOther Collaboration, Voice, and Video SubjectsUC MigrationsWireless - MobilityWireless - MobilitybackWireless IP Voice and VideoOther Wireless - Mobility SubjectsGetting Started with WirelessWireless LAN Controller Config Analyzer (WLCCA)Security and Network ManagementSmall Business Support CommunitySmall Business Support CommunitybackInternational ZoneSmall Business Online Device EmulatorsNon-Product Related Small Business Technical QuestionsSmall Business RoutersSmall Business Support ServiceSmall Business Voice and ConferencingVoice SystemsATAs, Gateways and AccessoriesJabber Video SupportOnPlus ServiceSmall Business SecuritySmall Business SurveillanceSmall Business WirelessOnline Chat SupportSmall Business Support CommunitySmall Business Network and Smart StorageSmall Business Smart TipsSmall Business SwitchesWebEx TelepresenceRegional Service & Support OptionsFindIT Network Management DiscussionsSmall Business FAQData CenterData CenterbackIntelligent AutomationServer NetworkingWide Area Application Services (WAAS)Cisco Prime Network Services ControllerOther Data Center SubjectsUnified Computing SystemApplication NetworkingStorage NetworkingApplication Centric InfrastructureCloud CenterTetration AnalyticsService ProvidersService ProvidersbackMetroSP MobilityXR OS and PlatformsMPLSSP VideoOther Service Provider SubjectsVoice over IPServicesServicesbackSmart ServicesConnected TAC Market TrialConnected AnalyticsOperations ExchangeCisco ServiceGridCisco Cloud Service Router (CSR) for Public CloudSolutions and ArchitecturesSolutions and ArchitecturesbackCollaborationSolutions and ArchitecturesBorderless NetworksData Center & VirtualizationAll TopicsExpertsCisco Support CommunitybackLeaderboardsExpertsbackMost SolutionMost HelpfulTop ContributorsExpertsbackCisco Designated VIPHall of FameSpotlight AwardsEvent Top ContributorsEventsCisco Support CommunitybackWebcast EventsAsk the Experts EventsCommunityCisco Support CommunitybackCisco CafeBehind the ScenesCommunity IdeasCisco Support Community Register Login HI, What is the tha average ,minimum and maximum values of SNR(Signal to noice ratio) and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) in cisco access points.And how it is depends on the client connectivity with the Access point.I, What is the tha average ,minimum and maximum values of SNR(Signal to noice ratio) and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) in cisco access points. And how it is depends on the client connectivity with the Access point. Thanks & Regards,", "Nitric acid White fuming nitric acid, pure nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to anhydrous nitric acid. It is available as 99.9% nitric acid by assay. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved NO 2.ed fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. Due to the dissolved nitrogen dioxide, the density of red fuming nitric acid is lower at 1.490 g/mL.", "What is the difference between Nm3 and m3? NM3: NM3 stands for Normal meter cube and especially this unit is used gas/vapour application. NM3 is a constant value under the Varying Pressure and Temperature.NM3 is calculated if the Density and Mass of the gas/vapour is known.For Eg: In a pipeline, If Air is flowing at the rate of 1000M3/hr at the Pressure of 5Barg and at the temperature of 30degC, then Density of Air can be arrived from the corresponding pressure and temp which is 6.9Kg/m3.M3 is a constant value under the Varying Pressure and Temperature. NM3 is calculated if the Density and Mass of the gas/vapour is known.", "- Exam 3 Review Problems: Useful Equations: ∆Go = ‐RTlnK ∆Go =∆Ho‐T∆So ∆Go = ‐nFEo ln K = nEo/0.0257. Ecell = Ecell. o –RT/nF lnQ. 1. Assuming the following reaction proceeds in the forward direction, 2 Ni2+(aq) + Zn(s)  2 Ni(s) + Zn2+(aq) a. Zn(s) is the reducing agent and Zn2+(s) is the oxidizing agent.", "- N2 stands for Engine Core (high pressure compressor) speed in RPM. Suggest new definition. This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Science, medicine, engineering, etc.", "- Mokon's HTF HF-2 Series heat transfer oil system provides accurate temperature control up to 600°F (315°C) with an option to go to 650°F (343°C)...", "- Scf (standard cubic foot) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 70F. Nm3 (normal cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 0C. Liquid measured at 1 atmosphere and boiling temperature.", "- 2 c) bond order = ½ (number of electrons in bonding MO’s – number of electrons in antibonding MO’s = ½(8-2) = ½(6) = 3 The bond order of the nitrogen-oxygen bond in NO + is three (triple bond).d) The additional electron in NO is located in an antibonding MO. c) bond order = ½ (number of electrons in bonding MO’s – number of electrons in antibonding MO’s = ½(8-2) = ½(6) = 3 The bond order of the nitrogen-oxygen bond in NO + is three (triple bond).", "- 2-2-20 [pipe-10cm] Nitrogen gas flows steadily through a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The inlet conditions are as follows: pressure 400 kPa, temperature 300 K and velocity 20 m/s. At the exit the pressure is 350 kPa (due to frictional losses).-3-15 [tube-02kgs] A refrigerant flows steadily through an insulated tube, its entropy increasing from 0.2718 kJ/kg.K at the inlet to 0.3075 kJ/kg.K at the exit. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s and the pipe is insulated, determine (a) the rate of entropy generation within the pipe.", "Liquid nitrogen Students preparing homemade ice cream with liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is a colorless clear liquid with a density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point (−195.79 °C (77 K; −320 °F)) and a dielectric constant of 1.43.", "- N2 is the formula of Nitrogen gas. The formula for nitrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure is N2.he formula for nitrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure is N2.", "What is Citrine Gemstone Thus the history of the citrine is closely interwoven with that of the topaz, and coincides with it completely when it comes to the interpretation of alleged miraculous powers.", "- The molality of a solution is the moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000g) of solvent (often water). The symbol for molality is lower case “m”. Thus a 3.0 molal solution of nitric acid, abbreviated 3.0 m HNO3, contains 3.0 moles of HNO3 in 1 kg of water.olarity (M), molality (m) and the Colligative properties. The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.", "- ITU G.652 Covers single-mode NDSF (non-dispersion-shifted fiber). This fiber is in most of the cable that was installed in the 1980s. Optimized in the 1,310-nm range. Low water peak fiber has been specifically processed to reduce the water peak at 1400 nm to allow use in that range.", "General Chemistry/Print version This is determined by comparing the oxidation numbers of nitrogen. Because \\(NO_3^-\\) has the highest oxidation number of +5, compared to the other molecules, it will most likely be the oxidizing agent. Because nitrogen in \\(NH_3\\) has an oxidation state of -3, it has the lowest oxidation state and will most likely be the reducing agent.", "Phase behavior and aggregation property of polyglyceryl-modified silicone surfactant in [EMIM] [NTf2] In present work, since MO is insoluble in silicone oil, however is soluble in the pure silicone surfactant KF-61 and highly soluble in [EMIM][NTf2], which make it be a good choice as the probe to measure the wavelength of absorption maximum λ max as an indication of the “polarity” of the microenvironment where it is located.", "- The electron pair in the N-N bond is split between the two nitrogen atoms. Nitrogen is in group 5A, but only the one electron in the N-N bond is assigned to in determining the oxidation state: OX N = 5 - 1= +4. The nitrogen atoms are each in the +4 oxidation state.", "Boiling Point Elevation Example Problem m NaCl = 2.477 mol/kg. Step 2 Determine the van 't Hoff factor. The van 't Hoff factor, i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent. For substances which do not dissociate in water, such as sugar, i = 1.", "Conversion of ccf to scf in nitrogen We purchase bulk nitrogen in ccf but convert to sell in gallons the conversion rate is 93.11 scf=1 gallon how do ccf convert to scf. The c stands for 100. In both units, the volume of a gas is only meaningful if temperature and pressure are stated. The s means standard; unfortunately, different industries use different standard temperatures, but everybody pretty much uses 1 atm pressure. Assuming temperature and pressure agree, ccf = 100 cu ft and hopefully 100 scf.", "- #1s^2 2s^2 2p^6#. Nitride is just an #N^(3-)# ion. We know this because the -ide- suffex indicates a monoatomic anion, and we assume that the anion will have enough additional electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration (nitrogen is 3 electrons short of a full octet). The electron configuration for regular nitrogen is: #1s^2 2s^2 2p^3#.", "- Nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) represent the maximum (+5) and minimum (-3) oxidation numbers for nitrogen. Nitrogen also forms compounds with every oxidation number between these extremes (see table below).", "What does NFstand for? .nf is the Internet country code top-level domain for Norfolk Island. While there is no rule requiring a local presence to register domains in this TLD, the pricing is significantly higher than most other domains, which has discouraged its use.", "NE-30 w/ Bio-Mos® A Free-Choice Supplement for Cattle on Pasture. NE-30 w/Bio-Mos is a Nutritionally Engineered®, mineral fortified supplement designed to complement late summer pastures or fair quality forages. The higher level of protein makes NE-30 w/Bio-Mos an ideal supplement for replacement heifers.", "- (November 2015) In mechanics, the normal force F n {\\displaystyle F_{n}\\ } is the component, perpendicular to the surface (surface being a plane) of contact, of the contact force exerted on an object by, for example, the surface of a floor or wall, preventing the object from falling.", "- Introduction The rated accuracy limit factor (F n) is the ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary current. A protective current transformer type 5P10 has, for example, the accuracy class 5P and the rated accuracy limit factor 10.", "- Nasal High Flow (NHF) via the Airvo™ 1 & 2 circuit is able to deliver. a user set fixed fraction of inspired oxygen at high flow rates.  FiO2 : 21% - 90%. 21 – 50% recommendation for ward based. care.  Flow rates: 15lpm – 50lpm. 30lpm flow recommended for ward.", "- 1028 County Road 409 (MLS #13380909) is a single family home located in Nemo, TX. This single family home is 2,692 sqft and on a lot of 871,200 sqft (or 20 acres) with 5 bedrooms, 3 baths and was built in 1950. This property was listed on Zillow on 05/17/2016 and has been priced for sale at $399,900. Zillow's Zestimate® for 1028 County Road 409 is $374,355.", "Nitrogen Family No. For nitrogen to be a solid (below its melting point), it must be lower than 346oF No. Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature.", "- The things added to drinking water here in the US are Sodium fluoride (NaF) (boils at 1700 °C), stannous(II) fluoride (SnF2) (boils at 850 °C) and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F)(boiling point is 1700 °C. The boiling point of the compounds is so high because of the extremely high reactivity of the element fluoride.", "- The Nonappropriated Fund (NAF) Human Resources Office is responsible for all facets of US NAF personnel management for the 48th Force Support Squadron.", "- What does the “MOPD” rating on solenoid valves mean? Solenoid valves are rated in terms of Maximum Operating Pressure Differential (MOPD). The MOPD rating for a valve is the maximum pressure differential against which the valve will reliably operate. For example, with the valve closed against an inlet pressure of 250 psi and an outlet pressure of 50 psi, the pressure differential across the valve is 250-50 or 200 psi. Emerson. Consider It Solved.™.", "- Scf (standard cubic foot) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 70 F. Nm3 (normal cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 0 C. Liquid measured at 1 atmosphere and boiling temperature.", "Nitrogen Nitrogen is a nonmetal chemical element. The atmosphere contains more than 78 percent of nitrogen. It has the chemical symbol N and atomic number 7. Its stable inside typically contains 14 nucleons (7 protons and 7 neutrons).", "Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates A liquid N fertilizer (30% UAN) is the N source for 500 acres of corn. Calculate the N application rate in gallons per. acre and the total tons of fertilizer needed to apply 160 pounds of N per acre to the 500 acres. The fertilizer weighs. 10.86 pounds per gallon and contains 30% N by weight.", "Magnet Grade and Strength Neo magnets have grades from N35 to N52. Simplistically, grade is generally used to describe how strong a permanent magnet material is. The energy product is specified in units of Gauss Oersted. One MGOe is 1,000,000 Gauss Oersted. For example, a grade N45 would have a Maximum Energy Product of 45 MGOe. The higher the grade the stronger the magnet. Magnetic Magnets specialise in the high end of the magnet grades, typically N45 and N50 grades and are specified on each product page.", "- Winds reported in degrees true north, temperature in °Celsius. Above is translated as: Winds aloft report issued on the 14th day of the month at 1200 Zulu for use 0900 to 1500 Zulu. Temperatures are always negative above 24,000 feet (MSL).", "- The osmotic coefficient is given the symbol φ and is defined: aw is the activity of water Mw is the molar mass of water in kg/mol, ν is the number of ions formed when one mol of salt is dissolved in water, ms is the molality (mol/kg H2O) of salt, nw is the amount of water and ns is the amount of salt, both in mol.", "- Thirty-two percent UAN (32-0-0) weighs 11.06 pounds per gallon and salts out (solids separate from the liquid) at 32°F. Twenty-eight percent (28-0-0-5) contains 5 percent sulfur in addition to the nitrogen. You can use it where you expect a response to sulfur, such as on sandy textured, low organic matter soils.", "- The Network of Networks (NNs) is a free search tool that can help you discover the academic papers, authors, programs and networks among institutions in the field of sustainability science.", "- Come see our quality heating and cooling systems for the composites and advanced materials industry. Mokon's expertise includes stainless steel cabinets and components, sanitary environments, cleanroom and wash down designs and more.", "- Question 11.43 The solubility of nitrogen in water is 8.21x10 -4 mol/L at 0 0 C when the N 2 pressure above water is 0.790 atm. Calculate the Henry’s law constant for N 2 in units of mol/L.atm for Henry’s law in the form C = kP, where C is the gas concentration in mol/L.", "- A navy jet with a weight of 231 kN requires an airspeed of 85 m/s for liftoff. The engine develops a maximum force of 107 kN, but that is insufficient for reaching takeoff speed in the 90 m runway available on an aircraft carrier. What minimum force (assumed constant) is ...", "What are the differences between the trainings of a Navy Aviator (NA) and a Navy Flight Officer (NFO)? The Naval Aviator is trained to fly. The Naval Flight Officer is trained to say, this round's on me and I'll take the ugly one.. Oh, I'm going to take so much crap for that one. Honestly, the first one is correct. The NFO, however, is the systems expert on a particular platform.", "- It would probably be $ 110 or $115 (million). This would be an extreme luxury home.”. ~ Jason Koitz, The Koitz Group. Realistically, if such a hypothetical can be called that, Koitz said the White House would sell for somewhere between $75 and $80 million, or between $1,364 and $1,455 per square foot.", "KSNF-TV KSNF is an NBC-affiliated television station for the Joplin, Mo., and Pittsburg, Kan., television markets. It telecasts several programs on national and local news related to politics, health, entertainment, education, sports, community, weather and business.", "CMT sets January return for 'Nashville,' adds more new series For CMT, the idea is to not only use Nashville to bring viewers to the channel, but as a spark plug to ignite interest in all of our other (shows), says programming chief Jayson Dinsmore. That includes Million Dollar Quartet, which will swivel its hips onto the channel as an eight-part limited series in March.", "What is Bind-N-Fly? Bind-N-Fly TM or BNF is an Horizon Hobby trademark for a specific kind of Ready-to-Fly (RTF) RC aircraft that uses crystal-free DSM radio technology. Answer: Ready-to-Fly RC airplanes and helicopters come complete with everything you need to start flying including a complete radio system (receiver and transmitter).", "- 31 kco D:\\Data\\Documents\\swd\\fleet rpt.doc # 55 feet) $25 U.S. West Coast Offshore NMFS Blend Total $311 Notes: 1. Representative earnings are shown in thousands of 1996 dollars. 2. Representative earnings are the average per vessel ex-vessel value for a fishery.", "Questions and Answers Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen can exist as a liquid between the temperatures of 63 K and 77.2 K. (-346°F and -320.44°F). Below 63 K, nitrogen freezes and becomes a solid. Above 77.2 K, nitrogen boils and becomes a gas. Since it is obtained from the atmosphere, liquid nitrogen is inexpensive and is rarely refrigerated. It is kept in insulated containers called Dewars and is allowed to boil away.", "Effects of Increased Dissolved Nitrogen From Scuba Diving: Decompression Sickness Nitrogen narcosis is a function of the increased pressure of the gas and is only a problem as long as that pressure remains elevated. Thus nitrogen narcosis is solely a function of depth (see Chapter 9). For some divers narcosis begins to manifest in the 80-130 fsw range, for others much deeper.", "Saline (medicine) Normal saline (NSS, NS or N/S) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm /L or 9.0 g per liter. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as physiological saline or isotonic saline, neither of which is technically accurate.", "Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air.Liquid nitrogen is a colorless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.43. Liquid nitrogen is often referred to by the abbreviation, LN2 or LIN or LN and has the UN number 1977.iquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air.", "What is nitrogen's boiling point and melting point? If you check on almost any Periodic Table, you will find the boiling point of N (actually N2 since the normal state of nitrogen is the molecule N2) is -195.8 C (77 K or 77 degrees above absolute zero).We have not observed solid N2 so there is no melting point listed.f you check on almost any Periodic Table, you will find the boiling point of N (actually N2 since the normal state of nitrogen is the molecule N2) is -195.8 C (77 K or 77 degrees above absolute zero). We have not observed solid N2 so there is no melting point listed.", "The Energy Costs Associated with Nitrogen Specifications Many companies use nitrogen when they don’t need to. Because nitrogen is a very dry gas, it is sometimes used in place of dry compressed air. At steady state conditions 95% N2 is around -85oF Atmospheric Dew Point (5.3 PPMv Water Vapor). 99.5% N2 is below -105oF (<1 PPMv).", "Nitrogen Nitrogen Conversion Data. SCF (standard cubic foot) and SM3 (standard cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 70ºF. Liquid measured at 0ºF and saturated pressure. Nm3 (normal cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 0ºC. All values round to the nearest 4/5 significant numbers.", "UAN 32% Solution Nitrogen is available in three forms in UAN 32% Solution--ammonic, nitrate and urea. One-fourth of the nitrogen is ammonic, one-fourth is nitrate and one-half is urea. It weighs 11.08 lbs. per gallon, has a pH of approximately 7 and has a negligible vapor pressure.", "Convective available potential energy CAPE is effectively the positive buoyancy of an air parcel and is an indicator of atmospheric instability, which makes it valuable in predicting severe weather. CIN, convective inhibition, is effectively negative buoyancy, expressed B-; the opposite of convective available potential energy (CAPE), which is expressed as B+ or simply B.", "- The four-port master MOPV will be used to initiate aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) concentrate flow, and fire main flow for mixing and disbursement to AFFF systems aboard the Navy fleet. Proportioning Accuracy test of (2) AFFF systems, (9) Risers for compliance with NFPA 11, 11C, 16, 25 & UFC 3-610-02.", "- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [edit on Wikidata] Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs.", "Tin (II) fluoride In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F − , it forms the fluoride complexes SnF 3 − , Sn 2 F 5 − , and SnF 2 (OH 2). Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn 2 F 5 or Na 4 Sn 3 F 10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF 3.", "NE-30 w/ Bio-Mos® A Free-Choice Supplement for Cattle on Pasture. Product Application. NE-30 w/Bio-Mos is a Nutritionally Engineered®, mineral fortified supplement designed to complement late summer pastures or fair quality forages. The higher level of protein makes NE-30 w/Bio-Mos an ideal supplement for replacement heifers. This unique supplement is second to none when compared to other low-moisture blocks. This block is the product of a state-of-the-art patented process that provides a unique 24-hour feeding system.", "- Define centerline: a real or imaginary line that is equidistant from the surface or sides of something a real or imaginary line that is equidistant from the surface or sides of something… See the full definition", "Overview Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal dominant disorder, probably of neural crest origin, that affects all 3 germinal layers; therefore, it can involve any organ system.", "- ZIN Technologies has designed, fabricated and verified flight attitude control systems for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission being developed at NASA GSFC. This system will perform position tracking that can be used for navigational and proximity control of the spacecraft.", "- Recent Posts. 1 Havana, Cuba. 2 Marble Caves, Patagonia, Chile. 3 Red Rocks of Sedona, Arizona, United States. 4 Verdon Gorge, France. 5 Annapurna, Nepal. 6 Mallorca, Spain. 7 Istanbul, Turkey. 8 Yosemite National Park, California, United States.", "Nitrogen (N) and water Nitrogen (N2) solubility at 20oC and pressure = 1 bar is approximately 20 mg/L. Nitrogen solubility may differ between compounds. Nitrogen (I) oxide solubility is 12 g/L, and nitriloacetate (salt) solubility is 640 g/L, whereas nitrogen chloride is water insoluble. Nitrates and ammonia dissolve in water readily.", "How much do Americans earn? What is the average US income and other income figures. Fiscal cliff talks only useful in context of incomes. this tells us a lot since the median household income is at $ 50500 since the census data looks at households this data hones in on individual wage earners 66 percent of americans earn less than $ 41212 it is important to understand the income breakdown in the us before fully appreciating the fiscal cliff talks", "- Non-random two-liquid model. The non-random two-liquid model (short NRTL equation) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients γ i {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}} of a compound i with its mole fractions x i {\\displaystyle x_{i}} in the liquid phase concerned.", "- • It is a mix of true protein and non-protein nitrogen. Analytical Terms. Producing Quality Forages for Cattle and Sheep Definition of Forage Quality • Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)is the percentage of fiber in a forage sample which is not soluble in a neutral detergent solution.alculated Terms 120Forage NDF (% of DM) DMI as a percent of body weight =. Producing Quality Forages for Cattle and Sheep Definition of Forage Quality • Relative Feed Value (RFV) is an index which ranks legume and legume-grass forages by digestible dry matter intake potential.", "The oxidation of Mo (100) studied by XPS and surface Raman spectroscopy: the onset of MoO 2 formation and the formation of surface polymolybdate The XPS spec- tra for these surfaces, however, are almost identi- cal. This clearly indicates that regardless of the oxygen dose the composition of the surface re- gion is the same at this temperature. The Mo(lOO) surface oxidized at 713 K (Fig. 5c) has a greater intensity in the region above 230 eV.", "Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilization of Corn The band must be properly placed to avoid salt injury, especially at high rates of starter band fertilizer. Nitrogen and K are the two nutrients that can cause salt injury.. A general rule for application rate is that the starter-band should contain no more than a total 80 lbs per acre of N plus K2O.", "- Nitric oxide (NO) is the most common form of nitrogen directly emitted into the atmosphere. In ambient outdoor air, nitric oxide (NO), which is emitted by motor vehicles, combines with oxygen in the atmosphere under the action of sunlight, producing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) -a major air pollutant-and other NO x.", "What Is NF? NF is caused by a change in our genetic material. NF1 is caused by a change in a gene carried on chromosome 17. NF2 is caused by a change in a gene carried on chromosome 22.", "Nitrogen (N) and water Seawater contains approximately 0.5 ppm nitrogen (dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds without N2). The amount is clearly lower at the surface, being approximately 0.1 ppb. River water concentrations vary strongly, but are approximately 0.25 ppm in general.", "N Price App The free N Price calculator app allows you to compare the price of various forms of nitrogen fertilizer products in terms of their price per pound of nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers such as anhydrous ammonia, urea, and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) vary in their nitrogen content and are sold on a price per ton basis.", "- ABSTRACT FSM-the Field Signature Method-is a relatively new method for continuous monitoring of corrosion attacks and cracking of pipes, pressurized vessels and storages tanks. The method is now beeing developed for monitoring of stress corrosion cracking of welds in ammonia storage tanks. NH 3 -SCC is a corrosion mechanism consisting of an anode (metal dissolving) and a cathode (oxygen reduction) reaction. This reaction is not the same as hydrogen cracking. • Initiation and propagation of NH 3 -SCC requires liquid ammonia, oxygen and tensile stress.", "- Ammonia has the highest N content of any commercial fertilizer, making it a popular source of N despite the potential hazard it poses and the safety practices that are required for its use. When NH 3 is applied directly to soil, it is a pressurized liquid that immediately becomes a vapor after leaving the tank.", "- Figure 1 shows the major sources of N fertilizers available in Oklahoma and the amount sold from 1977 to 2005. Anhydrous ammonia used to account for the largest sales in N fertilizer, but this has recently been surpassed by urea and UAN.", "Periodic Trends II: Electron Affinity, Atomic Radius, & Ionic Radius (11 Favorites) Nitrogen is an anomaly and does not follow the general trend for affinity, as it has an extremely low/not stable value for its first electron affinity, due to its orbital stability (p 3). Electron affinity is defined as the amount of energy released when an atom gains an electron in order to for a negative anion. This is an exothermic process, and therefore the data values included in the simulation are denoted with a negative (-) sign.", "- Characteristics. Nitrogen gas (chemical symbol N) is generally inert, nonmetallic, colorless, odorless and tasteless. Its atomic number is 7, and it has an atomic weight of 14.0067.itrogen has a density of 1.251 grams/liter at 0 C and a specific gravity of 0.96737, making it slightly lighter than air. At a temperature of '210.0 C (63K) and a ressure of 12.6 kilopascals, nitrogen reaches its triple point (the point an element can exist in gaseous, liquid and solid forms simultaneously).", "NF VS UNF Threads NF VS UNF Threads. The NF designation stands for National Fine and UNF stands for Unified Fine. The National designation is from the old United States Standard which was replaced by the American National Standard for Unified Threads in 1949. This 'new' standard unified the UK, Canada and the US standards.", "- The NIIN is the invariable part of the NSN, and it remains associated with the item of supply concept throughout its life cycle. However, the NSC may change if there is a change to the classification structure. NSNs are usually assigned to items that are needed on a recurring basis.", "- MSDS – UAN 32. Urea - Ammonium Nitrate Solution: Product Identification. TRADE NAME: Urea - Ammonium Nitrate Solution. SYNONYMS: UAN 32%, Non-Pressure Nitrogen Fertilizer Solution, 32% Nitrogen Solution, 32-0-.", "Non-random two-liquid model The non-random two-liquid model[1] (short NRTL equation) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients γ i {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{i}} of a compound i with its mole fractions x i {\\displaystyle x_{i}} in the liquid phase concerned.", "Nuclear force Two-nucleon systems such as the deuteron, the nucleus of a deuterium atom, as well as proton–proton or neutron–proton scattering are ideal for studying the NN force. Such systems can be described by attributing a potential (such as the Yukawa potential) to the nucleons and using the potentials in a Schroedinger schrödinger. equation", "- The ndf file extension is used for Microsoft SQL Server secondary data files. The secondary data file is created by Microsoft SQL Server, when the primary data file (mdf file) is full of data and other data cannot be stored in it.", "Frequently Asked Questions 1 No Panel Number or Suffix and Zone is X. NSFHA - No Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). These are communities that do not contain a SFHA and have low to moderate risk as determined by FEMA. FEMA assigns community numbers and a Zone X designation. FEMA issues no maps for these NSFHA communities.", "Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilization of Corn Optimum starter-band rates were determined by analyzing corn yield increases versus the cost of the N required to obtain the yield increase. The average optimum N rate ranged from 27 to 70 lbs of N per acre with the optimum N rate for the nine experiments over two years averaging 60 lbs N/acre.", "Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates Example 1: Liquid nitrogen fertilizer for cornA liquid N fertilizer (30% UAN) is the N source for 500 acres of corn. Calculate the N application rate in gallons per acre and the total tons of fertilizer needed to apply 160 pounds of N per acre to the 500 acres. The fertilizer weighs 10.86 pounds per gallon and contains 30% N by weight.", "- Because the covalent radius of a nitrogen atom is relatively small (only 0.070 nm), nitrogen atoms come close enough together to form very strong bonds. The bond-dissociation enthalpy for the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond is 946 kJ/mol, almost twice as large as that for an O=O double bond.", "- Mostly clear. Low temperature around 22F. Dew point will be around 16F with an average humidity of 59%. Winds will be 9 mph from the NNW.", "NSF's new GMO certification leverages companies' existing systems, exec says The new certification, known formally as NSF Non-GMO True North, utilizes elements of global and domestic GMO labeling regulations, including EU and Vermont GMO labeling requirements. The certification gives credit for food safety quality system best practices including segregation, traceability and supplier approval and monitoring programs.", "Southern Avionics Navigation Blog An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard aircraft.o navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the heading to the station. The signal is transmitted on an uninterrupted 24/7 basis.", "- Agronomy Fact Sheet Series. Field Crops Extension 1 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Introduction. With the increased cost of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and concerns about the adverse. environmental impacts of N losses, there is. great interest in fine-tuning N fertilizer. management. The goal is to match application. source, rate, timing and method to supplement. on-farm sources of N (e.g., manure, soil. organic N, sod, legume cover crops) to meet. crop needs and achieve optimum levels of N. use efficiency.", "Potato fertilization on irrigated soils to apply no more than 60 lbs urea per acre (30 lbs of actual N from urea). Conversion of ammonium to nitrate results in the formation of hydrogen ions (H+), so, like most N fertilizers, repeated urea applications will cause a reduction in soil pH over time. Urea Ammonium Nitrate Urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) is a soluble, readily available N source with 28-32% N prepared by mixing of ammonium nitrate and urea. It is primarily used as a non-pressurized liquid fertilizer and is for many the preferred", "- FREQUENCY; Unicom: 122.95: ATIS (SSF) 128.8: Tower: 118.2: Ground: 121.7: Approach/Departure (SAT) 125.7: Clearance Delivery: 121.7: ATIS (SAT) 118.9", "Know Your Feed Terms maintenance plus milk production during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two. months of gestation for dry, pregnant cows. Net energy for maintenance (NEM): An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to. keep an animal in energy equilibrium, neither gaining nor losing weight. Net energy for gain (NEG): An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body. tissue gain (weight gain) above that required for maintenance. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF): A measurement of fiber after digesting in a nonacidic, nonalkaline detergent as an aid in determining quality of forages.", "- Motorcraft® FNR5 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) High-quality transmission fluid for the Ford Fusion. Manufactured with high-quality, high-viscosity index base oils and specially designed performance additives.", "- NS KGE R2 p-factor StdDev-sim(StdDev-obs) Mean-sim(Mean-obs)-0.84 -0.24 0.00 0.37 0.03 (0.04) 0.02 (0.04)", "- When the 300 mOsM urea solution mixes with the ECF, the added volume of the urea solution dilutes the nonpenetrating solutes of the ECF. (S/V = C. The same amount of NP solute in a larger volume means a lower NP concentration.) Now the nonpenetrating concentration of the ECF is now less than 300 mOsM.", "- All Rights Reserved. The Vicon Fertilizer Spreader is the most accurate spin spreader available for evenly broadcasting fertilizer. The pattern is adjustable from 20' to a 46' spread width and is extremely accurate. $2,230.00.", "- Partly cloudy. High temperature around 49F. Dew point will be around 14F with an average humidity of 37%. Winds will be 4 mph from the NNW.", "- 1. nitrogenous compounds (ammonia, amines, etc.) 2. sulfides. 3. organic acids. The numbers and types of MO in a food are largely determined by: Environment from which the food was obtained. Microbiological quality of the food in its raw or unprocessed state (intrinsic factors). Handling and processing sanitation. Effectiveness of packaging, handling and storage conditions in restricting microbial growth (extrinsic factors).", "Chemistry Homework Questions Determine the solubility of N2 in water exposed to air at 25°C if the atmospheric pressure is 1.2 atm. Assume that the mole fraction of nitrogen is 0.78 in air and the Henry's law constant for nitrogen in water at this temperature is 6.1 × 10-4 M/atm.", "- In the U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.76 -1974 tornado design basis loads were defined at a 10 -7 /yr frequency for design of NPP reactor safety related structures, systems and components. The acceptance criteria associated with a load combination including an allowable of specified minimum yield stress or its equivalent.", "- Few private hotels and a tourist hostel of AJK Tourism Department located there for tourists stay. Kel: The most beautiful village of the valley located 19 kilometers (12 mi) ahead from Sharda at the altitude of 6,879 feet (2,097 m). Few private hotels and a rest house of AJK Tourism Department located there for tourists stay. It also has bank, college, hospital and market.", "Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is a colorless clear liquid with a density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point (−195.79 °C (77 K; −320 °F)) and a dielectric constant of 1.43.", "- A Navy jet (see the figure) with a weight of 219 kN requires an airspeed of 87 m/s for liftoff. The engine develops a maximum force of 100 kN, but that is insufficient for reaching takeoff speed in the 85 m runway available on an aircraft carrier. What minimum force (assumed ...", "- The US Army MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) 13F is Fire Support Specialist. A 13F is a member of a Fire Support Team. Given the military penchant for making acrony…ms into words, F+S+T = FiST; ergo, a member of a Fire Support Team is a FiSTer..", "- The molality of a solution is the moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000g) of solvent (often water). The symbol for molality is lower case “m”. Thus a 3.0 molal solution of nitric acid, abbreviated 3.0 m HNO3, contains 3.0 moles of HNO3 in 1 kg of water.", "- A: The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.00674 atomic mass units. Nitrogen is a gas that has the atomic number 7 and the chemical symbol N. There are 7 neutrons, ...", "Why are they called fisters? The US Army MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) 13F is Fire Support Specialist. A 13F is a member of a Fire Support Team. Given the military penchant for making acrony … ms into words, F+S+T = FiST; ergo, a member of a Fire Support Team is a FiSTer. The one baghdady 11 Contributions", "What is NF? What is NF? Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) What is NF? Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a set of complex genetic disorders that affects almost every organ system, causing tumors to grow on nerves in the brain and throughout the body. While half of all affected people inherit the disorder, new cases can arise spontaneously through mutations (changes) in the NF genes.", "- 6. NFS. An acronym short for: noob fo shoob, which means a person who is a NFS is definitely a noob without a doubt. By calling someone a NFS, it is no longer arguable whether that person is a noob or not, because he or she is DEFINITELY a noob after being called that. chris: youre a NFS. matt: whats a NFS.", "Questions and Answers Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen can exist as a liquid between the temperatures of 63 K and 77.2 K. (-346°F and -320.44°F). Below 63 K, nitrogen freezes and becomes a solid. Above 77.2 K, nitrogen boils and becomes a gas. Since it is obtained from the atmosphere, liquid nitrogen is inexpensive and is rarely refrigerated. It is kept in insulated containers called Dewars and is allowed to boil away. Since it is boiling, most of the liquid nitrogen used in laboratories and in cryogenics shows is at a temperature of 77.2 K. Liquid nitrogen looks like boiling water. If you have never seen it, we have a picture of some posted on our site.", "- It is important to note that N2O is stored in tanks as a liquid under pressure at 755 psi at room temperature. Versus O2 that remains a gas in the tanks no matter what the pressure. Different properties of oxygen & nitrous oxide under pressure result in quite different readings by the pressure gauges. This means the N2O gauge will read full as long as there is liquid in the tank; therefore the N2O gauge will not start falling until only an eighth of the liquid/gas is left.", "- A NDB is characterized by its range:  Long range (100 NM): it is used as a reference point for en route navigation but also as a holding. fixe or an initial approach fixe (IAF) near airports.  Small range (25 NM): it is essentially used as a holding or initial approach fixe near airports.", "Net stable funding ratio Together with the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), the net stable funding ratios (NSF ratios) are part of the new proposed development of international liquidity standards. The LCR will be gradually implemented, starting in 2015, when the ratio should be 60% or higher.", "Pitting resistance equivalent number Furthermore a PREN-value ≥ 40 for duplex steels is called for in the DIN EN ISO 15156 as well as the American NACE – a standard for use in hydrogen sulfide environments known in the oil and gas extraction industries. Exception: stainless steels with molybdenum content ≥ 1.5% may have a PREN-value ≥ 30.urthermore a PREN-value ≥ 40 for duplex steels is called for in the DIN EN ISO 15156 as well as the American NACE – a standard for use in hydrogen sulfide environments known in the oil and gas extraction industries. Exception: stainless steels with molybdenum content ≥ 1.5% may have a PREN-value ≥ 30.", "Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air.Liquid nitrogen is a colorless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.43.Liquid nitrogen is often referred to by the abbreviation, LN2 or LIN or LN and has the UN number 1977.iquid nitrogen is a colorless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.43.", "- George T. Armstrong. . . The vapor pressure of nitrogen has been measured in the liquid range below the normal. bOl~tng pOl.nt and .can be represented b:y log P .(mm) = 6.49594- 255.821 j(T - 6.600). The. normal bOIling pOl.nt calculated from thIs equatIOn IS 77.364° K . Nitrogen vapor densities.", "Exam 2 At a particular temperature, N2O5 decomposes according to a first-order rate law with a half-life of 3.0 s. If the initial concentration of N2O5 is 1.0 x 1016 molecules/cm3, what will be the concentration in molecules/cm3 after 12.8 s? Na = 6.22 x 1023 mol-1 a) 5.2 x 1014 b) 3.4 x 101 c) 1.0 x 1016 d) 1.8 x 1014 e) 2.3 x 10-1", "- N2 is the formula of Nitrogen gas. The formula for nitrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure is N2.hare to: the chemical formula for Nitrogen Oxide is NO, not to be confused with Nitrogen Dioxide which is NO2 or Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) which is N2O.", "Price: $499.99 This product was added to our catalog on Friday 22 January, 2016. The FNH FNS-9 is an excellent choice for duty, defense, concealed carry, and competitive shooting applications. The FNH FNS-9 is built from the ground up to be a reliable, durable, and accurate semi automatic pistol that is easy to shoot and carry.", "- 24 Nitrogen and P addition In paper III, we found a strong negative correlation between N 2 fixation and available N. With N addition in a late-successional site with normally high rates of fixation, the N-fixation rates dropped to nearly undetectable levels.", "Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air. Liquid nitrogen is a colorless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.43.", "Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates A liquid N fertilizer (30% UAN) is the N source for 500 acres of corn. Calculate the N application rate in gallons per acre and the total tons of fertilizer needed to apply 160 pounds of N per acre to the 500 acres. The fertilizer weighs 10.86 pounds per gallon and contains 30% N by weight. The 30% UAN has 30% N by weight, which means 0.30 pound of N per pound of fertilizer. Calculation:", "Nikon Electronic Format (NEF) Exclusive to Nikon cameras, the NEF is Nikon's RAW file format. RAW image files, sometimes referred to as digital negatives, contain all the image information captured by the camera's sensor, along with the image's metadata (the camera's identification and its settings, the lens used and other information).", "- MOTRIN SUMMARY. MOTRIN® (ibuprofen) Suspension 100 mg/5 mL The active ingredient in MOTRIN is ibuprofen, which is a member of the propionic acid group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ibuprofen is a racemic mixture of [+]S-and [-]R-enantiomers.It is a white to off-white crystalline powder, with a melting point of 74° to 77°C. It is practically insoluble in water (. In Children MOTRIN is indicated: 1 For reduction of fever in patients aged 6 months and older.astrointestinal Risk. 1 NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. 2 These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms.", "What is the difference between âNHâ, âNSTâ, âNPSHâ, âIPTâ, and âNPTâ threads? “NH”, or National Hose, thread is the thread that has become the standard thread used in firefighting today. The threads specified in NFPA 1963 are “NH”. This thread was previously known as “NST” or National Standard Thread. “NPSH”, or National Pipe Straight Hose, is slightly smaller in diameter and has more threads per inch than the same nominal diameter “NH” thread.", "UAN 32% Solution One-fourth of the nitrogen is ammonic, one-fourth is nitrate and one-half is urea. It weighs 11.08 lbs. per gallon, has a pH of approximately 7 and has a negligible vapor pressure. Each gallon of UAN 32% Solution contains 3.55 lbs. of N.", "Nitrogen Nitrogen is obtained by cooling air to temperatures below the boiling point of N 2, 77.3K (-196°C), and separating it (fractionation) from the rest of the components of air (mainly oxygen). Most of the nitrogen produced each year is converted to ammonia, and one third of that goes to make nitric acid, for use in the fertilizer and explosives industries.", "NDF file extension Microsoft SQL Server secondary data file. The ndf file extension is used for Microsoft SQL Server secondary data files. The secondary data file is created by Microsoft SQL Server, when the primary data file (mdf file) is full of data and other data cannot be stored in it.", "What is NF What is NF. Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder of the nervous system which causes tumors to form on the nerves anywhere in the body at any time. This progressive disorder affects all races, all ethnic groups and both sexes equally. NF is one of the most common genetic disorders in the United States (one in every 2,500 to 3,000 births).", "- Next: next section ». As a Navy Pilot or an NFO, missions and assignments can be anywhere there is sea or sky – anywhere around the globe. This includes working from carrier battle groups or other sea-based platforms and Naval Air Stations or at other locations on shore.", "- NEO/USD Support and Resistance Levels NEO/USD is heading into its decision area. A break above it's down trend line gives hope in a run up to a new ATH in USD value. Ideal play is to wait for the breakout and buy the retest. If NEO breakout while BTC consolidates, expect an attempt at a new ATH. Trend : Down Current Play : Breakout retrace long position", "(2+1)-dimensional compact QED with dynamical fermions â Azcoit~ X.-Q. Luo / (2+1)-Dimensional compact QED with dynamical fermions 743 In the presence of dynamical fermions, a peak in C, develops gradually. The height of the peak, which moves to the left, increases and de- creases with the increase of Nf, which indicates that the screening effects become more impor- tant.", "- With regards to pitting, the PREN table is usually quite valid. Stress Corrosion Cracking (“Stainless Steel and Corrosion”, Chapter 6.4) Stress corrosion cracking (SCC, Spannungsrisskorrosion, spannungsrißkorrosion) spaendingskorrosion spændingskorrosion is a type of-corrosion gi ving rise. to crackswo steel grades with the same PREN can therefore be expected to perform equally good towards pitting corrosion.PREN = %Cr + 3,3 • %Mo + 16 • %NPlease note that molybdenum (Mo) works with a factor 3.3 and is therefore 3.3 times better than a si-milar amount of chromium (Cr).", "Nitric acid A commercial grade of fuming nitric acid contains 90% HNO 3 and has a density of 1.50 g/mL. This grade is much used in the explosives industry. It is not as volatile nor as corrosive as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration of 21.4 molar.ed fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. Due to the dissolved nitrogen dioxide, the density of red fuming nitric acid is lower at 1.490 g/mL.", "Fuel Oil Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) is a ship fuel, the equivalent of No. 5 heavy fuel oil that is produced by blending No. 6 fuel oil and light petroleum distillates. NSFO has a specific gravity similar to water, is a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL), and requires heating to be pumpable.", "Zac Efron With the popularity of High School Musical (2006), he had to change his phone number after getting numerous calls from fans. Zac's most prized possession is his autographed baseball collection. He donated many items to Rocky Stone to be given to less fortunate kids as part of the Toy Mountain Campaign.", "Infiltration - The Water Cycle Some water that infiltrates will remain in the shallow soil layer, where it will gradually move vertically and horizontally through the soil and subsurface material. Some of the water may infiltrate deeper, recharging groundwater aquifers.", "- The Crush with Lee & Tiffany. High Power Savings from ‪#‎NikonSportOptics‬! Up to $100.00 Instant Savings on select Nikon High-Power riflescopes (including MONARCH 5 & MONARCH 7 models), select MONARCH binoculars and the PROSTAFF 7i rangefinder.", "Thread: NC vs NF This one's probably been discussed before, but I did a search and didn't find a specific comparison. I hang out on a few hot rod oriented boards and I'm seeing a few comments about weak threads in the NF category and the recommendation to use NC in most applications. My understanding was that NF was the stronger of the two due to more threads engaged. Even if the depth of thread is shallower.", "- Payments snofn for 75 mos i.' 5 4. APR Aitn approved credit 0. apr on select models, may affect fin l offer. TGas for a year. estimated fuel cost based on 33mpg.", "CH 105 - Chemistry and Society N2 and NaCl, each with 2 atoms (or ions) -. Obviously, N2 exists as a gas at room temperature while NaCl is a solid. Clearly, the IMF's between molecules of NaCl in a crystals of NaCl are much stronger than for N2. Liquid nitrogen exist, but boils at a temperature of -196oC. The difference can be explained by viewing a model of the crystal structure of NaCl.", "What is the difference between NMOS, PMOS and CMOS transistors? If the MOSFET is an n-channel or nMOS FET, then the source and drain are n+ regions and the body is a p region. If the MOSFET is a p-channel or pMOS FET, then the source and drain are p+ regions and the body is a n region.", "Questions and Answers Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen can exist as a liquid between the temperatures of 63 K and 77.2 K. (-346°F and -320.44°F). Below 63 K, nitrogen freezes and becomes a solid. Above 77.2 K, nitrogen boils and becomes a gas.", "- 21. Desserts and Shakes: SOFT SERVE/SHAKE MIX: Milk fat and Nonfat Milk, Sugar, Sweet Whey, Corn Syrup, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Propylene Glycol Monoesters, Natural and Artificial Vanilla Flavor, Mono & Diglycerides, Guar Gum, Disodium Phosphate, Sodium Citrate, Cellulose Gum, Carrageenan.", "- Molar mass nitrogen ( N2 ) = 28.02 g/mol. 1 mol N2 -------> 28.02 g. 4.60 mol ---------> x g. x = 4.60 * 28.02. x = 129 g of N2. hope this helps!.", "- The net stable funding (NSF) ratio measures the amount of longer-term, stable sources of funding employed by an institution relative to the liquidity profiles of the assets funded and the potential for contingent calls on funding liquidity arising from off-balance sheet commitments and obligations.", "News The key property differences are: - nitrogen content: usually 10 to 11% for MAP and 18% for DAP. - salt index: compares the increase in osmotic potential brought about by addition of a fertilizer compared to the increase when an equivalent weight of sodium nitrate is added to water." ]

[ -2.4257800579 ]

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[ "The hypothetical data is in the table" ]

[ "The hypothetical data is not in the table", "The woodworker has a yellow and blue hat", "I don't see how I can be worth that amount of money to you.", "The drug czar of the president is Gen.", "A woman in a dress is walking down the sidewalk past two men.", "I have all of the time in the world because I am childless.", "A little girl is buried in colored plastic balls." ]

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[ "Greuze thought that it was fair." ]

[ "Greuze thought it was totally unfair.", "The people are playing a game.", "The Secretary of Health and Human Services", "A tree service employee is wearing safety equipment.", "My metal one came from Payless Cashways.", "The man is cutting his grass.", "There is a detailed systems for measuring the service levels of all classes of mail." ]

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[ "The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it." ]

[ "In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.", "The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: \"The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible.\"", "Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.", "Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying \"Thank God for Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the \"Wolverines\".", "The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.", "During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.", "Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called \"bitumen feedstock\", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns." ]

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[ "Those that are not considerate." ]

[ "The most considerate typically are.", "They players are playing soccer.", "At least two men are following a man in a tractor to kidnap him.", "Seat belt use was an issue that many citizens and car companies cared about, but the President certainly did not.", "A man is scared out of his mind riding on a boat", "They are waiting for you there.", "An artist is sitting down." ]

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[]

[ "The man is holding a toothbrush." ]

[ "A man in glasses is eating pizza.", "The man is eating a pizza in the middle of downtown.", "he is at a ball game", "Did the Random House advancement cloud Toobin's perspective?", "If a state does not participate it is possible that the Federal unemployment tax is levied within the state.", "A group of workers work on metal framework.", "There was no other coffee cup apart from that one.", "" ]

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[]

[ "The group of friends are standing on the street trying to cross." ]

[ "The group of friends are on the helicopter in the air.", "a man in glasses", "The dog is running around in a circle.", "A man is walking down a beach.", "I was still sleeping.", "Extroversion.", "They just left the teachers to fend for themselves." ]

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[ "A boy looking at flower arrangements." ]

[ "A young woman looks at cards.", "I'm hoping to emphasize the bad points and hope that will minimize the positives.", "A man is selling drinks.", "a boy playing hopscotch", "A street vendor is selling sunglasses.", "A motorcycle rider is on his motorcycle.", "She's free all year round and doesn't do any work." ]

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[ "There is a young girl." ]

[ "The woman and her grandson enjoy their day out by themselves.", "A skateboarder does tricks.", "He had found out that the sky material could stand sudden strokes.", "Genuine offensive language has made a huge comeback lately.", "The outline is reminiscent of the Himalayas, which are regarded as the home of the gods.", "A child carrying a tool hops over a hole.", "The dog is small" ]

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[ "I wouldn't mind going up North to visit but I could not live there." ]

[ "I would love to live up North instead of just visiting it sometimes.", "Two light colored dogs cuddling together", "He is playing catch with is kid.", "Newsweek's cover story ignores gay conversion therapy completely.", "A video engineer works at an event.", "Men painting a building.", "The boy was on foot." ]

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[ "Ancient Carthage and Arian Christianity is the state religion. Stephen Baxter also features Carthage in his alternate history Northland trilogy; in Baxter's narrative it is Carthage that prevails and subjugates Rome. Ancient Carthage Carthage (; ; ) was the Phoenician state, including, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence, known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicians founded Carthage in 814 BC. Initially a dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre, Carthage gained", "Ancient Carthage Ancient Carthage Carthage (; ; ) was the Phoenician state, including, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence, known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicians founded Carthage in 814 BC. Initially a dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre, Carthage gained independence around 650 BC and established its political hegemony over other Phoenician settlements throughout the western Mediterranean, this lasting until the end of the 3rd century BC. At the", "History of Carthage fully independent and not even bound in the Carthage-Rome alliance.\" Of course, eventually Utica was surpassed by Carthage. Tyre, the major maritime city-state of Phoenicia and prime mover in the Phoenician mercantile expansion into the western Mediterranean, first settled Carthage. Probably Carthage started as one of Tyre's permanent stations en route to its very profitable, ongoing trade in metals with southern Hispania. Such stations were often established by Tyre at intervals of about 30 to 50 kilometres along the African coast. Carthage would grow to out-rival all other Phoenician settlements. Legends alive in the city for centuries assigned its foundation" ]

[ "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (also known as Sgt. Pepper: It Was Twenty Years Ago Today) is a 1987 British-made television documentary film about the 1967 Summer of Love. It first aired on 1 June 1987, twenty years after the official release date of the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album. The documentary takes the Beatles album as the central factor behind the events and scenes that led to the full emergence of the 1960s counterculture in 1967.<ref name=\"Corry/NYT\"></ref> It was directed by John Sheppard for Granada Television. In addition", "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) replied: \"They all said All You Need Is Love but you also need such-and-such else. But … love is complete knowledge. If we all had total knowledge, then we would have complete love and, on that basis, everything is taken care of. It's a law of nature.\" Sources It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (also known as Sgt. Pepper: It Was Twenty Years Ago Today) is a 1987 British-made television documentary film about the 1967 Summer of Love. It first aired on 1 June 1987, twenty years after the official release date of", "Million Years Ago (song) Daytime Program nomination for performing \"Million Years Ago\" live on Today. Million Years Ago (song) \"Million Years Ago\" is a song recorded by English singer and songwriter Adele for her third studio album \"25\" (2015). The song was written by Adele Adkins and Greg Kurstin, with production of the song provided by the latter. Lyrically, the track is about how fame has personally affected her and everyone around her. On Adele at the BBC in 2015, she stated that the song was, \"\"kind of a story about … I drove past Brockwell Park, which is a park in South London", "Fifteen Years Ago Fifteen Years Ago \"Fifteen Years Ago\" is a song written by Raymond Smith, and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in September 1970 as the first single and title track from the album \"Fifteen Years Ago\". The song was Twitty's fifth number one on the U.S. country singles chart. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart. The song is about a man who still thinks about a former girlfriend, with whom he had broken up 15 years earlier after a deep, emotional", "Million Years Ago (song) Million Years Ago (song) \"Million Years Ago\" is a song recorded by English singer and songwriter Adele for her third studio album \"25\" (2015). The song was written by Adele Adkins and Greg Kurstin, with production of the song provided by the latter. Lyrically, the track is about how fame has personally affected her and everyone around her. On Adele at the BBC in 2015, she stated that the song was, \"\"kind of a story about … I drove past Brockwell Park, which is a park in South London I used to live by. It’s where I spent a lot", "100 Years Ago and drums, respectively. Nicky Hopkins provides piano while Billy Preston performs clavinet. \"100 Years Ago\" was only played on the first two performances of European Tour of 1973, and has not been performed live since. 100 Years Ago \"100 Years Ago\" is a song by the Rolling Stones featured on their 1973 album \"Goats Head Soup\". Credited to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, guitarist Mick Taylor said at the time of its release, \"Some of the songs we used (for the album) were pretty old. '100 Years Ago' was one that Mick [Jagger] had written two years ago and which", "100 Years Ago 100 Years Ago \"100 Years Ago\" is a song by the Rolling Stones featured on their 1973 album \"Goats Head Soup\". Credited to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, guitarist Mick Taylor said at the time of its release, \"Some of the songs we used (for the album) were pretty old. '100 Years Ago' was one that Mick [Jagger] had written two years ago and which we hadn't really got around to using before.\" The song is described by Tom Maginnis in his review as having a, \"wistful air with a country lilt... before making several tempo shifts into a funky,", "Twenty Years Ago Twenty Years Ago \"Twenty Years Ago\" is a song written by Dan Tyler, Wood Newton, Michael Noble and C. Michael Spriggs. It was recorded by Juice Newton for her 1983 album \"Dirty Looks\". In 1986, the song was covered by Kenny Rogers and released in January 1987 as the second single from his album \"They Don't Make Them Like They Used To\". Backup vocals were provided by Bill Champlin. It reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart. In the song, the narrator talks about visiting the old town where he grew up in and mentions how much", "One Hundred Years Ago it was an original script, not based on a play. The author was Patrick William Marony. The story is founded on fact. In an old cell at Norfolk Island may be seen the following inscription: \"I, Jasper Hugh Lovel, here proclaim, before God and man, I am innocent. May God avenge me on mine enemy.\" One Hundred Years Ago One Hundred Years Ago is a 1911 Australian silent film directed by Gaston Mervale. It features an early screen performance from Louise Lovely (billed as \"Louise Carbasse\") and is considered a lost film. The movie was billed as \"an Anglo-Australian romantic", "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) the UK underground. These measures included the arrest of Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger and Keith Richards on drugs charges, to which \"The Times\" responded with an editorial titled \"Who Breaks a Butterfly upon a Wheel?\", and the attempted closure of the \"International Times\". \"It Was Twenty Years Ago Today\" was directed and produced by John Sheppard, whose previous television work included directing musical performances on the 1960s pop program \"Ready Steady Go!\" and making pioneering segments for Granada's \"World in Action\" current affairs shows. Sheppard said of 1967: \"That summer there was a social, sexual and musical revolution and", "Fifteen Years Ago relationship. His memories of the past are triggered when he runs into an old friend who mentions the ex-girlfriend's name, and despite his best efforts to make his wife happy he is troubled by his persisting thoughts of the past relationship. \"Fifteen Years Ago\" was also recorded by other country music artists including The Statler Brothers for their \"Bed of Rose's\" album in 1970. In 1971, comedian Sheb Wooley, recording under his alias Ben Colder, recorded a parody of the song called \"Fifteen Beers Ago.\" Fifteen Years Ago \"Fifteen Years Ago\" is a song written by Raymond Smith, and recorded", "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) to archive footage, it features interviews with key figures from the period, including Derek Taylor, who also served as consultant on the production,<ref name=\"Harrington/WashPost\"></ref> George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman and Timothy Leary. The documentary was accompanied by the book \"It Was Twenty Years Ago Today\", written by Taylor. After its initial broadcast on the ITV network in the UK, the documentary was shown by PBS in the US on 11 November. Together with the Monterey International Pop Festival, held in California on 16–18 June 1967, the release of the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" is", "Twenty Years Ago more simple and possibly better life was back then. He mentions the old movie house and the drug store where he worked and his childhood friend who died in Vietnam in 1964. Twenty Years Ago \"Twenty Years Ago\" is a song written by Dan Tyler, Wood Newton, Michael Noble and C. Michael Spriggs. It was recorded by Juice Newton for her 1983 album \"Dirty Looks\". In 1986, the song was covered by Kenny Rogers and released in January 1987 as the second single from his album \"They Don't Make Them Like They Used To\". Backup vocals were provided by Bill", "Year 3000 \"The Simpsons\" which was cool. If someone had said to me all those years ago 'if you let them do it you'll get your song on \"The Simpsons\" I would have done it immediately.\" Year 3000 \"Year 3000\" is a song performed by British pop punk band Busted. It was released as the second single from their debut studio album \"Busted\" (2002). \"Year 3000\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and became the 34th biggest seller of the year with 165,000 units. The single was also a success in the rest of Europe, reaching number two on the", "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) idea, as proposed in 1987 ideology, that the 1960s were merely \"a drug-induced euphoria ... a failure\", and he adds: \"The times they are changing. They really are.\" \"It Was Twenty Years Ago Today\" was broadcast on the ITV network in Britain on 1 June 1987. It was one of many television and radio programs honouring the twentieth anniversary of the release of \"Sgt. Pepper\", although the actual release date in 1967 had been brought forward to late May. In addition to the publication of Taylor's book, the album was issued on compact disc for the first time and peaked", "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film) said that Harrison offered the most insightful comments on the times, and added: \"One comes away from 'It Was 20 Years Ago Today' with a remembrance of the invitations that defined the era. Invitations not just to 'feed your head' or 'turn on, tune in, drop out,' but to participate in a new community, to explore changes and exchanges, to experiment, to join in a 'tide of playfulness.'\" Writing in \"The New York Times\", John Corry welcomed the two former Beatles' insights, although he rued the presence of Leary, Hoffman and Fonda, and that the frequent interview comments limited the", "Carthage, Texas benefactor.” The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Carthage has a humid subtropical climate, \"Cfa\" on climate maps. Carthage, Texas Carthage is a city in Panola County, Texas, United States. This city is 150 miles southeast of Dallas. The population was 6,779 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Panola County, and is situated in East Texas near the Louisiana state line. Carthage was founded in 1847, two years after Texas became a state. During the Civil War, men from", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago Happenings Ten Years Time Ago \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" is a 1966 song by the English rock band the Yardbirds. It encompasses the musical genres psychedelic rock, psychedelic pop, and has been described as a prototype of heavy metal music. With special effects and dual lead guitars by Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page, it was considered groundbreaking for the time. However, it only made a modest showing in the record charts and ended the group's six Top 20 singles run in the UK and US The Yardbirds recorded \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" after the sessions for \"Yardbirds\" (also", "One Hundred Years Ago One Hundred Years Ago One Hundred Years Ago is a 1911 Australian silent film directed by Gaston Mervale. It features an early screen performance from Louise Lovely (billed as \"Louise Carbasse\") and is considered a lost film. The movie was billed as \"an Anglo-Australian romantic drama\". Jasper Hugh Lovel is sent to prison at Norfolk Island for a crime he did not commit. A woman in England who loves him manages to secure his pardon and they are reunited. The film was shot at Australian Life Biograph's factory in Manly, New South Wales. Unlike many Australian films of the time,", "Carthage, Texas Carthage, Texas Carthage is a city in Panola County, Texas, United States. This city is 150 miles southeast of Dallas. The population was 6,779 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Panola County, and is situated in East Texas near the Louisiana state line. Carthage was founded in 1847, two years after Texas became a state. During the Civil War, men from Carthage and Panola County served as Confederate soldiers, while one resident, Milton M. Holland, earned a Medal of Honor as a Union sergeant. After the war, population growth was slow, but large amounts of cotton,", "Four Chords & Several Years Ago Singles - \"Billboard\" (United States) Four Chords & Several Years Ago Four Chords & Several Years Ago is the seventh album by American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, released in 1994. The title is a play on the first sentence in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (\"Four score and seven years ago ...\"). It is a collection of 1950s and 1960s rhythm & blues covers influential to the members of the group during their early years. It is the last album to feature founding member and bassist, Mario Cipollina, who left the band after the subsequent tour. Huey Lewis", "Four Chords & Several Years Ago Four Chords & Several Years Ago Four Chords & Several Years Ago is the seventh album by American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, released in 1994. The title is a play on the first sentence in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (\"Four score and seven years ago ...\"). It is a collection of 1950s and 1960s rhythm & blues covers influential to the members of the group during their early years. It is the last album to feature founding member and bassist, Mario Cipollina, who left the band after the subsequent tour. Huey Lewis & The News Additional personnel", "Carthage of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the Empire. Among its major monuments was an amphitheater. Carthage also became a center of early Christianity (see Carthage (episcopal see)). In the first of a string of rather poorly reported councils at Carthage a few years later, no fewer than 70 bishops attended. Tertullian later broke with the mainstream that was increasingly represented in the West by the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, but a more serious rift among Christians was the Donatist controversy, which Augustine of Hippo spent much time and parchment arguing against. At the Council of Carthage", "All Those Years Ago All Those Years Ago \"All Those Years Ago\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released as a single from his 1981 album \"Somewhere in England\". Having previously recorded the music for the song, Harrison tailored the lyrics to serve as a personal tribute to his former Beatles bandmate John Lennon, following the latter's murder on 8 December 1980. The recording also includes performances by ex-Beatles Ringo Starr, on drums, and Paul McCartney (along with his Wings bandmates, Linda McCartney and Denny Laine), who overdubbed backing vocals onto the basic track. Released in May 1981, the single spent three", "Million Years Ago (song) of my youth\"\". Musically, the song is an acoustic tune accompanied only by guitar. \"Million Years Ago\" received positive reviews from critics, with many comparing it to the music of Madonna. The song charted in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Adele performed the song during \"Adele at the BBC\" and on \"Today\". \"Million Years Ago\" is an acoustic tune accompanied only by guitar, finds Adele pining \"for the normality of her not-so-distant childhood. Entwined with Middle Eastern twists of background hums that suggest Madonna's 'Frozen'\". The song's lyrics touch", "Five Score and Seven Years Ago the CD. \"Five Score and Seven Years Ago\" was released on March 6, 2007 through Capitol. From early March to late May, the band went on a tour of the U.S. with support from Mae and Sherwood. A special edition of \"Five Score and Seven Years Ago\" was also released, including a bonus DVD with roughly thirty minutes of acoustic performances shot in the Capitol A Studios and including track-to-track interviews with the band. Also included is a making-of feature on the \"Must Have Done Something Right\" music video as well as the video itself, which was directed by Marc", "Carthage, Texas corn, sweet potatoes, oats, and sugar cane were produced in the county. The city began to grow in 1888 when a railroad reached Carthage, along with telegraph and telephone lines. During the Great Depression, a gas field was discovered near Carthage. After World War II, this gas field was developed and proved to be the largest in the United States. The city flourished, with the population increasing from about 1,300 to 5,000. During this period, a courthouse was built, along with a high school, and Panola County Junior College was founded and built in Carthage. KGAS-(AM) Radio began broadcasting from", "All Those Years Ago thank the Beatles' former producer George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick. Harrison co-produced the recording with percussionist Ray Cooper. The music video features a slide show-type presentation of stills and short archival video clips. The emphasis is on Lennon and, to a lesser degree, Harrison. The post-Beatles stills of Lennon at older ages are countered with stills of Harrison from the same time frame. All Those Years Ago \"All Those Years Ago\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released as a single from his 1981 album \"Somewhere in England\". Having previously recorded the music for the song, Harrison", "Carthage fabric. Carthage was very stable; there were few openings for tyrants. Only after defeat by Rome devastated Punic imperial ambitions did the people of Carthage seem to question their governance and to show interest in political reform. In 196, following the Second Punic War (218–201), Hannibal Barca, still greatly admired as a Barcid military leader, was elected suffet. When his reforms were blocked by a financial official about to become a judge for life, Hannibal rallied the populace against the 104 judges. He proposed a one-year term for the 104, as part of a major civic overhaul. Additionally, the reform", "All Those Years Ago weeks at number 2 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 (kept off the top spot by Kim Carnes's \"Bette Davis Eyes\"), and peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. In addition, it topped Canada's \"RPM\" singles chart and spent one week at number 1 on \"Billboard\"s Adult Contemporary listings. \"All Those Years Ago\" was both the first recording on which Harrison, McCartney and Starr all appeared since the Beatles' \"I Me Mine\" in 1970, and the last recording on which they would all appear together until \"Free As a Bird\", in 1995. Other musicians performing on the track", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago album \"Faithful\" and by John Corabi and Mick Mars in 1996 on \"Jeffology: A Guitar Chronicle\", a tribute to Jeff Beck. Happenings Ten Years Time Ago \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" is a 1966 song by the English rock band the Yardbirds. It encompasses the musical genres psychedelic rock, psychedelic pop, and has been described as a prototype of heavy metal music. With special effects and dual lead guitars by Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page, it was considered groundbreaking for the time. However, it only made a modest showing in the record charts and ended the group's six Top 20", "Circus of Carthage Circus of Carthage The Circus of Carthage is a Roman circus in Carthage, in present-day Tunisia. Used for chariot racing, it was modeled on the Circus Maximus in Rome and other circus buildings throughout the Roman Empire. Measuring more than 470 m in length and 30 m in width, it could house up to 45,000 spectators. When exactly the Circus of Carthage was built is unknown, as it was used for several years before its official dedication. The building seems to have been constructing sometime around 238 AD. The people of the city of Carthage joined together in the circus", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago known as \"Roger the Engineer\" (UK) and \"Over Under Sideways Down\" (US)). Paul Samwell-Smith, founding member and bassist, left the group in June 1966 to pursue record production full-time and was initially replaced by studio guitarist Jimmy Page. However, by \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\", Page joined Jeff Beck as a co-lead guitarist. Rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja switched to bass, although for the recording session musician John Paul Jones plays bass. Beck, Page, and Jones had recorded earlier together for \"Beck's Bolero\" in May 1966. \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" reached number 30 on \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the", "Carthage, Cincinnati Carthage, Cincinnati Carthage is a residential neighborhood located in the Mill Creek valley in Cincinnati, Ohio. It shares a border with Elmwood Place, Ohio, which, with adjacent St. Bernard, Ohio, forms a city island in the middle of Cincinnati. The population was 2,733 at the 2010 census. This area was first settled in 1791 or 1792, when Capt. Jacob White, from Redstone (Brownsville), Pennsylvania settled and founded White's Station in the extreme southeastern section of Springfield Township. White's Station, a small log blockhouse, was attacked by a party of Indians on the 19th of October, 1793. Carthage had 148 inhabitants", "AGO Flugzeugwerke the end of the war. In 1947, the last remains of the factory were blown up by the Red Army. AGO Flugzeugwerke AGO Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturing company from 1911 until 1945. The initials AGO had a variety of meanings (such as \"Aktiengesellschaft Otto\") during the company's lifetime, but in its final version stood for \"Apparatebau GmbH Oschersleben\". At its peak, the company employed around 4,500 people. AGO was founded in 1911 in Munich as \"Flugmaschinenwerke Gustav Otto\" by Gustav Otto and a Dr Alberti. Gustav, the son of Dr Nikolaus Otto – inventor of the four-stroke engine,", "Carthage, Texas females. The per capita income for the city was $16,332. About 11.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. The City of Carthage is served by the Carthage Independent School District. Also, the two-year Panola College, a community college, is located across from Carthage City Hall. The Texas Country Music Hall of Fame is located in Carthage, which also houses the Tex Ritter Museum. The Jim Reeves Memorial is located just on the outskirts of Carthage, east on U.S. 79.", "AGO Flugzeugwerke AGO Flugzeugwerke AGO Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturing company from 1911 until 1945. The initials AGO had a variety of meanings (such as \"Aktiengesellschaft Otto\") during the company's lifetime, but in its final version stood for \"Apparatebau GmbH Oschersleben\". At its peak, the company employed around 4,500 people. AGO was founded in 1911 in Munich as \"Flugmaschinenwerke Gustav Otto\" by Gustav Otto and a Dr Alberti. Gustav, the son of Dr Nikolaus Otto – inventor of the four-stroke engine, was a pioneer aviator (pilot's licence No. 34) and engine-builder. As was usual in those days, a flying school was", "History of Carthage The fall of Carthage came at the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BC at the Battle of Carthage. This resulted in the end of Carthaginian power and the complete destruction of the city by Scipio Aemilianus. The Romans pulled the Phoenician warships out into the harbor and burned them before the city, and went from house to house, capturing and enslaving the people. About 50,000 Carthaginians were sold into slavery. The city was set ablaze and then, according to tradition, it was ploughed over and salted. A new city of Carthage was built on the same land", "Million Years Ago (song) of \"Million Years Ago\" from singer Ahmet Kaya's 1985 song \"Acilara Tutunmak\". She performed the song on \"Adele at the BBC\", which was recorded at The London Studios on 2 November 2015 and broadcast on BBC One on 20 November 2015. She also performed the song on \"Today\" on 25 November 2015. Adele also performed the song on \"Adele Live in New York City\", which was recorded at a one-night-only show at Radio City Music Hall on 17 November 2015 and broadcast on NBC on 14 December 2015. Adele received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Musical Performance in a", "Carthage, Missouri document the regional warfare. The area grew rapidly following the Civil War. The Missouri Western Railroad arrived in 1872. Town residents started a foundry, furniture factory, woolen and grain mills, a plow works and numerous liveries and other businesses. Leggett & Platt, now a Fortune 500 company still based in Carthage, was founded in 1883. Nearby lead mines and limestone quarries also contributed significant wealth and Carthage became one of the most prosperous towns in the area. Residents poured their money into ornate Victorian-style homes, many of which are now part of the Carthage South District, which was named to", "Treaties between Rome and Carthage four main treaties, the relationship between Rome and Carthage was one of tolerance for centuries. Carthage and Rome also concluded two treaties to end the First and Second Punic War in 241 BC and 201 BC, by which time the relationship between the powers had changed considerably. Carthage was founded in 814 BC by Phoenician colonists from Tyre, and by the 6th century BC the sailors and merchants of Carthage were known throughout the western Mediterranean. In the 4th century BC, following a series of military conquests, Carthage controlled many territories west of the gulf of Sirte in present-day Libya,", "Carthage Township, Athens County, Ohio Carthage Township, Athens County, Ohio Carthage Township is one of the fourteen townships of Athens County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 1,532 people in the township. Located in the southeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Carthage Township, although the unincorporated community of Lottridge lies in the township's center. Carthage Township was organized in 1819. It is the only Carthage Township statewide. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.", "Carthage, South Dakota Carthage, South Dakota Carthage is a city in Miner County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 144 at the 2010 census. Carthage was platted in 1883. It was named after Carthage, New York. Carthage is located at (44.169550, -97.715801). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. Carthage has been assigned the ZIP code 57323 and the FIPS place code 10220. As of the census of 2010, there were 144 people, 80 households, and 37 families residing in the city. The population density was .", "History of Carthage expansion. However, the situation changed sometime after 638 BC, when the first Greek trader visited Tartessos, and by 600 BC Carthage was actively warring with the Greeks to curb their colonial expansion. By 600 BC, the once-Phoenician lake had turned into a conflict zone with the Greeks rowing about in all corners. Carthaginian interests in Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily were threatened, which led to a series of conflicts between Carthage and various Greek city-states. Twenty years after the establishment of Massalia, the Phoenician cities in Sicily repelled an invasion of Dorian Greek settlers in Sicily while aiding the Elymians of", "Five Score and Seven Years Ago Five Score and Seven Years Ago Five Score and Seven Years Ago is the fifth studio album by Christian rock band Relient K. It was released on March 6, 2007, and is the first full-length album by the band to feature bassist John Warne and guitarist Jon Schneck. It is also the first Relient K album released without longtime bassist Brian Pittman. Pittman did leave the band before the release of the album \"Mmhmm\", but recorded most of the tracks with the band. Due to being signed with Capitol Records, the band was given the blessing of a pre-production period", "History of Carthage History of Carthage Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa, in what is now Tunisia. It developed into a significant trading empire throughout the Mediterranean, and was seen as home to a wealthy and brilliant civilization. After a long conflict with the emerging civilization of Ancient Rome, known as the Punic Wars, during which advantage shifted from one side to the other and Hannibal conducted a campaign in Italy after first crossing the Alps, Rome finally destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. A Roman Carthage was established on the ruins of the first. The", "Carthage from the end of the reign of Ibrahim II in 902, until 909, when the Shi'ite Berbers took over Ifriqiya and founded the Fatimid Caliphate. Carthage remained a residential see until the high medieval period, mentioned in two letters of Pope Leo IX dated 1053, written in reply to consultations regarding a conflict between the bishops of Carthage and Gummi. In each of the two letters, Pope Leo declares that, after the Bishop of Rome, the first archbishop and chief metropolitan of the whole of Africa is the bishop of Carthage. Later, an archbishop of Carthage named Cyriacus was imprisoned", "3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories, edited by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp. It was first published in both hardcover and paperback by Lothrop Lee & Shepard in 1972. It was the first such anthology assembled by the de Camps, preceding their later \"Tales Beyond Time\" (1973). The book collects eleven tales by various authors, with a foreword by Isaac Asimov and an overall introduction by the de Camps. Marguerite B. Burgess, writing in \"Library Journal\", called the", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago US and number 43 in the UK Single Chart. In a song review for AllMusic, Matthew Greenwald describes \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" as He adds it is \"One of the greatest, lost singles from the 1966/1967 era... this very progressive record was somewhat lost in the shuffle.\" The song appears at number three in \"Record Collector\"’s chronological list of the \"100 Greatest Psychedelic Records\". As with previous Epic releases, \"Happenings Ten Years Time Ago\" releases include several errors. The American picture sleeve, featuring Beck and Page in the photo, only coincides with the A-side of the Epic single. The", "Carthage (municipality) on the coast. Carthage has six train stations of the TGM line between Le Kram and Sidi Bou Said: Carthage Salammbo (named for Salambo, the fictional daughter of Hamilcar), Carthage Byrsa (named for Byrsa hill), Carthage Dermech (\"Dermèche\"), Carthage Hannibal (named for Hannibal), Carthage Présidence (named for the Presidential Palace) and Carthage Amilcar (named for Hamilcar). Roman Carthage was destroyed following the Muslim invasion of 698, and it remained undeveloped for more than a thousand years (being replaced in the function of regional capital by the medina of Tunis under Arab and later Ottoman rule), until the establishment of the", "Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 wing can be folded for ground transportation. The Skyhopper-3000 has also been used for towing hang gliders aloft. Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 The Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 is a German ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Aerotechnics of Brandenburg. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly. The company seems to have been founded about 2010, gone out of business in 2016 and production ended by that time. The Skyhopper-3000 is a nanotrike that was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and the German 120", "Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, New York) on Route 26, one-half mile east from the intersection of Route 26 & Route 126 in West Carthage and serves an area of about 260 square miles. It maintains a population of about 950 for grades 9-12. Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, New York) Carthage Central High School is located on a 123 acre site in a rural geographic area of northern New York State, 40 miles from the Canada–United States border, six miles south of Fort Drum, 15 miles east of Watertown, and 90 miles northeast of Syracuse. The high school serves the villages of Carthage, West Carthage, Black", "History of Carthage also lost: Carthage's political influence over the Berber Kingdoms (Numidia and Mauretania), which became independent Roman allies. Masinissa, traditional king of the Numidian Massyli, was restored to an enlarged realm. Carthage, reduced to its immediate surroundings, its actions restricted by treaty, was required to pay a very large indemnity to Rome over fifty years. Yet Carthage soon revived under the reforms initiated by Hannibal and, free of defence burdens, prospered as never before. In 191 Carthage offered to pay off early the indemnity due Rome, causing alarm in the anti-Punic faction there. Then the corrupt and rigid oligarchy in Carthage", "S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago along the Via Appia. 2,000 years later, on the same road, two characters, Caesar and Antony, will be involved in a car crash and start a fight just like their ancestors long ago. S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago () is a 1994 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Vanzina and starring Leslie Nielsen. In 71 BC in Rome, utter disorder reigns in the form of political corruption and bribery involving the senator Cynic (Leslie Nielsen). The situation is claimed to be similar to the \"Tangentopoli\" situation in Italy in the 1990s:", "History of the Jews in Carthage variety of perspectives ranging from conventional to controversial perspectives. Carthage was founded from Tyre. According to the Bible, the city of Tyre and Sidon, were part of the tribe of Asher. ″even unto great Zidon; And then the coast turneth to Ramah, and to the strong city Tyre″ The famous Arab historian and sociologist Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 years), who himself came from Tunisia (former center of Carthage Power), in his books on the Berbers asserted that Berber to convert to Islam, professed Judaism. Berbers rules Kahina. Geneticists believe that the Jews founded Carthage and lived in it. Found mosaic synagogue", "Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, Missouri) 9-1 in 2004 and 9-1 in 2005, the Tigers have made it to the Missouri state playoffs every year since including going 10-1 in 2007. The soccer team has also had a lot of success in recent years coming within a game of the state championship in three of the last four years. Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, Missouri) Carthage High School is a public high school located in Carthage, Missouri, USA. The new campus was completed in March 2009 and opened that same year in August. The building houses 9th through 12th grades and the former senior high, now", "Carthage adaptation to local African conditions. The \"urban landscape\" of Carthage is known in part from ancient authors, augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. The \"first urban nucleus\" dating to the seventh century, in area about , was apparently located on low-lying lands along the coast (north of the later harbors). As confirmed by archaeological excavations, Carthage was a \"creation \"ex nihilo\"\", built on 'virgin' land, and situated at what was then the end of a peninsula. Here among \"mud brick walls and beaten clay floors\" (recently uncovered) were also found extensive cemeteries, which yielded evocative grave goods", "3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction deemed the modern selections \"pithy and not often anthologized\" and noted the introduction \"provides a capsule history of the genre.\" She felt it \"will interest upper junior high and high school readers of fantasy and science fiction.\" \"The Christian Century\" called it \"an anthology worth noting and owning.\" 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories, edited by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp. It was first published in both hardcover and paperback by Lothrop Lee & Shepard in 1972. It", "Sacred Band of Carthage Sacred Band of Carthage The Sacred Band of Carthage is the name used by Greek historians to refer to an infantry unit of Carthaginian citizens that served in Carthaginian armies during the fourth century BC. The presence of Carthaginian citizens fighting as infantry in these armies is unusual as Carthaginian citizens usually only served as officers or cavalry in the Carthaginian armed forces; the bulk of Carthaginian armies were usually made up of mercenaries, infantry from allied communities (who might be Punic colonists), and subject levies. The \"Sacred Band\" consisted of a small heavy infantry unit of 2000-3000 men, who", "Carthage like clay masks. \"Thanks to this burial archaeology we know more about archaic Carthage than about any other contemporary city in the western Mediterranean.\" Already in the eighth century, fabric dyeing operations had been established, evident from crushed shells of murex (from which the 'Phoenician purple' was derived). Nonetheless, only a \"meager picture\" of the cultural life of the earliest pioneers in the city can be conjectured, and not much about housing, monuments or defenses. The Roman poet Virgil (70–19 BC) imagined early Carthage, when his legendary character Aeneas had arrived there: \"Aeneas found, where lately huts had been, marvelous", "Carthage, Mississippi The post office and the Jordan House are individually listed. When Carthage, Texas established in 1848, it was named after Carthage, Mississippi. As early as 1948, Carthage began holding an annual \"Tri-Racial Goodwill Festival\", in which all citizens were included. Although the directors of the first festival separated whites, African Americans and Native Americans, this was corrected in subsequent years. The local newspaper reported that at the 1949 festival, \"friendship and goodwill fellowship permeated the air\". In 1964, a group known as Americans for the Preservation of the White Race initiated a boycott in Carthage against white-owned businesses that were", "Carthage assembly votes were requested in very crucial matters in order to achieve political consensus and popular coherence. The assembly members had no \"legal\" wealth or birth qualification. How its members were selected is unknown, e.g., whether by festival group or urban ward or another method. The Greeks were favourably impressed by the constitution of Carthage; Aristotle had a separate study of it made which unfortunately is lost. In his \"Politica\" he states: \"The government of Carthage is oligarchical, but they successfully escape the evils of oligarchy by enriching one portion of the people after another by sending them to their", "History of Carthage particularly about trade routes; it was their practice to keep the straits to the Atlantic closed to the Greeks. The nature of the conflict between Carthage and the Greeks was more due to economic factors rather than ideological and cultural differences. The Greeks did not wage a crusade to save the world from \"Imperium Barbaricum\" but to extend their own area of influence, neither was Carthage interested in wiping out Greek ideals. It was the vulnerability of the Carthaginian economy to Greek commercial competition that caused Carthage to take on the Greeks during the early years of her empire. The", "History of Carthage the Carthaginian empire. Carthage was little more than an agricultural village for nine hundred years until the middle of the 20th century; since then it has grown rapidly as an upscale coastal suburb. In 2004 it had a population of 15,922 according to the national census, and an estimated population of 21,276 in January 2013. In February 1985, Ugo Vetere, the mayor of Rome, and Chedly Klibi, the mayor of Carthage, signed a symbolic treaty \"officially\" ending the conflict between their cities, which had been supposedly extended by the lack of a peace treaty for more than 2,100 years. Carthage", "Carthage shifting to the Medina of Tunis in the medieval period, until the early 20th century, when it began to develop into a coastal suburb of Tunis, incorporated as Carthage municipality in 1919. The archaeological site was first surveyed in 1830, by Danish consul Christian Tuxen Falbe. Excavations were performed in the second half of the 19th century by Charles Ernest Beulé and by Alfred Louis Delattre. The Carthage National Museum was founded in 1875 by Cardinal Charles Lavigerie. Excavations performed by French archaeologists in the 1920s first attracted an extraordinary amount of attention because of the evidence they produced for", "Carthage, Illinois From 1870 to 1964, Carthage was home to Carthage College, which relocated to Kenosha, Wisconsin. From 1965 to 1975, Carthage was home to Robert Morris University–Illinois, which merged with Moser School of Business and relocated to Chicago. The former Carthage College campus were purchased by Prairieland Investment Group in June 2007. (Hancock County Journal Pilot June 27, 2007) Some buildings are renovated for use by Carthage Veterinary Clinic. The auditorium was given to Carl Sandburg College, and has been restored for use by the college and for community presentations and events. The Legacy Theatre, which was renovated in 2010 and", "Carthage and religious figurehead. His family was considered to possess a sacred quality. Mago's office was somewhat similar to that of a pharaoh, but although kept in a family it was not hereditary, it was limited by legal consent. Picard, accordingly, believes that the council of elders and the popular assembly are late institutions. Carthage was founded by the king of Tyre who had a royal monopoly on this trading venture. Thus it was the royal authority stemming from this traditional source of power that the King of Carthage possessed. Later, as other Phoenician ship companies entered the trading region, and", "Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 The Aerotechnics Skyhopper-3000 is a German ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Aerotechnics of Brandenburg. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly. The company seems to have been founded about 2010, gone out of business in 2016 and production ended by that time. The Skyhopper-3000 is a nanotrike that was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and the German 120 kg class. The aircraft is German DULV certified. The design features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls,", "History of Carthage to light. Some of the finds contradict or confirm aspects of the traditional picture of Carthage, but much of the material is still ambiguous. History of Carthage Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa, in what is now Tunisia. It developed into a significant trading empire throughout the Mediterranean, and was seen as home to a wealthy and brilliant civilization. After a long conflict with the emerging civilization of Ancient Rome, known as the Punic Wars, during which advantage shifted from one side to the other and Hannibal conducted a campaign in Italy", "Five Score and Seven Years Ago different drum kits, ukulele, sleigh bells, micromoog and more. We had fun working on the track with all the instruments, but it was a lot of work and I think we are all glad that it is done. JR McNeely mixed it over a couple of days and it sounds amazing. I think we all are stoked about it.\" According to lead singer, Matt Thiessen, the album was created with a \"Five\" theme, as it is the band's fifth album, and for the first time Relient K has five members on an album. The \"Seven Years Ago\" links with the", "All Those Years Ago include Al Kooper and Ray Cooper. The song has appeared on the Harrison compilations \"Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989\" and \"\", and a live version recorded in 1991 with Eric Clapton was included on Harrison's \"Live in Japan\" double album. In 2010, AOL Radio listeners voted \"All Those Years Ago\" in sixth place on a list of the \"10 Best George Harrison Songs\". The track has been featured in the books \"1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die, and 10,001 You Must Download\" by Robert Dimery, and Bruce Pollock's \"The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000\". Prior to Lennon's", "Carthage, Mississippi complying with the Civil Rights Act. Also, when members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee tried to open a Freedom School in Carthage, local whites told them their deed was invalid, and threatened to burn the school. In 1967, shots were fired into the home of an NAACP worker in Carthage. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.53%) is water. The geographic center of Mississippi is located west-northwest of Carthage. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,637 people, 1,490 households, and 1,065 families residing", "Roman Carthage land by Julius Caesar in the period from 49 to 44 BC, and by the first century, it had grown to be the fourth largest city of the empire, with a population in excess of 100,000 people. It was the center of the province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the Empire. Among its major monuments was an amphitheater, built in the 1st century, with a capacity of 30,000 seats. Carthage also became a center of early Christianity. Tertullian rhetorically addressed the Roman governor with the fact that the Christians of Carthage that just yesterday were few in", "Ancient Carthage the site of the city. Nearly all of the other Phoenician city-states and former Carthaginian dependencies subsequently fell into Roman hands. According to Roman sources, Phoenician colonists from modern-day Lebanon, led by Dido (also known as Queen Elissa), founded Carthage \"circa\" 814 BC. Queen Elissa (also known as \"Alissar\") was an exiled princess of the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre. At its peak, the metropolis she founded, Carthage, came to be called the \"shining city\", ruling 300 other cities around the western Mediterranean Sea and leading the Phoenician world. Elissa's brother, Pygmalion of Tyre, had murdered Elissa's husband, the high", "Carthage In the end, however, most Punic writings that survived the destruction of Carthage \"did not escape the immense wreckage in which so many of Antiquity's literary works perished.\" Accordingly, the long and continuous interactions between Punic citizens of Carthage and the Berber communities that surrounded the city have no local historian. Their political arrangements and periodic crises, their economic and work life, the cultural ties and social relations established and nourished (infrequently as kin), are not known to us directly from ancient Punic authors in written accounts. Neither side has left us their stories about life in Punic-era Carthage. Regarding", "History of Carthage was occupied with subduing the rebellion while Dionysius consolidated his power in Sicily. The next clash against Carthage took place during 393 BC. Mago, in an attempt to aid the Sicels under attack from Syracuse, was defeated by Dionysius. Carthage reinforced Mago in 392 BC, but before he could engage the forces of Dionysius the Sicels had switched sides. The Carthaginian army was outmanoeuvred by Dionysius, and peace soon followed, which allowed Carthage to retain her domain in Sicily while allowing Syracuse a free hand against the Sicels. The treaty lasted nine years. Dionysius began the next war in 383", "S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago S.P.Q.R.: 2,000 and a Half Years Ago () is a 1994 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Vanzina and starring Leslie Nielsen. In 71 BC in Rome, utter disorder reigns in the form of political corruption and bribery involving the senator Cynic (Leslie Nielsen). The situation is claimed to be similar to the \"Tangentopoli\" situation in Italy in the 1990s: one of the politicians involved was Bettino Craxi. Senator Caesar Atticus (Christian De Sica) is one of many to support the cruel and petty projects of Cynic, but the pair's reign does not", "Esan people point to the Benin Empire as the source. According to archaeological and linguistic evidence, humans have resided in the savannah-forest ecotone in Esanland for at least 3000 years ago. These people were likely associated with the Nok people and came from the savannahs in the north to the southern forests. To this day, northern Esan dialects have more in common with Northern Edo languages such as Etsako and Owan than southern Esan dialects do, which happen to be closely related with Edo. These \"proto-Edoid\" peoples grew yam, oil palm and vegetables, but also hunted and gathered. Starting from 500 AD", "Treaties between Rome and Carthage and much of the coasts of Numidia and Iberia. The coasts of Sardinia and Corsica were already under Carthaginian control when the city-state attempted, in three wars between 480 and 307 BC, to conquer Sicily. These attempts were stopped by the Greeks, who had, by then, heavily colonized the island. Primarily interested in commerce, Carthage had no standing army, and mostly used mercenary forces composed of Numidian cavalry, Libyans, and Iberians. Rome was founded only seventy years after Carthage (in 753 BC, following Varronian chronology). For the first several centuries of its history, Rome was involved in a lengthy series", "Carthage, Arkansas Carthage, Arkansas Carthage is a town in Dallas County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 343 at the 2010 census. Carthage is located at (34.073222, -92.556118). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 343 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 79.3% Black, 14.9% White, 0.6% Native American and 2.6% from two or more races. 2.6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2000, there were 442 people, 159 households, and", "Roman Carthage Roman Carthage After the destruction of Punic Carthage in 146 BC, a new city of Carthage (Latin \"Carthāgō\") was built on the same land. By the 3rd century, Carthage developed into one of the largest cities of the Roman Empire, with a population of several hundred thousand. It was the center of the Roman province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the empire. Carthage briefly became the capital of a usurper, Domitius Alexander, in 308–311. Conquered by the Vandals in 439, Carthage served as the capital of the Vandal Kingdom for a century. Re-conquered into the Byzantine Empire", "History of Carthage and 813 BC. According to tradition, the city was founded by Queen Dido. The initial city covered the area around a hill called Byrsa, paid an annual tribute to the nearby Libyan tribes, and may have been ruled by a governor from Tyre, whom the Greeks identified as \"king\". Utica, then the leading Phoenician city in Northwest Africa, aided the early settlement in her dealings. The date from which Carthage can be counted as an independent power cannot exactly be determined, and probably nothing distinguished Carthage from the other Phoenician colonies in Northwest Africa and the Mediterranean during 800–700 BC.", "Carthage, Indiana $31,618 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,598. About 6.0% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. Carthage, Indiana Carthage is a town in Ripley Township, Rush County, Indiana, United States, located along the Big Blue River. The population was 927 at the 2010 census. Carthage was platted in 1834. The town was named after Carthage, North Carolina. A post office has been in operation at Carthage since 1835. The Henry Henley Public Library", "History of Carthage at Carthage, c. 197). In the first of a string of rather poorly reported Councils of Carthage a few years later, no fewer than 70 bishops attended. Tertullian later broke with the mainstream that was represented more and more by the bishop of Rome, but a more serious rift among Christians was the Donatist controversy, which Augustine of Hippo spent much time and parchment arguing against. In 397 at the Council of Carthage, the Biblical canon for the Western Church was confirmed. The Vandals under their king Genseric crossed to Africa in 429, either as a request of Bonifacius, a", "Tasmanian devil 3,000 years ago. The cause of their disappearance from the mainland is unclear, but their decline seems to coincide with the expansion across the mainland of indigenous Australians and dingoes. However, whether it was direct hunting by people, competition with dingoes, changes brought about by the increasing human population, who by 3000 years ago were using all habitat types across the continent, or a combination of all three, is unknown; devils had coexisted with dingoes on the mainland for around 3000 years. Brown has also proposed that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) grew stronger during the Holocene, and that the", "Qiang people Qiang people The Qiang people () are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China, with a population of approximately 200,000 in 1990. They live mainly in a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Sichuan on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. A group called \"Qiang\" were mentioned in ancient Chinese texts as well as in inscriptions on oracle bones 3000 years ago. However, this was applied to a variety of groups; they might not be the same as the modern Qiang. Nonetheless, it is possible that the modern", "Saint Deogratias of Carthage Saint Deogratias of Carthage Saint Deogratias was Bishop of Carthage from 454 to 457. He was the first bishop in 14 years and after him the seat was empty for 23 years till Saint Eugenius of Carthage. The name Deogratias means \"thanks be to God.\" He was appointed a bishop, because there was no bishop for 14 years since the last bishop Quodvultdeus and priests had been arrested and banished by Genseric, the Arian king of the Vandals, who captured the city of Carthage in 439. Deogratias sold all the gold, silver, vessels, works of art, vestments and ornaments of", "Carthage the Elder days. On completion of his canonical penance, Carthage was reinstated as a member of the religious brotherhood of Saighir. Afterwards he founded the monastery of Druim Fertain and another monastery in the upper island of Lough Sheelin, County Meath. In the barony of Clanmaurice is a townland called Monument on which are some scant remains of an ancient church called \"Cill Cartaig\" (Carthage's Church). There is a short paragraph about St. Cartha in \"The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland\" (1864) by James Michael O'Clery, page 65: Carthach, Bishop, alumnus of Ciaran of Saighir. One of", "Carthage (municipality) the mayor of Rome, and Chedly Klibi, the mayor of Carthage, signed a symbolic treaty \"officially\" ending the conflict between their cities, which had been supposedly extended by the lack of a peace treaty for more than 2,100 years. The office of mayor was held by Chedli Klibi from 1963 to 1990, by Fouad Mebazaa from 1995 to 1998 and by Sami Tarzi from 2003 to 2011, and by Azedine Beschaouch from 2011. The monumental \"Malik ibn Anas\" mosque (also \"El Abidine \" mosque; ), built on an area of three hectares on \"Odéon\" hill, was inaugurated in 2003. Carthage", "Carthage Twelfth Air Force as a headquarters and command control base for the Italian Campaign of 1943. Construction on the Tunis-Carthage Airport, which was fully funded by France, began in 1944, and in 1948 the airport become the main hub for Tunisair. In the 1950s the Lycée Français de Carthage was established to serve French families in Carthage. In 1961 it was given to the Tunisian government as part of the Independence of Tunisia, so the nearby Collège Maurice Cailloux in La Marsa, previously an annex of the Lycée Français de Carthage, was renamed to the Lycée Français de La Marsa", "Carthage, Arkansas include Malvern Elementary School, Wilson Intermediate School, Malvern Middle School, and Malvern High School. On July 1, 2004 the Carthage School District consolidated into the Malvern School District. Carthage, Arkansas Carthage is a town in Dallas County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 343 at the 2010 census. Carthage is located at (34.073222, -92.556118). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 343 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 79.3% Black, 14.9% White, 0.6% Native American", "Carthage, North Carolina Carthage, North Carolina Carthage is a town in Moore County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,205 at the 2010 Census. It is the county seat of Moore County. Carthage is located at (35.329441, -79.408475). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (0.68%) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,205 people, 653 households, and 440 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 70.0% White, 23.9% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 1.3%", "Five Score and Seven Years Ago Man\" and \"not\" the same as the iTunes track. Between June and August 2008, the band performed on the 2008 edition of Warped Tour. In October and November, the band went on tour with This Providence, Ludo and House of Heroes. In November and December, the band went on the Winter Wonder-Slam Tour in the US with TobyMac. During the tour, the band performed Christmas songs alongside their regular songs. \"Five Score and Seven Years Ago\" debuted at number six on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, selling about 64,000 copies in its first week. As of July 11, 2007, it has", "Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District (Carthage, Illinois) Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District (Carthage, Illinois) The Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing the courthouse square of Carthage, Hancock County, Illinois. The district includes 52 buildings, 42 of which are considered contributing to the district's historic character. The 1908 Hancock County Courthouse, a three-story limestone Beaux-Arts building, is the centerpiece of the district. The courthouse is surrounded by commercial buildings, most of them built in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Architect George Payne designed many of the district's commercial buildings, giving him a reputation which spread beyond Carthage; his works include Italianate and", "Carthage, Missouri Precious Moments Park and Chapel, a tourist attraction with paintings and oversized depictions of the popular porcelain figurines. Histories of Carthage include Ward L. Schrantz's \"Jasper County Missouri in the Civil War\" (Carthage, Missouri: The Carthage, Missouri Kiwanis Club, 1923), \"History of Jasper County, Missouri\" (Des Moines, Iowa: Mills & Company, 1883) and \"Images of America: Carthage, Missouri\" (Chicago, Illinois: Arcadia Publishing, 2000). Victorian era homes of Carthage are featured in \"It Wasn't A Dream, It Was A Flood\", a 1974 autobiographical, 16mm short film about poet Frank Stanford. Composer James Scott, regarded as one of the three most important", "Councils of Carthage their gratitude for the effective official repression of the Circumcelliones (Donatists), declared against the rebaptism of any one who had been baptized in the name of the Trinity, and adopted twelve canons of clerical discipline. The Council of Carthage, called the third by Denzinger, issued a canon of the Bible on 28 August 397. The primary source of information about the third Council of Carthage comes from the \"Codex Canonum Ecclesiæ Africanæ\", which presents a compilation of ordinances enacted by various church councils in Carthage during the fourth and fifth centuries. In one section of this code the following paragraph", "Five Score and Seven Years Ago sold 152,560 copies in the US. BuzzFeed included the album at No. 36 on the website's \"36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F——ing Die\" list. The deluxe edition of the album features a DVD with six acoustic bonus tracks, recorded at the Capitol Studios. The DVD also features the making of the video \"Must Have Done Something Right\" and the video itself. In its four full weeks of being on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Five Score and Seven Years Ago\" had sold over 116,000 copies. Relient K Additional personnel Production Five Score and Seven Years Ago Five" ]

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[ "Caro nome che il mio cor Caro nome che il mio cor \"Caro nome che il mio cor\", also known as \"Caro nome\", is an aria for coloratura soprano from Verdi's Opera \"Rigoletto\". It is part of the standard Italian soprano vocal repertoire, featured in numerous anthologies for soprano singers and in albums of highlights from the opera. It is often performed in recitals and used as an audition piece by soprano singers. It is very slow, and includes extended high notes which require strong stamina and breath control, and also features a challenging coloratura section which demonstrates the singer's dexterity and accuracy. Gilda, Rigoletto's naive,", "Caro nome che il mio cor virginal daughter, dreamily muses on the name of the man with whom she is in love, unaware that it's a false name and that he is not who he pretends to be. The psychedelic cult-classic movie \"Barbarella\" (1968) includes a short bit of the coloratura section, which is heard when a not-very-tech-savvy character attempts to switch off a walkie-talkie. Caro nome che il mio cor \"Caro nome che il mio cor\", also known as \"Caro nome\", is an aria for coloratura soprano from Verdi's Opera \"Rigoletto\". It is part of the standard Italian soprano vocal repertoire, featured in numerous anthologies", "Bertha May Crawford at the Poznan Opera in 1921 and 1922, and she sang regularly with the Opera Pomorska in 1926 and 1927, which performed in the municipal theatres of the three cities of Torun, Bydgoszcz and Grudziadz, in the province of Pomerania. She held recitals in Vilnius in early 1927 and in 1930. During her career on the opera stage in Europe Crawford specialized in the classic coloratura roles, particularly roles by Verdi, such as Gilda in Rigoletto ('Caro Nome' was one of her favorite recital pieces); Violetta in La Traviata; and Rosina in Rossini's Barber of Seville and Marguerite in Gounod's", "June Anderson year in \"Luisa Miller\" by Verdi at the Opéra National de Lyon. In 1989, she made her long-awaited debut at New York's Metropolitan Opera as Gilda in \"Rigoletto\", with Luciano Pavarotti. The \"New York Times\" review wrote of her Met debut:Miss Anderson's debut as Gilda, although belated, could not have been more welcome. The Metropolitan is not rich in artists of this caliber. The tall soprano left America a decade ago to build a phenomenal European career, chiefly in the florid works of Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini. She demonstrated in a \"Caro nome\" of exquisite taste, effortless fluidity and pinpoint", "Here (1954 song) peaking at #7. The song was also recorded by The Four Belles with Larry Clinton's orchestra and by Jimmy Young at about the same time, and by Robert Goulet in 1961. Here (1954 song) \"Here\" is a popular song, with music written by Harold Grant and lyrics by Dorcas Cochran, published in 1954. (Most sources show music and lyrics by both, but Cochran was a lyricist and Grant a composer.) The melody was adapted from the operatic aria, \"\"Caro nome,\"\" from the opera \"Rigoletto\" by Giuseppe Verdi. A hit version was recorded by Tony Martin on December 26, 1953. This", "Here (1954 song) Here (1954 song) \"Here\" is a popular song, with music written by Harold Grant and lyrics by Dorcas Cochran, published in 1954. (Most sources show music and lyrics by both, but Cochran was a lyricist and Grant a composer.) The melody was adapted from the operatic aria, \"\"Caro nome,\"\" from the opera \"Rigoletto\" by Giuseppe Verdi. A hit version was recorded by Tony Martin on December 26, 1953. This recording was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5665. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on March 17, 1954 and lasted 16 weeks on the chart,", "Nanette Fabray and Essex\" (1939). She appeared in two additional movies that year for Warner Bros., \"The Monroe Doctrine\" (short) and \"A Child Is Born\", but was not signed to a long-term studio contract. She next appeared in the stage production \"Meet the People\" in Los Angeles in 1940, which then toured the United States in 1940–1941. In the show, she sang the opera aria \"Caro nome\" from Giuseppe Verdi's \"Rigoletto\" while tap dancing. During the show's New York run, Fabray was invited to perform the \"Caro nome\" number for a benefit at Madison Square Garden with Eleanor Roosevelt as the main", "Lisette Oropesa her signature role as Gilda in Rigoletto, \"Her “Caro nome” was a veritable how-to manual on holding an audience enraptured\". Lisette then went to the Teatro Real in Madrid to perform in Lucia di Lammermoor where she received \"enormous\" standing ovations for her interpretation of the role. During the summer, she debuted at the Rossini Opera Festival in Rossini's Adina which was also a role debut for her. She was \"Considered by many to be this year's revelation of the ROF.\". The day before her second performance of Adina, she sang her first ever solo concert with orchestra with the", "Gilda Varesi Gilda Varesi Gilda Varesi (September 28, 1887 — May 27, 1965), also known as Gilda Varesi Archibald, was an Italian-born actress and playwright. Gilda Varesi was born in Milan, and adopted as the daughter of opera singer Elena Boccabadati Varesi. Her maternal grandparents Felice Varesi and Cecilia Boccabadati Gazzudo were also opera singers. Luigia Boccabadati was Gilda's great-grandmother. Gilda Varesi, who was named for a character in Verdi's \"Rigoletto\", moved to Chicago as a child, with her family. Varesi started on stage in Chicago, with the Ben Greet Players, before joining Helena Modjeska's troupe, then working with Minnie Maddern Fiske", "Gwen Catley year in Jack Hylton's revue \"Hi-de-Hi\", where she was famed for her performances of \"Caro nome\" from Verdi's \"Rigoletto\". She also sang Gilda with the Carl Rosa Opera Company during the war. In 1949 she sang Catherine Glover in a BBC studio broadcast of Bizet's \"The Fair Maid of Perth\", with Richard Lewis as Henry Smith and conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. She continued singing with the Carl Rosa company till 1957. In 1953 she took part in the first British broadcast of Stravinsky's \"The Rake's Progress\". She often worked with the conductors Stanford Robinson and his brother Eric Robinson,", "Giuseppe Verdi with a chorus, only one (\"Luisa Miller\") of the 'middle' period operas begin this way. Instead, Verdi experiments with a variety of means, e.g. a stage band (\"Rigoletto\"), an aria for bass (\"Stiffelio\"), a party scene (\"La traviata\"). Chusid also notes Verdi's increasing tendency to replace full-scale overtures with shorter orchestral introductions. Parker comments that \"La traviata\", the last opera of the 'middle' period, is \"again a new adventure. It gestures towards a level of 'realism'...the contemporary world of waltzes pervades the score, and the heroine's death from disease is graphically depicted in the music.\" Verdi's increasing command of musical", "Rigoletto love: \"È il sol dell'anima\" (\"Love is the sunshine of the soul\"). When she asks for his name, he hesitantly calls himself Gualtier Maldè. Hearing sounds and fearing that her father has returned, Gilda sends the Duke away after they quickly trade vows of love: \"Addio, addio\" (\"Farewell, farewell\"). Alone, Gilda meditates on her love for the Duke, whom she believes is a student: \"Gualtier Maldè!... Caro nome che il mio cor\" (\"Dearest name\"). Later, Rigoletto returns: \"Riedo!... perché?\" (\"I've returned!... why?\"), while the hostile courtiers outside the walled garden (believing Gilda to be the jester's mistress, unaware she is", "Opera from merely a display of vocal fireworks, with Rossini's and Donizetti's works, to dramatic story-telling. Verdi's operas resonated with the growing spirit of Italian nationalism in the post-Napoleonic era, and he quickly became an icon of the patriotic movement for a unified Italy. In the early 1850s, Verdi produced his three most popular operas: \"Rigoletto\", \"Il trovatore\" and \"La traviata\". The first of these, \"Rigoletto\", proved the most daring and revolutionary. In it, Verdi blurs the distinction between the aria and recitative as it never before was, leading the opera to be \"an unending string of duets\". \"La traviata\" was", "Emma Albani mostly the same roles she had in her first two seasons: \"La sonnambula\", \"Lucia di Lammermoor\", \"Linda di Chamounix\" and \"Martha\". The competition in the opera world of London was very stiff, and it was common for performers to be possessive of their roles. After her third season, Queen Victoria requested a private performance from Albani, who travelled to Windsor Castle in July 1874 to perform the aria \"Caro nome\" from \"Rigoletto\", the folk ballad \"Robin Adair\", the Bach/Gounod \"Ave Maria\", and the popular song \"Home! Sweet Home!\". The Queen was suitably impressed by her performance and would call Albani", "Alice Verlet long vanished from the active stage, and the national anthem of her native Belgium, Verlet was a key player in the company's so-called \"tone tests.\" On August 10, 1915, she took the stage at the first Edison Dealers' Convention in West Orange, New Jersey and sang \"Caro Nome\" from Verdi's \"Rigoletto\" in duet and alternating with her diamond disc recording of the same aria. The audience of dealers, by no means assembled as lovers of opera and already doubtless weary from attending more than a day's worth of company promotional sessions, gave her a standing ovation. A few such trials", "Giuseppe Verdi and Strepponi left Paris in July 1849, the immediate cause being an outbreak of cholera, and Verdi went directly to Busseto to continue work on completing his latest opera, \"Luisa Miller\", for a production in Naples later in the year. Verdi was committed to the publisher Giovanni Ricordi for an opera—which became \"Stiffelio\"—for Trieste in the Spring of 1850; and, subsequently, following negotiations with La Fenice, developed a libretto with Piave and wrote the music for \"Rigoletto\" (based on Victor Hugo's \"Le roi s'amuse\") for Venice in March 1851. This was the first of a sequence of three operas (followed", "Giuseppe Verdi Verdi and Giuseppina decided to adopt Carlo's great-niece Filomena Maria Verdi, then seven years old, as their own child. She was to marry in 1878 the son of Verdi's friend and lawyer Angelo Carrara and her family became eventually the heirs of Verdi's estate. \"Aida\" was commissioned by the Egyptian government for the opera house built by the Khedive Isma'il Pasha to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. The opera house actually opened with a production of \"Rigoletto\". The prose libretto in French by Camille du Locle, based on a scenario by the Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, was", "Giuseppe Verdi by \"Il trovatore\" and \"La traviata\") which were to cement his fame as a master of opera. The failure of \"Stiffelio\" (attributable not least to the censors of the time taking offence at the taboo subject of the supposed adultery of a clergyman's wife and interfering with the text and roles) incited Verdi to take pains to rework it, although even in the completely recycled version of \"Aroldo\" (1857) it still failed to please. \"Rigoletto\", with its intended murder of royalty, and its sordid attributes, also upset the censors. Verdi would not compromise: What does the sack matter to the", "Giuseppe Verdi those feelings. Julian Budden expresses the impact of \"Rigoletto\" and its place in Verdi's output as follows: \"Just after 1850 at the age of 38, Verdi closed the door on a period of Italian opera with \"Rigoletto\". The so-called \"ottocento\" in music is finished. Verdi will continue to draw on certain of its forms for the next few operas, but in a totally new spirit.\" One example of Verdi's wish to move away from \"standard forms\" appears in his feelings about the structure of \"Il trovatore\". To his librettist, Cammarano, Verdi plainly states in a letter of April 1851 that" ]

[ "Catalogue aria Catalogue aria A catalogue aria is a genre of opera aria in which the singer recounts a list of information (people, places, food, dance steps, etc.) that was popular in Italian comic opera in the latter half of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. \"Madamina, il catalogo è questo\" from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's \"Don Giovanni\" is the most famous example, and is often referred to as \"the catalogue aria\". Leporello notes how many lovers the title character has had in each country he has visited. Pasquale sings two such arias in Joseph Haydn's \"Orlando paladino\", \"Ho viaggiato in Francia, in", "Aria the \"cabaletta\", in which a songlike \"cantabile\" section is followed by a more animated section, the \"cabaletta\" proper, repeated in whole or in part. Typically such arias would be preceded by recitative, the whole sequence being termed a \"scena\". There might also be opportunities for participation by orchestra or chorus. An example is \"Casta diva\" from the opera \"Norma\" of Vincenzo Bellini. After around 1850, aria forms in Italian opera began to show more variety – many of the operas of Giuseppe Verdi offer extended narrative arias for leading roles that enable, in their scope, intensification of drama and characterisation.", "O mio babbino caro O mio babbino caro \"\" (\"Oh my dear daddy\") is a soprano aria from the opera \"Gianni Schicchi\" (1918) by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is sung by Lauretta after tensions between her father Schicchi and the family of Rinuccio, the boy she loves, have reached a breaking point that threatens to separate her from Rinuccio. It provides an interlude expressing lyrical simplicity and love in contrast with the atmosphere of hypocrisy, jealousy, double-dealing, and feuding in medieval Florence. It provides the only set-piece in the through-composed opera. The aria was first performed at the premiere", "Gilda Varesi in two silent films, \"The Man of Mystery\" (1917) and \"Romance\" (1920, now lost). Gilda Varesi was introduced to English lawyer John Gordon Archibald by actress Doris Keane and playwright Alfred Sutro in London. They married in 1922. She died in 1965, aged 77 years, in London. Gilda Varesi Gilda Varesi (September 28, 1887 — May 27, 1965), also known as Gilda Varesi Archibald, was an Italian-born actress and playwright. Gilda Varesi was born in Milan, and adopted as the daughter of opera singer Elena Boccabadati Varesi. Her maternal grandparents Felice Varesi and Cecilia Boccabadati Gazzudo were also opera singers.", "Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Gioachino Rossini, whose works significantly influenced him. By his 30s, he had become one of the pre-eminent opera composers in history. In his early operas, Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of", "Giuseppe Verdi have, uniquely in his oeuvre, heroines who are, in the opera critic Joseph Kerman's words, \"women who come to grief because of sexual transgression, actual or perceived\". Kerman, like the psychologist Gerald Mendelssohn, sees this choice of subjects as being influenced by Verdi's uneasy passion for Strepponi. Verdi and Strepponi moved into Sant'Agata on 1 May 1851. May also brought an offer for a new opera from La Fenice, which Verdi eventually realised as \"La traviata\". That was followed by an agreement with the Rome Opera company to present \"Il trovatore\" for January 1853. Verdi now had sufficient earnings to", "Gilda dalla Rizza \"Madama Butterfly\", \"Manon Lescaut\", \"Gianni Schicchi\", \"Tosca\", and \"Manon\". In 1931, for Columbia, she participated in the first recording of \"Fedora\". The tenor Giacomo Lauri-Volpi wrote of her in \"Voci parallele\" (1955): \"The voice, characterised by guttural and nasal inflexions, imperfect technically, responded to the demands made of it by the actress, who employed it rather to express the emotions than for purely musical effects.\" Gilda dalla Rizza Gilda Dalla Rizza (12 October 18925 July 1975) was an important Italian soprano. Born in Verona, she made her operatic debut in Bologna (the Teatro Verdi) in 1912, as Charlotte in \"Werther\".", "Insertion aria status as an \"opera within an opera\" allowed prima donnas to manipulate Rossini's text more freely than was often possible, even at a time when aria insertions were still fairly typical. Throughout much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a spurious myth positing a \"lost original\" justified the tendency to insert music into this scene. Donizetti's 1827 opera \"Le convenienze ed inconvenienze teatrali\", an opera about putting on an opera, has an ensemble where the singers argue with the composer about their expected insertions. The libretto of one of the premiere performances has a blank where the singer sings an", "Giuseppe Verdi Milan. The La Scala impresario, Bartolomeo Merelli, agreed to put on \"Oberto\" (as the reworked opera was now called, with a libretto rewritten by Temistocle Solera) in November 1839. It achieved a respectable 13 additional performances, following which Merelli offered Verdi a contract for three more works. While Verdi was working on his second opera \"Un giorno di regno\", Margherita died of encephalitis at the age of 26. Verdi adored his wife and children and was devastated by their deaths. \"Un giorno\", a comedy, was premiered only a few months later. It was a flop and only given the one", "Insertion aria Insertion aria An insertion aria (also known as interpolated aria, trunk aria, or in Italian) is an aria sung in an opera for which it was not composed. It was a practice that began in the seventeenth century and continued actively through the late 19th century and sporadically through the 20th century. The insertion aria could replace an existing aria, or might be added to an opera. All insertions were planned in advance. They might be composed by the same composer of the opera, or might have been written by a different composer, with or without the knowledge of the", "Gilda Ruta to New York City, taught private piano lessons in Greenwich Village, and died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Manhattan at age 79. Ruta produced more than 125 works for piano and orchestra, and also composed for opera. Selected works include: Gilda Ruta Gilda Ruta (13 October 1853 – 26 October 1932) was an Italian pianist, music educator and composer. Countess Gilda Ruta Cagnazzi was born in Naples, the daughter of composer Michele Ruta and English singer Emilia Sutton. She studied music with her father and with the opera composer Saverio Mercadante and became a noted pianist. She played before Queen", "Giuseppe Verdi except in the matter of sunrise, which he likes to see up and dressed, and I from my bed.\" Nonetheless on 15 May, Verdi signed a contract with La Fenice for an opera for the following spring. This was to be \"Simon Boccanegra\". The couple stayed in Paris until January 1857 to deal with these proposals, and also the offer to stage the translated version of \"Il trovatore\" as a grand opera. Verdi and Strepponi travelled to Venice in March for the premiere of \"Simon Boccanegra\", which turned out to be \"a fiasco\" (as Verdi reported, although on the second", "Insertion aria sense of authenticity, or fidelity to the opera score as composed by the composer, almost eliminated the practice of insertions. Poriss, writing in 2009, notes that \"transplanting an aria from one opera to another is taboo in all but the most restricted circumstances.\" Insertion aria An insertion aria (also known as interpolated aria, trunk aria, or in Italian) is an aria sung in an opera for which it was not composed. It was a practice that began in the seventeenth century and continued actively through the late 19th century and sporadically through the 20th century. The insertion aria could replace", "Pelagio (opera) Pelagio (opera) Pelagio is an opera (tragedia lirica) in four acts by Saverio Mercadante. The Italian-language libretto was by Marco D'Arienzo. It premiered on 12 February 1857 at the Teatro San Carlo, Naples, to great success. The opera had further successful performances in Milan and Lisbon. In modern times, \"Pelagio\" was performed in 2005 in Gijón, Spain, and in 2008 at the Festival della Valle d'Itria. \"Pelagio\" is an opera with \"roots in the bel canto tradition that shows the influence of Verdi\", and the work has been described as rich in \"excellent music\", with \"at least one aria (for", "Teatro Giuseppe Verdi the piazza. In 2001 the theatre re-painted the sets from 1913 for a revival; these were used again in October 2013 for a Verdi bi-centenary performance of \"Falstaff\". The theatre has been extensively renovated in the 1990s. It presents a regular season of opera performances. Teatro Giuseppe Verdi Teatro Giuseppe Verdi (the Giuseppe Verdi Theatre) is a small opera house located in a wing of the Rocca dei Marchesi Pallavicino on the Piazza Giuseppe Verdi in Busseto, Italy, a town closely associated with the life of the opera composer, Giuseppe Verdi. From the 13th century, the “rocca” or “fortress” was", "Joan Hammond Royal Opera House, La Scala, the Vienna State Opera and the Bolshoi. Her fame in Britain came not just from her stage appearances but from her recordings. She made famous the aria \"O mio babbino caro\" from Puccini's opera \"Gianni Schicchi\". Recorded in English under the title \"O My Beloved Father\", it earned Hammond a Gold Record award for 1 million sold copies on 27 August 1969. Her recording of \"O, Silver Moon\" from Dvořák's \"Rusalka\" was also a huge seller. A prolific artist, Hammond's repertoire also encompassed Verdi, Handel, Tchaikovsky, Massenet, Beethoven, as well as folk song, art song,", "Off Key in Los Angeles during the World Cup. The concert was watched on television by 1.3 billion people worldwide. The aria that Bernini sings near the end of the film, \"Nessun Dorma\" from Puccini's \"Turandot\", became Luciano Pavarotti's best-known song and reached the second spot on the British charts in 1990. He popularized the aria, which soon became a football anthem and regularly recorded by pop stars, in addition to classical singers. In the film, Palacios also briefly mentions the Verdi opera, \"Otello\", Plácido Domingo's signature role for almost three decades. For the movie, Spanish tenors Manuel de Diego and José", "Gilda dalla Rizza Gilda dalla Rizza Gilda Dalla Rizza (12 October 18925 July 1975) was an important Italian soprano. Born in Verona, she made her operatic debut in Bologna (the Teatro Verdi) in 1912, as Charlotte in \"Werther\". Especially acclaimed in the verismo repertory, she was regarded as being Giacomo Puccini's favorite soprano, creating Magda in his \"La rondine\" (1917). Although he composed the part of Minnie in \"La fanciulla del West\" for another soprano, when Puccini saw Dalla Rizza in the part, he said, \"Behold, at last I have seen \"my\" Fanciulla\". She also gave the first European performances of his \"Suor", "Attila (opera) Attila (opera) Attila is an opera in a prologue and three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on the 1809 play \"\" (\"Attila, King of the Huns\") by Zacharias Werner. The opera received its first performance at La Fenice in Venice on 17 March 1846. Ezio's act 2 aria of heroic resolution ' (\"My lot is cast, I am prepared for any warfare\") is a fine example of a characteristic Verdian \"genre\", and it achieved fame in its own time with audiences in the context of the adoption of a liberal constitution by Ferdinand", "Giuseppe Verdi and third nights, the reception improved considerably). With Strepponi, Verdi went to Naples early in January 1858 to work with Somma on the libretto of the opera \"Gustave III\", which over a year later would become \"Un ballo in maschera\". By this time, Verdi had begun to write about Strepponi as \"my wife\" and she was signing her letters as \"Giuseppina Verdi\". Verdi raged against the stringent requirements of the Neapolitan censor stating: \"I'm drowning in a sea of troubles. It's almost certain that the censors will forbid our libretto.\" With no hope of seeing his \"Gustavo III\" staged as", "Teatro Giuseppe Verdi Teatro Giuseppe Verdi Teatro Giuseppe Verdi (the Giuseppe Verdi Theatre) is a small opera house located in a wing of the Rocca dei Marchesi Pallavicino on the Piazza Giuseppe Verdi in Busseto, Italy, a town closely associated with the life of the opera composer, Giuseppe Verdi. From the 13th century, the “rocca” or “fortress” was the family’s palace; it is now the city hall after being acquired by the municipality in 1856. The theatre opened on 15 August 1868 and seats 300. Prior to 1856, a theatre existed in the same location, and while plans to build a new one", "Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi to solve the problem, which was accomplished by incorporating elements of Milan's La Scala opera house. The \"Nuovo\" became a mixture of La Fenice on the inside and La Scala on the exterior. Several name changes have occurred during the theatre's lifetime, the first in 1821 when it became the \"Teatro Grande\" and it was under this name that the theatre was the site of two Verdi opera premieres: \"Il corsaro\" in 1848 (featuring the soprano Giuseppina Strepponi, who Verdi married in 1859, in the leading role) and \"Stiffelio\", a production which Verdi supervised - not without controversy - in", "Giuseppe Verdi performance. Following its failure, it is claimed Verdi vowed never to compose again, but in his \"Sketch\" he recounts how Merelli persuaded him to write a new opera. Verdi was to claim that he gradually began to work on the music for \"Nabucco\", the libretto of which had originally been rejected by the composer Otto Nicolai: \"This verse today, tomorrow that, here a note, there a whole phrase, and little by little the opera was written\", he later recalled. By the autumn of 1841 it was complete, originally under the title \"Nabucodonosor\". Well received at its first performance on 9", "Verdi, California Verdi, California Verdi is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sierra County, California. Verdi sits at an elevation of . The 2010 United States census reported Verdi's population was 162. It is just across the state line from Verdi, Nevada and below the Verdi Range. The town of Verdi was named after Giuseppe Verdi by Charles Crocker, founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, when he pulled a slip of paper from a hat and read the name of the Italian opera composer in 1868. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of , 99.68% of it", "Gilda Cruz-Romo Gilda Cruz-Romo Gilda Cruz-Romo (née Gilda Cruz, born February 12, 1940) is a Mexican operatic soprano, particularly associated with dramatic roles of the Italian repertory, notably \"Aida\" and \"Tosca\". Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, she studied at the Mexico City Conservatory with Angel Esquivel. She made her debut in Mexico City, as Ortlinde in \"Die Walküre\", in 1962. Her international career took off with her debut at the New York City Opera in 1969, as Margherita in \"Mefistofele\", opposite Norman Treigle. The following year, on December 18, 1970, she made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, as Cio-Cio-San", "Gustavo III (Verdi) be Colonial Boston. This setting became the \"standard\" one until the mid-20th Century. Most productions today locate the action in Sweden. However, a \"hypothetical reconstruction\" of \"Gustavo III\" under its original name was performed by the Gothenburg Opera in Sweden during the 2002/03 season. In early 1856 Vincenzo Torelli, secretary to the Teatro San Carlo's management approached Verdi with a contract offer, the proposed opera being \"Re Lear\", an opera based on Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". It was known to be a subject dear to the composer, but this libretto, for which Somma and Verdi had worked for some time, raised", "Giuseppe Verdi with Boito, produced in 1881, and a revision of \"Don Carlos\". Even when \"Otello\" was virtually completed, Verdi teased \"Shall I finish it? Shall I have it performed? Hard to tell, even for me.\" As news leaked out, Verdi was pressed by opera houses across Europe with enquiries; eventually the opera was triumphantly premiered at La Scala in February 1887. Following the success of \"Otello\" Verdi commented, \"After having relentlessly massacred so many heroes and heroines, I have at last the right to laugh a little.\" He had considered a variety of comic subjects but had found none of them", "Giuseppe Verdi music critics at the time seldom mentioned any political themes. Likewise, Roger Parker argues that the political dimension of Verdi's operas was exaggerated by nationalistic historians looking for a hero in the late 19th century. Notes Sources General Libretti and scores Modern performances Recordings Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era", "Giuseppe Verdi melody of the Duke's song \"La donna è mobile\" (\"Woman is fickle\") would become a popular hit, Verdi excluded it from orchestral rehearsals for the opera, and rehearsed the tenor separately. For several months Verdi was preoccupied with family matters. These stemmed from the way in which the citizens of Busseto were treating Giuseppina Strepponi, with whom he was living openly in an unmarried relationship. She was shunned in the town and at church, and while Verdi appeared indifferent, she was certainly not. Furthermore, Verdi was concerned about the administration of his newly acquired property at Sant'Agata. A growing estrangement", "Gustavo III (Verdi) Gustavo III (Verdi) Gustavo III is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi to a libretto begun in early 1857 by the Italian playwright Antonio Somma. Never performed as written, the libretto was later revised (or proposed to be revised) several times under two additional names – \"Una vendetta in domino\" and \"Adelia degli Adimari\" – during which the setting was changed to vastly different locations. Eventually, it was agreed that it could be called \"Un ballo in maschera\", the one by which it is known today, but Verdi was forced to accept that the location of the story would have to", "It Was My Best Birthday Ever, Charlie Brown again and Woodstock shows up, whistling the song that Mimi sang. Marcie, Shermy, Franklin, Patty, and Frieda also appeared but had no lines. The song Mimi sings when Linus meets her is the \"O Mio Babbino Caro\" (\"Oh, my beloved Father\") aria from the opera Gianni Schicchi, by Puccini. It was written in 1918. It is a very popular aria and has been used in many films, including several other Peanuts shows. \"It Was My Best Birthday Ever, Charlie Brown\" was one the final television specials completed during creator Charles M. Schulz's lifetime (along with the next special \"It's the", "The Nome Nugget The Nome Nugget The Nome Nugget is a weekly newspaper published on Thursdays in Nome, Alaska, United States and serves the entire Northwest region of Alaska, additionally, it is printed in Anchorage, Alaska for newstands and airports. It was awarded best weekly newspaper in all of Alaska in 2012 by the Alaska Press Club. It is an independent newspaper which is currently owned by the Nugget Publishing Corp. which itself is owned by Diana Haecker and Nils Hahn. The Nome Nugget is Alaska’s oldest newspaper. While the Nome Nugget may be accepted as the oldest newspaper in Alaska, exactly how", "Niki Caro and directed by Caro. It was released in February 2015 and has an 80% critical consensus and an 88% audience score on Rotten Tomatoes. Caro will also be writing and directing the biographical film \"Callas\", about the famous opera singer Maria Callas and her relationship with billionaire Aristotle Onassis. In February 2017, it was announced Caro will direct Disney's live action remake of \"Mulan\". She will be the second woman at the studio to direct a movie budgeted at over $100 million, after Ava DuVernay. Caro found the Cannes Film Festival to be different from what she thought. She thought", "Grand opera was rarely given in its entirety, although the big tenor aria, \"Inspirez-moi, race divine,\" was a popular feature of tenor recitals. Meyerbeer died on 2 May 1864; his late opera, \"L'Africaine\", was premiered posthumously in 1865. Giuseppe Verdi returned to Paris for what many see as the greatest French grand opera, \"Don Carlos\" (1867). Ambroise Thomas contributed his \"Hamlet\" in 1868, and finally, at the end of the decade, the revised \"Faust\" was premiered at the Opéra in its grand opera format. During the 1870s and 1880s, a new generation of French composers continued to produce large-scale works in the", "Gilda Ruta Gilda Ruta Gilda Ruta (13 October 1853 – 26 October 1932) was an Italian pianist, music educator and composer. Countess Gilda Ruta Cagnazzi was born in Naples, the daughter of composer Michele Ruta and English singer Emilia Sutton. She studied music with her father and with the opera composer Saverio Mercadante and became a noted pianist. She played before Queen Margherita of Italy at the Constanzi Theater in Rome (now Teatro dell'Opera di Roma) and won a gold medal at the International Exposition in Florence. After being widowed at age of 27 with two children, she began composing. She moved", "Risorgimento! (opera) La Scala Pacini's opera \"Saffo\". When the singer finally arrives, he asks her to work on Saffo's aria, but she prefers Verdi's music and starts rehearsing Abigaille's trio instead. Her song turns into a dream in which she confesses that she feels a strange attraction for Verdi and his music. Merelli and the pianist return and are joined by Luigi Barbiano, Conte di Belgioioso, who brings the approval of the libretto. An excited political discussion follows between the Maestro sostituto and the count, who ends up by being offended and walks off, slamming the door. Merelli and Strepponi follow him.", "Catalogue aria C. Headington, R. Westbroook, and T. Barfoot in \"Opera: A History\" (1987) say that \"Ho viaggiato in Francia, in Spagna\" \"must surely be ranked as the forerunner of Leporello's... aria\", but they seem to have gone to the next most familiar piece of music rather than digging into research. Platoff notes that catalogue arias were a particular specialty of Bertati. \"(in chronological order)\" Catalogue aria A catalogue aria is a genre of opera aria in which the singer recounts a list of information (people, places, food, dance steps, etc.) that was popular in Italian comic opera in the latter half", "Giuseppe Verdi libretto. The Verdis arrived in St. Petersburg in December 1861 for the premiere, but casting problems meant that it had to be postponed. Returning via Paris from Russia on 24 February 1862, Verdi met two young Italian writers, the twenty-year-old Arrigo Boito and Franco Faccio. Verdi had been invited to write a piece of music for the 1862 International Exhibition in London, and charged Boito with writing a text, which became the \"Inno delle nazioni\". Boito, as a supporter of the grand opera of Giacomo Meyerbeer and an opera composer in his own right, was later in the 1860s critical", "Giuseppe Verdi the death of his mother in June 1851. The fact that this is \"the one opera of Verdi's which focuses on a mother rather than a father\" is perhaps related to her death. In the winter of 1851–52 Verdi decided to go to Paris with Strepponi, where he concluded an agreement with the Opéra to write what became \"Les vêpres siciliennes\", his first original work in the style of grand opera. In February 1852, the couple attended a performance of Alexander Dumas \"fils\"'s play, \"The Lady of the Camellias\"; Verdi immediately began to compose music for what would later become", "Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi inlet lying between Pesce Peninsula and Harris Peninsula, on the north side of the Beethoven Peninsula, situated in the southwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was named for the composer by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee. A minor planet has been named . The towns of Verdi, Nevada and Verdi, California, which abut on the state line, were named after Verdi by Charles Crocker, founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, when he pulled a slip of paper from a hat and read the name of the Italian opera composer in 1868. Verdi, Minnesota is named both for the", "Giuseppe Verdi retire, should he have wished to do so. He had reached a stage where he could develop his operas as he wished, rather than be dependent on commissions from third parties. \"Il trovatore\" was in fact the first opera he wrote without a specific commission (apart from \"Oberto\"). At around the same time he began to consider creating an opera from Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". After first (1850) seeking a libretto from Cammarano (which never appeared), Verdi later (1857) commissioned one from Antonio Somma, but this proved intractable, and no music was ever written. Verdi began work on \"Il trovatore\" after", "Gustavo III (Verdi) Sweden during the 2002/03 season, 146 years after Verdi took his libretto for \"Gustavo III\" away from the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. \"Gustavo III\" was given at the San Carlo in January/February 2004. Notes Sources Gustavo III (Verdi) Gustavo III is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi to a libretto begun in early 1857 by the Italian playwright Antonio Somma. Never performed as written, the libretto was later revised (or proposed to be revised) several times under two additional names – \"Una vendetta in domino\" and \"Adelia degli Adimari\" – during which the setting was changed to vastly different locations.", "Abai (opera) of the poisoning, then Azim is declared guilty of the murder. Azim is punished, but the people is in mourning. The opera ends with Abai leading his people and encouraging him to move forward. The music is inspired of traditional folkloric Kazakh songs and melodies, which granted to the opera a wide success, above all due to the arias of Abai « Айттым сәлем Қаламқас » (« I come to greet you, Kalamkas… ») and « Ұзын қайың » (« Birch »). The aria « Қай талқы », in which Abai hopefully sings the future of the people, has become", "Caro Roma Caro Roma Caro Roma (1866–1937) was the stage name of Carrie Northey, an American singer and composer known for Tin Pan Alley era songs. Carrie Northey (Northly has been cited, but Federal Census records and her obituary and death record insist on Northey) was born in California during the gold rush and began performing on stage at age three. She studied in Boston at the New England Conservatory of Music and as a teenager toured in Canada as orchestra conductor for a French opera company. She became prima donna with the Henry Savage Opera Company in Boston and sang opera", "Verdi Transcriptions (Finnissy) a limpid glitter evokes the Venetian lagoon of \"I due Foscari\" but tempests follow, and lightning staccato clusters, and sepulchral rumblings like a Kraken stirring beneath the Adriatic. Grace notes in an aria from \"Giovanna d’Arco\" prompt poised and ornate lines of Finnissy’s own\"; Oliver calls the \"Don Carlos\" transcription \"both a highly original response to Verdi and a magnificently pianistic sound.\" Arnold Whitall, in \"The Gramophone\" (April 2002) was more cautious: \"You could certainly argue that in its boldness, emotional intensity and love of display, Finnissy's music is truer to Verdi than any abject imitator of the Verdi style", "Aria variety of terms according to their character – e.g.\"aria parlante\" ('speaking-style', narrative in nature), \"aria di bravura\" (typically given to a heroine), \"aria buffa\" (aria of a comic type, typically given to a bass or bass-baritone), and so on. M. F. Robinson describes the standard aria in \"opera seria\" in the period 1720 to 1760 as follows: The first section normally began with an orchestral ritornello after which the singer entered and sang the words of the first stanza in their entirety. By the end of this first vocal paragraph the music, if it were in a major key as", "Gustavo III (Verdi) the opera. Basing it as he did on the skeleton score of \"Una vendetta\", Verdi transformed the setting and characters' names to fit the requirements. The score's text required modification to agree with \"Ballo\" and not \"Una vendetta\", orchestration was completed, and musical changes and adjustments were made. Significant changes in the music occurred after 11 September and are also detailed by Gossett. The first performance of the new opera was presented on 17 February 1859. By about 1870, after \"Ballo\" had become successful and when Italian unification removed much of regional censorship, Verdi could probably have returned the opera", "Catalogue aria the catalogue aria of Mozart and librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte can be found in the 1787 opera, \"Don Giovanni Tenorio\", with which they were both familiar, composed by Giuseppe Gazzaniga on a libretto by Giovanni Bertati. Da Ponte based much of his libretto on Bertati's, heavily revised for content and language but significantly retaining much of the narrative structure. In this opera, one finds a similar catalogue aria for the equivalent character of Leporello, Pasquariello. John Platoff sees superiority in Da Ponte's text as well as Mozart's music. The Bertati aria, \"Dell' Italia ed Alemagna\" uses punch lines such as", "Concert aria concerts because they are no longer required for their original purpose, though they were not, strictly speaking, composed for performance in concert. The concert arias which are most commonly performed today were written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, but there are many examples by other composers, such as: Among the more well-known of Mozart's concert arias are: Concert aria A concert aria is normally a free-standing aria or opera-like scene (\"scena\") composed for singer and orchestra, written specifically for performance in concert rather than as part of an opera. Concert arias have usually been composed for particular singers, the composer always", "Gilda Joyce: The Ghost Sonata Gilda Joyce: The Ghost Sonata Gilda Joyce: The Ghost Sonata is the third book involving the young American psychic investigator, Gilda Joyce. The book was released in August 2007, by Dutton Children's Books. Wendy Choy, Gilda's best friend, is invited to Oxford, England for a piano competition. When Gilda finds out, she accompanies Wendy on the trip as an official page turner. But when Gilda thinks that there are ghosts haunting Oxford, she gets excited. Mysterious Tarot cards are placed in the guests' bedrooms, which gives Gilda even more reason to believe that there are hauntings in Oxford. Gilda is", "Giuseppe Verdi good stead. These included an introduction by Lavigna to an amateur choral group, the \"Società Filarmonica\", led by Pietro Massini. Attending the \"Società\" frequently in 1834, Verdi soon found himself functioning as rehearsal director (for Rossini's \"La cenerentola\") and continuo player. It was Massini who encouraged him to write his first opera, originally titled \"Rocester\", to a libretto by the journalist Antonio Piazza. List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi In mid-1834, Verdi sought to acquire Provesi's former post in Busseto but without success. But with Barezzi's help he did obtain the secular post of \"maestro di musica\". He taught, gave", "Giuseppe Verdi written, he broke his contract. This resulted in litigation and counter-litigation; with the legal issues resolved, Verdi was free to present the libretto and musical outline of \"Gustave III\" to the Rome Opera. There, the censors demanded further changes; at this point, the opera took the title \"Un ballo in maschera\". Arriving in Sant'Agata in March 1859 Verdi and Strepponi found the nearby city of Piacenza occupied by about 6,000 Austrian troops who had made it their base, to combat the rise of Italian interest in unification in the Piedmont region. In the ensuing Second Italian War of Independence the", "Giuseppe Verdi But in fact the piece encored was not \"Va, pensiero\" but the hymn \"Immenso Jehova\". The growth of the \"identification of Verdi's music with Italian nationalist politics\" perhaps began in the 1840s. In 1848, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini (whom Verdi had met in London the previous year) requested Verdi (who complied) to write a patriotic hymn. The opera historian Charles Osborne describes the 1849 La battaglia di Legnano as \"an opera with a purpose\" and maintains that \"while parts of Verdi's earlier operas had frequently been taken up by the fighters of the Risorgimento...this time the composer had given", "Giuseppe Verdi the preparation of scores and transcriptions, and later conducting many of his works in their premiere performances in the US and elsewhere outside Italy. He was chosen by Verdi as one of the executors of his will, but predeceased the composer in 1890. After a period of illness Verdi began work on \"Macbeth\" in September 1846. He dedicated the opera to Barezzi: \"I have long intended to dedicate an opera to you, as you have been a father, a benefactor and a friend for me. It was a duty I should have fulfilled sooner if imperious circumstances had not prevented", "Verdi-Mogul, Nevada 3.0% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over. Verdi was named after Giuseppe Verdi by Charles Crocker, founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, pulling a slip of paper from a hat and reading the name of the Italian opera composer. Verdi-Mogul, Nevada Verdi-Mogul is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. For the 2010 census it was split into two separate CDPs, Verdi and Mogul. The communities lie on the western side of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area, just off Interstate 80. The population of the combined CDP was 2,949", "Giuseppe Verdi whether he preferred \"Aida\" or \"Don Carlos\", Verdi replied that \"Aida\" had \"more bite and (if you'll forgive the word), more \"theatricality\".\" During the rehearsals for the Naples production of \"Aida\" Verdi amused himself by writing his only string quartet, a sprightly work which shows in its last movement that he had not lost the skill for fugue-writing that he had learned with Lavigna. Verdi's three last major works continued to show new development in conveying drama and emotion. The first to appear, in 1874 was his Requiem, scored for operatic forces but by no means an \"opera in ecclesiastical", "Giuseppe Verdi Senate, but did not participate in its activities. In the months following the staging of \"Ballo\", Verdi was approached by several opera companies seeking a new work or making offers to stage one of his existing ones, but refused them all. But when, in December 1860, an approach was made from Saint Petersburg's Imperial Theatre, the offer of 60,000 francs plus all expenses was doubtless a strong incentive. Verdi came up with the idea of adapting the 1835 Spanish play \"Don Alvaro o la fuerza del sino\" by Angel Saavedra, which became \"La forza del destino\", with Piave writing the", "Insertion aria engaged by the opera house for the season. A highly regarded singer would not randomly choose arias to insert in whatever opera was to be performed but would make reasoned decisions based on the dramatic context and the compositional style. Poriss tells of the soprano Carolina Ungher's decisions on which aria to insert at the entrance of Elena in Donizetti's \"Marino Faliero\". For her performance in Florence, May 1836, she inserted the aria \"\" from Donizetti's \"Sancia di Castiglia\" for her entrance. Later that year she inserted the aria \"\" from Donizetti's \"Ugo, conte di Parigi\". In the fall of", "Gustavo III (Verdi) Verdi became determined to find another location for his opera. In March 1858, after contacting his friend, the sculptor Vincenzo Luccardi in Rome, and requesting information on the performances of a play \"Gustavo III\" currently being presented there, he proposed that Rome stage the work. Verdi sent the libretto of the opera under the name of \"Gustavo III\", which at that point was identical to \"Una vendetta\" but with the original setting and names restored. When Jacovacci, impresario of the Teatro Apollo (where \"Il trovatore\" had been presented successfully) received the libretto, his reaction was encouraging, but he warned the", "Gilda Cruz-Romo title role. During the 1988-89 season, she added the role of Cherubini's \"Medea\" to her repertory, and sang the role of Matilde in the American premiere of Mascagni's \"Silvano\", at the New Jersey Opera. Cruz-Romo has been very active in concert and recital as well. She did not make any commercial recordings but can be heard in a few live-performance recordings of her best roles. Gilda Cruz-Romo Gilda Cruz-Romo (née Gilda Cruz, born February 12, 1940) is a Mexican operatic soprano, particularly associated with dramatic roles of the Italian repertory, notably \"Aida\" and \"Tosca\". Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, she studied", "Verdi Square Sawyer and built in 1926–28. The 72nd Street New York City Subway station () lies under the square. The Verdi Square entrance to the station in the square is one of only three remaining head houses on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. In the center of Verdi Square stands a monument to the opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, erected in 1906. A statue of him by Pasquale Civiletti (1858–1952) stands at the top of it and statues of four of his most famous characters (Falstaff on the west side of the statue, Leonora of \"La forza del destino\" on the south", "Giuseppe Verdi in October 1846. Before she left Verdi gave her a letter that pledged his love. On the envelope, Strepponi wrote: \"5 or 6 October 1846. They shall lay this letter on my heart when they bury me.\" Verdi had completed \"I masnadieri\" for London by May 1847 except for the orchestration. This he left until the opera was in rehearsal, since he wanted to hear \"la [Jenny] Lind and modify her role to suit her more exactly.\" Verdi agreed to conduct the premiere on 22 July 1847 at Her Majesty's Theatre, as well as the second performance. Queen Victoria and", "Gustavo III (Verdi) opera had been butchered by the censors when it was presented in his absence a few years before. Rejecting any involvement with \"Adelia\", a lawsuit was then set in place by the theatre for breach of contract. In his counter suit, Verdi claimed damages and, in the document which he prepared called \"Defense of Maestro Cavalier Giuseppe Verdi\" and in which he gave instructions to his lawyer, he laid what he regarded as the absurdity of some of the requirements. These included the substitution of one word of the opening chorus' \"Die!\" for \"He sleeps\". In addition, it has been", "Giuseppe Verdi climactic sequences of action, used the various forces of soloists, ensemble and chorus, usually culminating with an exciting stretto section. Verdi was to develop these and the other formulae of the generation preceding him with increasing sophistication during his career. The operas of the early period show Verdi learning by doing and gradually establishing mastery over the different elements of opera. \"Oberto\" is poorly structured, and the orchestration of the first operas is generally simple, sometimes even basic. The musicologist Richard Taruskin suggests \"the most striking effect in the early Verdi operas, and the one most obviously allied to the", "Pyramus and Thisbe (opera) facetious spoken comments as the all-sung opera proceeds. The story follows Shakespeare closely: the Wall (tenor) sports a chink through which Pyramus (tenor) and Thisbe (soprano) arrange to meet 'at Ninny's tomb'. Thisbe arrives first and is frightened away by the Lion (bass), who sings a splendid roaring aria. After the Moon (tenor) has sung a lyrical Arne-like number, Pyramus appears, fears the worst and stabs himself 'like a hero in Italian opera, to very good time and tune'; Thisbe follows suit. But they are revived by Mr Semibrief in time to sing the epilogue. Lampe's music is charming and", "Gustavo III (Verdi) to meet commitments regarding \"Lear\". Finally, in a letter which he wrote to Torelli in September 1857, Verdi confessed that he had \"looked through an infinite number of plays...but not one of them will do for me...\" but he then described an existing libretto which interested him, one which was written by the French playwright and librettist Eugene Scribe for Daniel Auber's very successful 1833 opera, \"Gustave III, ou Le bal masqué\": Verdi turned to the historical subject of King Gustav III of Sweden, who was shot while attending a masked ball in Stockholm in 1792 and died thirteen days", "Back It Up (Caro Emerald song) if she could add the song to her live repertoire. The immediate reaction inspired van Wieringen, Schreurs, Degiorgio and Emerald to write and produce the album Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor, starring Caro Emerald. In 2008, a music video was directed by Eva Zanen and edited by Jurjen van Blokland and was shot in Café Schiller, Amsterdam. The video features Caro Emerald as barmaid and several old men, presumably guests. While polishing the glasses and serving her guests, Caro Emerald sings and dances together with the old men. There are several scenes that show alcoholic beverages with references", "Gilda Snowden there.\" Snowden's work is held in permanent collections including: Among the honors which Gilda Snowden has earned are: Gilda Snowden’s work has been featured in gallery and museum exhibitions including: The Gilda Awards, funded by The Kresge Foundation since 2015, honor Gilda Snowden's lifetime of work mentoring Detroit area emerging artists. Gilda Snowden Gilda Snowden (1954 - 2014) was an African-American artist, educator and mentor from Detroit, Michigan. Snowden was born in Detroit in 1954. She attended Cass Technical High School with a focus on fashion design. Between 1972-1979 Snowden earned her earned her BFA in Advertising Design and Painting,", "Aria return'), a recurring instrumental episode which was interspersed with the elements of the aria and eventually provided, in early operas, the opportunity for dancing or entries of characters. This version of aria form with \"ritornelli\" became a dominant feature of European opera throughout the 18th century. It is thought by some writers to be the origin of the instrumental forms of concerto and sonata form. The \"ritornelli\" became essential to the structure of the aria – \"while the words determine the character of a melody the ritornello instruments often decided in what terms it shall be presented.\" By the early", "Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi operettas.) A major feature of the Teatro Verdi's programming in the past 40 years, which stems from the original Austrian occupation of the city in the 19th century and the fact that Trieste did not become part of Italy until 1918, is the \"International Festival of Operetta\" which takes place every summer. The theatre has seen the world premieres of the following operas: Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi The Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi is an opera house located in Trieste, Italy and named after the composer Giuseppe Verdi. Privately constructed, it was inaugurated as the Teatro Nuovo to replace the smaller", "Rage aria aesthetics that dictates emotions based on outward visible and auditory signs, each aria in an opera must have a single emotion. The doctrine of affects states that the emotions of rage, revenge, and fury lend themselves to complex musical gestures more easily than gentle affects. Rage arias were amongst various types of aria which were employed in 18th century opera, including the more restrained ', the ' (lament), and the showy \"\". One of the best-known examples of the genre is the Queen of the Night's \"Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen\", from Die Zauberflöte. Rage aria A rage", "Concert aria Concert aria A concert aria is normally a free-standing aria or opera-like scene (\"scena\") composed for singer and orchestra, written specifically for performance in concert rather than as part of an opera. Concert arias have usually been composed for particular singers, the composer always bearing that singer's voice and skill in mind when composing the work. Apart from only denoting loose arias for singer and orchestra, the term is also used to indicate arias which were specifically composed for insertion into already-existing operas, either as additions to the score or as substitutions for other arias. These are sometimes performed in", "Giuseppe Verdi mood of the Risorgimento, was the big choral number sung—crudely or sublimely, according to the ear of the beholder—in unison. The success of \"Va, pensiero\" in \"Nabucco\" (which Rossini approvingly denoted as \"a grand aria sung by sopranos, contraltos, tenors and basses\"), was replicated in the similar \"O Signor, dal tetto natio\" in \"I lombardi\" and in 1844 in the chorus \"Si ridesti il Leon di Castiglia\" in \"Ernani\", the battle hymn of the conspirators seeking freedom In \"I due Foscari\" Verdi first uses recurring themes identified with main characters; here and in future operas the accent moves away from", "Oberto (opera) in different cities and with different singers). For the 1840 revival after the failure of \"Un giorno di regno\", the role of Cuniza was sung by Luigia Abbadia and it was for her that Verdi wrote an entrance aria in act 1 and a duet for Cuniza and Riccardo also in act 1, the latter described as being \"full of that intensely condensed melodic expressiveness that will characterise the best of his early music. It is on quite a different level of invention from the rest of \"Oberto\". Toye notes that, in spite of its weaknesses, the opera: 2012 Michael", "Aria di sorbetto listen to it as they would any other portion of the opera. Aria di sorbetto The Aria di sorbetto, or \"sherbet aria\", was a convention of Italian opera in the early nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century audiences would rarely listen to an opera straight through, preferring instead to talk among themselves, eat, and drink for much of the performance. The \"aria di sorbetto\" would come fairly late in the second act of the opera, and it would afford vendors the chance to hawk their wares one last time before the evening ended. As most of the vendors sold Sorbetto (a Sorbet) and", "Silvain (opera) his living as a humble farmer. When the gamekeepers of the new local landowner accuse Silvain of poaching, Silvain's wife and daughters plead for mercy. Silvain enters and recognises the landowner as his own father. Dolmon relents and the family is at last reconciled. The opera has not been recorded complete. The overture appears on \"Grétry: Suites and Overtures\", Orchestre de Bretagne, conducted by Stefan Sanderling (ASV, 2001). Christiane Karg sings the aria \"Il va venir! ... Pardonne, o mon juge\" on the album \"Amoretti\" (Berlin Classics, 2013). Silvain (opera) Silvain (spelt Sylvain in the 1771 libretto) is a one-act", "The Nome Nugget one issue on April 17. The name changed again in 1906 to the Nome Daily Nugget under a similarly named but different owner, Nome Pub. Co. In 1918 it was changed to the Nome Tri-Weekly Nugget, in 1919 it was changed to the Nome Nugget, and in 1934 back to the Nome Daily Nugget. In 1938 the paper’s name changed for the final time back to the Nome Nugget. In 1982 current editor Nancy McGuire purchased the Nome Nugget from Nome Pub. Co. and named her company the Nugget Publishing Corporation. Since McGuire’s death in 2016 the Nugget Publishing Corporation", "Giuseppe Verdi Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. To satisfy his contracts with the publisher , Verdi dashed off \"Il Corsaro\". Budden comments \"In no other opera of his does Verdi appear to have taken so little interest \"before\" it was staged.\" On hearing the news of the \"Cinque Giornate\", the \"Five Days\" of street fighting that took place between 18 and 22 March 1848 and temporarily drove the Austrians out of Milan, Verdi travelled there, arriving on 5 April. He discovered that Piave was now \"Citizen Piave\" of the newly proclaimed Republic of San Marco. Writing a patriotic letter to him", "Gustavo III (Verdi) the outline of the opera was complete, and Verdi began to create musical sketches of significant scenes. At the same time, word came of the seven requirements imposed by the Naples censorship. These included that (i) \"The King must become a Duke\"; (ii) \"the action must be transferred to a pre-Christian age\"; (iii) the conspirators must not hate the Duke because they wanted to take power; and (iv) \"no firearms\". Somma had several suggestions, including a possible new title, \"Il duca Ermanno\" with a 12th Century setting, which Verdi rejected; but he did accept the proposed change to Pomerania. The", "Cape Verdi produced minor winners in Benandonner and Salsa Verdi, both sired by Giant's Causeway and Nabucco, a stakes winner in England during 2013. 2002 Dubai Opera (USA) : Bay filly, foaled 5 March, by Dubai Millennium (GB) - Unraced, dam of winners Rebel Song (IRE)(2009, by Refuse To Bend <IRE>) and Grigolo (2012, by Shamardal <USA>) 2003 Benandonner (USA) : Chesnut colt (gelded), foaled 21 March, by Giant's Causeway (USA) - won 13 races and £148,883) from 117 starts in Britain 2006-15 2004 Salsa Verdi (USA) : Bay filly, foaled 17 April, by Giant's Causeway (USA) - won once and placed", "The Bohemian Girl gitanilla\" itself has been filmed three times, but never in English. \"The Bohemian Girl\" is mentioned in the short stories \"Clay\" and \"Eveline\" by James Joyce which are both parts of \"Dubliners\". In \"Clay\", the character Maria sings some lines from \"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls\". The aria is quoted again in Joyce's novel \"Finnegans Wake\". Booth Tarkington mentions the opera, though not by name, in \"The Two Vanrevels\", and quotes a line of the aria \"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls\". The opera is mentioned, and the aria is referred to several times, in the novel" ]

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[ "La Gran Bretagna ( o più familiarmente Britain; in scots Great Breetain; in gaelico scozzese Breatainn Mhór; ; in cornico Breten Veur; in italiano, anticamente, Albione) è un'isola europea dell'oceano Atlantico situata a nordovest dell'Europa continentale.\nSi sviluppa per circa in direzione nord-sud e presenta un'estensione massima di circa in direzione est-ovest; la sua distanza minima dal continente, da cui è separata dal canale della Manica, è di presso lo stretto di Dover, che divide l'isola dalla Francia.\n\nCon una superficie di è l'isola più grande d'Europa e la nona più estesa del mondo, nonché la maggiore dell'arcipelago britannico che comprende, oltre all'isola d'Irlanda, la seconda più estesa del gruppo, anche l'isola di Man e altre isole e arcipelaghi minori. Amministrativamente l'isola di Gran Bretagna appartiene al Regno Unito e il suo territorio è diviso tra tre delle sue quattro nazioni costitutive: la Scozia nella parte settentrionale, l'Inghilterra in quella centromeridionale e il Galles, che si affaccia sul mare d'Irlanda, in quella centro-occidentale.\n\nDal punto di vista puramente geografico il termine Gran Bretagna designa sia l'isola principale sia quelle che la circondano (quali le isole Anglesey e Wight, e le isole Ebridi, le Orcadi e le Shetland). Dal punto di vista politico, il termine è a volte usato (impropriamente) con riferimento a tutto il Regno Unito (formato però anche dall'Irlanda del Nord, regione nord-orientale dell'isola d'Irlanda); ed è usato specialmente, in ambito sportivo, per indicare le rappresentative e le squadre del Regno Unito.\n\nOrigini e nomenclatura \n\nNei secoli la Gran Bretagna si è evoluta politicamente da diversi stati indipendenti (Inghilterra, Scozia e Galles), passando attraverso due regni con un singolo monarca (Inghilterra e Scozia), un singolo Regno di Gran Bretagna, fino alla situazione attuale, a partire dal 1801, nel quale la Gran Bretagna assieme all'Irlanda del Nord compone il Regno Unito, cui viene spesso erroneamente riferito il nome \"Gran Bretagna\" o semplicemente \"Inghilterra\".\n\nDue regni per una monarchia \nIl termine Gran Bretagna venne inizialmente usato in modo diffuso durante il regno di re Giacomo VI di Scozia, I d'Inghilterra per descrivere l'isola sulla quale coesistevano due regni governati dallo stesso monarca. Anche se Inghilterra e Scozia rimanevano legalmente in esistenza come due Stati separati con i rispettivi parlamenti, collettivamente venivano indicati come Gran Bretagna.\n\nNel 1707, un Atto di Unione unì assieme i due Stati. L'Atto usava due differenti termini per descrivere il nuovo Stato insulare, un \"Regno unito\" e il \"Regno di Gran Bretagna\". Il primo termine viene generalmente, anche se non universalmente, visto come una descrizione dell'unione piuttosto che come il suo nome. Molti libri di testo descrivono il regno di tutta l'isola, che esistette tra il 1707 e il 1800 come il Regno di Gran Bretagna.\n\nNel 1801, sotto il nuovo Atto di unione questo regno si fuse con il Regno d'Irlanda, sul quale il monarca di Gran Bretagna aveva regnato. Il nuovo regno veniva chiamato, in maniera non ambigua, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda. Nel 1922, ventisei delle trentadue contee irlandesi si separarono per formare lo Stato Libero d'Irlanda. Il regno così troncato è ora conosciuto come Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, che ora include anche un numero di territori d'Oltremare.\n\nSpesso i termini si riferiscono all'intero Regno Unito o ai suoi predecessori, o a istituzioni ad esso associate, e non solo alla Gran Bretagna. Ad esempio, i monarchi del Regno Unito sono spesso chiamati \"monarchi britannici\", il Primo ministro del Regno Unito diventa il \"Primo ministro britannico\". Tale uso è generalmente ritenuto corretto. Comunque il termine inglese per britannico, come in \"Regina d'Inghilterra\" è chiaramente sbagliato; l'Inghilterra, nel senso di uno Stato separato, non esiste dal 1707.\n\nIl termine isole del Nord Atlantico o IONA è stato usato recentemente per le Isole britanniche. Venne coniato come termine neutrale da usare nel tentativo di trovare l'accordo su Isole britanniche.\n\nPerché la \"Gran\" Bretagna invece che Britannia? \nIn realtà esistono due Bretagne: l'isola di Gran Bretagna, nell'arcipelago britannico, e la regione/penisola di Bretagna in Francia. Gli antichi Romani nominarono come Britannia l'isola, mentre quella regione della Gallia era da loro conosciuta come Armorica. In Francia sono conosciute come la Grande-Bretagne e Bretagne, in inglese come Great Britain e Brittany, dove great significa appunto \"grande\", mentre la y finale di Brittany va intesa come diminutivo e significa \"piccolo\". Questa doppia e contraddittoria nomenclatura si deve al Medioevo.\n\nIl primo motivo fu dovuto alle invasioni dell'Isola di Britannia da parte degli Anglo-Sassoni, nel V secolo, che provocò la fuga di numerosi Britanni oltre la Manica, e che in larga parte si rifugiarono nella regione attuale, appunto di Bretagna, affine a loro dal punto di vista etnico e che per loro divenne la \"Piccola Britannia\". Altra causa storica medievale si fa inoltre risalire a quando i sovrani d'Inghilterra, tra il X e il XV secolo, possedettero vaste zone territoriali in Francia (la Bretagna appunto, ma anche Normandia, Aquitania, Angiò ecc.). Dopo la guerra dei cent'anni, i due Paesi si scissero definitivamente, ma la Corona inglese continuò a rivendicare dei diritti su quella francese.\n\nGran Bretagna e Regno Unito \nGran Bretagna è semplicemente il nome dell’isola, con una valenza esclusivamente geografica. È anche l’isola più grande di tutto l’arcipelago britannico.\n\nRegno Unito, invece, è la denominazione politica del Regno ed è formato da 4 nazioni (home nations); Inghilterra (con capitale Londra), Scozia (con capitale Edimburgo), Galles (con capitale Cardiff) ed Irlanda del Nord (con capitale Belfast).\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni" ]

[ "Let It Be è il dodicesimo album del gruppo musicale britannico dei Beatles (tredicesimo considerando anche l'album Magical Mistery Tour, in origine pubblicato come LP solo negli USA e come EP in UK). Pubblicato l'8 maggio del 1970, il disco vide la luce dopo che, il precedente 10 aprile, il gruppo aveva già ufficializzato il proprio scioglimento. Registrato inizialmente pressoché in presa diretta, nel mese di marzo del 1970 l'album venne affidato al produttore Phil Spector che ne curò il missaggio e che, con l’aggiunta di cori e di arrangiamenti orchestrali, ne modificò in alcune parti il risultato finale. La rivista Rolling Stone lo ha inserito nel 2012 al 392º posto della lista dei 500 migliori album.\n\nDescrizione\n\nGenesi del disco \nBenché registrato per la quasi totalità in sessioni precedenti a quelle di Abbey Road, loro ultimo LP pubblicato nel 1969, l'album Let It Be venne immesso sul mercato solo successivamente, nel 1970.\n\nLo spunto originario risale al 45 giri Hey Jude/Revolution e al relativo videoclip promozionale girato il 4 settembre 1968 per la regia di Michael Lindsay-Hogg negli studi di posa di Twickenham; in quella circostanza il gruppo avrebbe dovuto suonare davanti a un numero limitato di invitati selezionati, ma il passaparola fece radunare un pubblico molto più numeroso del previsto che si assiepò quasi a contatto con i musicisti mentre questi venivano ripresi durante le esecuzioni di prova di Hey Jude. Questa situazione risvegliò nel gruppo l'entusiasmo per le esibizioni dal vivo e il desiderio di esibirsi di nuovo in un concerto. Il progetto – inizialmente concepito con il titolo Get Back – venne ideato da Paul McCartney come un recupero di quell'impronta rock e dell'approccio live che li aveva caratterizzati all'inizio della loro carriera: un “ritorno alle origini”, e non solo sotto il profilo musicale.\n\nL'idea di fondo era che – al pari del primo disco, Please Please Me, registrato in un'unica seduta di dodici ore nel 1962 – i Beatles dovessero abbandonare le strumentazioni elettroniche e le sovraincisioni a vantaggio delle registrazioni in presa diretta.\n\nLe sessioni di registrazione \nCosì, come nelle intenzioni di Paul McCartney, nel corso delle sessioni di registrazione tra il 2 e il 31 gennaio 1969 negli studi di Twickenham prima, e di Savile Row dopo, i Beatles si raccolsero nel tentativo di tornare all'attitudine rock'n'roll del loro esordio.\n\nNel corso delle prove, quello che doveva essere l'evento live conclusivo – scartate le proposte di un concerto In un teatro romano in Africa o di uno show su una nave nel Mediterraneo per l'opposizione di George Harrison (contrario a concerti dal vivo) e di Ringo Starr (che non ne volle sapere di lasciare l'Inghilterra per l'Africa a causa delle sue intolleranze alimentari) – si trasformò in una performance tenutasi il 30 gennaio 1969 sul tetto dell'edificio di Savile Row, sede della Apple, etichetta di proprietà degli stessi Beatles.\n\nL'intero mese di prove venne registrato da due telecamere che avrebbero dovuto filmare ininterrottamente il processo creativo della band. Tali registrazioni sono illuminanti in merito allo stato di malessere interno al gruppo. Fra l'altro si nota infatti come George Harrison provasse forte disagio nel non vedere seriamente prese in considerazione le sue composizioni e il suo apporto al punto da meditare di formare un gruppo tutto suo con Eric Clapton; Paul McCartney riteneva di dover comunque andare avanti e scongiurare la rottura definitiva proponendosi quale guida della formazione.\n\nNel corso delle prove, Harrison abbandonò momentaneamente il gruppo in seguito a una discussione con McCartney; la ripresa del progetto fu possibile soltanto alla condizione che si spostassero le sessioni dagli angusti studi cinematografici di Twickenham a quelli più sereni di Savile Row oltre all'abbandono di qualsiasi progetto di show dal vivo; alla fine Harrison cedette tuttavia al concerto sul tetto.\n\nContemporaneamente si aggiunse ai quattro il tastierista jazz Billy Preston che il gruppo aveva conosciuto nei primi anni sessanta ad Amburgo. Fu lo stesso George Harrison a coinvolgerlo, in parte per scongiurare i litigi che continuavano ad esserci all'interno della band ma anche per ragioni prettamente tecniche: la decisione di evitare sovra-incisioni richiedeva spesso di avere un altro strumentista: l'apporto di Preston servì a rasserenare gli animi e a rimandare la rottura definitiva del gruppo.\n\nLa copertina che si intendeva usare per il progetto Get Back fu scattata nello stesso luogo (il palazzo della EMI) dove era stata presa quella del loro primo album, Please Please Me. La foto, assieme a una foto alternativa del 1962, apparve poi nella copertina delle due raccolte L'album blu e L'album rosso.\n\nParte delle Get Back sessions (chiamate anche Let It Be Sessions) vennero in seguito messe in circolazione tra i collezionisti e divennero la maggiore fonte di materiale per i bootleg sui Beatles. Nel 2000, la Yellow Dog Records, etichetta discografica specializzata in bootleg, ha pubblicato Day by Day, una serie di 38 CD che contengono tutte le registrazioni integrali effettuate durante quelle sessioni.\n\nLa pubblicazione \n\nUna volta registrati tutti i nuovi pezzi, i Beatles, insoddisfatti del risultato, nei primi giorni di marzo lasciarono il missaggio delle tracce all'ingegnere della EMI Glyn Johns, che il 28 maggio presentò un acetato al gruppo che, ormai disinteressato al progetto, lasciò cadere la proposta; successivamente le registrazioni furono affidate al produttore statunitense Phil Spector, conosciuto per il suo \"muro del suono\", che decise di applicare i suoi metodi, con una postproduzione accentuata. Questo fu causa dell'ennesimo litigio in seno al gruppo: McCartney vide infatti pubblicato il disco con alcuni suoi brani stravolti (soprattutto The Long and Winding Road che fu infatti modificata da Spector con l'aggiunta di violini e cori celestiali), mandandolo su tutte le furie (bisogna però dire che nei concerti degli anni seguenti McCartney suonò la canzone seguendo l'arrangiamento deciso da Spector). L'album fu comunque pubblicato l'8 maggio 1970, quando oramai il gruppo non esisteva più. Il disco, in edizione de luxe, venne abbinato a un lussuoso volume con testi e foto di Ethan Russel.\n\nIl 18 novembre 2003 venne pubblicata la versione remixata dell'album intitolata Let It Be... Naked contenente anche brani inediti. Nelle intenzioni di Paul McCartney avrebbe dovuto essere più congruente col progetto iniziale. Oltre a missaggi diversi dei vari brani, sono state eliminate Dig It e Maggie Mae, e aggiunta al loro posto Don't Let Me Down.\n\nIl 15 ottobre 2021 la Apple Records ha pubblicato una nuova versione stereo remixata dell'album nel cofanetto box set Let It Be: 50th Anniversary Edition, ad opera di Giles Martin, il figlio del produttore dei Beatles George Martin.\n\nI brani\n\nTwo of Us \n\nDalle atmosfere che echeggiano nel brano sembrerebbe che John e Paul, entrambi alla chitarra acustica e in duetto vocale, avessero riguadagnato una nuova armonia, pronti a salpare per i momenti adolescenziali della Liverpool di quindici anni prima. Mark Hertsgaard sostiene plausibilmente che alcuni passaggi del testo richiamerebbero le esperienze vissute assieme dai due musicisti. I “due” delle liriche sono invece Paul e Linda Eastman. È proprio lei a confermarlo, aggiungendo che la composizione fu scritta da Paul in macchina, in un pomeriggio di relax in cui si erano lasciati alle spalle i ritmi londinesi per tuffarsi nella natura.\n\nL'esecuzione, titolata On Our Way Home durante il lavoro di incisione in studio, venne eseguita nello stile degli Everly Brothers e registrata nelle giornate del 24, 25 e 31 gennaio. Introdotto dalla voce di John che annuncia: “‘I Dig a Pygmy’, by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf Aids… Phase One, in which Doris gets her oats!”, il nastro finale è, rispetto ai primi tentativi, più incisivo e convinto nelle voci e nelle percussioni di Ringo e non risulta avere sovraincisioni, rispettando con ciò l'accordo iniziale proposto congiuntamente da Paul e John secondo cui, a differenza del passato, il nuovo album avrebbe dovuto essere “onesto” e senza “trucchi sonori”, un ritorno alle loro origini di gruppo di rock'n'roll.\n\nCol titolo originario On Our Way Home, il brano, destinato a essere lanciato come singolo su etichetta Apple, fu prodotto da Paul McCartney e a eseguirlo fu il trio Mortimer che Peter Asher aveva scoperto a New York. Per motivi sconosciuti il progetto non venne mai realizzato.\n\nDig a Pony \n\nIl testo di Dig a Pony è di John, che lo modificò continuamente man mano che le registrazioni procedevano (anche il titolo originariamente era All I Want Is You), e la cui versione finale fu quella registrata nella performance sulla terrazza del fabbricato di Savile Row che ospitava gli studi della Apple. Come in altre circostanze precedenti, l'autore manifestò l'insoddisfazione per il proprio brano definendolo «altra spazzatura».\n\nAcross the Universe \n\nIl brano era stato composto da Lennon e registrato nel febbraio del 1968. L'autore sperava di poterlo pubblicare come singolo, ma gli fu preferita Lady Madonna di Paul, e il nastro di Across the Universe venne archiviato e più tardi offerto per un disco di beneficenza del WWF.\n\nIl pezzo sgorga come altri nella casa di John a Kenwood, in un momento fra veglia e sonno e dopo l'ennesimo episodio di tensione con la moglie Cynthia. È Lennon a ricordare che in quegli istanti si era lasciato trasportare da un flusso di parole formato da un metro straordinario e irripetibile che lo costrinse ad alzarsi e a scendere al piano inferiore così da fissarlo per iscritto. Al testo aggiunse l'espressione ”Jai Guru Dev” (“lunga vita al guru Dev”), frase che nell'incontrarsi i discepoli del Maharishi usavano come saluto in ossequio a Dev, lo swami del guru.\n\nLa tormentata storia del brano si prolungò per più di due anni. Il 4 febbraio 1968 venne incisa la base e gli strumenti furono soggetti a trattamenti sonori, poi il nastro elaborato da tagli e cuciti fu pronto per essere sovrainciso da parti vocali e venne fuori un pezzo «di grande bellezza». Si scoprì però che erano necessarie voci femminili e per questo si reclutarono due giovani fan, Gayleen Pease e la brasiliana Lizzie Bravo, per coprire le parti nella strofa “Nothing's gonna change my world”. L'8 dello stesso mese John volle riempire alcuni passaggi con un mellotron, ma insoddisfatto del risultato passò l'incarico a George Martin col suo piano. Tuttavia entrambe le versioni strumentali risultarono deludenti e si ricorse a una chitarra suonata da John, e l'autore, non ancora del tutto convinto, decise di riporre Across the Universe in attesa di tempi diversi, lasciando il campo a Lady Madonna e The Inner Light quali lato A e B del singolo in uscita. Dopo diversi mesi di decantazione, il nastro fu ripreso per essere inserito nell'album in via di assemblaggio. Il 2 ottobre 1969, sotto la supervisione di George Martin, negli studi di Abbey Road il pezzo fu condito da effetti sonori di uccelli che cinguettano e di insetti ronzanti, e il nastro venne accelerato. Tre mesi dopo, il tecnico Glyn Johns rimaneggiò il brano e volendolo fare apparire in tono con l'atmosfera delle altre incisioni di Get Back ne eliminò le parti corali femminili e quelle dei Beatles stessi, e rimosse anche gli effetti sonori. La versione finale che trova posto nel disco Let It Be è opera di Phil Spector, che il 1º aprile – assieme ai cori – sovraincise archi, ottoni e batteria, suonati da un totale di cinquanta strumentisti.\n\nSu Across the Universe il giudizio della critica si divide. Lewisohn lo ritiene «un brano bello, meditabondo e filosofico», una «superba prova canora». Viceversa, Ian MacDonald parla dell'autore con «le sue amorfe pretese e l'indolente melodia [che] sono fin troppo evidentemente il frutto di una grandiosità indotta dall'acido e ammorbidita solo dallo sfinimento.» E così conclude caustico: «Finché era stato un Beatle, Lennon raramente aveva peccato di tediosità. Con questo brano, fece un'indesiderata eccezione». Va precisato che Lewisohn si riferisce alla versione originaria del febbraio 1968, mentre il parere di «scipita apatia della canzone» formulato da MacDonald è relativo al prodotto finito che costituisce la terza traccia dell'album pubblicato.\n\nI Me Mine \n\nMelodia a tempo di valzer ispirata da una fanfara austriaca trasmessa per televisione, ha un titolo apparentemente nonsense ma che invece racchiude uno dei capisaldi della filosofia indiana con la quale George Harrison acquisiva sempre maggiore familiarità. L'individualismo – ciò che “io” ho, che appartiene a “me”, che è “mio” – impedisce di raggiungere la coscienza cosmica in cui non c'è “ego”.\n\nFu in ordine cronologico l'ultimo brano dei Beatles sul quale i tecnici lavorarono al montaggio in studio. Il 3 gennaio 1970 (Let It Be perciò include materiale inciso nell'arco temporale di due anni) la registrazione del nastro 16 fu decretata la migliore e su di essa si sovraincisero piano e chitarra (entrambi elettrici), voci, un organo e un'altra chitarra. Il 2 aprile – dopo l'aggiunta di archi e cori del giorno precedente – Spector smontò, copiò e rimontò la canzone, dilatandola di circa cinquanta secondi.\n\nDig It \n\nCostituisce il frammento di una lunga jam session basata sui tre accordi di un giro armonico classico e in cui Lennon improvvisa il testo accostando insieme libere associazioni di idee.\n\nRegistrata in due date, l'incisione del 24 gennaio 1969, pesantemente elettrificata, venne messa da parte e di essa giunge a noi solo la vocina infantile di John che annuncia “That was 'Can You Dig It', by Georgie Wood. And now we'd like to do 'Hark the Angels Come'”(“Questo era 'Can You Dig It', di Georgie Wood. Adesso vorremmo suonare 'Hark the Angels Come'”), frase montata in coda per collegare il pezzo alla successiva Let It Be. Fra i vocalizzi di sottofondo registrati due giorni dopo e a cui collabora anche Heather, la figlia di sei anni di Linda Eastman, sull'onda di un omaggio di Lennon nei confronti di Bob Dylan (Like a Rolling Stone) si colgono in primo piano alcuni acronimi e nomi snocciolati senza alcun legame logico: FBI, CIA, BBC, B.B. King, Doris Day e Matt Busby, storico allenatore del Manchester United dal 1945.\n\nLet It Be \n\nRitenuto all'uscita un inno alla religione per via del titolo, dell'invocazione a ”Mother Mary” (identificata con la Vergine Maria), della struttura gospel e degli accordi dell'organo di Billy Preston, è nella realtà la rievocazione da parte di Paul – così come aveva fatto Lennon in Julia del White Album – della propria madre morta quando l'autore aveva quattordici anni. Paul stesso ricorda che, in quel periodo molto difficile sotto il profilo emotivo e professionale, una notte fece un sogno rasserenante in cui si incontrava con la madre Mary Mohin.\n\t\nLe registrazioni del pezzo vennero effettuate il 25 e il 31 gennaio 1969, e risultò essere il migliore il nastro 25, su cui si effettuarono alcune sovraincisioni. Il pezzo fu poi ripreso il 30 aprile negli studi di Abbey Road, e in quella seduta George vi sovraincise l'assolo di chitarra. Dopo otto mesi, il 4 gennaio 1970 Let It Be venne registrata nuovamente e furono sovraincisi fiati e archi (mixati bassi e perciò non facilmente percepibili nella versione del singolo) mentre, per la variante dell'album, l'assolo di chitarra del 30 aprile (che sarebbe rimasto per il singolo) sarebbe stato sostituito dalla linea di George incisa a gennaio. Quella seduta fu l'ultima esperienza musicale dei Beatles come gruppo in uno studio di registrazione.\n\nMaggie Mae \n\nMaggie Mae (altrove la versione ortografica è Maggie May) era un motivo tradizionale che apparteneva alla storia marinaresca del porto di Liverpool fino dall'epoca dei vascelli a vela, quando Lime Street era piena di pub e brulicava di prostitute e una di queste, Maggie May, era divenuta leggendaria e non solo nella zona portuale. La melodia discendeva da Darling Nellie Gray, una minstrel song scritta a metà del XIX secolo dal compositore statunitense Benjamin Russell Hanby, e che nel 1957 il gruppo skiffle The Vipers aveva ripreso e interpretato nella versione meglio conosciuta da Lennon e McCartney. I Beatles avevano recuperato questo frammento di memoria collettiva della città all'inizio della loro carriera musicale, eseguendolo nella fase del riscaldamento delle loro prime performance dal vivo.\n\nNell'album appare una sezione di circa quaranta secondi del brano, inciso d'un fiato il 24 gennaio 1969. La composizione risulta accreditata a tutti e quattro i Beatles e, fra coretti e una breve linea di chitarra, il pezzo chiude il lato A del disco.\n\nI've Got a Feeling \n\nL'intelaiatura di questo brano basato principalmente su due accordi è speculare a quella di A Day in the Life. Così come il capolavoro di Sgt Pepper è formato dalle parti iniziale e finale di John che racchiudono la sezione mediana di Paul, in I've Got a Feeling la struttura portante è di McCartney, di Paul sono la prima e l'ultima parte, e nel segmento centrale si incastra Everybody Got a Hard Year, che Lennon aveva così titolato in relazione alle sue ultime spiacevoli vicende personali: nell'arco di una quarantina di giorni dei mesi di ottobre e novembre 1968 Lennon era stato arrestato e imprigionato per possesso di droga, aveva divorziato ufficialmente da Cynthia Powell, e Yoko Ono, incinta di John, in avanzato stato di gravidanza aveva sofferto un aborto spontaneo.\n\nCome per altri brani destinati all'album Get Back (progetto poi accantonato), l'inizio delle registrazioni va fatto risalire al 22 gennaio 1969. Ripreso in studio il 24, 27 e 28, il brano fu prodotto live in due versioni il 30 gennaio – giorno del Rooftop Concert – e il mixaggio per la versione definitiva venne effettuato il successivo 5 febbraio.\n\nOne After 909 \n\nRock ruvido e folgorante, si avvale di una prestazione del duo vocale Lennon/McCartney ritornato alla grinta degli anni amburghesi. The One After 909 (talvolta indicato come One After 909) era stato scritto nel 1957 da Lennon e McCartney (anche se era opera principalmente di John) sotto l'influsso del rock'n'roll di Chuck Berry ed era entrato a far parte del repertorio live dei Quarry Men prima e successivamente dei Beatles fino al 1962. Registrato il 5 marzo 1963, questo pezzo che si ispirava alle railroad songs importate da oltreoceano e filtrate da artisti britannici – fra le quali Rock Island Line di Lonnie Donegan o Freight Train del Chas McDevitt Skiffle Group – pareva destinato a diventare il terzo singolo del gruppo, ma le registrazioni non furono giudicate soddisfacenti e il brano non adatto alla pubblicazione, e per questo motivo venne accantonato. Dopo altri sei anni di abbandono,The One After 909 fu ripescato e registrato dapprima in sala d'incisione il 28 e 29 gennaio 1969 e il giorno successivo nel Rooftop Concert, con una coda di John che beffardamente chiude il pezzo accennando le note iniziali di Danny Boy, una canzone eseguita fra gli altri da Conway Twitty nel 1959.\n\nThe Long and Winding Road \n\nBallata intensa, delicata e dolente in stile McCartney, offerta in una prima versione limpida (ancorché non priva di errori) del 26 gennaio 1969 nella quale le pesanti e zuccherose sovraincisioni successive erano qui rese dal lavoro pianistico di Preston, si ispira alla B842, strada tortuosa che serpeggia per venticinque chilometri lungo la costa orientale della penisola di Kintyre e che l'autore percorreva per raggiungere la sua fattoria.\n\nLa canzone ebbe una storia tempestosa e costituì l'elemento scatenante che portò allo scioglimento del gruppo. Negli ultimissimi giorni di mixaggi e montaggi, il produttore Phil Spector decise, senza consultarsi con McCartney, di condire pesantemente l'originaria traccia con cori e abbondanza di archi. Il lavoro di Spector in studio risultò dubbio persino a un carattere docile e bonario come quello di Ringo Starr, l'unico Beatle presente in sala, che prese da parte uno Spector nevrastenico e lo calmò dicendogli: «[I tecnici] stanno facendo meglio che possono. Sta buono e calmati». Anche Brian Gibson, ingegnere tecnico quel giorno, affermò perplesso in seguito: «In The Long and Winding Road, [Spector] voleva sovraincidere orchestra e coro ma non c'erano abbastanza piste libere sul nastro, così eliminò una delle parti di voce di Paul per poterci infilare l'orchestra».\n\nVenuto a sapere del rimaneggiamento, un furibondo Paul McCartney prima cercò senza riuscirci di bloccare tutto e poi, in quell'atmosfera pesante di incomprensioni, litigi, rancori e piccole vendette venutasi lentamente a maturare, dichiarò di considerare sciolto il sodalizio con gli altri tre Beatles.\n\nFor You Blue \n\nCanzone blues di struttura classica ma scorrevole e distesa, è dedicata da George a Pattie Boyd e in essa Harrison, alla chitarra acustica, approfitta per rendere omaggio a Elmore James, chitarrista blues americano, citandolo durante l'assolo di Lennon alla slide guitar.\n\nGeorge's Blues, titolo originale di For You Blues che alla fine diventò For You Blue, venne registrata in una sola giornata, il 25 gennaio 1969. La leggerezza del pezzo è confermata dall'autore che avrebbe dichiarato: «È una semplice canzone in dodici battute che segue tutti i normali canoni delle canzoni in dodici battute, tranne il fatto che è spensierata!».\n\nGet Back \n\nFu Paul McCartney a comporre questo pezzo rock che nasceva originariamente nelle intenzioni dell'autore come una satira nei confronti del razzismo verso gli africani e gli asiatici che popolavano il Regno Unito. Considerata la delicata situazione che si era venuta a creare con l'ingresso di migliaia di asiatici e la conseguente predicazione del partito neonazista del Fronte Nazionale, le parole non opportunamente calibrate da Paul rischiavano di essere benzina sul fuoco risultando facilmente fonte di fraintendimento, tanto da far ipotizzare a qualche commentatore un “periodo razzista” che avrebbe venato il gruppo. Paul smentì questa interpretazione, anche se versi come ”Don't dig no Pakistanis taking all the people's job, get back to where you once belonged” (“Non mi vanno giù i pachistani che vengono a rubare il lavoro alla gente, tornatevene a casa vostra”) potevano comprensibilmente indurre in errore, col pericolo di essere esplosive in quel contesto sociale. Perciò il testo venne radicalmente stravolto, divenendo l'innocuo accenno a Jojo, un americano dell'Arizona, e alla dolce Loretta Martin, scopertasi improvvisamente un uomo.\n\nSu tutta questa vicenda resta la testimonianza di John Lennon secondo il quale, ogni volta che Paul cantava il verso-guida ”Get back to where you once belonged”, rivolgeva lo sguardo alla onnipresente Yoko Ono. Non è ben chiaro a cosa volesse alludere John, né se il fatto fosse vero o se si trattasse dell'immaginazione rancorosa di Lennon nei confronti dell'amico-rivale. Paul, a propria difesa, sostenne: «Se c'era un gruppo che non era razzista erano i Beatles: tutti i nostri musicisti preferiti erano di colore».\n\nLe versioni del singolo e dell'album evidenziano qualche diversità. Il singolo ha un mixaggio più rifinito e ha interessanti effetti eco dei quali la versione per l'album è priva; e mentre il singolo si chiude con un deciso Ringo che dà l'attacco per il finale, la versione per l'album si apre con l'irriverente scherzo (assente nel singolo) di John che canticchia ”Sweet Loretta Fart she thought she was a cleaner but she was a frying pan” (“La dolce Loretta Scoreggia credeva di essere una pulitrice, invece era una padella”) e si conclude insolitamente con la nota sottodominante che dà al pezzo il senso dell'incompletezza.\n\nTracce \nLato A\n\nLato B\n\n2021 50th Anniversary Box Set (tracce bonus) \nCD 2 - Get Back – Apple Sessions\n\nCD 3 - Get Back – Rehearsals and Apple Jams\n\nCD 4 - Get Back LP – Glyn Johns 1969 Mix\n\nCD 5 - Let It Be EP\n\nFormazione \nThe Beatles\n John Lennon - voce, chitarra ritmica, armonie vocali, cori; chitarra acustica in Two of Us e in Across the Universe, basso in Let It Be e The Long and Winding Road, chitarra solista in Get Back\n Paul McCartney - voce, basso, pianoforte, armonie vocali, cori; chitarra acustica in Two of Us, organo Hammond e pianoforte elettrico in I Me Mine, maracas in Let It Be\n George Harrison - chitarra solista, voce, armonie vocali, cori; chitarra acustica in For You Blue\n Ringo Starr - batteria, percussioni\n\nAltri musicisti\n Billy Preston - pianoforte elettrico, organo Hammond\n George Martin - maracas in Dig It\n Linda McCartney - cori in Let It Be\n Orchestra di 35 elementi in The Long and Winding Road\n Coro di 14 elementi in The Long and Winding Road\n Sezione di fiati e violoncelli\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n (The Beatles Anthology, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2000)\n \n \n (The Quarrymen, Omnibus Press, London, 2001)\n \n (I Me Mine, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2002)\n (The Beatles Encyclopedia, Blandford, London, 1997)\n (A Day in the Life - The Music and Artistry of the Beatles, Macmillan, New York, 1995)\n (The Rough Guide to the Beatles, Rough Guide Ltd, 2003)\n (The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions, EMI Records Ltd, London, 1988)\n \n (Revolution in the Head, Fourth Estate, London, 1994)\n (The Beatles' Let It Be, The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, New York, 2004)\n (Many Years From Now, Kidney Punch Inc., 1997)\n (Shout!, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1981)\n \n (The Beatles - The Biography, Little, Brown and Company Inc, New York, 2005)\n (A Hard Day's Write - The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song, Carlton Books Ltd, 1994)\n\nVoci correlate \n Let It Be - Un giorno con i Beatles\n Let It Be... Naked\n The Beatles: Get Back\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni", "\n\nBiografia\n\nInfanzia \nÓláfr nacque tra il 960 e il 964 da Tryggvi Óláfsson, re del Vík e nipote di Harald I Bellachioma e da Ástriðr, figlia del nobile Eiríkr detto Bjóðaskalli (\"il Calvo di Bjóðar\")..\n\nNel 961 morì re Hákon il Buono dopo essere stato ferito mortalmente da una freccia durante la battaglia di Fitjar. Non avendo figli maschi, il regno passò per sua volontà nelle mani dei figli di Eiríkr Blódøx, il maggiore dei quali, Haraldr Eiríksson detto \"Mantogrigio\", divenne di fatto il re di Norvegia sebbene dividesse il potere con i fratelli e malgrado il regno fosse nominalmente sottoposto a re Harald I di Danimarca detto \"Dente Azzurro\". Il reale potere dei figli di Eiríkr era però limitato alle regioni centrali della Norvegia, pertanto su sollecitazione della madre Gunnhildr, Harald aprì un negoziato con Guðrøðr Björnsson, re del Vestfold, con Tryggvi Óláfsson, re del Vík e con Sigurðr Hakónsson, jarl di Lade, al termine del quale si giunse ad un accordo per cui i tre avrebbero mantenuto il governo sui loro territori in cambio del riconoscimento di Harald e dei fratelli quali legittimi re di Norvegia e della cessione di metà delle tasse e delle rendite dei rispettivi regni.\n\nGià pochi mesi dopo, tuttavia, Haraldr ed Erlingr Eiríksson assassinarono Sigurðr Hakónsson che fu sostituito dal figlio Hákon Sigurðarson, riaprendo le ostilità nei confronti del Trøndelag.\nNell'autunno del 962 Hákon Sigurðarson, Tryggvi Óláfsson, Guðrøðr Björnsson e Guðbrandr di Guðbrandsdalen si riunirono nell'Hedmark e stabilirono un'alleanza, probabilmente a carattere difensivo, per assistersi vicendeolmente in caso di attacco da parte dei figli di Eiríkr. Quando Harald e Guðrøðr Eiríksson lo vennero a sapere diffusero la notizia che la stagione successiva sarebbero partiti per effettuare scorrerie nel Mar Baltico orientale, come peraltro erano soliti fare. Guðrøðr si fermò al largo del Vík e invitò Tryggvi a partecipare alle razzie. Questi accettò ma giunto con una sola nave al largo di Sotenäs fu ucciso a tradimento insieme ad altri dodici durante un'assemblea. Fu sepolto nel tumulo di Tryggvarør, sull'isola di Tryggö. Harald sbarcò di notte a Tønsberg e assaltò la residenza in cui si trovava Guðrøðr Björnsson; ne seguì una breve mischia in cui alla fine Guðrøðr cadde insieme a molti altri. Guðrøðr e Harald poi riunirono le loro forze e riuscirono facilmente a conquistare tutto il Vík. Ástriðr, moglie di Tryggvi, riuscì a fuggire assistita dal padre adottivo Þórólfr detto Lúsarskegg (\"Barba Pidocchiosa\") e da alcuni servitori portando con sé gli oggetti più preziosi. Secondo la tradizione partorì un figlio maschio mentre si trovava sull'isola di Lalandsholmen nel lago Frøylandsvatnet. Il piccolo venne chiamato Óláfr, in onore del nonno Óláfr Geirstaðaálfr Haraldsson. Stando all'Ágrip invece Óláfr aveva già tre anni quando il padre morì infatti i figli postumi tendevano ad essere battezzati con il nome del padre. Dopo il parto Ástriðr trascorse segretamente l'inverno dal padre Eiríkr ad Oprostadir insieme al figlio, a Þórólfr e a suo figlio Þorgils e a due servitrici.\n\nNel Principato di Novgorod e nel Wendland \nGiunta la primavera Gunnhildr mandò i suoi uomini a cercare Óláfr in tutta la Norvegia e alla fine sospettò correttamente che si trovasse a casa del nonno. Eiríkr allora fece fuggire la figlia e il nipote esortandoli a cercare ospitalità da Hákon il Vecchio, un nobile norvegese suo amico, residente in Svezia. La madre e il piccolo fecero appena in tempo a fuggire e, travestiti da popolani trovarono ospitalità da un contadino che mandò fuori strada gli inseguitori. Alla fine giunsero alla casa di Hákon nella quale dimorarono per circa due anni. Gunnhildr però non si diede per vinta e dopo molti sforzi riuscì nuovamente a localizzarli. Mandò allora un'ambasceria a re Eiríkr Björnsson di Svezia, detto \"il Vittorioso\", affinché la aiutasse a stanare i due. Il re accettò ma malgrado le insistenze dei messi reali, Hákon si rifiutò di consegnare i suoi protetti. Sapendo che non si sarebbe potuta opporre ad un attacco risoluto da parte degli svedesi, Ástriðr pensò di rifugiarsi dal fratello Sigurðr, importante funzionario alla corte di Vladimir I, Principe di Novgorod. Ottenne un passaggio su una nave di mercanti che però durante la traversata venne abbordata e depredata da pirati estoni guidati da un certo Klerkón. Þórólf, considerato inutile in quanto troppo vecchio, venne subito ucciso mentre i Óláfr e Þorgils vennero separati da Ástriðr. I due vennero infine venduti a Réás, nella cui casa restarono per sei anni finché Sigurðr, che si trovava in Estonia per riscuotere i tributi dovuti al Gran Principe, riconobbe Óláfr e lo riscattò insieme a Þorgils per poi condurli con sé sino a Novgorod. Snorri nell'Heimskringla afferma che un giorno, vagando per il mercato della città, riconobbe Klerkón ed impugnata un'accetta gliela piantò nel cranio. L'uccisione di un uomo a sangue freddo in quello stato era punita con la morte ma Sigurðr, grazie al suo status e alla sua capacità persuasiva, convinse il Principe a porre il bambino sotto la sua protezione. Óláfr visse nove anni a Novgorod e grazie al suo coraggio in battaglia e alla sua generosità divenne molto popolare, tanto da scatenare l'invidia di alcuni personaggi della corte di Vladimir che alla fine riuscirono a convincerlo a liberarsene.\n\nÓláfr si imbarcò dirigendosi verso ovest ed effettuò una scorreria ai danni dell'isola di Bornholm, i cui abitanti si difesero coraggiosamente ma vennero sconfitti. Ripartito dall'isola, una tempesta lo costrinse a cercare riparo in un porto del Wendland, nome con cui i norreni identificavano l'area corrispondente alla Pomerania. In quel paese governava il duca Boleslao ma le sue figlie condividevano il potere con lui. La regione in cui Óláfr era sbarcato apparteneva a Geira che secondo la leggenda lo invitò alla sua corte per trascorrere l'inverno ed infine lo sposò. Per suo conto Óláfr sottomise i distretti che si erano rifiutati di pagarle tributo ed effettuò lucrose scorrerie nella Scania e nell'isola di Gotland. È quasi certamente leggendaria anche l'affermazione di Snorri secondo cui Óláfr avrebbe accompagnato l'imperatore Ottone II al seguito di Boleslao nella campagna contro i danesi poiché questo evento risale al 974 quando non poteva avere più di 10-15 anni. In ogni caso si racconta che Óláfr rimase per tre anni nel Wendland, finché non morì la moglie Geira. Decise allora di abbandonare quella terra e tornò a compiere incursioni, questa volta in Sassonia, in Frisia e nelle Fiandre.\n\nNelle Isole Britanniche \nSi narra che dopo aver lasciato il Wendland, Óláfr effettuò per quattro anni scorrerie sulla costa orientale dell'Inghilterra, in Scozia, nelle Ebridi, in Irlanda, nell'Isola di Man, in Galles e in Normandia finché non giunse alle Isole Scilly. Qui incontrò un profeta di fede cristiana che gli predisse correttamente che sarebbe stato ferito gravemente in battaglia sino a trovarsi in punto di morte ma che si sarebbe ristabilito dopo sette giorni e che un giorno sarebbe diventato re di Norvegia. La prima parte della profezia si avverò di lì a poco dal momento che fu vittima di un ammutinamento. La leggenda vuole che Óláfr, impressionato da quell'uomo, si convertì al Cristianesimo e fu battezzato insieme a tutti i suoi compagni.\n\nNell'autunno di quell'anno lasciò le Isole Scilly e sbarcò in Inghilterra. Qui Gyða, sorella di Amlaíb Cuarán, re di Dublino, convocò un'assemblea per scegliere il marito che reputasse più degno, dal momento che lo jarl che l'aveva sposata era morto. Esaminati i pretendenti scelse proprio Óláfr provocando l'ira di un certo Alvini, famoso per essere un grande duellante. I due si sfidarono e Óláfr riuscì a disarmare l'avversario vincendo il duello e guadagnandosi tutte le sue proprietà. In seguito sposò Gyða e visse con lei per qualche tempo tra l'Inghilterra e l'Irlanda. Un giorno durante una scorreria catturò una mandria di centinaia vacche ma un allevatore irlandese chiese di restituirgli il maltolto nominando un certo numero di pecore. Óláfr disse che gliele avrebbe restituite se il suo cane da pastore fosse stato in grado di riconoscerle. Ci riuscì e il norvegese, impressionato, volle acquistare quel cane, che chiamò Vígi, in cambio di un anello d'oro.\n\nDurante la permanenze nelle Isole Britanniche prese probabilmente parte alle invasioni vichinghe dell'Inghilterra nel 991 e, insieme al re danese Sven Barbaforcuta, anche nel 994, compiendo scorrerie a Maldon, a Northumbria, in Scozia, nelle Isole Ebridi, a Man, in Irlanda, in Galles, e nel Cumberland, per poi finire in Valland (nel nord della Francia).\n\nNell'occasione di un attacco fallito su Londra sembra si debba collocare la sua conversione al Cristianesimo. Fu questo il momento in cui Olaf decise di ritornare in patria, infatti il re inglese lo aveva convocato facendogli promettere di non attaccare più l'Inghilterra in cambio di oro e schiavi.\n\nAlla fine Hákon Sigurðarson, re di Norvegia, venne a sapere di un uomo di Dublino che si faceva passare per un russo di nome Áli, la cui descrizione però ben si adattava a quella del figlio di Tryggvi. Mandò pertanto in quella città Þórir detto Klakka, che era stato suo compagno in molte scorrerie. Questi trovò Óláfr, che chiedendo informazioni sul suo paese d'origine e su Hákon scoprì di fatto la sua identità. In ogni caso Þórir decise di restare con lui sostenendolo nel suo progetto di ottenere il trono di Norvegia. Óláfr salpò dall'Irlanda con cinque navi e dopo aver sostato alle Ebridi si portò nelle Orcadi dove costrinse lo jarl Sigurð Hløðvisson e la popolazione a convertirsi al Cristianesimo, a giurargli fedeltà e a cedergli come ostaggio suo figlio Hvelpr (o Hundi).\n\nAscesa al trono \nNel 995 Óláfr sbarcò in Norvegia presso l'isola di Moster, nell'Hordaland, in un punto in cui in seguito fu costruita una delle prime chiese del paese. Continuò poi a navigare verso nord senza annunciare il suo arrivo per cogliere di sorpresa Hákon, che in quei giorni si trovava presso Agdenes. Entrato nel Trondheimsfjord venne intercettato da tre navi guidate da Erlengr, figlio di Hákon, che però rilevata la superiorità numerica dell'avversario si ritirarono verso la costa. Le tre navi di Erlengr raggiunsero una zona dal fondale basso e l'equipaggio si gettò subito in mare per portarsi a riva ma proprio mentre Erlengr stava per raggiungere la spiaggia fu ucciso da Óláfr che lo colpì con la barra del timone. Si accese una breve mischia sulla riva che terminò con la fuga degli uomini di Hákon. Una volta approdato Óláfr apprese che il popolo del Trøndelag si era ribellato ed aveva messo in fuga Hákon e i suoi uomini. Sapendo di avere il supporto degli abitanti di quella terra, Óláfr annunciò che chiunque avesse ucciso Hákon sarebbe stato ricompensato, così un gran numero di uomini iniziò a rastrellare le valli attorno a Trondheim senza però riuscire a catturarlo. Si dice che Hákon si trovasse proprio lì in quel momento, sebbene sotto travestimento, ed avesse udito il discorso in compagnia di un suo schiavo di nome Klakkr. Quella notte Hákon ebbe un violento attacco di panico, problema di cui soffriva da tempo, e il suo schiavo, non riuscendo a reggere la tensione dovuta alla taglia pendente sulla sua testa e alle condizioni del suo padrone, prese un coltellaccio e lo sgozzò per poi decapitarlo. Portò poi la testa ad Óláfr che però ordinò che fosse arrestato e decapitato a sua volta. Le teste furono esposte al pubblico presso il patibolo dell'isola di Munkholmen mentre il corpo di Hákon fu bruciato. Da allora e per molto tempo il suo soprannome passò da inn ríki (\"il Potente\") a inn illi (\"il Malvagio\").\n\nDopo la morte di Hákon, Óláfr fu acclamato re prima da un'assemblea generale tenutasi a Trondheim poi dal popolo del Trøndelag. Tra l'inverno del 995 e l'estate del 996 il re percorse in lungo e in largo la Norvegia e fu riconosciuto da tutti quale nuovo sovrano, anche dal Vík e dall'Oppland che prima della sua venuta erano soggetti a re Sweyn I di Danimarca. Sveinn ed Eiríkr, figli di Hákon, ripararono in Svezia da re Olof III.\n\nCristianizzazione della Norvegia \nÓláfr Tryggvason è noto per aver avviato la cristianizzazione della Norvegia. Snorri racconta che il re passò l'estate del 996 nel Vík e qui riunì un'assemblea a cui parteciparono gli zii materni Sigurðr, Karlshøfud, Jósteinn e Þorkell Dyrðill, il patrigno Loðinn insieme ai cognati Þorgeirr e Hyningr. Annunciò di voler cristianizzare la Norvegia e chiese il loro supporto in cambio di titoli e proprietà. Essi accettarono e allora la proposta fu annunciata a tutto il popolo del Vík e una parte di esso abbracciò al nuova religione. Questa regione era stata infatti precedentemente cristianizzata dai danesi sotto Harald Dente Azzurro ma non appena il re era morto, quasi tutti erano tornati al paganesimo. Coloro che si opposero però furono duramente perseguitati e costretti a convertirsi forzatamente. L'anno successivo riuscì a cristianizzare l'Agder. Quando fu convocata l'assemblea nel Rogaland inizialmente il popolo si oppose alla proposta ma secondo la leggenda per miracolo nessuno dei contadini deputati a parlare riuscì ad esprimersi e alla fine tutti deciserò di battezzarsi. Fu il turno dell'Hordaland, retto dai figli di Kári, una regione molto legata alle pratiche del paganesimo norreno in cui il popolo ovviamente si oppose alla cristianizzazione. Fu convocato pertanto il Gulaþing dove Ølmóðr inn Gamli (il Vecchio), uno dei figli di Kári, disse chiaramente al re che la sua terra si sarebbe opposta con le armi alla conversione forzata a meno che non fosse stato disposto a unire in matrimonio la sorella Ástriðr con il nipote Erlingr Skjálgsson, uno dei rampolli più promettenti dell'Hordaland. Ástriðr inizialmente declinò l'offerta ma poi fu persuasa da Óláfr. Erlingr divenne jarl di Rogaland e Hordaland, il più potente della Norvegia. L'assemblea successiva si tenne presso Penisola di Stad e vi fu convocata la gente del Sogn og Fjordane e del Møre og Romsdal che pur avversando la nuova religione decise di convertirsi in ragione delle forze insufficienti per poter fronteggiare l'esercito del nuovo re. Óláfr passò poi a distruggere il tempio di Hlaðir presso l'odierna Trondheim. Il gesto scatenò l'ira della gente del Trøndelag e dell'Hålogaland che formò un esercito sufficientemente forte da far desistere temporaneamente il re dal tentativo di cristianizzare quei territori. Nell'inverno tra il 997 e il 998 Óláfr convertì il Ringerike, dov'era re Sigurðr detto Sýr (\"il Seminatore\") e fece da padrino per il suo figliastro di nome Óláfr, futuro re di Norvegia, frutto del matrimonio della moglie Ásta Guðbrandsdóttir con il precedente marito Harald Grenske.\n\nAd Óláfr viene attribuita la conversione di tutto il suo regno, anche se il processo di diffusione del cristianesimo si protrasse per tutto l'XI secolo. Si dice che Olaf abbia costruito la prima chiesa della Norvegia nel 995 e che abbia fondato, nel 997, la città di Kaupangen, l'attuale Trondheim. Sebbene probabilmente non fosse coinvolto dagli aspetti dottrinali e spirituali della nuova religione Olaf ne comprendeva invece i vantaggi, che aveva potuto verificare anche grazie alle sue scorrerie: infatti l'Europa quasi completamente cristianizzata forniva solide e potenti amicizie e ricchezze e tendeva invece a relegare ai margini della società i barbari pagani.\n\nLa sua politica di conversione gli creò tuttavia molti nemici. Per primi c'erano i pagani che aveva cercato di cristianizzare con la forza e poi i suoi vecchi alleati. Sven Barbaforcuta, approfittando della situazione, si unì ai rivoltosi per sconfiggere Olaf e così impadronirsi della Norvegia e delle province che il re gli aveva sottratto; il re svedese Olaf Skottkonung era inoltre ansioso di estendere i suoi domini in occidente; Eirik, il figlio del suo predecessore al trono Haakon Sigurdsson, bramava infine vendetta per il padre assassinato.\n\nBattaglia di Svolder e morte \n\nOlaf Tryggvason morì in un'imboscata al largo dell'isola di Svolder nel mar Baltico dove la sua flotta si trovò in inferiorità numerica e quando la sua ammiraglia, la Lungo Serpente, fu assalita, si gettò in mare.\nSui presupposti e le motivazioni che portarono alla battaglia di Svolder esistono tre differenti versioni. La prima si basa sulla Saga di Olaf Tryggvason, secondo la quale il re (a conoscenza della coalizione in atto contro di lui) partì da Nidaros con una flotta di oltre 60 imbarcazioni in cerca di alleati come Boleslav il polacco, re della regione del Wendland, il precedente marito della sua attuale moglie Thyri. Durante il ritorno in patria venne assalito dalla coalizione e vistosi sconfitto si gettò in mare. La seconda versione riferita da Adamo di Brema, storico vissuto 75 anni più tardi, riporta che Olaf infuriato per gli scopi della coalizione salpò con una flotta per punire i Danesi ma venne sorpreso e sconfitto. Secondo la terza ipotesi Olaf salpò con solo 11 navi per allearsi con Boreslav e arrivato a destinazione l'alleato gli avesse prestato 60 imbarcazioni comandate dal capitano Sigvaldi che all'inizio della battaglia lo tradì e lo abbandonò al suo destino.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n\n J.R.R. Tolkien, \"Il ritorno di Beorhnoth figlio di Beorhthelm\", Bompiani, 2009.\n Gwyn Jones, “I Vichinghi”, G.T.E. Newton, Roma, 1977.\n\nVoci correlate \n Aroldo I di Danimarca\n Eiríkr Hákonarson\n Hákon Sigurðarson\n Norvegia\n Re di Norvegia\n Sveinn Hákonarson\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nRe di Norvegia\nH", "Le Figi (in figiano Viti; in hindi figiano फ़िजी; in inglese Fiji), ufficialmente Repubblica delle Figi (in inglese Republic of Fiji) sono uno Stato insulare dell'Oceania che sorge sull'arcipelago omonimo, composto di 322 isole, di cui 106 abitate permanentemente, e 522 isolotti.\n\nLa capitale delle Figi è Suva, che si trova nell'isola di Viti Levu. Le due isole maggiori, Viti Levu e Vanua Levu, contano circa l'87% della popolazione. I paesi più vicini sono a nord Tuvalu, a est Tonga, a ovest Vanuatu e la Nuova Caledonia, e a sud la Nuova Zelanda.\n\nEtimologia \n\nLa più grande isola dell'arcipelago delle Figi è conosciuta come Viti Levu ed è da questa che deriva il nome “Fiji”, attraverso la pronuncia dei vicini delle Isole Tonga. L'origine del nome è di seguito ben descritta:\n\nGli europei fecero la prima conoscenza dei figiani attraverso gli scritti dei membri delle spedizioni di Cook, che li incontrò a Tonga. Sono stati descritti come formidabili guerrieri e feroci cannibali, costruttori dei migliori vascelli del Pacifico, ma navigatori non notevoli. Suscitavano rispetto e terrore negli abitanti di Tonga e tutti i loro manufatti, in particolare gli abiti di corteccia e le mazze, erano tenuti in grande considerazione e molto richiesti. Chiamavano la loro terra Viti, ma gli abitanti di Tonga la chiamavano Fisi, ed è attraverso questa pronuncia, divenuta in inglese Fiji, inizialmente usata dal Capitano James Cook, che queste isole sono ora conosciute.\n\nStoria \n\nIn tempi antichi le Figi furono popolate da popoli che parlavano lingue oceaniche.\nI primi abitanti delle Figi arrivarono molto prima dei contatti con gli esploratori Europei nel XVII secolo. Vasellame scavato da centri abitati come Moturiki mostra che le Figi sono state abitate stabilmente prima o intorno al 1000 a.C., sebbene la questione delle migrazioni nel Pacifico ancora non sia chiarita.\n\nEsplorazioni europee \nL'esploratore Olandese Abel Tasman visitò le Figi nel 1643 mentre stava cercando il Grande Continente a Sud (noto anche come Terra Australis), vi sostò poi il navigatore inglese James Cook nel 1774 ma solo nelle Isole Lau; la vera e propria esplorazione dell'arcipelago fu tuttavia compiuta dal capitano William Bligh nel 1789.\n\nNel secolo successivo le isole furono raggiunte da coloni europei, soprattutto britannici, attratti dalla possibilità di commerciare il legno di sandalo. Le confederazioni si rafforzano fino alla costituzione del regno di Viti unificato nel 1871.\n\nColonizzazione britannica \nLa difficile convivenza tra i nuovi venuti e le popolazioni autoctone indusse i coloni e i capi tribali a dover chiedere aiuto alla Gran Bretagna. Nel 1874, dopo il regno di Viti del ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, le isole divennero colonia britannica e rimasero tali fino alla proclamazione dell'indipendenza, che fu concessa solo nel 1970. L'introduzione della monocoltura della canna da zucchero e il conseguente afflusso di lavoratori indiani modificarono in breve tempo l'assetto complessivo delle isole principali. L'accrescere della popolazione indiana indusse gli indigeni, timorosi di perdere la loro supremazia, a stringere legami sempre più stretti con il paese colonizzatore.\n\nIndipendenza \nIl 10 ottobre 1970 il paese proclamò l'indipendenza, accettata dalla popolazione indigena in cambio di una serie di garanzie costituzionali. Dopo alcuni mesi lo Stato divenne membro delle Nazioni Unite. Il primo ministro delle isole indipendenti fu Ratu Kamisese Mara, portavoce dell'etnia figiana e dell'aristocrazia indigena rappresentata dal Grande consiglio dei capi.\n\nInterventi dell'esercito nella politica \n.\n\nAbolizione della Monarchia e istituzione della Repubblica \nIl secondo colpo di Stato del 1987 vide la Monarchia Britannica e il Governatore Generale rimpiazzati da un Presidente senza poteri, ed il paese cambiare la denominazione da \"Dominion of Fiji\" (Dominio di Figi) a \"Republic of Fiji\" (Repubblica di Figi), che divenne \"Republic of the Fiji Islands\" (Repubblica delle Isole Figi) nel 1997. I colpi di stato contribuirono ad una massiccia emigrazione Indiana; la popolazione rimasta si trovò in difficoltà economiche ma ciò assicurò che i Melanesiani divenissero la maggioranza.\n\nNel 1990 la nuova Costituzione, avallata dal Grande consiglio dei capi, riaffermò la supremazia nel paese dell'aristocrazia indigena e aggravò la situazione della popolazione indiana. Il Gruppo Contro le Discriminazioni Razziali (GARD) si formò per opporsi alla costituzione imposta unilateralmente e restaurare la costituzione del 1970. Sitiveni Rabuka, il Tenente Colonnello che guidò il colpo di Stato del 1987 divenne Primo Ministro nel 1992, con il sostegno di elezioni secondo le regole della nuova costituzione. Tre anni dopo, Rabuka stabilì la Commissione di Revisione della Costituzione, che nel 1997 portò ad una nuova Costituzione, sostenuta dai maggiori capi delle comunità Figiane e Indo-Figiane. Nel 1997 le Figi vennero riammesse nel Commonwealth.\n\nColpo di stato del 2000 \n\nIl nuovo millennio portò con sé un nuovo colpo di Stato, istigato da George Speight, che effettivamente dominò il governo di Mahendra Chaudhry, che divenne Primo Ministro a seguito della costituzione del 1997. Il Commodoro Frank Bainimarama assunse il potere esecutivo dopo le dimissioni, forse forzate, del Presidente Mara. Le Figi furono scosse da due rivolte nella Caserma Queen Elizabeth di Suva, alla fine del 2000, quando soldati ribelli crearono tumulti. L'Alta Corte ordinò il ripristino della costituzione e, nel settembre del 2001, elezioni generali furono indette per tornare alla democrazia, elezioni che furono vinte dal Primo Ministro ad interim Laisenia Qarase appartenente al partito di Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua.\n\nNel 2005, tra molte controversie, il governo Qarase propose l'istituzione della Commissione per l'Unità e la Riconciliazione, con il potere di raccomandare compensazioni per le vittime del colpo di Stato del 2000, e l'amnistia per i colpevoli. Comunque, i militari si opposero fortemente a questo programma, specialmente il comandante dell'esercito, Frank Bainimarama. Egli era d'accordo con i detrattori che sostenevano fosse una vergogna concedere l'amnistia ai sostenitori del governo in carica che ebbero un ruolo nel colpo di Stato. I suoi attacchi alla legislazione, che continuarono ininterrotti per tutto maggio, giugno e luglio, portarono ulteriori problemi nel suo rapporto con il governo, già teso.\n\nTra la fine di novembre e l'inizio di dicembre 2006, Bainimarama fu importante strumento del Colpo di Stato Figiano del 2006. Bainimarama stilò una lista di richieste a Qarase dopo che una proposta di legge era stata avanzata al parlamento, parte della quale offriva il perdono ai partecipanti al tentativo di colpo di Stato del 2000. Diede a Qarase un ultimatum con scadenza il 4 dicembre per decidere se accogliere le richieste o rassegnare le dimissioni dalla carica. Qarase rifiutò in modo netto di scegliere se accettare le richieste o dimettersi e il 5 dicembre il Presidente, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, dichiarò di aver firmato un ordine legale per sciogliere il Parlamento dopo aver incontrato Bainimarama.\n\nLe motivazioni del susseguirsi di tanti colpi di stato vanno sempre ricercate nella ritrosia dell'aristocrazia indigena ad accettare la democrazia e la forza elettorale, oltre che produttiva, della comunità indiana.\n\nLe Figi hanno un esercito piuttosto numeroso se comparato alle loro dimensioni, e sono state uno dei maggiori contributori alle Missioni di pace dell'ONU in varie parti del mondo. Inoltre, un numero rilevante di istruttori militari ha servito nel lucroso settore della sicurezza in Iraq al seguito della missione guidata dagli USA nel 2003.\n\n2006: la presa del potere da parte dei militari \nPrendendo a motivo la corruzione nel governo, il Commodoro Frank Bainimarama, Comandante delle Forze Militari della Repubblica delle Figi, iniziò una presa di potere militare il 5 dicembre 2006 contro il Primo Ministro che lui stesso aveva nominato dopo il colpo di Stato del 2000. Già in passato, nel 1987 e nel 2000, vi erano stati colpi di stato contro governi guidati o influenzati dalla comunità Indo-Figiana.\n\nIn quest'occasione, invece, i militari si sollevarono contro un governo indigeno Figiano, che sostenevano essere corrotto e razzista. Il Commodoro si sostituì al Presidente e sciolse il parlamento, preparando la strada perché i militari completassero la presa di potere.\n\nIl colpo di Stato fu il culmine di settimane di speculazioni a seguito del conflitto fra il Primo Ministro eletto, Laisenia Qarase, e il Commodoro Bainimarama. Bainamarama ha ripetutamente fatto richieste e posto ultimatum al Primo Ministro. Una particolare richiesta riguardava la legge pendente per l'amnistia ai partecipanti il colpo di Stato del 2000. A dispetto dell'intervento per la riconciliazione delle parti del Presidente, del Vice Presidente e di Helen Clark, Primo Ministro della Nuova Zelanda, non c'era volontà di fare concessioni da nessuna delle parti. Questo è il motivo per cui la crisi non si poté risolvere.\n\nBainimarama nominò Jona Senilagakali Primo Ministro ad interim. La settimana seguente Bainimarama disse di voler chiedere al Gran Consiglio dei Capi di restituire il potere esecutivo al Presidente, Ratu Josefa Iloilo. Il 6 dicembre, Bainimarama dichiarò lo stato di emergenza, e intimò che non avrebbe tollerato alcuna violenza o ribellione.\n\nA seguito del colpo di Stato, il Commonwealth of Nations indisse una riunione di emergenza a Londra, dove fu dichiarata sospesa l'adesione delle Figi.\n\nIl 9 dicembre, i comandanti militari pubblicarono un annuncio per ricoprire posizioni nel Governo, inclusi posti di gabinetto, attraverso un giornale nazionale. Specificarono che i candidati dovevano possedere “qualità morali fuori del comune”, essere senza precedenti penali, né avere mai dichiarato bancarotta.\nSempre il 9 dicembre la IFNA ritirò il diritto delle Figi ad ospitare il Campionato Mondiale 2007 di Netball come conseguenza della presa di potere dei militari. Ci si aspettava che il ritiro avesse un significativo impatto nelle Figi a causa della popolarità di uno sport come il Netball.\n\nIl 4 gennaio 2007, i militari annunciarono che stava per essere restituito il potere esecutivo al Presidente Iloilo, che fece una dichiarazione alla radio che confermava l'azione intrapresa dai militari. Il giorno seguente, Iloilo nominò Bainimarama Primo Ministro ad Interim, indicando che i militari avevano ancora il controllo effettivo.\n\nAll'inizio della presa di potere, rapporti facevano emergere intimidazioni di alcuni critici del regime ad interim. È stato confermato che due individui sono morti sotto custodia militare dal dicembre 2006. Si sono fatte indagini su queste morti e sussistono sospetti, ma non si è ancora arrivati ad un processo.\n\nViste le continue critiche dei vicini, specificatamente Australia e Nuova Zelanda, l'Alto Commissario (HighCommissioner) della Nuova Zelanda Michael Green è stato espulso dalle Figi a metà del giugno 2007, a seguito dell'innalzamento delle misure di emergenza (riconosciute generalmente come uno sviluppo positivo da osservatori esterni).\n\nNel settembre 2007, il Commodoro Frank Bainimarama disse che i militari Figiani avevano nuovamente dichiarato lo stato di emergenza perché il Primo Ministro Laisenia Qarase, che lui credeva espulso, era coinvolto in un tentativo di destabilizzazione quando era tornato a Suva dopo 8 mesi di esilio nella sua isola natale, Vanuabalavu a Lau, è stato stabilito che Elezioni saranno indette per marzo 2009.\n\nIl Governo ad interim ha formato una Commissione anti-corruzione che ha ricevuto numerosi reclami e dichiarazioni, e ci sono state molte dimissioni da membri di alto livello del governo e di industriali collegati.\n\nNel novembre 2007 ci sono state molte convocazioni per interrogatori riguardo a un complotto di assassinio diretto contro il Primo Ministro ad interim, ufficiali anziani dell'esercito e membri del gabinetto ad interim.\n\nNell'aprile 2009, la Corte d'Appello Fijiana ha stabilito che il golpe del 2006 era stato illegale. Questo sentenza ha provocato la crisi costituzionale del 2009. Il presidente Iloilo ha abrogato la costituzione, rimosso tutti i titolari di cariche in base alla costituzione compresi i giudici e il governatore della Banca centrale. Ha poi riconfermato Bainimarama come primo ministro sotto la sua ala protettrice \"New Order\" e ha imposto un \"regolamento emergenza pubblica\" limitando gli spostamenti interni e permettendo la censura nei confronti della stampa.\n\nNel suo indirizzo del nuovo anno 2010, Bainimarama ha annunciato l'abolizione del regolamento di emergenza pubblica (PER). Il PER era stato istituito nell'aprile 2009, quando l'ex costituzione venne abrogata. Il PER aveva permesso restrizioni alle riunioni pubbliche e alla censura dei media e aveva dato alle forze di sicurezza ulteriori poteri. Ha inoltre annunciato un processo di consultazione a livello nazionale per una nuova Costituzione in base alle quali si terranno le elezioni del 2014.\n\nIl 14 marzo 2014 il gruppo di azione ministeriale del Commonwealth ha votato la modifica riguardante le Figi e dalla completa sospensione al Commonwealth of Nations hanno adottato una sospensione dai consigli del Commonwealth. Ciò ha consentito alle Figi di partecipare ad una serie di attività del Commonwealth, inclusi i Giochi del Commonwealth del 2014.\n\nLe elezioni generali si sono svolte il 17 settembre 2014. La FijiFirst di Bainimarama ha vinto con il 59,2% del voto e le elezioni sono state ritenute credibili da un gruppo di osservatori internazionali provenienti dall'Australia, dall'India e dall'Indonesia.\n\nGeografia \n\nL'arcipelago delle Figi è composto da 322 isole (di cui 106 abitate) e 522 piccoli isolotti, disposti intorno al mar di Koro. Le isole principali sono due: Viti Levu e Vanua Levu. Le isole sono montuose, con cime alte fino a metri, e coperte da fitta foresta tropicale. Viti Levu ospita la capitale, Suva, ed è la residenza di circa tre quarti della popolazione. Altre città importanti sono Nadi, centro turistico molto importante di oltre residenti (dove si trova l'aeroporto internazionale), e Lautoka con abitanti (dove ci sono una grande fabbrica di zucchero e il porto). Le maggiori città di Vanua Levu sono Labasa e Savusavu. Altre isole e gruppi di isole includono Taveuni e Kadavu (la terza e la quarta isola per grandezza, rispettivamente), il Gruppo delle Mamanuca (appena fuori Nadi) e il Gruppo delle Yasawa (più esclusive e selvagge, tra le quali spicca l'isola di Nacula), il Gruppo delle Lomaiviti, fuori Suva, e il lontano gruppo delle Isole Lau. Rotuma, che si trova circa 500 chilometri a nord dell'arcipelago, ha uno speciale status amministrativo. Lo Stato confinante più vicino è Tonga.\n\nL'area totale compresa entro i confini della nazione è di circa , di cui solo il 10% è rappresentato da terre.\n\nL'arcipelago è situato all'incirca a metà strada tra Vanuatu e Tonga e rappresenta quindi una sorta di crocevia nel Pacifico sud-occidentale. Il 180º meridiano passa proprio attraverso Taveuni, ma la linea internazionale del cambio di data viene appositamente piegata per consentire un tempo uniforme a tutto il gruppo di isole.\n\nRotuma, la più settentrionale delle isole, è situata appena 12° 30′ al di sotto dell'equatore.\n\nMorfologia \n\nLe isole dell'arcipelago sono disposte a ferro di cavallo, costellate da numerosi atolli corallini e bagnate dal mar di Koro. Le principali sono Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kandavu, Koro e Rotuma. Di origine vulcanica, presentano ingenti depositi di calcare e sono quindi caratterizzate da una morfologia prevalentemente montuosa e accidentata che, lungo i litorali, lascia il posto a fasce pianeggianti. Il punto più elevato dell'arcipelago è il monte Victoria o Tomanivi (), a Viti Levu.\n\nIdrografia \nDi modesta entità sono i fiumi; soltanto Viti Levu è attraversata da corsi d'acqua di rilievo quali il Sigatoka e il Rewa.\n\nClima \nIl clima è tropicale, caldo e umido, con precipitazioni frequenti soprattutto tra novembre e aprile concentrate sui versanti orientale e sudorientale, maggiormente esposti agli alisei. La media annua della temperatura è di , quella delle precipitazioni di circa .\n\nMolto particolari le differenze di clima presenti nel paese: mentre le zone orientali sono umide e caratterizzate da acquazzoni improvvisi e molto più frequenti che nelle altre zone del paese, le parti occidentali sono più calde e secche.\n\nPopolazione \nNel luglio del 2011, la popolazione delle Figi ammontava a abitanti. \nIl 57,3% della popolazione appartiene al ceppo melanesiano dei figiani, chiamati ufficialmemte iTaukei, il 37,6% sono indiani, discendenti degli indiani giunti inizialmente per soddisfare la richiesta di manodopera dei coloni inglesi, 1,2% sono rotumiani e il rimanente 3,9% comprende europei, cinesi o persone originarie di altre isole del Pacifico.\n\nFra le due principali etnie si registrano tensioni.\n\nLingue \nLingue ufficiali sono l'inglese e il figiano standard (quello dell'isola di Bau), mentre la comunità di origine indiana parla l'hindi figiano.\n\nReligione \nLa maggioranza della popolazione professa la fede cristiana, il 55,4% sono protestanti (divisi fra metodisti 34,6%, pentecostali 5,7%, avventisti del settimo giorno 3,9%, anglicani 0,8%, altri 10,4%), i cattolici il 9,1%; gli induisti sono il 27,9%, musulmani 6,3%, sikh 0,3%, altro o non specificato 1%. Sono attivi circa Testimoni di Geova.\n\nCristiani: 64,5%\nProtestanti: 55,4%\nMetodisti: 34,6%\nPentecostali: 5,7%\nAvventisti: 3,9%\nAnglicani: 0,8%\nAltri: 10,4%\nCattolici: 9,1%\nTestimoni di Geova: <1% ( credenti)\nInduisti: 27,9%\nMusulmani: 6,3%\nAltro o non specificato: 1%\nSikh: 0,3%\n\nDiritti umani\n\nOrdinamento dello stato\n\nSuddivisioni storiche e amministrative \n\nLe Fiji sono suddivise in 4 divisioni, ulteriormente suddivise in 14 province. \nCentrale con 5 province: Naitasiri, Namosi, Rewa, Serua e Tailevu.\nOccidentale con 3 province: Ba, Nadroga-Navosa e Ra.\nOrientale con 3 province: Kadavu, Lau e Lomaiviti.\nSettentrionale con 3 province: Bua, Cakaudrove e Macuata.\nAlle divisioni è inoltre equiordinata una dipendenza, Rotuma.\n\nVi sono poi 3 suddivisioni di rilevanza esclusivamente storica che corrispondono alle entità che costituivano il regno delle Fiji durante il regno di Seru Epenisa Cakobau. Tali suddivisioni sono:\nBurebasaga;\nKubuna;\nTovata.\n\nLe province sono a loro volta divise in distretti (Tikina Cokavata), divisi in sottodistretti (Tikina Vou), divisi in gruppi di villaggi (Koro), divisi infine in villaggi. Solo dodici koro hanno lo status di town e due quello di city.\n\nInfine, le isole sono divise in 25 collegi elettorali e gli elettori son divisi in classi: \"figiani indigeni\", \"indo-figiani\", \"rotumani\" e \"altri figiani\" (europei e cinesi in maggioranza) e ogni elettore può scegliere solo candidati della sua classe di appartenenza.\n\nCittà principali \nLa capitale è Suva. Altri centri importanti sono Lautoka, Lami, Sigatoka e Nadi (sede del principale aeroporto della nazione).\n\nIstituzioni \nLa Costituzione prevede l'istituzione di tre organi giurisdizionali: la Corte suprema, l'Alta corte delle Fiji e la Corte d'appello delle Fiji. Il Capo della Giustizia presiede la Corte Suprema e l'Alta Corte.\n\nOrdinamento scolastico e università \nIl sistema scolastico è organizzato in circa 700 scuole primarie e 150 scuole secondarie statali o di tipo religioso, la frequenza scolastica non è obbligatoria ma la frequenza del ciclo primario è pari al 99%. .\n\n.\n\nSuva è sede dell'Università del Pacifico del Sud, fondata nel 1968, altre università sono la Fiji National University e il Fiji Institute of Technology.\n\nSistema sanitario\n\nForze armate \n\nL'esercito delle Figi è composto da circa soldati attivi e riservisti e, seppur piccolo, partecipa attivamente alle missioni di peacekeeping.\n\nBandiera \n\nLa Bandiera delle Figi è stata adottata il 10 ottobre 1970. Si tratta di una bandiera in campo azzurro chiaro, contenente lo stemma delle isole, e l'Union Jack in alto a sinistra.\n\nPolitica\n\nPolitica interna \n\nLa politica delle Figi normalmente può essere inquadrata come una repubblica democratica con parlamento di rappresentanti, in cui il Primo Ministro è il capo del governo, il Presidente il capo dello Stato, in un sistema multi-partitico.\n\nIl potere esecutivo è esercitato dal governo. Il potere legislativo è delegato sia al governo, sia al Parlamento delle Figi. Il potere giudiziario è indipendente dai poteri esecutivo e legislativo.\n\nDall'indipendenza ci sono stati quattro colpi di stato nelle Figi, due nel 1987, uno nel 2000 e uno alla fine del 2006. L'esercito ha comunque dominato direttamente, o pesantemente influenzato, il governo dal 1987.\n\nPolitica estera \nLe isole Fiji sono presenti in Europa, tramite la Delegazione delle Isole Fiji nell'Unione Europea, che è anche l'Ambasciata delle Isole Fiji a Bruxelles. Questa delegazione è inoltre accreditata presso tutti gli Stati membri dell'Unione in cui le Figi non hanno una delegazione. L'attuale rappresentante è Ratu Seremaia Tui Cavuilati , che è anche ambasciatore in Belgio. Lo scopo della missione è promuovere gli interessi economici delle Figi nel settore dello zucchero, in particolare con gli accordi ACP .\n\nEconomia \n\nIl prodotto interno lordo delle Figi, a parità di potere d'acquisto, è di milioni di dollari USA, corrispondente a circa dollari pro capite (2012). L'economia fondata in larga misura sulla produzione di canna da zucchero oltre che sulla coltivazione di palme da cocco e frutta esotica. Manioca, patate dolci e riso sono destinati al consumo interno. Di scarso rilievo è l'allevamento, mentre consistente è il patrimonio boschivo (circa il 44,6% del territorio) dal quale si ricava legname destinato al consumo interno; la pesca, prima condotta con criteri tradizionali che soddisfacevano solo il bisogno interno, è in fase di sviluppo. L'attività estrattiva poggia sui giacimenti di oro, argento, manganese e rame. Il valore complessivo delle esportazioni nel 1999 era di 590 milioni di dollari, mentre le importazioni ammontavano a 800 milioni di dollari. Questi dati testimoniano come il paese sia subordinato ai fornitori di prodotti industriali, soprattutto Australia, Nuova Zelanda e Regno Unito. Un settore in espansione è quello turistico: nel 1999 gli arrivi sono stati . Nel 1997 la bilancia commerciale era di 520 milioni di dollari di entrate e 628 milioni di uscite. La valuta ufficiale è il dollaro figiano. Data la posizione geografica dell'arcipelago, l'aeroporto di Nadi riveste particolare importanza per le comunicazioni internazionali. La rete stradale è di circa ; una ferrovia () è adibita al trasporto della canna.\n\nTrasporti \n\nC'è un importante aeroporto chiamato Aeroporto Internazionale di Nadi.\n\nTurismo\n\nValuta \nLa valuta corrente nelle Figi è il dollaro delle Figi. Indicato con il simbolo $, o FJ$ (per distinguerlo dalle altre valute denominate con la parola \"dollaro\"), è diviso in 100 centesimi.\n\n.\n\nIl dollaro figiano viene coniato tuttora dalla banca centrale delle Figi.\n\nAmbiente \nIl 100,0% del territorio è totalmente/parzialmente protetto.\n\nFlora \n\nLa vegetazione è caratterizzata da fitte foreste (soprattutto nella parte più orientale) e con tratti di savana nelle zone più aride.\n\nFauna \nLa popolazione locale ha imparato nei millenni a utilizzare la flora nativa nella preparazione del cibo, delle medicine, delle tinture per tessuti, degli utensili e dei materiali da costruzione. Circa anni fa i primi abitanti dell'arcipelago portarono con sé pollame, cani e maiali, causando l'estinzione di alcune delle specie indigene di avifauna. I pipistrelli sono stati gli unici a sopravvivere tra i mammiferi originari, mentre le specie introdotte si sono perfettamente adattate al nuovo habitat, per esempio i cani selvatici, i gatti, i maiali, le capre e i topi. Nelle venti specie di rettili di terra sono incluse le tartarughe e i serpenti di mare. Esistono inoltre circa un centinaio di specie di avifauna, ventitré delle quali originarie dell'arcipelago. Anche la fauna marina è varia e abbondante e nelle acque delle Figi vivono molte specie di pesci, coralli, spugne, corallini, razze, squali, delfini e balene.\n\nCultura \n\nComplessivamente l'arte è primitiva e povera.\nRare sono le sculture e le decorazioni, poche sono le tipologie di maschere e di scudi. Da sottolineare le sculture antropomorfe e zoomorfe in midollo di felce e le decorazioni delle stoffe e la ceramica. Degni di nota sono i \"ganci di sospensione\" impreziositi da figure umane e le sculture di dente di capodoglio. La Cibi è una tipica danza di guerra delle Figi.\n\nArchitettura \nDi notevole interesse architettonico è la cattedrale del Sacro Cuore a Suva, risalente al 1902 e sede dell'arcidiocesi di Suva.\n\nPatrimoni dell'umanità\n\nLa città portuale storica di Levuka, nel 2013, è stata iscritta nella Lista dei patrimoni dell'umanità dell'UNESCO.\n\nMusica\nNel XXI secolo si è distinta la cantante Paulini.\n\nProduzione letteraria\nIn ambito letterario ricordiamo la figura di Mary Rokonadravu.\n\nCinema \nL'industria cinematografica ha spesso usato le isole Figi come location per girare film: \nNel 1932 Douglas Fairbanks girò Mr Robinson Crusoe alle Figi, ai Tahiti e Samoa\nIl film del 1949 Incantesimo nei mari del sud con Jean Simmons fu girato in parte sull'isola di Sawa-i-lau nelle isole Yasawa\nNel 1953 nel film Il trono nero con Burt Lancaster alcune scene furono girate a c, una spiaggia di Deuba sull'isola di Viti-Levu e presso il Grand Pacific Hotel a Suva \nSempre sull'isola principale, a Suva, venne girato nel 1974 Il ragazzo del mare, prodotto da Gregory Peck\nDel 1980 è il remake di Laguna blu, girato sull'isola di Nanuya Levu nelle isole Yasawa\nNel 1983 il film di pirati con Tommy Lee Jones Nate and Hayes venne girato a Pacific Harbour\nIl sequel Ritorno alla laguna blu del 1992 è girato sull'isola di Taveuni\nNel 1995/96 la serie tv Le avventure della famiglia Robinson è stata girata sull'isola di Nanuya Lailai, nelle isole Yasawa\nIl film Cast Away è stato girato a Monuriki, che fa parte delle isole Mamanuca, situate vicino a Viti Levu, l'isola più grande delle Figi. È diventata una meta turistica dopo l'uscita del film\nNel film The Truman Show il protagonista, rinchiuso in una realtà fittizia, ha il mito delle Figi, sulla cui natura selvaggia proietta il bisogno di libertà che gli viene negato\nNel 2004 viene girato a Pacific Harbour il film Anaconda - Alla ricerca dell'orchidea maledetta\nLa 14ª edizione di Survivor (2007) è stata girata a Vunivutu sull'isola di Vanua Levu\n\nMass media \n.\n\n.\n\nRicorrenza nazionale\n 10 ottobre: Fiji Day: celebra l'indipendenza dal Regno Unito, nel 1970\n\nSport \n\n, la nazionale figiana è stata presente in quasi tutte le edizioni della Coppa del Mondo, arrivando due volte ai quarti di finale. Nel rugby a 7, invece, le Isole Figi hanno ottenuto per due volte il titolo di \"Campioni del Mondo\" (1997 e 2005).\n\nLa Nazionale di rugby a 7 delle Figi, detiene inoltre due ori olimpici, ai Giochi della XXXI Olimpiade di Rio 2016 (prima medaglia olimpica per le Figi) e ai Giochi della XXXII Olimpiade di Tokyo 2020. Essendo queste le uniche edizioni delle Olimpiadi in cui è presente il rugby, le Fiji sono l'unica e più titolata nazione del mondo in tal senso.\n\n, .\n\n.\n\nLe Figi hanno dato i natali a una delle leggende della WWE: Jimmy \"Superfly\" Snuka infatti nacque a Suva, pur impersonando un personaggio samoano. Le isole hanno dato i natali anche al noto golfista Vijay Singh, vincitore di tre Major ed ex numero uno al mondo.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n\nScheda delle Figi dal sito Viaggiare Sicuri - Sito curato dal Ministero degli Esteri e dall'ACI.", "La battaglia di Trafalgar fu una celebre battaglia navale combattuta durante la guerra della terza coalizione, parte delle guerre napoleoniche.\n\nIl 21 ottobre 1805 la Royal Navy affrontò una flotta combinata franco-spagnola nelle acque dell'Atlantico al largo della costa sud-occidentale della Spagna, appena a ovest di Capo Trafalgar, vicino a Los Caños de Meca (Cadice). La flotta britannica colse la vittoria navale più decisiva della guerra. Ventisette vascelli da guerra britannici, sotto il comando dell'ammiraglio Horatio Nelson a bordo della HMS Victory, sconfissero trentatré navi da guerra franco-spagnole, agli ordini dell'ammiraglio francese Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve. La flotta franco-spagnola perse ventidue navi, senza che una sola nave britannica andasse perduta.\n\nLa spettacolare vittoria britannica confermò la supremazia navale che il Regno Unito aveva stabilito nel corso del XVIII secolo. Essa fu dovuta in buona misura all'abbandono da parte di Nelson delle tattiche navali ortodosse in uso prevalente durante tutta l'era della navigazione a vela e fino a quel momento, che consistevano nell'affrontare una flotta nemica disponendosi in una singola linea di battaglia parallela al nemico per facilitare la segnalazione in battaglia, il disimpegno e per massimizzare il volume di fuoco sulle aree di destinazione. Nelson invece divise le sue più ridotte forze in due colonne dirette perpendicolarmente contro la più grande flotta nemica, con risultati decisivi.\n\nNelson fu ferito a morte da un colpo di moschetto che gli perforò un polmone: restò però in vita abbastanza da essere informato della vittoria della sua flotta, non demoralizzando nel frattempo i suoi uomini che non si accorsero di nulla grazie a una marsina rosso sangue che egli, secondo alcune fonti, era solito indossare e che nascose il sanguinamento della ferita. Il comandante britannico diventò così uno dei più grandi eroi di guerra del Regno Unito. L'ammiraglio Villeneuve fu catturato insieme con la sua nave, la Bucentaure. L'ammiraglio siculo-spagnolo Federico Gravina fuggì con il resto della flotta ma subì una ferita al braccio sinistro che, non curata adeguatamente, lo portò alla morte alcuni mesi più tardi. Villeneuve partecipò ai funerali di Nelson, mentre era ancora prigioniero in libertà vigilata nel Regno Unito.\n\nPremesse \nLa pace di Amiens (1802), che segnò la fine della guerra della seconda coalizione antifrancese, non fu che un breve intervallo nel confronto tra Francia e Regno Unito: dopo 14 mesi, la Francia e il Regno Unito riaprirono le ostilità. La marina britannica bloccò subito quella francese nei porti di Brest e di Tolone, danneggiandola con l'inattività forzata.\n\nNel dicembre 1804 anche la Spagna entrò in guerra, al fianco della Francia, per respingere la minaccia britannica contro le sue colonie, offrendo a Napoleone la sua flotta e i suoi porti. Per sconfiggere definitivamente il Regno Unito, Napoleone progettò l'invasione della Gran Bretagna, e ammassò sulla costa della Manica un esercito di 161 000 uomini.\n\nSecondo i piani di Napoleone, la flotta franco-spagnola, al comando dell'ammiraglio Villeneuve (bloccato da Nelson nel porto di Tolone), avrebbe dovuto sfuggire al blocco e dirigersi verso le Indie occidentali; contemporaneamente, il commodoro Honoré Ganteaume, bloccato a Brest dall'ammiraglio Sir William Cornwallis, avrebbe dovuto effettuare la stessa operazione: insieme, i due avrebbero attaccato le colonie inglesi nei Caraibi per un paio di mesi e quindi, sarebbero ritornati in Europa per liberare le altre navi francesi o alleate, intrappolate nei porti di mezza Europa dalle squadre inglesi, creando così una grande flotta, potenzialmente invincibile, per attraversare la Manica.\n\nVilleneuve sfuggì alle navi inglesi e si diresse verso l'Atlantico. Al momento della fuga di Villeneuve, Nelson era momentaneamente assente, ma, quando fu informato dell'avvenuta rottura del blocco, si diresse subito con le sue navi verso il Mediterraneo orientale, credendo che l'obiettivo del nemico fosse ancora una volta l'Egitto; dopo aver cercato inutilmente i francesi in quelle acque, raggiunse le Indie occidentali e per la precisione Trinidad, dove, in base a erronee notizie raccolte dal servizio segreto inglese, pensava di incontrare finalmente Villeneuve (che agiva da solo, poiché il commodoro Ganteaume non era riuscito a lasciare l'Europa). Per gran parte dell'estate i due nemici si cercarono a vicenda in varie zone dell'oceano, inutilmente. Nell'agosto Nelson tornò in patria, e riprese il mare, a bordo della nave ammiraglia HMS Victory, il 14 settembre; nel frattempo era giunta notizia che Villeneuve era salpato per Cadice, dopo aver raccolto nuove forze.\n\nIl 28 settembre Nelson raggiunse il grosso della flotta inglese al largo di Cadice e, dopo aver lasciato alcune navi a controllare di nascosto i movimenti degli avversari, si ritirò oltre l'orizzonte.\n\nForze in campo \nLa flotta britannica era composta da 27 vascelli di linea e di 6 fregate (complessivamente 2 178 cannoni e 17 076 uomini), sotto il comando del viceammiraglio Lord Horatio Nelson, ed era ben addestrata e in perfetta efficienza. La flotta congiunta franco-spagnola invece era composta da 33 vascelli di linea (dei quali 15 spagnoli) e di 7 fregate, per un totale di 2 652 cannoni e 25 200 uomini agli ordini del viceammiraglio francese Pierre-Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve; le navi francesi non erano qualitativamente pari a quelle britanniche, e scarseggiavano sia marinai sia ufficiali esperti (questi ultimi, prevalentemente aristocratici, erano stati decimati dalle esecuzioni e dall'emigrazione durante la Rivoluzione francese). La squadra spagnola era comandata dall'ammiraglio don Federico Gravina: le sue navi erano migliori di quelle francesi (la Spagna aveva una maggiore tradizione navale), ma gli equipaggi erano raccogliticci e inesperti.\n\nSvolgimento \n\nIl 20 ottobre 1805 la flotta francese congiunta, comandata da Pierre de Villeneuve salpò da Cadice e fu diretta a Cartagena inseguita dalle fregate inglesi che tenevano informato l'ammiraglio Nelson. La manovra fu lenta e imprecisa a causa della fitta nebbia e del vento contrario che la squadra dovette affrontare.\n\nLe trentatré navi franco-spagnole si trovarono così, all'imbrunire, sparse a distanza di circa un decimo di miglio (circa 180 metri) l'una dall'altra, su un'area di circa quattro miglia di mare, al largo di Capo Trafalgar.\n\nAlle ore 6:20 del 21 ottobre 1805 Pierre de Villeneuve ordinò che la flotta si disponesse in linea militare di combattimento.\nNel medesimo frangente Nelson operò un cambio di strategia, ovvero invece di attaccare con una formazione divisa in tre colonne come precedentemente ipotizzato, scelse di disporre le navi inglesi su due colonne parallele, una comandata dal suo vice, il viceammiraglio Collingwood, a bordo del Royal Sovereign, l'altra dalla Victory, comandata da lui stesso.\n\nLa manovra (il cosiddetto Tocco di Nelson), decisamente inusuale rispetto al tradizionale schieramento a linea di fila, rappresenta l'idea geniale dell'ammiraglio inglese: il principale svantaggio stava nell'estrema vulnerabilità delle navi ammiraglie e di quelle a seguire, che volontariamente si ponevano in una posizione detta in gergo militare \"a T\", sottoposte quindi al fuoco incrociato di tutta la flotta nemica; di contro, il vantaggio era la possibilità di ogni nave di sparare con tutti i pezzi, al contrario dei franco-spagnoli, costretti a utilizzare un solo fianco.\n\nAlle ore 11:30 iniziò la vera e propria battaglia, l'ammiraglio Nelson fece issare il noto segnale: «L’Inghilterra si aspetta che ogni uomo faccia il suo dovere».\n\nA mezzogiorno circa, i cannoni militari della Fougueux tuonarono sul mare, aprendo il fuoco incrociato delle navi francesi e spagnole contro le navi in testa alle due colonne inglesi. Nonostante il fitto bombardamento con cannoneggiamento, la Victory e la Royal Sovereign avanzarono inarrestabili riuscendo a incunearsi negli intervalli della lunga fila, scatenando una mischia furiosa e riducendo così l'inferiorità numerica.\n\nNonostante il violento inizio della battaglia in cui la vittoria sembrava già a favore degli inglesi, lo scontro proseguì furioso per oltre cinque ore e i marinai dei tre Paesi si batterono con grande valore. Alle ore 13:30 circa, l'ammiraglio Nelson fu ferito sul ponte della Victory, colpito da un francese tiratore scelto che gli perforò un polmone; morì dopo due ore, ma la sua insegna non venne ammainata per tutta la durata della battaglia, per non demoralizzare i marinai inglesi. Poco dopo le ore 14:00 l'ammiraglia francese Bucentaure, semidistrutta e con a bordo l'ammiraglio Villeneuve e tutto il suo Stato Maggiore, si arrese agli inglesi.\n\nPerdite \nI franco-spagnoli persero complessivamente 22 navi (una affondata, 21 catturate compresa la Santísima Trinidad, nave ammiraglia della flotta spagnola); i francesi ebbero 2 218 morti e 1 155 feriti, gli spagnoli 1 025 morti e 1 383 feriti (compreso l'ammiraglio Gravina, che morì qualche tempo dopo). Le navi britanniche subirono danni gravi (compresa la Victory), ma nessuna andò perduta; i morti inglesi furono 458 (compreso l'ammiraglio Nelson), i feriti 1 208.\n\nConseguenze \nLa vittoria britannica di Trafalgar chiuse definitivamente il secolare duello anglo-francese per il controllo degli oceani: Napoleone dovette rinunciare all'invasione della Gran Bretagna, che diventò la padrona assoluta dei mari fino alla prima guerra mondiale. L'ammiraglio Nelson fu celebrato dagli inglesi come un eroe nazionale; l'ammiraglio Villeneuve, liberato alla fine della guerra della terza coalizione, si suicidò per non dover affrontare l'ira di Napoleone.\n\nOnorificenze \nAlla battaglia di Trafalgar è stata dedicata Trafalgar Square a Londra, celebre piazza inglese.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n A. Martelli, La lunga rotta per Trafalgar, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009.\n Marco Zatterin, Trafalgar. La battaglia che fermò Napoleone, Milano, Rizzoli Storica, 2005.\n Giuliano Da Frè, Il vallo di legno, Rid-Rivista Italiana Difesa, ottobre 2005, pp. 82–97.\n Giuliano Da Frè, Storia delle battaglie sul mare: da Salamina alle Falkland, Odoya, Bologna 2014.\n Guido Gerosa, Napoleone, un rivoluzionario alla conquista di un impero, Milano, Mondadori, 1995, pp. 316–335, ISBN 88-04-41829-X.\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nGuerra nel 1805\nTrafalgar\nTrafalgar\nTrafalgar\nTrafalgar\nTrafalgar\nBarbate", "È stato uno dei più famosi astronomi, astrofisici, astrobiologi e astrochimici del Novecento. Lo si ricorda inoltre come grande divulgatore scientifico, come scrittore di fantascienza e come epistemologo in qualità di uno dei maggiori esponenti dello scetticismo scientifico.\n\nNel corso della sua vita Sagan pubblicò più di 600 tra articoli scientifici e di divulgazione scientifica, e fu autore, coautore o editore di più di 20 libri. Nelle sue opere ha frequentemente appoggiato l'analisi scettica, l'umanesimo secolare e il metodo scientifico. È stato uno dei fondatori del Progetto SETI per la ricerca delle intelligenze extraterrestri.\n\nBiografia \nCarl Edward Sagan nasce il 9 novembre 1934 a New York, nel quartiere di Brooklyn, da una famiglia ebraica di origine russa.\n\nHa avuto una sorella, Carol, e la famiglia ha vissuto in un modesto appartamento vicino all'oceano Atlantico, in Bensonhurst, un quartiere di Brooklyn. Secondo Sagan i suoi genitori erano ebrei riformati, la più liberale delle tre principali correnti dell'ebraismo moderno. Sia Carl sia sua sorella convengono circa il fatto che loro padre non era particolarmente osservante della tradizione religiosa, mentre la loro madre \"sicuramente credeva in Dio, ed era attiva presso il tempio... e serviva solo carne kosher\".\n\nLaureato in fisica, si specializzò in astrofisica presso l'Università di Chicago, dove conseguì il dottorato di ricerca nel 1960. Durante i suoi studi, spese diverso tempo lavorando nel laboratorio del genetista Hermann Joseph Muller.\n\nDal 1962 al 1968 lavorò presso lo Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory a Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nPresso la Cornell University, Sagan diresse poi il Laboratorio per gli studi planetari e come docente, tenne corsi di pensiero critico fino alla propria morte. Sebbene i posti disponibili per ogni semestre fossero solo venti, questi corsi contavano centinaia di iscritti all'anno. Dopo la morte di Sagan, i corsi furono interrotti, per essere ripresi solo nel 2000 dal dottor Yervant Terzian.\n\nSagan era uno studioso profondamente appassionato dei misteri di Marte: il suo grande sogno era lo sbarco dell'uomo sul pianeta rosso, avvenimento che era certo si sarebbe realizzato presto.\n\nPioniere dell'esobiologia, consulente della NASA per le più importanti missioni spaziali planetarie americane e ideatore del progetto SETI. Fu lui assieme a Frank Drake a far apporre sulla sonda Pioneer 10 la famosa targa che reca i \"saluti\" del genere umano a eventuali intelligenze aliene elaborandone il messaggio in informazioni elementari in grado di essere comprese da membri di una razza extraterrestre e del più complesso Voyager Golden Record caricato sulle sonde del Programma Voyager.\n\nBrillante scrittore e conferenziere scientifico, vinse nel 1978 il Premio Pulitzer per la saggistica con I draghi dell'Eden: considerazioni sull'evoluzione dell'intelligenza umana (The Dragons of Eden).\n\nNel 1980 ha fondato con Bruce Murray e Louis Friedman la Planetary Society, una società senza fini di lucro, con la missione di ispirare i popoli della Terra a esplorare altri mondi, comprendere il nostro, e cercare vita altrove, un'organizzazione che raccoglie oggi più di 100 000 membri appassionati dalle avventure spaziali e dell'esplorazione del sistema solare. La società si è occupata di creare un DVD contenente, tra gli altri, anche un messaggio di Carl Sagan a eventuali futuri visitatori marziani, che al momento si trova sulla sonda Phoenix, atterrata su Marte nel maggio del 2008.\n\nMorì dopo una lunga e difficile battaglia contro un cancro ematico, la mielodisplasia, che incluse radioterapia, chemioterapia e tre trapianti di midollo osseo; Sagan morì per una polmonite, complicanza del suo stato di salute, a 62 anni al Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center di Seattle, il 20 dicembre 1996. Il suo corpo è sepolto presso il Lakeview Cemetery di Ithaca.\n\nRisultati scientifici \nNel corso degli anni sessanta e settanta collaborò con la NASA per le missioni dei programmi Mariner, Voyager e Viking.\n\nIl contributo di Sagan fu essenziale alla scoperta delle alte temperature della superficie del pianeta Venere; secondo Sagan la superficie di Venere era secca ed estremamente calda, contrariamente all'immagine di un piacevole paradiso che altri pensatori avevano immaginato. Avendo studiato le emissioni radio da Venere, Sagan concluse che sul pianeta vi era una temperatura superficiale di circa 500 °C dovuto sicuramente al pesante effetto serra, risultato confermato nel 1962 dalla sonda NASA Mariner 2, al cui progetto lo stesso Sagan lavorò.\n\nSagan fu tra i primi a ipotizzare che una delle lune di Saturno, Titano, potesse possedere oceani di composti liquidi in superficie, e che Europa, una luna del pianeta Giove, potesse possedere oceani d'acqua liquida al di sotto di una spessa crosta di ghiaccio. Questo potrebbe fare di Europa un mondo potenzialmente sede di forme di vita. L'esistenza sotto i ghiacci di Europa di un oceano d'acqua è stata in seguito indirettamente confermata dalla sonda Galileo.\n\nSagan, meditando sulla questione se la vita terrestre potesse essere facilmente rilevata dallo spazio, progettò una serie di esperimenti nei tardi anni ottanta utilizzando gli strumenti della stessa sonda Galileo da compiere durante il primo flyby della Terra della missione nel dicembre 1990. Dopo l'acquisizione e l'elaborazione dei dati, Sagan fece una pubblicazione sulla rivista Nature nel 1993 dove presentò i risultati degli esperimenti formulando i cosiddetti \"criteri di Sagan per la vita\", che la sonda Galileo in seguito trovò, ovvero:\n forte assorbimento di luce nell'estremità rossa dello spettro visibile (in particolare sopra i continenti), causata dall'assorbimento della clorofilla durante la fotosintesi delle piante.\n assorbimento nello spettro dell'ossigeno molecolare, come risultato dell'attività delle piante.\n assorbimento nello spettro dell'infrarosso provocato dal metano in quantità di 1 micromole per mole.\n trasmissione di onde radio modulate a banda stretta, che non possono provenire da alcuna sorgente naturale.\n\nSagan ha inoltre contribuito a risolvere l'enigma rappresentato dalla foschia rossa osservata su Titano, concludendo che è composta di molecole organiche complesse che piovono sulla superficie della luna di Saturno. Contribuì con ulteriori intuizioni riguardanti le atmosfere di Venere e Giove e il ciclo stagionale su Marte. Sagan stabilì che l'atmosfera di Venere è estremamente calda e densa, con pressioni che aumentano progressivamente fino alla superficie.\n\nConsiderava inoltre il riscaldamento globale dovuto all'effetto serra come una crescente minaccia creata dall'uomo, assimilabile al naturale sviluppo di Venere in un pianeta rovente, ostile alla vita, attraverso un effetto serra sfuggito al controllo.\n\nSagan è comunque più noto per le sue ricerche sulla possibile esistenza di vita extraterrestre ed eventuali civiltà aliene, incluse dimostrazioni sperimentali della produzione di amminoacidi a partire da composti chimici semplici per azione degli effetti dovuti a un'eventuale esposizione a delle radiazioni, esperimenti che ricordano molto l'esperimento di Miller-Urey per l'azione analoga delle scariche elettriche dell'esperimento e delle radiazioni nelle dimostrazioni di Sagan. Partendo da questi presupposti, in cui grazie all'azione di scariche elettriche nella formazione di amminoacidi organici, Sagan e il suo collega Edwin Ernest Salpeter della Cornell University specularono riguardo alla possibilità della vita nelle nubi di Giove, data la composizione della densa atmosfera del gigante gassoso, ricca di molecole organiche. I tre ipotetici organismi su Giove sono stati definiti da Sagan e Salpeter rispettivamente \"galleggiatori\", \"sprofondatori\" e \"cacciatori\" (in lingua inglese, floaters, sinkers e hunters), e sono stati immaginati come delle creature simili a bolle di dimensioni gigantesche che si muovono per propulsione, espellendo l'elio atmosferico.\n\nInsieme ai colleghi J. B. Pollack e R. M. Goldstein ha effettuato importanti studi radar sul pianeta Marte. Dallo studio della variazione osservata da molti scienziati nella colorazione della superficie di Marte, Sagan concluse che questa variazione di colore non era stagionale o dovuta al ciclo di qualche vegetazione come molti credevano, quanto piuttosto da spostamenti della polvere superficiale causata da tempeste di sabbia.\n\nAltri risultati\n\nPlacche dei Pioneer \n\nFu Sagan assieme a Frank Drake a far apporre sulla sonda Pioneer 10 la famosa targa. Si trattava di effigi presenti su placche commemorative in alluminio anodizzato con oro che furono posizionate a bordo delle sonde Pioneer 10 e Pioneer 11, rispettivamente nel 1972 e nel 1973, nell'eventualità che le due sonde venissero intercettate da esseri extraterrestri. Queste placche mostrano le immagini nude di un uomo e una donna, contornate da vari simboli che hanno il fine di fornire informazioni sull'origine delle sonde, come: la transizione iperfine per inversione di spin dell'idrogeno neutro, il numero binario uno, la posizione relativa del Sole rispetto al centro della galassia, un diagramma schematico del sistema solare e infine, dietro le figure degli esseri umani, è rappresentato il contorno della sonda Pioneer nella stessa scala così la taglia degli esseri umani può essere dedotta misurando la navicella.\n\nLe sonde Pioneer sono stati i primi oggetti costruiti dall'uomo ad avventurarsi verso le regioni esterne del sistema solare. Le targhe sono fissate sui fronti dei supporti delle antenne in una posizione che le protegge dall'erosione della polvere interstellare.\n\nNel 1977 l'iniziativa è stata ripetuta col Voyager Golden Record, elaborando un messaggio più complesso e dettagliato veicolato da un disco fissato alle sonde Voyager e contenente suoni e filmati.\n\nVoyager Golden Record \n\nIl Voyager Golden Record è un disco per grammofono inserito nelle due sonde spaziali del Programma Voyager, lanciato nel 1977, contenente suoni e immagini selezionate al fine di portare le diverse varietà di vita e cultura della Terra. È concepito per qualunque forma di vita extraterrestre o per la specie umana del futuro che lo possa trovare. La sonda Voyager impiegherà 40 000 anni per arrivare nelle vicinanze di un'altra stella.\n\nLe probabilità che venga trovato da qualcuno sono estremamente remote in rapporto alla vastità dello spazio interstellare. Un suo possibile ritrovamento da parte di una forma di vita aliena potrà avvenire soltanto in un futuro molto lontano. Il suo lancio è infatti visto più che altro come qualcosa di simbolico che non un tentativo reale di comunicare con forme di vita extraterrestri.\n\nSagan fu il presidente del comitato che selezionò i contenuti delle registrazioni che le sonde del programma Voyager portarono con sé su un disco registrato di rame e placcato d'oro (il cosiddetto Voyager Golden Record) contenente immagini e suoni della Terra. Le istruzioni per accedere alle registrazioni sono incise sulla custodia del disco, nel caso \"qualcuno lo trovasse\". Il disco contiene una varietà di 115 immagini e un gran numero di suoni naturali, come quelli prodotti dalle onde, dal vento, dai tuoni e suoni prodotti da animali, come il canto degli uccelli e quello delle balene. Con questi venne inserita una selezione musicale proveniente da diverse culture e diverse epoche, oltre ai saluti di abitanti della Terra in 55 lingue diverse e la riproduzione del messaggio del presidente degli USA. Jimmy Carter e del Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite Kurt Waldheim. Dopo le critiche ricevute dalla NASA sull'inserimento nelle placche del programma Pioneer dell'immagine di un corpo maschile e uno femminile nudo, l'agenzia spaziale non permise a Sagan di inserire immagini di uomini e donne nude. I saluti nelle diverse lingue iniziano con l'accadico, parlato dagli Assiri circa 5 000 anni fa, e finiscono con la lingua wu, parlata attualmente in Cina.\n\nIl Pale Blue Dot \n\nFu Sagan a fare pressioni sulla NASA per ottenere dalle sonde Voyager le immagini cosiddette ritratto di famiglia e Pale Blue Dot, famose foto fatte dalla sonda Voyager 1 che ritraggono rispettivamente il sistema solare e la Terra. Nella foto ripresa dalla sonda a sei miliardi di chilometri oltre l'orbita di Plutone, la Terra viene mostrata come solo un \"pallido punto azzurro\".\n\nAltre attività\n\nDivulgazione scientifica e attività letteraria \nSagan era dotato di uno spiccato talento per la divulgazione, che utilizzava al servizio della scienza e dei progetti da lui sostenuti.\nL'abilità di Sagan nel trasmettere le sue idee permise a molti di comprendere meglio il cosmo - allo stesso tempo enfatizzando il valore e l'importanza dell'uomo e la relativa insignificanza della Terra in confronto all'universo. Tra il 1978 e il 1980, con la collaborazione della moglie Ann Druyan e di Steven Soter, scrisse, produsse e presentò Cosmo (Cosmos), un popolare documentario televisivo in tredici puntate della PBS.\n\nCosmo copriva un vasto insieme di argomenti scientifici che vanno dall'origine della vita alla prospettiva del nostro posto nell'Universo. La serie venne messa in onda la prima volta dalla PBS nel 1980, vincendo un Emmy e un Peabody Award. Da allora è stata trasmessa in più di 60 paesi e vista da oltre 500 milioni di persone, il che ne fa il più visto programma della storia della PBS.\n\nSagan scrisse inoltre diversi libri di divulgazione scientifica, come Cosmos che espande e approfondisce alcuni temi dell'omonima serie TV e che divenne il più venduto libro di divulgazione scientifica mai pubblicato in inglese;\nI draghi dell'Eden: considerazioni sull'evoluzione dell'intelligenza umana, che vinse un Premio Pulitzer; e Il romanzo della scienza. Il cervello di Paul Broca e altre storie. Sagan scrisse inoltre il romanzo di fantascienza Contact, in cui si immagina che venga ricevuto un messaggio alieno proveniente dalla stella Vega, e che questo induca un progetto internazionale per costruire il sistema di trasporto descritto nel messaggio. Sagan non visse tuttavia fino a vedere nel 1997 la trasposizione cinematografica del suo romanzo (diretto da Robert Zemeckis con Jodie Foster come protagonista), che vinse il Premio Hugo nel 1998 nella categoria per la migliore rappresentazione drammatica.\n\nNel 1994 scrisse un seguito di Cosmos, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, che nel 1995 venne segnalato come eccellente dal New York Times, Sagan scrisse inoltre un'introduzione per il bestseller di Stephen Hawking Dal big bang ai buchi neri. Breve storia del tempo, Sagan era noto, oltre che per le sue opere di divulgazione scientifica, per i suoi sforzi per migliorare la comprensione della scienza tra il grande pubblico, e per la sua posizione in favore dello scetticismo scientifico e contro le pseudoscienze. Un'opera epistemologica e divulgativa di Sagan è il saggio Il mondo infestato dai demoni - La scienza e il nuovo oscurantismo,\n\nPer segnare il decimo anniversario della morte di Sagan, David Morrison, un ex studente di Sagan, nello Skeptical Inquirer ricordò \"l'immenso contributo di Sagan allo studio dei pianeti, la divulgazione scientifica e il movimento scettico\".\n\nNei suoi ultimi anni Sagan propugnò la creazione di un'organizzazione per la ricerca di oggetti vicino alla Terra (NEO, asteroidi, comete, e altri oggetti simili) che potrebbero colpirla. Quando venne suggerita la creazione di potenti bombe nucleari che si sarebbero dovute impiegare per alterare l'orbita di oggetti NEO in rotta di collisione con la Terra per evitare l'impatto, Sagan propose il cosiddetto \"Dilemma della Deflessione\": se noi creiamo la capacità di deflettere un asteroide lontano dalla Terra, allora creiamo anche la capacità di deflettere un asteroide verso la Terra - fornendo a eventuali malintenzionati un vero ordigno dell'apocalisse..\n\nPacifismo antinucleare \nDa giovane partecipò a uno studio, il Project A119, per l'utilizzo di un'arma nucleare sulla Luna.\n\nLa profonda preoccupazione di Sagan relativamente alla potenziale distruzione della civiltà umana in un olocausto nucleare lo portò negli anni ottanta a diventare più attivo politicamente, soprattutto nell'opporsi all'intensificarsi della corsa alle armi nucleari sotto il presidente Ronald Reagan.\n\nAl culmine della guerra fredda Sagan fu coinvolto negli sforzi per informare il pubblico circa gli effetti di un conflitto nucleare quando un modello matematico del clima suggerì che un ampio scambio nucleare avrebbe potuto rovinare il delicato equilibrio su cui si basa la vita sulla Terra (vedi inverno nucleare).\n\nNel marzo 1983, Reagan annunciò un progetto multimiliardario di difesa contro un eventuale attacco nucleare sovietico, la Strategic Defense Initiative, presto soprannominato il programma \"Guerre stellari\". Sagan si schierò contro tale progetto, argomentando che era tecnicamente impossibile sviluppare un sistema dotato della precisione richiesta, inutile nonostante l'alto costo perché facilmente superabile con contromisure poco costose, e concludendo che l'eventuale costruzione di un tale sistema di difesa avrebbe seriamente destabilizzato l'equilibrio nucleare tra Stati Uniti e Unione Sovietica, rendendo ulteriori progressi verso il disarmo nucleare impossibili.\n\nAgnosticismo \nSagan era notoriamente uno scettico in materia di religione. Famoso un suo articolo, dal titolo C'è un drago nel mio garage, in cui mette in guardia contro i facili finalismi e la pretesa di voler credere in certe cose solo perché la loro non esistenza non è dimostrabile; spiega attraverso la storia di un uomo che sostiene di avere un animale mitologico nel garage ma che non lascia alcuna traccia reale per essere percepito che, con simili premesse, si potrebbe sostenere l'esistenza di qualunque cosa. Sagan ribadisce pertanto che l'onere della prova sta a chi asserisce l'esistenza di qualcosa, non a chi la nega (il problema venne già affrontato da Bertrand Russell nella sua famosa storia della teiera di Russell), ragionamento basato sul concetto popperiano di falsificabilità di una teoria (scientifica, di solito).\n\nSagan scrisse frequentemente riguardo alla religione e il rapporto che essa ha con la scienza, esprimendo il proprio scetticismo riguardo al comune concetto di Dio:\n\nNonostante il suo scetticismo nei riguardi della religione, Sagan ha sempre negato di essere ateo, affermando che\n\nSagan si definiva \"agnostico\".\n\nSagan e l'ufologia \nSagan aveva qualche interesse circa i rapporti sugli UFO almeno dal 1964, quando ebbe diverse discussioni sul soggetto con Jacques Vallée. Benché piuttosto scettico relativamente a qualsiasi straordinaria risposta alla questione UFO, Sagan pensava che gli scienziati avrebbero dovuto studiare tale \"fenomeno\", non fosse altro che per il diffuso interesse che destava nel pubblico.\n\nStuart Appelle, studioso del fenomeno UFO e dei rapimenti alieni, osserva che Sagan \"scrisse frequentemente su quelli che lui considerava errori logici ed empirici della questione UFO e dei rapimenti alieni. Sagan rifiutava una spiegazione extraterrestre al fenomeno UFO, ma sentiva che esistevano benefici sia empirici sia pedagogici derivanti da uno studio circa gli UFO, e che quindi il soggetto era un legittimo argomento di studio.\"\n\nNel 1966 Sagan divenne membro della Commissione Ad Hoc per la Revisione del Progetto Blue Book, il progetto di indagine sugli UFO della U.S. Air Force. La Commissione concluse che il Progetto Blue Book era carente come studio scientifico e raccomandò l'istituzione di un progetto di ricerca universitario per sottoporre il fenomeno UFO a un'accurata analisi scientifica. Il risultato fu l'istituzione della Commissione Condon (1966–1968), guidata dal fisico nucleare Edward Condon, che nel suo rapporto finale concluse formalmente che gli UFO, al di là di ciò che potevano effettivamente essere, non costituivano una minaccia alla sicurezza nazionale.\n\nIl sociologo americano Ron Westrum scrisse che \"L'apice del trattamento della questione UFO da parte di Sagan fu il simposio dell'AAAS del 1969. I partecipanti offrirono un ampio spettro di opinioni sul soggetto, includendo non solo fautori degli UFO quali James McDonald e J. Allen Hynek ma anche scettici quali gli astronomi William Hartmann e Donald Menzel. La lista degli oratori era equilibrata, e questo simposio ebbe luogo proprio per merito di Sagan, nonostante la pressione contraria esercitata da Edward Condon\". Con il fisico Thornton Page, Sagan pubblicò i testi delle conferenze fatte al simposio, e dei dibattiti a esse seguenti, nel 1972 col titolo UFOs: A Scientific Debate. Alcuni dei molti libri di Sagan (come anche un episodio di Cosmos) esaminano la questione degli UFO, che Sagan affermava avere anche aspetti religiosi per parte del pubblico.\n\nPiù volte nei suoi scritti Sagan ha argomentato che la possibilità che un'astronave extraterrestre visiti la Terra è infinitamente piccola. Comunque Sagan credeva plausibile l'ipotesi che preoccupazioni dovute alla guerra fredda potessero avere contribuito a spingere vari governi a ingannare i propri cittadini riguardo agli UFO, e che \"alcuni rapporti e analisi sugli UFO, e forse voluminosi incartamenti, siano stati resi non consultabili al pubblico che paga i conti ... è tempo che questi incartamenti siano declassificati e resi disponibili a tutti.\" Sagan mise anche in guardia dal giungere a conclusioni azzardate circa la soppressione di dati sugli UFO e sottolineò che non c'era nessuna forte evidenza che gli alieni abbiano mai visitato la Terra, né oggi né tempo addietro.\n\nProgetto SETI \n\nSagan fu tra i fondatori del progetto SETI, acronimo di Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (Ricerca di intelligenza extraterrestre), un progetto dedicato alla ricerca della vita, e della vita intelligente in particolare, nel cosmo tramite esperimenti radio e ottici.\n\nSagan credeva che dall'equazione di Drake si potesse supporre l'esistenza di numerose civiltà extraterrestri; la mancanza di indizi che confermassero tale supposizione (vedi paradosso di Fermi) veniva interpretata da Sagan come dovuta al termine L dell'equazione, il tempo che intercorre tra quando una civiltà inizia a produrre radioonde, diviene cioè \"visibile\", a quando muore, suggerendo che le civiltà tecnologiche tendono ad autodistruggersi piuttosto velocemente (quali possibili cause: inquinamento, guerra nucleare, sovrappopolazione).\n\nQueste considerazioni lo portarono a impegnarsi per diffondere tra il grande pubblico la consapevolezza e il pericolo dei mezzi e comportamenti tramite i quali la specie umana potrebbe autodistruggersi, nella speranza di riuscire a evitare un tale infausto destino.\n\nIl SETI si occupa anche dell'invio nello spazio di messaggi diretti a eventuali civiltà extraterrestri come il famoso messaggio di Arecibo. Proprio questo tentativo di ricerca di vita extraterrestre gli attirò varie critiche, di cui una delle più note fu quella dello psicologo Jack Catran.\n\nEredità \n\nDopo la morte di Sagan ci sono state diverse dediche e continuazioni del suo lavoro.\n\nIl film del 1997 Contact, basato sull'omonimo romanzo di Sagan e finito dopo la sua morte, termina con la dedica \"For Carl\".\n\nNick Sagan, uno dei figli di Carl Sagan, ha scritto diversi episodi dell'universo di Star Trek, Nell'episodio Lotta per la Terra della serie Star Trek: Enterprise sono mostrati i resti del rover Sojourner, parte della missione Mars Pathfinder, con una targa riportante una citazione da Sagan: \"Qualsiasi sia la ragione per cui sei su Marte, sono felice che tu ci sia, e mi piacerebbe essere lì con te.\"\n\nSteve Squyres, uno studente di Sagan, guidò il gruppo che fece atterrare sulla superficie marziana i rover Spirit e Opportunity nel 2004.\n\nNel 2014 il format di Cosmo viene ripreso ed esce Cosmos: Odissea nello spazio, condotto da Neil deGrasse Tyson, uno degli allievi di Sagan, che viene spesso ricordato negli episodi e a cui la serie è dedicata.\n\nNel 2015 la band symphonic metal Nightwish pubblica la canzone Sagan (B-side del singolo Élan) come omaggio a Carl Sagan.\n\nIl DVD sulla sonda Phoenix \n\nL'associazione Planetary Society fondata da Sagan ha composto un DVD che è stato agganciato sul lander Phoenix, atterrato su Marte nel 2008, contenente una collezione multimediale di letteratura e di arte che riguarda il pianeta rosso chiamata Visions from Mars. Tra le opere sono stati inclusi il testo de La Guerra dei Mondi di H.G. Wells (e la famigerata trasmissione radio di Orson Welles), Mars as the Abode of Life di Percival Lowell con una mappa dei canali di Marte, le Cronache marziane di Ray Bradbury e Green Mars di Kim Stanley Robinson. Sono anche presenti dei messaggi destinati ai futuri visitatori marziani, tra cui quelli scritti da Sagan stesso e Arthur C. Clarke. Nell'autunno 2006, la Planetary Society ha anche raccolto circa 250 000 nomi inviati attraverso internet. Il DVD è costituito di un particolare materiale che è stato pensato per resistere alle condizioni climatiche di Marte, in modo da conservare per centinaia (e forse migliaia) di anni i dati.\n\nOpere \n Planets (LIFE Science Library) (con Jonathon Norton Leonard e curatori di Life), Time, Inc., 1966\n La vita intelligente nell'universo (Intelligent Life in the Universe, Random House, 1966, con I.S. Shklovskii), Feltrinelli, Milano, 1980\n UFO's: A Scientific Debate (con Thornton Page), Cornell University Press, 1972\n Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence, MIT Press, 1973\n Mars and the Mind of Man (con autori vari), Harper & Row, 1973\n Contatto Cosmico (Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective, con Jerome Agel, Anchor Press, 1973), Rizzoli, 1975, ISBN 88-17-16572-7\n Other Worlds, Bantam Books, 1975\n Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record (con autori vari), Random House\n I draghi dell'Eden: considerazioni sull'evoluzione dell'intelligenza umana (The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, Ballantine Books, 1978), Bompiani, 1979\n Il romanzo della scienza. Il cervello di Paul Broca e altre storie (Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, Ballantine Books, 1979), Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1982\n Cosmo (Cosmos, Random House, 1980), Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1980\n The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War (con autori vari), Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985\n Comet, coautore Ann Druyan, Ballantine Books, 1985\n Contact (ibid., Simon and Schuster, 1985), Fabbri - Bompiani - Sonzogno - Etas S.p.A., 1986, ISBN 0-671-00410-7\n A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race (con Richard Turco), Random House, 1990\n Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are (con Ann Druyan), Ballantine Books, 1993\n Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, Random House, 1994\n Il Mondo infestato dai demoni - La scienza e il nuovo oscurantismo (The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, Ballantine Books, 1996), Baldini & Castoldi, 1997\n Miliardi e miliardi (Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, con Ann Druyan, Ballantine Books, 1997), Baldini & Castoldi, 1988, ISBN 88-8089-510-9\n The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, a cura di Ann Druyan, 1985 Gifford lectures, Penguin Books HC, 2006\n\nRiconoscimenti \n\n Nel 1974 ha vinto il Premio Klumpke-Roberts.\n Nel 1978 ha vinto un premio Pulitzer\n Nel 1980 ha ricevuto la Medaglia Rittenhouse.\n Nel 1981 ha ricevuto la Ralph Coats Roe Medal.\n Nel 1981 ha ricevuto il AHA's Humanist of the Year award.\n Nel 1985 ha ricevuto il Premio Honda.\n Nel 1990 ha vinto la medaglia Oersted.\n Nel 1991 ha ricevuto la Medaglia UCLA.\n Nel 1991 ha ricevuto il Harold Masursky Award for Meritorious Service to Planetary Science.\n Nel 1994 gli è stata assegnata la Public Welfare Medal.\n Nel 1994 ha vinto il The Isaac Asimov Award.\n Nel 2013 ha vinto, postumo, il Solstice Awards.\n\nGli sono stati intitolati vari premi:\n il Premio Carl Sagan per la comprensione pubblica della scienza\n il Carl Sagan Memorial Award\n il Carl Sagan Medal for Excellence in Public Communication in Planetary Science\n il Carl Sagan Award for Excellence in Teaching.\n il Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization.\n\nGli è stato dedicato un asteroide, 2709 Sagan e un cratere da impatto di 95 km di diametro situato nei pressi dell'equatore marziano porta il suo nome (su Marte i grandi crateri da impatto ricevono spesso nomi di scienziati o artisti scomparsi che si sono particolarmente interessati al pianeta).\n\nIl lander della Mars Pathfinder è stato rinominato in suo onore Carl Sagan Memorial Station.\n\nNel 2015 la band symphonic metal finlandese Nightwish ha composto una canzone dal titolo Sagan in onore di Carl Sagan.\n\nFilmografia\n\nTelevisione \n Cosmos (Cosmos), documentario televisivo in tredici puntate, prodotto da PBS.\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Calendario cosmico\n Edgar Morin\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n. 26 dicembre 1996\n\nSagan, Carl\nSagan, Carl\nVincitori del Premio Locus\nUomini universali\nStudenti dell'Università di Chicago", "È l'autore di alcuni dei brani più celebri del gruppo, fra i quali spiccano Tie Your Mother Down, We Will Rock You, Flash, Hammer to Fall, Who Wants to Live Forever, I Want It All, Save Me, '39, No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young) (con Taylor e Deacon) e The Show Must Go On. Figura al 26º posto nella classifica dei migliori chitarristi di tutti i tempi redatta nel 2011 dalla rivista Rolling Stone. Nel giugno 2020 viene infine nominato come miglior chitarrista della storia del rock dalla prestigiosa rivista britannica Total Guitar.\n\nMay ha un dottorato di ricerca in astrofisica, conseguito all'Imperial College London nel 2007. Nel corso degli anni si è occupato dello studio degli asteroidi e della possibilità di modificarne la traiettoria al fine di evitare una eventuale collisione con la Terra.\n\nBrian May nel 2023 è diventato Cavaliere dell'Ordine dell'Impero Britannico: il chitarrista e autore è stato insignito del titolo di Sir nella lista dei nominativi, firmata per la prima volta da Re Carlo III, in virtù dei suoi servigi “resi alla musica e per i servizi di beneficenza”.\n\nBiografia \nBrian May nasce a Twickenham (un sobborgo di Londra) il 19 luglio 1947. All'età di cinque anni incomincia a suonare il pianoforte, ma la sua vera passione è la chitarra. Incomincia a prendere confidenza con la chitarra suonando l'ukulele-banjo o banjolele (George Formby style) portato in guerra da suo padre. May apprende molto velocemente i fondamenti dello strumento e ben presto si cimenta nel suonare una chitarra flamenca amplificata da un pick-up da lui stesso costruito. I suoi genitori, Harold e Ruth May, non sono in grado di acquistargli una costosa Fender Stratocaster, così nel 1963, a sedici anni, May, con l'aiuto del padre ingegnere, incomincia a costruire la sua Red Special con l'utilizzo del legno di un architrave e una parte in legno del camino. Solo le meccaniche e le parti elettroniche sono state acquistate e installate esternamente. Questa fu ultimata nel 1965 e utilizzata ancora oggi.\n\nIstruzione \nNel 1963 si trasferisce a Londra, dove incomincia a frequentare la facoltà di fisica e astronomia dell'Imperial College London (la canzone Long Away, inclusa nell'album A Day at the Races del 1976, rispecchia la passione del chitarrista per le stelle).\n\nSi laurea con lode in Fisica, intraprende poi il dottorato di ricerca in Astronomia dell'infrarosso, che abbandona per dedicarsi alla carriera musicale.\nAll'età di 60 anni decide di riprendere gli studi e ottiene il dottorato in Astrofisica ad agosto 2007. Poco dopo pubblica la sua tesi: Un'analisi delle velocità radiali della nube zodiacale. Nel 2015 collabora alla missione New Horizons per lo studio di Plutone. Questa sua specializzazione è menzionata anche nella motivazione della dedica dell'asteroide 52665 Brianmay. \n\nHa scritto insieme a Patrick Moore e Chris Lintott i libri BANG! - The Complete History of the Universe e The Cosmic Tourist.\n\nCarriera \n\nPrima dell'inizio degli studi universitari suona con Tim Staffell, un bassista e cantante, con i 1984, formatisi nel 1964; quindi fonda gli Smile, nei quali suona il giovane batterista Roger Taylor. Tim Staffell presenta a May un compagno di studi chiamato Farrokh Bulsara (che cambierà il suo nome in Freddie Mercury). Intanto a causa di problemi interni, gli Smile si separano. Tim Staffell decide di ritirarsi e di suonare in altre band più motivate mentre Freddie, Brian e Roger fondano un nuovo gruppo, chiamato Queen. Nel 1971 dopo anni di ricerca dell'ultimo componente si aggiunge a loro il bassista John Deacon.\nDopo i primi due album, Queen del 1973 e Queen II del 1974, i Queen vanno in tour come supporto dei Mott the Hoople. A causa di una siringa infetta, usata per iniettare un vaccino, Brian contrae l'epatite C, che gli impedisce di continuare il tour in America ma che comunque non gli impedirà di lavorare al terzo album del gruppo, Sheer Heart Attack, che ottiene un buon successo. Il 1975 è l'anno della svolta: con l'uscita dell'album A Night at the Opera, i Queen trionfano aggiudicandosi la fama in tutto il mondo. \nCon il passare degli anni la band inglese diventa sempre più famosa, fino a quando, nel 1986, si svolge il Live at Wembley, il concerto-emblema dei Queen, nel quale Brian può farsi apprezzare in canzoni quali One Vision, Tie Your Mother Down e Bohemian Rhapsody, dove il chitarrista dà il via a una serie di improvvisazioni miste alla tablatura originale. \n\nNel corso degli anni Brian ha dato vita a numerosi e apprezzati progetti da solista, collaborando con diversi chitarristi come Tony Iommi dei Black Sabbath, Slash dei Guns N' Roses e con cantanti come Zucchero Fornaciari e Luciano Pavarotti. Il 30 giugno 1993 apre come guest il concerto dei Guns N' Roses a Modena in Italia suonando in assolo.\n\nIl 29 novembre 2003 prende parte al 46664 Nelson Mandela AIDS Day Concert. Insieme con artisti come Anastacia e Dave Stewart scrive Amandla (parola xhosa e zulu che significa \"Forza\"), la colonna sonora dell'evento organizzato da Nelson Mandela ed eseguita dal vivo insieme con Anastacia, Dave Stewart, Bono e Beyoncé al Green Point Stadium di Città del Capo.\n\nIn occasione della prima italiana del musical We Will Rock You, il 4 dicembre 2009, è salito sul palco insieme a Roger Taylor. In quell'occasione eseguì gli assoli di chitarra di Bohemian Rhapsody e tenne, al termine dello spettacolo, un breve discorso di ringraziamento insieme con lo storico batterista dei Queen.\n\nIn occasione del Reading Festival tenutosi il 26 agosto 2011, Brian May si esibì con i My Chemical Romance, suonando Welcome to the Black Parade e We Will Rock You, uno dei brani più noti dei Queen.\n\nIl 16 febbraio 2012 è stato ospite al Festival di Sanremo per suonare con Kerry Ellis e Irene Fornaciari che era una concorrente della manifestazione, accompagnando le due cantanti con la sua Red Special in We Will Rock You. Il 12 agosto 2012 ha partecipato alla cerimonia di chiusura dei Giochi della XXX Olimpiade, suonando Brighton Rock ed esibendosi in We Will Rock You con Roger Taylor e Jessie J.\n\nIl 25 aprile 2013 viene pubblicato il doppio album dal vivo Starmus - Sonic Universe, frutto della collaborazione con il gruppo di musica elettronica tedesco Tangerine Dream, registrato il 24 giugno 2011 presso il Magma Arte & Congresos Concert Hall di Tenerife in occasione dello Starmus Festival 2011. Nell'album May suona in quattro brani: Supernova (Real Star Sounds) e Sally's Garden (brani inediti composti per l'occasione), Last Horizon (tratta dall'album Back to the Light) e We Will Rock You (uno dei pezzi storici della discografia dei Queen), riproposte in una nuova veste riarrangiata in collaborazione con i Tangerine Dream.\n\nIl 3 giugno 2015 è presente come ospite d'onore allo spettacolo \"Arena di Verona: Lo spettacolo sta per iniziare\", presso l'Arena di Verona, uno spettacolo d'introduzione alla stagione lirica dell'arena. Lo spettacolo è presentato da Paolo Bonolis, e presenta come colonna sonora Who Wants to Live Forever, scritta dallo stesso Brian. Durante lo spettacolo prende parte a un tributo a Freddie Mercury, dove, insieme con Kerry Ellis e Vittorio Grigolo, al coro e all'orchestra dell'arena, suona e canta Who Wants to Live Forever, Bohemian Rhapsody, We Will Rock You, Somebody to Love e altre famose opere della band inglese.\n\nNel 2018 esce in tutto il mondo il film Bohemian Rhapsody, nel quale May è interpretato dall'attore Gwilym Lee. Nello stesso anno, May si è inoltre esibito con i Queen + Adam Lambert alla cerimonia di apertura della consegna degli Oscar 2019.\n\nDurante il mese di maggio dell'anno 2020 il chitarrista ha ammesso ai propri fan di aver avuto un attacco di cuore.\n\nVerso la fine del 2021, ha pubblicato una nuova edizione del suo libro Queen in 3-D, nella quale ripercorre la storia della band con aneddoti e oltre 360 fotografie scattate dallo stesso May con una speciale stereocamera, in modo che possono essere viste in tre dimensioni grazie ad un visore apposito.\n\nStile \nIn possesso di una grande capacità compositiva, May è noto anche per il suo suono, che lo rende riconoscibile.\nIl suo tratto sonoro distintivo è dato dall'utilizzo della chitarra come strumento orchestrale, per armonie polifoniche, creando strati su strati di parti e soli di chitarra in sovraincisione, il tutto registrato in studio tramite il Deacy Amp, un piccolo amplificatore a transistor da 1 watt costruito dal bassista John Deacon nei primi anni 70 utilizzando pezzi di una vecchia radio a pile (Conquest Pr80 Supersonic) trovata in un cassonetto dell'immondizia a Londra. \n\nQuesta tecnica di registrazione con la costruzione di intricate armonie è presente in tutti gli album dei Queen, specialmente nei primi.\n\nMay è stato uno dei primi chitarristi a utilizzare il tapping e ad accordare la chitarra un tono sotto (The Prophet's Song in A Night at the Opera). Tra coloro che hanno detto di essersi ispirati a Brian, Steve Vai e Joe Satriani.\n\nLa rivista Guitar World lo ha giudicato il secondo chitarrista migliore del mondo dopo Eddie van Halen.\n\nRed Special \n\nUn aneddoto è legato alla Red Special, la chitarra che May suona usualmente; dato che tutte le chitarre più belle e appetibili erano economicamente al di fuori della portata della sua famiglia, il giovane Brian e il padre, un ingegnere appassionato di modellismo, ne costruirono una in casa con componenti di fortuna ricavati da legno di quercia e da parti dell'architrave (vecchio di 100 anni) di un caminetto in mogano per la tastiera.\n\nI segnatasti furono realizzati sagomando a mano dei bottoni presi dalla cesta per il cucito della madre Ruth. Ponte e blocco cordiera-tremolo furono ideati da May e costruiti presso l'officina situata all'interno della sua scuola. Il tremolo fu equipaggiato con molle prese da una vecchia motocicletta e con la leva ricavata da un sellino di bicicletta e un ferro da calza.\n\nSolo i pick-up furono acquistati in negozio, (Burns Tri-Sonic) e successivamente modificati da Harold e da Brian, riavvolgendoli con più spire e immergendoli in resina epossidica (Potting).\n\nIl suono della chitarra non soddisfaceva comunque il chitarrista, che fu completamente soddisfatto solo quando decise di usare come plettro, dopo innumerevoli prove, una monetina da 6 pence.\n\nLa Red Special, come fu battezzato lo strumento dagli amici di Brian, risultò di fattura così pregevole che anche dopo aver raggiunto il successo May si rifiutò di usare, se non in rare occasioni, altre chitarre. Nel 2014 ha pubblicato un libro dedicato alla sua chitarra intitolato Brian May's Red Special. Il sound base di May è costituito dalla Red Special, un pedale Treble booster e un amplificatore valvolare Vox AC30 spinto al massimo della potenza utilizzando il canale Normal.\n\nNel tour Queen + Adam Lambert del 2012, ha usato per la prima volta una Red Special a doppio manico, rispettivamente 6 e 12 corde, per eseguire unicamente il brano Under Pressure.\n\nGli strumenti usati da May occasionalmente\n\nChitarre elettriche \n una Fender Telecaster Standard 1978, nei video di Back Chat\" e Crazy Little Thing Called Love, quest'ultima anche dal vivo;\n una Fender Esquire 1967, usata per registrare Crazy Little Thing Called Love;\n una Fender Stratocaster, nel video di Play the Game;\n una Washburn RR11V, (stile flying) nel video di Princes of the Universe;\n una Gibson Flying V, come chitarra di ricambio fino a metà anni '80, poiché distrusse la copia della Red Special di John Birch;\n una Burns Double Six, chitarra a 12 corde usata per registrare Long Away e presumibilmente Under Pressure;\n la John Birch R.S. Replica, nei video di We Will Rock You e Spread Your Wings. Brian usò questa chitarra come strumento di ricambio finché non la distrusse.\n\nChitarre acustiche \n una Godin Acousticaster a 12 corde, al Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert per i brani Las palabras de amor (The Words of Love) e la parte iniziale di Crazy Little Thing Called Love;\n una Ovation Pacemaker 1615, chitarra a 12 corde usata fino a fine anni '90 per eseguire Love of my Life, '39 e parte di Crazy Little Thing Called Love;\n una Gibson Chet Atkins, chitarra classica elettroacustica usata per eseguire Is this the world we created?, (You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care, Hello Mary Lou, Tutti Frutti e Innuendo nella quale la leggenda vuole che ne prestò una a Steve Howe, chitarrista degli Yes, per l'assolo di flamenco;\n una Yamaha SLG-100S, chitarra classica silenziata-amplificata, usata nella tournée con Paul Rodgers, per il brano Crazy Little Thing Called Love.\n\nVita privata \nÈ sposato con Anita Dobson, la Angie Watts di EastEnders. Ha tre figli: James (Jimmy) (1978), Louisa (1981), ed Emily Ruth (1987), che ha avuto dalla prima moglie Chrissy Mullens.\n\nÈ anche un grande amico di Tony Iommi, ex-chitarrista dei Black Sabbath.\n\nAnimalismo \nNel 2010 May è diventato noto per il suo animalismo, fondando in Inghilterra l'organizzazione no-profit Save Me.\n\nIl 1º settembre 2012 è stato nominato vicepresidente della RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) a Wildlife Rocks.\n\nNel 2013 veniva riportato come May desiderasse d'essere ricordato, oltre che per la sua vita artistica, anche per il suo \"impegno nel cambiare il modo in cui ci comportiamo con le altre creature\".\n\nDal 2019 è diventato vegano, secondo il suo profilo ufficiale Instagram.\n\nOnorificenze\n\nOnorificenze britanniche\n\nOnorificenze straniere\n\nOnorificenze accademiche\n\nDiscografia\n\nDa solista \n\n 1992 – Back to the Light\n 1998 – Another World\n 2017 – Golden Days (con Kerry Ellis)\n\nCon i Queen \n\n 1973 – Queen\n 1974 – Queen II\n 1974 – Sheer Heart Attack\n 1975 – A Night at the Opera\n 1976 – A Day at the Races\n 1977 – News of the World\n 1978 – Jazz\n 1980 – The Game\n 1980 – Flash Gordon\n 1982 – Hot Space\n 1984 – The Works\n 1986 – A Kind of Magic\n 1989 – The Miracle\n 1991 – Innuendo\n 1995 – Made in Heaven\n\nCollaborazioni \n 1989 – Black Sabbath – When Death Calls (da Headless Cross)\n 2011 – Lady Gaga – Yoü and I (da Born This Way)\n 2013 – Kerry Ellis – Acoustic by Candlelight (Live) 2017 – Kerry Ellis – Golden Days''\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Deacy Amp\n Freddie Mercury\n John Deacon\n Kerry Ellis\n Paul Rodgers\n Queen\n Red Special\n Roger Taylor (batterista 1949)\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \nCommendatori dell'Ordine dell'Impero Britannico\nQueen\nStudenti dell'Imperial College London\nKnight Bachelor", "\n\nBiografia \nFiglio unico di Thomas Stevenson (1818-1887) e nipote di Robert Stevenson, entrambi ingegneri edili specializzati nella costruzione di fari, temperò la malinconia e la durezza del carattere scozzese con il brio e la gaiezza che gli derivavano dall'origine francese della madre, Margaret Isabella (1829-1897), figlia del reverendo Lewis Balfour (1777-1860), parroco di Colinton. Sia la madre che il nonno avevano problemi ai polmoni, con febbre e tosse frequenti. Si è parlato di sarcoidosi, tubercolosi o bronchiectasia, e comunque d'una eredità scomoda per il ragazzo che era spesso malato e aveva necessità di trascorrere parecchi mesi all'anno in un clima più salubre, come quello della Francia meridionale. Anche la sua inquietudine di viaggiatore e la costante magrezza erano per lui legate alla salute.\n\nDalla sua infanzia si portò sempre caro il ricordo di un'infermiera, Alison Cunningham, detta \"Cummy\", alla quale dedicherà poi un libro di versi, ma che contribuì a sviluppare la sua fantasia raccontandogli molte storie che non lo facevano dormire e allo stesso tempo lo affascinavano oltre misura.\n\nQuando s'iscrisse, secondo la tradizione familiare, alla facoltà di ingegneria dell'università di Edimburgo, lo studio passò presto in secondo piano, preferendo dedicarsi alla letteratura. Portava i capelli lunghi e vestiva, come il cugino Bob, da artista, e benché accompagnasse d'estate il padre nei suoi viaggi d'ispezione lungo le coste e i fari, finì con il cambiare facoltà verso giurisprudenza, laureandosi ma mai esercitando la professione.\n\nNel 1871 cominciò a collaborare come letterato alla Edinburgh University Magazine e a The Portfolio, da cui si fece pubblicare alcuni saggi.\nÈ solo nel 1878, tuttavia, con la pubblicazione di An Inland Voyage – impressioni di un viaggio in canoa attraverso i fiumi e i canali della Francia settentrionale – l'analogo resoconto dei Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes (Viaggi con un asinello attraverso le Cevenne), che egli riuscì ad affermare il suo geniale spirito d'osservazione e il suo delizioso umorismo, arricchitosi anche con letture francesi.\n \nDurante un viaggio conobbe Fanny Van de Grift (1840-1914), un'americana separata (da tale Samuel Osbourne) e madre di due figli (Isobel e Lloyd Osbourne) della quale si innamorò e, nonostante il parere avverso dei suoi, decise di seguirla nel suo viaggio di ritorno in California. I due si sposarono a San Francisco nel 1880. Frutti del viaggio furono Gli accampati di Silverado (1883), Across the Plains (1892) e The Amateur Emigrant (1895), pubblicati più tardi.\n\nRitornato in Europa nel 1880, Stevenson entrò in una fase di grande attività creativa che, tenuto conto della sua sempre precarissima salute, sfociò in una produzione davvero ragguardevole, sia per mole sia per valore. Nel 1881 e nel 1882 pubblicò i saggi e le novelle, scritti fino a quella data, rispettivamente nei volumi Virginibus Puerisque e New Arabian Nights. Sempre nel 1882 scrive Familiar Studies of Men and Books, che contiene il massimo contributo di Stevenson alla critica letteraria, con saggi su Hugo, Whitman, Thoreau, Burns.\n\nNel frattempo la sua salute aveva risentito dello strapazzo, tanto che non gli si davano che pochi mesi di vita, e lo scrittore, dalla Scozia, dov'era tornato dopo essersi rappacificato con la famiglia, fu nuovamente costretto a vagabondare per le principali stazioni climatiche europee, da Davos a Hyères e poi a Bournemouth. Nel 1886 scrisse il romanzo storico Kidnapped (Il ragazzo rapito) e, in meno di una settimana, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde). Questi romanzi contribuirono molto ad estendere quella popolarità che la pubblicazione di Treasure Island (L'isola del tesoro), avvenuta nel 1883, gli aveva procurato. Divenne amico di Henry James e scrisse anche due volumi di versi, A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) e Underwoods (1887).\n\nViaggio nel Pacifico \n\nNel 1887, dopo la morte del padre, Stevenson ritornò in America, dove enorme era stato il successo di dr. Jekyll. Ma la salute cagionevole l'obbligò ben presto a ritirarsi nella stazione climatica di Saranac, dove iniziò a scrivere nel 1889 The Master of Ballantrae (Il signore di Ballantrae) e il resoconto farsesco The Wrong Box (La cassa sbagliata), finché, spinto anche dai libri d'avventure esotiche di Melville, accettò l'invito di un editore a scrivere un volume sui mari del Sud e partì, con la famiglia, per una crociera verso le isole Marchesi (Polinesia Francese), Tahiti e le isole Sandwich (ovvero le Hawaii).\n\nIl viaggio fu positivo sotto ogni punto di vista, tranne che per il libro, giacché il lavoro su ordinazione non era cosa per lui. La sua salute però, sorprendentemente, migliorò in modo così notevole che lui decise di stabilirsi nel Pacifico e, dopo un'ulteriore esplorazione dei vari arcipelaghi e un soggiorno di alcuni mesi a Honolulu (dove finì i due libri sopraccitati), stabilì la sua dimora a Upolu, la principale delle isole Samoa. Qui visse dal 1890 fino alla morte, riverito dagli indigeni che lo chiamavano Tusitala, (\"narratore di storie\"). A questo periodo risalgono, tra gli altri, il seguito di Kidnapped, Catriona (1893), i Records of a Family of Engineers (uscito postumo nel 1912), quattro racconti dei mari del Sud, pubblicati con il titolo An Island Night's Entertainments (1893), e parecchie ballate, poesie e raccolte d'impressioni.\n\nLa morte, dovuta ad una probabile emorragia cerebrale, lo colse il 3 dicembre 1894, mentre stava scrivendo un tragico racconto sulla frontiera scozzese, Weir of Hermiston (che verrà pubblicato postumo nel 1896).\nÈ sepolto sul monte Vaea, nelle isole Samoa, dove gli fu eretto un monumento funebre. Oggi la casa di Stevenson accoglie una fondazione e un museo in suo onore. Il suo ritratto è un celebre quadro del pittore statunitense Abbott Handerson Thayer. Sulla tomba dello scrittore vennero incisi i versi che egli stesso aveva scritto per sé qualche anno prima e che aveva voluto come suo epitaffio:\n\nI romanzi \n\nStevenson fu essenzialmente un romanziere e, nel genere avventuroso, come ne L'isola del tesoro, rimane insuperato. Tuttavia la sua cultura e la sua educazione lo portavano piuttosto al romanzo storico, ad esaltare, sulle orme di Walter Scott, le gloriose vicende della vecchia Scozia, la cui atmosfera seppe evocare pure in terre lontane, in maniera così piena e vera da non far rimpiangere il modello.\n\nNacquero così Il principe Otto (1885), Kidnapped, probabilmente il migliore della serie, con il suo seguito Catriona, The Black Arrow (1888), The Master of Ballantrae - che presentava, non senza sottigliezze psicologiche, il lungo conflitto attraverso gli anni tra due fratelli eredi di una famiglia nobile scozzese, uno mascalzone e affascinante, l'altro onesto e maleamato, narrato da un codardo ma tenacissimo e fedele amministratore - e gli incompiuti St. Ives (1897) e Weir of Hermiston. In quest'ultimo, i difetti tipici degli altri romanzi, quali una certa artificiosità di costruzione ed un'eccessiva semplificazione, sembrano venir superati, mentre d'altro canto si ha una maggiore caratterizzazione dei personaggi (anche di quelli femminili che, trascurati fino ad allora dall'autore, vengono qui per la prima volta compresi e dipinti con viva penetrazione).\n\nL'autore eccelse anche nel racconto, sia fantastico, come quelli raccolti in The New Arabian Nights e nel seguito The Dynamiter (1885), che nell'esotico, come pure nel racconto del brivido (alla maniera di Poe) con il suo Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde, in cui affrontava, in anticipo sulle teorie freudiane, il problema del subconscio e dello sdoppiamento della personalità.\n\nFu tutt'altro che trascurabile anche la sua produzione poetica, da A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), in cui rivive liricamente le esperienze della sua fanciullezza, a Underwoods (1887), fino a Ballads (1889) e alla raccolta postuma Songs of Travel (1896).\n\nLa produzione saggistica \nÈ probabile tuttavia che la migliore produzione di Stevenson, almeno dal punto di vista stilistico, non risieda tanto nei romanzi, nei racconti o nelle liriche, quanto nei saggi, moraleggianti e spontanei, alla maniera dello \"Spectator\", e soprattutto nelle meravigliose raccolte d'impressioni che accompagnarono le sue peregrinazioni per il mondo, specialmente nelle isole del Pacifico. È nell'affascinante raccolta pubblicata postuma nel 1896, dal titolo In the South Seas, che l'efficacia narrativa e descrittiva dello scrittore raggiunge il massimo splendore e meglio hanno modo di risaltare la sua enorme sensibilità e la sua fresca curiosità. A ciò contribuisce appunto lo stile, non più ornato dagli arcaismi necessari al romanzo storico, eppure ancora di chiara derivazione letteraria, da Thomas Browne e da John Bunyan. Tuttavia, se evidenti sono le derivazioni, il risultato è dei più originali, poiché lo stile di Stevenson, sin dalle prime opere caratterizzato dalla delicatezza dei ritmi e dalla limpidezza delle frasi, aveva saputo con gli anni acquistare spontaneità ed affiancarsi alla scelta del tema esotico nel significare la reazione di Stevenson all'epoca vittoriana, al suo mondo familiare e borghese e al suo stile piatto e uniforme.\n\nGiacché Stevenson, benché vissuto nella seconda metà del XIX secolo, con il suo entusiasmo per il mondo che ci circonda e con il suo stupore e il suo incanto di fronte alla forza e all'intensità di una natura selvaggia e non guastata dalla civiltà, pare piuttosto da accostare all'ardore del primo romanticismo, egualmente lontano dall'ipocrisia vittoriana e dagli eccessi del realismo.\n\nPensiero e formazione culturale dell'autore \nLa formazione culturale ed umana di Stevenson va ascritta alla sua infanzia, come lui stesso ebbe a dire nell'autobiografico Memoirs of Himself (1880): \"Le mie sofferenze quand'ero malato, le gioie della convalescenza... e l'attività innaturale del mio cervello\". Con queste parole, infatti, l'autore non solo sintetizza le sue esperienze infantili, ma sembra anche indicare le componenti fondamentali della sua ispirazione letteraria, vale a dire la sofferenza, il gioco e la fantasia. Anche in A Chapter of Dreams, in cui fra l'altro spiega la genesi del Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson richiama alla mente i sogni – talvolta banali, a volte meno strani o informi – che lo tormentavano da bambino: \"una sfumatura d'oscuro di cui non gli importava nulla quando era sveglio, ma che temeva e aborriva nel sogno\". Reminiscenze dell'infanzia compaiono, del resto, ripetutamente nell'opera di Stevenson. Basti menzionare The Lantern Bearers, The Manse, Child's Play, e tutte le poesie contenute nella raccolta intitolata A Child's Garden of Verses. Non è facile, tuttavia, stabilire se sia stato il bambino gracile e sognatore a condizionare le scelte letterarie dell'adulto o se lo scrittore abbia cercato nell'infanzia la conferma della propria vocazione per la narrativa fantastica ed avventurosa.\n\nÈ certo però che una certa influenza sulla formazione di un giovanissimo Stevenson la ebbe l'infermiera-bambinaia \"Cummy\", a cui dedicò A Child's Garden of Verses, alla quale era stato affidato presumibilmente perché la madre era ammalata. Questa puericultrice aveva, infatti, una forte personalità e convinzioni religiose calviniste che cercò di trasmettere all'autore. Era però anche una donna dalla fervida immaginazione, che sapeva raccontare storie con impeto drammatico, come s'apprende dalla testimonianza indiretta della moglie di Stevenson, contenute nella prefazione alla raccolta di poesie dedicate alla bambinaia.\n\nDunque dai giochi dell'infanzia (rimasti a sedimentare nella psiche), come il teatrino di Skelt (grandi fogli da ritagliare e colorare per creare scenografie ispirate alle Mille e una notte o alla leggenda di Robin Hood) o da altri , dov'è quasi sempre presente l'elemento avventuroso , riaffioreranno più avanti al momento della creazione artistica quei motivi peculiari alla sua attività di scrittore immaginario e fantastico. In A Chapter on Dreams – un'indagine molto acuta dei processi creativi e forse anche più in generale di quelli psichici – lo scrittore confesserà d'avere come collaboratori instancabili, sia nel sonno che nella veglia, \"quegli uomini che dirigono il teatrino che c'è in ognuno di noi\". Invece dagli scritti The Lantern Bearers, in cui descrive gli avventurosi giochi svolti nella sua infanzia, e in Child's Play emerge un'immagine dickensiana dell'infanzia, come età in cui si mescolano terrori e fantasie. Così i ragazzi che si divertono a portare, nascosta sotto una giacca, una lanterna puzzolente di stagno o il bambino che stringe d'assedio una poltrona, come fosse un castello, sono proiezioni mitiche di un mondo perduto che l'adulto può recuperare solo grazie alla capacità di un artista che non obbedisca agli imperativi del realismo, ma lascia libero il bambino che è in lui.\n\nUna relativa importanza nella formazione dell'autore ebbero anche le storie tratte dalla Bibbia, Il pellegrinaggio del cristiano di Bunyan, il Macbeth di Shakespeare e il Robinson Crusoe di Daniel Defoe.\n\nStevenson ateo: intorno ai diciassette anni, il bambino gracile, sognatore e timoroso di Dio si tramutò in un giovanotto scapestrato e ribelle, effettuando un apprendistato diverso da quello previsto dal padre e poi professandosi ateo. In quegli anni imparò a conoscere la sua città sia negli aspetti più palesi sia in quelli più nascosti, come si evince dalle descrizioni di Edimburgo: Picturesque Notes e in una dei New Poems. Un simile comportamento, molto frequente nelle famiglie vittoriane negli ultimi decenni del secolo, era principalmente provocato dalla diffusione della teoria evoluzionista di Charles Darwin e dalla sociologia di Herbert Spencer, che inducevano i giovani ad assumere atteggiamenti di ribellione nei confronti della religione e del codice morale repressivo imposto dalla società. Tuttavia un certo pragmatismo di marca puritana rimase in Stevenson sino alla fine della sua vita, insieme a un radicato senso della famiglia, tanto che nella sua opera non sembra emergere alcuna testimonianza di quello scontro fra la vecchia generazione timorata di Dio e avversa alla letteratura e i giovani intellettuali agnostici.\n\nL'incontro, a Cockfield, con Francis Sitwell e con Sidney Colvin, avvenuto nel 1873, fu uno dei momenti più importanti della sua vita, quello che avrebbe determinato le future scelte letterarie dell'autore, mentre nel 1874 entrò al \"Sevil Club\", dove incontrò importanti personaggi della cultura, tra cui Edmund Gosse e Henry James.\n\nSe il soggiorno a Cockfield gli aprì le porte della scena letteraria, la sosta in Francia gli dischiuse le porte dell'amore e dell'avventura in terre lontane, proiettandolo concretamente negli spazi che aveva solo percorso con la fantasia. Frutto del soggiorno francese sono, innanzitutto, le opere An Inland Voyage e Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, accomunate entrambe dal dichiarato amore per la vita nomade ed avventurosa e il mito romantico della solitudine a contatto con la natura. La seconda opera è invece caratterizzata da un tono più serio e meno svagato: il viaggiatore è qui attratto dalla storia tormentata dei luoghi che attraversa, un tempo teatro di sanguinose lotte fra Cattolici e Protestanti. Ciò gli permette di delineare paralleli con la storia della Scozia e di meditare sul significato e le motivazioni della ribellione dei Protestanti e sulla loro vocazione al martirio.\n\nSempre in Francia incontrò Fanny Osbourne, della quale s'innamorò e che più tardi raggiungerà negli Stati Uniti. Frutto di questo viaggio è la stesura di Amateur Emigrant, opera nella quale Stevenson descrive – fra distacco ironico e coinvolgimento emotivo, tra crudo realismo e slancio sentimentale – le sofferenze, i malanni degli emigranti, ma anche i giochi dei bambini e gli scherzi; insomma un documento realistico dei disagi affrontati da una folla di diseredati per garantirsi la pura sopravvivenza. Il tema degli emigranti fu poi ripreso nell'altrettanto sfortunato resoconto Across the Plains che, nel registrare le traversie degli emigranti durante il lungo e disagevole viaggio in treno dall'Atlantico al Pacifico, demoliva non solo il mito dell'America, ma anche quello della Frontiera che Stevenson aveva conosciuto attraverso i romanzi di James Fenimore Cooper. Entrambe le opere, criticate da Colvin, non ebbero molto successo.\n\nNel successivo romanzo, Gli accampati di Silverado (The Silverado Squatters, che racconta, sublimando, la sua poco felice luna di miele a Silverado con la Osbourne), Stevenson, memore della lezione inflittagli da Colvin, attua un processo di sublimazione del reale attraverso lo humour e la fantasia. È così che il soggiorno nella bicocca assediata dalle erbacce, dai crotali e dal pietrisco diventa un'avventura sognata, in un luogo fantastico pieno di luci, suoni e profumi nel quale i protagonisti della vicenda divengono personaggi da fiaba sul punto di prender possesso di un regno incantato. In tal modo vengono anche lasciati fuori gli aspetti riguardanti il rapporto amoroso tra un uomo ed una donna, rimanendo così legato alla morale vittoriana.\n\nChiusasi definitivamente la fase dell'autobiografismo, Stevenson decise di dedicarsi al romance, su cui egli scrisse anche saggi come A Gossip on Romance e A Humble Remonstrance. In essi l'autore difende la narrativa romanzesca o fantastica dagli attacchi degli assertori ad oltranza del realismo, mostrando una profonda consapevolezza dei processi psichici ed immaginativi che stanno alla base della scrittura: \"l'apoteosi e la sublimazione dei sogni ad occhi aperti dell'uomo comune. I suoi racconti possono essere alimentati dalla realtà della vita, ma il loro scopo e la loro caratteristica più vera consisteranno nel rispondere ai desideri inconfessati e indistinti del lettore, a seguire la logica ideale del sogno\" (A Gossip on Romance). Inoltre egli continuerà a rivendicare al romanzo d'avventure il compito di far affiorare i desideri inconsci e le fantasie adolescenziali, che si celano sotto l'apparenza pragmatica e moralistica dell'adulto. In A Gossip on Romance compare anche un insistente richiamo al Robinson Crusoe di Defoe (prototipo settecentesco del realistico, ma anche del romanzo d'avventura) il quale, rispetto agli altri rifacimenti (La famiglia Robinson svizzera o L'isola misteriosa di Verne), ha la capacità di conferire anche ai dettagli più banali un fascino irresistibile, in quanto il Robinson Crusoe possiede tutte le qualità che si richiedono ad un romanzo, tranne la capacità pittorica, o anche di evocare immagini fantastiche.\n\nE fu proprio questa capacità evocativa che Stevenson cercò di realizzare in Treasure Island, il cui tema centrale è l'avventura in luoghi esotici, anche se trattasi fondamentalmente di un racconto di formazione: il viaggio iniziatico di Jim Hawkins alla ricerca del tesoro dei pirati, sotterrato in un'isola lontana a forma di drago, compiuto da un gruppo d'inglesi.\n\nCon A Gossip on Romance e A Humble Remonstrance, Stevenson s'inserì prepotentemente in quel dibattito sul romanzo che, nell'ultimo quarto di secolo dell'Ottocento, ha visto contrapporre da un lato i difensori – per esempio Andrew Lang – della narrativa inglese tradizionale, dall'altro le infiltrazioni dei modelli realistici d'oltre Manica. In particolare Flaubert, Zola e quegli scrittori russi, le cui opere si basavano su un profondo scandaglio della psicologia dei personaggi e di racconti improntati ad una cupa visione della società e del destino dell'uomo. In questo senso Andrew Lang, sostenendo la necessità di una narrativa carica d'azione ed ottimismo, fu sostenuto da Stevenson, secondo il quale \"il vero pericolo è che nel tentativo di ritrarre la normalità lo scrittore... sia costretto a scrivere il romanzo della società anziché il romanzo dell'uomo\" (A Humble Remonstrance). Il dibattito, tuttavia, non riguardava solo il contrasto tra novel e romance, ma vedeva anche su fronti opposti i sostenitori di un realismo didascalico di derivazione britannica e i propugnatori di un realismo svincolato dai condizionamenti sociali.\n\nNon a caso, dunque, Henry James (in contrapposizione a Walter Besant, fautore invece dell'impegno sociale del romanzo) riaffermava la funzione mimetica della narrativa, nel senso che dovesse essere perfettamente libera, ma interessante. L'interesse, secondo James, doveva scaturire però dalla struttura interna del romanzo, in ciò trovandosi d'accordo, pur su un diverso fronte, con Stevenson, il quale manifestava in quegli anni un interesse crescente per le questioni tecniche e stilistiche. Non per nulla uno degli aspetti di Treasure Island, maggiormente apprezzati dai critici, era stato appunto la padronanza dello stile, una qualità che si farà sempre più determinante nella narrativa successiva dell'autore. Nell'ambito della saggistica va annoverato anche On Some Technical Elements of Style in Literature, dove Stevenson traccia paralleli e distinzioni fra i ritmi della prosa e i ritmi della poesia, ma soprattutto insiste sull'importanza dei suoni all'interno della frase letteraria accostandola per quest'aspetto alla frase musicale, al punto che gran parte dell'efficacia di un brano di prosa, a suo avviso, deriva dall'uso sapiente degli elementi sonori del linguaggio e dalla capacità dello scrittore di far appello non solo all'occhio, ma anche ad \"una specie di orecchio interiore, pronto a cogliere tacite melodie\". Stevenson insiste però anche sul fatto che non vi deve essere nulla d'ostentato in questi virtuosismi, perché lo stile è perfetto \"quando raggiunge il grado più elevato di consapevolezza senza farlo notare\". E Stevenson sembra esserci riuscito, secondo Roberto Mussapi, visto che Kidnapped e Treasure Island sono pervase da suggestioni sonore capaci di generare non solo voci e rumori, ma anche immagini. Stevenson, inoltre, non solo imposta il racconto come una ballata, ma v'introduce brani musicali o anche brevi allusioni a motivi popolari scozzesi.\n\nI temi dell'avventura e del mistero si ritrovano in New Arabian Nights, una serie di racconti ispirati alle storie di Sharāzād, nei quali Stevenson ricorre alla finzione di un anonimo arabo per introdurre le sue storie ambientate a Londra (quindi non più in spazi dilatati ed esotici, ma nell'area più angusta e familiare della città), e imperniati sulla figura di un principe di shakespeariana memoria, Florizel di Boemia. Benché non abbia la vera e propria veste del detective, il protagonista assume di tanto in tanto il ruolo di risolutore d'enigmi e di misteri; inoltre possiede quell'aristocratico distacco di fronte all'abiezione della gente che lo circonda, che è proprio di Sherlock Holmes. A differenza di quest'ultimo, in cui Conan Doyle privilegia l'aspetto razionale e positivista, Stevenson avvolge il protagonista di New Arabian Nights in un alone più vago e favoloso, anche se poi alla fine, con un tocco d'ironia, lo priva del suo trono in Boemia e lo mette a vendere sigari in una tipica tabaccheria londinese. L'autore sembra inoltre tutto proteso a realizzare quella \"limpida e schietta atmosfera romanzesca\", di cui parla in A Gossip on Romance, e a creare quella suspense in cui tiene avvinto il lettore, sollecitandone la curiosità.\n\nTale capacità di costruire la suspense, Stevenson non solo la mantenne in una seconda serie di racconti intitolata The Dynamiter, ma anche nei romanzi, specialmente in Lo strano caso del Dr. Jekyll e di Mr. Hyde. È la storia di un uomo, la cui metamorfosi e il cui sdoppiamento di personalità (prima volontario, poi sempre più incontrollabile), avvenuto in seguito ad alcuni esperimenti scientifici (privi di qualsiasi utilità, come li definisce il dr. Lanyon) perpetrati sulla sua persona, sottopone il lettore al manifestarsi degli istinti, pulsioni, manie e comportamenti spregiudicati di Mister Hyde, contrapposti alla parte razionale, controllata e comunemente accettata del dottor Jekyll. Tale sdoppiamento, presente non solo nel protagonista, si rende manifesto anche negli ambienti in cui i vari personaggi si muovono: un'atmosfera e un'ambientazione gotica nella quale prevalgono il freddo, la notte, la nebbia, il vento e l'intricato labirinto delle strade londinesi (che evocano la logica del mistero, dell'irreale, dell'assurdo e dell'orrore). Conferendo, inoltre, tratti scimmieschi al protagonista, Stevenson sembra aver voluto entrare nel merito dell'ormai dilagante controversia, che aveva coinvolto sociologi, letterati ed ecclesiastici. Il romanzo è, infatti, una testimonianza sconvolgente non solo dell'impatto delle teorie darwiniane sulla moralità vittoriana, ma anche del clima di sfiducia nella scienza e nell'uomo stesso, che si venne creando in Inghilterra verso la fine del secolo, in concomitanza con una vasta crisi economica, politica e sociale. Nella scena finale del romanzo infatti sembrano riemergere appunto le angosce esistenziali dei vittoriani: il timore dell'instaurarsi di un movimento regressivo all'interno del processo evolutivo e la paura di un prepotente riemergere degli impulsi irrazionali della civiltà.\n\nIl tema del doppio è predominante anche nel romanzo storico The Master of Ballantrae, una storia cupa, un resoconto dettagliato dei tragici fatti accaduti in un'antica casa nobiliare scozzese all'indomani dell'insurrezione giacobita del 1745. Tuttavia sul mito più antico della disintegrazione della famiglia s'innesta quello più moderno della disgregazione della personalità. La rivalità fra i due protagonisti/antagonisti, i fratelli Durrisdeer, fisicamente somiglianti (entrambi i fratelli sono scuri perché gli uomini della famiglia Durrisdeer sono neri), ma caratterialmente differenti (il primogenito affascinante, ma dissoluto e dissipatore, ed il secondogenito, ligio al dovere, morigerato, ma bruttino ed incapace di farsi amare) si configura nel corso della narrativa sempre più come una lotta interiore, un conflitto fra le opposte nature di uno stesso individuo. È dunque l'affinità fisica e la complementarità spirituale a far rientrare i due protagonisti del romanzo nella casistica del doppio. In particolare il fratello maligno opera una lenta, ma costante persecuzione sul fratello buono, per assorbirlo nella sfera della trasgressione morale, facendo emergere in quest'ultimo i lati oscuri, repressi della personalità dell'altro.\n\nIl malvagio compie, in altre parole, nei confronti del fratello buono quella che di prim'acchito può sembrare un'azione vendicativa, ma che alla lunga si trasforma in un seguito di molestie fini a sé stesse. Ma visto l'apparente insuccesso di quest'azione, cerca di provocarlo ulteriormente insidiandogli la moglie, e questa volta con successo. Il duello, infatti, oltre a mettere di fronte il personaggio e il suo doppio, fa emergere le potenzialità di violenza insite nel personaggio buono e ne rivela le ambiguità morali. Il personaggio buono, pur essendo in un primo momento sconvolto dell'atto delittuoso, tradisce in un secondo tempo il suo disappunto per non esser riuscito ad eliminare il rivale. Il finale vede un rovesciamento delle parti, nel quale il fratello perseguitato diventerà il persecutore. E date queste premesse il racconto non può che concludersi con la morte simultanea d'entrambi i fratelli e la loro sepoltura in un'unica tomba in mezzo ad un deserto di ghiaccio.\n\nL'altro tema caro a Stevenson è quello dell'avventura attraverso i mari, presente non solo in Treasure Island, ma anche in Kidnapped (il cui punto di riferimento sembra ancora il Robinson Crusoe di Defoe), le cui vicende toccano i temi romanzeschi del viaggio per mare, della lotta sanguinosa e del naufragio.\n\nL'amore per il mare porterà infine l'autore a trascorrere l'ultima parte della sua vita sulle isole del Pacifico, a rivivere almeno in parte quelle avventure che aveva sognato quand'era in Europa, prendendo nota in un diario d'ogni nuova esperienza ed impressione memorabile, che andava facendo nei suoi viaggi. La maggior parte di questa raccolta confluì in quelle lettere dai Mari del Sud (In The South Seas), che aveva promesso a McClure e che furono poi pubblicate a puntate su riviste americane ed inglesi dal 1891, ma anche in altri romanzi, quali The Wrecker o The Beach of Falesà. L'avventura, in ogni caso, non era ormai più concepita a tavolino, ma prendeva forma come esperienza autentica. Per la prima volta, nonostante la sua salute malferma, poteva godere degli spazi aperti e dell'avventura e rivivere fisicamente le esperienze di viaggiatori, come Cook o Darwin. E poteva dar corpo anche alle sue fantasie infantili, impersonando gli eroi dei suoi romanzi preferiti: Robinson, ovviamente, ma anche i ragazzi di Coral Island o della Famiglia Robinson svizzera. Nell'approdare alla prima isola lo scrittore rivive le emozioni dei primi esploratori, ma anche di Jim Hawkins, al suo arrivo nell'Isola del Tesoro. Diversamente dal suo personaggio, però, Stevenson non proverà delusioni e rimarrà in questo mondo per il resto della vita, rifiutando esplicitamente il ritorno in patria.\n\nI capitoli di In The South Seas sono pregni delle emozioni provate a contatto con i paesaggi e le figure di un mondo in larga parte ancora primitivo e genuino; lunghe pagine sono poi dedicate anche agli abitanti delle isole, soprattutto agli indigeni, i quali perlopiù vengono connotati positivamente quali eredi della nobiltà dell'uomo non contaminato dalla civiltà, ma che talvolta possono assumere tratti ambigui ed inquietanti. Sono rari, tuttavia, i momenti in cui lo scrittore tradisce, nei confronti di quella gente e di quei luoghi, un moto di repulsione, da lui stesso giudicato indegno di un viaggiatore, ma piuttosto una certa curiosità e simpatia. In tal senso si ricollega ad Emigrante per diletto, di cui riprende anche la romantica attenzione per gli umili e i diseredati.\n\nConvinto difensore sempre e comunque delle popolazioni polinesiane, non manca di criticare le autorità coloniali, a suo dire causa dei violenti sconvolgimenti operati nel tessuto sociale, denunciando il fatto che, tramite una dura repressione morale, agli abitanti delle Isole Marchesi è stata tolta la gioia di vivere. Ed esprime l'opinione che questa, ancor più del diffondersi delle infezioni e dell'oppio, sia la causa principale della progressiva estinzione di questa razza polinesiana. L'unico caso in cui lo scrittore sembra giudicare utile l'intervento dei bianchi nelle comunità indigene è quello concernente Padre Damiano De Veuster, fondatore del lebbrosario di Molokai, il quale aveva contratto la malattia, vivendo a stretto contatto con questi malati.\n\nDunque l'impressione che si ricava dalla lettura del romanzo è che l'autore, piuttosto che trasmettere al lettore un qualche senso della seduzione di quel mondo, si sia preoccupato di dare una mano per arginare il disfacimento di una cultura.\n\nOpere\n\nRomanzi \n 1883 - L'isola del tesoro (Treasure Island)\n trad. Piero Jahier, Einaudi, 1943\n trad. Angiolo Silvio Novaro, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Libero Bigiaretti, Giunti 1997\n 1883 - La freccia nera (The Black Arrow. A Tale of the Two Roses)\n a cura di Masolino D'Amico, Einaudi 2006\n trad. di Ester Piazza, DeAgostini 2011\n 1885 - Il principe Otto (Prince Otto. A Romance)\n trad. Enzo Giachino, Adelphi 1977\n trad. Masolino D'Amico, Nottetempo 2002\n 1886 - Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)\n trad. Carlo Fruttero e Franco Lucentini, Einaudi 1996\n 1886 - Il ragazzo rapito (Kidnapped. Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751)\n trad. Alberto Mario Ciriello, Garzanti 1976\n trad. Floriana Bossi, Einaudi 1977\n trad. Francesco Saba Sardi, come Rapito, Mondadori 1982\n 1887 - Ricordo di Fleeming Jenkin (Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin)\n trad. Paolo Zanotti, Sellerio 1996\n 1888 - Il signore di Ballantrae (The Master of Ballantrae. A Winter’s Tale)\n trad. Oriana Previtali, Rizzoli 1950\n trad. Giulia Celenza, Garzanti 1978\n trad. Simone Barillari, come Il master di Ballantrae, Nutrimenti 2012\n 1889 - La cassa sbagliata (The Wrong Box), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n come Eredità in pericolo, Mondadori, 1941\n trad. Henry Furst, Mursia 1966\n La cassa sbagliata (The Wrong Box), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2014 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-434-4\n 1892 - Il relitto (The Wrecker), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n come Il mistero del Turbine Volante, Sonzogno, 1925\n trad. Igor Legati, Einaudi 1991\n 1893 - Catriona (Catriona. Being Memoirs of the Further Adventures of David Balfour at Home and Abroad), seguito di Kidnapped\n trad. Aldo Fulizio, Paoline 1962\n trad. Henry Furst, Mursia 1972\n trad. Andrea Cariello, Leone Editore, 2015\ntrad. Maria Grazia Testi Piceni, Landscape Books, 2016\n 1894 - Il riflusso della marea (The Ebb-Tide. A Trio and a Quartette), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n a cura di Fabrizio Pasanisi, Sellerio 1994\n trad. Renato Prinzhofer, Bompiani 1997\n trad. Fabrizio Bagatti, Marlin 2006\n 1896 - Weir di Hermiston (Weir of Hermiston)\n trad. Francesco Fenghi, Garzanti 1982\n trad. Giovanna Saffi, Sellerio 1994\n 1897 - St. Ives (St. Ives. Being the Adventures of a French Prisoner in England), finito da Arthur Quiller-Couch\n a cura di Salvatore Rosati, Mursia 1968\n\nRacconti \n 1877 - Una vecchia canzone (An Old Song)\n trad. Ornella De Zordo, in L'incantatrice e Una vecchia storia, Milano, Mursia, 1990, pp. 37–89\n trad. Fabrizio Bagatti, Barbès, 2012; poi Clichy, 2014\n 1882 - Le nuove Mille e una notte (New Arabian Nights)\nIl club dei suicidi (The Suicide Club, 1878), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2015 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-473-3\n Il diamante del Rajah (The Rajah’s Diamond, 1878)\n Il padiglione sulle dune (The Pavillon on the Links, 1880), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2016 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-597-6\n Un tetto per la notte (A Lodging for the Night, 1877)\n La porta del sire di Malétroit (The Sire de Malétroits Door, 1878)\n La provvidenza e una chitarra (Providence and the Guitar, 1878)\n trad. Laura Babini, come Le nuove notti arabe, Casini 1953\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982, in Romanzi, racconti e saggi\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi, 1999\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, come Il club dei suicidi e Il padiglione sulle dune, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2015-2016 ISBN 978-88-6261-473-3\n 1885 - Il dinamitardo (More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter), scritto con Fanny Osbourne\n trad. Enrico Scialoja, Longanesi 1980\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, come Il terrorista, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2017 ISBN 978-88-6261-631-7\n 1887 - Gli allegri compari e altri racconti (The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables)\nGli Allegri Compari (The Merry Men, 1882)\n trad. Laura Merletti, Ibis 1995\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n trad. Fabrizio Pasanisi, prefazione di Dario Pontuale, Nutrimenti 2016\n Will del Mulino (Will o' the Mill, 1878)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Mondadori 1982\n Markheim (Markheim, 1885)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Marina Vaggi, Interlinea 2001\n trad. Luigi Marfè, Leone Editore, 2013\n Janet la Sbilenca (Thrawn Janet, 1881)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982\n Olalla (Olalla, 1885)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Einaudi 1974\n trad. Simone Garzella, Passigli 2006\n Il tesoro di Franchard (The Treasure of Franchard, 1883)\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n trad. Daniela Sandid, prefazione di Dario Pontuale, Passigli 2016\n 1889 - L'incantatrice o L'ammaliatrice (The Enchantress)\n trad. Ornella De Zordo, in L'incantatrice e Una vecchia storia, Milano, Mursia, 1990, pp. 13–36\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, in I racconti, Torino, Einaudi, 1999, pp. 767–85\n 1893 - Gli intrattenimenti delle notti sull'isola (Island Nights' Entertainments)\n La spiaggia di Falesà (The Beach of Falesà, 1892)\n Il diavolo nella bottiglia (The Bottle Imp, 1891)\n L’isola delle voci (The Isle of Voices, 1893)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n 1896 - Favole (Fables)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Einaudi 1960\n trad. Daniela Fink, Le lettere 1992\n 1905 - Tales and Fantasies (pubblicato postumo)\n (The Story of a Lie, 1879)\n Il trafugatore di salme (The Body Snatcher, 1884)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, , Mondadori, 1985\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi, 1999 (in I racconti)\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2016 ISBN 978-88-6261-531-0\n Le avventure di John Nicholson (The Misadventures of John Nicholson: A Christmas Story, 1887)\n trad. Piero Pignata, Passigli, 2010\n\nTeatro \n con William Ernest Henley:\n 1880 - Deacon Brodie or The Double Life\n 1884 - Beau Austin\n 1884 - The Admiral Guinea\n 1885 - Macaire\n con Fanny Osbourne:\n 1915 - The Hanging Judge\n\nPoesie \n 1882 - Moral Emblems and Other Poems\n trad. parziale Roberto Mussapi e Teresa Sorace Maresca in Poesie, Mondadori 1997\n trad. racconto Il pirata e il farmacista Damiano Abeni, Orecchio Acerbo 2013\n 1885 - Un giardino di versi (A Child’s Garden of Verses)\n trad. Francesco Saba Sardi, Mondadori 1987\n trad. Roberto Mussapi, come Il mio letto è una nave, Feltrinelli, 1997\n trad. Raul Montanari, Nutrimenti 2010\n 1887 - Underwoods (38 poesie in inglese e 16 in scozzese)\n 1887 - Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands\n 1891 - Ballads\n The Song of Rahero. A Legend of Tahiti\n The Feast of Famine. Marquesan Manners\n Ticonderoga. Una leggenda delle Highlands occidentali (Ticonderoga. A Legend of the West Highlands, 1887)\n trad. Roberto Mussapi in Poesie, Mondadori 1997\n Heather Ale\n Christmas at Sea\n 1896 - Canti di viaggio (Songs of Travel and Other Verses)\n trad. Luigi Marfè, ETS 2019\n 1898 - Quattordici preghiere scritte a Vailima e un sermone di Natale\n Prayers Written at Vailima\n A Christmas Sermon\n trad. Edoardo Albinati, Stampa alternativa 1992\n 1918 - New Poems\n 2003 - Collected Poems, a cura di Roger C. Lewis\n\nSaggi e viaggi \n 1878 - Viaggio nell'entroterra in canoa tra Belgio e Francia (An Inland Voyage)\n trad. Donatella Tonitto e Marco Bettini, Muzzio 1991\n 1879 - Viaggio nelle Cévennes in compagnia di un asino (Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes)\n trad. Piero Pignata, Ibis 1992\n 1879 - Edimburgo e tre passeggiate a piedi a zonzo tra Scozia e Inghilterra (Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes)\n trad. Valeria Bellazzi, Muzzio 1996\n 1882 - Familiar Studies of Men and Books\n Victor Hugo’s Romances\n Some Aspects of Robert Burns\n Walt Whitman\n Henry David Thoreau. His Character and Opinions\n Yoshida-Torajiro\n François Villon Student Poet and House-Breaker\n Charles of Orleans\n Samuel Pepys\n John Knox and Women\n trad. parziale Daniela Fink, come L'isola del romanzo, Sellerio 1987 \n 1882 - The Old and New Pacific Capitals\n 1882 - Una chiacchierata sul romanzesco (A Gossip on Romance)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1883 - Gli accampati di Silverado (The Silverado Squatters. Sketches from a Californian Mountain)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Studio Tesi 1985\n 1883 - Una nota sul realismo (A Note on Realism)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1884 - La casa ideale (The Ideal House)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982 \n 1887 - I lanternai (The Lantern-Bearers)\n trad. Roberto Birindelli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1887 - Memories and Portraits\n Straniero in patria (The Foreigner at Home)\n Alcuni ricordi di collegio (Some College Memories)\n Vecchia morte (Old Mortality)\n Una rivista di collegio (A College Magazine)\n Un vecchio giardiniere scozzese (An Old Scotch Gardener)\n Pastorale (Pastoral)\n La casa parrocchiale (The Manse)\n Ricordi di un isolotto (Memories of an Islet)\n Thomas Stevenson (Thomas Stevenson Civil Engineer)\n Conversazioni e conversatori (Talk and Talkers)\n Il carattere dei cani (The Character of Dogs)\n Semplici un centesimo e colorate due soldi (A Penny Plain and Twopence Coloured)\n A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas’s\n A Gossip on Romance\n A Humble Remonstrance\n trad. parziale Flaminia Cecchi, come Memorie, Editori riuniti 1997\n trad. parziale Daniela Fink, come L'isola del romanzo, Sellerio 1987\n 1889 - Nei mari del sud (In the South Seas) \n trad. Corrado Alvaro, Arcana, 1989\n 1890 - Lettera al dottor Hyde (Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu)\n a cura di Athos Bigongiali, Sellerio 1994\n 1891 - Virginibus Puerisque (Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers)\n trad. parziale a cura di Andrea Minucci, Robin 2004 \n 1892 - Attraverso le pianure (Across the Plains)\n trad. Giovanna Mochi, in Emigrante per diletto, Einaudi 1987\n 1892 - L'isola di Samoa. Note a piè di pagina della storia (A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa)\n trad. Fabio Macherelli, Shakespeare and company 1995\n trad. e cura di Fabrizio Bagatti, Otto anni di guai. Una nota in margine alla storia, Clichy 2016\n 1893 - Records of a Family of Engineers\n 1895 - Emigrante per diletto (The Amateur Emigrant)\n trad. Giovanna Mochi, Einaudi 1987\n trad. Teresa Bertuzzi, Nova Delphi 2018\n 1905 - Essays of Travel\n trad. parziale Valeria Bellazzi, come Appunti di viaggio in Francia e Svizzera, Muzzio 1998 \n L'isola del romanzo, trad. Daniela Fink, Sellerio, 1987\n Alcuni elementi tecnici dello stile nella letteratura (On Some Technical Elements of Style in Literature, 1884)\n I libri che hanno avuto influenza su di me (Books Which Have Influenced Me, 1887)\n Un'umile rimostranza (A Humble Remonstrance, 1887)\n A proposito di un romanzo di Dumas (A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas’s, 1887)\n I romanzi di Giulio Verne (Jules Verne’s Romances)\n I \"romances\" di Victor Hugo (Victor Hugo’s Romances)\n Le opere di Edgar Allan Poe\n Walt Whitman (Walt Whitman)\n Samuel Pepys (Samuel Pepys)\n \"Gentlemen\" e letteratura (Gentlemen)\n 1905 - The Art of Writing\n 1906 - Essays\n1905 - L'arte della scrittura\n trad. Francesca Frigerio, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2009 ISBN 978-88-6261-094-0\n\nLettere e testimonianze \n 1894 - Lettere da Vailima (Vailima Letters)\n trad. Adriana Crespi Bortolini, Mursia 1980\n Isobel Strong Field e Samuel Lloyd Osbourne, Memories of Vailima (1902)\n Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson, From Saranac to the Marquesas and Beyond. Letters to Her Sister (1903)\n Henry Jay Moors, With Stevenson in Samoa (1910)\n Fanny Osbourne, The Cruise of the \"Janet Nicholl\" among the South Seas Islands (1914)\n Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson, Stevenson’s Baby Book (1922)\n Samuel Lloyd Osbourne, An Intimate Portrait of R.L. Stevenson (1924)\n Rosaline Orme Masson (a cura di), I Can Remember R.L. Stevenson (1925)\n Robert T. Skinner (a cura di ), Cummy’s Diary. A Diary Kept by R.L. Stevenson’s Nurse Alison Cunningham while Travelling with him on the Continent During 1863 (1926)\n Isobel Strong Field, This Life I've Loved (1937)\n Fanny Osbourne, Our Samoan Adventure (1955)\n R.C. Terry (a cura di), Interviews and Recollections (1996)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Letteratura vittoriana\n Scrittori scozzesi\n Fanny Van de Grift\n Samuel Lloyd Osbourne\n William Ernest Henley\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n Robert Louis Stevenson. Informazioni complete sull'autore, sito mantenuto dall'editore del Journal of Stevenson Studies .\n \n\nScrittori in lingua inglese\nScrittori di viaggio\nScrittori per ragazzi\nScrittori scozzesi\nAutori horror", "Con il termine transatlantico si intende in modo generico una nave specializzata nel trasporto di passeggeri su rotte che attraversano un intero oceano, in genere con regolare servizio di linea. \n\nNonostante queste navi siano ormai scomparse dalle rotte oceaniche, il termine è ancora in uso per indicare le navi da crociera; bisogna tuttavia ricordare che i transatlantici (anche se si sono evoluti nel tempo) sono strutturalmente molto diversi dalle moderne navi da crociera. I transatlantici, infatti, di solito hanno uno scafo di doppio spessore, una prua slanciata e un bordo alto e sono pensati per affrontare le traversate in qualsiasi condizione per tutto l'arco dell'anno, cosa che per chiari motivi non è sempre possibile a tutte le navi. \n\nUno tra i transatlantici più famosi di sempre è il Titanic, piroscafo britannico affondato nella notte tra il 14 e il 15 aprile 1912, durante il suo viaggio inaugurale, a causa della collisione con un iceberg.\n\nStoria\nLa denominazione deriva dal fatto che la prima traversata nautica transoceanica si è compiuta proprio attraverso l'Atlantico. Le rotte tipiche dei transatlantici si svolgevano infatti fra l'Europa e l'America; da tutti i maggiori porti europei vi erano servizi regolari per gli USA e per alcuni paesi sudamericani come l'Argentina ed il Brasile. Il transatlantico restò l'unico mezzo di trasporto diretto fra il Vecchio ed il Nuovo Continente sino all'avvento dei voli aerei di linea intercontinentali. I transatlantici nacquero come piroscafi, ovvero dotati di propulsione a vapore; tale tecnologia rimase la più diffusa, affiancata successivamente dai motori Diesel.\n\nLe navi offrivano tipicamente tre livelli di servizio; la prima classe era destinata ai passeggeri ricchi, ai turisti e ai viaggiatori per diletto, la seconda ai viaggiatori professionali e la terza alle numerosissime persone che emigravano dall'Europa verso l'America. Gli emigranti erano spesso costretti a viaggiare in condizioni di grave disagio, stipati sottocoperta, ammessi a spazi ristretti e rigorosamente separati dal resto dell'imbarcazione e, spesso, costretti a portare con sé cibo, bevande e coperte dal luogo di partenza, data l'assenza di un servizio di ristorazione a loro riservato.\n\nRispetto ad una nave passeggeri tradizionale, i transatlantici venivano studiati per poter fronteggiare le condizioni marittime e climatiche particolari dell'oceano, dislocavano tonnellaggi giganteschi e, malgrado le dimensioni generali, raggiungevano velocità di crociera assai elevate per le epoche di realizzazione, con tempi di percorrenza per l'intera traversata solitamente di alcuni giorni.\n\nIn contrasto con lo squallore delle aree riservate agli emigranti, i transatlantici offrivano condizioni di estremo lusso per i viaggiatori più abbienti: è nei livelli di servizio più elevati di questi \"giganti del mare\" che sono comparsi per la prima volta elementi che oggi sono a disposizione di tutti i passeggeri su tutte le imbarcazioni in servizio su lunghe tratte, come le piscine, i campi da tennis, le verande, le orchestre, i saloni da ballo e i negozi.I periodi di entrambe le guerre mondiali videro la requisizione da parte dei paesi in conflitto della gran parte dei transatlantici, trasformati in navi per trasporto truppe o navi ospedale. Alcuni di essi trovarono una fine anticipata a causa della guerra, ad esempio gli inglesi RMS Lusitania e RMS Carpathia, gli italiani Rex, Conte di Savoia e Conte Rosso o il tedesco Wilhelm Gustloff. Tra le due guerre e nel secondo dopoguerra l'attività civile dei transatlantici venne ripristinata, con nuove navi varate di continuo, sempre più lussuose, più accessoriate e più grandi. Fu all'incirca negli anni sessanta che, grazie ai progressi nell'ambito della propulsione aeronautica (che portarono a sostituire la tecnologia a pistoni con quella a getto, molto più efficiente sulle lunghe distanze), cominciò il declino delle grandi navi passeggeri oceaniche, sostituite dai più veloci aeroplani come principale mezzo di trasporto tra le due sponde dell'Atlantici.\n\nUna delle più famose compagnie di navigazione di sempre, la britannica Cunard Line, è l'unica che possiede tuttora un transatlantico in servizio di linea, la RMS Queen Mary 2 (varata nel 2004). Esistono anche due transatlantici non più in servizio, il RMS Queen Mary e la Queen Elizabeth 2, anch'essi della Cunard Line: il Queen Mary fu varato nel 1934 e ritirato nel 1967 ed è oggi adibito a museo, ristorante e hotel galleggiante nel porto di Long Beach (California), il Queen Elizabeth 2 invece fu varato nel 1967 e ritirato nel 2008 e attualmente si trova ormeggiato a Dubai in attesa di una sistemazione definitiva.\n\nTransatlantici famosi \n\n Amerique\n Andrea Doria\n Aquitania\n Augustus\n Bremen\n HMHS Britannic\n Burgundia\n RMS Carpathia\n Conte Biancamano\n Conte Rosso\n Conte Verde\n Conte di Savoia\n Cristoforo Colombo\n Duca degli Abruzzi\n Duilio\n Europa\n France\n Île de France\n Infanta Beatriz\n Kaiser Wilhelm der Große\n Kaiser Wilhelm II\n La Savoie\n Leonardo da Vinci\n RMS Lusitania\n RMS Mauretania\n RMS Mauretania (1938)\n Michelangelo\n Montreal\n Normandie\n RMS Olympic\n Presidente Wilson\n Principessa Jolanda\n Principessa Mafalda\n RMS Queen Elizabeth\n RMS Queen Elizabeth 2\n RMS Queen Mary\n RMS Queen Mary 2\n Raffaello\n Rex\n Sarnia\n Stockholm\n RMS Titanic\n United States\n RMS Victorian\n RMS Virginian\n Westernland\n Wilhelm Gustloff\n\nGalleria d'immagini\n\nVoci correlate\nCronologia dei transatlantici più grandi del mondo\nNastro Azzurro (premio)\nNave da crociera\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni", "Lo stemma reale dell'Inghilterra, è lo Stemma usato dai Re d'Inghilterra prima dell'unione con il Regno di Scozia. Lo stemma fu anche stemma del Regno d'Inghilterra. L'insegna consta di tre leopardi d'oro, armati e lampassati d'azzurro, ordinati in palo e posti in campo rosso: \nA seguito dell'Unione delle corone del 1603, lo stemma è stato incorporato nello stendardo reale britannico, e compare nel secondo quarto in Scozia, mentre in Inghilterra è usata una versione dove lo stemma reale dell'Inghilterra è presente nel primo e nel quarto quadrante.\n\nOrigine \n\nEsistono differenti ipotesi sulla genesi dell'arme inglese, che la vorrebbero originata dallo Stemma della Normandia: quest'ultimo, infatti, è di rosso, a due leopardi d'oro, armati e lampassati d'azzurro. \n\nSecondo gli araldisti Marco Antonio Ginanni e Goffredo di Crollalanza, lo stemma dell'Inghilterra è il risultato dell'unione tra l'insegna normanna e quella di Guienna o Aquitania, che consta d'un unico leopardo d'oro in campo rosso.\n\nEntrando più nel dettaglio, il Crollalanza puntualizza che sarebbe stato Enrico II d'Inghilterra ad aggiungere il terzo leopardo al proprio stemma: egli, infatti, sposando Eleonora d'Aquitania, avrebbe sommato il leopardo presente nell'arme della consorte ai due leopardi dell'arme normanna.\n\nAltri esperti asseriscono che, nell'araldica delle origini, il numero delle figure araldiche su uno stemma potesse non essere sempre fissato e che sia solo una ragione di disegno se lo stemma inglese abbia finito per avere tre leopardi.\n\nUnioni personali e scudi inquartato \nPer gran parte del tardo medioevo lo scudo araldica era solitamente inquartato con lo scudo araldica del regno di Francia: tre gigli d'oro in campo azzurro. Riccardo II divise a metà lo scudo (partito). Una metà era lo stemma attribuito a Edoardo il Confessore, il santo reale anglosassone. Quando l'unione personale con la Spagna iniziò con le nozze di Maria I e Filippo II, lo scudo di Maria fu partito con le stemma della Spagna. Come duca di Milano, lo stemma di Filippo aveva talvolta uno scudetto con lo stemma di Milano (con un biscione inquartato con un'aquila del Sacro Romano Impero). Questi elementi furono tolti quando Elisabetta I divenne regina, e lo scudo tornò ad essere lo stemma inquartato. Quando Giacomo VI di Scozia divenne re d'Inghilterra e d'Irlanda (Giacomo I), lo stemma reale fu inquartato con lo stemma reale di Scozia e dell'Irlanda.\n\nDopo l'unioni politiche \n\nIl regno inglese fu abolito da atti del parlamento di Scozia e del parlamento d'Inghilterra (Atti di Unione 1707). In seguito, lo stemma della regina Anna fu unito partito gli scudi d'Inghilterra e di Scozia, e lo scudo combinato fu inquartato con gli scudi di Francia e d'Irlanda. Il regno d'Irlanda fu abolito nel 1801 con atti del Parlamento d'Irlanda e del Parlamento della Gran Bretagna (Atti di Unione 1800). A quel tempo terminò il partito dello stemma reale inglese e scozzese, e lo stemme di Inghilterra, Scozia e Irlanda erano tutti inquartato ugualmente. In Inghilterra, lo stemma dell'Inghilterra occupa il primo e il terzo quarto, ma in Scozia occupa solo il secondo. Questa è la posizione dello stemma dell'Inghilterra sullo scudo araldica del Regno Unito. Il design è rimasto invariato dall'adesione di Vittoria.\n\nDerivati \nLo stemma dell'Inghilterra ha molte varianti nelle isole britanniche e nei paesi del passato impero britannico. La bandiera di Jersey ha uno scudetto con lo stemma nel suo disegno.\n\nLo stemma reale è probabilmente lo stemma più conosciuto in Inghilterra. Il successivo più riconosciuto è lo stemma derivato della Federazione calcistica dell'Inghilterra. I giocatori della nazionale di calcio dell'Inghilterra utilizzarono lo stemma reale nel XIX secolo, ma presto iniziarono ad utilizzare una versione con i tre leoni in blu, su un campo d'argento seminato di dieci rose Tudor. Questo derivato è stato utilizzato da allora. Variazioni sullo stemma dell'Inghilterra sono comuni anche nelle insegne delle squadre nazionali di altri sport.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n\n Bandiera dell'Inghilterra\n Stemma reale del Regno Unito\n Stemma della Normandia\n Bandiera di Sark\n Stemma di Jersey\n Stemma di Guernsey\n Stemma reale di Scozia\n Stemma del Galles\n Stemma dell'Irlanda del Nord\n Stemma dell'Irlanda\n\nAltri progetti \n\nInghilterra\nInghilterra", "Brenzone sul Garda (Brenzone fino al 2014, Brensón o Brenzón in veneto) è un comune italiano sparso di abitanti della provincia di Verona in Veneto. La sede municipale si trova nella frazione di Magugnano.\n\nGeografia fisica \nBrenzone sul Garda dista circa 56 chilometri a nord-ovest da Verona, capoluogo provinciale. È situato sulla sponda veronese del Lago di Garda. Il territorio comunale comprende parte del massiccio del Monte Baldo, ovvero la zona della Val Vaccara.\n\nIl comune non ha un centro principale e una periferia ma è formato da 16 piccole frazioni distribuite lungo l'ampio territorio; la loro distribuzione non è omogenea: si trovano suddivise in fasce formate da paesi molto vicini gli uni agli altri mentre vaste aree rimangono praticamente naturali e inalterate. Per esempio le frazioni litoranee di Assenza, Porto, Magugnano, Marniga e Castelletto, pur rimanendo distinte, costituiscono di fatto un unico centro abitato che si sviluppa da nord a sud. Oltre alle 16 frazioni troviamo numerosissime località spesso formate da 4 o 5 case, molte delle quali hanno un nome composto dal prefisso \"Ca'\", in dialetto casa, e da un cognome, indicando come le famiglie erano sparse in piccoli centri del comune.\n\nI centri abitati maggiori sono:\n\n Magugnano (Magugnâa) (300 abitanti ca.), sede municipale\n Castelletto (Castelét) (432 abitanti ca.)\n Marniga (Marnìga) (351 abitanti ca.)\n Sommavilla (Somaìla) (340 abitanti ca.)\n Porto (Pôort) (301 abitanti ca.)\n Castello (Castèl) (170 abitanti ca.)\n\nQueste frazioni da sole hanno abitanti, il resto è sparso nelle altre frazioni e località.\n\nOrigini del nome \nL'etimologia sull'origine della parola Brenzone è ancora oggi molto discussa. Secondo alcuni potrebbe derivare da il nome dei Brenni, una tribù germanica insediatasi sul monte Baldo che compiva scorrerie e saccheggi nel territorio o più semplicemente da Brenno, mitico condottiero dei Galli Senoni. Secondo altri avrebbe origine dalla locuzione berg zone (“territorio di montagna”) con cui il territorio venne definito da uno scrivano al seguito di Federico Barbarossa qui transitato durante la sua seconda discesa in Italia o più fantasiosamente da un certo Bruncione, paladino di Francia, giunto sul Garda al seguito del re franco Pipino, figlio di Carlo Magno.\n\nDomenico Marocchi, un medico e storico locale, in un documento del 22 dicembre 1790 descrive con precisione la storia che portò all'origine del toponimo: \"Il nome di Brenzone per quanto io abbia potuto rintracciare dai più vecchi ed illuminati di questa Comunità, mentre iscritti del Pubblico sono stati abbrucciati per incautezza, e dai Francesci due volte, è provenuto da una famiglia Brenzoni, che abitava in mezzo a queste ville, cioè a Castello. Narrano che i villici di questi contorni nel portarsi alla residenza Brenzoni, affine di contribuire la porzione del raccolto, dicessero \"andiamo dai Brenzoni\" e da questo sia insorto il nome Brenzone. Si sa per certo che codesta famiglia [ebbe] estensione grande di Campagna, di Montagne gl'intorno a queste ville\".\nIn realtà, come nella gran parte dei casi in Italia, oggi sappiamo che fu la famiglia feudale a prendere il nome da quello del feudo ottenuto e non il contrario. Un ramo dei Rangoni modenesi (vedi il Comune di Castelnuovo Rangone) prese così il nome di Brenzone. Il mausoleo sepolcrale dei Rangone Brenzoni è visibile in San Fermo a Verona. Un componente della famiglia in periodo rinascimentale, mentre operava in realtà a Venezia, fece poi costruire la bellissima villa di San Vigilio nel vicino comune di Garda.\n\nDopo il referendum tenutosi il 9 febbraio 2014, dai due seggi elettorali di Magugnano e Castelletto, è emerso che circa il 70% (69,9%) dei votanti ha espresso voto favorevole al cambio di denominazione da Brenzone a Brenzone sul Garda.\n\nOrigine dei nomi delle frazioni:\n\n Assenza: il termine di solito deriva da \"ascesa\", \"montata\", data la relazione alla mulattiera che collega alla frazione di Sommavilla. Oppure, potrebbe esserci una connessione con la festività dell'Ascensione, in dialetto La Sensa. Inoltre, l'abitato, almeno fino al XVII secolo era denominato Menarolo (porticciolo, probabilmente a servizio di Sommavilla).\n Biazza: il nome descrive il luogo in cui la frazione sorge, più basso al centro e rilevato a nord e a sud, che ricorda la forma della bàsia 'terrina'.\n Borago: Borago può derivare da Borgo: l'abitato presenta ancora oggi la caratteristica forma a borgo nonostante alcune costruzioni nuove attorno al paese. Ma più probabilmente, come tutti i toponimi con suffisso \"ago\" deriva da un suffisso antico celtico che indica una proprietà terriera. Di solito la prima parte del nome è un nome famigliare. In questo caso forse, in analogia con val Borago ad Avesa di Verona, indica la vicinanza di una ripida valletta (stessa radice di \"burrone\").\n Campo: antico borgo abbandonato all'inizio del Novecento e oggi abitato da una sola famiglia, Campo sembra essersi fermato al medioevo: le case e l'antico castello dominano ancora un paesaggio antico con campi di olivi e grotte naturali. Il paese, ancora oggi raggiungibile solo con una mulattiera, reca ancora una pianta medievale: con la chiesetta di San Pietro in Vincoli, il castello, il torrente che attraversa la borgata. L'origine del nome è campum 'superficie agraria coltivabile'.\n Castelletto: il toponipo può giustificarsi in loco: originariamente Castelletto era un abitato costruito intorno al proprio imbarcadero, probabilmente l'unico importante prima della costruzione di Porto di Brenzone .\n Castello: il nome castello deriva dal fatto che tanti anni fa nel paese che sorge su un'erta collina addossata sul Monte Baldo esistesse proprio un castello. Nella parte del paese detta Castello di Sotto è ancora visibile un pezzo di muro con due merletti in rovina. Inoltre, nella documentazione archivistica il nome è spesso legato al ricordo della famiglia Brenzone che vi ha risieduto fino al 1420. Quanto al significato vuol dire 'fortezza, campo munito'.\n Fasor: il nome deriva dalla voce dialettale fasol, cioè fagiolo, probabilmente chiamato così per l'uso locale di coltivare i fagioli.\n Magugnano (sede comunale): il nome deriva dalla famiglia \"Magugnan\", la quale governava Brenzone. Non risulterebbero però fonti attestate della presenza di questa famiglia. Altra ipotesi è data dal suffisso ano tipico nei toponimi italiani di provenienza da nome personale latino (come non notare la assonanza col nome di Gargnano sull'altra sponda del lago alla stessa latitudine) quindi successivo ai suffissi celtici di formazione dei vicini toponimi di Borago e Zignago.\n Marniga: la forma linguistica lo riconosce come prediale e lo attribuisce al sostrato celtico. In origine il suffisso appariva solo in nesso con nomi di persona celtici ma fu usato anche con nomi latini. In Marniga, infatti, si può riconoscere il gentilizio lat. Marinus e dunque il nome locale deve essere insorto in epoca tardo-antica, mantenendo dello strato celtico solo l'eco derivante dal suffisso.\n Porto: si trattava di un paese sorto attorno al principale porto di pescatori della zona settentrionale di Brenzone; era probabilmente il porto che serviva il Castello.\n Pozzo: in questo caso la parola 'pozzo' viene usata in senso metaforico per indicare un avvallamento del terreno. La frazione di Pozzo è praticamente unita a Sommavilla e questo attribuisce un valore particolare ad entrambi i toponimi, che evidentemente di contrappongono: l'uno è designazione di un paesello in posizione dominante, l'altro indica metaforicamente una località più bassa.\n Prada Alta: Prada Alta porta il caratteristico nome dei paesi di montagna: sorge nella Val Vaccara, sopra Brenzone, a 1060 metri di quota. Vicino al paese di Prada Alta si trovano anche le località di Fiès (1010 m) e Ca' Chemasi (1140 m). Il paese di Prada Alta assieme alle vicine località fino agli anni '50 era formato da un piccolo agglomerato di case e da alcune baite: con la costruzione degli impianti di risalita e l'apertura della stazione sciistica della Costabella si è notevolmente ingrandito grazie alla costruzione di numerosi residence, alberghi e seconde case. Oggi all'interno di Prada Alta è inglobata anche la vecchia località di San Francesco, dove sorge la chiesa parrocchiale dedicata all'omonimo santo.\n Sommavilla: l'etimologia del nome Sommavilla deriva probabilmente dal confronto del paese con la frazione vicina, Pozzo. Le due frazioni sono poste molto vicine: \"Somaila\" più in alto, su un dosso, Pozzo in un valletto. Oppure rispetto ad Assenza che in antico ne costituiva il porticciolo e quindi, in mancanza di strade adeguate, il collegamento verso il resto del mondo.\n Venzo: il nome Venzo deriva dal latino vincitor che sta a significare vincitore. La leggenda narra infatti che fu l'unico paese in cui non si diffuse l'epidemia di peste che colpì Brenzone nel 1631. Si narra addirittura di persone guarite dal colera (che colpì la zona oltre due secoli dopo nel 1836) dopo essere entrate nel paese.\n Zignago: probabile origine romano celtica di proprietà terriera come la sottostante vicina Borago. Anche qui omonimia nel triveneto a Portogruaro. Val Zignago che dette il nome al noto gruppo Zignago (non a caso da un originario podere di oltre mille ettari) fondato da Marzotto.\n\nStoria\n\nPreistoria e protostoria \nFacendo riferimento ai vari ritrovamenti litici nel territorio è possibile documentare una presenza antropica presso Val Trovai nel Paleolitico Medio e Superiore su piccoli pianori posti a 1000 m s.l.m. Si segnala inoltre In località Prada, insieme ad altri elementi litici, una punta musteriana. \n\nIl ritrovamento più importante in queste zone risulta essere la cosiddetta \"Pietra di Castelletto\", oggi conservata all'interno della sede comunale di Brenzone in località Magugnano. Si tratterebbe di una roccia istoriata trovata nel 1965 da Mario Pasotti presso località Castelletto non distante dalla riva e si trovava all'interno di un ben più grande pezzo di calcare rosso ammonitico. La “pietra”, mancante della parte centrale persa durante il rinvenimento, ha una grandezza di 4,6 x 2,6 m. Sulla superficie, realizzate con tecnica incisoria a martellina sono rappresentate: \n\n 73 asce immanicate con taglio a paletta (o a flabello) \n\n 8 spade \n\n 3 piccoli strumenti “non meglio definiti”\n\n un meandro \n\n un antropomorfo \n\n 10 “simboli indeterminati”\n\nÈ stata interpretata, data la cospicua presenza di armi e di altri temi figurativi, come un deposito votivo tipico dell'età del Bronzo Medio (1600-1300 a.C.). Sono state fatte diverse comparazioni antecedenti con le statue-stele e massi incisi dell'arco alpino dell'età del Rame (prima metà del III millennio a.C.).\n\nEpoca romana \nDi questo periodo storico ci rimangono sporadiche testimonianze di iscrizioni epigrafiche e la villa situata in località Castelletto come esempio abitativo sulla riva lacustre. Il territorio di Brenzone data la sua conformità territoriale, posto ai piedi delle impervie pendici montane del Monte Baldo e protetto dall'altro lato dal lago di Garda, mantiene nel tempo, una costante marginalità rispetto alla zona meridionale del lago. Sappiamo che con la formazione della Regio X (un ampio territorio che comprendeva al suo interno le aree dell'odierno Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia e zona istriana) sotto l'imperatore Augusto, l'area di Brenzone si trova sotto la gestione della gens Polibia.\n\nMedioevo \nAlcune terre a Brenzone fanno parte fin dal IX secolo dei beni del monastero di S. Zeno a Verona e rimangono in suo possesso fino al XII secolo, come testimoniano i diplomi di XI-XII secolo. Un documento del 1023 mostra che a Campo di Brenzone vi sono alcuni lavoratori del monastero di S. Zeno; alcune terre in questa località continuano a essere parte dei possedimenti di S. Zeno anche nel XII secolo. Anche nel XIII secolo esse sono sotto il controllo di S. Zeno: lo si capisce dal fatto che sono documentate le attività di affitto di terre in queste zone da parte del monastero di Verona, che tra l’altro documenta questi rapporti più dettagliatamente rispetto al periodo precedente.\n\nAlla metà del XII secolo viene attestata la presenza del territorio di Brenzone come proprietà terriera. Nel 1141 viene citato un affitto di terreni in Brunzoni, rendendo evidente la presenza di una realtà territoriale. È una sporadica avvisaglia che si sta formando un'unità politica e territoriale sebbene non ancora riconosciuta. Il riconoscimento vero e proprio lo abbiamo da un diploma dell'imperatore Federico I emanato nell'ottobre del 1163.\n\nIl comune rurale di Brenzone non ha una sua propria identità e in buona sostanza non esiste anteriormente al XIII secolo. Solo quando il consolidamento dell’autorità politica del comune cittadino e la conseguente imposizione di obblighi fiscali costringono i residenti a dare una definizione a questi luoghi. Brenzone quindi fino al Duecento non si esprime in ambito politico e non possiede gli elementi che lo accomunerebbero a un tipico comune medievale: una chiesa, un castello o un edificio adibito alla gestione territoriale o di rappresentanza.\n\nLa zona di Brenzone, data la marginalità all'interno del complesso territorio veronese, passerà poi nel corso dei secoli sotto il dominio scaligero e successivamente sotto l'egemonia veneziana.\n\nEtà moderna e contemporanea \nLa documentazione seicentesca e settecentesca conferma la stabilità sostanziale dell’assetto insediativo. Il rilevamento del 1790, sollecitato dall’ambiente scientifico dell’Accademia di agricoltura di Verona. constata l’esistenza di 21 distinti insediamenti, per un totale di 2104 abitanti in 440 nuclei famigliari.\n\nNel 1797 arriva l'occupazione napoleonica, ma per pochi anni. Poi quella dell'Impero austriaco fino al 1866. Durante il periodo di dominazione austriaca, nel 1818 il Comune, pur piccolo, si smembra in tre Comuni indipendenti, da nord a sud: il Comune di Castello, il Comune di Brenzone ed il Comune di Castelletto. Dopo pochissimi anni, nel 1840, ci si rende conto che non ci sono i presupposti di popolazione e si torna indietro con la (ri)fusione dei tre Comuni. Ma come qualche volta accade nelle piccole comunità le discussioni e le polemiche non mancano, dopo la fusione il nome invece di ritornare Brenzone con sede a Magugnano, diventa Castelletto, come pure la sede, pur riunendo tutte le frazioni originarie. In realtà molti anni prima qualche cessione territoriale c'era stata a sud al vicino Comune di San Zeno di Montagna per le frazioni di Borno e Villanova e a Torri del Benaco per le località Lorolli e Ca'Berselle.\n\nPoi con varie vicissitudini e molti anni di discussioni si torna all'antico. Nel 1866 il Comune, assieme a tutto il Veneto entra a far parte del Regno d'Italia con il nome di Castelletto. Ma già il 17.10.1870 il Comune diventa per decreto \"Castelletto di Brenzone\". Il 9 marzo 1871 poi, con decreto 121, lo Stato Italiano autorizza il Comune di Castelletto di Brenzone a riportare la sede nell'originaria frazione di Magugnano. Infine il 10.05.1924 con ulteriore decreto anche il nome torna ad essere (dopo oltre cento anni dalla divisione) quello originario di Brenzone.\n\nAll'inizio dell'Ottocento (ma per solo ventidue anni per quanto riguarda i primi tre) nel territorio dell'odierno comune esistevano quindi i comuni di\n\n Castello, formato da vari centri abitati: Sommavilla, Pozzo, Menarolo (oggi Assenza), Castello (capoluogo), Castel di Sotto, Porto, Venzo, Zignago, Borago, Sengiarine, Boccino\n Brenzone, comprendente le frazioni di Magugnano (oggi tornata sede comunale del comune riunito), Marniga, San Giovanni e Campo\n Castelletto, comprendente i centri abitati di Castelletto, Biaza, Fasor e Pasola\n Comune censuario di Prada, comprendente gli abitati di Prada Alta, San Francesco (oggi aggregato al paese di Prada Alta), Val di Fies e Chemasi che oggi appartengono a Brenzone, e gli abitati di Prada Bassa e Senaga che oggi appartengono al comune di San Zeno di Montagna\n\nInfine molto più recentemente, nel 2014, dopo la proposta del Consiglio Comunale ed apposito referendum fra gli abitanti, il nome cambiò ancora e questa volta in modo innovativo rispetto ai nomi tradizionali, ora si chiama in modo turisticamente più riconoscibile \"Brenzone sul Garda\" dal 22.2.2014.\n\nMonumenti e luoghi d'interesse\n\nEvidenze archeologiche \n La \"pietra di Castelletto\": nel 1965 in frazione Castelletto durante lavori di scavo tornò alla luce un liscione di roccia inciso con modalità e contenuti simili a quanto visibile nelle famose incisioni della Valcamonica. Simbologie religiose, rappresentazioni del sole e di armi risalenti a 4.500 anni fa. Attualmente visitabile nella sede municipale in frazione Magugnano.\n\n Villa romana a Castelletto di Brenzone: all'interno del locale cimitero dopo alcuni lavori di ampliamento avvenuti in periodi di tempo molto distanti tra loro (1922-23 / 1962 / 1988) vengono portate alla luce tracce di muratura, resti di un pregevole mosaico, tratti di pavimentazione e una soglia in pietra. Il ritrovamento anche all'interno della vicina chiesa di San Zeno de l'oselèt di due capitelli corinzi ha fatto supporre che si trattasse di una villa lacustre di età imperiale augusto-claudia (I secolo d.C.) adibita a residenza di svago e di rappresentanza di nobili patrizi. È stata riportata alla luce una struttura abitativa di 790 m² rispetto ai 2000 m² della originaria estensione della villa. La villa ha una continuità d'uso fino al IV-V secolo, in seguito viene abbandonata e utilizzata come luogo di sepoltura in epoca altomedievale. \n\n Lapide romana sull'Isola Trimelone: durante un'opera di spianamento nel 1910 di murature medievali viene riportata alla luce una lapide iscritta. Si tratta di una stele funeraria parzialmente conservata in calcare bianco della Valpolicella, databile alla seconda metà del I secolo d.C., oggi conservata all'interno del Museo Archeologico del Teatro Romano a Verona. Data la esigua dimensione dell'isola, si presume sia stata usata in epoca altomedievale come materiale da costruzione. \n Dedica a Ercole a Castello di Brenzone: eruditi veronesi del XVI secolo raccontano di una dedica a Ercole posta nel sacello dei Santi Vito e Modesto, situato in località Porto di Brenzone e oggi scomparso. La lapide nell'Ottocento venne posizionata su un muro che fiancheggia la canonica di Castello di Brenzone, mentre oggi si trova all'interno della chiesa stessa. Si tratta di una lastra in calcare bianco locale con un'incisione in lettere regolari di epoca imperiale che suggerisce una collocazione cronologica del reperto tra I e II secolo d.C. L'iscrizione recita Hercul(i) / L(ucius) (Cl)aud(ius) Callistus: si tratta di una dedica a Ercole, una divinità che godette di una venerazione particolare nel Veneto e nel Trentino, dove è documentato in diverse località. Era molto importante per le comunità locali in quanto era protettore della proprietà, delle greggi, dei mercanti, dei viaggiatori, delle strade e dei porti.\n Tombe rinvenute a Pozzo di Brenzone: nel 1968 vennero rinvenute casualmente presso una villetta di proprietà Ratti delle tombe con ossa semicombuste, frammenti di vaso e una moneta romana, identificata come un sesterzio di Domiziano (81-96 d.C.). Gli abitanti del posto avevano segnalato il ritrovamento di molte altre tombe con corredo. Purtroppo ad oggi risulta perduta.\n\nArchitetture religiose \n\n Chiesa di San Zeno detta de l'oselét.\nL'edificio sorge sulle rovine di un antico tempio pagano e si caratterizza per delle forme architettoniche tipicamente romaniche che risalgono ai secoli XI - XII e XIII. La struttura è difatti il risultato di momenti di costruzione diversi che si concludono con la ricostruzione della facciata e la creazione di una torre campanaria. All'interno della chiesa sono inoltre presenti affreschi tardo romanici d'impronta bizantina.\n\n Chiesa parrocchiale di San Carlo Borromeo, Castelletto.\n\nLa prima struttura risale al 1630-1656, edificata dagli abitanti delle contrade di Castelletto, Biasa e Fasor ma fu poi demolita per lasciar spazio all'attuale chiesa, costruita tra il 1905 e il 1908. Il nuovo edificio si caratterizza per una facciata in stile neo-gotico con una lunetta decorata con la rappresentazione della Sacra Famiglia.\n\n Chiesa parrocchiale di San Giovanni Battista a Magugnano\nLe origini della chiesa non sono documentate ma si presume una fondazione al XII-XIII secolo. L'edificio si caratterizza per una facciata a capanna e una torre campanaria addossata al fianco meridionale.\n\n Chiesa di San Nicola ad Assenza\n\nLa chiesa venne costruita nei secoli XI-XII e dedicata al santo vescovo di Mira, da sempre appellato contro le insidie delle acque tipiche della zona. La sua presenza è documentata come una delle cappelle della pieve di Malcesine in un atto del 1159 voluto dal pontefice Adriano IV. L'aspetto iniziale della struttura doveva essere di tipo romanico ma con i diversi ampliamenti avvenuti nel corso degli anni e il rifacimento della facciata in stile neogotico in età moderna, la struttura assunse un aspetto diverso. All'interno della chiesa si conservano affreschi duecenteschi, trecenteschi e quattrocenteschi. \n \n Chiesa Parrocchiale di Santa Maria Assunta a Castello\nLa chiesa venne costruita nel XIV secolo per volere del notaio Bortolo Noto del fu Bonaventura ma fu poi ricostruita interamente tra il 1813 e il 1829 in forme neoclassiche.\n\n Chiesa di San Pietro in Vincoli a Campo\n\nL'edificazione della chiesa non è supportata da documenti ed è quindi difficile una datazione. La contrada di Campo viene documentata già dal 1023 ma senza riferimenti alla sua chiesa. Secondo alcuni va identificata con la cappella dei santi Simeone e Giuda citata in una bolla pontificia del 1159 mentre l'archeologo austriaco Martin Bitschnau sostiene una datazione anteriore al XII secolo. Si potrebbe anche sostenere una fondazione al XIV secolo, periodo in cui fu affrescata da Giorgio da Riva. L'edificio che possiamo osservare oggi presenta una facciata rifatta nel corso del Settecento ma mantiene la sua struttura originale a capanna tipica dell'architettura romanica. \n \n Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate a Biaza\nLe origini della chiesa non sono certe, una leggenda la farebbe risalire all'alto medioevo come cappella castrense ma molto più probabilmente è databile a fine trecento o primi del quattrocento osservando l'affresco di San Cristoforo conservatosi in una delle pareti esterne. La chiesa venne poi beneficiata ad una delle famiglie più importanti del luogo ovvero la famiglia Brenzone. L'edificio che possiamo osservare oggi è in sostanza l'originale e segue i criteri dell'architettura romanica. All'interno si possono ancora ammirare parte degli affreschi eseguiti da Paolo Brenzone alla fine del Quattrocento e inizio del Cinquecento.\n Numerosi capitelli, anche di discreta fattura, sparsi su tutto il territorio.\n\nBorghi \n Borgo di Borago\n Borgo di Castello\n Borgo di Venzo\n Borgo di Biaza\n Borgo di Campo\n\nAree naturali \n Rifugio Chierego\nA 1910 metri sul crinale di Costabella (catena del Baldo). Rifugio gestito dal CAI veronese, riaperto dopo sei anni di chiusura nell'estate 2005. Una scelta culinaria va segnalata, poiché il riso a 1900 metri ha problemi di cottura, nel risotto viene sostituito dall'orzo dando vita all'\"Orzotto\".\n\n Rifugio Telegrafo \"Gaetano Barana\"\nA 2150 metri, si trova sotto la Cima Telegrafo (Monte Maggiore) che con i suoi 2200 metri è la seconda cima per altezza della catena del Baldo (la prima è Cima Valdritta con 2218 metri); per raggiungere il rifugio ci sono varie strade. Da Val Trovai dalla via che risale la valle (1200 metri di dislivello in 7 km di strada), dalla bidonvia di Prada Alta superando il Passo del Camin dopo Coal Santo e arrivare da sud (340 metri di dislivello in 20 km), con funivia da Malcesine, Tredespin passando per le creste (Cima delle Pozzette, Cima del Longino, Cima Val Finestra, Cima Valdritta, Cima Pettorina), sul sentiero CAI n. 651, ca 4 ore di cammino, partendo da Assenza seguendo il sentiero CAI n. 654 (quasi 2200 metri di dislivello) passando dalla Valle delle Nogare e Valle delle Pre, 5 ore oppure volendo si può fare una deviazione dal Forcellin, ma è abbastanza impegnativo, ca 6 ore.\n\n Val Vaccara\nLa Val Vaccara è una valle della provincia di Verona (comuni di Brenzone sul Garda e di San Zeno di Montagna), che taglia trasversalmente il massiccio del Monte Baldo sul suo lato occidentale per una lunghezza di circa 20 km, tra il passo Scale a nord (altitudine di 1.200 m s.l.m.) e la Val Cottarella a sud (800 m s.l.m.), dove la larghezza raggiunge i 2 km.\n\nIl nome deriva dalle vacche.\n\n Malga Trovai\n Malga Zovel\n\nSocietà\n\nEvoluzione demografica\n\nCultura\n\nEventi \n Regata pazza di Brenzone, a Ferragosto. Dal 1995 entrano in competizione natanti costruiti con materiali di recupero, dalle bottiglie di plastica al polistirolo passando per una serie di materiali eterogenei;\n Undici luglio, si festeggia nella parrocchia di Castello di Brenzone il giorno 11 luglio. La mattina vi è una lunga processione in cui viene portata la Madonna del Colera a spalle; essa parte dalla Chiesa Parrocchiale di Castello, dopo una prima Messa (all'alba), passa dalle frazioni di Boccino, Porto, Assenza (dove viene celebrata un'altra Messa e si dà tempo ai partecipanti di riposarsi un po'), via de Loc, Sommavilla, Pozzo, Borago, per poi ritornare nella parrocchiale di Castello dove si celebra la messa finale. La sera infine si festeggia con la musica nel campo sportivo del centro Santa Maria di Castello dove vengono fatte molte specialità del posto tra cui gli spaghetti con le sarde di lago (bigoi con le sardele), i fuochi d'artificio chiudono la giornata. È una festa molto popolare anche oggi;\n Festa di San Rocco a Marniga, dura più giorni e culmina il 16 agosto;\n Festa dell'Agola, si celebra a Castelletto di Brenzone il 10 luglio. La mattina viene detta la messa alla Madonna del Colera e alla Madonna dell'Agola e alla sera si festeggia in piazza Madre Maria Mantovani dove a mezzanotte si svolge un grande spettacolo pirotecnico. È una festa che con gli anni ha cambiato forma e ha perso parte del carattere tradizionale diventando molto turistica.\n\nEconomia \nL'economia è essenzialmente turistica e concentrata sul lago per quanto riguarda l'estate e sui monti per tutto l'anno. Questo radicale cambio del lavoro, prima esclusivamente montano di sussistenza, ha spopolato la montagna delle bestie compensandola con il turismo montano. Prima della nascita del turismo molti abitanti della zona sono emigrati verso grandi città italiane e paesi stranieri.\n\nInfrastrutture e trasporti \nI principali collegamenti stradali di Brenzone sul Garda passano verso nord e sud lungo il lago, percorrendo la Gardesana Orientale, ex strada statale 249.\n\nAmministrazione \n\nIl comune aderisce all’iniziativa: patto dei sindaci\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Unione montana del Baldo-Garda\n Isola Trimelone\n Isola del Sogno\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni", "È arrivata al successo negli anni sessanta come frontwoman del gruppo vocale delle Supremes, divenuto uno dei più prolifici gruppi di tutti i tempi con dodici singoli arrivati al vertice della Billboard Hot 100 statunitense, inclusi Where Did Our Love Go (1964), Baby Love (1964), You Can't Hurry Love (1966), You Keep Me Hangin' On (1966) e Love Child (1968). Nel 1970 ha lasciato il gruppo, inaugurando una cospicua carriera musicale, cinematografica e televisiva. Il suo primo album eponimo (1970) ha generato il singolo Ain't No Mountain High Enough, divenuto il suo primo numero uno da solista nella classifica statunitense, mentre il secondo album Everything Is Everything (1970) contiene il singolo I'm Still Waiting che l'ha portata per la prima volta al vertice della Official Singles Chart britannica. Nel 1972 debutta sul grande schermo interpretando Billie Holiday nel film pluripremiato La signora del blues, curando anche la relativa colonna sonora che è arrivata in cima alla Billboard 200 statunitense.\n\nNegli anni a venire ha cementificato il suo successo grazie agli album Touch Me in the Morning (1973) e Diana Ross (1976) e i rispettivi singoli di successo Touch Me in the Morning e Love Hangover. Nel 1975 è la protagonista Tracy Chambers nel film Mahogany, accompagnato dal tema musicale di successo Do You Know Where You're Going To, mentre nel 1978 recita al fianco di Michael Jackson nella pellicola I'm Magic, basata su Il meraviglioso mago di Oz. Nel 1980 esce l'album Diana, divenuto il suo LP di maggior successo grazie ai singoli Upside Down e I'm Coming Out, quest'ultimo acclamato inno della comunità LGBT. Durante il resto degli anni ottanta e novanta pubblica diversi singoli di fama internazionale come il duetto con Lionel Richie Endless Love (1981), Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1981), Muscles (1982), Missing You (1984), Chain Reaction (1985) e When You Tell Me That You Love Me (1991).\n\nCon oltre 100 milioni di copie vendute mondialmente, nel 1976 Billboard l'ha eletta Intrattenitrice del secolo mentre nel 2021 la stessa rivista l'ha posizionata alla 30ª posizione nella lista dei Migliori artisti nella Hot 100 di tutti i tempi. Diana Ross è l'unica artista ad aver avuto un singolo al numero uno nella classifica statunitense come parte di un gruppo, da solista, in duetto con altri artisti, come parte di un trio e come parte di un supergruppo vista la sua partecipazione al progetto USA for Africa. Nel Regno Unito è riuscita a piazzare una top ten per ogni decade dagli anni sessanta agli anni duemila, sia come parte delle Supremes sia da solista. Nel 1988 è stata introdotta nella Rock and Roll Hall of Fame come membro delle Supremes, mentre ha ricevuto due stelle nella Hollywood Walk of Fame sia come parte del gruppo sia come artista solista. Tra gli svariati riconoscimenti, ha ricevuto uno Special Tony Award nel 1976, un Kennedy Center Honors nel 2007, un Grammy Award alla carriera nel 2012 e una Medaglia presidenziale della libertà nel 2016.\n\nBiografia \nDiana Ross è figlia di Ernestine (1916-1984), insegnante e di Fred Ross, Sr. (1920-2007), ex soldato dell'esercito statunitense. Diana non vide suo padre fino al suo ritiro dalla seconda guerra mondiale. Secondo la cantante, la madre l'aveva chiamata Diane, ma per un errore sul certificato di nascita hanno scritto Diana.. Ross voleva in realtà diventare una stilista, ha infatti studiato design e come fare la sarta mentre studiava alla Cass Technical High School di Detroit. Nella sua tarda adolescenza ha lavorato ai Grandi magazzini Huston, e si è diplomata nel 1962, un semestre prima dei suoi compagni di classe. I genitori di Diana hanno avuto un matrimonio difficile, e si sono lasciati all'inizio della sua adolescenza.\n\nCarriera musicale\n\nAnni sessanta \n\nNel 1959 Diana Ross catturò l'attenzione di Milton Jenkins, produttore dei The Primes , più tardi conosciuti come The Temptations. Jenkins volle un gruppo di vocalists per accompagnare i The Primes, e chiese alle giovanissime Florence Ballard e Mary Wilson di formare il gruppo, così nacquero, The Primettes. Paul Williams, membro dei The Temptations, convinse Ross ad arruolarsi alle Primettes, già formato da Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson e Betty McGlow. Nel 1961, dopo aver sostituito Betty McGlow con Barbara Martin, il quartetto firmò un contratto discografico con la Motown Records, e cambiò nome per diventare The Supremes; fu Florence Ballard a scegliere il nome tra una rosa di nomi prescelti.\n\nLa versione inglese dell'album Meet the Supremes nel 1964 vende, nella sola Inghilterra, copie. Negli Stati Uniti vende oltre 2 milioni di copie, rimanendo nelle classifiche degli album Billboard per ben 85 settimane e diventando il 4º album più venduto dell'anno. Da questo album vengono estratti i seguenti tre singoli: Where Did Our Love Go?, Baby Love e Come See About Me, che raggiunsero tutti e tre il 1º posto delle classifiche dei singoli della rivista Billboard.\n\nNel 1969 esce l'album Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5, in cui Diana Ross introduce Michael Jackson ed i suoi fratelli per il debutto artistico dei Jackson Five.\n\nAnni settanta \n\nNel gennaio 1970, con un concerto chiamato \"Farewell\" tenuto a Las Vegas, Ross chiude il suo capitolo con le Supremes. L'album di debutto di Diana Ross, Diana Ross, viene pubblicato nel maggio 1970 dalla Motown, e giudicato positivamente dalla critica, ottenendo un discreto successo nelle vendite con la posizione nº 19 della Billboard 200 e la nº 13 nel Regno Unito. Il singolo di lancio, Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand), raggiunge la posizione nº 20 della Billboard Hot 100 e nº 33 nel Regno Unito. Il secondo singolo, Ain't No Mountain High Enough, vende, solo negli Stati Uniti, copie, divenendo così disco d'oro, raggiungendo il primo posto della Billboard Hot 100 per tre settimane e la posizione nº 6 nel Regno Unito. Inoltre il singolo le fa guadagnare una nomina ai Grammy Award come migliore cantante femminile soul dell'anno.\n\nIl secondo album di Diana Ross, Everything Is Everything, è pubblicato nel settembre 1970, sempre dalla Motown. L'album è valutato positivamente dalla critica; raggiunse la posizione nº 42 della Billboard 200 e la posizione nº 18 nelle classifiche del Regno Unito. L'unico singolo estratto, I'm Still Waiting, è pubblicato il 13 ottobre 1971 e raggiunse la posizione nº 63 della Billboard Hot 100 e la vetta nel Regno Unito.\n\nIl 14 agosto 1971 nasce la sua prima figlia, Rhonda Suzanne. Il terzo album di Diana Ross, Surrender, viene pubblicato nel giugno 1971 dalla Motown e riscuote giudizi abbastanza positivi della critica. L'album ha raggiunto la posizione nº 56 della Billboard 200 e la nº 10 nel Regno Unito, in cui ottiene il disco d'argento. Il primo singolo, Remember Me, è pubblicato l'8 dicembre 1970 raggiungendo la posizione nº 16 della Billboard Hot 100 e vende, solo negli Stati Uniti, copie e la nº 7 nel Regno Unito. Il secondo singolo, Reach Out (I'll Be There) è pubblicato il 24 aprile 1971 e raggiunge la posizione nº 29 della Billboard Hot 100 e vende, negli Stati Uniti, copie. Il terzo ed ultimo singolo omonimo, Surrender è pubblicato il 6 luglio 1971 ed raggiunge la posizione nº 38 della Billboard Hot 100 e nº 10 nel Regno Unito, raggiungendo il record di quattro nei \"top 10\" in un solo anno nel Regno Unito.\n\nIl 29 ottobre 1972 nasce la sua seconda figlia, Tracy Joy. Il 9 novembre del 1972 viene pubblicato Lady Sings the Blues, colonna sonora di La signora del blues; l'album raggiunge immediatamente il primo posto della Billboard Hot 100 e vende, in solo otto giorni, copie e rimanendo in prima posizione anche la seconda settimana. In totale, solo negli Stati Uniti, vende oltre 2 milioni di copie e rimane in classifica per ben 54 settimane. Diviene la prima cantante pop a portare al primo posto delle classifiche USA un album di blues e jazz, Lady sings the blues. Nel Regno Unito arriva solo al 50º posto della classifica ma diviene, comunque, disco d'oro. Sempre nello stesso anno, solo per il mercato europeo, viene pubblicata la raccolta Greatest Hits, Vol 1, raggiungendo la posizione nº 23 nel Regno Unito, divenendo il disco di platino.\n\nIl 22 giugno 1973 esce Touch Me in the Morning che ottiene una critica molto buona. L'album raggiunge la quinta posizione della Billboard 200 e la nº 7 nel Regno Unito in cui diventa disco d'oro. Il singolo di lancio e unico singolo estratto, Touch Me in the Morning, raggiunse la vetta della Billboard Hot 100 ottenendo il disco d'oro avendo venduto negli USA, al maggio 1973, e la posizione nº 9 nel Regno Unito. Quattro mesi più tardi esce un nuovo album intitolato, Diana & Marvin, realizzato insieme a Marvin Gaye. Anche in questo caso, l'album ottiene delle recensioni positive dai critici musicali. L'album raggiunge la posizione nº 26 della Billboard 200 e posizione nº 5 nel Regno Unito, dove ottiene il disco d'oro. L'album è promosso dal brano, You're a Special Part of Me, pubblicato nel settembre 1973. Il singolo raggiunge la posizione nº 12 della Billboard Hot 100. Il secondo singolo, Don't Knock My Love è pubblicato nel 1974 ed raggiunge la posizione nº 46 della Billboard Hot 100. In Europa viene pubblicato il singolo You Are Everything, sempre estratto dall'album Diana and Marvin, che raggiunge, in Inghilterra, il 5º posto delle classifiche e vende oltre copie e disco d'argento, mentre in Olanda raggiunge il 14º posto.\n\nIl 6 dicembre 1974 viene pubblicato il nuovo album, Last Time I Saw Him e in contemporanea il singolo omonimo, che vende, solo negli USA oltre copie. L'album è stato valutato discretamente dalla critica e ha raggiunto la posizione nº 52 della Billboard 200 e la nº 41 nel Regno Unito. Il primo singolo raggiunge la posizione nº 14 della Billboard Hot 100 e nº 35 nel Regno Unito. Il secondo singolo ufficiale estratto è Sleepin', pubblicato il 4 aprile 1974 e vende, negli USA, copie raggiungendo la posizione nº 70 della Billboard Hot 100.\n\nIl terzo ed ultimo singolo, My Mistake (Was to Love You), per il mercato americano, è stato pubblicato nel gennaio 1974 ed ha raggiunto la posizione nº 19 della Billboard Hot 100. In Brasile, tre, dei sei singoli estratti da questo album, My mistake (was to love you), Stop, Look, Listen (to your heart) con il titolo, Pare, Olhe, Escute e Pledging my love, entrano in classifica nel 1974.\n\nNel 1975 esce il film Mahogany con Anthony Perkins e Billy Dee Williams, ambientato nel mondo della moda e girato tra Roma e Chicago. Il tema conduttore del film, Do You Know Where You're Going To, ottiene la nomination agli Oscar come miglior canzone, arriva al primo posto delle classifiche Stati Uniti e vende, solo negli Usa, oltre un milione di copie in poche settimane e diventa disco d'oro. Il 4 novembre 1975 nasce la sua terza figlia femmina, Chudney Lane. Nel marzo 1976 in collegamento da Amsterdam, si esibisce per la giuria degli Oscar eseguendo, Do You Know Where You're Going To, brano per cui ha avuto la nomination agli Oscar come migliore canzone. È la prima volta in assoluto che un cantante si esibisce via satellite. A settembre, la rivista Billboard la nomina \"la più grande artista femminile del XX secolo\". Gli album, Diana Ross, e Greatest Hits vol. 2, in Inghilterra diventano disco d'oro.\n\nNel 1977 gli album, An Evening with Diana Ross e Baby it's me, in Inghilterra diventano entrambi disco d'argento. Nel 1978 interpreta Dorothy Gale, nel rifacimento del film, The Wiz, insieme ad un giovane, Michael Jackson. Partecipa alla colonna sonora del film, Grazie a Dio è venerdì, con il brano Dance Loving, Living and Giving. L'album vende oltre copie solo negli USA e diventa disco d'oro. Nel 1979 l'album, The Boss negli USA vende oltre copie e diventa disco d'oro.\n\nAnni ottanta \nNel 1980 ha una breve relazione con Gene Simmons dei Kiss. Nello stesso anno l'album Diana ed i singoli Upside Down, I'm Coming Out e My Old Piano giungono ai primi posti delle classifiche di tutto il mondo, ottenendo decine di dischi d'oro e di platino. Negli Stati Uniti l'album vende oltre un milione di dischi ed il singolo Upside Down in meno di un mese ne vende più di 1 milione, balzando immediatamente al primo posto delle classifiche pop, disco e R&B. In Gran Bretagna Upside Down vende oltre copie ottenendo il disco d'oro, mentre l'album vende oltre copie e diviene disco d'oro; anche in Francia il disco vende copie, in Italia ed in Australia copie ed ottiene 2 dischi di platino. Incide It's My Turn, colonna sonora dell'omonimo film interpretato da Michael Douglas. Il singolo vende oltre di copie solo negli Usa.\n\nNel settembre 1981, Diana Ross incide l'album, Why Do Fools Fall In Love Sempre nel 1981 incide, assieme a Lionel Richie, Endless Love, colonna sonora del film Amore senza fine di Franco Zeffirelli. Il singolo ottiene un grande successo rimanendo 9 settimane al primo posto delle classifiche Usa: venderà oltre 2 milioni di singoli solo in questo paese, e sarà certificato disco di platino. Nel resto del mondo il singolo venderà un altro milione di copie, arrivando al primo posto in Canada, Sud Africa e Australia.\n\nAlla fine del 1981 Diana Ross decide di avere il controllo totale della propria carriera sotto ogni aspetto. Lascia la Motown per la Rca, che le offre un contratto record per l'epoca di venti milioni di dollari. Fonda diverse società: la Rtc Management Corporation per gestire gli affari e le finanze suoi e di altri artisti; la Diana Ross Production, compagnia simile ala Rtc per i progetti discografici di Ross; la Rosstown Music e la Rossville Music, due società che pubblicano i suoi dischi, sotto l'ASCAP e la Bmi, rispettivamente; la Chodnee Inc, attraverso la quale Ross controlla e gestisce i suoi tour; l'Anaid Film Productions, attraverso la quale produce, finanzia e gestisce miniserie televisive e varietà; la Jff Enterprises attraverso la quale ricerca, sviluppa e vende prodotti di moda e cosmetici.\n\nNel 1982 la canzone Endless Love ottiene la nomination agli Oscar come migliore canzone. A luglio ottiene la stella sull'Hollywood Walk of Fame, al numero dell'Hollywood Boulevard. Il 21 luglio 1983, nel Central Park a New York tiene il primo concerto pubblico all'aperto trasmesso in mondovisione, davanti a circa persone, concerto replicato il giorno successivo davanti ad una folla ancora più numerosa. Nel gennaio 1985 partecipa alla registrazione di We Are the World. A settembre, all'inizio del suo tour negli Stati Uniti, nella sola New York tiene 11 concerti consecutivi, tutti esauriti, al Radio City Music Hall. Nel novembre 1985 è in Italia, in cui tiene per la prima volta dei concerti, a Roma, Firenze e Milano.\n\nIl 1º febbraio 1986 si sposa, per la seconda volta a Ginevra con l'armatore norvegese Arne Næss. In Australia, il singolo, Chain Reaction rimane tre settimane consecutive al primo posto della classifica dei singoli, divenendo il singolo più venduto dell'anno superando le copie e triplo disco di platino, raggiunge il primo posto della classifica anche in Nuova Zelanda, Irlanda ed Inghilterra. In quest'ultimo paese il singolo rimane per 3 settimane consecutive al 1º posto della classifica, vendendo oltre copie e ottenendo così il disco d'oro.\n\nIl 7 ottobre 1987 ad Oslo nasce il suo quarto figlio, il primo maschio dopo tre femmine, di nome Ross Arne. Nel 1988 incide la canzone If We Hold On Together, scritta e musicata da James Horner, che fa parte della colonna sonora del film Alla ricerca della Valle Incantata. Il singolo in Giappone rimane per 19 settimane consecutive al primo posto delle classifiche e vende oltre copie, ottenendo così quattro dischi di platino. Il 26 agosto 1988, sempre ad Oslo in Norvegia, nasce il suo quinto figlio, Evan Olav. Nel febbraio 1989 inizia il tour mondiale Working Overtime World Tour, della quale filma il concerto tenuto all'Arena di Wembley a Londra.\n\nAnni novanta \nNel marzo 1990 si esibisce da Los Angeles alla notte degli Oscar, cantando Over the Rainbow. Ad ottobre incide No Matter What You Do, con Al B. Sure!. Nel febbraio 1991 presenta i Grammy, assieme a Phil Collins. Nel luglio 1990 inizia un tour di 15 mesi. In Giappone, l'album The Force Behind the Power vende oltre copie, ottenendo così il disco d'oro, mentre in Inghilterra supera le copie diventando così disco di platino. Il 23 dicembre 1992 tiene il concerto, Christmas in Vienna, assieme a Plácido Domingo e José Carreras; l'omonimo CD vende oltre un milione di copie nel mondo.\n\nNel gennaio 1993 si esibisce a Washington per la cerimonia di insediamento di Bill Clinton alla Casa Bianca. Nel febbraio 1993, le ultime due sere, si esibisce come ospite d'onore del Festival di Sanremo; per partecipare al Festival, la Rai la paga 160 milioni di lire. Ad aprile, in Giappone viene pubblicato, When you dream, un CD e libro per bambini, scritto da Ross. Il 3 giugno 1993, all'ONU, riceve il premio Global Youth Forum Award. Ad ottobre, il Guinness dei primati la dichiara artista femminile di maggior successo del XX secolo per il numero di dischi (circa 150) avuti nelle classifiche inglesi ed americane; nello stesso mese, per i suoi 30 anni di carriera, viene pubblicata la raccolta di successi, One Woman - The Ultimate Collection; il Cd arriva al primo posto in classifica e vende, nella sola Gran Bretagna, copie, ottenendo quattro dischi di platino, mentre in Francia diventa disco d'oro, superando le copie vendute.\n\nNel febbraio 1994 viene insignita della cittadinanza onoraria di Cannes dal sindaco della città Michel Moulliet, inoltre le viene conferito il titolo di commendatore per le Arti e le Scienze dal ministro della cultura francese Jacques Toubon. Infine le viene assegnato il premio Victoires de la musique dall'industria discografica francese per le sue vendite in Francia durante la sua lunga carriera. Le 13 date del tour europeo, Forever Diana - 30º Anniversary Tour, fanno il tutto esaurito, vendendo oltre biglietti; nella sola Londra, tiene cinque concerti consecutivi dal 29 giugno al 3 luglio 1994 alla Wembley Arena. Nel mese di luglio, con un grande concerto di apertura, inaugura i mondiali di calcio del 1994. Sempre nel 1994, la canzone Come See About Me, viene inserita nel film, Beverly Hills Cop III.\n\nNel giugno 1995 si esibisce anche in Russia, a Mosca, tenendo due concerti tutto esaurito. Apre, al Wembley Stadium, a Londra, la finale di Rugby League tra Inghilterra ed Australia, evento seguito da 250 milioni di persone nel mondo. Nel gennaio 1996 si esibisce al Super Bowl XXX, lasciando lo stadio in elicottero, davanti ad oltre 146 milioni di telespettatori americani. Il 30 luglio 1996, nell'ambito delle manifestazioni per celebrare il anniversario della nascita dello Stato d'Ungheria, si esibisce davanti a circa persone allo stadio di Budapest, assieme a Plácido Domingo e José Carreras.\n\nIl 9 aprile 1998 si esibisce per la prima volta in Sudafrica, all'Mtn Sundrome di Johannesburg, davanti a persone. Tra il pubblico c'è anche il presidente Nelson Mandela il quale la riceve privatamente il giorno seguente. Ross si era sempre rifiutata negli anni precedenti di esibirsi in Sudafrica, per protesta contro le leggi razziali.\n\nAnni duemila \nNel febbraio 2000 canta, If We Hold On Together alla cerimonia dei premi Naccp per Steven Spielberg. Ad aprile il canale VH1 trasmette il documentario Divas 2000: A Tribute to Diana Ross, al quale partecipano Donna Summer, Mariah Carey, le Destiny's Child, RuPaul e Faith Hill tributandole un omaggio cantando sue canzoni. Il 21 settembre 2001, allo Shea Stadium di New York, canta God Bless America, dopo la tragedia dell'11 settembre. Il 1º luglio 2002 Diana Ross si esibisce in Hyde Park a Londra, davanti a persone per il concerto Picnic in the Park in onore del Principe Carlo d'Inghilterra. Ad ottobre partecipa al ballo di beneficenza Dream Halloween, in cui viene venduta la bambola Diana Ross, creata da Bob Mackie, per dollari.\n\nNel 2003 le è assegnato il premio Humanitarian Spirit Award dalla fondazione We are Family Foundation. A marzo la National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters attribuisce a Diana Ross il premio Lifetime Archievement. A settembre del 2003, a Londra, riceve il Legendary Female Award, assegnato dalla Capital Gold. Nella votazione del pubblico inglese arriva davanti alle altre cantanti finaliste: Aretha Franklin, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Annie Lennox e Tina Turner. A dicembre la Mattel mette in vendita la bambola di Diana Ross, disegnata da Bob Mackie.\n\nNel gennaio 2004 muore in Sudafrica, in un incidente durante una scalata in montagna, il suo secondo ex marito, l'armatore norvegese Arne Naess, padre di Evan e Ross, due dei cinque figli di Diana, dal quale aveva divorziato nel 2000. A marzo inizia il tour europeo This Is It, che registra il tutto esaurito e grandi consensi dalla stampa specializzata. Sempre nel 2004 è l'unica donna nera ad essere presente nella lista delle donne più \"glamour\" di tutti i tempi, stilata dalla rivista Harper's Bazaar.\n\nIl 15 gennaio 2005, assieme ad altri artisti, partecipa al concerto televisivo trasmesso dalla NBC, Tsunami aid: a concert of hope, per raccogliere fondi per la Croce Rossa, a favore delle vittime dello tsunami che ha colpito l'Asia. A marzo il sindaco di Parigi Bertrand Delanoë le conferisce la cittadinanza onoraria della città.\n\nNel 2006 il network TV Land nomina il concerto di Ross nel Central Park del 1983 come il più grande evento musicale della storia della televisione americana; per l'occasione, Diana Ross si esibisce durante la cerimonia cantando un medley dei suoi più grandi successi. Ad agosto, agli US Open di tennis, a New York, canta God bless America. Beyoncé inserisce nella scaletta del suo tour mondiale la canzone I'm Coming Out di Ross.\n\nNel gennaio 2007 esce in tutto il mondo il film Dreamgirls, ispirato alla vita ed alla storia di Diana Ross & the Supremes. Beyoncè interpreta la figura di Ross. Nel cast, compaiono anche Eddie Murphy e Jamie Foxx. Sempre nel mese di gennaio, è mentore della 7ª edizione di American Idol; i dodici finalisti gareggiano cantando le canzoni di Ross. Nel mese di febbraio, assieme a Sharon Stone, Michael Bublé, David Foster e altri, si esibisce al Muhammad Alì Humanitarian Award, per raccogliere fondi a favore della lotta contro la malattia di Parkinson. A marzo si esibisce a Lagos, in Nigeria, per la 12ª edizione di Thisday Awards 2007.\n\nNel gennaio 2008 si esibisce davanti a persone a Montego Bay in Giamaica nell'ambito del Giamaica Jazz & Blues Festival. A maggio si esibisce a New York al Radio City Music Hall, assieme a Patti LaBelle, Gladys Knight e Chaka Khan per il concerto di beneficenza Divas with Heart. A dicembre, ad Oslo, tiene un concerto di 40 minuti per il premio Nobel per la pace, in cui ottiene una standing ovation a cui partecipano anche il Re di Norvegia Haakon Magnus e sua moglie Mette-Marit.\n\nNel gennaio 2009 tiene un concerto privato a Birmingham per Claire Johnson, la seconda moglie di John Caudwell, proprietario di Phone 4u ed uno degli uomini più ricchi della Gran Bretagna. La stampa inglese riporta che per 40 minuti di concerto Ross sia stata pagata circa un milione di dollari. A ottobre, allo stadio Gelredome di Arnhem, per Symphonica in Rosso ha tenuto due concerti consecutivi sold out, davanti ad oltre persone.\n\nIl 12 febbraio 2012, a Los Angeles, Diana Ross riceve il premio Grammy 2012 alla carriera. Il 7 novembre 2012 si esibisce a Jodhpur, in India, davanti agli 80 esclusivi invitati per celebrare il 50º compleanno del magnate russo Vladislav Doronin. Alla fine dello spettacolo, a causa della forte umidità, Ross scivola sul palco e si frattura un'anca. Il 10 dicembre 2012, nonostante la frattura di un mese prima, si esibisce a Washington davanti al presidente Barack Obama per il tradizionale concerto di Natale alla Casa Bianca.\n\nIl 18 luglio 2013 si esibisce al Louvre di Parigi, per un concerto di beneficenza, davanti ad un pubblico selezionato di 240 persone. A novembre, la rivista People mette Diana Ross al primo posto, con 46 milioni di dollari guadagnati, nella classifica dei 100 artisti più pagati al mondo.\n\nIl 3 luglio 2014 al Festival International de Jazz de Montréal tiene due concerti e vince il Premio Ella Fitzgerald per il suo \"straordinario contributo al jazz contemporaneo \".\n\nNel 2021, a 15 anni dalle sue più recenti pubblicazioni inedite, Ross torna in scena con il singolo Thank You, che anticipa l'album omonimo.\n\nCarriera cinematografica \nNel 1973 il film La signora del blues incassa oltre 25 milioni di dollari e guadagna 5 nomination agli Oscar; Ross viene candidata come migliore attrice protagonista. Anche la colonna sonora del film, da lei interpretata, ottiene una nomination. A maggio il film viene presentato fuori concorso al Festival di Cannes 1973. Sempre per il film La signora del blues, Ross viene nominata, in Inghilterra, come migliore attrice ai premi Bafta. Vince quindi il Golden Globe come migliore attrice protagonista.\n\nNel 1975 esce il film Mahogany. A marzo del 1976, Ross, da Amsterdam, canta via satellite per la giuria degli Oscar. Sempre nel mese di marzo, a Parigi, viene premiata dall'\"Accademia Francese di Arti cinematografiche\" con il César, per \"l'eccellente continuità, contributo ed impatto con il grande schermo\".\n\nNel 1978 il regista Sidney Lumet dirige un musical in chiave \"nera\" del Mago di Oz; Dorothy Gale è interpretata da Diana Ross insieme ad un giovane Michael Jackson che interpreta lo Spaventapasseri.\n\nNel 1993 produce il film TV per la ABC Fuori dal buio, in cui interpreta una donna affetta da schizofrenia. Nel 1999 produce un altro film TV per la ABC, Il prezzo della gloria (Double Platinum).\n\nImpatto \nLe canzoni di Diana Ross sono state spesso interpretate da altri cantanti: Jennifer Lopez ha ripreso Do You Know Where You're Going To e Promise me you'll try nel suo album d'esordio del 1998 On the 6; Mariah Carey ha ripreso, Do You Know Where You're Going To ed Endless Love con Luther Vandross; Whitney Houston ha ripreso, Home, cantato alla televisione americana dalla Houston nel 1983 e Hold Me in your arms nel suo album di esordio del 1985.\n\nRiconoscimenti \n Premio Oscar\n 1973 – Candidatura per miglior attrice per La signora del blues\n\n Golden Globe\n 1973 –Candidatura per miglior attrice in un film drammatico per La signora del blues\n\n1970 – Ottiene una nomination ai Grammy Award come migliore cantante femminile soul dell'anno per il singolo, Ain't no mountain high enough.\n\n1970 – Ottiene una nomination ai Grammy Award come migliore cantante femminile soul dell'anno per il singolo, Ain't no mountain high enough.\n\n1972– Riceve una nomination agli Oscar nella categoria \"miglior attrice protagonista\" per il ruolo di Billie Holiday nel film La signora del blues. È la prima artista nera ad apparire sulla copertina della rivista Rolling Stone. Ottiene una nomination ai NYFCC Awards, nella categoria \"miglior attrice protagonista\", sempre per il film, La signora del blues.\n\n1973 viene candidata al Golden Globe per \"miglior attrice protagonista dell'anno\" sempre per il film La signora del blues.\n\n1974 Riceve una nomination ai BAFTA come migliore attrice per il film, La signora del blues.\n\n1976 – Viene proclamata da Billboard Female Entertainer of the XX Century cioè \" La più grande artista femminile del XX secolo \".\n\n1978 – Per il suo show, An Evening with Diana Ross, vince un Tony Award.\n\n1979 – Ottiene una nomination ai Saturn Award come miglior attrice per il film, The Wiz.\n\n1982 – A luglio, ottiene la prima stella sull'Hollywood Walk of Fame. È l'unica donna ad avere due stelle sulla Walk of Fame. Riceve una nomination ai Juno Awards, nella categoria \"miglior canzone internazionale dell'anno\" per il singolo, Endless Love in duetto con Lionel Richie.\n\n1993 – Il Guinness dei primati la dichiara \"l'artista femminile di maggior successo di tutti i tempi\", per il numero di album e di singoli entrati nelle classifiche degli Stati Uniti e del Regno Unito. In quest'ultima Nazione, risulta la cantante femminile con il maggior numero di album entrati nelle classifiche; sempre nel Regno Unito, ha ricevuto 9 dischi di platino, 20 dischi d'oro e 31 dischi d'argento. Diana Ross ha venduto oltre 200 milioni di dischi in tutto il mondo.\n\n1994 – Diana Ross & The Supremes ricevono la stella sull'Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n\n1995 – Riceve una nomination ai Golden Globe, come miglior attrice per il film TV Out Of Darkness e vince un Soul Train Lifetime Archievement Award come riconoscimento alla sua carriera.\n\n1996 – Dalle mani del principe Alberto II di Monaco riceve il premio World Music Award Lifetime Archievement.\n\n1998 – Vince il premio Songwriters Hall of Fame Hitmaker Award.\n\n2007 – A maggio, vince il BET Lifetime Achievement Award, mentre a dicembre riceve il Premio John F. Kennedy.\n\n2012 – Il 12 febbraio, a Los Angeles, riceve il Grammy Lifetime Achievement, cioè il Grammy Award alla carriera.\n\n2014 – Il 3 luglio 2014 al Festival International de Jazz de Montréal tiene due concerti e vince il Premio Ella Fitzgerald per il suo \"straordinario contributo al jazz contemporaneo\".\n\n2017 – Il 19 novembre, a Los Angeles, Diana Ross riceve un American Music Award Lifetime Achievement (cioè il premio alla carriera).\nIn totale, Diana Ross ha ricevuto 16 nomination e 8 vittorie agli American Music Awards e 12 nomination ai Grammy Awards.\n\n2018 – Il 20 gennaio 2018, Ain't No Mountain High Enough 2017 arriva al primo posto della Billboard’s Dance Club Songs chart (la classifica di Billboard dei dischi dance più venduti e ballati in USA). Questo classico è stato remixato, tra gli altri, da StoneBridge, Eric Kupper e Country Club Martini Crew ed è contenuto nella raccolta di Diana Ross Diamond Diana: The Legacy Collection (2017).\nIl 4 agosto 2018, con il remix I'm Coming Out/Upside Down 2018 (remixato da Eric Kupper, Chris Cox e StoneBridge), Diana Ross è nuovamente al primo posto della Billboard’s Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross stabilisce un nuovo primato: all'età di 74 anni, diventa la cantante più anziana ad avere una hit numero 1 nelle classifiche di Billboard.\n\nOnorificenze\n\nDiscografia\n\nAlbum in studio \n 1970 - Diana Ross\n 1970 - Everything Is Everything\n 1971 - Surrender\n 1971 - Diana ! TV Special\n 1971 - Greatest Hits- Volume 1-\n 1972 - Lady Sings the Blues\n 1973 - Touch Me in the Morning\n 1973 - Diana & Marvin (con Marvin Gaye)\n 1973 - Last Time I Saw Him\n 1974 - Live at Caesars Palace\n 1975 - Mahogany\n 1976 - Diana Ross\n 1976 - Greatest Hits - Volume II\n 1977 - Baby It's Me\n 1977 - An Evening with Diana Ross\n 1978 - Ross\n 1979 - The Boss\n 1980 - Diana\n 1981 - To Love Again\n 1981 - All the Great Hits\n 1981 - Why Do Fools Fall in Love\n 1982 - Diana's Duets\n 1982 - Silk Electric\n 1983 - Ross\n 1984 - Swept Away\n 1984 - All the Great Love Songs\n 1984 - 14 Greatest Love Songs\n 1985 - Eaten Alive\n 1987 - Red Hot Rhythm & Blues\n 1988 - Love Songs - Diana Ross & Michael Jackson\n 1989 - Workin' Overtime\n 1989 - Greatest Hits Live\n 1991 - The Force Behind the Power\n 1992 - When You Dream - CD per bambini,solo per il mercato discografico Giapponese\n 1992 - Motown's Greatest Hits\n 1992 - Christmas In Vienna, Diana Ross, José Carreras & Plácido Domingo - 1993 Sony - 2ª posizione in Austria, 4^ in Olanda e Norvegia e 7^ in Svizzera\n 1993 - Stolen Moments - The Lady Sings Jazz & Blues\n 1993 - Forever Diana - raccolta di 4 Cd\n 1993 - One Woman - The Ultimate Collection\n 1994 - Extended Diana - The Remixes\n 1994 - A Very Special Season\n 1994 - Making spirits brights (solo per il mercato discografico Olandese)\n 1995 - Take Me Higher\n 1996 - Voice of Love\n 1996 - A Gift of Love (solo per il mercato discografico Giapponese)\n 1997 - The Years at RCA\n 1998 - 40 Golden Motown's Hits\n 1999 - Every Day Is a New Day\n 2001 - Love & Life, the very best of Diana Ross\n 2006 - Blue\n 2006 - I Love You\n 2012 - The Greatest\n 2017 -Diamond Diana: The Legacy Collection \n 2021 - Thank You\n\nApparizioni televisive \n 1964: T.A.M.I. Show (con The Supremes)\n 1965: Beach Ball (con The Supremes)\n 1968: T.C.B. (con The Supremes)\n 1969: Like Hep (con Dinah Shore e Lucille Ball)\n 1969: GIT On Broadway (con The Supremes e The Temptations)\n 1971: Diana!\n 1977: Here I Am: An Evening with Diana Ross\n 1981: Diana\n 1981: Standing Room Only: Diana Ross\n 1983: Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever\n 1983: Diana Ross: Live in Central Park/For One and For All\n 1987: Diana Ross: Red Hot Rhythm and Blues\n 1989: Diana Ross: Workin' Overtime HBO: World Stage\n 1992: Diana Ross Live! The Lady Sings... Jazz & Blues: Stolen Moments\n 1993: BET Walk of Fame\n 1996: Super Bowl XXX\n 1999: Double Platinum\n 1999: ITV: An Audience with Diana Ross\n 2000: VH1 Divas 2000: A Tribute to Diana Ross\n 2002: The Making and Meaning of We Are Family\n 2005: Tsunami Aid\n 2007: BET Awards 2007\n 2007: Kennedy Center Honors\n 2008: Nobel Peace Prize Concert\n 2011: The Oprah Winfrey Show: Farewell and Salute\n\nFilmografia \n Tarzan – serie TV, episodio 2x16 (1968)\n Make Room for Granddaddy, episodio The Star, (1971)\n La signora del blues (Lady Sings the Blues), regia di Sidney J. Furie (1972)\n Mahogany, regia di Berry Gordy (1975)\n The Wiz, regia di Sidney Lumet (1978)\n Fuori dal buio (Out of Darkness), regia di Larry Elikann (1993) - film TV\n Double Platinum - Il prezzo della gloria (Double Platinum), regia di Robert Allan Ackerman (1999) - film TV\n\nDoppiatrici italiane \n Rita Savagnone in La signora del blues\n Aurora Cancian in I'm Magic\n Sabrina Duranti in I'm Magic (ridoppiaggio)\n\nAutobiografie \n Diana Ross: Secrets of a sparrow (1993) ISBN 0-679-42874-7\n Diana Ross: Going Back (2002) ISBN 0-7893-0797-9\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nPremio César onorario\nVincitori di Grammy", "Alcuni dei suoi capolavori, noti come Chronicles of Barsetshire perché basati sull'immaginaria contea di Barsetshire, affrontarono diverse tematiche politiche e sociali dell'epoca.\n\nBiografia\nIl padre, Thomas Anthony Trollope, era un legale mentre la madre, Frances Trollope, divenne una celebre scrittrice. A causa del suo pessimo carattere, il padre non ebbe successo nella carriera forense, causando anzi gravi problemi economici alla famiglia. Tuttavia, poiché proveniva da un retroterra familiare legato alla piccola proprietà terriera, desiderava educare i figli come dei gentlemen e farli studiare ad Oxford o Cambridge.\n\nNato a Londra, Anthony studiò per un triennio alla Harrow School fin dall'età di sette anni per poi seguire due suoi fratelli maggiori al Winchester College, dove rimase un altro triennio. In questi due istituti privati, che erano annoverati come luoghi di élite, ebbe delle esperienze molto negative: non avendo denaro né amici, soffrì lunghi periodi di angherie e umiliazioni che lo segnarono profondamente.\n\nNel 1827 Frances Trollope emigrò in America per partecipare prima alla comunità utopica di Nashoba, fondata dalla femminista scozzese Frances Wright, e per aprire poi con le sue tre sorelle minori un bazar a Cincinnati che però si rivelò un fallimento. Thomas seguì sua moglie per un breve periodo di tempo e poi fece ritorno ad Harrow, mentre nel frattempo Anthony era sempre rimasto in Inghilterra. Nel 1831 la madre fece ritorno a casa e divenne poco dopo una celebre scrittrice, permettendo così alla famiglia di riscattarsi economicamente. Gli affari del padre, tuttavia, andarono di male in peggio e nel 1834 Thomas dovette fuggire in Belgio per evitare l'arresto per bancarotta fraudolenta.\n \nL'intera famiglia si trasferì allora a Bruges, dove si mantenne con i guadagni di Frances fino alla morte di Thomas nel 1835. Mentre viveva in Belgio, Anthony lavorò come assistente insegnante e imparò il francese e il tedesco, ma fece ritorno in patria dopo aver trovato lavoro nelle poste britanniche.\n\nIl soggiorno in Irlanda\nTrollope continuò a vivere in maniera precaria, alloggiando in appartamenti in affitto in totale emarginazione. Più tardi si riferì a questo periodo definendolo il suo periodo di goffaggine. Fece qualche piccolo progresso nella carriera fino a quando le poste britanniche non lo inviarono in Irlanda nel 1841. Qui si unì in matrimonio con una ragazza inglese di nome Rose Heseltine nel 1844. I due vissero in Irlanda fino al 1859 quando fecero ritorno in Inghilterra. A dispetto della terribile carestia che colpì l'Irlanda durante il suo soggiorno, Trollope ricordò così il suo periodo irlandese nella sua autobiografia:\n\nLa sua professione lo tenne in stretto contatto con la popolazione irlandese e di questa esperienza fece successivamente tesoro.\n\nTrollope iniziò a scrivere durante i lunghi viaggi in treno richiesti dal suo ufficio in Irlanda. Programmando con estrema precisione la sua attività di scrittore, divenne uno degli autori più prolifici di tutti i tempi. Scrisse le sue prime novelle quando era ancora ispettore per le poste britanniche, attingendo dalle lettere smarrite le idee per i suoi racconti. Ovviamente i suoi primi scritti hanno come sfondo l'Irlanda, scelta molto rischiosa vista l'ostilità con cui la critica letteraria britannica, e non solo, considerava l'isola.\n\nIl ritorno in patria\n\nNel 1859 aveva raggiunto una certa posizione di rilievo all'interno del servizio postale britannico. La storia delle poste britanniche lo annovera come colui che ha introdotto i pillar box, ovvero le cassette postali a forma di colonnina di colore rosso sparse in tutto il Regno Unito. In questo periodo la sua creatività letteraria aumentò così come mutò la sua fortuna all'interno della società vittoriana.\n\nNel 1867 lasciò l'incarico direttivo alle poste britanniche e l'anno successivo si candidò al Parlamento inglese nelle liste liberali. Dopo aver perso le elezioni si concentrò interamente sulla propria carriera letteraria, dirigendo nel frattempo il St Paul's Magazine che pubblicò in serie i suoi primi racconti.\n\nIl suo primo reale successo fu L'amministratore (The Warden) (1855), il primo dei sei romanzi ambientati nell'immaginaria contea di Barsetshire. Il suo capolavoro comico, Barchester Towers (1857), è probabilmente il miglior libro di questa prima serie.\n\nL'altra celebre serie di racconti, le Palliser novels, hanno il facoltoso e duttile Plantagenet Palliser come protagonista, al fianco di sua moglie, l'ingenua Lady Glencora.\n\nDurante gli ultimi anni di vita la sua popolarità diminuì, non impedendogli tuttavia di restare un autore molto prolifico e di scrivere quello che è considerato il suo capolavoro assoluto, la pungente satira The Way We Live Now (1875). Trollope scrisse più di venti romanzi e diverse novelle brevi, oltre ad alcuni libri di viaggio.\n\nAnthony Trollope morì nel distretto londinese di Marylebone nel 1882 e venne seppellito al Kensal Green Cemetery a fianco del suo contemporaneo Wilkie Collins. Lo scienziato e saggista C.P. Snow scrisse nel 1975 una biografia di Trollope dal titolo Trollope: His Life and Art.\n\nLa fortuna\n\nLo scrittore Henry James espresse opinioni contrastanti su Trollope. Da giovane scrisse delle feroci bocciature delle sue opere, parlando della novella Beltons' estate come:\n\nUn libro stupido, senza la pur minima traccia di un'idea, una sorta di mentale pabulum.\n\nJames non amava le lunghe digressioni presenti nelle opere di Trollope, che contrastavano enormemente con la sua idea di integrità artistica. Tuttavia lo stesso James apprezzò notevolmente l'attento realismo di Trollope, ed in un saggio scritto poco dopo la morte dello scrittore affermò:\n\nIl suo più grande ed incontestabile merito è la sua totale comprensione dell'usuale ... egli riusciva a sentir' tutte le cose del quotidiano oltre che vederle. Le sentiva in un modo semplice, salutare, diretto nella loro tristezza, nella loro letizia, nel loro fascino come nel loro aspetto comico ed in tutti i loro significati ovvi e ragionevoli.\n\nJames non amava l'abitudine di Trollope di rivolgersi in prima persona ai suoi lettori, tuttavia questo autore potrebbe aver ispirato le sue stesse opere. Il personaggio di Alice Vavasor e del suo egoistico padre nelle cosiddette Palliser novels potrebbero essere gli antesignani del personaggio di Kate Croy e di suo padre Lionel ne Le ali della colomba.\n\nOpere\n\nChronicles of Barsetshire\n\nThe Warden (1855); trad. it. L'amministratore, Sellerio, 2003; tradotto anche come Un caso di coscienza (Garzanti, 1951) e Gli scrupoli di Mister Harding (Rizzoli, 1952).\nBarchester Towers (1857); trad. it. Le torri di Barchester, Sellerio, 2004 (anche Utet, 1956).\nDoctor Thorne (1858); trad. it. Il dottor Thorne, Sellerio, 2005.\nFramley Parsonage (1861); trad. it. La canonica di Framley, Sellerio, 2006.\nThe Small House at Allington (1864); trad. it. La casetta ad Allington, Sellerio, 2007.\nThe Last Chronicle of Barset (1867); trad. it. Le ultime cronache del Barset, Sellerio, 2009.\n\nPallisers serie\n\nCan You Forgive Her? (1864); trad. it. Potete perdonarla?, Sellerio, 2017\nPhineas Finn (1869); trad. it. Phineas Finn, Sellerio 2018\nThe Eustace Diamonds (1873); trad. it. I diamanti Eustace, Sellerio, 2020\nPhineas Redux (1874); trad. it. Il ritorno di Phineas Finn, Sellerio, 2022\nThe Prime Minister (1876); trad. it. Il Primo Ministro, Sellerio, 2014\nThe Duke's Children (1879)\n\nAltre opere\n\nThe Macdermots of Ballycloran (1847)\nThe Kellys and the O'Kellys (1848)\nLa Vendee (1850)\nThe Three Clerks (1858)\nThe West Indies and the Spanish Main (1859)\nThe Bertrams (1859)\nCastle Richmond (1860)\nTales of All Countries—1st Series (1861)\nTales of All Countries—2nd Series (1863)\nTales of All Countries—3rd Series (1870)\nOrley Farm (1862); trad. it. Orley Farm, Sellerio, 2013\nNorth America (1862)\nRachel Ray (1863)\nMiss Mackenzie (1865)\nThe Belton Estate (1866)\nThe Claverings (1867)\nNina Balatka (1867)\nLinda Tressel (1868)\nHe Knew He Was Right (1869)\nBrown, Jones, and Robinson (1870)\nThe Vicar of Bullhampton (1870)\nAn Editor's Tales (1870)\nCaesar (Ancient Classics) (1870)\nSir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite (1871)\nRalph the Heir (1871)\nThe Golden Lion of Granpere (1872)\nAustralia and New Zealand (1873)\nHarry Heathcote of Gangoil (1874), trad.it. Harry Heathcote, l'australiano, Passigli, 2018\nLady Anna (1874); trad. it. Lady Anna, Sellerio, 2011\nThe Way We Live Now (1875); trad. it. La vita oggi, Sellerio, 2010\nChristmas at Thompson Hall (1877); trad. it. Natale a Thompson Hall, Sellerio, 2019\nThe American Senator (1877)\nIs He Popenjoy? (1878)\nSouth Africa (1878)\nJohn Caldigate (1879)\nAn Eye for an Eye (1879)\nCousin Henry (1879); trad. it. Il cugino Henry, Passigli, 2017\nThackeray (1879)\nLife of Cicero (1880)\nAyala's Angel (1881)\nDoctor Wortle's School (1881)\nFrau Frohmann and other Stories (1882)\nLord Palmerston (1882)\nThe Fixed Period (1882); trad. it. Il termine fisso, Longo Editore, Ravenna, 2004\nKept in the Dark (1882)\nMarion Fay (1882)\nThe two heroines of Plumplington (1882); trad. it. Due ragazze, Passigli, 2012\nAn autobiography (1883), trad. it. Un'autobiografia, Sellerio, 2008\nMr. Scarborough's Family (1883)\nAn Old Man's Love (1884); trad. it. Troppo tardi per amare, Marlin, 2007\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni\n \n Sito interamente dedicato a Trollope\nGiuseppe Bernardi, Trollope, il postino dei sentimenti, articolo del 26 maggio 2007 su ilgiornale.it\n Antonio D'Orrico, Il maestro del legal thriller non è Grisham, articolo del 14 gennaio 2014 su il Corriere della Sera\n\nScrittori in lingua inglese", "Il francese (français, AFI: ) è una lingua appartenente al gruppo delle lingue romanze. Al 2022, è parlata da 274,1 milioni di parlanti totali.\n\nDiffusa come lingua materna nella Francia metropolitana e d'oltremare, in Canada (principalmente nelle province del Québec e del Nuovo Brunswick, ma con una presenza significativa anche in Ontario e Manitoba), in Belgio, in Svizzera, presso numerose isole dei Caraibi (Haiti, Dominica, Saint Lucia) e dell'Oceano Indiano (Mauritius, Comore e Seychelles), in Lussemburgo e nel Principato di Monaco, è lingua ufficiale di circa 32 stati ripartiti su tutti i continenti (come eredità dell'impero coloniale francese e della colonizzazione belga), oltre che di numerose organizzazioni internazionali come l'ONU, la NATO, il Comitato Olimpico Internazionale e l'Unione postale universale. Costituisce inoltre, insieme con l'inglese e il tedesco, una delle tre lingue di lavoro dell'Unione europea. In Italia è parlato e tutelato in Valle d'Aosta, dove gode di uno status di coufficialità con l'italiano\n\nSebbene non sia ai primissimi posti tra le lingue più parlate del mondo per numero di madrelingua (80,0 milioni secondo Ethnologue, 2021), essa costituisce invece la seconda per diffusione (dopo l'inglese) per numero di paesi in cui è ufficiale e per numero di continenti in cui è parlata. Le stime dei locutori totali sono difficili a causa della diffusione maggiore del francese come lingua seconda che come lingua materna e del grosso peso che hanno nella demografia di questa lingua i vasti territori dell'Africa francofona, in cui l'avanzare della conoscenza del francese è in costante crescita grazie alla scolarizzazione e per i quali non sono sempre disponibili statistiche precise o aggiornate. Tuttavia secondo le stime dell'Organizzazione internazionale della francofonia, vi sono nel mondo circa 300 milioni di locutori (è la quinta lingua più parlata al mondo in base al numero di parlanti totali). Ma, come numero di parlanti nativi (L1), è la numero 17.\n\nAttualmente il francese è la seconda lingua più insegnata al mondo dopo l'inglese, anche grazie a una capillare rete di servizi linguistici e culturali incentrati sui Centres Culturels Français (CCF, dipendenti dalle Ambasciate) e sulle sedi dell'Alliance française.\n\nStoria \n\nIl francese è il risultato delle contaminazioni linguistiche che il latino volgare ha subito nella Gallia romanizzata, a partire soprattutto dal V secolo. Tra i principali idiomi che contribuirono a influenzare la trasformazione della lingua parlata in Gallia durante l'epoca tardo antica si ricordano:\n\n La lingua celtica, principale idioma preesistente al latino, la quale ebbe un'enorme influenza nella sedimentazione di alcune particolarità fonetiche tipiche del francese, quali l'uso delle nasali o delle vocali turbate. Per quanto riguarda il lessico, l'influenza della lingua gallica fu più limitata: attualmente i termini francesi di origine celtica non sono più di un centinaio, tra i quali chemise (\"camicia\", da CAMISIAM), cervoise (\"birra fermentata\", da CERVESIAM), baiser (\"bacio\", attestato già in Catullo come BASIUM) e char (\"carro\", da CARRUM). Molti toponimi di città francesi risalgono ugualmente all'epoca celtica (LUTETIA PARISIORUM: Paris; ROTOMAGUS: Rouen; CATOMAGUS: Caen; BELLOVACI: Beauvais).\n Il francone occidentale e altre lingue del ceppo germanico parlate dai Franchi, che rappresentano i principali idiomi di superstrato rispetto al latino volgare di Gallia. Tra le lingue romanze, il francese si rivela quella meno conservativa nei confronti della lingua madre, probabilmente anche a causa dell'alto indice di germanizzazione. Come in italiano, molti termini legati al campo semantico della guerra (guerre, da WERRA) sono di origine germanica, tra i più comuni épée (\"spada\", da SPATHA), blesser e blessure (\"ferire\" e \"ferita\", da BLESSE), o ancora gagner (\"vincere uno scontro\", poi divenuto di accezione comune, da WAIDANJAN). Numerosi termini astratti indicanti i colori (blanc, \"bianco\", da BLANK), le qualità morali o caratteriali (riche, \"ricco\"; hardi, \"coraggioso\", \"ardito\"; laid, \"brutto\";) e l'amministrazione territoriale (fief,\"feudo\", da FEHU; ban, \"bando\", da BAN; alleu, \"allodio\", da AL-OD; marquis, \"marchese\", da MARKA) sono di origine germanica. Dal punto di vista morfologico, il francese ha ereditato dalla lingua francona numerosi suffissi quali –ISK, poi evolutosi in –ois, -ais come nel caso dell'eponimo français (\"francese\", da FRANKISK, uomo libero), o ancora il peggiorativo –ARD (in vieillard, \"vegliardo\"; bâtard, \"bastardo\").\n\nLe lingue romanze sviluppatesi in Francia sulla base di queste influenze si articolavano in un ramificato sistema di varianti regionali. I linguisti riconducono ciascuno di questi idiomi all'interno di tre grandi famiglie distinte: quella delle lingue d'oïl (parlate a nord della Loira; tra le più rappresentative si ricordano il franciano di Parigi, il vallone del Belgio e l'anglo-normanno), quella delle lingue d'oc parlate a sud della Loira (tra di esse la più importante è di gran lunga il provenzale) e infine il francoprovenzale, parlato diffusamente nell'area geografica compresa tra la Savoia, la Svizzera romanda, la Valle d'Aosta e le valli arpitane piemontesi.\n\nL'evoluzione del latino volgare parlato in Gallia è attestata da numerosi documenti collocabili tra la fine dell'VIII secolo e l'inizio del X. Tra i testi più interessanti si cita il Glossario di Reichenau, prodotto a nord della Loira intorno all'anno 750, in cui compaiono alcuni slittamenti semantici di termini già presenti nel latino classico che hanno poi assunto un diverso significato in francese (il verbo DONO si sovrappone al più classico FERO; oggi in francese il verbo donner significa infatti \"dare\" e non \"donare\"; il termine volgare FORMATICUM, da cui discende il moderno fromage, sostituisce allo stesso modo il classico CASEUM).\n\nGli studiosi tendono tuttavia a identificare nel vero atto di nascita della lingua francese il Giuramento di Strasburgo (842), documento di fondamentale importanza per la storia politica e linguistica dell'Europa. Con tale trattato, infatti, vengono poste le basi per la nascita di quella compagine politica corrispondente all'odierna Francia, mentre appare ormai evidente la presenza di una netta divaricazione tra la romana lingua parlata in Gallia e la teotisca lingua utilizzata nelle province germaniche. Il primo testo letterario in lingua francese di cui si abbiano notizie certe è invece la Sequenza di Sant'Eulalia (888), caratterizzata dall'uso di una prosa ritmata a cadenze regolari e dallo sviluppo di una forma primitiva di condizionale romanzo.\n\nLa lingua francese esercitò una notevole influenza sullo sviluppo dell'inglese a seguito della conquista dell'Inghilterra da parte dei Normanni di Guglielmo il Conquistatore (Battaglia di Hastings, 1066). L'anglo-normanno si impose con il suo prestigio come nuova lingua di corte, confinando il precedente idioma anglosassone al rango di vernacolo utilizzato dal popolo illetterato. Con il passare del tempo, tuttavia, i legami politici e culturali tra l'Inghilterra e la Normandia si affievolirono, determinando la perdita di vigore dell'anglo-normanno, che finì con l'essere assorbito dal nativo sassone. Il risultato di tale evoluzione fu la nascita del medio inglese, una lingua che conservava una struttura morfo-sintattica tipicamente germanica, ma che presentava un lessico costituito in gran parte di lemmi d'origine francese e latina.\n\nIn ambito continentale, invece, la precoce affermazione di Parigi quale centro del potere politico ed economico della Francia contribuì a rafforzare la posizione del franciano, variante della lingua d'oïl parlato nella regione dell'Île-de-France, che cominciò lentamente a imporsi sugli altri dialetti.\nPer buona parte del Medioevo, tuttavia, la cultura e la letteratura di lingua d'oïl sviluppatasi a nord della Loira coabitarono con la cultura e letteratura di lingua d'oc fiorite tra il XI e il XIII secolo nella regione del Midi. Tale situazione di equilibrio perdurò fino alla crociata albigese bandita nel 1209 dal re Filippo Augusto contro i catari della città di Albi. Tale evento traumatico contribuì alla devastazione delle corti provenzali e al declino della cultura occitana, che perse definitivamente il suo predominio a favore del francese. Nonostante questa espansione, il latino rimase ancora a lungo la lingua della scuola, della cultura accademica e dei decreti reali. Fu solo con lOrdonnance de Villers-Cotterêts, promulgata dal re Francesco I nel 1539, che il francese si impose come lingua ufficiale dei decreti reali e degli atti parlamentari.\n\nLe guerre d'Italia (1494-1559) permisero alla Francia di entrare in contatto con le raffinatezze artistiche e letterarie del Rinascimento italiano. Tale incontro ebbe profonde influenze anche da un punto di vista linguistico, con la nascita di un petrarchismo francese e l'adozione di molti termini latini di origine colta, spesso accolti nella loro forma italianizzata. Nel medesimo periodo si assiste alla nascita del movimento poetico della Pléiade, i cui membri spingono in direzione di una codificazione accademica della lingua francese, al fine di ripulirla dall'uso di barbarismi e di esaltarne le intrinseche qualità di clarté e mesure. Nel 1549 il poeta Joachim du Bellay pubblicò il suo trattato Défense et illustration de la langue française, in cui attaccava duramente l'impasto linguistico \"popolare\" utilizzata dagli autori della tarda età medievale, sostenendo la necessità di promuovere una lingua illustre che potesse allo stesso tempo essere idioma d'uso e di penna. Nella seconda metà del Cinquecento, il francese parigino cominciò a essere conosciuto (ma non ancora parlato) in tutto il territorio nazionale, arricchendosi nelle forme grammaticali e nel lessico tramite l'acquisizione di termini filosofici, politici e scientifici attinti direttamente dal latino letterario.\n\nIl XVII secolo (Grand Siècle) è considerato un periodo d'oro per la diffusione della lingua, della letteratura e della cultura francese in Europa. Nel 1635 il cardinale Richelieu fondò l'Académie française, l'ente che ancora oggi sorveglia l'uso della lingua e le sue variazioni, con lo scopo di rendere il francese la lingua della diplomazia internazionale, nonché l'idioma di riferimento per gli scambi culturali tra persone di differente nazionalità. Il trattato di Vestfalia (1648), con cui si conclude la sanguinosa\nguerra dei trent'anni, fu redatto in francese e segnò l'inizio di un'egemonia politica e culturale della Francia destinata a durare fino al 1815. Nel corso della seconda metà del secolo, inoltre, il prestigio della corte di Luigi XIV contribuì a fare del francese la lingua ufficiale delle élite aristocratiche e intellettuali dell'intero continente. Nel frattempo, continuava l'attività normativa dell'Académie, tramite l'adozione di una riforma ortografica volta a normalizzare alcune oscillazioni risalenti all'epoca medievale (Roy divenne Roi; françoys divenne français). Con la pubblicazione del Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1694), infine, il modello di razionalità e chiarezza con cui la lingua francese e la Francia si identificano ancora oggi si impose in modo definitivo all'interno dei confini nazionali.\n\nNel XVII secolo il francese cominciò inoltre ad affermarsi nei continenti extraeuropei grazie all'espansione coloniale della Francia. Con la fondazione di Québec (1608) la lingua di Molière si impiantò per la prima volta nel Nord America, dove la comunità dei primi coloni, proveniente in gran parte dalla Normandia e dalla Bretagna, diede vita a un continuum dotato di un'omogeneità culturale e linguistica che la stessa Francia avrebbe raggiunto soltanto duecento anni dopo.\n\nDurante l'età dell'Illuminismo il francese continuò ad affermarsi come idioma della diplomazia e della cultura europea. La pubblicazione dellEncyclopédie contribuì inoltre a rafforzare la sua posizione di lingua franca per la divulgazione del sapere tecnico e scientifico. Alcuni tra i testi fondamentali per la nascita della moderna teoria dello Stato risalgono proprio a questo periodo; tra i più importanti, si ricordano le Lettres persanes (1721) e lEsprit des lois (1748) di Montesquieu, oltre al Dictionnaire philosophique di Voltaire.\n\nFu solo con la Rivoluzione che il francese divenne una lingua autenticamente nazionale e popolare. Se fino ad allora, infatti, la maggior parte della popolazione aveva continuato a esprimersi utilizzando i vari dialetti locali, il Governo repubblicano emanò una serie di decreti atti a trasformare quello che era stato per secoli un idioma di corte nella lingua della Grande Nation. L'istruzione pubblica e gratuita per tutti permise di rafforzare la presenza del francese sul territorio. L'uso dei patois venne scoraggiato e aspramente combattuto, in quanto ritenuto veicolo di ignoranza e di corruzione morale. La lingua nazionale, viceversa, avrebbe dovuto incarnare i valori repubblicani e patriottici di Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. Nel corso del XIX secolo, proprio mentre le conquiste coloniali in Africa, in Asia e in Oceania aprivano nuovi spazi per l'espansione mondiale della lingua, il perfezionamento del sistema scolastico nazionale e la progressiva diffusione della stampa quotidiana permisero al francese di affermarsi definitivamente come lingua parlata presso la totalità del territorio nazionale.\n\nIl Romanticismo aveva nel frattempo introdotto alcuni elementi di innovazione nell'ambito dell'uso letterario della lingua. La polemica nei confronti delle regole classiche sfociò nell'adozione di un linguaggio aperto alle infiltrazioni delle lingue regionali o dei vari gerghi sociali. Nel XIX alla pubblicazione della settima edizione del Dizionario della Accademia di Francia, si applicò la Riforma ortografica della lingua francese del 1878, che apportò pochi ma significativi cambiamenti alla lingua.Tra gli scrittori romantici, Victor Hugo fu il primo a condurre, all'interno del suo capolavoro Les Misérables (1862), una riflessione di ampio respiro intorno al fenomeno linguistico dell'argot, gergo utilizzato fin dall'inizio dell'Ottocento dalla malavita parigina.Tale sperimentazione di tipo linguistico, pur contrastata dai parnassiani e dal purismo di illustri scrittori quali Gustave Flaubert, continuò a fiorire nel XX secolo, grazie all'opera di Guillaume Apollinaire e dei futuristi. Agli anni Cinquanta risale un nuovo gergo giovanile noto come verlan, basato principalmente sull'inversione dell'ordine delle sillabe all'interno di una parola.\n\nNonostante la tradizione normativa di carattere accademico sopravviva ancora oggi, la lingua francese dell'inizio del XXI secolo si caratterizza per la presenza di un certo numero di prestiti linguistici in vari ambiti semantici. Nell'ambito del lessico sportivo e colloquiale, sono particolarmente frequenti gli anglicismi (challenge al posto di défi per indicare la \"sfida\" in ambito sportivo; match per indicare una partita; score per indicare il \"punteggio\"; job per indicare i lavoretti stagionali), mentre, al contrario di quanto avviene in Italia, il lessico legato all'informatica o all'economia tende a essere maggiormente francesizzato (ordinateur al posto di \"computer\"; disque dur al posto di \"hard disk\"; souris al posto di \"mouse\"; pourriel al posto di \"spam\"; courriel al posto di \"e-mail\"; taux d'obligations per \"spread\"; agence de notation per \"agenzia di rating\"). Nell'ambito del linguaggio parlato dagli immigrati e dai loro discendenti nelle banlieues, alcune espressioni idiomatiche registrano invece la presenza di prestiti consolidati dalla lingua araba, per via della massiccia immigrazione da paesi di lingua araba.\n\n Diffusione nel mondo \n\nCome risultato dell'espansione coloniale della Francia, e in misura minore del Belgio, nel corso dell'età dell'imperialismo, il francese è oggi parlato correntemente in più di 35 Stati ripartiti su cinque continenti. Benché il \"francese standard\", chiamato anche français international, sia preso a modello in tutto il mondo per l'insegnamento della lingua a livello scolastico, esistono numerose varianti locali che si sono arricchite, nel corso del tempo, di prestiti linguistici, espressioni idiomatiche o influssi tipici delle culture preesistenti presso l'area geografica in cui si sono sviluppate.\n\nNon bisogna confondere tali varianti del francese con quelli che molto spesso vengono erroneamente definiti i \"dialetti\" parlati in Francia. Esattamente come nel caso dell'italiano, infatti, questi ultimi non possono essere considerati semplici varianti del francese. Si tratta in effetti di lingue autonome che hanno subito una progressiva decadenza socio-culturale di fronte all'avanzare dell'idioma di Parigi, fino a essere relegate all'interno di una dimensione fortemente minoritaria. Tale discorso vale per le lingue d'oïl come il vallone, il piccardo o il normanno e ancora di più per la famiglia delle lingue d'oc, come ad esempio il provenzale, che presentano una filogenesi autonoma. In Francia, studiosi e linguisti non parlano infatti di dialetti, quanto di langues régionales.\n\n Distribuzione geografica \n\n Paesi di madrelingua francese:Europa Belgio\n Svizzera \n \n \n Valle d'Aosta\n Isole del Canale\n Baliato di Jersey\n GuernseyAmerica Canada\n \n \n Saint Lucia\n Francia d'oltremare\n Martinica \n Guadalupa\n Saint-Martin \n Saint-Barthélemy \n Guyana francese\n Saint-Pierre e Miquelon\n \n Louisiana\n Maine \n New HampshireAfrica \n \n \n Francia d'oltremare\n Mayotte \n RiunioneOceania Francia d'oltremare\n Polinesia francese\n Wallis e Futuna\n Nuova Caledonia\n\n Paesi in cui il francese è lingua ufficiale:Europa \n \n \n \n \n Valle d'Aosta\n Isole del CanaleAmerica \n \n \n Louisiana\n Francia d'oltremareAfrica \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ruanda\n \n \n \n Francia d'oltremareAsia \n Territorio di PondicherryOceania \n Francia d'oltremare\n\n Paesi in cui il francese è lingua di insegnamento obbligatoria o lingua amministrativaEuropa Africa \n \n \n Asia \n\n Paesi in cui il francese è lingua di cultura privilegiata\n\n \n \n Moldavia\n \n \n \n In grassetto sono evidenziati gli Stati sovrani, mentre le dipendenze e le regioni a statuto autonomo sono segnate con carattere normale. Europa \nLa lingua francese si è storicamente sviluppata in Europa, dove è parlata da circa 73 milioni di locutori madrelingua. I principali luoghi europei in cui si parla questa lingua sono la Francia, il Belgio, la Svizzera, il Lussemburgo e la Valle d'Aosta. Pur rimanendo fondamentalmente simili, queste varietà presentano delle peculiarità lessicali e fonologiche assai interessanti.\n Francia \n\n Il francese di Parigi \n\nLa definizione di francese parigino equivale grossomodo con quella di francese standard, essendo la variante della capitale presa a modello per l'insegnamento della lingua in tutto il mondo. All'interno di tale variante esistono tuttavia notevoli discrepanze dettate principalmente da fattori socio-culturali. I banlieusards di origine magrebina o gli studenti del Quartiere latino, ad esempio, difficilmente si esprimeranno utilizzando un lessico e una struttura sintattica che rispettino le norme dettate dall'Académie française. Già Victor Hugo definiva la parlata di Parigi come un buon compromesso \"choisi par les peuples comme intermédiaire entre l'excès de consonnes du nord et l'excès de voyelles du midi\". Dal momento che il francese parigino si identifica con il francese standard, è assai difficile individuare dei tratti \"dialettali\" che lo distinguano rispetto alle altre varianti. È possibile invece sottolineare alcuni elementi peculiari della parlata di Parigi e, per estensione, del francese standard, che non sempre emergono nella prassi d'uso di altre varianti dialettali.\nTra le peculiarità più comuni si ricordano, dal punto di vista fonologico:\n\n L'uso comune della r uvulare.\n Il rafforzamento della pronuncia nasale di n preceduta dalla vocale o (come in on, mon, bon bon) e corrispettivo indebolimento della pronuncia nasale di n preceduta da u (come in parfum).\n\nPer quanto concerne la morfologia e la grammatica, il francese parigino privilegia più di altre varianti l'uso dei partitivi per esprimere una quantità indefinita (es. \"Compro il pane\" = \"J'achète du pain\"), così come l'accordo del participio del verbo avoir qualora preceduto da pronomi relativi o che esprimono il complemento oggetto (\"Sono i dolci che ha preparato per la cena di stasera\" = \"Ce sont les gâteaux qu'il a preparés pour le dîner de ce soir\").\n\n Il francese settentrionale \nSotto la definizione di français septentrional si collocano tutte quelle varianti idiomatiche diffuse a nord di Parigi che subiscono l'influenza di lingue d'oïl diverse dal francese, quali il vallone, il piccardo o il normanno. Le principali differenze rispetto alla lingua standard sono di natura fonologica: tutte le nasali vengono pronunciate con un'enfasi maggiore, mentre il fenomeno della liaison è presente anche in quei casi in cui la normativa accademica tende a ometterlo. Anche la pronuncia delle vocali chiuse tende a essere particolarmente accentuata. Per quanto riguarda il lessico, prestiti provenienti dalle lingue regionali coabitano con espressioni mutuate dal bretone, dal fiammingo o dal tedesco, tradizionalmente parlati da minoranze residenti presso le zone di confine.\n\n Il francese meridionale \nLe varianti di francese parlate a sud della Loira sono influenzate dalla coesistenza con l'occitano, che ha continuato a fungere da lingua madre per una buona parte della popolazione rurale almeno fino alla prima metà del XX secolo. La pronuncia del Midi è caratterizzata da un indebolimento generalizzato della nasalizzazione, spesso sostituita da una palatalizzazione di /n/ (come in pain, a volte pronunciato [pɛŋ] in luogo di /pɛ̃/). Allo stesso modo, la pronuncia delle vocali toniche è molto più aperta rispetto a quanto accade nel francese standard; la parlata meridionale pronuncia spesso e volentieri anche le e muets in fine di parola.\n\n Belgio \nIl francese è una delle tre lingue ufficiali del Belgio, assieme all'olandese e al tedesco, ed è lingua materna di circa il 43% dell'intera popolazione (4,5 milioni di persone).\nIn questo paese il francese fu storicamente la lingua delle élite culturali ed economiche nelle grandi città, soprattutto a Bruxelles, dove la maggioranza della popolazione parlava tuttavia l'olandese. Con il passare del tempo, la vitalità del vallone e delle altre lingue d'oïl parlate in Vallonia venne meno, determinando una massiccia francesizzazione di questa regione, similmente a quanto accadde nelle Fiandre, ove i dialetti del fiammingo e del frisone perdevano terreno di fronte all'avanzata dell'olandese.\n\nQuando nel 1830 il Belgio ottenne l'indipendenza dal Regno Unito dei Paesi Bassi, le élite cattoliche e francofone della capitale imposero il francese come unica lingua ufficiale, mentre al fiammingo venne riconosciuto uno status di ufficialità solo a partire dal 1908. Nel corso del XIX secolo, inoltre, il prestigio del francese come idioma della cultura e del commercio internazionale favorì un drastico mutamento della situazione linguistica di Bruxelles. La capitale, tradizionalmente fiamminga, divenne una città a maggioranza francofona a partire dal 1910, consolidando una tendenza destinata a rafforzarsi nei successivi cento anni.\n\nOggi la regione di Bruxelles è ufficialmente bilingue francese-olandese, ma l'uso del francese appare di gran lunga predominante. Lo status di capitale dell'Unione europea che la città belga ricopre tende infatti a favorire l'uso del francese e di altre lingue della diplomazia, come ad esempio l'inglese e il tedesco, acuendo il declino dell'olandese, ormai parlato e compreso da poco meno del 16% della popolazione residente (contro il 77% per il francese). Negli ultimi anni, inoltre, il massiccio afflusso di immigranti provenienti dall'Africa francofona e dal Maghreb ha ulteriormente esteso l'uso del francese nella Regione di Bruxelles-Capitale e nei comuni fiamminghi limitrofi, determinando la nascita della tache d'huile francophone. Molti politici fiamminghi denunciano la diffusione del francese in regioni tradizionalmente di lingua olandese come una violazione ai confini della frontiera linguistica fissata con la Costituzione federale del 1970.\n\nLa questione linguistica è spesso oggetto, nell'ambito della politica belga, di un violento scontro tra valloni e fiamminghi, divenendo in questo modo la cartina al tornasole delle profonde divisioni economiche e culturali che separano le due principali comunità del Paese. Negli ultimi anni, il partito indipendentista Nuova Alleanza Fiamminga di Bart de Wever ha sovente utilizzato l'argomento linguistico per proporre una secessione delle Fiandre dal resto del Belgio.\n\nIl francese belga è perfettamente comprensibile per tutti gli altri francofoni, ma presenta alcune peculiarità fonologiche e morfologiche. In primo luogo, si segnala un uso abbondante della liaison e una tendenza a pronunciare le vocali scure in modo chiuso, similmente a quanto accade nel français septentrional. Le nasali sono rafforzate a tal punto che alcuni termini omofoni nel francese di Francia sono pronunciati in modo diverso dai belgi francofoni (brin e brun sono omofoni in Francia a causa dell'indebolimento della nasalizzazione di u, mentre in Belgio la differenza di pronuncia è mantenuta). La lettera w, pronunciata a volte [v] in Francia, diventa [w] in Belgio, probabilmente a causa dell'influsso dell'olandese, per cui una parola come wagon è pronunciata differentemente nei due paesi.\n\nIn ambito lessicale, il francese belga conserva alcune forme arcaiche ormai cadute in disuso in Francia. I numerali superiori a 60 (soixante), ad esempio, non adottano il sistema di numerazione vigesimale, ma un computo su base decimale simile a quello presente nella lingua italiana. I belgi non dicono dunque soixante-dix per indicare il numero 70, ma septante; invece il numero 80 è quatre-vingts e non huitante come in Svizzera; così come 90 si dice nonante e non quatre-vingt-dix. Allo stesso modo, in Belgio non si usa indicare la colazione come petit-déjeuner, ma semplicemente come déjeuner, termine che in Francia definisce il \"pranzo\". Il pasto di mezzogiorno si chiama per i belgi dîner, termine che per i francesi identifica invece la \"cena\". In Belgio il pasto serale è ancora chiamato souper, termine arcaico con cui in Francia si designava, al tempo dell'''Ancien Régime lo spuntino notturno consumato al ritorno da uno spettacolo teatrale.\n\nIl francese belga, soprattutto nella sua variante brussellese, presenta molti prestiti dall'olandese e dalle altre lingue germaniche. Nel campo della pubblica amministrazione, ad esempio, il sindaco (maire in Francia) è chiamato bourgmestre, dall'olandese burgemeester, così come il comune (mairie per i francesi) diventa la maison communale, calco dall'olandese gemeentehuis. Altri termini olandesi entrati nell'uso corrente del francese belga sono legati soprattutto all'ambito culinario, come ad esempio gaufre, waterzooi, fritkot, in francese baraque à frites (\"friggitoria\"), ma anche ad altri ambiti come \"kot\" (camera per studenti).\n\n Svizzera \nIl francese è, insieme con il tedesco, l'italiano e il romancio, una delle quattro lingue ufficiali della Svizzera a livello federale. È la lingua materna di circa il 20% della popolazione (2 milioni di persone), tradizionalmente concentrata nella regione occidentale del paese, nota come Svizzera romanda. Il francese è inoltre lingua ufficiale in sette cantoni: Giura, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Ginevra, Berna, Friburgo e Vallese. La più grande città francofona della Svizzera è Ginevra.\n\nIl francese svizzero, pur influenzato a livello fonetico dal preesistente francoprovenzale, si distanzia poco da quello parlato in Francia. Tra le peculiarità lessicali più importanti si ricordano l'uso delle forme septante, huitante e nonante al posto di soixante-dix, quatre-vingts e quatre-vingt-dix. Numerosi sono i prestiti dal tedesco, sia nell'ambito dell'amministrazione (la già citata maison communale, calco linguistico dal tedesco Rathaus, sostituisce il termine mairie per indicare il \"municipio\") sia in quello della lingua quotidiana (foehn, prestito dal tedesco al posto di sèche-cheveux, che in francese significa \"asciugacapelli\"; natel, parola-macedonia di origine tedesca che sostituisce portable per indicare il \"telefono cellulare\").\n\n Lussemburgo \nLa lingua nazionale del Granducato di Lussemburgo è il lussemburghese, ma il francese e il tedesco sono entrambi riconosciuti come lingue ufficiali. Grazie alla vicinanza con la Francia e con il Belgio, oltre che alla presenza di numerosi lavoratori frontalieri, il francese viene praticato quotidianamente da una grande maggioranza di lussemburghesi. La stampa, sia scritta sia televisiva, e la giurisprudenza sono i due ambiti della vita nazionale in cui il francese svolge il ruolo di lingua ufficiale de facto, mentre i dibattiti politici in sede parlamentare avvengono spesso in tedesco. Il sistema scolastico è trilingue e prevede una progressiva sostituzione del lussemburghese, utilizzato alla scuola primaria, con il francese e il tedesco, idiomi usati comunemente nell'ambito dell'istruzione superiore e universitaria.\n\n Valle d'Aosta (Italia) \n\nSebbene per i valdostani non di madrelingua italiana la lingua madre sia nella maggior parte dei casi il dialetto valdostano della lingua francoprovenzale, a essere riconosciuto come lingua co-ufficiale è il francese, in virtù dello status ufficiale di questa lingua in Valle d'Aosta a partire (a livello amministrativo) dal 1536, ossia tre anni prima della Francia stessa.\n\nLa Costituzione italiana protegge e sostiene le minoranze linguistiche, siano o meno esse dotate di un riconoscimento a livello ufficiale. La Valle d'Aosta, regione a statuto speciale dal 1948, riconosce il francese come lingua ufficiale a parità di dignità con l'italiano. In virtù di tali disposizioni, l'apparato amministrativo della regione è perfettamente bilingue, così come il sistema scolastico (il monte ore riservato allo studio della lingua francese è identico a quello dedicato all'italiano) e la segnaletica stradale. I toponimi valdostani sono esclusivamente in francese (tranne nei due comuni walser di Gressoney-Saint-Jean e di Gressoney-La-Trinité), ad eccezione di Aosta, il cui nome ufficiale è Aosta/Aoste.\n\nTra le peculiarità del francese valdostano, a livello lessicale si segnala l'uso di alcuni termini obsoleti oppure inesistenti nella variante standard, in quanto provenienti dal dialetto valdostano o dall'italiano. Alcuni esempi sono syndic (termine in origine francese, ma oggigiorno obsoleto nel francese di Francia) per sindaco (presente ugualmente nella Svizzera romanda) e maison communale (proveniente dal patois) per municipio. Sono presenti inoltre delle espressioni idiomatiche tipiche non in uso altrove.\n\n Isole normanne \nLe Isole del Canale, situate al largo della costa francese della Manica, sono una dipendenza della Corona britannica, ultimi resti degli antichi possedimenti inglesi in Francia, su cui il re d'Inghilterra governa non in quanto tale (le isole non fanno parte direttamente del Regno Unito) ma in qualità di Duca di Normandia. Benché l'inglese si sia con il tempo imposto nell'arcipelago come idioma dell'amministrazione e della comunicazione, l'uso di alcune varianti dell'antica lingua anglo-normanna rimane ancora vivo, soprattutto sulle due isole principali di Jersey e Guernsey. Le varianti di francese note come jersais e guernensais sono inoltre tutelate e protette dal governo come parte integrante del patrimonio culturale dell'arcipelago. Tra le principali peculiarità lessicali si ricorda l'uso di termini di età medievali per la descrizione di realtà amministrative proprie delle isole normanne come baillage, bailli o ancora fief.\n\n America \nIl continente americano fu storicamente il secondo in cui il francese venne introdotto come lingua materna, in seguito alla colonizzazione di vaste aree del Canada, degli Stati Uniti e dei Caraibi operata dalla Francia tra il XVII e il XVIII secolo. Oggi in America vivono circa 15 milioni di persone per cui il francese è lingua materna, la maggior parte dei quali è concentrata nella provincia canadese del Québec, ma con comunità significative anche in Ontario, nel Nuovo Brunswick, in Louisiana e nelle Antille. A questi vanno aggiunti coloro che hanno per prima lingua il creolo francese, parlato nei Caraibi da circa 10 milioni di persone. Sommando questi dati, si può capire come l'America francofona, con i suoi 25 milioni di parlanti, possa costituire un modello linguistico e culturale in grado di distanziarsi sia da quello proposto dall'America anglosassone sia da quello veicolato dall'America Latina. Il francese risulta altresì la quarta lingua più parlata nell'intero continente americano dopo lo spagnolo, l'inglese e il portoghese.\n\n Canada \nIl primo esploratore francese a giungere in Canada fu Jacques Cartier, che sbarcò presso le coste del Bas-Saint-Laurent nel 1534. Un reale tentativo di colonizzazione non avvenne tuttavia prima del 1608, quando Samuel de Champlain fondò la città di Québec, che ancora oggi è riconosciuta come culla della francofonia americana, oltre a essere l'unico centro urbano in tutto il Nord America provvisto di una cerchia di mura.\n\nNei decenni successivi la colonizzazione francese portò alla nascita di una comunità linguistica compatta di circa abitanti. Quando, nel 1763, la Francia fu costretta a cedere tutte le sue colonie alla Gran Bretagna, la popolazione francofona del Canada riuscì a mantenere vivo l'uso della propria lingua, pur dovendo misurarsi con la crescita demografica degli insediamenti inglesi. L'isolamento nei confronti dell'antica madrepatria e l'influenza della lingua inglese determinarono una profonda trasformazione nelle strutture linguistiche del francese canadese, che oggi si differenzia sensibilmente dalle varianti europee per la pronuncia, per l'uso di alcuni arcaismi e di molte espressioni idiomatiche. Se per un francofono europeo non sussistono particolari difficoltà di comunicazione nell'ambito di contesti formali in cui si faccia uso di una forma standardizzata del francese canadese, assai più problematico risulta il confronto con il joual, variante sociolinguistica utilizzata in un contesto familiare e giovanile, il cui ruolo è simile a quello dell'argot in Francia.\n\nNell'ambito del francese canadese è inoltre possibile distinguere alcune varianti autonome, frutto di uno sviluppo peculiare delle diverse comunità di parlanti a livello storico e culturale. Non bisogna dimenticare infatti che i coloni che nel corso del XVII e del XVIII secolo si stabilirono nella Nuova Francia erano soprattutto di origini bretoni e normanne, e che questo fatto contribuì a influenzare lo sviluppo del francese così come è tuttora parlato in Canada. Allo stesso tempo, la presenza di legami storici più o meno consolidati delle varie comunità di coloni con la madrepatria ha determinato una differenziazione territoriale della lingua in numerosi dialetti.\n\nIn Canada il francese è oggi parlato da circa 10 milioni di persone (circa il 31% della popolazione canadese). La variante di gran lunga più diffusa è quella del Québec, unica provincia a forte maggioranza francofona della confederazione, in cui si concentra la più grande comunità della francofonia americana (7,5 milioni di locutori, circa il 94% della popolazione della provincia). A grande distanza, seguono la variante franco-ontariana, parlata da abitanti dell'Ontario (5% della popolazione totale), e il dialetto acadiano, parlato da circa persone nel Nuovo Brunswick (33% della popolazione totale; il Nuovo Brunswick è l'unica provincia completamente bilingue del Canada) e nelle altre province marittime. Comunità minori sono inoltre disseminante nelle province anglofone del Manitoba, dell'Alberta e della Columbia Britannica.\n\nDa un punto di vista fonologico, il francese canadese si contraddistingue per la mancanza della /ʁ/ uvulare, sostituita da una /r/ vibrante simile a quella presente in italiano, oltre che per una pronuncia fortemente chiusa delle vocali toniche, per certi aspetti affine a quella del Belgio e della Francia settentrionale.\n\nIl lessico si caratterizza per la presenza di numerosi arcaismi in uso nel XVII secolo e ormai scomparsi in Europa. L'automobile viene spesso designata con il termine char, che in Francia indica esclusivamente il \"carro\". Allo stesso modo la \"bevanda\", boisson nella lingua standard, è definita tramite l'uso dell'antico vocabolo breuvage, che ha inoltre dato origine al termine equivalente inglese beverage. Ancora, l'atto del \"guidare la macchina\" (fr. conduire) è espresso ricorrendo al verbo chauffer (da cui deriva chauffeur, \"autista\"), mentre la \"cena\" è resa con l'uso del termine souper, risalente all'epoca dell’Ancien Régime. Molti anglicismi presenti nella lingua d'uso comune in Francia sono stati eliminati dal francese del Québec nel tentativo di difendere la purezza della lingua dall'influenza dell'inglese americano. Il parcheggio, comunemente chiamato parking in Europa, diventa in Canada stationnement, mentre nella segnaletica stradale è possibile notare la presenza del termine francese arrêt in luogo dell'inglese stop, comune in Francia e negli altri paesi francofoni. Il lessico del francese canadese presenta inoltre numerosi lemmi in grado di descrivere realtà prettamente nordamericane (raquetter, \"camminare con le racchette sulla neve\"; caribou, \"caribù\"; cabane, \"bungalow\"), oltre ad abbondare in prestiti provenienti dalle lingue dei nativi americani.\n\n Stati Uniti d'America \nLa lingua francese fu storicamente parlata in due aree ben distinte degli Stati Uniti, cioè nella parte settentrionale del New England al confine con il Canada, corrispondente agli attuali Stati del Maine e del New Hampshire, e in Louisiana, che fu colonizzata dai francesi nel periodo compreso tra il 1682 e il 1803. Malgrado la forte anglicizzazione che ha interessato questi territori, soprattutto a partire dalla seconda metà dell'Ottocento, entrambe le regioni presentano ancora oggi un legame molto forte con la lingua e la cultura francesi. Nel Maine e nel New Hampshire il francese è la lingua materna rispettivamente del 5% e del 6% della popolazione, con percentuali che sfiorano il 25% nelle contee più settentrionali. I motivi di questa diseguale distribuzione dei francofoni vanno ricercati nella prossimità dei due Stati con le frontiere del Québec e del Nuovo Brunswick, circostanza che facilita il mantenimento della lingua in tali regioni.\n\nQuanto alla Louisiana, la sua identità al tempo stesso francese, creola e afroamericana costituisce un motivo d'orgoglio per i cittadini dello \"Stato del pellicano\". Il francese è riconosciuto come lingua ufficiale accanto all'inglese e gode di speciali misure finalizzate alla sua protezione e promozione come parte del patrimonio culturale della Louisiana. Si stima che circa l'8% dei louisianesi siano di madrelingua francese: la maggioranza di questi ultimi è concentrata nelle regioni meridionali dello Stato, comprendente le 22 parrocchie dell'Acadiana, in cui la tradizionale cultura creola è ancora viva. Nella regione dell'Acadiana circa il 33% della popolazione parla il francese cajun, fortemente influenzato dal dialetto acadiano del Nuovo Brunswick, dal creolo haitiano, dalle lingue parlate dalla comunità afroamericana, dall'inglese e dallo spagnolo. Con circa 2 milioni di locutori madrelingua, il francese è inoltre, dopo l'inglese, lo spagnolo e il cinese, la quarta lingua più parlata negli Stati Uniti.\n\n Caraibi e America del Sud \nIl francese è presente a vario titolo nella regione caraibica, con comunità particolarmente consistenti nelle grandi e piccole Antille. La Francia colonizzò nel corso del XVII e del XVIII secolo molte di queste isole, allora economicamente strategiche per la loro produzione saccarifera. La maggior parte di tali territori venne ceduta alla Gran Bretagna al termine della guerra dei sette anni (1763), circostanza che favorì la nascita di un bilinguismo francese-inglese in molti di questi arcipelaghi. Nello Saint Lucia e nella Repubblica di Dominica, ad esempio, la maggior parte della popolazione ha come lingua materna il creolo francese, mentre l'inglese resta la lingua dei media e dell'amministrazione. Il più importante paese francofono dei Caraibi è la Repubblica d'Haiti, colonizzata dai francesi nel Settecento e resasi indipendente dopo la rivolta di schiavi neri guidata da Toussaint Louverture nel 1803. I suoi 9,5 milioni di abitanti parlano come lingua materna il creolo haitiano, una lingua pidgin evolutosi a partire dal francese grazie all'apporto di numerosi elementi della sintassi e del lessico tipici delle lingue africane parlate dagli schiavi. Circa il 40% della popolazione, appartenente alle classi più colte, dichiara di poter inoltre esprimersi correntemente in francese. La lingua è ufficiale nei dipartimenti d'oltremare francesi di Martinica e Guadalupa, oltre che nel territorio sudamericano della Guyana francese.\n\n Africa \n\nNell'ultimo decennio l'Africa ha definitivamente superato l'Europa come continente in cui si concentra il maggior numero di francofoni. Eredità della colonizzazione operata tra il XIX e il XX secolo dalla Francia e, in minor misura, dal Belgio, la lingua di Molière è oggi parlata da più di 146 milioni di africani in ben 25 dei 54 Stati in cui è suddiviso il continente nero. Nella maggior parte dei casi si tratta di una lingua seconda, utilizzata in contesti lavorativi, economici e culturali da persone che conservano tuttavia l'uso delle lingue locali, quali ad esempio l'arabo, il wolof o il sango. Proprio per questo motivo è bene ricordare che negli Stati più poveri dell'Africa subsahariana, ove il grado di scolarizzazione è particolarmente basso, non è raro che una fetta consistente della popolazione ignori del tutto o parzialmente il francese, che pure in molti casi è designato come l'unica lingua ufficiale (si vedano i casi del Niger, del Mali o del Burkina Faso). Nelle aree più densamente urbanizzate degli Stati più progrediti (come ad esempio la Costa d'Avorio o il Gabon) è parlato al contrario dalla quasi totalità della popolazione, e negli ultimi anni sta cominciando a diffondersi come lingua materna per le giovani generazioni di africani. Il francese è, subito dopo l'arabo, attualmente la lingua più diffusa dell'Africa e la seconda più parlata.\n\n Algeria, Tunisia e Marocco \nIn Nordafrica il francese è parlato correntemente in tutta la regione del Maghreb e principalmente in Algeria, Tunisia e Marocco, che nel corso dell’Ottocento divennero colonie o protettorati della Francia. A differenza di quanto avvenne in altri paesi africani, l’espansione della lingua fu particolarmente rapida già in epoca coloniale. Il motivo principale di tale diffusione risiede nella massiccia immigrazione di coloni europei che si stabilirono in questi territori d’oltremare; si pensi, ad esempio, che circa un milione di coloni di origine francese (i cosiddetti pieds-noirs) risiedeva nella sola Algeria nel 1962, alla vigilia dell’indipendenza di questo paese. In secondo luogo, la vicinanza geografica della Francia continentale e la presenza di una rete urbana piuttosto sviluppata permisero ai colonizzatori di affiancare alle tradizionali scuole coraniche un sistema scolastico statale, laico e francofono, che contribuì con efficacia alla diminuzione del tasso di analfabetismo.\n\nPurtuttavia, in seguito all’indipendenza questi tre Paesi hanno cercato di cancellare l’eredità coloniale promuovendo una forte politica di arabizzazione, che si concretizzò nell’adozione della lingua e identità araba come pilastri dell'unità statale, a detrimento tanto del francese quanto del berbero, oggi riconosciuto solo in Marocco ed Algeria. Il francese ha comunque continuato in parallelo ad essere ampiamente utilizzato come lingua amministrativa, commerciale e turistica. Anche il sistema scolastico usa il francese come idioma veicolare, affiancandolo all’arabo a partire dai primi anni di scolarizzazione. Molte facoltà universitarie (soprattutto quelle di carattere giuridico, scientifico ed economico) continuano inoltre a proporre esclusivamente i loro corsi in francese. Per quanto riguarda i media, il francese continua ad essere utilizzato accanto all’arabo nei giornali, nella televisione e in internet. A questo proposito basti notare ad esempio che le versioni algerina, tunisina e marocchina del giornale online Huffington Post sono disponibili esclusivamente in francese.\n\nOggi il francese è parlato da circa il 33% della popolazione del Marocco (14 milioni di persone), dal 33% degli algerini (16 milioni di persone) e da ben il 66% dei tunisini (6,5 milioni di persone), per la grande maggioranza dei quali è una lingua seconda, appresa dunque sui banchi di scuola e usata in contesti formali e lavorativi. Proprio per questo motivo il francese parlato nel Maghreb assume i tratti della lingua standard, non avendo sviluppato peculiarità dialettali di rilievo ad esclusione di qualche sporadico prestito dall’arabo. Al contrario, la lingua francese ha fortemente condizionato la composizione dell’arabo maghrebino, soprattutto da un punto di vista lessicale.\n\n Africa subsahariana \nLa vasta porzione dell’Africa subsahariana compresa tra l’Oceano Atlantico, il deserto del Sahara e il bacino del fiume Congo, con una superficie pari al doppio di quella degli Stati Uniti d’America, costituisce il più vasto continuum francofono al mondo. In tale regione, colonizzata tra la fine dell’Ottocento e l’inizio del Novecento dalla Francia e in minore misura dal Belgio, è presente infatti un blocco di 18 Paesi in cui il francese è lingua ufficiale o co-ufficiale (Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Camerun, Ciad, Costa d’Avorio, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Equatoriale, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Repubblica centrafricana, Repubblica del Congo, Repubblica democratica del Congo, Ruanda, Senegal e Togo) per un totale di circa 90 milioni di persone.\n\nIn questi territori il francese, importato con la colonizzazione, è stato mantenuto anche dopo l’indipendenza come lingua ufficiale in quanto strumento neutrale di comunicazione tra etnie storicamente rivali che, pur ritrovandosi a convivere all’interno dello stesso Stato, spesso parlavano lingue diverse. A partire dagli anni Settanta, tuttavia, il francese iniziò ad essere percepito non più come una semplice lingua straniera ereditata dalla colonizzazione, bensì come una parte integrante del patrimonio linguistico e culturale africano. Tale cambiamento di prospettiva fu reso possibile dall’attività di molti scrittori africani francofoni, tra i quali il senegalese Léopold Sédar Senghor, che nell'ambito della corrente poetica detta negritudine per primo rivendicò il suo diritto a scrivere in francese per esprimere realtà peculiari tipiche del suo paese d’origine.\n\nA causa di questo retroterra storico, è importante sottolineare come il francese si sia evoluto in Africa all’interno di un contesto per lo più multilingue. Lingua amministrativa e dell’istruzione, negli ultimi decenni si è affermato inoltre come lingua materna delle giovani generazioni di africani nelle grandi metropoli della Costa d’Avorio, del Camerun, del Gabon e del Congo. Per questo motivo il francese popolare ha subito un profondo mutamento linguistico rispetto alla norma standard. Per quanto riguarda la fonologia si segnala, ad esempio, una diversa pronuncia dei dittonghi e della /r/: entrambi questi fenomeni sono generalmente semplificati nel francese africano, per cui il verbo partir è spesso pronunciato patie, dunque con una lenizione completa del fonema /r/; inoltre, in posizione iniziale di parola, si assiste a una frequente palatalizzazione della velare sorda.\n\nPer quanto riguarda lo sviluppo del lessico e della sintassi, non è possibile parlare di un singolo \"francese africano\", ma di molte varietà africane della lingua francese sviluppatesi a contatto con i vari popoli e le varie culture indigene del continente nero. Tra le varietà più importanti si ricorda il francese popolare della Costa d'Avorio o nouchi, sorta di argot nato nelle strade della capitale Yamoussoukro; la struttura sintattica del francese appare in questo caso permeata di parole di origine africana, soprattutto per quanto riguarda i termini del lessico familiare. Tra gli esempi più comuni si cita il termine Bingue per indicare la Francia e, per estensione, i paesi occidentali; couper, nel senso di \"rapinare\", \"rubare soldi\"; chap, chap, che significa \"rapidamente\", gombo, nel significato di \"lavoretto stagionale\"; e infine fer, che può indicare sia l'automobile sia un'arma da fuoco. Ancora più distante dalla norma standard è il camfranglais, sorta di argot camerunense che mischia le strutture sintattiche proprie del francese e dell'inglese con un lessico perlopiù africano, come nel caso della frase on va all back au mboa, che significa \"stiamo per tornare a casa\", dove la struttura sintattica del pronome impersonale on seguito dal futur proche è tipica del francese standard, ma è seguita tuttavia all'espressione inglese all back e dal termine africano mboa, che colloquialmente significa \"villaggio\", \"regione\". Altre varietà degne di essere menzionate sono il francese popolare del Senegal e del Benin, entrambi condizionati dal contatto con la lingua wolof.\n\nInfine non bisogna dimenticare l'influenza importante che il francese belga ha esercitato nello sviluppo delle varianti parlate in Africa equatoriale. In effetti il più grande paese francofono africano è la Repubblica Democratica del Congo, abitato da circa 90 milioni di persone, dei quali ben 42 milioni hanno una conoscenza completa o almeno parziale della lingua francese. Questo vasto paese, ricco di materie prime, tra il 1885 e il 1960 fu colonia del Belgio; di conseguenza la variante linguistica che si è imposta è stata quella parlata a Bruxelles, con la conseguente diffusione di molti belgicismi fonetici (pronuncia di /w/) e lessicali (uso dei numerali decimali, nomi dei pasti della giornata, prestiti dalla lingua fiamminga).\n\n Africa orientale ed Oceano Indiano \nIn Africa orientale e nell'Oceano Indiano vi sono cinque paesi in cui il francese è lingua materna e/o ufficiale, ai quali vanno aggiunti un certo numero di isole ed arcipelaghi che fanno parte della Francia d'oltremare, per un totale di circa 10 milioni di persone che lo parlano. Il più importante Stato francofono della regione è il Madagascar, il quale mantiene l'uso amministrativo della vecchia lingua coloniale accanto all'idioma nazionale, il malgascio, che invece rimane la lingua materna e veicolare della gran parte della popolazione.\n\nDecisamente più fluida invece è la situazione linguistica dei piccoli arcipelaghi delle Seychelles e delle Mauritius: queste isole, infatti, erano originariamente prive di una popolazione autoctona e sono state popolate soltanto negli ultimi cinquecento anni in seguito alle diverse ondate di colonizzazione europea (olandese, francese e inglese), che hanno lasciato ciascuna un'importante impronta linguistica e culturale. A queste comunità bianche di origine europea vanno poi aggiunte quella nera degli ex schiavi di origine africana, quella degli indù provenienti dall'Asia e infine la comunità musulmana di origine araba. Come risultato di questa complicata storia linguistica, al giorno d'oggi in questi stati la maggioranza della popolazione vive in un contesto plurilingue: mentre l'inglese si è imposto come lingua dell'amministrazione e della politica, il francese e un creolo derivato da questa lingua sono parlati dalla maggioranza della popolazione come lingua veicolare; dal canto suo, invece, l'arabo si mantiene come lingua delle funzioni religiose e delle scuole coraniche. Il bilinguismo arabo-francese, con il primo prevalente nell'ambito della sfera privata e il secondo di gran lunga maggioritario nella vita pubblica, è presente anche nell'arcipelago delle Comore e nel piccolo stato di Gibuti.\n\nIl francese è inoltre lingua ufficiale e materna della maggior parte della popolazione dei dipartimenti d'oltremare della Francia nell'Oceano Indiano, vale a dire Mayotte, Riunione e le altre isole sparse dell'Oceano Indiano. Benché la variante insegnata nelle scuole sia quella della lingua standard, nell'uso comune della vita di tutti i giorni si sono imposte alcune varianti lessicali riguardanti soprattutto l'ingresso di termini di origine africana per indicare realtà sconosciute nella Francia metropolitana (ad esempio, babouk è un termine di origine africana spesso usato, ad esempio, al posto di araignée per indicare genericamente la famiglia degli aracnidi, benché indichi in realtà soltanto una varietà specifica di ragno).\n\n Asia \nIl francese ha svolto in Asia un significativo ruolo culturale nel corso dell'Ottocento e del Novecento; tuttavia i traumi della decolonizzazione e la successiva fase della guerra fredda hanno determinato nella maggior parte dei casi una brusca cancellazione di questa eredità coloniale, che oggi sopravvive soltanto in alcuni paesi del Vicino Oriente e presso minoranze in quelle regioni del Sud-est asiatico che furono conquistate dalla Francia. Nonostante questa apparente marginalità, tuttavia, il francese negli ultimi anni ha visto un'enorme diffusione come seconda lingua straniera più studiata dopo l'inglese, soprattutto nei paesi dell'Estremo Oriente, quali ad esempio la Cina e il Giappone.\n\n Medio Oriente \nLa lingua francese è presente in Medio Oriente fin dal Medioevo, quando durante le Crociate vennero fondati nella regione della Siria e della Palestina alcuni principati cristiani retti da dinastie francesi e fiamminghe. Grazie al prestigio della Francia, tra la fine del XVIII secolo e la prima metà del XX secolo si impose inoltre come idioma della cultura e del commercio, diventando di fatto la seconda lingua corrente di paesi come l'Egitto, il quale fu conquistato brevemente da Napoleone nel 1798-1800 e dove nel 1869 i francesi ultimarono la costruzione del Canale di Suez; inoltre divenne lingua amministrativa in Siria e in Libano, che dopo la prima guerra mondiale vennero amministrati per circa vent'anni dalla Francia attraverso un mandato della Società delle Nazioni. Nella seconda metà del Novecento l'introduzione di massicce politiche di arabizzazione e l'influenza crescente degli Stati Uniti hanno determinato la fine di questa preminenza del francese su buona parte dell'area e la sua sostituzione con l'inglese come lingua degli affari.\n\nTuttavia il Medio Oriente continua ad ospitare numerose istituzioni culturali francofone di grande importanza, come ad esempio lUniversité Senghor e il Lycée français di Alessandria d'Egitto; il francese viene insegnato inoltre come lingua straniera privilegiata, accanto all'inglese, nelle scuole della Siria e di Israele. Un discorso a parte vale per il Libano, che a causa dei forti legami culturali e religiosi con la Francia e il resto dell'Occidente, continua a usare il francese come lingua amministrativa con status ufficiale accanto all'arabo. L'Organizzazione internazionale della francofonia stima infatti che circa la metà degli abitanti del Libano, la cui capitale Beirut era nota fino agli anni Ottanta del XX secolo come la Parigi del Medio Oriente, conosca e pratichi quotidianamente la lingua francese.\n\n India e Paesi del sud-est asiatico \nLa seconda regione dell’Asia in cui storicamente il francese fu più presente è la penisola indocinese, che venne colonizzata dalla Francia nel periodo compreso tra il 1868 e il 1954. Durante tale periodo il Vietnam, il Laos e la Cambogia, che insieme formavano la federazione dell’Indocina francese, adottarono questo idioma come lingua amministrativa usata negli uffici ed insegnata nelle scuole e nelle università. Negli anni Trenta del Novecento, dunque, le élite politiche ed economiche di Saigon e di Hanoi erano perfettamente francofone e le stesse grandi città vietnamite avevano assunto un aspetto maggiormente europeo e più specificatamente francese (ancora oggi in questi paesi sopravvivono molte boulangerie che cercano, con i loro croissant e i loro pain-au-chocolat, di richiamare la tradizione culinaria dell’antica madrepatria).\n\nLa brusca caduta del regime coloniale in seguito alla battaglia di Dien Ben Phu (1954) e la sua sostituzione nella maggior parte dei casi con regimi comunisti estremisti (come ad esempio quello dei Khmer rouges in Cambogia) che bollarono il francese come idioma della borghesia occidentalizzata e decadente, contribuirono tuttavia a un rapido declino della lingua nel corso della seconda metà del secolo, al punto tale che questa, non più insegnata nelle scuole, corse il rischio di scomparire. Dopo la fine della Guerra Fredda, inoltre, quando questi Paesi si aprirono nuovamente all’economia di mercato, essi adottarono come principale lingua franca l'inglese, che cominciò dunque ad essere insegnato nelle scuole come prima lingua straniera al posto del francese. Negli ultimi anni, tuttavia, il francese sta lentamente recuperando parte del suo prestigio grazie all’adesione di questi tre Paesi all’Organizzazione internazionale della Francofonia e all’avviamento di corsi di lingua in immersione nelle principali università. Secondo le stime dell'OIF oggi la lingua sarebbe parlata dal 4% della popolazione in Laos, dal 2% in Cambogia e soltanto dallo 0,6% in Vietnam. Di questi tre Stati solo il Laos ha conservato in parte il francese come lingua amministrativa, ancora oggi visibile nella segnaletica stradale e nei cartelli che indicano i nomi degli uffici pubblici nelle grandi città come Vientiane o Luang Prabang. Su molti di questi cartelli, peraltro, è possibile ravvisare errori di ortografia abbastanza banali agli occhi di un occidentale, chiaro segnale che ormai nemmeno le élite istruite padroneggiano perfettamente la lingua.\n\nL'importanza che il francese ha giocato in quest'area del mondo appare tuttavia evidente se si considera la profonda influenza che la lingua di Molière ha avuto sul lessico delle lingue parlate dalle popolazioni locali (khmer, lao e soprattutto vietnamita), dove numerose parole, riferite soprattutto all’ambito della gastronomia, dell’amministrazione della tecnologia, sono state prese in prestito proprio dall'idioma dei colonizzatori. In lingua vietnamita, ad esempio, la parola ga significa “stazione” e deriva dal francese gare; xi-né, \"cinema\", è invece l'esatta trascrizione fonetica dell'equivalente francese ciné, a sua volta forma abbreviata di cinéma; lo stesso discorso vale per la parola so-co-lat, \"cioccolato\", derivante da chocolat, e per il termine bup-bé, “bambola”, trascrizione fonetica in lingua vietnamita della parola poupée.\n\nOccorre ricordare infine che la presenza del francese fu significativa anche nel subcontinente indiano, il quale fu oggetto dell'espansionismo commerciale della Francia tra il XVII e il XVIII secolo. Nel 1954, quando i francesi cedettero i loro insediamenti in India alla neonata Unione indiana, quest'ultima creò il territorio federale di Pondicherry, regione autonoma a statuto speciale dove, benché sia ormai poco parlato, il francese rimane una delle lingue ufficiali accanto al tamil, al telugu e all'inglese. Nel quartiere europeo di Pondicherry, chiamato ancora oggi dai locali la Ville Blanche e caratterizzato dalla presenza di molti edifici in stile coloniale francese, la lingua dell'antica madrepatria gode ancora di una certa visibilità nei nomi delle vie e delle strade, sulle targhe e nei pannelli pubblici. In città ha sede inoltre il Lycée français de Pondichéry, la più antica e prestigiosa scuola francese di tutto il continente asiatico.\n\n Estremo Oriente \nNegli ultimi anni un'importante crescita dello studio del francese come lingua straniera ha interessato i paesi dell'Estremo Oriente, in modo particolare la Cina e il Giappone.\n\nPer i cinesi il francese si sta rapidamente imponendo come la lingua degli affari più importante dopo l'inglese. Questo rinnovato interesse per la lingua di Molière si spiega con gli ambiziosi piani di investimento economico che Pechino ha lanciato nelle regioni più povere dell'Africa subsahariana, dove i cinesi intendono costruire infrastrutture moderne in cambio della possibilità di sfruttare direttamente i giacimenti di materie prime e di fonti di energia presenti nel sottosuolo del continente nero. La necessità di comunicare più facilmente con questi Paesi lontani, quasi tutti francofoni, spiega dunque la forte crescita di alunni cinesi che scelgono ogni anno il francese come lingua straniera all'università.\n\nPer quanto riguarda il Giappone, invece, l'interesse per la lingua francese riguarda maggiormente il campo della gastronomia, della moda e dello stile di vita. Benché siano relativamente pochi gli studenti che davvero lo praticano a un livello ottimale, questo idioma ha una grande visibilità presso le strade delle metropoli nipponiche in quanto usato spesso e volentieri per pubblicizzare prodotti commerciali, come profumi, cibo e vestiti, legati a un'idea di lusso e raffinatezza tipicamente associati alla Francia. Questo tipo di francese usato nei menu dei ristoranti di lusso e più in generale nel commercio al dettaglio è definito franponais e si caratterizza per la presenza di espressioni inesistenti nel francese standard e che risultano essere calchi lessicali dalla lingua giapponese, oltre che per la presenza di numerosi errori di trascrizione fonetica.\n\n Oceania \nIl francese è, insieme all'inglese, l'unica lingua indoeuropea parlata in Oceania, come conseguenza della colonizzazione operata dalla Francia nel corso dell'Ottocento e del Novecento, che interessò principalmente la regione della Polinesia. Il primo francese a mettere piede nel Continente Nuovissimo fu l'esploratore Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, che nel 1768 raggiunse per primo l'isola di Tahiti. Nel corso del secolo successivo i missionari francesi introdussero la loro lingua e la religione cattolica presso i nativi, aprendo la strada alla colonizzazione della Polinesia francese, dell'arcipelago di Wallis e Futuna e della Nuova Caledonia. Tutti questi arcipelaghi sono tuttora parte integrante della Repubblica francese con lo statuto di territorio d'oltremare e dunque il francese rimane l'unica lingua ufficiale, parlata dalla maggior parte della popolazione e usata nell'ambito delle istituzioni locali, della pubblica amministrazione e nelle comunicazioni.\n\nVenuto a contatto con le lingue locali, il francese dell'Oceania sviluppò alcune varianti regionali, la più interessante delle quali è il français caldoche o della Nuova Caledonia. In questo arcipelago, annesso dalla Francia nel 1853, sorgeva una delle colonie penali più grandi dell'Impero francese, dove venivano internati galeotti di diversa provenienza geografica e socio-culturale (detenuti politici, delinquenti comuni, spie, assassini...). Di conseguenza il francese parlato dai primi abitanti della Nuova Caledonia era costituito da un impasto linguistico molto eterogeneo, esposto all'influenza dellargot parigino e delle diverse varianti dialettali, sul quale si innestarono numerosi prestiti provenienti dalla lingua kanak parlata dalle popolazioni locali. Qualche esempio: l'espressione va baigner! (letteralmente, \"torna ai lavori forzati!\") significa semplicemente \"vattene!\"; tal tool è invece un'espressione di origine polinesiana spesso usata al posto di au revoir per congedarsi; trapard, altro termine polinesiano, è usato al posto del francese requin per indicare in modo generico gli squali; wet è un vocabolo kanak che è utilizzato per definire gli indigeni della Polinesia, mentre il suo esatto contrario, zoreil, indica invece, con una sfumatura leggermente dispregiativa, un francese proveniente dalla madrepatria. Occorre ricordare infine che il francese è lingua ufficiale, insieme all'inglese e al bichelamar, dell'arcipelago indipendente di Vanuatu, dove circa il 37% della popolazione lo usa come lingua veicolare.\n\n Alfabeto \n\n Preambolo \n\nI principali diacritici sono: à, â, ç, è, é, ê, ë, î, ï, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ e œ.\n\nOtto consonanti sono chiamate “consonnes muettes”, cioè “consonanti mute”. Esse sono le seguenti: d, g, n, p, s, t, x, z. Quando si trovano in posizione finale, cioè in fine di parola, generalmente non sono pronunciate. Questa regola vale anche per un gruppo di consonanti mute che si trovino in fine di parola. Le consonanti mute, da sole o in un gruppo, sono considerate “in fine di parola”, o “in posizione finale”, quando non sono seguite da vocali.\n\nAltro tratto caratteristico della lingua francese è la liaison, ovvero \"legamento\" in italiano: difatti essa è l'unione fonetica di due parole distinte. Tale fenomeno linguistico si presenta quando si è al confine tra due vocaboli, per cui il primo termina in consonante, mentre il secondo incomincia con una vocale (come, per esempio, nous avons e ils admirent). Da notare che la liaison non si manifesta sempre per ogni margine consonantico-vocalico fra due parole.\n\n Pronuncia puntuale in francese standard \nLa tabella mostra la pronuncia puntuale in francese, suono per suono e includendo i cluster consonantici. I suoni sono quelli del francese standard, senza accenni alle varietà (e.g. francese canadese, africano, oceanico in Nuova Caledonia...) e approfondimenti storici estesi che spiegano molti anacronismi e mancate corrispondenze nell'ortografia. Al contenuto in tabella, si aggiunge che la pronuncia delle lettere doppie (e.g. \"attacco\" in italiano) in francese non è geminata/tensificata, ma è scempia. In altre parole, non si pronunciano le doppie. In più, si introduce un elemento fonetico fondamentale in francese a partire grossomo dall'Ottocento: la nasalizzazione, presente pure in lingue come il portoghese, il polacco, l'hindi, il bengali e il dialetto shanghainese. Una vocale si dice nasalizzata se pronunciata tenendo la parte morbida del palato (cioè il velo palatino) rilassato, in modo tale da fare uscire il suono attraverso il naso. In francese, la /m/ e /n/ in svariati casi cadono, nasalizzando la vocale precedente. Le nasalizzazioni sono spiegati mentre si illustra la consonante \"n\".\n\nIn conclusione si aggiunge che, nel fenomeno fonetico detto \"liaison\" (legame), svariate consonanti finali che cadono in pronuncia perché mute vengono invece pronunciate per intero se la parola che le segue inizia per vocale. Solo la \"x\", \"s\" e \"f\" subiscono una lieve mutazione in /z/, /z/ e /v/.\n\nA questo fenomeno, si aggiunge un ulteriore fenomeno sia fonetico che ortografico, quello dell'\"élision\" (elisione/eliminazione di suono), una vocale cade se seguita da un'altra vocale (e.g. je aime > j'aime; je ai dormi > j'ai dormi; le arbre > l'arbre; la église > l'église; me/te a téléphoné > m'a/t'a téléphoné; ne arrête > n'arrête; de Albert > d'Albert; Que as-tu dit? > Qu'as-tu dit?; si il/si ils > s'il/s'ils. !!! si elle > non cambia).\n\n La riforma ortografica del 1990 \nLa proposta di riforma dell'ortografia francese, indicata dal Conseil supérieur de la langue française'' (ossia \"Consiglio superiore della lingua francese\", organo collegiale costituito dalle rappresentanze di diversi paesi francofoni) e poi approvata, ha rettificato la scrittura del 3% circa del vocabolario gallico. Tuttavia, l'Accademia francese dà soltanto raccomandazioni riguardo all'uso dei termini sottoposti a riforma, senza l'imposizione di alcun obbligo.\n\nQueste correzioni hanno l'obiettivo di aumentare l'intelligibilità tra il parlato e lo scritto della lingua francese, quindi renderlo più trasparente fonologicamente, pur rispettando l'etimologia delle parole; in aggiunta si vogliono anche dettare dei criteri per la formazione di nuovi termini. Ciononostante, la maggior parte dei francofoni continua ad aderire all'ortografia tradizionale.\n\nPremi Nobel \nHanno vinto il Premio Nobel per la letteratura i seguenti scrittori di lingua francese:\n Sully Prudhomme (1901, )\n Maurice Maeterlinck (1911, )\n Romain Rolland (1915, )\n Anatole France (1921, )\n Henri Bergson (1927, )\n Roger Martin du Gard (1937, )\n André Gide (1947, )\n François Mauriac (1952, )\n Albert Camus (1957, )\n Saint-John Perse (1960, )\n Jean-Paul Sartre (1964, , premio rifiutato)\n Samuel Beckett (1969, )\n Claude Simon (1985, )\n Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (2008, )\n Patrick Modiano (2014, )\n Annie Ernaux (2022, )\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Grammatica francese\n Lingue per numero di parlanti madrelingua\n Académie française\n Africa francofona\n Unione Africana\n Unione Europea\n Federazione dell'Africa orientale\n ONU\n Alfabeto francese\n America francofona\n Argot\n Dictionnaire de l'Académie française\n Fonologia della lingua francese\n Français fondamental\n Francese cajun\n Francese del Québec\n Francese valdostano\n Francofonia\n Organizzazione internazionale della francofonia\n Letteratura francese\n Letteratura francofona\n Lingua francese antica\n Ortografia della lingua francese\n Lingua spagnola\n Verbi spagnoli\n Lingua portoghese\n Grammatica portoghese\n Verbi portoghesi\n Lingua catalana\n Lingua romanza\n Lingua latina\n Inglese medio\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n En Français portale di risorse gratuite per chi insegna e chi studia la lingua francese (Loescher Editore)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Le Point du FLE Accesso alle più utili risorse di lingua francese presenti su Internet\n\nDizionari \n Dizionari bilingui: Larousse (inglese, spagnolo, tedesco, italiano, arabo, cinese)\n Dizionari bilingui: Garzanti (richiede registrazione) Zanichelli Compatto\n Dizionari monolingui: CNRTL, TLFi, OQLF\n Dizionari etimologici: CNRTL\n\nGrammatica \n Le Conjugueur coniugazione dei verbi\n Francese per i viaggiatori Pronuncia, frasi, collegamenti\n \n \n FrenchVerbConjugator.com Esercizi per migliorare la pronuncia francese dei verbi\n\n \nFrancese", "Fu uno dei principali scienziati del periodo napoleonico, nel 1799 nominato ministro degli interni da Napoleone, che nel 1806 gli conferì il titolo di conte dell'Impero, nominato poi anche marchese nel 1817, dopo la restaurazione dei Borbone.\n\nHa dato fondamentali contributi in vari campi della matematica, della fisica, dell'astronomia e della teoria della probabilità ed è stato uno degli scienziati più influenti al suo tempo, anche per il suo contributo all'affermazione del determinismo. Diede la svolta finale all'astronomia teorica e alla meccanica celeste, riassumendo ed estendendo il lavoro dei suoi predecessori nella sua opera in cinque volumi Mécanique Céleste (Meccanica celeste) (1799-1825). Questo capolavoro – assieme alla Mécanique Analytique (1788) di Lagrange – ha trasformato lo studio geometrico della meccanica, sviluppato da Galileo e Newton, in quello basato sull'analisi matematica.\n\nBiografia\n\nInfanzia \nSimon Laplace nacque a Beaumont-en-Auge (Normandia) il 23 marzo del 1749, figlio di Pierre Laplace e Marie Anne Sochon, benestanti proprietari terrieri. Suo padre commerciava anche il sidro, abbondantemente prodotto nella zona, e verso la metà del secolo divenne sindaco di Beaumont. I primi rudimenti scolastici li ebbe da suo zio Louis, conosciuto in zona come l'abate Laplace, un sacerdote cattolico di solida formazione, che avrebbe trasmesso a suo nipote la propria attitudine per la matematica. Oltre a ciò la sua famiglia aveva deciso che Pierre-Simon avrebbe seguito i passi dello zio Louis, indossando dunque gli abiti monacali ed avviandosi ad un futuro promettente come ecclesiastico. Nel 1756, all'età di sette anni, grazie alla mediazione dello zio, fu ammesso come alunno esterno nel collegio benedettino del convento di Beaumont. \n\nRimase nel collegio di Beaumont sino al 1765 e da qui si trasferì a Caen, dove entrò nel Collegio delle Arti dell'università, con l'intento di conseguire gli ordini di sacerdote e intraprendere la carriera ecclesiastica. Ma tre anni dopo, nel 1768, lasciò l'università di Caen senza aver ricevuto gli ordini sacerdotali. Nel periodo trascorso a Caen, infatti, Laplace, grazie ai due professori Cristophe Gadbled e Pierre Le Canu, scoprì la sua passione per la matematica superiore, che ne risaltò il grande talento scientifico, notato dai due professori. Deciso a dirigere i suoi passi verso la scienza, Laplace abbandonò la teologia, lasciò Caen e accettò provvisoriamente un lavoro di professore nel collegio di Beaumont, dove era stato alunno anni addietro. \n\nQuesto lavoro era solo provvisorio e neanche soddisfacente ed infatti un anno dopo, nel 1769, a venti anni, si trasferì a Parigi, in quella che allora era la capitale europea dell'Illuminismo. Con sé portava una lettera di raccomandazione del suo ex professore Pierre Le Canu, indirizzata a Jean Baptiste Le Rond d'Alembert, uno dei matematici più prestigiosi di Parigi. D'Alembert non prestò nessuna attenzione né alla lettera di raccomandazione né a Laplace, che non fu nemmeno ricevuto. Laplace però non si scoraggiò e scrisse lui stesso una lettera di quattro pagine a D'Alembert, dove dimostrava di conoscere i fondamenti della meccanica e le opere di Newton e di D'Alembert stesso. \n\nD'Alembert pertanto lo convocò e gli propose un posto di professore presso la Scuola Militare di Parigi. Fu questa sua lettera ad aprirgli le porte di Parigi e non la raccomandazione che portava con sé da Caen.\n\n'\"Signor Laplace, vedete che non prendo molto in considerazione le raccomandazioni. \n\nNon ne avevate bisogno, vi siete fatto conoscere meglio con questa vostra lettera e questo mi basta. Vi devo il mio appoggio.\n\nD'Alembert\"\n\nMaturità \n\nSicuro delle proprie capacità, Laplace a questo punto si dedicò ad una ricerca originale e per i successivi diciassette anni, dal 1771 al 1787, produsse gran parte del suo originale lavoro sull'astronomia. Tale lavoro iniziò con una memoria, letta davanti all'Académie française nel 1773, nella quale mostrò che i moti planetari sarebbero rimasti vicini a quelli previsti dalla teoria newtoniana per lunghi intervalli di tempo e riportava la verifica fino ai cubi dell'eccentricità e dell'inclinazione delle orbite. Seguirono poi diversi articoli su alcuni punti essenziali del calcolo integrale, delle differenze finite, delle equazioni differenziali e dell'astronomia. Occorre però specificare che alcune importanti scoperte di questi articoli, come le corrispondenti delle armoniche sferiche nello spazio bidimensionale, erano già state pubblicate precedentemente da Legendre in un articolo inviato all'Académie nel 1783.\n\nNel 1785 diventò membro dell'Académie des Sciences e nel 1816 fu eletto all'Académie française. Inoltre diventò membro di tutte le maggiori accademie scientifiche europee. Grazie alla sua intensa attività accademica esercitò una grande influenza sugli scienziati del suo tempo, in particolare su Adolphe Quetelet e Siméon-Denis Poisson. Egli è ricordato talvolta come il Newton francese per la sua naturale e straordinaria capacità matematica che nessuno dei suoi contemporanei possedeva. Sembra che Laplace non fosse modesto riguardo alle sue capacità e ai suoi risultati, e probabilmente non riuscì a comprendere l'effetto del suo comportamento sui colleghi. Anders Johan Lexell visitò l'Académie des Sciences di Parigi nel 1780-1781 e riferì che:\n\nDopo i suoi lavori sulla meccanica celeste, Laplace si prefisse di scrivere un lavoro che avrebbe dovuto \"offrire una soluzione completa del grande problema della meccanica rappresentato dal sistema solare e portare la teoria a coincidere così strettamente con l'osservazione che le equazioni empiriche non avrebbero più dovuto trovare posto nelle tavole astronomiche. Il risultato è racchiuso nellExposition du système du monde e nella Mécanique céleste.\n\nLa Mécanique céleste fu pubblicata in cinque volumi. I primi due, pubblicati nel 1799, contengono metodi per calcolare i moti dei pianeti, per determinare le loro forme e per risolvere problemi legati alle maree. Il terzo ed il quarto volume, pubblicati rispettivamente nel 1802 e nel 1805, contengono applicazioni di questi metodi e diverse tavole astronomiche. Il quinto volume, pubblicato nel 1825, è principalmente storico, ma fornisce in appendice i risultati delle ultime ricerche di Laplace. Esse sono numerose e rilevanti, ma egli si appropriò di molti risultati di altri scienziati con nessuno o scarso riconoscimento e le conclusioni in realtà sono solo il risultato organizzato di un secolo di pazienti fatiche altrui, spesso menzionate come se fossero dovute a Laplace.\n\nL'argomentare della Mécanique céleste è eccellente, ma non è di facile lettura. Biot, che aiutò Laplace nella revisione per la stampa, disse che lo stesso Laplace era frequentemente incapace di ritrovare i dettagli nel ragionamento dimostrativo e, se era soddisfatto del fatto che le conclusioni fossero corrette, era lieto di inserire l'espressione ricorrente, Il est aisé à voir... (è lasciato al lettore...). In realtà, la comprensione di queste dimostrazioni avrebbe richiesto una capacità mentale pari alla sua. Questa sua abitudine gli avrebbe creato spesso la necessità di rielaborare successivamente molti dei suoi risultati, richiedendo a volte qualche giorno per completarli.\n\nLa Mécanique céleste non è solo la traduzione dei Principia nel linguaggio del calcolo differenziale, ma completa alcune parti che Newton non era stato in grado di dettagliare.\n\nIn quest'opera Laplace esponeva l'ipotesi secondo la quale il sistema solare si sarebbe formato in seguito alla condensazione di una nebulosa. L'idea della nebulosa era già stata enunciata da Immanuel Kant nel 1755, ma è probabile che Laplace non ne fosse al corrente.\n\nNel 1812 Laplace pubblicò la sua Théorie analytique des probabilités. Si ritiene che tale teoria sia solo senso comune espresso in linguaggio matematico. In questo volume Laplace dava determinanti contributi alla teoria della probabilità di cui è oggi considerato uno dei padri. Nel 1819 Laplace pubblicò un semplice resoconto del suo lavoro sulla probabilità.\n\nLa carriera politica \n\nDurante la sua vita, Laplace mutò spesso orientamento politico. Quando il potere di Napoleone aumentò, Laplace abbandonò i suoi principi repubblicani (che avevano fedelmente riflesso le opinioni del partito al potere) ed implorò il primo console di dargli il posto di ministro degli interni. Napoleone, che desiderava il supporto di uomini di scienza, accettò la proposta, ma in poco meno di sei settimane la carriera politica di Laplace vide la fine. La comunicazione di Napoleone della sua dimissione fu la seguente:\n\nSebbene Laplace fosse stato sollevato dall'incarico, mantenne la sua fedeltà. Salì al Senato e al terzo volume della Mécanique céleste fece precedere una nota in cui dichiarava che fra tutte le verità in esso contenute la più cara all'autore era la dichiarazione che aveva fatto riguardo alla sua devozione nei confronti del paciere d'Europa. Nelle copie vendute dopo la restaurazione, essa fu cancellata. Nel 1814 fu evidente che l'Impero stava fallendo e Laplace si affrettò ad offrire i suoi servigi ai Borbone. Durante la restaurazione fu ricompensato con il titolo di marchese. Il disprezzo che i suoi colleghi sentivano per la sua condotta in quell'occasione si evince dalle pagine di Paul-Louis Courier. Le conoscenze di Laplace erano utili per le numerose commissioni scientifiche di cui faceva parte e probabilmente spiegano il motivo per cui si chiuse un occhio sul suo opportunismo politico.\n\nChe Laplace fosse presuntuoso ed egoista non viene negato dai suoi più appassionati ammiratori; la sua condotta nei confronti dei suoi benefattori di gioventù e delle sue amicizie politiche fu ingrata ed è palese la sua appropriazione dei risultati di coloro che erano relativamente sconosciuti. Fra coloro che aveva trattato in tal modo, tre in seguito diventarono famosi: (Legendre e Fourier in Francia e Young in Inghilterra). Essi non dimenticarono mai l'ingiustizia di cui furono vittime. D'altra parte bisognerebbe dire che su alcune questioni mostrò di avere un carattere indipendente e non nascose mai i suoi modi di vedere riguardo alla religione, alla filosofia o alla scienza, per quanto potessero essere non graditi alle autorità al potere; bisognerebbe anche aggiungere che verso la fine della sua vita, e specialmente nei confronti del lavoro dei suoi allievi, Laplace fu generoso e in un caso omise un suo articolo in modo tale che un allievo potesse avere il merito esclusivo della ricerca.\n\nMassone, nel 1804 fu membro del collegio dei grandi ufficiali del Grande Oriente di Francia.\n\nContributi scientifici\n\nMeccanica celeste \n\nLaplace diede un valido contributo alla meccanica celeste usando le concezioni lagrangiane per spiegare meglio il moto dei corpi. Trascorse gran parte della sua vita lavorando sull'astronomia matematica e il suo lavoro culminò nella verifica della stabilità dinamica del sistema solare sotto l'ipotesi che esso consista in un insieme di corpi rigidi che si muovono nel vuoto. Formulò autonomamente l'ipotesi della nebulosa, già ipotizzata nel 1755 da Immanuel Kant. Fu uno dei primi scienziati a postulare l'esistenza dei buchi neri e la nozione di collasso gravitazionale.\n\nSecondo l'ipotesi della nebulosa, il sistema solare si sarebbe sviluppato da una massa globulare di gas incandescente che ruotava attorno ad un asse passante per il suo centro di massa. Raffreddandosi questa massa si sarebbe ristretta e alcuni anelli concentrici si sarebbero staccati dal suo bordo esterno. Questi anelli poi, raffreddatisi, si sarebbero condensati nei pianeti. Il Sole rappresenterebbe il nucleo centrale della nebulosa che, rimasto ancora incandescente, continuerebbe ad irradiare. Da questo punto di vista dovremmo aspettarci che i pianeti più distanti siano più vecchi rispetto a quelli più vicini al Sole. L'idea sostanziale della teoria, seppur con qualche importante modifica, è accettata ancora oggi.\n\nLaplace inoltre intuì il concetto di buco nero. Egli mostrò che ci potrebbero essere delle stelle massive dotate di gravità così grande che nemmeno la luce avrebbe velocità sufficiente a uscire dal loro interno. Laplace inoltre ipotizzò che alcune delle nebulose mostrate dai telescopi non facessero parte della Via Lattea e fossero esse stesse delle galassie. Quindi, Laplace anticipò la grande scoperta di Edwin Hubble, un secolo prima che avvenisse.\n\nNel corso degli anni dal 1784 al 1787 egli produsse alcune memorie dagli eccezionali risultati. Particolarmente rilevante fra queste è quella del 1784, ristampata nel terzo volume della Mécanique céleste, all'interno della quale determinò completamente l'attrazione di uno sferoide su una particella esterna ad esso. Essa è memorabile per l'introduzione in analisi delle armoniche sferiche o coefficienti di Laplace.\n\nSe le coordinate di due punti sono (r,μ,ω) ed (r',μ',ω'), e se r' ≥ r, allora il reciproco della loro distanza può essere sviluppato mediante le potenze di r/r', ed i rispettivi coefficienti sono i coefficienti di Laplace. La loro utilità deriva dal fatto che ogni funzione con le coordinate di un punto sulla sfera può essere sviluppata in serie in tale modo.\n\nQuesto articolo è anche considerevole per lo sviluppo dell'idea del potenziale, di cui si era appropriato Lagrange, che lo aveva utilizzato nelle sue memorie del 1773, 1777 e 1780. Laplace mostrò che il potenziale soddisfa sempre l'equazione differenziale:\n \ne su questo risultato fu basato il suo successivo lavoro sull'attrazione. La quantità è stata definita come la densità di ed il suo valore in ciascun punto indica l'eccesso di rispetto al suo valor medio nell'intorno del punto. L'equazione di Laplace, o la forma più generale , appare in tutte le branche della fisica matematica.\n\nTra il 1784 e il 1786 pubblicò una memoria riguardante Giove e Saturno dove verificava, tramite delle serie perturbative, che per tempi molto lunghi l'azione reciproca di due pianeti non può mai influire significativamente sulle eccentricità e sulle inclinazioni delle loro orbite. Fece notare che le particolarità del sistema di Giove erano dovute al fatto che i moti medi di Giove e Saturno erano molto vicini alla commensurabilità. Scoprì inoltre la ciclicità del moto dei due pianeti, stimata in circa 900 anni, tale per cui i due pianeti appaiono esercitare accelerazioni e decelerazioni reciproche. Tale variazione era già nota anche a Joseph-Louis Lagrange, ma solo Laplace la ricondusse a un moto ciclico, confermando l'idea che il sistema solare presentasse dei moti non casuali anche su grande scala temporale. Gli sviluppi di questi studi sul moto planetario furono esposti nelle sue due memorie del 1788 e del 1789.\n\nL'anno 1787 fu reso memorabile dall'analisi di Laplace della relazione fra l'accelerazione lunare e i cambiamenti secolari nell'eccentricità dell'orbita della Terra: questa ricerca completò la dimostrazione della stabilità dell'intero sistema solare. Cercò ad esempio di spiegare come mai il moto orbitale della Luna subisse una lievissima accelerazione che faceva variare la lunghezza del mese lunare di un secondo in tremila anni attribuendone la causa a una lenta variazione dell'eccentricità terrestre. In verità è stato dimostrato successivamente che tale accelerazione è dovuta alla reciproca attrazione mareale che tende a sincronizzare il moto di rivoluzione e rotazione dei corpi: errò nel metodo, ma colse nel segno con la valutazione dei calcoli.\n\nFisica \nLa teoria dell'attrazione capillare è dovuta a Laplace, il quale accettò l'idea proposta da Hauksbee nelle Philosophical Transactions del 1709, secondo la quale il fenomeno era dovuto ad una forza di attrazione che era impercettibile a ragionevoli distanze. La parte che si occupa dell'azione di un solido su un liquido e dell'azione reciproca di due liquidi non è stata sviluppata completamente, ma fu completata in definitiva da Carl Friedrich Gauss. Nel 1862 Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson) avrebbe mostrato che, se supponiamo il carattere molecolare della materia, le leggi dell'attrazione capillare possono essere dedotte dalla legge Newtoniana della gravitazione.\n\nLaplace nel 1816 fu il primo a mettere in evidenza esplicitamente il motivo per cui la teoria di Newton del moto oscillatorio forniva un valore impreciso della velocità del suono. La velocità effettiva è maggiore rispetto a quella calcolata da Newton a causa del calore sviluppato dalla compressione improvvisa dell'aria che aumenta l'elasticità e quindi la velocità del suono trasmesso. Le ricerche di Laplace in fisica pratica erano limitate a quelle da lui condotte insieme a Lavoisier negli anni dal 1782 al 1784 sul calore specifico di vari corpi.\n\nTeoria delle probabilità \n\nMentre conduceva molte ricerche in fisica, un altro tema principale a cui dedicò i suoi sforzi fu la teoria della probabilità. Nel suo Essai philosophique sur les probabilités, Laplace formalizzò il procedimento matematico del ragionamento per induzione basato sulla probabilità, che noi oggi riconosciamo come quello di Thomas Bayes. Nel 1774 ricavò il teorema di Bayes senza essere probabilmente a conoscenza del lavoro (pubblicato nel 1763) di Bayes (morto nel 1761).\nUna ben nota formula che deriva dal suo procedimento è la regola di successione. Supponiamo che un evento abbia solo due possibili esiti, indicati come \"successo\" ed \"insuccesso\". Sotto l'ipotesi che si sappia poco o niente a priori riguardo alla probabilità relativa degli esiti, Laplace derivò una formula per la probabilità che l'esito successivo sia un successo.\n\n ,\n\ndove s è il numero dei successi osservati precedentemente ed n è il numero totale delle prove osservate. Tale formula viene ancora oggi utilizzata come una stima della probabilità di un evento se si conosce lo spazio degli eventi, ma si dispone solo di un piccolo numero di campioni.\n\nLa regola di successione è stata soggetta a molte critiche, dovute in parte all'esempio che Laplace scelse per illustrarla. Egli infatti calcolò la probabilità che il sole sorga domani, considerato il fatto che è sempre sorto in passato, con la espressione\n\ndove d è il numero di volte che il sole è sorto in passato. Questo risultato è stato ricavato per assurdo, e alcuni autori hanno concluso che tutte le applicazioni della regola di successione sono assurde per estensione. Comunque, Laplace era pienamente consapevole dell'assurdità del risultato; subito dopo l'esempio, scrisse, Ma questo numero [cioè, la probabilità che il sole sorgerà domani] è molto più grande per chi, considerando i principi che regolano i giorni e le stagioni nella totalità degli eventi, si rende conto che nulla all'istante attuale può fermare il suo corso.\n\nSempre nel 1774 rese esplicito l'integrale di Eulero\n\nma non può essere considerato il padre della gaussiana\nin quanto non lo collegò alla legge sugli errori.\n\nNel 1779 Laplace indicò il metodo per stimare il rapporto del numero dei casi favorevoli rispetto al numero totale dei casi possibili. Esso consiste nel considerare i valori successivi di una qualsiasi funzione come i coefficienti dello sviluppo di un'altra funzione con riferimento ad una diversa variabile. Questa seconda funzione viene dunque chiamata la funzione generatrice della precedente. Laplace mostrò come, per mezzo dell'interpolazione, questi coefficienti possano essere determinati a partire dalla funzione generatrice. In seguito egli affrontò il problema inverso, trovando dai coefficienti la funzione generatrice mediante la soluzione di un'equazione alle differenze finite. Il metodo è scomodo e, dati i successivi sviluppi dell'analisi, oggi viene usato raramente.\n\nIl suo trattato Théorie analytique des probabilités include un'esposizione del metodo dei minimi quadrati, una notevole testimonianza della padronanza di Laplace sui procedimenti dell'analisi. Il metodo dei minimi quadrati, tramite numerose osservazioni, era stato spiegato empiricamente da Carl Friedrich Gauss e Legendre, ma il quarto capitolo di questo lavoro contiene una dimostrazione formale di esso, su cui da allora si è basata l'intera teoria degli errori. Questo fu dimostrato solo grazie a un'analisi più complessa, inventata appositamente per lo scopo, ma la forma in cui viene presentato è così incompleta che, nonostante la costante accuratezza dei risultati, ci si chiese se Laplace aveva effettivamente esaminato con attenzione il difficile lavoro che egli stesso aveva così brevemente e spesso erroneamente mostrato.\n\nMatematica \n\nFra le scoperte minori di Laplace in matematica pura si possono menzionare la sua discussione (contemporaneamente a Vandermonde) della teoria generale dei determinanti nel 1772: la sua dimostrazione che ogni equazione di grado pari deve avere almeno un fattore quadratico reale, la sua riduzione della soluzione delle equazioni differenziali lineari ad integrali definiti; e la sua soluzione dell'equazione differenziale lineare parziale del secondo ordine. \n\nEgli fu anche il primo a considerare i difficili problemi coinvolti nelle equazioni alle differenze miste, e a dimostrare che la soluzione di un'equazione alle differenze finite di primo grado e del secondo ordine potrebbe essere sempre ottenuta nella forma di una frazione continua. Oltre a queste originali scoperte egli determinò, nella sua teoria della probabilità, i valori dei più comuni integrali definiti; e nello stesso libro diede la dimostrazione generale del teorema enunciato da Joseph-Louis Lagrange per lo sviluppo in serie di una qualsiasi funzione implicita per mezzo di coefficienti differenziali.\n\nLa trasformata di Laplace, invece, benché venga chiamata così in suo onore in quanto la utilizzò nel suo lavoro sulla teoria della probabilità, fu scoperta originariamente da Eulero. La trasformata di Laplace compare in tutte le branche della fisica matematica, un campo alla cui formazione Laplace contribuì notevolmente.\n\nConvinzioni filosofiche \n\nA differenza di molti altri grandi matematici Laplace non vedeva la matematica come una disciplina dal valore particolare, ma come uno strumento utile per la ricerca scientifica e per problemi pratici. Laplace sembra aver considerato l'analisi semplicemente come uno strumento per affrontare problemi fisici, sebbene l'abilità con cui aveva inventato l'analisi necessaria a tale scopo sia quasi straordinaria. Fino a quando i suoi risultati erano veri egli non si preoccupava molto di spiegare i passaggi dimostrativi; egli non aveva mai curato l'eleganza o la simmetria nei suoi procedimenti, e per lui era sufficiente riuscire con qualche mezzo a risolvere il problema particolare che stava affrontando.\n\nCredeva fermamente nel determinismo causale, che è ben espresso nella seguente citazione tratta dall'introduzione allEssai:\n\nSi fa spesso riferimento a questo intelletto come al demone di Laplace (in modo analogo a quello che fa parlare del diavoletto di Maxwell). La descrizione dell'ipotetico intelletto descritto sopra da Laplace come un diavoletto non viene però da Laplace, ma da biografi successivi: Laplace sperava che l'umanità avrebbe migliorato la sua comprensione scientifica del mondo e credeva che, anche se essa fosse stata completata, essa avrebbe ancora avuto bisogno di una straordinaria capacità di calcolo per determinarla completamente in ogni singolo istante. Ma mentre Laplace vedeva in primo luogo i problemi concreti dell'umanità per raggiungere quest'ultimo stadio di conoscenza e di calcolo, le successive teorie della meccanica quantistica, che furono adottate dai filosofi e che difendevano l'esistenza del libero arbitrio, contestarono anche solo la possibilità teorica dell'esistenza di un tale \"intelletto\".\n\nÈ stato recentemente proposto un limite sull'efficacia di calcolo dell'universo, cioè sull'abilità del diavoletto di Laplace di trattare una quantità grandissima di informazioni. Il limite fa riferimento alla massima entropia dell'universo, alla velocità della luce e alla quantità minima di tempo necessaria per trasportare informazioni su una lunghezza pari alla lunghezza di Planck; esso risulta essere 2130 bit\". Di conseguenza, qualsiasi cosa richieda più di questa quantità di dati non può essere calcolata nella quantità di tempo che è trascorsa finora nell'universo.\n\nAnche se Laplace pensò a un intelletto superiore egli intendeva ciò solo come un esperimento mentale, una supposizione. Non credeva veramente nell'esistenza di un tale intelletto: era infatti ateo o quantomeno agnostico come dimostra il seguente aneddoto, probabilmente vero.\n\nInfatti, Laplace si trovò nella condizione di implorare Napoleone di accettare una copia del suo nuovo lavoro Exposition du système du monde (1796). Avevano riferito al Primo Console (Imperatore dal 1804) che il libro non conteneva alcun cenno al nome di Dio, e Napoleone, a cui piaceva porre domande imbarazzanti, ricevette Laplace facendogli l'osservazione\n\nLaplace, che, sebbene fosse il più arrendevole degli uomini politici, era fermamente convinto di questo punto della sua filosofia, si fermò e rispose senza mezzi termini,\n\nNapoleone, molto divertito, raccontò questa risposta a Lagrange, il quale esclamò, \"Ah! Questa è una bellissima ipotesi; essa spiega molte cose\".\n\nIn realtà non è chiaro, stando anche ai commentatori dell'epoca, se la risposta di Laplace a Napoleone fosse da intendersi come un proclama di ateismo oppure semplicemente come il rifiuto di introdurre nella filosofia della natura un Essere Supremo che intervenendo in continuazione nell'universo fosse garante dell'ordine cosmico, come era ritenuto necessario ad esempio da Newton.\n\nDi fatto Laplace non rese mai note pubblicamente, con le sue opere, le proprie opinioni religiose, anche se comunque nellEssai philosophique des probabilités derise Gottfried Leibniz, Luigi Guido Grandi e John Craig, i quali sostenevano che la matematica potesse essere utilizzata per supportare l'idea di un ruolo di Dio nella natura. L'amico astronomo Jérôme Lalande inserì Laplace nel dizionario degli atei di Sylvain Maréchal, ma quest'opera non è particolarmente attendibile dal momento che, tra gli altri, elenca lo stesso Gesù Cristo.\n\nAd ogni modo, quali che fossero le convinzioni di Laplace sull'esistenza di Dio, è comunque certo che egli fu convintamente anti cristiano. Si è infatti conservato fino ai nostri giorni un manoscritto, risalente al periodo di preparazione dellEssai philosophique des probabilités, in cui Laplace spiega di considerare soltanto come una mitologia il Cristianesimo, e come assurde superstizioni i suoi dogmi ed i miracoli.\n\nOnorificenze\n\nRiconoscimenti \nGli è stato dedicato un asteroide, 4628 Laplace\n\nAraldica\n\nOpere principali \n Exposition du système du monde (1796)\n Mécanique céleste (1805)\n Théorie analytique des Probabilités (1812)\n Essai philosophique des probabilités (1814)\n\nEdizioni\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nFonti primarie \n Saggio filosofico sulle probabilità Theoria - Editori Associati, 1987 ISBN 88-241-0040-6\n Storia dell'astronomia Cuen, 1997 ISBN 88-7146-368-4\n\nFonti secondarie \nFondazione Mansutti, Quaderni di sicurtà. Documenti di storia dell'assicurazione, a cura di M. Bonomelli, schede bibliografiche di C. Di Battista, note critiche di F. Mansutti, Milano, Electa, 2011, p. 195.\n Roger Hahn, Pierre Simon Laplace 1749-1827: A Determined Scientist, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-674-01892-3\n Carl Boyer, Storia della matematica, Milano: Mondadori, 2004. ISBN 88-04-33431-2\nRoger Hahn, Le système du monde - Pierre Simon Laplace, un itinéraire dans la science, Gallimard (2004), ISBN 2-07-072936-2\n Mirella Fortino (a cura di) Il caso. Da Pierre-Simon Laplace a Emile Borel (1814-1914), Rubbettino, 2000.\n \n Paolo Rossi (diretta da) Storia della scienza, Torino, UTET, 1988, vol. 2.\nE.T. Bell Men of Mathematics: The Lives and Achievements of the Great Mathematicians from Zeno to Poincaré, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 Ch 11.\n()\n\nVoci correlate \n Trasformata di Laplace\n Operatore di Laplace\n Equazione di Laplace\n Relazione di Laplace\n Nebulosa solare\n Teoria del potenziale\n Meccanica celeste\n Interazione elettromagnetica\n Statistica, Probabilità\n Teorema di Laplace\n Piano di Laplace\n Risonanza orbitale\n Fisica matematica\n Il demone di Laplace\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nMembri dell'Académie française\nStoria della scienza\nMassoni\nStoria dell'assicurazione\nMembri dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino", "La diocesi di Springfield (in latino: Dioecesis Campifontis) è una sede della Chiesa cattolica negli Stati Uniti d'America suffraganea dell'arcidiocesi di Boston appartenente alla regione ecclesiastica I (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT). Nel 2020 contava 164.799 battezzati su 833.815 abitanti. È retta dal vescovo William Draper Byrne.\n\nTerritorio \nLa diocesi comprende 4 contee del Massachusetts negli Stati Uniti d'America: Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden e Hampshire.\n\nSede vescovile è la città di Springfield, dove si trova la cattedrale di San Michele (Saint Michael's Cathedral).\n\nIl territorio si estende su 7.306 km² ed è suddiviso in 77 parrocchie.\n\nStoria \nLa diocesi è stata eretta il 14 giugno 1870 con il breve Ex commissi Nobis di papa Pio IX, ricavandone il territorio dalla diocesi di Boston (oggi arcidiocesi).\n\nOriginariamente suffraganea dell'arcidiocesi di New York, nel 1875 entrò a far parte della provincia ecclesiastica dell'arcidiocesi di Boston.\n\nIl 14 gennaio 1950 ha ceduto una porzione del suo territorio a vantaggio dell'erezione della Diocesi di Worcester.\n\nCronotassi dei vescovi \nSi omettono i periodi di sede vacante non superiori ai 2 anni o non storicamente accertati.\n Patrick Thomas O'Reilly † (23 giugno 1870 - 28 maggio 1892 deceduto)\n Thomas Daniel Beaven † (9 agosto 1892 - 25 ottobre 1920 deceduto)\n Thomas Michael O'Leary † (16 giugno 1921 - 10 ottobre 1949 deceduto)\n Christopher Joseph Weldon † (28 gennaio 1950 - 15 ottobre 1977 dimesso)\n Joseph Francis Maguire (15 ottobre 1977 succeduto - 27 dicembre 1991 ritirato)\n John Aloysius Marshall † (27 dicembre 1991 - 3 luglio 1994 deceduto)\n Thomas Ludger Dupré † (14 marzo 1995 - 11 febbraio 2004 dimesso)\n Timothy Anthony McDonnell (9 marzo 2004 - 19 giugno 2014 ritirato)\n Mitchell Thomas Rozanski (19 giugno 2014 - 10 giugno 2020 nominato arcivescovo di Saint Louis)\n William Draper Byrne, dal 14 ottobre 2020\n\nStatistiche \nLa diocesi nel 2020 su una popolazione di 833.815 persone contava 164.799 battezzati, corrispondenti al 19,8% del totale.\n\n|-\n| 1950 || 285.000 || 600.000 || 47,5 || 424 || 291 || 133 || 672 || || 192 || 1.045 || 122\n|-\n| 1966 || 382.497 || 729.581 || 52,4 || 485 || 323 || 162 || 788 || || 245 || 1.264 || 134\n|-\n| 1968 || 386.086 || 242.808 || 159,0 || 443 || 293 || 150 || 871 || || 193 || 1.293 || 134\n|-\n| 1976 || 355.608 || 800.000 || 44,5 || 399 || 272 || 127 || 891 || || 186 || 996 || 136\n|-\n| 1980 || 352.949 || 791.642 || 44,6 || 370 || 249 || 121 || 953 || || 171 || 980 || 136\n|-\n| 1990 || 318.238 || 851.000 || 37,4 || 309 || 229 || 80 || 1.029 || 25 || 115 || 743 || 135\n|-\n| 1999 || 288.967 || 800.500 || 36,1 || 252 || 203 || 49 || 1.146 || 51 || 10 || 645 || 130\n|-\n| 2000 || 275.648 || 800.000 || 34,5 || 233 || 181 || 52 || 1.183 || 52 || 62 || 581 || 129\n|-\n| 2001 || 275.899 || 729.195 || 37,8 || 215 || 174 || 41 || 1.283 || 49 || 50 || 580 || 130\n|-\n| 2002 || 262.748 || 792.195 || 33,2 || 209 || 169 || 40 || 1.257 || 59 || 49 || 580 || 127\n|-\n| 2003 || 251.311 || 790.000 || 31,8 || 195 || 165 || 30 || 1.288 || 58 || 39 || 580 || 126\n|-\n| 2004 || 240.730 || 800.000 || 30,1 || 198 || 163 || 35 || 1.215 || 57 || 44 || 570 || 124\n|-\n| 2010 || 243.306 || 852.077 || 28,6 || 187 || 153 || 34 || 1.301 || 78 || 48 || 427 || 85\n|-\n| 2014 || 250.600 || 877.500 || 28,6 || 177 || 140 || 37 || 1.415 || 87 || 50 || 333 || 81\n|-\n| 2017 || 200.900 || 824.161 || 24,4 || 167 || 133 || 34 || 1.202 || 177 || 49 || 312 || 80\n|-\n| 2020 || 164.799 || 833.815 || 19,8 || 187 || 129 || 58 || 881 || 106 || 66 || 248 || 77\n|}\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Breve Ex commissi Nobis, in Pii IX Pontificis Maximi Acta. Pars prima, Vol. V, Romae, 1871, p. 202\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \nAnnuario pontificio del 2021 e precedenti, in \n Sito ufficiale della diocesi\n\nSpringfield\nSpringfield\nReligione in Massachusetts", "LImpero portoghese (in portoghese: Império Português) fu, insieme all'Impero spagnolo, il primo impero coloniale mondiale della storia. Fu anche il più longevo degli imperi coloniali d'oltremare, durando quasi seicento anni, dall'occupazione di Ceuta nel 1415 alla restituzione di Macao alla Cina nel 1999. Fu inoltre uno degli imperi più vasti della storia.\n\nL'impero si sviluppava in numerosi territori, che oggi fanno parte di ben 53 Stati diversi. Dopo il secondo conflitto mondiale, iniziò un processo di decolonizzazione. Il Portogallo però rifiutandosi di nuovo di concedere l'indipendenza alle proprie colonie, diede il via a un'aspra guerra di repressione, al termine della quale venne riconosciuta l'indipendenza di gran parte dei possedimenti d'oltremare, tra cui la Guinea-Bissau, l'Angola e il Mozambico, nonché gli arcipelaghi di Capo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe.\n\nConfinando con la sola Castiglia, il Portogallo non aveva altra scelta che espandersi attraverso i mari. Questo scatenò una corsa all'avanzamento tecnologico nella marineria che aprì le porte alla cosiddetta \"Età delle scoperte\".\n\nStoria\n\nLo sviluppo nel XV secolo \n\nLe truppe portoghesi presero Ceuta (battaglia di Ceuta) nel 1415 con una poderosa forza navale, agli ordini del re Giovanni I del Portogallo. Sempre sotto lo stesso re i portoghesi iniziarono a sfruttare le coste africane. In un primo periodo sia Giovanni I, che il suo figlio cadetto Enrico il Navigatore si occuparono della costruzione di basi a Madera e nelle Azzorre, queste ultime divennero in seguito importantissime, quando i navigatori portoghesi svilupparono la tecnica della volta do mar e Angra divenne una tappa obbligata sulla via del ritorno verso Lisbona. Solo successivamente iniziarono a spingersi più a sud, oltre il Capo Bojador, grazie a Gil Eanes nel 1434. Dieci anni dopo le navi portoghesi sbarcarono sulle coste del Senegal, della Guinea, poi di Capo Verde, e alcune persino su quelle della Sierra Leone.\n\nTutte queste spedizioni organizzate dal principe Enrico il Navigatore, in cui le navi portoghesi esplorarono la costa occidentale dell'Africa, avevano l'obiettivo di mappare il territorio e di trovare merci (soprattutto spezie ma anche oro e schiavi). Nel 1479 con il trattato di Alcáçovas, al termine della guerra di successione castigliana, i portoghesi si impossessarono del porto di Elmina nel Ghana, affermando il loro dominio sul golfo di Guinea e in generale su tutto l'Atlantico. Nel 1487, Bartolomeo Diaz doppiò il capo di Buona Speranza e nel 1498 Vasco da Gama raggiunse l'India, stabilendovi i primi avamposti portoghesi. I portoghesi decisero perciò di creare diverse basi fortificate lungo la rotta orientale per l'India, dando inizio a una espansione piuttosto aggressiva. Lungo le coste dell'Africa orientale, diversi piccoli stati musulmani (Mozambico, Kilwa, Brava e Mombasa) furono distrutti o divennero alleati del Portogallo.\n\nPêro da Covilhã raggiunse l'Abissinia nel 1490. Nell'oceano Indiano, una delle navi di Pedro Álvares Cabral scoprì il Madagascar che fu poi parzialmente esplorato da Tristão da Cunha (1507); Mauritius fu scoperta nel 1507, Socotra venne occupata nel 1506 e, nello stesso anno Lourenço d'Almeida visitò Ceylon.\n\nL'impero portoghese in Oriente venne riconosciuto con il trattato di Tordesillas (1494). I portoghesi stabilirono poi basi commerciali e avamposti a Goa, Malacca, nelle Molucche, a Macao e Nagasaki. Costretti a difendere le loro rotte commerciali sia dagli europei sia dagli asiatici, i portoghesi dominavano non soltanto i commerci tra Asia e Europa, ma anche quelli tra le varie regioni asiatiche, tra cui India, Indonesia, Cina, e Giappone.\n\nSotto l'egida del Portogallo il missionario gesuita padre Alessandro Valignano plenipotenziario visitatore gesuita ed il suo allievo Matteo Ricci evangelizzarono Giappone e Cina. Il Brasile venne scoperto nel 1500 da Pedro Álvares Cabral, e la colonizzazione vera e propria iniziò intorno al 1530. Benché all'inizio fosse considerato meno importante dei territori asiatici, il Brasile divenne poi la colonia più importante dell'impero, dalla quale i portoghesi potevano esportare oro, gemme preziose, zucchero, caffè e altri prodotti agricoli.\n\nLa competizione e il declino \n\nNel 1580, il re Filippo II di Spagna invase il Portogallo dopo una crisi di successione causata dalla morte di re Sebastiano del Portogallo, caduto in battaglia a Alcazarquivir in Marocco nel 1578. Alle Cortes de Tomar nel 1581, Filippo fu incoronato Filippo I di Portogallo, unendo le due corone e gli imperi d'oltremare sotto la dominazione spagnola degli Asburgo in un'unione dinastica iberica. A Tomar, Filippo promise di mantenere gli imperi giuridicamente distinti, lasciando l'amministrazione dell'Impero portoghese ai cittadini portoghesi, con un viceré del Portogallo a Lisbona che avrebbe provveduto ai suoi interessi. Filippo fece addirittura trasferire la capitale a Lisbona per un periodo di due anni (1581-83) poiché era la città più importante della penisola iberica. Tutte le colonie portoghesi accettarono il nuovo stato di cose tranne le Azzorre, che sostennero Antonio, priore di Crato, un pretendente al trono portoghese che aveva ottenuto il sostegno di Caterina de' Medici in cambio della promessa di cedere il Brasile alla Francia. Le forze spagnole riuscirono infine a catturare le isole nel 1583.\n\nIl confine tracciato a Tordesillas tra i domini spagnoli e quelli portoghesi in Sud America fu sempre più ignorato dai portoghesi, che si spinsero oltre, penetrando nel cuore del Brasile ed espandendo il loro territorio verso ovest. Le missioni esplorative furono condotte sia per iniziativa del governo portoghese sia per iniziativa di privati (i cosiddetti bandeirantes). Queste spedizioni durarono per anni avventurandosi in regioni sconosciute, inizialmente per catturare i nativi e costringerli alla schiavitù, per poi concentrarsi sulla ricerca di miniere d'oro, argento e diamanti.\n\nTuttavia, l'Unione iberica trascinò il Portogallo nelle guerre che gli spagnoli stavano combattendo contro l'Inghilterra, la Francia e la Repubblica olandese, paesi che stavano iniziando in quegli anni a creare i propri imperi oltreoceano. La minaccia principale proveniva dagli olandesi, che erano impegnati in una guerra d'indipendenza contro la Spagna fin dal 1568. Nel 1581, le Sette Province Unite si proclamarono indipendenti dalla dominazione asburgica, inducendo Filippo II a proibire ai suoi domini il commercio con gli olandesi, incluso in Brasile dove gli olandesi avevano investito ingenti capitali nel finanziamento della produzione di zucchero.\n\nLe reti commerciali dell'Impero Spagnolo furono allora monopolizzate dai mercanti portoghesi, che si arricchirono grazie al commercio delle spezie dall'oriente e alla tratta degli schiavi africani, venduti sui mercati della Nuova Spagna a prezzi maggiori di quelli che si potevano ottenere in Brasile. In estremo oriente Manila fu incorporata nella rete commerciale Macao-Nagasaki, consentendo ai Macanesi di origine portoghese di agire come agenti commerciali per gli spagnoli filippini e di utilizzare l'argento spagnolo proveniente dalle Americhe nel commercio con la Cina.\n\nNel 1592, durante la guerra con la Spagna, una flotta inglese catturò una grande nave portoghese al largo delle Azzorre, la Madre de Deus, carica di 900 tonnellate di merci provenienti dall'India e dalla Cina, per un valore stimato di mezzo milione di sterline (quasi la metà del gettito fiscale inglese a quell'epoca).. Questo assaggio delle ricchezze orientali galvanizzò l'interesse degli inglesi per l'estremo oriente. Nello stesso anno, Cornelis de Houtman fu inviato dai mercanti olandesi a Lisbona, per raccogliere quante più informazioni possibili sulle Isole Molucche.\n\nGli olandesi alla fine si resero conto dell'importanza di Goa per scardinare l'Impero portoghese in Asia. Nel 1583, il mercante ed esploratore olandese Jan Huygen van Linschoten (1563 - 8 febbraio 1611), ex segretario dell'Arcivescovo di Goa, scrisse un volume che conteneva informazioni sulle rotte commerciali segrete dei portoghesi in tutta l'Asia, comprese le Indie orientali e il Giappone. Lo scritto pubblicato nel 1595; il testo fu poi incluso in volume più grande pubblicato nel 1596 con il titolo Itinerario: voyage, ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, 1579–1592. Gli olandesi e gli inglesi utilizzarono queste nuove informazioni per la loro espansione commerciale. Nel 1600 fu fondata la Compagnia inglese delle Indie Orientali e nel 1602 la Compagnia olandese delle Indie Orientali. Questi sviluppi permisero l'ingresso di compagnie commerciali privilegiate nelle Indie Orientali.\n\nGli olandesi iniziarono la loro offensiva oltremare, attaccando le colonie spagnole e portoghesi e dando inizio alla guerra olandese-portoghese, che sarebbe durato per oltre sessant'anni (1602-1663). Altre nazioni europee, come l'Inghilterra protestante, aiutarono l'Impero olandese nella guerra. Gli olandesi ottennero importanti vittorie in Asia e in Africa con l'assistenza di alleati indigeni, riuscendo a strappare ai portoghesi il controllo di Malacca, Ceylon e São Jorge da Mina. Gli olandesi ottennero anche il controllo della ricca regione produttrice di zucchero del nord-est del Brasile oltre che di Luanda in Africa, ma i portoghesi riuscirono a riconquistare questi territori dopo una lunga lotta.\n\nNel frattempo, nella penisola arabica, i portoghesi persero il controllo di Hormuz in un'offensiva congiunta dei safavidi e degli inglesi nel 1622, e l'Oman sotto gli Al-Ya'arubs catturò Mascate nel 1650. Gli omaniti continuarono a usare Mascate come base per le loro ripetute incursioni nell'Oceano Indiano, come la cattura di Forte Jesus nel 1698. In Etiopia e in Giappone negli anni Trenta del XVII secolo, la cacciata dei missionari da parte dei governi locali colpì duramente l'influenza portoghese in quelle regioni.\n\nBombay (l'attuale Mumbai) fu donata alla Gran Bretagna nel 1661 come parte della dote della Principessa portoghese Caterina di Braganza a Carlo II d'Inghilterra. La maggior parte dell'India settentrionale portoghese cadde nelle mani dell'impero Maratha nel 1739 quando il generale Maratha Chimnaji Appa sconfisse i portoghesi. Più tardi il Portogallo conquistò Dadra e Nagar Haveli nel 1779. Nel XVIII secolo gli inglesi riuscirono ad affermare il loro controllo sull'India, riducendo i territori portoghesi a Goa e altre piccole basi. Nel 1755 il terremoto di Lisbona, seguito da un maremoto, mise in ginocchio il paese, uccidendo 100.000 persone (su circa 275.000 abitanti). Ciò ridusse notevolmente lo slancio coloniale portoghese. La colonia del Brasile rimase perciò il cuore dell'impero, diventando inoltre la destinazione di una migrazione volontaria dall'Europa e di un'altra, forzata, di schiavi dall'Africa. Ciò accrebbe notevolmente la popolazione della colonia che, oggi, rappresenta lo stato di lingua portoghese più grande del mondo. Dal 1815 il Brasile fece parte del Regno Unito di Portogallo, Brasile e Algarve e nel 1822 divenne indipendente, con la creazione dell'Impero del Brasile ad opera di un principe portoghese, Pedro I.\n\nProprio alla vigilia del rilancio del colonialismo europeo nel XIX secolo, il Portogallo aveva ormai perso con il Brasile la maggior parte del suo impero, eccezion fatta per alcune basi costiere in Asia e Africa. Il Portogallo decise perciò di aprire un nuovo ciclo coloniale espandendo i suoi avamposti in Africa, innescando una forte competizione con altre potenze europee presenti nell'area. Fu così che furono create le colonie che oggi corrispondono agli stati di Capo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola e Mozambico.\n\nIl XX secolo e la fine \nNegli anni successivi alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, le altre nazioni europee cominciarono più o meno volontariamente ad abbandonare i loro possedimenti coloniali. Il Portogallo, al contrario, decise di opporsi tenacemente al processo di decolonizzazione, diventando così l'ultima potenza coloniale a mantenere il controllo sulle sue colonie di maggiori dimensioni.\n\nNel 1961, tuttavia, l'India occupò Goa, Diu e Daman, possedimenti portoghesi nella regione, mentre in Africa diversi gruppi ribelli scatenarono una guerra che durò per più di un decennio. Il costo di una guerra difficile portò alla caduta del regime autoritario di Salazar e del suo successore Caetano nel 1974 (la Rivoluzione dei Garofani). Uno dei primi atti del governo democratico subentrato a Caetano fu proprio la decisione di porre fine alla guerra e dare inizio ai negoziati con i ribelli.\n\nSubito dopo l'indipendenza, in Angola e Mozambico, le due colonie maggiori, scoppiò una durissima guerra civile fra le forze governative comuniste (appoggiate da Unione Sovietica, Cuba e altri stati comunisti) e le forze ribelli (sostenute da Zaire, Sudafrica, e Stati Uniti). Anche Timor Est raggiunse l'indipendenza nel 1974 ma venne immediatamente occupata dalla vicina Indonesia fino al 1999.\n\nUfficialmente l'impero portoghese scomparve quando il Portogallo cedette Macao alla Cina nel 1999, in seguito alla scadenza di un contratto stipulato tra i due stati e simile a quello che univa Hong Kong al Regno Unito. Le sette ex-colonie portoghesi oggi sono stati indipendenti e, insieme al Portogallo, sono membri della Comunità dei Paesi di Lingua Portoghese (CPLP).\n\nI territori \nDi seguito l'elenco dei territori dell'impero portoghese da occidente a oriente.\n\nI territori appartenenti alla stessa regione geografica (come l'India, le enclave marocchine e cinesi o l'arcipelago indonesiano) sono indentati e spaziati per essere meglio evidenziati. Per ogni colonia e insediamento vengono indicate le suddivisioni amministrativi e il nome antico portoghese (in corsivo).\n\nAttorno al 1815, dopo l'epoca napoleonica e poco prima dell'indipendenza del Brasile, l'estensione dell'impero Portoghese toccò il suo massimo, attorno agli otto milioni di chilometri quadrati, costituiti al 97% proprio dal Brasile. Nel corso della seconda metà dell'Ottocento il Portogallo, partendo dalle sue basi costiere, si espanse di nuovo verso l'entroterra dell'Angola e del Mozambico, tanto che nel 1975, al momento dell'indipendenza della maggior parte delle sue colonie, l'impero aveva raggiunto una estensione di quasi altri due milioni e 2000.000 chilometri quadrati.\n\nIsole e coste dell'Oceano Atlantico e dell'Africa occidentale\n\nCosta del Marocco \n Marocco (enclave) - Morroco\n Aguz (Souira Guedima) - fortezza costiera (1506-1525)\n Alcacer Ceguer (Ksar es-Seghir) - fortezza marocchina occupata tra il 1458 e il 1550 quando viene abbandonata a seguito della grave crisi economica portoghese sotto il regno di Giovanni III.\n Arzila (Asilah) - città occupata dai portoghesi nel periodo 1471-1550; abbandonata a seguito della crisi economica del Portogallo; rioccupata nel decennio 1577-1589, viene fortificata a protezione del commercio dell'oro nel Sahara. Con l'annessione del regno portoghese da parte di Filippo II di Spagna, Asilah passa sotto dominio spagnolo e vi rimane anche dopo la separazione dei regni, nel 1640, fino alla riconquista al Marocco da parte di Mulay Isma'il nel 1692.\n Azemmour (Azamor) - città marocchina vassalla e tributaria dei portoghesi dal 1486. Dopo essersi ribellata, nel 1513, viene occupata dal Portogallo. Nel 1541, i portoghesi si ritirano a causa della crisi finanziaria del regno.\n Ceuta - possedimento (1415-1640). Colonia spagnola dal 1640.\n Mazagan (El Jadida) (Castelo Real de Mazagão)- importante città fortificata e possedimento portoghese (spagnolo tra 1580 e il 1640, quando il Portogallo viene annesso alla Spagna) tra il 1506 e il 1769 quando viene abbandonata nel 1769. L'antica città fortificata portoghese di Mazagan è stata dichiarata dall'UNESCO, nel 2004, Patrimonio dell'umanità.\n Safim (Safi) - città sotto controllo portoghese nel periodo 1488-1541.\n Mogador (Essaouira) - fortezza costiera (1506-1510) tenuta fino al 1765.\n Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) - stazione commerciale (1505-1541).\n Quart Quessem - Santa Cruz do Rio de Ouro, stazione commerciale\n Tangeri - possedimento (1471-1662). La città viene ceduta all'Inghilterra nel 1662.\n\nIsole Atlantiche \n Azzorre (Açores) - colonie (1427-1766); capitanato generale (1766-1831); distretto d'oltremare (1831-1979). Regione autonoma del Portogallo dal 1979.\n Capo Verde (Ilhas do Cabo Verde) - insediamento (1462-1495); dominio delle colonie della corona (1495-1587); colonia della corona (1587-1951); provincia d'oltremare (1951-1974); repubblica autonoma (1974-1975). Indipendente dal 1975. Fu viceregno costituito dalla Capitania Generale di Santiago sede del viceré e dai governatorati di:\n São Tomé e Príncipe - colonia della corona (1753-1951) con l'isola di S. Martin; provincia d'oltremare (1951-1971); amministrazione locale (1971-1975). Indipendente dal 1975;\n Fernando Poo - colonia insulare ceduta alla Spagna nel 1778;\n Annobón - colonia ceduta alla Spagna (1778);\n donatarìa de Ilha de Santo Antão;\n capitanìa de Cacheu (1588) con le isole Bissagos, Bata, Bissau (abbandonata dal 1717 al 1753), Bassàm, Lagos.\n Madera - possedimento (1418-1420); colonia (1420-1580); colonia della corona (1580-1834); distretto d'oltremare (1834-1978). Regione autonoma del Portogallo dal 1978.\n Arguim (Arguin) - isola al largo della costa della Mauritania. Stazione commerciale portoghese (1455-1639) dedicata al commercio degli schiavi e della gomma.\n Sant'Elena - stazione commerciale (ilha de S. Elena, XVI secolo).\n Tristan da Cunha - stazione commerciale (ilha de Tristão d'Acunha, 1506-1810.\n Ascension - stazione commerciale (ilha de Nossa Senhora de Ascensiòn, 1501-1815).\n São Tomé - Possedimento (1470-1485); colonia (1485-1522); colonia della corona (1522-1641); amministrazione sotto i Paesi Bassi (1641-1648). Occupazione francese nel 1648.\n Príncipe - colonia (1500-1573). Unita a São Tomé nel 1573.\n Fernando Póo e Annobón - isole del Golfo di Guinea, a sud di São Tomé e Príncipe. Colonie (1474-1778). Cedute alla Spagna 1778.\n\nCoste dell'Africa occidentale \n Costa d'Oro portoghese (Ghana) - colonia (1482-1642), ceduta alla Costa d'Oro olandese nel 1642; successivamente, passa sotto controllo inglese fino al 1957 quando ottiene l'indipendenza assumendo il nome di Ghana.\n São João Baptista de Ajudá (Ouidah) - fortezza sulla costa atlantica dell'odierno Benin, avamposto della Costa d'Oro e subordinato al Brasile dal 1721 al 1730; poi a São Tomé e Príncipe (1865-1869). Annesso dal Dahomey nel 1961.\n Guinea portoghese - colonia (1879-1951); provincia d'oltremare (1951-1974). Indipendenza unilaterale proclamata nel 1973, riconosciuta dal Portogallo nel 1974.\n Cacheu - capitanato (1640-1879). Unito a Bissau nel 1879.\n Bissau - insediamento sotto Cacheu (1687-1696); capitanato (1696-1707); abbandonata (1707-1753); colonia separata sotto Capo Verde (1753-1879). Unita a Cacheu nel 1879.\n Africa Occidentale Portoghese (Angola) - colonia (1575-1589); colonia della corona (1589-1951); provincia d'oltremare (1951-1975). Indipendente dal 1975. Costituita in Capitania General de Angola comprendeva i governatorati di S. Paolo de Loanda (1589) sede del governo generale, quelli d S. Felipe de Benguela, Cabinda, Moçamedes, Ambrìz, Ambaza e i protettorati sui regni di Quissamã, Ilamba, Congo, Matamba.\n Cabinda - protettorato (1883-1887); distretto del Congo (1887-1921); intendenza subordinata a Maquela do Zombo (1921-1922); dipendenza del distretto dello Zaire (1922-1930); Intendenza di Zaire e Cabinda (1930-1932); intendenza sotto l'Angola (1932-1934); dipendenza sotto l'Angola (1934-1945); ripristinata come distretto (1946-1975). Controllata dal Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (Fronte Nazionale di Liberazione dell'Angola) quale parte dell'Angola indipendente nel 1975. L'autoproclamatasi Repubblica di Cabinda nel 1975 non venne riconosciuta né dal Portogallo né dall'Angola.\n\nCoste dell'Africa orientale ed Isole dell'Oceano Indiano \n Malindi - possedimento (1500-1630)\n Mombasa - occupata militarmente (1593-1638); colonia subordinata al Viceregno di Goa (1638-1698; 1728-1729). All'Oman nel 1729.\n Africa Orientale Portoghese (Mozambico) - possedimento (1498-1501); subordinata al Viceregno di Goa (1501-1569); capitanato generale (1569-1609); colonia subordinata a Goa (1609-1752); colonia (1752-1951); provincia d'oltremare (1951-1974); governo di transizione con un rappresentante del Portogallo e del Frelimo (1974-1975). Indipendente dal 1975.\n Isola di Mozambico - uno dei primi insediamenti portoghesi nelle coste dell'Africa Orientale nel 1503, divenne capitale dell'Africa Orientale Portoghese fino al 1898.\n Tanganica (Tanzania) - insediamenti portoghesi sul litorale (1500-1630).\n Zanzibar - Arcipelago al largo delle coste nord della Tanzania, possedimento (1503-1698). Annessa dall'Oman nel 1698, nel XIX secolo divenne prima Sultanato di Zanzibar indipendente e poi colonna britannica.\n Madagascar (costa meridionale) - Insediamento, utilizzato per rifornire le flotte portoghesi che navigavano verso l'Asia (1496-1550)\n Isola San Lorenzo (Madagascar) e Isole Mascarene - Approdi fortificati, utilizzati per rifornire le flotte portoghesi che navigavano verso l'Oriente (1498-1540).\n Socotra - possedimento nell'isola situata 300 km ad est dell'estremità del Corno d'Africa (1506-1511). In seguito diviene parte del sultanato di Qishn e Suqutra.\n\nAmeriche \n\n Colonia del Brasile - possedimento conosciuto come Ilha de Santa Cruz, poi Terra de Vera Cruz (1500-1530); colonia (1530- 1714); vice-reame (1714-1815); regno sotto il Regno Unito del Portogallo (1815-1822), indipendente dal 1822. Il vicereame era ripartito in Capitanìe: Bahia (capitale vicereale fino al 1763), Espirito Santo, Serengipe, Rio de Janeiro (capitale dal 1763), San Paolo (dipendente da Rio dal 1748 al 1763), Itanhaèm, S. Vicente, Ilheos e Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Itamaracà, Mato Grosso, S. Catarina, il comando militare di San Pedro del Rio Grande do Sul, la colonia del Sacramento sulla Plata (1680-1777) ed il forte di San Jõao de Ajudà (1680) nel Golfo di Guinea.\n Maranhão - ripartizione del Brasile, autonoma dal 1621 al 1751 e costituita dalla Capitania Major de Maranhão e da quelle di Pernambuco (1716),di Ceará, Parahyba, Rio Grande do Norte, Gran Parà (1737), S. Josè de Javarì e Rio Negro (1757), di S. Josè del Piauì (1759).\n Guyana francese - occupata militarmente (1809-1817). Ripresa dalla Francia nel 1817.\n Provincia Cisplatina - Occupata nel 1808, capitanato nel 1817 (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), aderisce come provincia all'Impero del Brasile (1822-1889) nel 1822 e ritorna indipendente nel 1827 col nome di Uruguay.\n Colonia del Sacramento - colonia (1680; 1683-1705; 1715-1777). Ceduta alla Spagna nel 1777.\n\nAsia e Oceano Pacifico\n\nGolfo Persico e Mare Arabico \n Ormuz - possedimento subordinato al Viceregno di Goa (1515-1622). Incorporato nell'impero persiano nel 1622.\n Mascate - possedimento (1515-1650); subordinato al Viceregno di Goa (1500-1690). \n Bahrein - possedimento, corrisponde al territorio dell’attuale Bahrein, subordinato al Viceregno di Goa (1521-1602). Fu Incorporato nell'impero persiano nel 1602 in seguito ad una rivolta della popolazione locale.\n\nIndia \n\n India portoghese (XVI-XX secolo)- L'insieme dei possedimenti indiani portoghesi si costituisce come provincia d'oltremare col nome di India Portoghese tra il 1946 e 1962. Annessa dall'India nel 1962, il Portogallo ne riconosce l'annessione solo nel 1974. L'India Portoghese era costituita da una serie di colonie e territori dipendenti dal Viceregno di Goa. Da questo dipesero in alcuni periodi anche le basi africane di Mombasa e Malindi e la Capitaneria generale del Mozambico (1609-1752).\nErano dipendenze del viceregno:\n Baçaim (Vasai-Virar) - possedimento (1535-1739)\n Cannanore - possedimento (1502-1663)\n Panjim\n Angediva\n Divar\n Benasterim\n Chaul - possedimento conquistato dai Maratti nel 1740\n Cochin - possedimenti (1500–1663)\n Cranganore - possedimento (1536-1662)\n Damão (Daman) - occupata nel 1559; governatorato dal 1535. Alla provincia d'oltremare dell'India Portoghese nel 1946.\n Dadra - conquistata nel 1779. Occupata dall'India nel 1954.\n Goa - importante colonia commerciale (1510-1946) e capitale del Viceregno di Goa. Nel 1946 diviene parte della provincia d'oltremare dell'India Portoghese.\n Nagar Haveli - presa nel 1779. Occupata dall'India nel 1954.\n Quilon - possedimento (1502-1661)\n São Tomé de Meliapore - insediamento (1523-1662; 1687-1749)\n Salsetta - governatorato conquistato dai Maharatti nel 1738\n Timor - governatorato dal 1702 con Dili\n Flores - governatorato\n Macao - governatorato\n Ceylon - colonia (1597-1658). Gli olandesi subentrarono nel 1656, Jaffna viene conquistata nel 1658.\n\nIndie sud orientali e Malesia \n Indonesia (enclave e isole):\n Banten - stazione commerciale (XVI-XVIII secolo)\n Flores - possedimento (XVI-XIX secolo)\n Makassar - stazione commerciale (1512-1665)\n Timor-Leste (Timor Est) - colonia subordinata all'India Portoghese (1642-1844); subordinata a Macao (1844-1896); colonia separata (1896-1951); territorio d'oltremare (1951-1975); repubblica che proclama unilateralmente l'indipendenza, annessa dall'Indonesia (1975-1999, riconosciuta dall'ONU come territorio portoghese). Sotto amministrazione ONU dal 1999 fino all'indipendenza.\n Malacca - insediamento (1511-1641); conquistata, successivamente, dagli olandesi.\n Molucche:\n Amboina (Ambon) - insediamento (1576-1605)\n Ternate - insediamento (1522-1575)\n Tidore - colonia (1578-1605). Conquistata dagli olandesi nel 1605.\n\nMari della Cina \n Macao portoghese - insediamento (1553-1557), territorio affittato subordinato a Goa (1557-1844); provincia d'oltremare (1844-1883); provincia d'oltremare insieme a Timor Leste sotto Goa (1883-1951); provincia d'oltremare (1951-1975); territorio d'oltremare (1975-1999). Passata alla Repubblica Popolare Cinese come regione amministrativa speciale nel 1999.\n Coloane - occupata nel 1864\n Taipa - occupata nel 1851\n Isola Verde (Qingzhou) - incorporata nel 1890.\n Isole D. João, Lapa e Montanha (Hengqin) - occupazione (1938-1941). Riprese al Giappone e restituite alla Cina.\n Forti sull'Isola di Formosa nel XVI secolo\n Base a Nagasaki e a Dejima in Giappone\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Lista dei viceré e governatori dell'India Portoghese\n Colonia del Brasile\n India Portoghese\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n Japanese Screen Painting of the Portuguese in the Indies\n Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.\n \n\n \nStoria del Portogallo", "Resident Evil 4, conosciuto in Giappone come , è un videogioco a tema survival horror focalizzato principalmente sull'azione, pubblicato e sviluppato da Capcom nel 2005 per Nintendo GameCube e PlayStation 2 e nel 2007 per Windows e Nintendo Wii.\n\nResident Evil 4 rappresenta una svolta nella serie Resident Evil. I sostanziali cambiamenti di questo titolo sono la scomparsa degli zombi sostituiti dai Los Ganados, nemici infetti da un misterioso parassita che li rende più veloci e insidiosi degli zombi, facendo quindi aumentare il ritmo del gioco. Viene aumentato il numero di armi trasportabili durante il gioco così come le munizioni e gli oggetti curativi, nonché la velocità del personaggio controllabile che in questo capitolo sarà perfino in grado di eseguire degli attacchi corpo a corpo per difendersi dai nemici. Cambia anche l'inquadratura, ora fissa alle spalle del proprio personaggio. La maggior parte dei Resident Evil successivi seguiranno tutti questo nuovo tipo di gameplay.\n\nResident Evil 4 ha avuto un grande successo sia presso il pubblico che presso la critica, divenendo una vera e propria pietra miliare della serie, nonché uno dei titoli più venduti in assoluto, ricevendo, inoltre, molte rimasterizzazioni per diverse altre piattaforme.\n\nLa telecamera in terza persona over-the-shoulder (sopra le spalle, lett.), insieme ad altre innovazioni, ha rappresentato una rivoluzione non solo per la serie, ma per l'intera produzione videoludica di tendenza. Tra i videogiochi che hanno subito l'influenza del titolo Capcom vi sono Gears of War, Dead Space e Batman: Arkham Asylum. Anche produttori di altri videogame di successo hanno apertamente dichiarato l'ispirazione al titolo, come ad esempio Ricky Cambier per The Last of Us.\n\nIl 2 giugno 2022 allo State of Play viene annunciato Resident Evil 4 Remake e mostrato un trailer con la data di uscita prevista per il 24 marzo 2023.\n\nTrama \nIl gioco è ambientato nell'autunno del 2004. Leon Scott Kennedy, ex poliziotto sopravvissuto all'incidente di Raccoon City di sei anni prima, è ora un agente governativo incaricato di indagare sul rapimento di Ashley Graham, figlia del presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America.\n\nI servizi segreti credono che il sequestro della ragazza sia avvenuto a causa di una fuga di informazioni riservate, che sono state fatte trapelare ai rapitori da un traditore dell'entourage governativo. Secondo l'intelligence, Ashley è stata deportata in Spagna, nei pressi del villaggio rurale di Valdelobos. Tuttavia, temendo una trappola, i servizi segreti decidono di inviare sul posto un solo agente, incaricato di confermare ogni sospetto in attesa di disposizioni: la scelta ricade su Leon Scott Kennedy, agente speciale del presidente.\n\nInfatti dopo anni di addestramento nei corpi speciali dei marines, Leon era stato appena assegnato ai servizi segreti con l'incarico di guardia del corpo della figlia del presidente Graham. Tuttavia, Ashley venne rapita prima che Leon potesse iniziare il suo nuovo lavoro. L'agente si ritrova quindi a venire inviato in Europa dalla task-force anti rapimento per la sua prima missione svolta sotto il diretto controllo del presidente. A dargli delle direttive ci sarà Ingrid Hunnigan, agente che coordina le operazioni dei servizi segreti.\n\nLeon scoprirà che tutti gli abitanti del luogo sono esseri incredibilmente resistenti e ostili, i quali tenteranno di ucciderlo sin dal suo arrivo. All'apparenza le persone del posto sembrano normali uomini e donne, ma in realtà posseggono una resistenza sovrumana alle ferite ed un'elevata forza fisica. Si scoprirà che essi sono posseduti da un parassita noto come Las Plagas, che li ha trasformati in Los Ganados, esseri irrazionali guidati da un istinto selvaggio e primitivo che li porta a essere molto violenti e ad uccidere tutti i non infetti. Inoltre tali Ganados sono in grado di convivere tra di loro come in una comunità, potendo persino parlare ed interagire l'uno con l'altro. Ma a causa del parassita che posseggono sono incapaci di intendere e di volere e privi della consapevolezza delle efferatezze che commettono contro chiunque non sia infetto.\n\nInoltre, i Ganados fanno parte della setta dei \"Los Illuminados\", i terroristi che hanno organizzato il sequestro di Ashley. La setta ha infatti scoperto come controllare le Plagas e si è servita di questo temibile parassita per infettare tutti gli abitanti della regione di El Pueblo, costringendoli ad aderire al loro culto e a credere ciecamente ai loro dogmi. Il mandante del rapimento di Ashley è un certo Lord Osmund Saddler, leader indiscusso degli Illuminados e possessore della Plaga Leader (in grado di controllare tutti i comuni infetti). Egli è intenzionato a ricevere un forte riscatto dal governo statunitense con il quale intende armare e mobilitare un suo esercito formato da Ganados e altri mostri creati con le Plagas. Il suo obbiettivo è propagare l'infezione delle Plagas in tutto il mondo e assoggettarlo al suo volere.\nLa setta Los Illuminados, infatti, oltre a chiedere un riscatto per il rilascio della ragazza, intende infettarla con il parassita e lasciare che sia lei, una volta tornata a casa sotto il loro controllo ad aiutarli a propagare l'infezione in America. In questo modo gli Illuminados sarebbero in grado di dare il via al loro piano di conquista del mondo prendendo possesso della potenza mondiale rappresentata dagli Stati Uniti.\n\nDurante la missione anche a Leon verrà somministrata una Plaga dagli Illuminados. Tagliato fuori dalle comunicazioni con la sua base operativa in America, Leon dovrà affrontare l'intera setta da solo per portare a termine la sua missione: salvare la figlia del presidente. L'eroico agente dovrà quindi fermare i piani del malvagio Osmund Saddler e portare in salvo Ashley, affrontando innumerevoli nemici e temibili mostri cercando al contempo di liberare sia la ragazza che se stesso dall'infezione parassitaria.\n\nLa storia del gioco è divisa in sei capitoli, che vengono indicati come 5 capitoli più il sesto e ultimo, indicato come \"Capitolo Finale\". Questi a loro volta, si dividono in più parti.\n\nModalità di gioco \nLe meccaniche di gioco sono state completamente rivoluzionate rispetto ai precedenti capitoli, per favorire scene con sparatorie intense e una regia di telecamere in terza persona. Inoltre, è stato aumentato il numero delle munizioni e degli oggetti curativi ottenibili durante l'avventura. Questi cambiamenti furono sostanziali rispetto alla meccanica classica della serie di Resident Evil, la quale è sempre stata incentrata su fasi d'esplorazione, sulla risoluzione di enigmi e sulla scarsa disponibilità di munizioni e di cure mediche. A causa di queste radicali differenze, il gioco presenta molte caratteristiche del genere d'azione.\n\nAnche a causa della scomparsa degli zombi, questo capitolo è considerato come una svolta definitiva della serie. I nemici principali, chiamati Ganados, sono decisamente più veloci e intelligenti degli zombi presenti nei titoli precedenti. Inoltre, hanno una strategia comune e ripetitiva: avvicinarsi al nemico, attaccarlo e neutralizzarlo. Per questo risulta più intuitivo batterli, una volta capiti i loro movimenti. Questi nuovi nemici corrono, schivano attacchi fisici e proiettili. Oltre ai Ganados, questo gioco introduce una serie di mostruose creature, tutte con strategie d'attacco differenti.\n\nResident Evil 4 contiene anche cambiamenti nell'inventario, nella telecamera, e nel sistema del controllo dei movimenti. La prospettiva di visuale è al di sopra della spalla del protagonista, molto simile a quella di Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell. Normalmente, la telecamera rimane dietro al personaggio, che rimane visibile. Anche se i controlli sono più o meno gli stessi dei capitoli precedenti, in Resident Evil 4 non c'è più il puntamento automatico, e si mira manualmente. Il coltello da combattimento non occupa più un posto nell'inventario del giocatore, ma può essere estratto in qualunque momento, con l'apposito tasto. Il coltello ora funziona sia come strumento e sia come arma, ed è molto più potente che nei giochi precedenti: può rompere vetri e oggetti specifici, come casse e barili. Un altro nuovo aspetto di Resident Evil 4 è l'inclusione dei controlli context-sensitive. Il giocatore può, in base alla situazione, interagire con specifici aspetti dell'ambiente, come scendere una scala, saltare fuori da una finestra, o schivare un attacco nemico. Il giocatore può compiere un attacco fisico contro un Ganado (come con altri nemici) quando quest'ultimo è abbassato o stordito. Ci sono pure intermezzi dinamici simili ai Quick Time Events di Shenmue, nei quali il giocatore deve premere ripetutamente un tasto indicato su schermo per eseguire azioni come schivare un masso in caduta o colpire il nemico. Questa tecnica è a volte impiegata nei combattimenti coi boss per dare al giocatore la possibilità di dare il colpo di grazia. I tempi di caricamento sono ridotti al minimo, diversamente dai Resident Evil precedenti, dove gli spostamenti tra un'area e un'altra richiamano una schermata di caricamento. Tutti questi rinnovamenti hanno contribuito a rendere, insieme alla più che ottima grafica, Resident Evil 4 uno dei migliori giochi della serie. In Resident Evil 5 la modalità di gioco è molto simile a quella di Resident Evil 4.\n\nIn Resident Evil 4 ci sono molti filmati, per vederne alcuni bisogna compiere determinate azioni: per esempio, all'inizio del gioco se si ritorna indietro o si va vicino alla macchina dei poliziotti, i due agenti parleranno a Leon. Oppure, se si entra nella porta che usa il capo villaggio dopo aver incontrato per la seconda volta Leon, ci sarà un filmato in cui Leon viene attaccato dal capo villaggio e salvato da Ada Wong. Inoltre, ogni volta che non si premono i tasti giusti per evitare le mosse dei nemici durante i filmati, ci saranno altri brevi filmati che introducono il Game Over.\n\nArmi \nIn Resident Evil 4 è presente un vasto arsenale di armi. In questo gioco è possibile acquistare la maggior parte delle armi dal Mercante, anche se alcune di esse possono essere raccolte durante il gioco. Novità introdotta in questo gioco è la possibilità di potenziare le armi, pagando una somma in denaro al Mercante. La moneta usata per acquistare oggetti dal mercante è la Peseta. L'Euro non viene mai nominato, anche se la storia si svolge nel 2004, questo vuol dire che il villaggio di El Pueblo è completamente estraniato dal mondo moderno.\nCi sono diverse tipologie di armi: pistole, doppiette, lanciarazzi, e poi ci sono le armi non convenzionali, come il P.R.L. 412.\n\nMinigiochi \nResident Evil 4 presenta tre minigiochi oltre all'avventura principale. Essi sono disponibili per tutte le versioni del gioco tranne la primissima versione per Nintendo Gamecube. Separate Ways e The Mercenaries si sbloccheranno dopo aver completato l'avventura principale, mentre Assignment Ada sarà giocabile dopo aver completato Separate Ways. Ogni minigioco sblocca una ricompensa utilizzabile per il gioco principale: completando Separate Ways si ottiene la potente Chicago Typewriter a colpi infiniti, completando Assignment Ada si ottiene il set di vestiti speciali numero 2, mentre completando tutti i livelli di The Mercenaries con tutti i personaggi giocabili (Leon, Ada, Krauser, Wesker ed HUNK) e ottenendo con ciascuno di essi un punteggio di o superiore si sblocca la potentissima HandCannon, un revolver magnum calibro 50 che, se potenziata al massimo dal mercante, diventa a colpi infiniti.\n\nSeparate Ways \nNel minigioco parallelo alla trama principale, si gioca nei panni di Ada Wong, la spia incaricata da un'organizzazione segreta di recuperare un campione di Plagas. Anche questo minigioco si divide in 5 capitoli, ma a differenza del gioco principale, i capitoli di Separate Ways sono molto più brevi ed complessivamente equivalgono, come lunghezza, più o meno a due capitoli della trama principale. Inoltre, Separate Ways è sbloccabile solo dopo aver finito il gioco principale almeno una volta a qualsiasi difficoltà.\n\nLa trama del gioco è uguale a quella della storia principale, con la differenza che in questa avventura si dovrà impersonare la misteriosa Ada Wong e svolgere la sua missione: rubare il campione di Plaga custodito da Lord Saddler e dagli Illuminados. Ad Ada servono le abilità di Leon per facilitare la sua missione e lasciare che sia lui ad occuparsi della maggior parte dei nemici, distraendoli da lei. Albert Wesker vuole entrare in possesso di un campione di Plaga e trasformare i parassiti in armi bio-organiche, con cui dominare il mondo e creare una nuova Umbrella da lui diretta. Ada, tuttavia, tradirà Wesker e, dopo una lunga e rischiosa missione, una volta recuperato il campione lo consegnerà ad un'organizzazione avversa, per la quale ella ha, in realtà, sempre lavorato.\n\nThe Mercenaries \nThe Mercenaries presenta quattro livelli, tre dei quali si ha modo di esplorarli già nell'avventura principale, trattandosi del villaggio di El Pueblo, del castello di Salazar e dell'accampamento militare dei Ganados, sebbene in questo minigioco hanno alcune differenze di disposizione. Il quarto livello, invece, sarà completamente inedito, trattandosi di una base Ganados situata su alcune impalcature sospese sull'acqua, che non compare nel gioco principale. L'obiettivo di The Mercenaries è quello di uccidere quanti più Ganados possibile nel tempo limite con ciascun personaggio giocabile. Per ottenere un punteggio elevato bisognerà essere veloci ad effettuare delle uccisioni combo per ottenere dei bonus. Durante i livelli è possibile raccogliere munizioni e oggetti curativi, dato che all'inizio ciascun personaggio avrà un solo spray di primo soccorso e munizioni limitate per le armi. Oltre a ciò, è possibile raccogliere degli orologi contrassegnati da colonne luminose di colore giallo che aumentano il tempo disponibile per permettere al giocatore di effettuare più uccisioni durante il livello, mentre altri particolari colonne di orologi di colore verde forniranno un bonus che, per un tempo limitato, fornisce 1000 punti in più per ciascuna uccisione combo. Ogni livello possiede dei mini-boss i quali, se uccisi, forniranno un punteggio notevolmente maggiore rispetto ai nemici comuni. Tali mini-boss sono: le sorelle Bella che compariranno di tanto in tanto a coppie di due nel livello di El Pueblo, uno o più Garrador che compariranno nel livello del castello, uno o più J.J. che compariranno nel livello della base militare e un particolare nemico mai apparso nel gioco principale, dalla fisionomia di J.J. ma più veloce e simile per l'aspetto al Dr. Salvador. Esso imbraccia una motosega a doppia lama in grado di tagliare istantaneamente la testa al protagonista determinando il \"Game Over\", tale nemico appare nel livello della base acquatica dei Ganados, ed è stato soprannominato dai giocatori come \"Super Dr. Salvador\". Per ottenere un voto di almeno quattro stelle per sbloccare un nuovo personaggio in The Mercenaries è necessario raggiungere punti, mentre per avere un voto di cinque stelle bisogna raggiungere almeno punti. All'inizio infatti si avrà a disposizione solo Leon come personaggio giocabile. Completando i vari livelli con voti di o superiori si sbloccheranno altri personaggi (livello El Pueblo: Ada Wong, livello castello: Jack Krauser, livello base militare: Hunk, livello base acquatica: Albert Wesker). Ottenendo cinque stelle di valutazione con tutti i personaggi di minigioco, in tutti i livelli, si sblocca l'arma nota nel gioco come Handcannon, una pistola magnum Smith & Wesson calibro 50 dall'enorme potenza di fuoco gratis dal mercante d'armi selezionabile iniziando una nuova partita del gioco principale come \"Nuovo Round\".\n\nAssignment Ada \nAssignment Ada invece è una storia alternativa. Contrariamente a Separate Ways che narra della missione di Ada (vedi sopra) in Resident Evil 4, e che è parallela al gioco principale che vede protagonista Leon, Assignment Ada mostra invece cosa sarebbe accaduto se la figlia del presidente non fosse mai stata rapita dalla setta degli Illuminados e se Ada fosse stata leale a Wesker e al suo progetto di far risorgere la Umbrella Corporation. Tale gioco si ambienta sull'isola degli Illuminados; compito di Ada (vestita in questo minigioco con una divisa tattica militare invece che con il suo distintivo vestito rosso) sarà affrontare l'esercito Ganados di Saddler e recuperare alcuni campioni di diversi rari tipi di Plagas, da consegnare poi a Wesker per permettergli di fondare una nuova Umbrella e creare un nuovo ordine mondiale, sfruttando il potere di tali parassiti. Boss finale di questo breve minigioco sarà un invidioso e mutato Jack Krauser che farà di tutto per intralciare Ada, deciso ad impedire che la donna si prenda da sola tutto il merito per il completamento della missione. Completando questo minigioco si ottiene il costume speciale 2 per la campagna di Leon.\n\nPersonaggi\n\nLeon Scott Kennedy \n\nIl protagonista del gioco, già apparso nella serie in Resident Evil 2. Ex poliziotto sopravvissuto all'incidente di Raccoon City e all'epidemia di virus T nel 1998, in questo episodio, ambientato nell'autunno del 2004, Leon Scott Kennedy è diventato un agente governativo che lavora per un'agenzia segreta sotto il diretto controllo del presidente degli Stati Uniti. La missione che gli è stata affidata è salvare proprio la figlia del presidente, Ashley Graham, rapita da alcuni terroristi, fanatici di una numerosa setta religiosa. Dopo essere maturato molto dai tempi di Raccoon City, Leon è divenuto un agente governativo con molta esperienza alle spalle e apparentemente invincibile, in grado di superare qualsiasi difficoltà gli si presenti davanti e di avere autocontrollo e velocità di pensiero analitico anche di fronte alle situazioni più disperate e ai vari mostri che gli ostacoleranno la missione. Leon riuscì ad ottenere tali abilità grazie ad un lungo addestramento condotto prima nei Marines dello US SOCOM (come scopriamo in Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles) e poi in un'agenzia privata della Casa Bianca per la quale adesso lavora.\n\nOltre che nel gioco principale, Leon è il primo personaggio giocabile nel minigioco The Mercenaries. Risulta il personaggio più facile da utilizzare, avendolo impersonato per l'intero gioco; avrà quasi il massimo dell'energia disponibile nel gioco, ma sarà armato con armi non troppo potenti, tra cui la pistola 9mm Blacktail, il coltello da combattimento survival e il fucile antisommossa, armi che sono comunque molto efficaci contro i Ganados più deboli. Come nel gioco principale, Leon dispone di tre tipi di mosse speciali contro i nemici storditi una volta avvicinatosi ad essi, potendo eseguire due tipi di \"calcio\" di arti marziali, il primo rotante ed il secondo basso, eseguibile sui nemici feriti alle gambe e caduti in ginocchio. Entrambi i tipi di \"calcio\" possono risultare fatali spaccando la testa dei Ganados semplici o mettendoli KO, soprattutto se già feriti. La terza mossa eseguibile da Leon è chiamata \"suplex\", notevolmente più forte dei due tipi di \"calcio\" e che risulta più spesso fatale per i nemici, spezzando il collo ai Ganados e causandone la morte. L'agente è in grado di eseguire tale mossa solo sugli Zealots (i Ganados \"monaci\") e i Militia (i Ganados militari) e solo se caduti in ginocchio. Leon è l'unico personaggio del minigioco The Mercenaries, oltre a Krauser, a possedere tre mosse speciali invece di due, sebbene le sue mosse risultino fatali solo se i nemici colpiti sono già danneggiati.\n\nAshley Graham \nLa giovane figlia del Presidente, rapita dagli Illuminados. È l'obiettivo principale della missione di Leon, che farà di tutto per riportarla a casa sana e salva. Ashley seguirà Leon per gran parte del gioco, durante il quale il giocatore potrà impartirle anche degli ordini, come aspettare, nascondersi, aiutare Leon ad aprire delle porte o rimuovere degli ostacoli. I nemici, i Ganados, hanno il comando di rapire la ragazza e di riportarla a Lord Saddler, perciò più che ucciderla, tenteranno di portarla via con loro, per poterla riconsegnare al Lord, e se dovessero riuscirci la missione di Leon fallirà e il gioco andrà in game over. In una breve sezione di un capitolo del gioco principale si dovrà anche impersonare Ashley.\n\nAda Wong \n\nLa bellissima spia che si veste di rosso, Ada Wong, anche lei già apparsa in Resident Evil 2 e sopravvissuta all'incidente di Raccoon City dove, dopo essere stata tramortita, riuscì a recuperare un campione di virus G, che consegnò ad Albert Wesker. Ada ritorna in questo gioco con una missione molto simile: rubare un campione di Plaga Leader alla setta degli Illuminados; anche questa missione le è stata affidata da Wesker. La donna sembra lavorare proprio per Wesker insieme a Jack Krauser, un mercenario che fa il doppio gioco nella setta degli Illuminados, per aiutare la donna a recuperare il campione.\n\nIn Resident Evil 4 Ada è, inoltre, la protagonista di due minigiochi/avventure, sbloccabili in tutte le versioni del gioco, tranne la primissima per Nintendo Gamecube: Assignment Ada e Separate Ways. Il primo è un minigioco non canonico alla storia dove Ada, ormai agente della Umbrella, dovrà recuperare 5 campioni di parassiti. Il secondo minigioco mostra invece l'avventura di Ada parallela a quella di Leon, dove ella segue gli ordini di Wesker per recuperare il campione di Plaga Leader. Alla fine, tuttavia, si scoprirà che Ada stava solo fingendo di lavorare per Wesker, ma alla fine lo tradirà, consegnando il campione di Plaga Leader ad un'altra organizzazione segreta.\n\nAda Wong può essere sbloccata come personaggio giocabile anche nel minigioco The Mercenaries, se con Leon si completa il livello del villaggio di El Pueblo con un voto almeno di quattro stelle. In The Mercenaries Ada sarà vestita in modo diverso rispetto alla storia principale, presentando un abito simile a quello da lei indossato in Resident Evil 2. Ada dispone di molta meno energia rispetto a Leon (circa la metà della barra salute), ma sarà meglio armata, possedendo la pistola 9mm \"Vendicatore\", in grado di perforare tre nemici allineati con un solo colpo, un coltello, la mitraglietta, il fucile di precisione semi-automatico con telescopio avanzato e tre granate incendiarie. Ada dispone di due mosse speciali, il \"senpunkyaku\", un calcio alto, e il \"'kaitenkyaku\", un tipo di calcio basso simile a quello posseduto da Leon, eseguibile sui nemici in ginocchio. Le mosse di Ada sono leggermente più deboli di quelle di Leon e quindi non sono sempre fatali.\n\nIngrid Hunnigan \nUna donna che lavora per l'agenzia governativa del presidente, come Leon. Ad Hunnigan è stato affidato il compito di fornire supporto tecnico all'agente durante la sua missione, perciò spesso, durante il gioco, contatta Leon dalla base tramite il suo cellulare wireless. Hunnigan darà dei buoni consigli a Leon durante il salvataggio di Ashley e gli fornirà importanti informazioni sulla setta degli Illuminados e, per questo motivo, ad un certo punto del gioco gli Illuminados saboteranno le comunicazioni tra lei e Leon, intromettendosi nel loro sistema wireless. Di fatto, da quel momento in poi, fino alla fine del gioco, Salazar e Saddler contatteranno Leon al posto di Hunnigan tramite il suo cellulare, tentando di distrarre l'agente o di dissuaderlo dal progredire nella missione. Dopo aver eliminato i due e dopo la distruzione dell'isola degli Illuminados, Leon riuscirà a riprendere le comunicazioni con Hunnigan, confermandole di aver completato la missione.\n\nLuis Sera \nLuis Sera è un personaggio alquanto furtivo e misterioso. Nonostante abbia una gran paura di morire, come veniamo a sapere nel rapporto di Ada, Luis tenta di non farlo notare sdrammatizzando spesso la situazione con delle battute. Afferma di essere un ex-poliziotto, pentitosi di aver lavorato come tale e, tramite degli appunti che si trovano nel gioco, si scopre che lui in un primo momento aderì alla ricerca sulle Plagas, riuscendo a scoprirne alcune caratteristiche importanti, caratteristiche che gli Illuminados usarono tuttavia per creare i Ganados e diversi mostri, come El Gigante, i Verdugo, i Novistadors e i Regeneradores. Una volta scoperti i piani di Lord Saddler, Sera preferì allontanarsi dalla setta degli Iluminados, pur sapendo di essere in pericolo così facendo. Incontrando Leon e Ashley nel corso dell'avventura, decide di aiutarli, ma finisce per venire ucciso nel castello di Salazar da Saddler in persona, che recupererà il campione di Plaga Leader da lui sviluppato. Prima di morire, fornirà a Leon un medicinale per ritardare l'evoluzione del parassita iniettatogli dagli Illuminados. Grazie ad uno dei suoi rapporti, Leon ed Ashley riusciranno anche a trovare un macchinario sviluppato da Luis, il quale elimina le Plagas da un corpo infetto tramite delle speciali radiazioni ed in questo modo i due riusciranno a liberarsi dei parassiti poco prima di trasformarsi in Ganados.\n\nAlbert Wesker \n\nL'antagonista principale della serie sarà latitante in questo gioco e non comparirà fisicamente, pur venendo citato da Leon, Ada e Krauser in alcuni capitoli. Tuttavia, Wesker fa delle apparizioni nell'avventura di Ada Wong, Separate Ways, dove verrà mostrato in una lontana base operativa, intento a seguire l'intera vicenda tramite il satellite spia della Umbrella, che ha orientato verso El Pueblo. Inoltre, grazie ad un super computer della compagnia, Wesker spesso contatta via wireless Ada, alla quale ha affidato la missione di aiutare Jack Krauser, un mercenario che si è unito alla sua organizzazione per aiutarlo a fondare una nuova Umbrella, con l'intento di creare un nuovo ordine mondiale. Krauser aveva il compito di rubare un campione di Plaga Leader a Lord Saddler, facendo il doppio gioco con la setta degli Illuminados, fingendosi un loro seguace per poterli tradire al momento più opportuno, rubando loro il suddetto campione. Non fidandosi di Krauser, il Lord non gli permise tuttavia di entrare nella sua cerchia più stretta, non permettendogli dunque di avvicinarsi al campione, e fu così che Wesker inviò Ada ad aiutare Krauser. Mentre quest'ultimo avrebbe continuato a fare il doppio gioco con la setta coprendo la missione di Ada che, agendo nell'ombra, avrebbe tentato di arrivare a Saddler e rubare il campione. Krauser, infatti, non poteva più ribellarsi al Lord per ottenere il campione, essendosi fatto somministrare le Plagas di controllo, che niente possono contro un portatore di Plaga Leader come Saddler. A seguito del rapimento di Ashley e dell'entrata in scena di Leon, Wesker inizierà a vedere l'agente come un pericolo verso il suo obiettivo e ordinerà più volte ad Ada di eliminarlo, ma quest'ultima troverà sempre un pretesto per tenerlo in vita. Per questo motivo, affiderà il compito di eliminare Leon a Krauser, il quale verrà tuttavia sconfitto. Wesker vedrà quindi in Leon un grande potenziale che lo avrebbe aiutato a sua insaputa ad ottenere il campione. Pertanto, Wesker ordinerà ad Ada di utilizzare l'agente per farlo combattere contro Saddler, per poi ottenere il campione uccidendo il sopravvissuto dello scontro, il quale sicuramente non sarebbe stato in buone condizioni dopo il combattimento. Tuttavia, Wesker non si fidava di nessuno dei suoi agenti fin dal principio e quindi, saputo della morte di Krauser, inviò una squadra di altri suoi agenti a prelevare un campione di Plagas di controllo dal suo cadavere mutato, in modo da assicurarsi almeno un tipo di Plagas superiori. Infatti, Ada Wong tradirà Wesker, aiutando Leon ad uccidere Saddler e poi consegnando il campione di Plaga Leader ad una organizzazione avversaria.\n\nDurante Separate Ways, Wesker contatta Ada da una postazione segreta, forse un bunker, dal quale utilizza il satellite della Umbrella per seguire i movimenti di Ada e si serve di un super computer per ottenere informazioni sulle persone coinvolte nella missione. In Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, scopriamo che la suddetta postazione era la base principale della Regina Rossa, il super computer utilizzato da uno degli ex dirigenti della Umbrella, Sergei Vladimir, che, un anno prima degli eventi di Resident Evil 4, era stato ucciso da Wesker stesso, che si era quindi appropriato dell'intera postazione segreta della Regina Rossa, del satellite della Umbrella e di tutti gli archivi e i dati relativi alla compagnia contenuti nel super computer. Fu proprio Wesker a tradire Ozwell E. Spencer e la Umbrella, agendo come informatore anonimo per inviare al governo statunitense i dati ottenuti dal computer della Regina Rossa per provare la colpevolezza della compagnia nell'incidente di Raccoon City, causando quindi il crollo della Umbrella verso la fine del 2003. Con il crollo della compagnia, accusata ormai di bioterrorismo, Spencer si diede alla latitanza per non essere processato, in quanto fondatore della Umbrella. Wesker, invece, aveva in mente di creare una nuova Umbrella diretta da lui stesso per poter conquistare il mondo. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, intendeva procurarsi un campione di Plaga Leader.\n\nWesker compare in Resident Evil 4 anche nei minigiochi non canonici Assignment Ada e The Mercenaries, in quest'ultimo sarà un personaggio giocabile, dopo essere stato sbloccato completando il livello della base acquatica dei Ganados con un voto di quattro stelle con qualsiasi personaggio. Possiede quasi il massimo dell'energia disponibile e sarà equipaggiato di armi molto potenti, tra cui una pistola con silenziatore, la magnum \"Killer 7\", il fucile di precisione semi-automatico, quattro granate normali, una incendiaria e tre accecanti. Grazie ai suoi super poteri, dovuti al virus da lui posseduto, Wesker, in questo minigioco presenterà anche alcune mosse potentissime e fatali per la maggior parte dei nemici, come lo \"shotei\", un pugno che scaraventa i nemici colpiti a diversi metri di distanza e che uccide istantaneamente i Ganados semplici, e il \"chaiko chagi\", un calcio di arti marziali, eseguibile quando i nemici sono in ginocchio, e che spezza il collo ai Ganados semplici, determinandone la morte. Tuttavia Wesker, a differenza di Leon, Ada e Krauser, non possiede il coltello estraibile con l'apposito tasto (\"R1\" su PS2 e PS3) e, quindi, impersonandolo, si sarà costretti a sprecare proiettili per rompere casse, vasi e barili per ottenere munizioni e oggetti curativi.\n\nHUNK \nPresente solo in \"The Mercenaries\". Altro sopravvissuto di Raccoon City e famigerato ex agente della Umbrella, riuscì a portare a termine la missione di recuperare un campione di virus G, consegnandolo alla sua compagnia nel lontano 1998, dopo essere sopravvissuto ad un mutato William Birkin. Considerato spietato e letale, tanto da essersi guadagnato il rispetto degli altri agenti della Umbrella, che gli attribuiscono l'appellativo di Mr. Morte.\n\nNon ha alcun ruolo nella storia di questo gioco, ma vi compare comunque come personaggio giocabile nel minigioco \"The Mercenaries\". Hunk potrà essere sbloccato ottenendo un voto di quattro stelle o superiore nel livello della base militare con qualunque altro personaggio del medesimo minigioco. HUNK possiede una sola arma da fuoco la quale, tuttavia, sarà una speciale mitraglietta modificata (utilizzata da Krauser durante lo scontro con Leon), arma che, sebbene appaia molto simile alla mitraglietta standard presente nel gioco, ha in realtà una potenza di fuoco notevolmente maggiore e un calcio incorporato che riduce il rinculo. HUNK dispone anche di tre granate esplosive. La forza di questo personaggio sta nelle sue mosse speciali, soprattutto la prima, lo Scappa-collo, in grado di uccidere istantaneamente anche mini-boss, quali le sorelle Bella, poiché, come suggerisce il nome della mossa, HUNK aggira il nemico stordito e, con una veloce manovra, gli rompe l'osso del collo, uccidendolo all'istante (lo \"Scappa-collo\" viene utilizzato da HUNK anche in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles e Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City). La sua seconda mossa eseguibile sui nemici in ginocchio è un Calcio con rincorsa che, a differenza della prima, non risulta sempre fatale per i nemici. HUNK possiede meno energia di Leon e Wesker, ma più di Ada. Come Wesker, anche HUNK non possiede il coltello.\n\nMercante d'armi \nQuesto misterioso individuo funge da tramite tra il giocatore e le armi acquistabili e potenziabili nel gioco. Egli, infatti, si fa pagare in peseta e in oggetti preziosi, e, in cambio, fornisce molti tipi di armi da fuoco, che è anche in grado di modificare e potenziare, fornendo inoltre almeno due spray di primo soccorso (uno nel caso il giocatore ne sia già impossesso). Se si uccide il mercante d'armi, esso ricomparirà comunque in altre zone della mappa. Porta il cappuccio e ha il volto quasi interamente celato, ha una postura curva e una voce decisamente rauca. Nella trama del gioco non viene rivelato alcunché su quest'uomo; né la sua identità, né il perché si trovi in un posto tanto remoto a vendere armi e nemmeno se si tratti di un solo individuo o di più persone che usano lo stesso aspetto (visto che lo si può incontrare in diverse zone della mappa, anche a distanza di poco tempo, e uccidendolo esso continuerà ad apparire in altre zone). Sembra anche lui essere un Ganado, avendo l'iride che si illumina nel buio che contraddistingue gran parte degli infetti da Plagas, ma sembra sfuggire in qualche modo al controllo di Saddler.\n\nNemici \nI nemici principali di Resident Evil 4 non sono più zombi infetti dal virus T, bensì esseri molto più forti, aggressivi e resistenti, ma allo stesso tempo furbi e intelligenti, nonché capaci di parlare tra loro e organizzare piani per catturare il giocatore. Inoltre, possono impugnare armi per attaccare. Tali nemici sono infetti da un parassita chiamato Las Plagas, e vengono chiamati Los Ganados (\"Il Bestiame\" per indicare la loro incapacità di intendere e di volere a causa del parassita).\n\nLas Plagas\nParassiti mutanti, che si distinguono a seconda della specie e del grado di evoluzione. Vengono diffusi dagli Illuminados sotto forma di uova tramite un'iniezione sul collo, in modo da far sviluppare i parassiti nell'organismo delle persone portandole, dopo alcune ore, alla trasformazione in Ganados. Esistono vari tipi di Plagas: Leader, di controllo e subordinate; ciascuno dei quali conferisce poteri differenti all'infetto.\n\nLos Ganados\nI nemici base del gioco, sostituiscono gli zombi dei precedenti capitoli della saga. Più veloci, resistenti e intelligenti degli zombi, all'apparenza sembrano dei normali esseri umani, ma possiedono in realtà il terribile parassita, le Plagas, che li rende molto violenti, privi di una volontà propria e della consapevolezza dei terribili omicidi che commettono. Attaccano sia fisicamente, tentando di strangolare il nemico, che con armi di vario genere tra cui accette, coltelli, rastrelli, motoseghe, ma anche con armi da fuoco, come mitragliatrici Mini-Gun. Esistono tre tipi di Ganados: i contadini che si incontrano ad El Pueblo e nei sotterranei del castello di Salazar, gli Zealots, ovvero fanatici religiosi della setta degli Illuminados vestiti con tuniche, che si incontrano nel castello di Salazar, e i Militia o Commandos, ovvero Ganados particolarmente resistenti messi a protezione dell'isola degli Illuminados e che fanno parte dell'esercito privato di Lord Saddler.\n\nLord Osmund Saddler\nL'antagonista principale del gioco, nonché boss finale. Considerato una divinità dagli Illuminados, si definisce il decano del culto religioso ed è colui che ha permesso alla setta di risorgere. Ha convinto Salazar ad organizzare degli scavi nel suo castello per liberare i parassiti, le Plagas, in modo da infettare il villaggio di El Pueblo e fondare un suo esercito di Ganados. Saddler stesso è affetto dai parassiti, ma ha trovato un modo per controllare la Plaga Leader da lui posseduta, con cui è in grado di controllare gli altri infetti potendo, al contempo, beneficiare di poteri superiori. Saddler è la mente dietro al rapimento di Ashley, avendo organizzato un piano per infettare gli Stati Uniti grazie ai parassiti servendosi della ragazza, ma volendo prima ottenere un riscatto di 20 milioni di dollari dal presidente per mobilitare il suo esercito di Ganados, con cui intendeva conquistare il mondo. Lo si incontra la prima volta nella chiesa del villaggio, in seguito lo si incontrerà più volte in vari capitoli del gioco, ma lo si dovrà affrontare solo alla fine dove, dopo che Leon ha neutralizzato i suoi piani nonché tutti i suoi alleati, si renderà conto di non avere più altre alternative e deciderà, pertanto, di rinunciare alla sua forma umana liberando la Plaga Leader che possedeva nel suo corpo, trasformandosi in un enorme mostro dalle sembianze di un ragno gigante, invulnerabile a tutti i tipi di proiettile su tutto il corpo, eccetto che su alcuni occhi che possiede sulle zampe e nella bocca, che sono, di fatto, i suoi unici punti deboli. Tale mostro risulta, inoltre, in grado di spiccare enormi salti e di impalare un uomo con le sue zampe, oltre a poter tagliare la testa di un essere umano tramite delle zanne affilate. Verrà eliminato definitivamente da un colpo di lanciarazzi speciale da Leon. Saddler può essere affrontato anche nella sua forma apparentemente umana nel minigioco Separate Ways nei panni di Ada Wong, dove apparirà notevolmente più veloce che nella sua forma mutata, ed in grado di rigenerarsi svariate volte.\n\nRamon Salazar\nIl proprietario di un castello vicino al villaggio di El Pueblo, ultimo discendente dell'antica famiglia aristocratica dei Salazar, venne convinto da Saddler ad aderire al culto degli Illuminados. Ha impartito la fede cieca per la setta anche ai suoi sottoposti, facendoli diventare una sorta di \"monaci\" del culto degli Illuminados. Reso folle a sua volta dal fanatismo per la setta, si fece convincere a liberare le Plagas rinchiuse nel suo castello dal suo antenato, il primo castellano, nel 1834, \"per espiare i peccati della sua famiglia\", infettando i suoi sottoposti ed in seguito l'intero villaggio di El Pueblo. A Salazar venne concesso da Lord Saddler di iniettarsi delle Plagas di controllo che gli permettono di non diventare un Ganado succube del parassita, ma di impartire la sua volontà agli altri infetti, eccetto a Lord Saddler, che possiede l'ancora più potente Plaga Leader. Le Plagas difficilmente si adattano ad un corpo piccolo e, essendo Salazar affetto da nanismo, il parassita portò la pelle dell'uomo ad un precoce invecchiamento che lo fa sembrare vecchio, benché dica di avere solo vent'anni. Non possedendo grandi abilità anche dopo l'infezione a causa della sua minuta statura, Salazar si fa difendere da due mostri molto forti chiamati Verdugo, che vengono da lui usati come sue guardie del corpo. Cercherà molte volte di eliminare Leon con le trappole del suo castello e incaricando del suo omicidio uno dei due Verdugo, che si rivelerà un mostro instancabile e molto forte, ma che verrà tuttavia ucciso dall'agente. Messo alle strette da Leon, Salazar sarà dunque costretto a mutare, fondendosi insieme all'altro suo Verdugo con una pianta carnivora resa gigante da un particolare tipo di Plaga, trasformandosi in un mostro gigantesco, di cui Salazar stesso, nella sua forma mutata, ne costituirà il nucleo. Nonostante l'impressionante trasformazione, verrà comunque eliminato da Leon.\n\nBitores Mendez\nIl capo del villaggio di El Pueblo. Bitores è un uomo che ha raggiunto un'altezza molto elevata e una forza spropositata a causa di una malformazione causata dai geni della Plaga di controllo a lui affidata da Saddler, in modo che egli potesse impartire ordini ai Ganados di El Pueblo. Anch'egli ha aderito al culto degli Illuminados, sebbene con meno fanatismo di Salazar, ma con altrettanta devozione. Grazie ai poteri disumani assunti con il parassita, Mendez riesce a mettere facilmente fuori combattimento Leon durante il loro primo incontro. Successivamente, risparmierà la vita a Leon dopo essersi accorto che il Lord lo aveva infettato con i parassiti. Tuttavia, quando l'agente arriverà a mettere in serio pericolo il villaggio, Mendez interverrà nuovamente per fermarlo, sfruttando i parassiti per potenziare a dismisura il suo corpo, ma venendo tuttavia eliminato da Leon, che gli spezzerà la spina dorsale dopo svariati colpi di arma da fuoco.\n\nJack Krauser\nCi viene presentato come un ex collega di Leon, e nel gioco The Darkside Chronicles, uscito diversi anni dopo, verrà spiegata meglio la sua storia: Krauser era un marine veterano dello US SOCOM, che vantava numerosi successi sul campo di battaglia. Quando Leon fu assegnato anch'egli ai Marines, nel 2002, lavorò in squadra con Krauser per distruggere il Virus T-Veronica che si stava propagando in Sud America e che avrebbe minacciato l'ecosistema globale. Tuttavia, Krauser fu tenuto all'oscuro del vero obiettivo della missione, credendo semplicemente di dover arrestare un narcotrafficante che aveva avuto dei contatti con la Umbrella. Venuto a conoscenza del fatto che il presidente aveva preferito Leon a lui per questa missione, Krauser si sentì tradito dal governo americano. Complice anche un infortunio che subì durante la missione, Krauser abbandonò l'esercito per poi fingere la sua morte in un incidente nel corso dello stesso anno.\n\nIn realtà, Krauser aveva deciso di schierarsi dalla parte di Albert Wesker, che lo aiutò a recuperare parzialmente la sua forza, convincendolo delle sue ideologie per farsi aiutare nel suo piano: far rinascere la Umbrella, per creare un nuovo ordine mondiale. Venuto a sapere dell'esistenza delle Plagas, Wesker inviò Krauser a spiare la setta degli Illuminados, dalla quale fu tuttavia catturato. Fingendosi pentito, Krauser aderì al culto degli Illuminados, ma solo per poter fare il doppio gioco con la setta e recuperare un campione di Plaga Leader per conto di Wesker. Per guadagnarsi la fiducia del Lord, Krauser si propose di aiutarlo a catturare la figlia del presidente, Ashley Graham, sfruttando le informazioni riservate a cui poteva accedere, in qualità di ex agente al servizio del governo. Per la riuscita della missione, Saddler permise a Krauser di iniettarsi le Plagas di controllo per comandare un gruppo di Illuminados e rapire la ragazza. Possedendo già abilità superiori alla norma, essendo un ex Marine, l'infezione delle Plagas trasformarono Krauser in un super-umano donandogli forza e velocità incredibili. Possedendo Plaga di controllo, Krauser può inoltre decidere quando usare le sue super abilità derivate dai parassiti oltre ad avere la capacità di controllarli e di controllare anche gli infetti comuni che possiedono Plagas subordinate. Con questi nuovi poteri, per Krauser fu facile organizzare il rapimento di Ashley assieme ad un gruppo di Illuminados. In seguito consegnò la ragazza a Lord Saddler sperando di diventare un suo uomo di fiducia e sapere dove nascondesse il campione di Plaga Leader, e rubarlo, ma così non fu e il Lord continuò a tenergli tale informazione segreta. Stanco di aspettare la riuscita del doppio gioco di Krauser, Wesker inviò Ada Wong ad aiutarlo nella missione di recuperare il campione di Plaga Leader di Saddler. Krauser non vide affatto di buon occhio tale decisione diffidando della donna. Inoltre con l'arrivo di Leon, intento a liberare la figlia del presidente, l'astio di Krauser nei confronti del suo ex collega si riaccese, e per questo motivo, fu ben lieto di ricevere, sia da Saddler che da Wesker, l'ordine di eliminare Leon. Krauser tenderà all'ex collega svariati agguati, sfruttando al massimo le sue abilità sovrumane assunte con i parassiti, ma finirà comunque per venire sconfitto e tramortito dopo un lungo scontro con Leon. Con le ultime forze rimastegli, Krauser tenterà di eliminare Ada Wong, che aveva scoperto aiutare Leon ed avere interessi diversi dai suoi e da Wesker, ma la donna riuscirà ad ucciderlo dopo un breve combattimento, approfittando delle precarie condizioni di Krauser, il cui fisico era già molto danneggiato dopo la battaglia con Leon.\n\nKrauser sarà disponibile come personaggio giocabile nel minigioco \"The Mercenaries\", venendo sbloccato dopo aver completato il livello del castello di Salazar con un voto di quattro stelle con qualsiasi personaggio. Krauser, grazie alle Plagas da lui possedute, sarà il personaggio più potente in \"The Mercenaries\", avendo il massimo dell'energia disponibile, essendo più veloce degli altri personaggi a correre e a saltare, e possedendo tre mosse speciali, quasi tutte fatali.\n\nVersioni \nPrima della pubblicazione del gioco, la Capcom annunciò che Resident Evil 4 sarebbe uscito in esclusiva per GameCube, ciononostante venne confermata anche un'edizione limitata per PlayStation 2, con contenuti aggiuntivi.\n\nVersione originale GameCube \nLa prima versione di Resident Evil 4 fu la versione Nintendo GameCube pubblicata nel gennaio del 2005. Tale versione è divisa in due dischi da 1,5 GB. Per essere la prima versione del gioco risulta una delle migliori, insieme alle più recenti versioni HD e Wii, sia nel comparto grafico che nel sonoro. Anche gli effetti luci e ombre sono molto presenti, e anche alcuni particolari dei vari paesaggi come la polvere, il fumo o il fuoco. I filmati sono caricati in tempo reale col gioco, ed insieme alle versioni HD e Wii, la versione GameCube è l'unica in grado di caricare i filmati in tempo reale. Infatti il giocatore porta i costumi extra ed il gibernaggio anche nei filmati, cosa che non avviene nella versione PlayStation 2 e PC. I filmati sono nitidi a differenza della versione PlayStation 2 dove sono decisamente meno definiti. Nonostante ciò nel comparto grafico a prima vista la versione GameCube e quella Playstation 2 non risultano molto differenti, ma a causa della potenza maggiore della console Nintendo a differenza della console Sony, alcuni particolari grafici e sonori risultano migliori nella versione originale per GameCube. In questa versione è presente un costume extra, ma non gli speciali contenuti aggiuntivi della versione Playstation 2.\n\nVersione PlayStation 2 \nLa versione di Resident Evil 4 per PlayStation 2 fu pubblicata nell'autunno del 2005. In questa versione vengono introdotti nuovi contenuti e modalità aggiuntive, come la modalità Separate Ways, che permette di ripercorrere la storia del gioco dal punto di vista di Ada Wong. In questa versione è stato introdotto un nuovo costume alternativo per i due personaggi principali, una nuova, devastante arma laser chiamata P.R.L.412, una risoluzione grafica di 16:9 e infine un browser per visualizzare tutti i filmati del gioco. Questi nuovi contenuti aggiuntivi contribuiscono ad aumentare la già elevata longevità del gioco, alzando il livello della conversione PlayStation 2, andando a compensare in un certo modo le mancanze tecniche di questa conversione rispetto a quella per GameCube. La versione per PlayStation 2, è stata pubblicata anche come Limited Edition, contenente la mappa del gioco e un disco bonus che mostra lo sviluppo e i retroscena del gioco.\n\nDifferenze nel comparto grafico e sonoro \nPer quanto riguarda il comparto grafico, presa singolarmente la versione PS2 non sembra essere molto differente dall'originale per GameCube. Ma a causa della potenza hardware inferiore della console Sony, sono stati necessari diversi downgrade grafici, che hanno portato alla riduzione di effetti particellari come la polvere sollevata dal vento visibile nel villaggio o quelli che riproducevano effetti climatici, esplosioni ecc, oltre alla scomparsa degli shader per la resa grafica dell'acqua e delle superfici liquide, e l'attenuazione degli effetti e delle fonti di luce e di ombre. È stato ridotto anche il numero di poligoni, sia per gli scenari che per i vari personaggi del gioco. Il gioco gira a una velocità lievemente inferiore a quella dell'originale, con alcuni rallentamenti sporadici che in ogni caso non influiscono negativamente sull'esperienza di gioco.\nAltre differenze riscontrabili sono la presenza del gioco in un unico DVD mentre la versione per GameCube è divisa in 2 dischi da 1,5 GB e in considerazione di ciò, laddove la console Nintendo adoperava una compressione di tipo hardware garantendo una qualità ottimale, sulla console Sony si è invece adoperata una compressione via software a causa della differente architettura.\nCiò ha portato anche ad un'evidente perdita di qualità del sonoro riscontrabile soprattutto nei filmati.\nSempre a causa delle inferiori capacità hardware i filmati di questa versione non sono più in tempo reale ma precaricati e compressi.\nA causa di ciò, il protagonista non indossa i costumi alternativi nei filmati a differenza di quanto accadeva nell'originale risultando inoltre meno definite.\n\nNonostante queste considerazioni, la conversione per PlayStation 2 risulta tecnicamente comunque di alto livello rispetto alla vasta linea di giochi disponibili per la console, grazie a un processo di ottimizzazione molto efficace che riesce a mascherare le molte mancanze nel comparto tecnico rispetto alla versione originale. Per quanto riguarda la grafica, Resident Evil 4, può infatti venire considerato uno dei migliori videogiochi per PlayStation 2.\n\nVersione PC \nLa versione PC di Resident Evil 4 è la seconda conversione del titolo Capcom, realizzata da SourceNext e distribuita da Ubisoft. È stata ripresa la realizzazione tecnica della versione per PlayStation 2 ritenuta probabilmente più adatta ad essere scalata sulle varie fasce di PC dato l'engine più leggero. Ciò ha portato ad un'ulteriore perdita di qualità nel comparto tecnico che già nell'edizione PlayStation 2 aveva presentato una grafica inferiore alla versione originale. La versione PC risulta ancor meno definita andando a riprendere la risoluzione Ps2 e abbassandone ulteriormente la qualità. Ciò ha portato ad una cattiva ottimizzazione tecnica del titolo per PC, soprattutto nei filmati che risultano estremamente sbiaditi, e una grafica di gioco assolutamente non all'altezza delle versioni per console. La versione PC risulta infatti priva di effetti di luce e ombre. Ciò ha portato il realismo del gioco ad essere nettamente inferiore per PC anche rispetto alla versione PlayStation 2. In molte parti, il gioco per computer ricorda molto un film in bianco e nero proprio a causa della mancanza di effetti, che lo rendono molto scuro. Questi problemi tecnici vengono tuttavia risolti tramite una patch ufficiale che portano l'edizione per PC a raggiungere per lo meno il livello grafico dell'edizione per PlayStation 2. Sono inoltre presenti diverse patch non ufficiali in grado di potenziare il gioco fino a portarlo ad essere giocato in alta qualità. La versione PC riprende inoltre in contenuti aggiuntivi e in minigiochi l'edizione PS2 mentre, relativamente ai controlli, la versione PC è priva del basilare utilizzo del mouse in combinazione con la tastiera, anche se è possibile abilitarla avviando il gioco con MouseAim.\n\nWii Edition \nRibattezzata per l'occasione col sottotitolo Wii Edition, questa versione per Wii è la più completa in quanto unisce la realizzazione tecnica della versione originale per GameCube con i contenuti aggiuntivi esclusivi della versione per PlayStation 2. Nonostante ciò, in questa versione sono presenti alcune differenze. L'arma laser P.R.L.412 risulta più devastante, in quanto i tempi di caricamento del colpo caricato sono decisamente più rapidi, mentre il raggio laser principale si divide in più raggi che vanno a colpire automaticamente ogni nemico e ostacolo presente sullo schermo. La modalità Separate Ways è stata rielaborata col motore grafico originale, risultando più fluida e omogenea come l'avventura principale, mentre i filmati presenti nel browser non sono in tempo reale, ma ripresi dalla versione PlayStation 2, anche se con una qualità video superiore. Nonostante ciò i filmati sono in tempo reale durante il gioco visto che compaiono i costumi speciali, a differenza di quanto accadeva nell'edizione PS2. Tuttavia, il secondo costume alternativo inspiegabilmente non compare nei filmati in tempo reale, se non in una delle primissime sequenze. I tempi di caricamento già brevi, in questa versione sono stati ridotti ulteriormente, e alcuni glitch presenti nella versione originale e in quella PS2, sono stati corretti. In questa versione è inoltre disponibile la risoluzione a 16:9 come nella PS2. Scompare il mirino laser sostituito da un mirino immaginario, che si illumina di rosso quando si mira un nemico, o qualcos'altro di distruggibile. Questa versione è stata resa disponibile il 2 febbraio 2016 sull'eshop della Wii U.\n\nDifferenze nei controlli \nLa caratteristica principale di questa versione è l'utilizzo dell'accoppiata Wii Remote e Nunchuk: mentre la gestione della telecamera è affidata ai classici tasti direzionali.\nIl movimento del protagonista è affidato alla levetta analogica del Nunchuk, i sensori di movimento del controller vengono utilizzati per mirare direttamente a schermo e sparare, raggiungendo livelli di precisione impossibili con l'utilizzo di controller tradizionali. Quando viene utilizzato il Wii Remote, viene mostrato costantemente sullo schermo un reticolo circolare, che sostituisce il puntatore laser e cambia colore nel caso si punti i nemici o oggetti con i quali interagire passando dal verde al rosso. Oltre alla gestione della mira, i sensori di movimento vengono sfruttati anche per simulare il fendente del coltello, che in questa versione consente di effettuare coltellate multiple puntando automaticamente verso nemici, oggetti e ostacoli vicini velocizzando ancor di più il gameplay. Anche le azioni Quick Time Event richiedono l'utilizzo dei movimenti. Alternativamente, è possibile utilizzare il Classic Controller con la configurazione dei controlli che diviene identica a quelli tradizionali perdendo dunque tutti i vantaggi dei controlli a sensori.\n\nMobile Edition \nLa versione per cellulare di questo gioco, chiamata Biohazard 4 Mobile Edition, è stata pubblicata in Giappone il 1º febbraio 2008. Questo gioco venne annunciato inizialmente da Capcom al TGS del 2007. A differenza dell'originale, la storia principale di questa versione del gioco è divisa in sezioni anziché essere lineare.\nI filmati di gioco sono stati sostituiti da schermate fisse mentre la durata del gioco era stata notevolmente ridimensionata portando come Boss finale il \"servo di Salazar\", cioè il \"Verdugo\" in tonaca rossa. Dopo svariati aggiornamenti, ha tutti i capitoli mancanti e finisce con la battaglia contro Lord Saddler.\nGraficamente seppur con le dovute proporzioni è incredibilmente fedele all'originale seppur l'interazione sia drasticamente ridimensionata e talvolta i nemici risultino colorati in azzurro.\nÈ inoltre presente una modalità Mercenaries più complessa.\nQuesta versione è stata poi riadattata per iPod Touch e iPhone che dispongono di controlli senza tasti fisici emulati con il touch screen.\nA causa della mancanza di tasti le azioni risultano più macchinose e lente da eseguire.\nÈ stata inoltre annunciata recentemente la versione iPad Edition che non dovrebbe discostarsi dalla Mobile edition per iPhone.\n\nRevival Selection HD \nIl 23 marzo 2011 Capcom annunciò l'uscita di un pacchetto delle versioni di Resident Evil 4 e Resident Evil Code: Veronica completamente rimasterizzate in HD. L'uscita è avvenuta a fine 2011 ed in Europa è stata disponibile esclusivamente tramite download utilizzando i servizi online di PlayStation 3 e Xbox 360. Inoltre è possibile comprare la rimasterizzazione dei due giochi in HD anche separatamente, dove la versione in alta definizione di Resident Evil 4 è denominata semplicemente HD Edition.\n\nQuesta conversione porta in alta definizione il gioco adattandolo alla grafica delle nuove console, PS3 e Xbox 360. Come contenuti aggiuntivi, vengono inoltre ripresi le modalità speciali e i contenuti speciali dell'edizione PS2. Nonostante la grafica risulti in alta definizione, molti giocatori si sono lamentati di alcuni problemi di texture relativi alla frettolosa elaborazione in HD di un gioco inizialmente pensato per essere giocato ad una risoluzione di 480p. In effetti non è difficile notare come in molte parti del gioco in HD esso riprenda la grafica Wii e GameCube migliorate solo con una risoluzione più avanzata, non sfruttando comunque a pieno la potenza delle nuove console. Inoltre mentre i filmati del gioco principale vengono caricati in contemporanea col gioco e migliorati con una grafica in alta definizione, i filmati del minigioco \"Separate Ways\" a differenza di quelli del gioco principale, inspiegabilmente, sono precaricati e riproposti non in HD, ma con la stessa risoluzione grafica dell'edizione Wii.\n\nResident Evil 4 Ultimate HD Edition \nÈ stata annunciata nel corso di gennaio 2014, una nuova versione del gioco chiamata Resident Evil 4 Ultimate HD Edition che si caratterizza per un comparto grafico interamente ricostruito in alta definizione e a 60 frame al secondo. Il gioco è uscito su PC il 28 febbraio 2014 al prezzo di 19,99€ solo in versione digitale. Questa conversione va a potenziare ulteriormente la normale HD Edition andando a correggere gli errori di alcune texture della precedente versione e proponendo un'ottimizzazione grafica HD ancora superiore. Ciò nonostante anche questa conversione continua ad usare i filmati pre-caricati e con la stessa risoluzione grafica dell'edizione Wii anche se solo per il minigioco \"Separate Ways\" e non per il gioco principale che come l'HD Edition presenta filmati in alta definizione.\n\nResident Evil 4 Remastered \nQuesta versione del gioco rimasterizzata con ulteriori rifiniture per quanto riguarda il comparto grafico e sonoro, è stata pubblicata come edizione digitale il 30 agosto 2016, per PlayStation 4 ed Xbox One. Il titolo gira a 60 fps con risoluzione a 1080p. Questa edizione del gioco è la stessa versione di quella Steam. Come per PlayStation 3 il titolo è senza trofeo di platino e non è compatibile con RE.Net.\n\nL'ultima versione uscita in commercio è quella per Nintendo Switch. Non ha alcuna differenza a livello grafico rispetto a quella per PS4, XBOX ONE e PC, la differenza sta nel frame rate che soffre di qualche sporadico calo.\n\nConfronti territoriali \nLa versione Giapponese del gioco ha subito notevoli tagli per quanto riguarda le scene violente, come le varie scene di morte, le decapitazioni con la motosega, oppure la scena in cui il boss El Gigante uccide i Ganados, eliminando le parti più cruente. Mentre nelle fasi ingame, si nota l'incapacità di far esplodere la testa degli avversari con un headshot ben piazzato, sentendo di fatto solo il rumore della testa esplosa, ed è presente una minore dose di sangue.\n\nInoltre il livello di difficoltà è stato drasticamente ridotto per far fronte alle esigenze degli utenti giapponesi, che sono poco avvezzi a giocare titoli frenetici e d'azione.\nLa versione Wii giapponese contiene due livelli di difficoltà più bassi, ovvero Easy e Amateur.\n\nLe versioni USA e PAL sono praticamente identiche a livello di contenuti (che sono integrali in queste versioni), cambia solo la possibilità di scegliere anche la difficoltà Easy nella versione europea (la quale non permette di accedere ad alcuni luoghi difficili), oltre alla mancanza della modalità Normal e il mancato supporto per i 480 progressivi, rispetto alla versione NTSC-USA, presenti solo in versione PAL per la versione PS2 e Wii.\n\nIn occidente, unicamente la versione PAL tedesca è stata censurata, prevedendo tutte le censure presenti nell'edizione giapponese, inoltre essa prevede anche l'eliminazione delle modalità extra, come The Mercenaries e Assignment: Ada. Mentre solo per l'Australia, la versione GameCube presenta una versione collector edition, contenente il DVD bonus presente nel bundle del gioco, con la console griffata.\n\nVersione beta \nInizialmente, il gioco doveva essere incentrato sul virus Progenitor (che in Resident Evil 5 scopriamo essere il virus che ha donato a Wesker la sua forza sovrumana). Era già stato prodotto anche un trailer in cui veniva mostrata una storia secondo cui Leon veniva contagiato dal virus e avrebbe dovuto far fronte a diverse inquietanti allucinazioni da esso causate. Il gameplay di tale gioco risultava più simile al vecchio stile dei primi Resident Evil pur possedendo delle innovazioni che furono mantenute nella versione attuale del gioco.\n\nRemake \nUn remake di Resident Evil 4 è stato ufficialmente annunciato il 2 giugno 2022, durante una presentazione virtuale, al PlayStation State of Play. È stato distribuito per PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X e Series S, PlayStation 4 e Steam il 24 marzo 2023.\n\nEdizione VR \nA ottobre 2021 è uscita la versione in realtà virtuale di Resident Evil 4 per Oculus Quest 2 e sviluppata dallo studio americano Armature Studio, nella quale è possibile rigiocare gli eventi del gioco controllando Leon in prima persona tramite l'apposito visore VR. Il gameplay è stato adattato alla realtà virtuale, divenendo più immersivo e presentando inoltre diverse innovazioni tra cui la possibilità di impugnare due armi contemporaneamente e sparare e camminare allo stesso tempo. Il giocatore può interagire con ogni cosa disponibile nel gioco, in prima persona.\n\nCensura e controversia \nLa versione VR ha ricevuto una reazione molto più negativa da parte dei fan a causa della censura applicata ad essa, anche da parte del pubblico giapponese, rimuovendo una serie di animazioni e dialoghi in-game come flirt e commenti ironici tra i personaggi, a volte rimuovendo senso al contesto originale di scene chiave. La controversia, che ha incluso anche accuse dai fan su Twitter di neo-puritanesimo, correttezza politica occidentale, ipocrisia o \"virtue signalling\" e imperialismo, si è aggravata quando nell'aprile 2022 il produttore esecutivo della versione VR del gioco, Tom Ivey, ha rilasciato dichiarazioni pro-censura in un'intervista in cui parlava della censura del gioco come un \"aggiornamento\" per un \"pubblico moderno\".\n\nAccoglienza \nLa rivista Play Generation classificò il minigioco The Mercenaries come quello più \"cool\" tra i titoli disponibili su PlayStation 2 mentre l'intero gioco fu considerato il titolo splatter più nauseante. La stessa testata considerò Krauser come il terzo boss più epocale, il bug di Leon che sprofonda nelle fogne come il quarto più memorabile mentre l'assedio nel villaggio come la quinta scena più terrificante.\n\nLa versione HD ricevette un punteggio di 93/100, trovando che conservasse tutto l'appeal del primo giorno, anche se la remastered era piuttosto cara in termini di prezzo e non offriva la compatibilità con Move.\n\nPremi e riconoscimenti \n 2004 IGN Miglior gioco all'E3: Miglior Gioco per GameCube, migliore grafica, miglior sonoro. Eccellenza tecnologica, Gioco della Mostra.\n 2005 premio gioco CESA - premio di eccellenza\n 2005 premio videogioco di Spike TV - miglior grafica, gioco dell'anno.\n 2005 il meglio del 2005: miglior gioco d'azione per GameCube, migliore tecnologia grafica, migliore progettazione artistica, migliore punteggio in originalità, migliore uso del sonoro e gioco dell'anno.\n 2005 IGN. il meglio della scelta dei lettori: miglior gioco d'azione per Gamecube, migliore tecniche grafiche complessive, gioco dell'anno.\n 2005 Golden Joystick - gioco dell'anno per GameCube e gioco dell'anno degli editori.\n 2005 il meglio da Gamespot: miglior gioco di azione/avventura, miglior sequel, gioco dell'anno per GameCube e gioco dell'anno 2005.\n 2005 scelta dei lettori Gamespot: miglior gioco d'azione/avventura, gioco dell'anno per GameCube e gioco dell'anno 2005.\n GameSpy Best of 2005: Best GameCube Action Title of 2005 and GameCube Game of the Year\n 2005 Edge magazine Awards: Best Game Of 2005\n Telewest Shiny Awards Games Digest: Game Of The Year 2005\n G4TV \"X-Play\"'s: Best Action Adventure Game of 2005 and Game of the Year 2005\n GameFAQs 2005'Best: Best GameCube Game and Game of the Year\n GameFAQs Tenth Anniversary Contest - Ranked numero 14 on \"Best Games Ever\"\n 2005 Game Informer Game of the Year\n Leon è stato classificato al terzo posto da GameInformer nella classifica \"I 10 migliori Eroi del 2005\".\n 2005 Metacritic: PlayStation 2 Game of the Year and GameCube Game of the Year\n 2005 Play Magazine: Editor's Choice Game of the Year and Best Graphics\n 2005 EGM Magazine: Game of the Year\n 2005 GamePro Magazine Editor's Choice: Game of the Year and Best Action-Adventure\n UGO.com: 2005 Game of the Year\n 2005 Game Revolution: Game of the Year\n Blender Magazine's Reader's Poll: 2005 Game of the Year\n NGC Magazine's Game of the Year 2005\n 2005 1UP Awards: Game of the Year and Best Action Game\n 2005 GAME: Game of the Year and People's Choice\n 2005 Gamefly Q Awards Favorite: Game of the Year and Gamecube Game of the Year\n 2005 Game Central's (UK) Game of the Year and viewers' Game of the Year(both PS2 and Gamecube)\n 2005 \"Nintendo Power Awards\": - Game of the Year - GCN, Best Graphics - GCN, Best Sound / Voice Acting, Best Adventure Game and Game of the Year (Overall).\n 2005 Nintendo Power - Ranked numero 2 on \"NP top 200\"\n Gaming Target's 52 Games From 2005 We'd Still Be Playing\n 2006 IGN - Ranked numero 1 on \"Reader's Top 99 Games\"\n 2006 Famitsū - 2005 Game of the Year (tied with Kingdom Hearts II)\n 2006 GameSpy - Ranked numero 1 on \"Top 25 GameCube Games of All Time\"\n 2006 X-Play - Ranked numero 1 on \"Top 10 GameCube Games\"\n\nDoppiaggio\n\nColonna sonora \nIl CD della colonna sonora originale di Resident Evil 4, composto da Misao Senbongi & Shasaku Uchiyama, è stato pubblicato in Giappone il 22 dicembre 2005.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n \n\nVideogiochi di Resident Evil", "Il pianeta Marte possiede due satelliti naturali di piccole dimensioni: Fobos e Deimos. Si tratta dell'unico pianeta roccioso del sistema solare interno a possedere un sistema di satelliti.\n\nScoperti nell'agosto del 1877 da Asaph Hall, percorrono orbite prograde quasi circolari, assai prossime al piano equatoriale di Marte. Fobos, il più interno, completa la sua orbita in poco più di un terzo del periodo di rotazione del pianeta - caso unico del sistema solare. Di conseguenza è soggetto a significative azioni mareali da parte di Marte che determinano una costante riduzione dell'orbita e che ne causeranno infine la disgregazione.\n\nHanno forma irregolare, . Sono stati fotografati e studiati prevalentemente da sonde spaziali il cui obiettivo primario è stato lo studio di Marte. La loro origine è una questione ancora aperta. Alcuni li ritengono asteroidi catturati, altri ipotizzano che si siano formati per accrezione nel processo che ha condotto anche alla formazione del pianeta Marte.\n\nOsservazione\n\nDalla Terra \nL'osservazione di Fobos e Deimos dalla Terra è ostacolata dalle ridotte dimensioni dei due oggetti e dalla loro vicinanza al pianeta rosso. Sono osservabili solo per un limitato periodo di tempo, quando Marte è prossimo all'opposizione, ed appaiono come oggetti puntiformi, senza che sia possibile risolverne la forma. In tale circostanza, Fobos raggiunge una magnitudine di 11,6 e Deimos di 12,8. Marte per confronto può raggiungere una magnitudine massima di -2,8 risultando poco meno di seicentomila volte più luminoso di Fobos e più di un milione di volte di Deimos. Inoltre, Fobos e Deimos all'opposizione si discostano in media dal pianeta rispettivamente 24,6 e 61,8 arcosecondi.\n\nPer procedere alla loro osservazione, in condizioni particolarmente favorevoli, è necessario disporre di un telescopio di almeno 12 pollici (30,5 cm). Utilizzare un elemento che occulti il bagliore del pianeta e dispositivi per la raccolta di immagini quali piastre fotografiche o CCD, con esposizioni di alcuni secondi, risulta d'aiuto.\n\nDa Marte \n\nVisto dalle latitudini equatoriali della superficie di Marte, Fobos all'opposizione (corrispondente ad una fase di luna piena) appare grande quanto un terzo della Luna vista dalla Terra. Al suo sorgere presenta un diametro angolare di 8'; allo zenit di 12',3. Appare tanto più piccolo quanto maggiore è la latitudine dell'osservatore ed è completamente invisibile (cioè sempre oltre l'orizzonte) dalle regioni polari del pianeta. Raggiunge una magnitudine apparente massima di -3,9. Deimos, invece, appare come una stella brillante o un pianeta (raggiunge una magnitudine massima di -0,1), poco più grande di come appaia Venere vista dalla Terra; presenta un diametro angolare di circa 2'. Entrambi sperimentano il fenomeno delle fasi.\n\nIl diametro angolare del Sole visto da Marte è di circa 21'. Di conseguenza, non possono verificarsi eclissi totali sul pianeta, perché le due lune sono troppo piccole per coprire il disco solare nella sua interezza. D'altra parte, dall'equatore è possibile osservare transiti di Fobos quasi ogni giorno; essi sono molto rapidi e si concludono in meno di mezzo minuto circa. Deimos, invece, transita sul disco solare una volta al mese circa, ma il fenomeno che dura circa un minuto e mezzo rimane poco visibile.\n\nIl moto di Fobos è molto veloce, sorge ad ovest e tramonta ad est, con un periodo apparente di 11 ore (in 4,5 delle quali attraversa il cielo, sorgendo nuovamente 6,5 ore dopo). Deimos, invece, trovandosi appena al di sopra dell'orbita areosincrona, sorge ad est e tramonta lentamente ad ovest 2,7 giorni dopo.\n\nStoria delle osservazioni\n\nAnticipazioni \nAll'inizio del XVII secolo, Keplero aveva ipotizzato che Marte potesse avere dei satelliti essendo allora noto che ne avesse uno il pianeta che lo precede, la Terra, e quattro quello subito seguente, Giove. Assumendo che il numero dei satelliti dei pianeti del sistema solare seguisse una progressione geometrica, Marte avrebbe avuto due satelliti.\n\nNel 1721 William Derham ipotizzava nella sua opera Astro-Theology che Marte, tanto simile alla Terra, possedesse delle lune che non erano state ancora osservate perché piccole e poco luminose ed anche in Germania ne era stata ipotizzata l'esistenza.\n\nNel 1726, Jonathan Swift, probabilmente ispirato dall'ipotesi di Keplero, nei suoi Viaggi di Gulliver descrisse due satelliti orbitanti attorno a Marte.\n\nÈ interessante osservare che, se la scelta di una delle due orbite è stata affidata probabilmente al caso, l'altra è stata dedotta secondo la terza legge di Keplero. Inoltre, anticipando una caratteristica che appartiene a Fobos, entrambe le lune completano una rivoluzione in un periodo inferiore a quello di rotazione del pianeta, allora già noto.\n\nSatelliti analoghi furono descritti anche da Voltaire, presumibilmente influenzato da Swift, nel suo racconto filosofico Micromega del 1752.\n\nSuccessivamente, altri proposero l'esistenza delle lune di Marte in opere che potremmo però attribuire al genere fantascientifico.\n\nScoperta \nAsaph Hall scoprì Deimos il 12 agosto 1877 e Fobos il seguente 18 agosto (le fonti dell'epoca adottano la convenzione astronomica, precedente al 1925, che il giorno inizi a mezzogiorno; conseguentemente le scoperte sono riferite rispettivamente all'11 ed al 17 agosto) con il telescopio rifrattore di 26 pollici () di diametro dello United States Naval Observatory, a Washington. Hall, in quel periodo, stava cercando sistematicamente delle possibili lune di Marte. Il 10 agosto aveva già visto una luna del pianeta, ma a causa del maltempo, non riuscì ad identificarla se non nei giorni seguenti.\n\nHall descrisse la scoperta nei suoi appunti come segue:\n\nI nomi delle due lune, adottati inizialmente con l'ortografia Phobus e Deimus, furono proposti da Henry Madan (1838–1901), \"Science Master\" ad Eton, e richiamano quelli dei personaggi di Fobos (paura) e Deimos (terrore), che secondo la mitologia greca accompagnavano in battaglia il loro padre, Ares, dio della guerra. Ares è l'equivalente greco della divinità romana Marte.\n\nOsservazioni successive \nLe dimensioni e le caratteristiche orbitali dei satelliti di Marte hanno consentito, per lungo tempo, la loro osservazione solo in occasioni favorevoli, con il pianeta all'opposizione e i due satelliti in condizioni di elongazione adeguata, che ricorrono circa ogni due anni, con condizioni particolarmente favorevoli che si verificano circa ogni 16 anni. La prima configurazione favorevole si verificò nel 1879. Numerosi osservatori, in tutto il mondo, parteciparono alle osservazioni con lo scopo di determinare con esattezza le orbite dei due satelliti.\n\nNei quarant'anni seguenti, la maggior parte delle osservazioni (più dell'85% del totale di quelle compiute tra il 1888 ed il 1924) avvennero presso due osservatori statunitensi, lo United States Naval Observatory e l'Osservatorio Lick, con l'obiettivo, tra gli altri, di determinare la direzione dell'asse di rotazione del pianeta. Tra il 1926 ed il 1941 proseguì soltanto il Naval Observatory, con 311 osservazioni visuali. Dal 1941 in poi, le osservazioni avvennero solo con la tecnica fotografica.\n\nNei quindici anni seguenti le ricerche furono poche o nulle e ripresero nel 1956, volte ad individuare eventuali altri satelliti. Aveva generato un rinnovato interesse l'ipotesi, avanzata da Bevan P. Sharpless nel 1945, che il moto di Fobos stesse accelerando, causando altresì una riduzione del semiasse maggiore dell'orbita. Ne nacque una controversia sull'effettiva realtà del fenomeno e sull'entità e causa dell'accelerazione che portarono a nuove osservazioni negli anni sessanta e settanta.\n\nNel 1988, in concomitanza con le missioni sovietiche del Programma Phobos, furono condotte osservazioni da Kudryavtsev e colleghi. Nei dieci anni seguenti, invece, le due lune non furono oggetto di alcuna osservazione, fino al 2003, quando osservazioni molto accurate furono condotte dall'Osservatorio Lowell.\n\nNei primi anni del XXI secolo sono state condotte inoltre nuove ricerche volte a determinare la presenza di eventuali satelliti irregolari di Marte. Showalter et al. hanno eseguito una ricerca in tal senso nel 2001, con il Telescopio spaziale Hubble, escludendo la presenza di altri satelliti (di dimensioni maggiori di 100 metri) nella porzione più prossima al pianeta della sfera di Hill marziana. Scott S. Sheppard e David Jewitt hanno ripetuto la ricerca nel 2004 con il telescopio franco-canadese di 3 m di diametro presente presso l'osservatorio di Mauna Kea, nelle Hawaii, escludendo la presenza di ulteriori satelliti con magnitudine inferiore a 23,5 (corrispondente ad oggetti di dimensioni di 90 metri, con un'albedo di 0,07). Nel 2005 inoltre sono state condotte osservazioni radar di entrambi i satelliti dal radiotelescopio di Arecibo che hanno prodotto alcune stime della densità del materiale superficiale.\n\nMissioni spaziali \n\nFobos e Deimos sono stati fotografati e studiati prevalentemente da sonde spaziali il cui obiettivo primario era lo studio di Marte. Le prime immagini di Fobos furono raccolte dal Mariner 7 nel 1969, ma fu col Mariner 9 nel 1971 che fu condotto uno studio dettagliato di entrambi i satelliti. Ne furono determinate le dimensioni, la forma, il periodo di rotazione, identificate alcune caratteristiche superficiali e furono migliorate le conoscenze sul loro moto orbitale. Fu inoltre rilevata la presenza di uno strato di regolite sulla superficie di entrambi.\n\nCon il Programma Viking si ebbe un ulteriore incremento nelle conoscenze su entrambi i satelliti, grazie sia ai miglioramenti tecnici introdotti nei sistemi di raccolta di immagini, sia ai passaggi più stretti che i due orbiter eseguirono soprattutto con Fobos. Furono rilevate variazioni di colore su Fobos, del quale fu determinata la massa, la densità e stimata l'età e la composizione.\n\nNel 1998 e nel 2003, la sonda statunitense Mars Global Surveyor ha raccolto sia immagini dirette di Fobos, sia ha seguito la traccia della sua ombra sulla superficie del pianeta. Ciò ha permesso di calcolare con maggior precisione l'orbita della luna e l'accelerazione che gli effetti mareali di Marte le impartiscono. Sono stati utilizzati a tale scopo anche i dati raccolti dalla sonda europea Mars Express che ha eseguito inoltre dei sorvoli ravvicinati di Fobos nel 2004, 2008 e 2010, oltre che osservazioni a distanza di Deimos. Infine, nel 2007 e nel 2008 il Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ha raccolto immagini ad alta risoluzione di entrambi i satelliti.\n\nImmagini di Deimos e Fobos sono state raccolte anche dalla superficie di Marte, attraverso le fotocamere dei lander e rover lì presenti, sia in immagini notturne, sia in immagini diurne in occasione di transiti sul disco solare.\n\nLa Russia ha lanciato due missioni nel 1988 - Fobos 1 e 2 - e Fobos-Grunt nel 2011 che avrebbero dovuto atterrare su Fobos; l'ultima in particolare avrebbe anche dovuto riportare dei campioni a terra. Tuttavia, sono fallite tutte e tre, le prime due in prossimità del loro obiettivo, Fobos-Grunt in orbita terrestre bassa, subito dopo il lancio.\n\nRaggiungere i satelliti di Marte è a volte indicato come un passo intermedio nell'esplorazione umana del pianeta rosso.\n\nCaratteristiche\n\nCaratteristiche chimico-fisiche \nFobos e Deimos hanno entrambi forma irregolare. Il primo, il maggiore tra i due, può essere descritto approssimativamente da un ellissoide di dimensioni 26,8 × 22,4 × 18,4 km, cui corrisponde un diametro medio di 22,2 km; il secondo ha dimensioni 15 × 12,2 × 10,4 km, da cui un diametro medio di 12,4 km. Analizzando le perturbazioni prodotte dalle due lune nel moto di alcune sonde spaziali che si sono avvicinate loro, è stata stimata una massa di 1,0659 × 1016 kg per Fobos e di 1,4762 × 1015 kg per Deimos. Da tali informazioni è possibile desumere un valore per la densità media dei due oggetti, stimata in 1,872 × 10³ kg/m³ per Fobos e in 1,471 × 10³ kg/m³ per Deimos. Valori così bassi possono essere determinati da una elevata porosità interna (ovvero dalla presenza di cavità) oppure da una composizione che vede mescolate alla roccia sostanze volatili, quali ghiaccio d'acqua.\n\nFobos e Deimos sono spesso spettralmente accomunati agli asteroidi di tipo C o D, che popolano le regioni più esterne della fascia principale e che si pensa contengano ghiaccio d'acqua. Tuttavia, le rilevazioni di sonde spaziali transitate in prossimità di Fobos indicano che la superficie si compone di una regolite anidra, caratterizzata da elevata porosità.\n\nLe superfici di entrambi i satelliti sono pesantemente craterizzate, con una densità dei crateri prossima a quella degli altopiani lunari. Ad ogni modo, quella di Deimos appare più liscia e ciò potrebbe essere dovuto alla regolite presente sulla luna, che avrebbe riempito l'interno dei crateri. La superficie di Fobos è solcata da un sistema di striature che si è ritenuto fossero correlate all'evento che ha prodotto il maggiore cratere da impatto sulla luna, il cratere Stickney, da cui sembrano irradiarsi. In uno studio del 2006, sono stati individuati tuttavia vari raggruppamenti o \"famiglie\". È stato quindi suggerito che esse possano essere state provocate da materiale in ricaduta, espulso nello spazio in seguito ad impatti che si sarebbero però verificati sul pianeta.\n\nParametri orbitali \nFobos e Deimos percorrono orbite prograde quasi circolari, assai prossime al piano equatoriale di Marte. Fobos completa la sua orbita in 7,65 h, un tempo inferiore al periodo di rotazione del pianeta stesso - caso unico nel sistema solare; Deimos in circa 30 h. Entrambi sono in rotazione sincrona con il pianeta ed in virtù di ciò rivolgono sempre la stessa faccia verso la superficie marziana.\n\nL'asimmetricità del campo gravitazionale marziano impartisce ad entrambe le orbite un moto di precessione che è circa ventiquattro volte più rapido per Fobos che per Deimos. Fobos, inoltre, subisce una accelerazione stimata in 1,270 ± 0,003 × 10−3 °/anno², che determina una costante riduzione della sua orbita e che potrebbe portare la luna a precipitare sul pianeta in un tempo compreso fra trenta e cinquanta milioni di anni. È tuttavia probabile che gli effetti mareali che determinano il decadimento dell'orbita di Fobos disgreghino la luna quando questa, avvicinatasi maggiormente alla superficie, supererà il limite di Roche. Deimos invece subisce una lenta decelerazione che dovrebbe allontanarlo inesorabilmente dal pianeta, ma in tempi estremamente più lunghi.\n\nFormazione ed evoluzione \nL'origine dei satelliti naturali di Marte è una questione ancora aperta, che ha visto contrapporsi prevalentemente due teorie. I due satelliti potrebbero essersi formati per accrezione nel processo che ha condotto anche alla formazione del pianeta Marte, oppure potrebbero essere degli asteroidi catturati.\n\nPer aspetto e composizione, Fobos e Deimos sono stati spesso associati agli asteroidi della fascia principale, tuttavia asteroidi catturati dal pianeta difficilmente sarebbero venuti a trovarsi - pur nei tempi in cui è avvenuta la formazione del sistema solare - sulle attuali orbite percorse dai due oggetti, con eccentricità ed inclinazioni quasi nulle. In particolare, la prevista variazione della quota di apocentro di Deimos, piccolo e relativamente lontano da Marte, sembrerebbe richiedere tempi superiori a quelli in cui avrebbe dovuto aver luogo e pone seri limiti a tale teoria, tanto da condurre K. Lambeck nel 1979 ad ipotizzare che Deimos fosse in origine molto più massiccio, ricoperto da un ipotetico mantello di ghiaccio che sarebbe successivamente evaporato.\n\nUna variante nel meccanismo di cattura avanzata negli anni settanta prevede che, in una fase primordiale di formazione del sistema solare, la collisione tra due asteroidi in prossimità del pianeta abbia portato entrambi (o alcuni loro frammenti) ad essere catturati da Marte. Geoffrey Landis nel 2009 ha ripreso l'ipotesi della cattura, ipotizzando alla luce di nuove scoperte sugli asteroidi che Fobos e Deimos fossero lune asteroidali di oggetti delle dimensioni di Cerere o componenti di asteroidi binari a contatto, che si sarebbero avvicinati al pianeta con una velocità d'eccesso iperbolico pressoché nulla. La separazione della coppia avrebbe quindi condotto alla cattura di uno dei due componenti. Il modello proposto da Landis è stato però utilizzato, per altro dando esito favorevole, solo nella descrizione della cattura di Fobos.\n\nAnche il meccanismo previsto per la formazione di satelliti regolari incontra alcune difficoltà, con i due oggetti che sembrerebbero essersi entrambi aggregati in prossimità dell'orbita areosincrona e quindi troppo vicini tra loro rispetto a quanto previsto dal modello. Robert A. Craddock nel 2011 ha proposto che l'impatto di un terzo corpo con il pianeta potrebbe aver lanciato del materiale in orbita che, organizzatosi in un disco, si sarebbe poi riassemblato in una serie di piccoli oggetti, di cui Deimos e Fobos sarebbero gli ultimi superstiti. Il processo di aggregazione da un disco circum-planetario spiegherebbe bene i valori di inclinazione ed eccentricità delle orbite di entrambi mentre le condizioni di bassa gravità ne spiegherebbero le densità. Già nel 1982, Schultz e Lutz-Garihan avevano in effetti ipotizzato, alla luce di alcune regolarità nei crateri di impatto presenti sulla superficie di Marte, che il pianeta fosse stato circondato da una serie di satelliti che, in una fase molto remota della sua storia, progressivamente impattarono sulla superficie.\n\nAnelli planetari \nSin dagli anni settanta è stato ipotizzato che Marte potrebbe essere circondato da fasce di polveri associate a Fobos e Deimos. Steven Soter nel 1971 ha osservato infatti che i detriti generati da impatti di oggetti iperveloci con le due lune del pianeta dovrebbero avere una velocità sufficiente a vincere la debole gravità di Fobos e Deimos ed entrare in orbita attorno a Marte, dove si accumulerebbero principalmente in prossimità delle orbite dei due satelliti. Nonostante questa ipotesi goda di ampio credito, la ricerca non è riuscita a produrre osservazioni a suo sostegno.\n\nProspetto \nSegue un prospetto con i dati dei satelliti di Marte, ordinati per periodo di rivoluzione intorno al pianeta.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nAltri progetti \n\nMarte", "Beta Pictoris (β Pic, β Pictoris, Beta Pictoris) è una stella nella costellazione del Pittore. Il nome della stella segue la convenzione della nomenclatura di Bayer, essendo priva di un nome tradizionale, e con una magnitudine di +3,86, è la seconda stella più brillante della sua costellazione, dopo Alfa Pictoris. La sua distanza dal sistema solare, calcolata dalle misure del satellite Hipparcos, è pari a 63,4 anni luce.\n\nBeta Pictoris è una giovane stella bianca di sequenza principale di classe spettrale A6V, con un'età stimata non superiore ai 20 milioni di anni. Ha una luminosità nove volte quella del Sole ed una temperatura superficiale di 8050 K, mentre massa e raggio sono del 75% circa superiori a quelli del Sole. Fa parte dell'Associazione di Beta Pictoris, a cui dà il nome, un giovane gruppo di stelle con un moto comune nello spazio e la medesima origine.\n\nLa stella mostra un eccesso di emissione infrarossa rispetto alle altre stelle della sua classe, causata dalla grande quantità di polveri e gas presente attorno ad essa. Osservazioni dettagliate hanno rivelato la presenza di un grande disco circumstellare, considerato generalmente un disco protoplanetario; fu il primo disco circumstellare ad essere osservato attorno ad un'altra stella. Oltre alla presenza di cinture di planetesimi e di attività cometaria vi sono indicazioni della presenza di pianeti all'interno del disco di polveri, e che il processo stesso di formazione planetaria sia ancora in corso.\n\nNel novembre 2008, l'ESO ha annunciato la presenza di un pianeta gigante sulla base di osservazioni compiute nell'infrarosso con il telescopio VLT nel 2003. Il pianeta, Beta Pictoris b, è il più vicino alla sua stella che sia mai stato fotografato direttamente: la distanza dalla stella (8 UA) è un po' meno di quella che divide Saturno dal Sole. Un secondo pianeta, anch'esso gigante gassoso, è stato scoperto nel 2019, Beta Pictoris c.\n\nAll'interno del suo sistema sono state scoperte 30 comete.\n\nOsservazione \n\n si trova nell'emisfero australe, ad una declinazione di −51° 05' (all'epoca J2000.0); è teoricamente visibile sull'orizzonte meridionale nei mesi invernali anche dalle isole siciliane di Linosa e Lampedusa, o dalla costa africana del Mediterraneo, oltre che dagli stati meridionali degli Stati Uniti, anche se da quelle aree geografiche la sua posizione è estremamente bassa sull'orizzonte e la sua visibilità piuttosto difficoltosa. Da località come Melbourne, in Australia, o Wellington, in Nuova Zelanda, si presenta invece circumpolare, e domina i cieli notturni dell'estate australe.\n\nCon una magnitudine apparente di 3,86, non è una stella particolarmente appariscente in cielo; la si può comunque osservare anche dai piccoli centri urbani, a patto che non siano affetti da un eccessivo inquinamento luminoso. La sua ricerca in cielo è facilitata dalla relativa vicinanza a Canopo, la seconda stella più brillante del cielo notturno, rispetto alla quale si trova pochi gradi a nord-ovest. La sua grande lontananza dall'eclittica fa però in modo che gli oggetti brillanti del sistema solare si trovino sempre lontani, sulla volta celeste, dalla stella.\n\nIl periodo migliore per la sua osservazione ricade nei mesi dell'estate australe, da novembre ad aprile, mentre nella fascia tropicale boreale la sua osservazione è limitata ai mesi dell'inverno boreale.\n\nMoti spaziali \nLa distanza di e di molte altre stelle è stata misurata dal satellite Hipparcos, usando il metodo della parallasse trigonometrica: per Beta Pictoris la parallasse è stata misurata in 51,87 milliarcosecondi, poi corretta a 51,44 mas quando i dati sono stati analizzati nuovamente tenendo in considerazione alcuni errori sistematici. Questo valore corrisponde ad una distanza di 63,4 ± 0,1 anni luce dalla Terra. Hipparcos ha anche misurato il moto proprio nel cielo di , che si muove verso est di 4,65 mas all'anno, e verso nord ad una velocità di 83,10 milliarcosecondi all'anno.\n\nLa velocità radiale di una stella indica invece se si sta avvicinando o allontanando rispetto al Sole, e viene misurata attraverso l'effetto Doppler; nel caso di la velocità radiale di è di circa +20 km/s, dove il segno positivo indica che la stella si sta allontanando dal sistema solare. Molte altre stelle condividono lo stesso movimento nello spazio, perché condividono le stesse origini e la stessa nube di gas dalla quale si sono formate, come ad esempio le altre stelle che fanno parte dell'Associazione di Beta Pictoris.\n\nProprietà fisiche\n\nLuminosità e variabilità \nBeta Pictoris è una stella bianca di sequenza principale di tipo spettrale A6V, con una temperatura superficiale di 8052 K. Essendo una stella di classe A, come Sirio e Vega, Beta Pictoris è più luminosa del Sole; combinando la magnitudine apparente di 3,861 con la distanza di 19,44 parsec si ottiene una magnitudine assoluta pari a 2,42, contro la magnitudine assoluta del Sole che è di 4,83. Ciò corrisponde ad una luminosità nel visibile 9,2 volte superiore a quella del Sole.\n\nNel 2003, il monitoraggio fotometrico della stella ha rivelato variazioni di luminosità di 1-2 millesimi di magnitudine, in periodi di circa 30 e 40 minuti. Anche alcuni studi sulla velocità radiale di Beta Pictoris hanno rivelato una variabilità: esistono pulsazioni con due periodi, uno di 30,4 minuti e uno di 36,9 minuti. Per queste piccole variazioni la stella è classificata come variabile Delta Scuti.\n\nMassa, raggio e rotazione \nSulla base dei modelli evolutivi stellari e delle proprietà della stella ricavabili dalle osservazioni la massa di Beta Pictoris è stimata essere compresa tra 1,7 e 1,8 volte quella del Sole. Il diametro angolare della stella è stato misurato utilizzando l'interferometro del Very Large Telescope ed è risultato essere 0,84 mas, mentre con lo stesso strumento De Folco et al. nel 2004 hanno misurato un diametro angolare pari a 0,849 ± 0,060 mas. La combinazione di questo valore con la distanza di 63,4 luce anni calcolata da Hipparcos dà come risultato un raggio del 77% superiore a quello del Sole.\n\nLa velocità di rotazione di Beta Pictoris è stata misurata essere di almeno 130 km/s. Poiché questo valore viene determinato misurando la velocità radiale, questo è un limite inferiore della velocità di rotazione: il valore misurato è infatti sin v (i), dove i rappresenta l'inclinazione dell'asse di rotazione della stella rispetto alla linea di vista nella direzione della Terra. Nell'ipotesi in cui il piano equatoriale di Beta Pictoris sia visto dalla Terra di taglio, il periodo di rotazione sarebbe circa 16 ore, che è significativamente inferiore a quello del Sole (609,12 ore).\n\nEtà e formazione \nLa presenza di notevoli quantità di polvere attorno alla stella suggerisce che il sistema sia piuttosto giovane. Si è anche discusso se considerare Beta Pictoris già di sequenza principale oppure ancora una stella di pre-sequenza principale. Quando la distanza della stella fu misurata da Hipparcos gli astronomi si accorsero che Beta Pictoris si trovava più lontano di quanto si pensava, e quindi in realtà era più luminosa di quello che si riteneva in precedenza. Prendendo in considerazione i dati di Hipparcos, si è constatato che Beta Pictoris è situata vicino all'età zero della sequenza principale e non era più una stella pre-sequenza.\n\nBeta Pictoris fa parte del gruppo che porta il suo nome, l'Associazione di Beta Pictoris, e l'analisi delle altre stelle del gruppo suggerisce che esse abbiano un'età di circa 12 milioni di anni. Tenendo conto di un certo margine d'incertezza, l'età di Beta Pictoris può essere compresa tra 8 e 20 milioni di anni.\n\nBeta Pictoris potrebbe essersi formata nei pressi del Associazione Scorpius-Centaurus. Il collasso della nube di gas che ha portato alla formazione di Beta Pictoris potrebbe essere stato innescato dall'onda d'urto di una supernova: la stella che è esplosa in supernova potrebbe essere stata una ex compagna di HIP 46950, che attualmente è una stella fuggitiva. Tracciando il percorso di HIP 46950 al contrario risulta che essa sarebbe stata nelle vicinanze dell'associazione Scorpius-Centaurus circa 13 milioni di anni fa.\n\nSistema planetario\n\nDisco circumstellare \nUn eccesso di radiazione infrarossa da Beta Pictoris è stata rilevata dalla sonda IRAS nel 1983. Assieme a Vega, Fomalhaut e Epsilon Eridani, è stata una delle prime quattro stelle in cui è stato rilevato un eccesso nell'infrarosso. L'ipotesi è stata comprovata nel 1984, quando Beta Pictoris divenne la prima stella attorno alla quale sia stato osservato direttamente un disco circumstellare.\n\nIl disco di detriti intorno a Beta Pictoris è visto di taglio dalla Terra, ed è asimmetrico: in direzione nord-est, è stato osservato a 1835 UA dalla stella, mentre in direzione sud-ovest a 1450 UA di distanza da Beta Pictoris.\n\nNel 2006, osservazioni con il telescopio spaziale Hubble hanno rivelato la presenza di un disco di polveri secondario che si estende fino a 130 UA dalla stella, inclinato di 5° rispetto al primario. Gli astronomi ipotizzano che il disco secondario potrebbe essersi formato a causa di un pianeta massiccio in un'orbita inclinata rispetto al disco principale. Il pianeta avrebbe tolto materia dal disco primario, facendola confluire in un'orbita allineata con lo stesso pianeta.\n\nNel 2011 per la prima volta il disco attorno a Beta Pictoris è stato osservato da un astronomo dilettante, il neozelandese Rolf Olsen, che catturò l'immagine con un riflettore newtoniano da 10 pollici e una webcam modificata.\n\nOsservazioni effettuate nel 2004 hanno evidenziato la presenza di un anello di materia interno contenente silicati ad una distanza di 6,4 UA dalla stella. Materia a base di silicati è stata rilevata anche ad una distanza compresa fra 16 e 30 UA dalla stella. La mancanza di materia tra le 6,4 e le 16 UA può essere un'indicazione di un pianeta massiccio in orbita in questa regione.\n\nCinture di planetesimi \nNel 2003, osservazioni della regione interna del sistema di Beta Pictoris con il telescopio Keck hanno rivelato la presenza di anelli di materia. Sono stati rilevati anelli di materia a circa 14, 28, 52 e 82 UA dalla stella, con un piano inclinato rispetto al disco di detriti principale.\n\nLa forma del disco di polvere a 100 UA dalla stella suggerisce che i grani di polvere in questa regione potrebbero essere prodotti da una serie di collisioni di planetesimi con raggi di circa 180 chilometri. Dopo l'urto iniziale, i detriti subiscono ulteriori collisioni in un processo chiamato cascata collisionale. Processi simili sono stati ipotizzati nei dischi di polveri attorno a Fomalhaut e AU Microscopii.\n\nLo spettro di Beta Pictoris mostra una forte variabilità a breve termine che si pensa sia causata da materiale in caduta verso la stella. È stato suggerito che questa materia deriva da piccole comete poste in orbite prossime alla stella, ad una distanza tale dove esse iniziano a evaporare. Si pensa comunque che i corpi in caduta siano probabilmente composti da polvere mista e un nucleo di ghiaccio, con una crosta di materiale refrattario, e non completamente ghiacciati come le comete. Questi oggetti potrebbero essere stati perturbati dall'influenza gravitazionale di un pianeta in orbita leggermente eccentrica intorno a Beta Pictoris, ad una distanza di circa 10 UA dalla stella.\n\nPianeta b \nLa presenza di un pianeta gigante, probabilmente responsabile delle anomalie osservate nella forma del disco di polveri, è stata confermata usando il telescopio VLT, con il quale il pianeta è stato osservato direttamente nel 2009. I risultati della scoperta sono stati esposti in uno studio pubblicato nel 2010. Se questo pianeta fosse nel sistema solare orbiterebbe più o meno alla distanza di Saturno. Si tratta dell'esopianeta più vicino alla propria stella di cui sia disponibile un'immagine diretta.\n\nScoperta \n\nIl metodo della velocità radiale usato per scoprire la maggior parte dei pianeti extrasolari non è molto adatto allo studio di stelle di tipo A come Beta Pictoris, e la sua giovane età rende lo studio ancor più difficoltoso. Nel caso di Beta Pictoris, questo metodo è sufficiente solo a escludere pianeti gioviani caldi con oltre 2 volte la massa di Giove a una distanza inferiore a 0,05 UA dalla stella. I pianeti in orbita attorno a 1 UA di distanza con meno di 9 masse gioviane non avrebbero effetti rilevanti sulla velocità radiale della stella. Quindi, per trovare pianeti nel sistema di Beta Pictoris, gli astronomi hanno cercato gli effetti che il pianeta provoca all'ambiente circumstellare. Lo spazio compreso tra le due cinture di planetesimi a 6,4 e 16 UA appare sgombro di materiale, e questo suggerisce la presenza di un pianeta massiccio a circa 10 UA di distanza dalla stella. Un pianeta a quella distanza spiegherebbe anche la caduta dei corpi che evaporano a breve distanza da Beta Pictoris, così come spiegherebbe l'inclinazione orbitale degli anelli di materia del disco circumstellare interno.\n\nIl pianeta scoperto e osservato direttamente non può però da solo spiegare la struttura delle cinture di planetesimi a 30 e 52 UA dalla stella. Queste cinture potrebbero essere correlate a pianeti più piccoli posti a 25 e 44 UA di distanza, aventi una massa rispettivamente di circa 0,5 e 0,1 volte quella di Giove. È anche possibile che gli anelli del disco esterno a 500-800 UA siano indirettamente influenzati dalla presenza di questi presunti pianeti.\n\nBeta Pictoris b è stato osservato a una distanza angolare di 411 mas dalla stella, che corrispondono ad una distanza reale di 8 UA circa. Secondo i modelli teorici di evoluzione planetaria, si prevede che il pianeta sia di circa 8 masse gioviane, ancora in raffreddamento dopo la sua formazione, con una temperatura compresa tra 1400-1600 K.\nIl semiasse maggiore dell'orbita del pianeta è 8-9 UA e il suo periodo orbitale è di 17-21 anni. Un transito del pianeta sarebbe stato osservato nel 1981: se effettivamente quello fu un vero transito planetario, il raggio del pianeta sarebbe stimabile in 2-4 volte quello di Giove, superiore ai modelli previsti dagli scienziati. Questo potrebbe indicare che il pianeta è circondato da un grande sistema di anelli o da un luna in formazione.\n\nOsservazioni al Very Large Telescope (VLT) compiute nel 2014 da un team di astronomi olandesi hanno permesso, per la prima volta, di determinare il periodo di rotazione di un pianeta extrasolare: Beta Pictoris b ruota su stesso in un periodo di sole otto ore, più veloce rispetto a qualsiasi pianeta del sistema solare. La velocità all'equatore del pianeta è di circa chilometri all'ora. Questo risultato tuttavia conferma, a grandi linee, ciò che avviene nel sistema solare, cioè che i pianti massicci ruotano su sé stessi più rapidamente dei pianeti meno massicci.\n\nUn secondo pianeta, un gigante gassoso di massa otto o nove volte quella di Giove e con orbita di circa 1200 giorni, è stato scoperto nel 2019 studiando i dati ottenuti con lo spettrografo HARPS presso l'ESO. Orbita più internamente del pianeta b, in un periodo di 3,35 anni, il suo raggio è stato stimato in e la sua temperatura in .\n\nSotto, un prospetto del sistema di Beta Pictoris:\n\nNote \nNote al testo\n\nFonti\n\nVoci correlate \n Stelle principali della costellazione del Pittore\n Disco circumstellare\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nStelle bianche di sequenza principale\nStelle di classe spettrale A\nStelle con pianeti extrasolari\nVariabili Delta Scuti\nDischi circumstellari", "Fu il primo re della dinastia plantageneta (o angioina) ed ebbe diversi soprannomi.\n\nEra figlio di Goffredo il Bello o Plantageneto, conte di Angiò e del Maine e futuro duca di Normandia, e dell'erede al trono d'Inghilterra e al ducato di Normandia, Matilde d'Inghilterra.\n\nIn seguito al discusso regno di Stefano il regno di Enrico vide un efficiente rafforzamento e su di lui si è consolidato il positivo giudizio degli storici. \"Uomo fiero, energico, instancabile, Enrico fu un intellettuale che seppe utilizzare la cultura europea del suo tempo e le dottrine giuridiche nate nelle Università italiane per dare al suo regno un sistema giudiziario e amministrativo molto avanzato ai suoi giorni e che costituì la base per le riforme costituzionali d'avanguardia che seguirono dopo la sua morte nel 1189\". Proprio lui, \"di nascita e di lingua francese\", è \"da considerare uno dei più grandi re inglesi\".\n\nBiografia\n\nInfanzia e giovinezza \n\nNacque il 5 marzo 1133 a Le Mans, dall'unione di Matilde, figlia ed erede del re d'Inghilterra, Enrico I, con il suo secondo marito, il conte d'Angiò e del Maine, Goffredo il Bello, detto Plantageneto. Con la sua nascita Enrico (battezzato con il nome del nonno) poneva la questione della successione al riparo da ogni polemica.\n\nSua madre nel 1135 si oppose all'incoronazione a re d'Inghilterra di suo cugino, Stefano di Blois, adducendo il giuramento preteso da suo padre. Tentò di fare ricorso al papa Innocenzo II per il giuramento violato; ma dopo circa due anni il papa, influenzato dal potente arcivescovo di Winchester Enrico di Blois, fratello di Stefano, ritenne il giuramento nullo in quanto la clausola sul consenso della nobiltà al matrimonio era stata violata. Si aprì dunque in Inghilterra un periodo di guerre e contese, conosciuto come l'“Anarchia (o guerra civile) inglese”. All'età di nove anni venne portato in Inghilterra da Roberto di Gloucester, figlio illegittimo del re Enrico I, e dunque suo zio, per ricevere un anno di educazione da Mattew di Bristol. Nel 1144 suo padre Goffredo Plantageneto conquistò definitivamente la Normandia e venne riconosciuto duca di Normandia.\n\nLa guerra civile tra sua madre e Stefano di Blois proseguì senza risultati fino alla morte per malattia di Roberto di Gloucester nel 1147. L'anno successivo Matilde cedette i propri diritti al primogenito Enrico Plantageneto e fece ritorno in Normandia, perché senza il fratellastro non sarebbe stata in grado di comandare le truppe.\n\nQuindi, a sedici anni, Enrico lasciò di nuovo l'Angiò per recarsi in Inghilterra e proseguire la disputa con Stefano per il trono inglese (1149). Nel 1150, appena Enrico raggiunse l'età di diciassette anni, suo padre Goffredo abdicò a suo favore dal ducato di Normandia, mantenendo i titoli di Angiò e Maine.\n\nNel 1151, nel mese di giugno, il figlio di Stefano di Blois, l'erede al trono inglese, il conte di Boulogne, Eustachio IV, alleatosi con il cognato, il re di Francia Luigi VII, attaccò il Caux (la zona dell'Alta Normandia compresa tra la Senna e il mare), dove riuscirono a sconfiggere Enrico e suo padre Goffredo e proseguendo nella loro azione, in luglio, giunsero a Sées, che fu messa a fuoco. Nel mese di agosto, mentre si preparavano a rientrare in Normandia con un nuovo e più grande esercito, Luigi VII si ammalò e le operazioni furono sospese.\n\nSuo padre Goffredo morì all'improvviso, il 7 settembre 1151, a Château-du-Loir (nel Maine, attuale dipartimento de Sarthe), non ancora quarantenne, per via di una febbre che lo colpì dopo avere fatto un bagno nella Loira. Gli successe, nella contea del Maine, il fratello Elia II del Maine, liberato dalla prigionia, e nella contea d'Angiò, Enrico, già duca di Normandia. Dopo pochi mesi, alla morte di Elia II, Enrico ereditò anche il Maine.\n\nNel 1152 Eustachio ancora una volta accorse a sostenere il re di Francia nella sua lotta contro Enrico, duca di Normandia e conte d'Angiò, ma anche questa volta il re Luigi VII non riuscì a sconfiggere Enrico e in agosto accettò una tregua, che permise poi a Enrico di portare la guerra in Inghilterra contro il padre di Eustachio, il re Stefano. Nel 1152 su consiglio della madre Matilde sposò Eleonora d'Aquitania, non appena fu dichiarato nullo il matrimonio di lei con il re di Francia Luigi VII.\n\nIl matrimonio con Eleonora d'Aquitania, l'incoronazione e il rapporto con Luigi VII \n\nIl 18 maggio 1152 Enrico sposò Eleonora, di undici anni più vecchia e precedentemente sposata con il re di Francia Luigi VII, la quale gli portò in dote vasti territori in suolo francese: il ducato d'Aquitania e il ducato di Guascogna, che si andarono ad aggiungere alla Normandia, l'Angiò e il Maine già controllati da Enrico. Eleonora era anche pretendente alla contea di Tolosa. Secondo le cronache dell'epoca la cerimonia avvenne senza alcuno sfarzo.\n\nEnrico tornò in Inghilterra pochi mesi dopo il matrimonio, liberando Wallingford a cui Stefano aveva messo l'assedio e subito dopo fu conclusa una tregua. E proprio mentre Enrico aveva ottenuto una tregua da Stefano Eustachio IV di Boulogne morì all'improvviso a Bury St Edmunds il 17 agosto del 1153, mentre proprio lo stesso giorno nacque il primo figlio maschio di Enrico. Stefano, che circa un anno prima aveva perso la moglie, la devota Matilde di Boulogne, si sentì vecchio e stanco, senza più voglia di continuare la lotta per conto del secondo figlio, Guglielmo I di Boulogne. Stefano, con il trattato di Wallingford, riconobbe come proprio successore Enrico Plantageneto al posto del figlio, Guglielmo. Per la Pasqua del 1154 Enrico rientrò in Normandia e, come pattuito, alla morte di Stefano (ottobre 1154), a dicembre fu incoronato re d'Inghilterra.\n\nNel 1159 Enrico invase la contea di Tolosa per conto di Eleonora che era pretendente alla contea, appellandosi ai diritti ereditari della nonna Filippa di Tolosa e poi del padre, Guglielmo X d'Aquitania; Enrico arrivò a Tolosa e la cinse d'assedio quando Luigi VII intervenne, con parte delle sue truppe e si asserragliò nella città, con il conte Raimondo V di Tolosa. Enrico non osò continuare l'assedio al suo signore, il re di Francia, e rientrò in Normandia. Fu firmata una tregua e poi la pace (1160).\n\nEnrico II allora fece sposare suo figlio Enrico il Giovane con Margherita, la figlia del re Luigi VII di Francia e della seconda moglie Costanza di Castiglia. Il matrimonio avvenne il 2 novembre 1160, quando i bambini avevano rispettivamente cinque e due anni, ed era stato anticipato da Enrico II allo scopo di prendere il controllo della dote di Margherita, i castelli strategicamente importanti della regione del Vexin normanno, tra la Normandia e Parigi.\n\nQuando Thomas Becket, arcivescovo di Canterbury, alla fine del 1164, fuggì dall'Inghilterra e trovò rifugio in Francia Enrico II, in una lettera di protesta a Luigi VII, gli chiese perché dava rifugio all'ex arcivescovo di Canterbury appellandosi a una clausola del trattato del 1162, che impegnava i due sovrani a non accogliere sudditi ribelli all'altro sovrano. Luigi rispose che Thomas era sempre vescovo di Canterbury e l'avrebbe accolto; il contrasto portò a una guerra che fu solo di frontiera e che, con diverse tregue, durò dal 1167 al 1169. Il 16 gennaio 1169 i due sovrani si incontrarono a Montmirail, sul confine del Maine. Enrico si tenne il Vexin di cui si era appropriato e in cambio i figli Enrico il Giovane e Riccardo, prestarono omaggio a Luigi rispettivamente per Normandia, Bretagna, Maine e Angiò il primo e per l'Aquitania il secondo. Il caso di Thomas Becket rimase aperto e fu risolto solo dopo parecchi mesi.\n\nLa notoria relazione di Enrico con Rosamund Clifford, la \"bella Rosamunda\" della leggenda, probabilmente ebbe inizio nel 1165, durante una delle sue campagne gallesi, e continuò fino alla morte di lei nel 1176. Comunque non fu solo nel 1173, attorno all'epoca della sua rottura politica con Eleonora, quando iniziò le trattative per un eventuale divorzio, che Enrico riconobbe Rosamunda come sua amante. Nello stesso tempo, dal 1169, a seguito della pace di Montmirail aveva la custodia della novenne Adele, figlia del re Luigi VII di Francia, promessa al figlio Riccardo. Enrico fece di questa fanciulla la sua concubina in una relazione che continuò per alcuni anni e apparentemente ebbe da lei un figlio illegittimo.\n\nInfine, nel 1177, poco prima che il re di Francia Luigi VII morisse, Enrico II, oltre che discutere delle loro controversie sul Vexin, il Berry e l'Alvernia, propose al re di Francia di partire assieme per la Terra santa, per portare aiuto al regno di Gerusalemme che si trovava in difficoltà. E quando, nel 1185, gli fu offerto il regno da salvare dall'imminente caduta, Enrico declinò l'invito perché i problemi di Inghilterra, Normandia, Angiò e Aquitania per lui erano più urgenti, e assolse il suo impegno con la crociate facendo costruire delle chiese.\n\nDurante il suo regno Enrico II divenne effettivamente più potente del re di Francia, con un impero (l'Impero angioino) che si allungava dal Solway Firth fino al mar Mediterraneo e dal Somme ai Pirenei. Come re d'Inghilterra, oltre al Galles e alla Scozia estese il suo protettorato all'Irlanda. Mantenne buoni rapporti, oltre che con Guglielmo II di Sicilia, sovrano di origine normanna, con l'imperatore di Bisanzio, Manuele I Comneno.\n\nRiforme civili e finanziarie \nDurante il regno di Stefano i baroni inglesi avevano sovvertito gli affari di stato per minare il controllo del monarca sul reame; Enrico II vide come suo primo compito quello di ribaltare questo spostamento di potere. Per esempio Enrico fece abbattere i castelli che i baroni avevano fatto costruire senza autorizzazione durante il regno di Stefano mentre lo scutagium, un tributo pagato dai vassalli in sostituzione del servizio militare, divenne entro il 1159 una caratteristica centrale del sistema militare del re. La gestione delle registrazioni migliorò notevolmente, allo scopo di ottimizzare la riscossione di questa tassa.\n\nEnrico agevolò i commerci e già nel, 1157, offrì protezione ai commercianti provenienti da diverse città della Vestfalia e da Colonia per fondare e fare prosperare la loro hansa di Londra.\n\nEnrico II fondò corti in diverse parti d'Inghilterra e per primo istituì la pratica reale di concedere ai magistrati il potere di prendere decisioni legali su un'ampia gamma di questioni civili nel nome della Corona e con l'Assise di Clarendon (1166), il processo giudiziario divenne la norma. Fin dalla conquista normanna, i processi davanti a un giudice erano stati in gran parte rimpiazzati dall'ordalia o \"duello di Dio\" o Giudizio di Dio (che la legge inglese non abolì fino al 1819). La garanzia della giustizia e la sicurezza del territorio vennero ulteriormente rinforzate nel 1176 con l'Assise di Northampton, sviluppata sui precedenti accordi di Clarendon. Questa riforma si rivelò uno dei principali contributi di Enrico alla storia sociale dell'Inghilterra. Il suo regno vide anche la produzione del primo manuale legale scritto, che fornì le basi per l'odierna Common Law.\n\nPolitica matrimoniale e alleanze \nPer migliorare i suoi rapporti con l'imperatore Federico Barbarossa Enrico nel 1168 diede in moglie la sua figlia primogenita Matilde (1156-1189) al cugino di Federico, il duca di Baviera e di Sassonia Enrico il Leone (1130-1195).\n\nPer migliorare i rapporti con il regno di Castiglia, che si trovava abbastanza vicino al ducato di Guascogna, la figlia secondogenita Eleonora (1161-1214) sposò nel 1170 Alfonso VIII di Castiglia (1155-1214).\n\nNel 1173, ristabilita la pace con il conte di Tolosa Raimondo V, Enrico in un incontro a Montferrand con i principi meridionali riuscì a combinare il matrimonio di suo figlio Giovanni Senza Terra di sei anni con Alice (o Agnese), figlia del conte di Savoia Umberto III, che avrebbe garantito a Giovanni il controllo dei passi alpini e il diritto di successione in Savoia. Il contratto però non fu mai onorato, per la morte della ragazza nel 1174.\n\nDurante la disputa con Thomas Becket Enrico II entrò in contatto con il re di Sicilia Guglielmo II (1153-1189), che, nel 1177, sposò la figlia più giovane di Enrico, Giovanna (1165 - 1216), migliorando notevolmente i rapporti tra i due stati di origine normanna.\n\nIl conflitto con Thomas Becket \n\nCome conseguenza dei miglioramenti nel sistema legale, sfociato nell'assise di Clarendon, il potere delle corti ecclesiastiche svanì. La chiesa si oppose a ciò, e trovò il suo portavoce più veemente in Tommaso Becket, l'Arcivescovo di Canterbury, precedentemente stretto amico di Enrico e suo Cancelliere, sino al 1162, avendo più potere di Richard de Luci, detto il Leale, Gran Giustiziere d'Inghilterra dal 1154 al 1179. Enrico aveva nominato Becket, pare riluttante, nel 1162 (il predecessore Teobaldo era morto, nell'aprile del 1161), proprio perché voleva evitare conflitti.\n\nIl conflitto iniziò per una disputa sul caso in cui una corte secolare avrebbe potuto processare un ecclesiastico che avesse commesso un reato. Enrico tentò di assoggettare Becket e gli altri prelati facendogli giurare di obbedire ai \"costumi del reame\", ma la controversia si sviluppò attorno a cosa costituisse tali costumi, e la chiesa, nel concilio di Westminster (ottobre 1163) si mostrò riluttante a sottomettersi. Prima della fine di quell'anno Enrico ottenne che diversi vescovi rivedessero le loro posizioni e, alla fine, intervenne anche il papa Alessandro III, a convincere lo stesso Becket, che promise il suo assenso alle consuetudini (le approvò con la riserva salvo ordine nostro et jure Ecclesiae). Al concilio di Clarendon, vicino a Salisbury, (gennaio 1164), Becket approvò le consuetudini, ma quando dovette porre la firma sullo scritto che le codificava si rifiutò di firmarle, non condividendo alcuni dei sedici articoli delle Costituzioni di Clarendon.\n\nA seguito di un acceso scambio alla corte di Enrico, Becket lasciò l'Inghilterra per la Francia, il 2 novembre 1164, per sollecitare di persona l'appoggio di Papa Alessandro III, che si trovava in esilio in Francia a causa di dissensi tra il collegio dei cardinali e il re Luigi VII di Francia. A causa della sua posizione precaria Alessandro rimase neutrale nel dibattito, anche se Becket rimase in esilio sotto la protezione di Luigi e del papa Alessandro, che profuse molte energie nel sostenere Becket, campione dei privilegi clericali, fino al 1170. Dopo una riconciliazione tra Enrico e Thomas, a Fréteval in Normandia, il 22 luglio 1170, Becket fece ritorno in Inghilterra, il 1º dicembre di quell'anno. Becket si confrontò di nuovo con Enrico, questa volta circa l'incoronazione di Enrico il Giovane fatta dal suo avversario, il vescovo di York Ruggero.\n\nEnrico promise di riparare all'offesa, ma rifiutò di dargli il bacio della pace; Becket chiese di sospendere tutti i prelati che avevano preso parte all'incoronazione e il giorno di Natale, nella chiesa di Canterbury denunciò tutti i suoi nemici, specialmente quelli che avevano approfittato della sua assenza. La molto citata, ma probabilmente apocrifa frase di Enrico II riecheggia nei secoli: \"Chi mi libererà da questi preti turbolenti?\" Anche se i violenti attacchi di Enrico contro Becket nel corso degli anni sono ben documentati, questa volta quattro dei suoi cavalieri, Reginald FitzUrse, Richard le Breton, Guglielmo di Tracy e Ugo di Morville, presero il re alla lettera (in quanto egli avrebbe voluto ciò, anche se in seguito negò) e si recarono immediatamente in Inghilterra, dove assassinarono Becket nella cattedrale di Canterbury, durante gli uffici divini, il 29 dicembre 1170.\n\nL'arcivescovo di Sens, il 25 gennaio 1171, pubblicò l'interdetto contro gli stati di Enrico II, a cui fu proibito l'ingresso in chiesa, e inoltre i vescovi che si erano ribellati a Tommaso Becket, vennero scomunicati. Papa Alessandro, in aprile, confermò le condanne. Il 21 maggio 1172, ad Avranches, Enrico II ricevette la soluzione dai legati papali.\n\nCome parte della penitenza per la morte di Becket Enrico accettò di inviare denaro agli Stati crociati in Palestina, che i Cavalieri Ospitalieri e i Templari avrebbero difeso fino al momento in cui Enrico vi fosse giunto, per impiegarli in un suo pellegrinaggio o in una crociata. Enrico ritardò la sua crociata per molti anni e, alla fine, non partì mai, nonostante una visita da parte del Patriarca di Gerusalemme e arcivescovo di Cesarea, Eraclio, nel 1184, e l'offerta della corona del regno di Gerusalemme. Nel 1188 introdusse la Decima del Saladino per pagare una nuova crociata: il cronista Giraldus Cambrensis suggerì che la sua morte fu una punizione divina per la tassa, imposta per raccogliere denari per una fallita crociata per la riconquista di Gerusalemme, che era caduta nelle mani di Saladino nel 1187.\n\nIntervento in Irlanda \nDopo l'assassinio di Thomas Becket Enrico intervenne in Irlanda come aveva progettato nel 1155. L'Irlanda era un regno in cui il re aveva una supremazia solo nominale ed era divisa in cinque circoscrizioni, Ulster, Munster, Leinster, Connaught e Meath, con i propri re sempre in guerra tra loro, quindi con i confini delle circoscrizioni sempre mutevoli; inoltre vi erano alcuni insediamenti scandinavi (Vichinghi) lungo le coste: Dublino, Limerick, Waterford e Wexford, con cui gli irlandesi commerciavano. Enrico aveva permesso ad alcuni suoi sudditi, guidati dal conte di Pembroke Riccardo di Clare, soprannominato Strongbow (arco forte), di aiutare il re di Leinster in esilio, Dermot MacMurrough, a riconquistare il suo regno di Leinster, ma Strongbow aveva sposato nel 1170 la figlia di Dermot, Eva MacMurrough e nel 1171, alla morte di Dermot, Enrico dovette intervenire per impedire che un suo suddito divenisse re d'Irlanda. Strongbow andò incontro a Enrico e in Galles fu raggiunto l'accordo: Strongbow lasciava il controllo dei porti del suo regno a Enrico che lo omaggiò come re di Leister. Dopodiché Enrico si recò in Irlanda e vi rimase circa sei mesi, dove ricevette l'omaggio di molti capi irlandesi e organizzò un concilio della Chiesa irlandese a Cashel, autorizzando una riforma ecclesiastica che gli valse un riconoscimento della Chiesa stessa, che da quel momento fu sempre dalla sua parte. Il paese, non conquistato, fu governato da avventurieri inglesi a cui furono contrapposti capi indigeni e quando nel 1185 Enrico cercò di conquistarlo, affidando una grande spedizione al figlio, Giovanni Senza Terra, incorse in un colossale fallimento.\n\nFigli e conflitto per la successione \n\nIl primogenito di Enrico, Guglielmo, conte di Poitiers, era morto nell'infanzia. Nel 1170 il figlio quindicenne di Enrico ed Eleonora, anch'egli chiamato Enrico, venne incoronato re, ma non governò mai realmente e non compare nella lista dei monarchi d'Inghilterra; egli divenne noto come Enrico il Giovane, per distinguerlo dal nipote Enrico III d'Inghilterra.\n\nIl tentativo di Enrico II di dividere i suoi titoli tra i figli, ma di mantenere il potere a essi associato, provocò il tentativo di questi ultimi di prendere il controllo delle terre a essi assegnate ed Enrico il Giovane, debole di carattere e mal consigliato si rifiutò di accettare una nuova suddivisione dell'eredità paterna e si recò a Parigi, da dove, su consiglio del re di Francia Luigi VII, lanciò accuse e calunnie contro il proprio padre, il re Enrico II; quindi si recò segretamente in Aquitania, dove i fratelli Riccardo e Goffredo vivevano alla corte di Poitiers presso la madre; Enrico il Giovane incitò i fratelli, sembra con il consenso della madre, a unirsi a lui nella ribellione. Eleonora poi spinse i suoi vassalli Aquitani e Guasconi a unirsi ai suoi figli. La relazione tra Enrico ed Eleonora, era stata sempre difficile ma, dopo che Eleonora aveva incoraggiato i figli a ribellarsi, Enrico, catturatala sulla via di Parigi, la rinchiuse in prigione, dove rimase per circa sedici anni, a Rouen, a Winchester e infine a Sarum.\n\nLa Rivolta del 1173-1174, che agli occhi di Enrico equivaleva al tradimento, venne domata, i tre figli gli resero omaggio ed Enrico il Giovane ricevette una rendita adeguata dal padre, ma dovette rinunciare a partecipare al governo sia del regno sia dei feudi francesi, pur mantenendo i titoli. I due figli guerrieri, Riccardo e Goffredo, furono inviati nei loro feudi, rispettivamente in Aquitania e Bretagna, dove diedero prova della loro capacità di combattere e governare. Goffredo, nel 1181, sposò Costanza di Bretagna, l'erede del ducato di Bretagna.\n\nEnrico il giovane morì nel 1183. Goffredo morì calpestato da un cavallo (1158—1186). Il terzo figlio di Enrico, Riccardo Cuor di Leone (1157—1199), alleato di Filippo II Augusto di Francia, attaccò e sconfisse Enrico il 4 luglio 1189, a Ballans, in Aquitania; Enrico morì nel castello di Chinon il 6 luglio, 1189 e oggi giace nell'Abbazia di Fontevraud, vicino Chinon e Saumur nella regione dell'Angiò. Il figlio illegittimo di Enrico, Goffredo, restò con lui tutto il tempo e fu l'unico figlio a essere presente alla morte di Enrico.\n\nRiccardo Cuor di Leone diventò allora re d'Inghilterra, e, alla sua morte, gli succedette Giovanni, il figlio più giovane di Enrico II, trascurando i reclami di Arturo ed Eleonora di Bretagna, figli di Goffredo, il quartogenito di Enrico II.\n\nL'aspetto fisico \nPierre de Blois lasciò una descrizione di Enrico II nel 1177: \"...il re ha avuto finora i capelli di colore rosso, salvo che con l'arrivare a tarda età i capelli grigi si alternano con quel colore. La sua altezza è media, cosicché non appaia grande ai piccoli né piccolo ai grandi... gambe storte, grande torace, e i compagni d'arme lo ritengono un uomo forte, agile e ardito... non si siede mai, a meno che non mangi o monti un cavallo... In un solo giorno, se necessario, può fare l'equivalente di quattro-cinque giorni di marcia scombinando così i piani dei suoi nemici, schernisce frequentemente i piani con i suoi arrivi a sorpresa... Nelle sue mani c'è sempre l'arco, la spada, la lancia e le frecce, a meno che non sia a dormire o abbia in mano un libro\".\n\nDiscendenza \nEnrico da Eleonora ebbe otto figli:\n Guglielmo (1153-1156) IX Conte di Poitiers (titolo cedutogli alla nascita dalla madre)\n Enrico (1155-1183), incoronato re d'Inghilterra nel 1170, ma non ebbe mai un effettivo potere; sposò Margherita, figlia di Luigi VII di Francia.\n Matilde (1156-1189), sposò nel 1168 il duca di Baviera e di Sassonia Enrico il Leone (1130-1195).\n Riccardo (1157-1199), re d'Inghilterra.\n Goffredo (1158-1186), duca di Bretagna, sposò, nel 1181, Costanza di Richemont (?-1201).\n Eleonora (1161-1214), sposò, nel 1177, Alfonso VIII di Castiglia (1155-1214).\n Giovanna (1165-1199), sposò, nel 1176, il re di Sicilia, Guglielmo II (1166-1189) e in seconde nozze, il conte di Tolosa Raimondo V (1134-1194); vedova per la seconda volta, si ritirò nell'abbazia di Fontevrault e ne divenne badessa.\n Giovanni Senza Terra (1166-1216), re d'Inghilterra.\n\nEnrico ebbe anche diversi figli illegittimi da altre donne ed Eleonora vide diversi di questi allevati nella nursery reale assieme ai suoi. Alcuni rimasero a fare parte della famiglia anche in età adulta. Tra questi ci furono Guglielmo Longespée, III conte di Salisbury, la cui madre era Ida, Contessa di Norfolk; Goffredo, arcivescovo di York, figlio di una donna di nome Ykenai; Morgan, Vescovo di Durham; e Matilda, Badessa di Barking.\n\nStemma reale \n\nLo stemma reale di Enrico II è rosso con un leone rampante (sfondo rosso con un leone d'oro alzato sulle zampe posteriori).\n\nAscendenza\n\nNella cultura di massa \nNella cultura popolare la figura di Enrico II è legata soprattutto a due drammi di grande successo: Becket e il suo re di Jean Anouilh, in cui appare prima come amico e poi antagonista del santo arcivescovo, e Il leone d’inverno di James Goldman, che descrive la sua tormentata vita famigliare. Nel primo dramma è stato interpretato sulle scene, fra gli altri, da Anthony Quinn, Christopher Plummer (che sostituì Peter O'Toole, inizialmente ingaggiato per la parte) e Gino Cervi; nel secondo da Robert Preston, Andrea Giordana e Patrick Stewart (in una versione televisiva del 2003). Peter O'Toole interpretò magistralmente Enrico II nelle versioni cinematografiche di tutti e due i drammi (Becket e il suo re, Il leone d'inverno); anche se nel secondo film era molto più giovane del sovrano al momento degli avvenimenti narrati, entrambe le sue interpretazioni gli valsero la candidatura al Premio Oscar e sono considerate le sue prove migliori, dopo quella di Lawrence d’Arabia.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Ferdinand Chalandon, La conquista normanna dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia, cap. XIV, vol. IV (La riforma della chiesa e la lotta fra papi e imperatori) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 483–529.\n Alexander Hamilton Thompson, La dottrina medioevale al concilio lateranense del 1215, cap. XII, vol. V (Il trionfo del papato e lo sviluppo comunale) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 496–567.\n A.S. Turbeville, Le eresie e l'inquisizione nel Medioevo: 1000-1305 ca., cap. XIII, vol. V (Il trionfo del papato e lo sviluppo comunale) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 568–598.\n Louis Alphen, La Francia: Luigi VI e Luigi VII (1108-1180), cap. XVII, vol. V (Il trionfo del papato e lo sviluppo comunale) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 705-739\n Frederick Maurice Powicke, I regni di Filippo Augusto e Luigi VIII di Francia, cap. XIX, vol. V (Il trionfo del papato e lo sviluppo comunale) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 776-828\n William John Corbett, Inghilterra, 1087-1154, cap. II, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 56-98.\n Doris M. Stenton, Inghilterra: Enrico II, cap. III, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 99-142\n Frederick Maurice Powicke, Inghilterra: Riccardo I e Giovanni, cap. IV, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 143-197\n A. Weiner, La Hansa, cap. XII, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 460-500\n Hilda Johnstone, Francia: gli ultimi capetingi, cap. XV, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 569-607\n C.H. Mc Ilwain, Le classi sociali nel Medioevo, cap. XXIII, vol. VI (Declino dell'impero e del papato e sviluppo degli stati nazionali) della Storia del Mondo Medievale, 1999, pp. 884–938.\n\nVoci correlate \n Storia della Gallia tardo-antica e alto-medioevale\n Sovrani britannici\n Sovrani di Francia\n Duchi d'Aquitania\n Duchi di Guascogna\n Conti di Tolosa\n Marchesi di Provenza\n Storia della Francia\n Imperatori del Sacro Romano Impero\n Crociata\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nConti d'Angiò\nConti del Maine\nDuchi di Normandia\nPersonaggi citati nella Divina Commedia (Inferno)\nPlantageneti\nAngiò\nRe d'Inghilterra\nSepolti nell'abbazia di Fontevrault" ]

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[ "Miranda July Miranda July (born Miranda Jennifer Grossinger; February 15, 1974) is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, author and artist. Her body of work includes film, fiction, monologue, digital media presentations, and live performance art. She wrote, directed and starred in the films \"Me and You and Everyone We Know\" (2005) and \"The Future\" (2011). Her most recent book - and debut novel - \"The First Bad Man\", was published in January 2015. July was a recipient of a Creative Capital Emerging Fields Award.", "Ron Clements Ronald Francis Clements (born April 25, 1953) is an American animation director, screenwriter and producer. He often collaborates with fellow director John Musker." ]

[ "Sasha Clements Sasha Nicole Clements (born March 14, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her role as Kiki Kincaid on the Teletoon sitcom \"Majority Rules!\".", "Leslie Waller Leslie Elson Waller (April 1, 1923 – March 29, 2007) was an American writer.", "Ron Miles Ron Miles (born May 9, 1963) is an American jazz trumpeter, cornetist, and composer. He has recorded the labels Prolific (1986), Capri (1990), and Gramavision.", "Miranda Downes Miranda Downes (27 February 1950 – 3 August 1985) was an Australian screenwriter. Ernest Arthur Knibb was convicted of her murder.", "Mitch Rouse Edward Mitchell \"Mitch\" Rouse (born August 6, 1964) is an American film and television actor, director, and screenwriter.", "Ron Miksha Ron Miksha (March 30, 1954) is an American-Canadian beekeeper, scientist, and Canadian author.", "Ron Underwood Ronald Brian \"Ron\" Underwood (born November 6, 1953) is an American film director, producer and television director.", "Ron Stewart (bluegrass) Ron Stewart is an American multi-instrumentalist in the bluegrass tradition. He plays fiddle, guitar, banjo, and mandolin, and has won the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) award for Fiddle Player of the Year in 2000 and Banjo Player of the Year in 2011.", "Ronny Graham Ronny Graham (August 26, 1919 – July 4, 1999) was an American actor and theater director, composer, lyricist, and writer.", "Mark Alwin Clements Mark Alwin Clements (b. 1949) is an Australian botanist and orchidologist. He obtained his doctorate at the Australian National University defending his thesis entitled \"Reproductive Biology in relation to phylogeny of the Orchidaceae, especially the tribe Diurideae\".", "When the Rain Tumbles Down in July \"When the Rain Tumbles Down in July\" is an Australian country music song written by Slim Dusty. It has been covered by several other artists including Lee Kernaghan, Graeme Connors as well as Dusty's daughter Anne Kirkpatrick. The song was recorded in November 1946 and it is recognised as being Dusty's first commercial recording.", "John Cox (screenwriter) John Cox is an American screenwriter born and currently residing in Los Angeles, California. Cox co-wrote the film \"Boot Camp\" (2007), and the most current draft of Sgt. Rock for Joel Silver and Warner Bros. He also wrote \"Virulents\" for New Regency and director John Moore. Unproduced credits include \"The Cold\" (Warner Bros.), \"The 10th Planet\" (MGM), and \"The Cotton Club Murder\" (USA Network).", "Chris Clements (soccer) Chris Clements (born March 2, 1987 in Allen, Texas) is an American soccer player.", "Ron Ormond Ron Ormond (August 29, 1910 – May 11, 1981) was an American author, showman, screenwriter, film producer, and film director of Western, musical, and exploitation films. Following his survival of a 1968 plane crash, Ormond began making Christian films.", "Roy Clements Roy Clements (born 1946 in London) is a British author and former Christian minister. He was a leading figure within Britain's Evangelical Christian movement for more than two decades until he resigned from his pastoral ministry in 1999, having revealed that he is gay.", "Miranda Rae Mayo Miranda Rae Mayo (born August 14, 1988) is an American television actress. She starred as Lacey Briggs on \"Blood & Oil\" (2015) and now appears on \"Chicago Fire\".", "Jeremy Clements Jeremy Clements (born January 16, 1985) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He is the son of Tony Clements, owner of Clements Racing Engines. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 51 Chevrolet Camaro for Jeremy Clements Racing.", "Miranda Sawyer Miranda Sawyer (born 1967) is an English journalist and broadcaster. She grew up in Wilmslow, Cheshire with her brother Toby, who is an actor. She has a degree in Jurisprudence from Pembroke College, Oxford. She moved to London in 1988 to begin a career as a journalist with the magazine \"Smash Hits\".", "Reid Carolin Reid Carolin is an American film producer, director and screenwriter.", "Jill McCorkle Jill Collins McCorkle (July 7, 1958 Lumberton, North Carolina) is an American short story writer and novelist." ]

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[ "John Lanchester John Henry Lanchester (born 25 February 1962) is a British journalist and novelist. He was born in Hamburg, brought up in Hong Kong and educated in England; between 1972 and 1980 at Gresham's School in Holt, Norfolk, then at St John's College, Oxford. He is married to historian and author Miranda Carter, with whom he has two children, and lives in London.", "David Guterson David Guterson ( ; born May 4, 1956) is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, and essayist. He is best known as the author of the book \"Snow Falling on Cedars\"." ]

[ "David S. Rosenthal David Samuel Rosenthal is an American writer and TV producer, best known as the executive producer of season seven of the popular comedy-drama \"Gilmore Girls\" and co-creator of the original \"Ellen\" TV series.", "John Bowe (author) John Bowe (born 1964 in Minnesota) is an American author. He is a contributing writer for \"The New York Times\". He has also written for \"The New Yorker\", \"The American Prospect\", \"GQ\", \"McSweeney's\", and \"This American Life\". He co-wrote the screenplay for the film \"Basquiat\" with Julian Schnabel.", "David Ashton (actor) David Ashton (born 10 November 1941 in Greenock) is a Scottish actor and writer. Trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London, 1964–67, he has acted in a wide variety of film, television, theatre and radio roles. He has also developed a parallel career as a writer of fiction, film and television screenplays and plays for theatre and radio. His radio play \"The Old Ladies at the Zoo\", which starred Peggy Mount and Liz Smith, won the Radio Times Drama Award in 1985.", "Franklin W. Dixon Franklin W. Dixon is the pen name used by a variety of different authors (Leslie McFarlane, a Canadian author, being the first) who wrote The Hardy Boys novels for the Stratemeyer Syndicate (now owned by Simon & Schuster) as well as for the Ted Scott Flying Stories series published by Grosset & Dunlap.", "J. A. Baker John Alec Baker was an English author best known for \"The Peregrine,\" which won the Duff Cooper Prize in 1967. Robert Macfarlane deemed it to be \"a masterpiece of twentieth-century non-fiction\" in his introduction to the New York Review Books edition of the book. On the back jacket cover of the same edition, James Dickey states that the book \"transcends any 'nature writing' of our time,\" while Barry Lopez declares the book to be \"one of the most beautifully written, carefully observed and evocative wildlife accounts I have ever read.\" Werner Herzog called it the \"one book I would ask you to read if you want to make films,\" and said elsewhere \"... it has prose of the caliber that we have not seen since Joseph Conrad.\"", "David Spicer (writer) David Spicer is a writer, perhaps best known for his BBC Radio 4 comedy series:", "Lionel Snell Ramsey Dukes is the current and most well-known pen name of Lionel Snell, a contemporary English magician, publisher and author on magic and philosophy. He has also under the pen names Lemuel Johnston. Angerford and Lea, Adamai Philotunus and Per Anum Ad Astra. His regular satirical column \"The Satanist's Diary\" was published in the magazine \"Aquarian Arrow\" during the 1980s and early 1990s under the pen name The Hon Hugo C StJ l'Estrange and included a multitude of other pen names as contributors.", "John Gorman (entertainer) John Gorman (born 4 January 1936 in Birkenhead, Cheshire), is an English comedian, vocalist and comedy musician.", "David Drew (writer) David Drew (September 19, 1930 – 25 July 2009) was a British journalist on music, particularly known for his work on Kurt Weill. He published the authoritative catalogue of Weill's music, \"Kurt Weill: A Handbook\" (London, 1987) and, in German, edited and annotated a collection of Weill's writings, \"Kurt Weill: Ausgewählte Schriften\", and a symposium of writings by others about Weill, \"Über Kurt Weill\" (both Frankfurt, 1975). He also produced performing editions of many of Weill's works and devised the significant celebration and revival of many of Weill's works at the 1975 Berliner Musikfest; much of this project was later recorded by the participating artists and the London Sinfonietta conducted by David Atherton and issued by the Decca Record Company in 1976.", "Richard A. Lanham Richard A. Lanham (born 1936) is probably most widely known for his textbooks on revising prose to improve style and clarify thought. He is also a notable scholar of the history of rhetoric who has published notable books on the subject.", "David Briggs (English musician) David John Briggs (born November 1, 1962) is an English organist and composer. He started his career as a cathedral organist as Assistant Organist in Hereford Cathedral before becoming the organist of Truro and Gloucester Cathedrals. Heavily influenced by Jean Langlais and Pierre Cochereau, Briggs is regarded as one of the world's finest improvisors, and now works as a concert organist. Briggs is a composer of choral and organ music, and has also transcribed many orchestral works into versions for solo organ, as well as many of Cochereau's recorded improvisations.", "David Hoskins David Hoskins is a Television writer who has written several episodes of The Bill and Midsomer Murders. He began writing for The Bill in 1990 with \"Jumping the Gun\", writing an additional 23, and for Midsomer Murders in 2001 with \"Destroying Angel\", writing an additional 9 to date.", "David Hanson (producer) David Hanson is an English television producer well known for his production work on \"Coronation Street\" from September 1998 to October 1999, and the Liverpool based soap \"Hollyoaks\". He introduced characters such as Clare Devine, Gilly Roach, Nancy Hayton and Rhys Ashworth.", "Gareth Roberts (writer) Gareth John Pritchard Roberts (born 5 June 1968) is a British television screenwriter and novelist, best known for his work related to the science-fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". He has also worked on various comedy series and soap operas.", "David Abbott (advertising) David John Abbott (11 October 1938 – 17 May 2014) was a British advertising executive who founded Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO. He was one of the most celebrated advertising executives in the world and regarded as the greatest copywriter of his generation. Highlights of his career include the creation of the J.R. Hartley television commercial for Yellow Pages as well as work for Volkswagen, Volvo, The Economist, The RSPCA, Sainsbury's Supermarkets and Chivas Regal.", "Lanchester, County Durham Lanchester is a village and civil parish in County Durham, England, and was in the former district of Derwentside (1975–2009). It is 8 mi to the west of the city of Durham and 5 mi from the former steel town of Consett, and has a population of slightly more than 4,000, measured at the 2011 Census as 4,054.", "David Maslanka David Maslanka (August 30, 1943 – August 7, 2017) was an American composer who wrote for a variety of genres, including works for choir, wind ensemble, chamber music, and symphony orchestra.", "John Mankiewicz John Mankiewicz (born February 18, 1954) is an American television and film executive producer and screenwriter. He was co-executive producer for \"House of Cards\", he co-created the television series \"The Street\" and has written and produced episodes for \"House M.D.\" and occasionally writes for \"The New Yorker.\"", "Chambers (series) Chambers was a BBC radio and television sitcom. It was written by barrister Clive Coleman and starred John Bird and Sarah Lancashire in both versions. The radio version was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in three series between 1996 and 1999, and the television version was broadcast on BBC One. The theme music was \"Dance with Mandolins\" from Prokofiev's \"Romeo and Juliet\".", "Don Nicholl Donald \"Don\" Nicholl (August 9, 1925 – July 5, 1980) was an English-American screenwriter and producer. His production company Nicholl Ross West (with Mickey Ross and Bernie West) produced the situation comedies \"All in the Family\", \"The Jeffersons\", \"The Dumplings\", \"Three's Company\", and \"The Ropers\"." ]

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[ "2010 FIBA World Championship 2010 FIBA World Championship The 2010 FIBA World Championship was the 16th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship contested by the men's national teams. The tournament ran from August 28 to September 12, 2010. It was co-organized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), Turkish Basketball Federation and the 2010 Organizing Committee. It was considered as prestigious a competition as the Olympic Basketball Tournament. The tournament was hosted by Turkey. For the third time (after the 1986 and 2006 tournaments), the World Championship had 24 competing nations. As a result, the group stage games were played in four cities,", "2010 FIBA World Championship Below is a list of the venues which hosted games during the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Each preliminary round group was hosted in a single arena in Kayseri (Group A), Istanbul (Group B), Ankara (Group C), and İzmir (Group D). The knockout phase then moved to Istanbul's Sinan Erdem Dome. Ankara Arena, completed in 2010, and Kadir Has Arena, completed in 2008, were built for the championships, while the other three arenas underwent renovations for the event. Turkey automatically qualified as the host country, and the United States also received an automatic berth for winning the 2008 Olympic Men's Basketball", "2010 FIBA World Championship qualification as wild cards to fill out the 24-team cast. A total of 106 countries participated in qualification to the world championship. This is less than in the 2010 FIFA World Cup (204) and 2010 FIVB Men's World Championship (109), but more than the 2011 Rugby World Cup (98) and the 2011 Cricket World Cup (about 100). Turkey is automatic qualifier as the host country. The USA also received an automatic berth for winning the 2008 Olympic Men's Basketball Tournament. Eighteen other teams qualified through continental qualifying tournaments, and FIBA invited four more \"wild card\" teams to fill out the 24-team", "2010 FIBA World Championship Final 2010 FIBA World Championship Final The 2010 FIBA World Championship Final was a basketball game between the men's national teams of Turkey and the United States that took place on September 12, 2010, at Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul, Turkey, to determine the winner of the 2010 FIBA World Championship. The US team won the world title after defeating Turkey 81–64. This was the first match-up in any major international competition between the United States and Turkey. The last time the two teams faced each other in a match was at an exhibition game before the 2008 Summer Olympics. At", "2010 FIBA World Championship squads 2010 FIBA World Championship squads 2010 FIBA World Championship squads were the squads for each of the 24 teams that competed at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, which was held in Turkey between August 28 and September 12, 2010. Each team selected a squad of 12 players for the tournament. Final squads for the tournament were due on August 26, two days before the start of competition. Angola and the United States were the only teams made up of entirely domestic players (Jordan and Russia each had 11 domestic players). Slovenia and Canada were the only teams composed entirely of", "2010 FIBA World Championship qualification 2010 FIBA World Championship qualification Qualifying for the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey commenced as early as 2007 and will culminate in the five continental championships in each of the five FIBA zones. The final ranking of each continental championship determines which teams go to Turkey for the world championship, with FIBA allocating slots partly based on a zone's strength. In addition to the host, the gold medalists in the 2008 Olympic basketball championship are also allocated automatic berths to the championship. Teams that failed to crack the top positions in their respective continental championships may still be selected", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group B 2010 FIBA World Championship Group B Group B of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on August 28, 2010 and ended on September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at Abdi İpekçi Arena, Istanbul, Turkey. The group was composed of Brazil, Croatia, Iran, Slovenia, Tunisia and the United States. Their average FIBA World Ranking at the start of the tournament was 19; excluding Tunisia, the lowest in the rankings, it was 14.4. Tunisia, which finished third at the FIBA Africa Championship 2009, and Asian champion Iran both made their tournament debuts, while Croatia returned for the", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group B Argentina. 2010 FIBA World Championship Group B Group B of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on August 28, 2010 and ended on September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at Abdi İpekçi Arena, Istanbul, Turkey. The group was composed of Brazil, Croatia, Iran, Slovenia, Tunisia and the United States. Their average FIBA World Ranking at the start of the tournament was 19; excluding Tunisia, the lowest in the rankings, it was 14.4. Tunisia, which finished third at the FIBA Africa Championship 2009, and Asian champion Iran both made their tournament debuts, while Croatia returned for", "2010 FIBA World Championship knockout stage fourth World Championship with an 81–64 victory over Turkey. Kevin Durant again led the Americans, scoring 28 points while Lamar Odom added 15 points and 11 rebounds. With the title, USA also qualifies for the 2012 Summer Olympic tournament. Hosts Turkey ended their fantastic tournament run in front of the home crowd by capturing the silver medal, its first medal of any kind in one of the two major international tournaments. 2010 FIBA World Championship knockout stage The knockout stage of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on September 4, 2010. The teams that finished fourth or higher at", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group C 2010 FIBA World Championship Group C Group C of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on August 28 and ended September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at Ankara Arena, Ankara, Turkey. The group was composed of China, Côte d'Ivoire, Greece, Puerto Rico, wild card Russia and host country Turkey. Prior to the tournament, their average FIBA World Ranking was 16.3; excluding Côte d'Ivoire, the lowest in the rankings, it was 11.6. The four teams with the best records – Turkey, Russia, Greece, and China – advanced to the knockout stage. Puerto Rico and Côte d'Ivoire", "2010 FIBA World Championship Final points in the second half, and grabbing eleven rebounds overall. Hedo Türkoğlu was Turkey's leading scorer with 16 points, despite suffering a knee injury during the first half. Ersan İlyasova had seven points and eleven rebounds. With the win, Mike Krzyzewski became the first U.S. national basketball head coach to win an Olympic Gold Medal and a FIBA World Cup. The U.S. also clinched an automatic berth in the 2012 Summer Olympics. 2010 FIBA World Championship Final The 2010 FIBA World Championship Final was a basketball game between the men's national teams of Turkey and the United States that took", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group A 2010 FIBA World Championship Group A Group A of the 2010 FIBA World Championship took place between August 28 September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at Kadir Has Arena in Kayseri, Turkey. The group was composed of Angola, Argentina, Australia, Germany, Jordan and Serbia. Jordan was playing in its first ever FIBA World Championship after finishing third at the FIBA Asia Championship 2009. Before the tournament, their average FIBA World Ranking was 12.2; excluding Jordan, the lowest in the rankings at 38th, it was 7.2. Based on the rankings, it was the most competitive group. Other", "History of the FIBA Basketball World Cup three tournaments. The USA would go on to stop Turkey's Cinderella run in the final, becoming the first team to win four World Championships in the process. The 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup was awarded to Spain, the first time that Europe had hosted consecutive championships. Although currently the tournament is projected to have the same format, FIBA Secretary-General Patrick Baumann held out the prospect that the tournament will expand to 32 teams in a statement during the 2010 tournament. The 2014 newly named FIBA World Cup witnessed USA dominating the tournament and fielding a perfect 9-0 record en route", "2014 FIBA World Championship for Women 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women, the 17th edition of FIBA's premier international tournament for women's national basketball teams, was held in Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey from 27 September to 5 October 2014. This tournament implemented the new expanded free throw lane, the restricted arc, and extended 3-point line (6.6–6.75 m). The United States defended their title and won their ninth overall gold medal by beating Spain 77–64 in the final. Australia defeated Turkey 74–44 to capture the bronze medal. This was the last FIBA championship to use the name of \"FIBA World", "2010 FIBA World Championship their final presentation during the FIBA's 20-member Central Board in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on December 5, 2004. Previously, Australia and New Zealand, Italy, Russia and Puerto Rico announced their intention to bid from the tournament, but withdrew their bids prior to the votes. France won the first round of voting, but Turkey eventually won the right to host after the joint bidders were knocked out in the first round. The tournament was the first time that Turkey has hosted the event and marked the first World Championship held in Europe since the 1998 FIBA World Championship was held in Greece.", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group D 2010 FIBA World Championship Group D Group D of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on August 28 and ended on September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at İzmir Halkapınar Sport Hall, İzmir, Turkey. The group was composed of Canada, France, wild cards Lebanon and Lithuania, New Zealand and defending champions Spain. Their average FIBA World Ranking at the start of the tournament was 13.3; excluding Lebanon, the lowest in the rankings, it was 11.2. The four teams with the best records – Lithuania, Spain, New Zealand, and France – advanced to the knockout stage.", "2010 FIBA World Championship Group D round matchup with host Turkey. New Zealand's victory meant Spain rebounded from its 1–2 start to finish second in the group. 2010 FIBA World Championship Group D Group D of the 2010 FIBA World Championship commenced play on August 28 and ended on September 2, 2010. The group played all of their games at İzmir Halkapınar Sport Hall, İzmir, Turkey. The group was composed of Canada, France, wild cards Lebanon and Lithuania, New Zealand and defending champions Spain. Their average FIBA World Ranking at the start of the tournament was 13.3; excluding Lebanon, the lowest in the rankings, it was", "2014 FIBA World Championship for Women World Rankings for women: \"All times are local ()\". The all-star five was revealed on 5 October 2014. Points Rebounds Assists Blocks Steals The following referees were selected for the tournament. 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women, the 17th edition of FIBA's premier international tournament for women's national basketball teams, was held in Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey from 27 September to 5 October 2014. This tournament implemented the new expanded free throw lane, the restricted arc, and extended 3-point line (6.6–6.75 m). The United States defended their title and won their ninth overall" ]

[ "1990 FIBA World Championship 1990 FIBA World Championship The 1990 FIBA World Championship was the 11th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. It was hosted by Argentina from August 8 to August 20, 1990. The competition final phase was held at the Luna Park, Buenos Aires. Yugoslavia emerged as the tournament winner. This was the last World Championship in which the country participated before its dissolution. Likewise, the Soviet Union participated in its final tournament before its dissolution. This was the first ever FIBA World Championship (now called FIBA Basketball World Cup) tournament, in which non-American current NBA players", "2006 FIBA World Championship 2006 FIBA World Championship The 2006 FIBA World Championship was the 15th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The tournament was hosted by Japan and held from August 19 to September 3, 2006. It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), Japan Basketball Association (JABBA) and the 2006 Organizing Committee. For the first time since 1986, the World Championship was contested by 24 nations, eight more than in 2002. As a result, group rounds were conducted in four cities, with the knockout rounds being hosted by Saitama City. The tournament was won by Spain,", "1994 FIBA World Championship 1994 FIBA World Championship The 1994 FIBA World Championship was the 12th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The tournament was hosted by Canada from August 4 to August 14, 1994. The tournament was held at SkyDome and Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto as well as at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton. The hosting duties were originally awarded to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, but after United Nations imposed a trade embargo on the Balkan country, Toronto stepped in as a replacement option in 1992. The 1994 FIBA World Championship was the first time that the FIBA World Championship", "1963 FIBA World Championship The Philippines was supposed to host the FIBA World Championship in 1962 but FIBA revoked hosting rights after the government of then President Diosdado Macapagal, refused to grant visas to players and officials of socialists countries including Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. The FIBA World Championship was held in 1963 in Brazil. 1963 FIBA World Championship The 1963 FIBA World Championship was the 4th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The competition was hosted by Brazil. The Philippines was originally supposed to host the tournament but FIBA revoked hosting rights after the country refused to", "1990 FIBA World Championship that had also already played in an official regular season NBA game could participate. The following national teams competed: The top two finishers from Groups I and II advance to the final round. 1990 FIBA World Championship The 1990 FIBA World Championship was the 11th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. It was hosted by Argentina from August 8 to August 20, 1990. The competition final phase was held at the Luna Park, Buenos Aires. Yugoslavia emerged as the tournament winner. This was the last World Championship in which the country participated before its dissolution.", "1998 FIBA World Championship 1998 FIBA World Championship The 1998 FIBA World Championship was the 13th FIBA World Championship, an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation and hosted in Greece from 29 July to 9 August 1998. The tournament was contested by 16 nations and the matches were played in two venues in Athens and Piraeus. Because of the National Basketball Association lockout and unlike the previous championship, the USA Basketball Association was unable to send a team comprised from NBA players, thus causing the American national team roster to be comprised out of professional basketball players playing in Europe and", "1963 FIBA World Championship 1963 FIBA World Championship The 1963 FIBA World Championship was the 4th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The competition was hosted by Brazil. The Philippines was originally supposed to host the tournament but FIBA revoked hosting rights after the country refused to grant visas to players from communist countries. Brazil being the defending Champion and a previous host, fairly managed to re-host the Championship from May 12 to 25, 1963 and won the 1st back to back title with just six (6) games by seeding the well-rested host team in the final round only.", "2010 FIBA World Championship for Women 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women, the 16th edition of FIBA's premier tournament for women's national basketball teams, was held from September 23 to October 3, 2010 in the Czech Republic. Three cities, Ostrava, Brno and Karlovy Vary, hosted games. Four countries initially bid for the event but Australia, France and Latvia withdrew during the bidding process. The USA won its eighth title, extending its own record for the most wins in tournament history. The other medalists—the Czech Republic with silver and Spain with bronze—had not previously medaled at a World Championship. The", "1998 FIBA World Championship three teams in each group of the first group phase qualify to the second phase, creating two new groups of six teams. The final standings also take in account the results of previous round matches. 1998 FIBA World Championship The 1998 FIBA World Championship was the 13th FIBA World Championship, an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation and hosted in Greece from 29 July to 9 August 1998. The tournament was contested by 16 nations and the matches were played in two venues in Athens and Piraeus. Because of the National Basketball Association lockout and unlike the", "2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup going to the FEB's Casa Espana, Huecco's Fundacion Dame Vida, and FIBA's International Basketball Foundation. The following referees were selected for the tournament. 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup The 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the 17th edition of the FIBA Basketball World Cup, the tournament previously known as the FIBA World Championship. Hosted by Spain, it was the last tournament to be held on the then-current four-year cycle. The next FIBA World Cup will be held five years later, in 2019, to reset the four-year-cycle on a different year than the FIFA World Cup. The United States won their", "History of the FIBA Basketball World Cup History of the FIBA Basketball World Cup The History of the FIBA Basketball World Cup began in 1950, with the first FIBA Basketball World Cup, which was the 1950 FIBA World Championship. The FIBA Basketball World Cup is an international basketball competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1950 (the 1958 tournament was postponed to 1959 and did not get back on its current schedule until the 1970 tournament was held three years", "FIBA Basketball World Cup FIBA Basketball World Cup The FIBA Basketball World Cup, also known as the FIBA World Cup of Basketball or simply the FIBA World Cup, between 1950 and 2010 known as the FIBA World Championship, is an international basketball competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the sport's global governing body. It is considered the flagship event of FIBA. The tournament structure is similar, but not identical, to that of the FIFA World Cup; both of these international competitions were played in the same year from 1970 through 2014. A parallel", "1994 FIBA World Championship following national teams competed: <nowiki>*</nowiki> withdrew from the tournament, replaced them. The top two teams from each group remain in medal contention. The top two finishers from Groups I and II advance to the final round. Source: 1994 FIBA World Championship The 1994 FIBA World Championship was the 12th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The tournament was hosted by Canada from August 4 to August 14, 1994. The tournament was held at SkyDome and Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto as well as at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton. The hosting duties were originally awarded to", "2010 FIBA World Championship for Women tournament was held in three cities. The Preliminary Round and the Eighth-final Round was played at Brno and Ostrava, while the Final Round was played at Karlovy Vary. 16 teams took part in the 2010 World Championship for Women. After the 2008 Olympics, the continental allocation for FIBA Americas was reduced by one when the United States won the Olympic tournament, automatically qualifying them for the 2010 World Championship. Points Rebounds Assists Blocks Steals 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women, the 16th edition of FIBA's premier tournament for women's national basketball teams, was", "1950 FIBA World Championship 1950 FIBA World Championship The 1950 FIBA World Championship, also called the 1st World Basketball Championship – 1950, was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from October 22 to November 3, 1950. Ten nations participated in the inaugural tournament. All competition was held at the Luna Park, Buenos Aires. Argentina claimed the gold medal, by beating the United States 64–50. FIBA determined the requirements to qualify for the World Championship as follows: the three best teams in the previous Summer Olympics basketball, the two best teams from South America, Europe and Asia,", "2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup The 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the 17th edition of the FIBA Basketball World Cup, the tournament previously known as the FIBA World Championship. Hosted by Spain, it was the last tournament to be held on the then-current four-year cycle. The next FIBA World Cup will be held five years later, in 2019, to reset the four-year-cycle on a different year than the FIFA World Cup. The United States won their fifth world championship, after beating silver medal winning Serbia in the Final. France claimed the third place, while Lithuania finished fourth in the", "2010 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup Joaquim Gomes, Karlton Mims, Mário Correia, Miguel Lutonda, Vladimir Ricardino Coach: Luís Magalhães 2011 FIBA Africa Championship 2010 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup The 2010 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship (25th edition), was an international basketball tournament held in Cotonou, Benin from 10 December to 19 December 2010. The tournament, organized by FIBA Africa, and hosted by ASO Modele, was contested by 11 clubs split into 2 groups, the top four of which qualifying for the knock-out stage, quarter, semi-finals and final. The tournament was won by Primeiro de Agosto from Angola, thus retaining the title. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude>", "2002 FIBA World Championship 2002 FIBA World Championship The 2002 FIBA World Championship was the 14th FIBA World Championship, the international world championship for men's basketball teams. The tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States from August 29 to September 8, 2002. At the start of tournament, all 16 participating countries had 12 players on their roster. The following nations' teams competed: The top three teams in each group advance to the second round, into either Group E or F. The fourth place team in each group moves onto the 13th–16th classification. August 29, 2002 August 30, 2002 August", "2002 FIBA World Championship the Ninth-to-twelfth-place playoffs. September 2, 2002 September 3, 2002 September 4, 2002 September 2, 2002 September 3, 2002 September 4, 2002 2002 FIBA World Championship The 2002 FIBA World Championship was the 14th FIBA World Championship, the international world championship for men's basketball teams. The tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States from August 29 to September 8, 2002. At the start of tournament, all 16 participating countries had 12 players on their roster. The following nations' teams competed: The top three teams in each group advance to the second round, into either Group E", "2010 FIBA World Championship squads possible, links go to the highest professional league of the associated country. The United States' total includes 41 professional NBA players (three of whom played for the Toronto Raptors, based in Canada), seven amateur NCAA players, and one amateur NJCAA player. The total for Australia includes four players on the New Zealand squad who played for the New Zealand Breakers, a team that has competed in Australia's National Basketball League since 2003. For consistency, the New Zealand total includes only players who competed in that country's National Basketball League. 2010 FIBA World Championship squads 2010 FIBA World Championship squads were", "2010 Acropolis International Basketball Tournament to appear on the court due to injury and was watching the game on the bench. After the fight, for safety reasons, the game was terminated with the final score being the score at the time of the interruption (74-73 for Greece). Krstić was arrested and held overnight for assaulting Bourousis. For their roles in the melee, Krstić was suspended for the first three games of the 2010 FIBA World Championship tournament while Teodosić as well as Greece's Fotsis and Sofoklis Schortsanitis were also suspended for the tournament's first two games. 2010 Acropolis International Basketball Tournament The Acropolis International Tournament", "2002 FIBA World Championship for Women 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women was hosted by China from September 14 to September 25, 2002. It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the Chinese federation. The USA won the tournament, defeating Russia 79-74 for the gold medal. Except China, which automatically qualified as the host, and the United States, which automatically qualified as the reigning Olympic champion, the 14 remaining countries qualified through their continents' qualifying tournaments: September 14, 2002 September 15, 2002 September 16, 2002 September 14, 2002 September 15, 2002 September 16, 2002 September 14, 2002", "2002 FIBA World Championship for Women September 15, 2002 September 16, 2002 September 14, 2002 September 15, 2002 September 16, 2002 September 18, 2002 September 19, 2002 September 20, 2002 September 18, 2002 September 19, 2002 September 20, 2002 <br> 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women was hosted by China from September 14 to September 25, 2002. It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the Chinese federation. The USA won the tournament, defeating Russia 79-74 for the gold medal. Except China, which automatically qualified as the host, and the United States, which automatically qualified as the", "2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup The 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup will be the 19th tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup for national men's basketball teams. This will be the second tournament under the new cycle which will start in 2019. It is also expected that there will be 32 teams in the tournament. As announced on 9 December 2017, this will be the first World Cup to be hosted by multiple nations: the Philippines, Japan, and Indonesia. It is the first World Cup to be hosted in Indonesia, and the second to be hosted in both the Philippines", "1954 FIBA World Championship 1954 FIBA World Championship The 1954 FIBA World Championship (also called the 2nd World Basketball Championship – 1954) was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from October 23 to November 5, 1954. Twelve nations participated in the tournament. All teams play one game against each other for a total of three games. All teams play one game against each other for a total of seven games. The teams with the best records are awarded medals. The tie between Canada, Formosa and Uruguay was broken by the goal averages", "1954 FIBA World Championship of the games between those three teams, considering both had 1–1 records against each other. 1954 FIBA World Championship The 1954 FIBA World Championship (also called the 2nd World Basketball Championship – 1954) was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from October 23 to November 5, 1954. Twelve nations participated in the tournament. All teams play one game against each other for a total of three games. All teams play one game against each other for a total of seven games. The teams with the best records are", "1959 FIBA World Championship for Women 1959 FIBA World Championship for Women The 1958 FIBA World Championship for Women was the third FIBA World Championship for Women basketball championship held by FIBA. It was held in the Soviet Union between 10 October and 18 October 1959. Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA, the sport's governing body. The city of Moscow hosted the tournament. The Soviet Union won its first title after finishing in first place in round-robin group. The United States were the defending champions, but did not participate in the tournament. The tournament consisted of a single round-robin group. Every", "2006 FIBA World Championship dominating from the beginning and limiting Greece to just 47 points, fewer than the Greeks had scored in any single game in the tournament, and less than half what Greece had scored against the USA in the semifinals. Spain won despite having lost power forward Pau Gasol, who was ultimately named the tournament's most valuable player, to injury in a semifinal match against Argentina. For the World Championship, FIBA selected 40 professional referees. • McDonald's 2006 FIBA World Championship The 2006 FIBA World Championship was the 15th FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. The tournament", "2010 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup 2010 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup The 2010 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship (25th edition), was an international basketball tournament held in Cotonou, Benin from 10 December to 19 December 2010. The tournament, organized by FIBA Africa, and hosted by ASO Modele, was contested by 11 clubs split into 2 groups, the top four of which qualifying for the knock-out stage, quarter, semi-finals and final. The tournament was won by Primeiro de Agosto from Angola, thus retaining the title. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Primeiro de Agosto roster<br>Adilson Baza, Adolfo Quimbamba, Carlos Almeida, Felizardo Ambrósio, Filipe Abraão, Hélder Ortet, Hermenegildo Santos,", "2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup The 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, the 18th edition of FIBA's premier international tournament for women's national basketball teams, was held in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from 22 to 30 September 2018. This was the first edition to use the name of \"FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup\". After the last edition in 2014, FIBA changed the name of the competition from the \"FIBA World Championship for Women\", in order to align its name with that of the corresponding men's competition. The United States were the two-time defending champions. This tournament saw the World", "2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup be able to play the qualifiers with players from top professional leagues globally (the National Basketball Association and EuroLeague), which is possible with professional leagues operating in mid-year. 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup will be the 18th tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup for men's national basketball teams. The tournament will be hosted in China and it will mark a new era for the competition as described. Rescheduled from 2018 to 2019, this edition will be the first FIBA Basketball World Cup since 1967 that will not occur in the same year as", "FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup (also called the Basketball World Championship for Women or the FIBA Women's World Cup) is a world basketball tournament for women's national teams held quadrennially. Its inaugural game was in 1953 with the four-year cycle established in 1967. The next FIBA Women's World Cup will be held in 2022. Formerly known as the FIBA World Championship for Women, the name changed shortly after its 2014 edition. From 1986 through 2014, the tournament was held in the same year as the men's FIBA Basketball World Cup, though in different countries.", "1959 FIBA World Championship for Women team played each other once and the top team in the group was declared champion. 1959 FIBA World Championship for Women The 1958 FIBA World Championship for Women was the third FIBA World Championship for Women basketball championship held by FIBA. It was held in the Soviet Union between 10 October and 18 October 1959. Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA, the sport's governing body. The city of Moscow hosted the tournament. The Soviet Union won its first title after finishing in first place in round-robin group. The United States were the defending champions, but", "1950 FIBA World Championship plus the host country. France, Brazil and the United States were granted a place each, following their performances in the 1948 Summer Olympics held at London. Uruguay and Chile qualified as the top two teams in the 1949 South American Basketball Championship, and Egypt, with the first place at EuroBasket 1949. Since no Asian teams were present due to travel difficulties, invitations were extended to Ecuador, Yugoslavia and Spain. Uruguay withdrew from the tournament as well, for political reasons. Peru went instead. 1950 FIBA World Championship The 1950 FIBA World Championship, also called the 1st World Basketball Championship – 1950,", "1959 FIBA World Championship 1959 FIBA World Championship The 1959 FIBA World Championship was the 3rd FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. It hosted by Chile from January 16 to 31, 1959. Amaury Antônio Pasos was named the MVP. The hosting cities for the competition were Antofagasta, Concepción, Temuco, Valparaíso, with the final stages being held at the capital of Santiago. The final stages were supposed to be held at the newly constructed Metropolitan Indoor Stadium, but because the venue was not finished in time the games were postponed by a year from the original date and moved outdoors", "1959 FIBA World Championship to the Estadio Nacional de Chile, configured in a way that the games were seen by a crowd of 16,000. The United States was represented by the United States Air Force Team. The Soviet Union's refusal to play against Formosa relegated them to sixth place in the final round. Bulgaria also refused to play against Formosa and was relegated to seventh place. The refusals were politically motivated. 1959 FIBA World Championship The 1959 FIBA World Championship was the 3rd FIBA World Championship, the international basketball world championship for men's teams. It hosted by Chile from January 16 to 31, 1959.", "National team appearances in the FIBA Basketball World Cup National team appearances in the FIBA Basketball World Cup National team appearances in the FIBA Basketball World Cup are the number of appearances that individual country's basketball national teams have made at the FIBA Basketball World Cup. A total of 58 countries have made, or will make, at least one appearance in the FIBA international senior men's basketball competition. African, European and teams from the Americas composed the first World Championship – Asian and Oceanian teams did not want to make a long trip to Argentina, the venue of the tournament. Egypt finished fifth in the inaugural world championship, the", "2006 FIBA World Championship for Women 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women The 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women took place in Brazil from September 12 to September 23, 2006. It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and Confederação Brasileira de Basketball, the Brazilian national federation. Sixteen national teams competed for the championship. Australia came away with the gold medal by beating Russia 91-74. Except Brazil, which automatically qualified as the host, and the United States, which automatically qualified as the reigning Olympic champion, the 14 remaining countries qualified through their continents’ qualifying tournaments: At the start of tournament, all 16 participating countries each", "Acropolis International Basketball Tournament Acropolis International Basketball Tournament The Acropolis International Basketball Tournament (also known as the Acropolis of Athens Basketball Tournament and the Acropolis Basketball Cup) (Greek: Τουρνουά Ακρόπολις) is an international basketball competition that is played between national teams, which has been held almost every year since 1986, and takes place in Athens, Greece, during the summer. It takes place before the big official FIBA tournaments like the EuroBasket, the FIBA World Cup, and the Summer Olympic Games. The tournament is named after the world-famous Acropolis of Athens. The competition is played under FIBA rules. The tournament is organized by the Hellenic", "2017 FIBA Under-16 African Championship 2017 FIBA Under-16 African Championship The 2017 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship, alternatively the 5th Afrobasket U16, was an international basketball competition held in Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius from 13–22 July 2017. It served as the qualifier for the 2018 FIBA Under-17 Basketball World Cup. Mali claimed their first-ever under-16 continental title by dethroning the defending champions Egypt in the Finals, 76–65. Both teams will represent FIBA Africa to the Under-17 Basketball World Cup next year. On 25 March 2016, FIBA Africa announced that Mauritius will be the organising country of the tournament. On the eve of the tournament, rosters were finalized for", "FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women The FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women is an international under-16 female basketball championship in the International Basketball Federation's FIBA Asia zone. The event started in 2009 and is held bi-annually since then, and the winners usually compete in the then called FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women, which started in 2010. Because of the recent change in the FIBA Calendar and the inclusion of and in all Asian tournaments, a new competition format was introduced at the start of the 2017 edition. Aside from renaming the tournament to FIBA Under-16 Women's Asian Championship,", "FIBA Basketball World Cup the Japanese organizers were targeting to sell 180,000 tickets, mostly to a Japanese audience; as for the overseas audience, the Japanese organizers didn't \"expect them in great numbers\". This was seen as a big improvement from the 2002 tournament, which was a financial loss for USA Basketball and Indianapolis, in which all games were held in one city. This led to the Japanese organizers to hold games throughout the country, instead of just in a single city. At the most recent world championship, which was re-branded as the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, in Spain, FIBA reported impressive ratings from", "2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup will be the 18th tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup for men's national basketball teams. The tournament will be hosted in China and it will mark a new era for the competition as described. Rescheduled from 2018 to 2019, this edition will be the first FIBA Basketball World Cup since 1967 that will not occur in the same year as the FIFA World Cup, but a year following the latter. Also, the group stage will expand from 24 to 32 teams. The top 8 teams, including Japan as", "FIBA Basketball World Cup new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the FIFA World Cup. The next men's World Cup will be held in 2019, in the year following the FIFA World Cup. The women's championship, which was renamed from \"FIBA World Championship for Women\" to \"FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup\", after its 2014 edition, will remain on the previous four-year cycle, with championships in the same year as the FIFA World Cup. The 1994 FIBA World Championship, which was held in Canada, was the first FIBA World Cup tournament in which currently active American NBA players, that had also already played in an", "FIBA CBC Championship FIBA CBC Championship The CBC Championship or CaribeBasket is a FIBA-sponsored international basketball tournament where national teams from the Caribbean participate. These countries are members of the Caribbean Basketball Confederation (CBC). The top three or four teams typically earn berths to the Centrobasket where they compete for spots in the FIBA AmeriCup, from which they can qualify for the FIBA Basketball World Cup or Summer Olympics. There are currently 24 Caribbean countries that may compete in this event. Celebration of the tournament typically is every two years. Puerto Rico is traditionally the strongest team from this region winning Gold in", "2010 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup 2010 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup 2010 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup was the 3rd FIBA Asia Stankovic Cup. The basketball tournament of FIBA Asia was held in Beirut, Lebanon from 7 August to 15 August 2010, in Ghazir Club Court involving 10 national teams from Asia. The 3rd FIBA Asia Stankovic Cup was the first FIBA Asia event to be hosted in Lebanon for national teams. The 3rd FIBA Asia Stankovic Cup was the qualifying event for the 26th FIBA Asia Championship in 2011, to be hosted in Wuhan, Hubei, China, which in turn will be the qualifying event for 2012", "2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup Mexico was chosen to replace Brazil. The draw for the tournament was held on 1 February 2017 in Udine, Italy. \"All times are local (UTC+2).\" 2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup The 2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup (formerly FIBA U19 Women's World Championship) was hosted by Italy from 22 to 30 July 2017. Russia won their first ever title by defeating the United States 86–82 in the final. The bronze medal went to Canada who defeated Japan 67–60. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Brazil qualified for the tournament but was suspended by FIBA. A fourth team from FIBA Americas had to", "1953 FIBA World Championship for Women 1953 FIBA World Championship for Women The 1953 FIBA World Championship for Women was the first edition of the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup. It was held in Chile from 7 March to 22 March 1953. Ten national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA, the sport's governing body. The city of Santiago hosted the tournament. The United States won its first title. All games were played at the Estadio Nacional de Chile. Winners qualify to the final round. Losing teams to the first repass round, and the losing team with the largest point margin to the second", "1953 FIBA World Championship for Women repass round. 1953 FIBA World Championship for Women The 1953 FIBA World Championship for Women was the first edition of the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup. It was held in Chile from 7 March to 22 March 1953. Ten national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA, the sport's governing body. The city of Santiago hosted the tournament. The United States won its first title. All games were played at the Estadio Nacional de Chile. Winners qualify to the final round. Losing teams to the first repass round, and the losing team with the largest point margin to", "FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification qualification in the last 3 world cups: Key to map: Qualification format to be used starting at the 2019 FIBA World Cup: The figures below show the first instance a team qualified to the final qualifying tournament (i.e. continental championship). Countries that had not appeared here may have earlier participated in earlier stages of qualification tournaments. FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification is the qualification process for the FIBA Basketball World Cup, that a senior men's national basketball team undergoes, in order to qualify for the final tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup. Each of", "FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup the FIBA Women's World Cup was held in 2018. Note: From 1953 through 1979 the medalists were decided in a league format instead of in a knockout tournament; results of the final round matches are shown. FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup (also called the Basketball World Championship for Women or the FIBA Women's World Cup) is a world basketball tournament for women's national teams held quadrennially. Its inaugural game was in 1953 with the four-year cycle established in 1967. The next FIBA Women's World Cup will be held in 2022. Formerly known as the", "FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women the same format as that of Division A, but unlike the previous setup wherein there were qualifying matches for the top two teams of the division, only the Division Champions will be promoted to Division A in the next tournament. FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women The FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women is an international under-16 female basketball championship in the International Basketball Federation's FIBA Asia zone. The event started in 2009 and is held bi-annually since then, and the winners usually compete in the then called FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women, which started in 2010. Because of", "2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship The 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship was an international basketball competition held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 8–16 August 2014. It was the third edition of the FIBA Under-17 World Cup. Sixteen national teams competed in the tournament as opposed to last edition of the tournament, where twelve national teams competed. The preliminary round action takes place in Al-Ahli Arena and Al-Wasl Arena, with the Hamdan Sports Complex hosting the final round. This was the first time for the FIBA Under-17 World Cup to be held outside Europe. The United States won their third", "2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship are local ().\" 2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship The 2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship was the 21st edition, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Mali from August 24 to September 2 in Bamako. The finalists of this championship will earn the right to represent the continent at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Greece. On 23 March 2018, FIBA Africa Central Board announced that Bamako, Mali as the host city for the tournament. \"as of 19 August 2018:\" \"All times are local", "2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship 2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship The 2018 FIBA Under-18 African Championship was the 21st edition, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Mali from August 24 to September 2 in Bamako. The finalists of this championship will earn the right to represent the continent at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Greece. On 23 March 2018, FIBA Africa Central Board announced that Bamako, Mali as the host city for the tournament. \"as of 19 August 2018:\" \"All times are local ().\" \"All times", "2010 South American Basketball Championship 2010 South American Basketball Championship The 2010 South American Basketball Championship was the 44th edition of the South American Basketball Championship. Eight teams featured the competition, held in Neiva, Colombia from 26 to July 31 in the Coliseo Álvaro Sánchez Silva. Argentina was the defending champion, but lost in the final to Brazil. The first three places qualified for the basketball tournament at the 2011 Pan American Games and to the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship, the latter of which doubled as the FIBA Americas qualifier for the 2012 Olympics. Because Argentina, which automatically qualified for the FIBA Americas Championship as", "FIBA Basketball World Cup official NBA regular season game, were allowed to participate. All FIBA World Championship/World Cup tournaments from the 1994 edition onward, are thus considered as fully professional level tournaments. The FIBA Basketball World Cup was conceived at a meeting of the FIBA World Congress at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. Long-time FIBA Secretary-General Renato William Jones urged FIBA to adopt a World Championship, similar to the FIFA World Cup, to be held in every four years between Olympiads. The FIBA Congress, seeing how successful the 23-team Olympic tournament was that year, agreed to the proposal, beginning with a tournament in", "2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship The 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship was hosted by Heraklion, Greece, from 27 June to 5 July 2015. It was the third time that Greece hosts the FIBA Under-19 World Championship since 1995 in Athens, when Greece won the gold medal. Greece also hosted the 2003 tournament in Thessaloniki. As a result of FIBA rules changes, made effective as of 1 October 2014, this tournament marked the first time that the FIBA Under-19 World Championship used instant replay to review controversial plays and where players were allowed to wear any jersey with numbers from \"00\"", "2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification held from August 12 to 14, 2010 in Bangalore, India. The two best teams qualifies for 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. All the others withdrew, so qualified automatically. The 2010 SEABA Under-18 Championship is the qualifying tournament for the 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship; it also serves as a regional championship involving Southeast Asian basketball teams. It was held on June 5 to June 9, 2010 at Yangon, Myanmar. The top two finishers qualifies to the 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. The 2010 WABA Under-18 Championship is the qualifying tournament for the 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. It also serves", "2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification The 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification was held in late 2009 and early 2010 with the Persian Gulf region, West Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Middle Asia (Central Asia and South Asia) each conducting tournaments. The following are eligible to participate: All the others withdrew, so ,, qualified automatically. The Gulf U-17 Basketball Championship is the qualifying tournament for the 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. it also serves as a regional championship. The two best teams qualifies for 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. The 2010 Middle Asia – SAARC qualifying tournament was", "2010 FIBA World Championship that each was assigned to: FIBA announced that the championship will be shown in 183 countries, beating the record set be the 2006 championship which was 132. Countries that aired the championship for the first time were India and the United Kingdom, while Canada covered the event for the first time since hosting the 1994 FIBA World Championship. According to FIBA secretary general Patrick Baumann, the TV ratings for the 2010 championship exceeded the 2006 FIBA World Championship's and the FIBA EuroBasket 2009 numbers, with an expected audience of 800 million people in 200 countries, while 30 million people visited", "Venezuela national basketball team Venezuela national basketball team The Venezuela national basketball team is organized and run by the Venezuelan Basketball Federation (FVB). () They won the 2015 FIBA AmeriCup. Venezuela qualified for both the 1992 Olympics, and the 2016 Olympics. Venezuela hosted the 2012 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament, the country's most prestigious basketball event ever. Later, the country also hosted the 2013 FIBA AmeriCup. Overall, Team Venezuela has participated in International Basketball Federation (FIBA) competitions such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s Summer Olympic Games, the FIBA World Cup, and the South American Championship. They have also competed at other sanctioned basketball events", "2017 FIBA Under-16 Women's African Championship 2017 FIBA Under-16 Women's African Championship The 2017 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women was the 5th FIBA Africa U16 Championship for Women, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Mozambique from August 5 to 12, with the games played in Beira. Mali claimed their record fifth straight continental title by trouncing Angola in the Finals, 68–29. Both teams will represent FIBA Africa to the 2018 FIBA Under-17 Women’s Basketball World Cup. On 25 March 2016, FIBA Africa announced that Mozambique will host the tournament.", "2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup The 2017 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup (formerly FIBA U19 Women's World Championship) was hosted by Italy from 22 to 30 July 2017. Russia won their first ever title by defeating the United States 86–82 in the final. The bronze medal went to Canada who defeated Japan 67–60. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Brazil qualified for the tournament but was suspended by FIBA. A fourth team from FIBA Americas had to be named to take Brazil's place. The draw took place with the fourth FIBA Americas team's identity yet to be named. On 12 May 2017,", "FIBA International Christmas Tournament FIBA International Christmas Tournament FIBA International Christmas Tournament also known as the Christmas Tournament (\"Torneo de Navidad\") was an extinct men's basketball international friendly competition, at the club level (and in some editions with national teams), organized by FIBA at its first decades through the Commission of International Organizations under the hand of Raimundo Saporta, club director and president of the International Commission of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), and with the authorization and support of R. William Jones, its general secretary, so it had the officiality of FIBA in its first decades of life , being also the starting", "2017 FIBA Under-17 Oceania Championship 2017 FIBA Under-17 Oceania Championship The 2017 FIBA Under-17 Oceania Championship was an international under-17 basketball tournament held from 10–15 July 2017 by FIBA Oceania in Hagatna, Guam. Australia subdued New Zealand in the Finals, 93–55, to take the Gold Medal and the fifth consecutive U17 title. Both teams will now move on to the 2018 FIBA Under-18 Asian Championship which in turn the qualifying tournament for the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup On 23 September 2016, FIBA Oceania announced during their Board Meeting that Guam will host the tournament. The Calvo Field House of the University of Guam", "2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship title in a row by defeating Australia, in a rematch of the last edition, 99–92 in the final. Sixteen teams had qualified for this year's edition. The draw took place on 12 February 2014. 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship The 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship was an international basketball competition held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 8–16 August 2014. It was the third edition of the FIBA Under-17 World Cup. Sixteen national teams competed in the tournament as opposed to last edition of the tournament, where twelve national teams competed. The preliminary round action takes place in Al-Ahli Arena", "2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup In the Philippines, there will be four venues that will be used for the World Cup: The Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay, Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippine Arena in Bocaue, and the PhilSports Arena in Pasig. The Mall of Asia Arena hosted the 2013 FIBA Asia Championship and the 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Manila, while the Smart Araneta Coliseum hosted the 1978 FIBA World Championship. The PhilSports Arena hosted the 2011 FIBA Asia Champions Cup. The Philippine Arena has a 55,000 seating capacity, and is poised to host the World Cup Final. The arena", "2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification as a regional championship involving West Asian basketball teams. the four best teams excluding Yemen qualifies for 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. The tournament was held from April 19 to April 24, 2010 in Beirut, Lebanon. 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification The 2010 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship qualification was held in late 2009 and early 2010 with the Persian Gulf region, West Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Middle Asia (Central Asia and South Asia) each conducting tournaments. The following are eligible to participate: All the others withdrew, so ,, qualified automatically. The Gulf U-17 Basketball Championship is the", "2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship to \"99\". The United States won their sixth title by defeating Croatia 79–71 in the final. The draw for the tournament was held on 12 March 2015. \"All times are local (UTC+3).\" \"All times are local (UTC+3).\" 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship The 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship was hosted by Heraklion, Greece, from 27 June to 5 July 2015. It was the third time that Greece hosts the FIBA Under-19 World Championship since 1995 in Athens, when Greece won the gold medal. Greece also hosted the 2003 tournament in Thessaloniki. As a result of FIBA rules changes, made effective", "2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women tournament was held on 12 March 2015 at the House of Basketball in Mies, Switzerland. \"All times are local (UTC+3).\" \"All times are local (UTC+3).\" 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women The 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women was hosted by Russia from 18 to 26 July 2015. The United States won their seventh title by defeating Russia 78–70 in the final. (<nowiki>*</nowiki>) Japan qualified for the tournament but was suspended by FIBA. A third Asian team had to be named to take Japan's place. The draw took place with the third Asian team's identity yet to be", "1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament \"The Balkans Team\" consisted of: 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament The 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament was the special edition tournament of the Acropolis International Basketball Tournament that was organized jointly by FIBA Europe and the Hellenic Basketball Federation to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the sport of basketball. The tournament was held from June 5 to June 9, 1991, at the SEF Indoor Hall in Piraeus, Greece. The tournament was won by Italy, with Greece finishing in second place. The Jubilee also included a FIBA Festival All-Star Game, which was divided up into a Balkans versus", "1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament The 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee Basketball Tournament was the special edition tournament of the Acropolis International Basketball Tournament that was organized jointly by FIBA Europe and the Hellenic Basketball Federation to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the sport of basketball. The tournament was held from June 5 to June 9, 1991, at the SEF Indoor Hall in Piraeus, Greece. The tournament was won by Italy, with Greece finishing in second place. The Jubilee also included a FIBA Festival All-Star Game, which was divided up into a Balkans versus the rest of Europe format.", "2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification Qualifying for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup were held in Spain began in earnest on the 2011 Caribbean Championships, a qualifier to the 2012 Centrobasket, which was in itself a qualifier to the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship. The winners of the 2012 Olympic basketball tournament, the United States, qualified outright. The USA joined the host nation Spain, which was earlier elected to host the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in July 2009. Qualification would be via each of FIBA's zones, with each zone allocated at least two berths, with additional berths given according", "2011 FIBA Americas Championship Championship, the top two teams in the North America Sub-Zone, and the top four finishers at 2010 Centrobasket. Because the host country, Argentina, came in second at the 2010 South American Basketball Championship, the fourth place team (Venezuela) at the championship was also invited. After the United States (the only team other than Canada in the North America Sub-Zone) automatically qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics by winning the 2010 FIBA World Championship, they withdrew from the tournament. The fifth place team at the 2010 South American Basketball Championship (Paraguay) was then invited to participate. Below is the final list", "FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification World Championship in Uruguay, the Summer Olympics and the continental championships in Europe, Central America, South America and Asia became established as qualifying tournaments. The two North American nations, the United States and Canada, could still only qualify via the Olympics or via invitation; Mexico participated via the Centrobasket, which it hosted the inaugural tournament. In the next tournament in the 1970 FIBA World Championship in Yugoslavia, the African champion was given an automatic berth, and regions which didn't have qualifying tournaments, Oceania and North America, were granted invitations. In the 1974 FIBA World Championship, the reigning world champions replaced", "Basketball in the Philippines the NBA. The league's regulations are a hybrid of rules from FIBA and the NBA. The league was founded in Quezon City on April 9, 1975. The PABL was established to fill the void brought about by the collapse of the MICAA in 1981. In 1978, the Philippines hosted the FIBA World Championship which marks the first time that the international tournament was held in Asia. The Philippines was suspended by FIBA in 2005 due to a leadership crisis which affected the former national basketball association of the country, the Basketball Association of the Philippines. In 2007, the Samahang Basketbol", "Philippines at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Philippines at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup The Philippines men's national basketball team played at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup held in Spain. The 24-team tournament began on August 30, and the winner automatically qualifies for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Philippines qualified for the World Cup by virtue of the silver medal won by their 2013 FIBA Asia Championship squad. The Filipinos were considered as an underdog in the tournament, but shocked and impressed the whole world including FIBA officials because of their courage, passion and enthusiasm that was shown by the", "1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women Coach: Ngoie wa Ngoie 1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women The 1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women was the 8th FIBA Africa Championship for Women, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Angola from April 3 to 8, 1983, with the games played at the Pavilhão da Cidadela in Luanda. Zaire ended the round-robin tournament with a 5–0 unbeaten record to win their first title and qualify for the 1983 FIBA Women's World Championship. Zaire roster<br>Bompoco Lomboto, Evoluko Bokele, Kamanga Kasala, Komichelo Kayumba, Lingenda Liyoko,", "1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women 1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women The 1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women was the 8th FIBA Africa Championship for Women, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Angola from April 3 to 8, 1983, with the games played at the Pavilhão da Cidadela in Luanda. Zaire ended the round-robin tournament with a 5–0 unbeaten record to win their first title and qualify for the 1983 FIBA Women's World Championship. Zaire roster<br>Bompoco Lomboto, Evoluko Bokele, Kamanga Kasala, Komichelo Kayumba, Lingenda Liyoko, Longanza Kamimbaya, Nguya Nakwete,", "2017 FIBA Under-17 Women's Oceania Championship 2017 FIBA Under-17 Women's Oceania Championship The 2017 FIBA Oceania Under-17 Women's Championship was an international under-17 basketball tournament held from 10–15 July 2017 by FIBA Oceania in Hagåtña, Guam. Australia defeated New Zealand in the Finals, 81–60, to take the Gold Medal and the fifth consecutive U17 title. Both teams will now move on to the 2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship, which in turn the qualifying tournament for the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup. On 23 September 2016, FIBA Oceania announced during their Board Meeting that Guam was to host the tournament. The Calvo Field House", "2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women The 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women was an international basketball competition held in Klatovy and Plzeň, Czech Republic, from 28 June to 6 July 2014. It was the third edition of the Under-17 Women's World Championship. Slovakia were to originally host the championship, but its national federation was suspended by the FIBA Central Board on 7 April. The Slovakian team still participated provided they meet the conditions imposed by FIBA. On 26 May, the FIBA Central Board lifted its suspension, and the national team can still participate. The tournament would still" ]

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[ "History of basketball known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor" ]

[ "History of Springfield, Massachusetts role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first", "Basketball had been focused on just getting the game started. Mahan suggested that it be called \"Naismith ball\", at which he laughed, saying that a name like that would kill any game. Mahan then said, \"Why not call it basketball?\" Naismith replied, \"We have a basket and a ball, and it seems to me that would be a good name for it.\" The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from , on a court just half the size", "The First Team The First Team The First Team were the first players known to have played the sport of basketball, having been taught the game in 1891 by James Naismith, who is recognized as the inventor of the sport. The team comprised 18 players who were studying in Springfield, Massachusetts, to become executive secretaries of the YMCA and who, as part of their coursework, studied physical education with Naismith, who is said to have invented the game to teach teamwork skills to his charges. The team was inducted as a group into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of", "Basketball in Australia basketball in South Australia. There is no evidence of any game being played earlier elsewhere, thus the first game of basketball was played in Australia on Tuesday 23 February 1897. The game occurred six years after the invention of the sport on 21 December 1891 by Canadian James Naismith, a physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) in Springfield, Massachusetts. OBI and the YMCA continued to be at the forefront of the development of Adelaide basketball. More than 120 years later, basketball is one of the most popular participation sports in the", "Young Men's Christian Association Building (Albany, New York) in 1886, it had one of the first indoor swimming pools in the country and the first gymnasium in upstate New York. Two years later, it was formally dedicated and began growing into a major civic organization. In 1892, it was home to an important event in the history of basketball: the sport's first game played away from Springfield College in Massachusetts, where it had been invented in 1890 by James Naismith. Young Men's Christian Association Building (Albany, New York) The former Young Men's Christian Association Building in Albany, New York, United States, is located on Pearl Street (New York", "College basketball created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891. Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893. The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on", "Sports in Toronto the most popular sport among the city's youth and millennials. Although not as historically entrenched in Toronto culture as other sports, basketball does have significant milestones in the city. The first major professional basketball game in the city was an exhibition between the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons and Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League at the Gardens in 1946. The first game of the professional Basketball Association of America, forerunner of the National Basketball Association (NBA), was contested at Maple Leaf Gardens (MLG) between the Toronto Huskies and the New York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946. However, the Huskies", "History of basketball taken over oversight of basketball activity from the YMCA. In April 1905, representatives of fifteen colleges separately took over control of the college game, creating the collegiate \"Basket Ball Rule Committee.\" The Committee was in turn absorbed into the predecessor of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1909. The extremely popular NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament was started in 1939. After its arrival in Europe, basketball developed very quickly. In 1909 the first international match was held in Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American team. The first great European event was held in 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont, near", "August Hermann Along with Konrad Koch, he introduced and held the first soccer match in Germany. Soccer was then included in the physical education curriculum at Martino-Katharineum. Hermann instituted the weekly \"sedan-competitions\" which was an afternoon of games and sports. After 1878, all classes at the school were required to attend and participate. These include numerous sporting events, including cricket. Hermann's son Ernst, who was studying in Boston, told him about the game of basketball and in 1896 he led the initial attempt at bringing the game of basketball to Germany. The first game of basketball in Germany was played in Braunschweig.", "History of basketball could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892. There were only thirteen rules of \"basket ball\": On December 21, 1891, James Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas and thirteen rules. That day, he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of his students, wasn’t so happy. He just said: \"Harrumph.", "The First Team that organization's inaugural 1959 induction class for their efforts in popularizing the sport and as the game's first practitioners. The following are recognized by the Basketball Hall of Fame as members of \"The First Team\": The First Team The First Team were the first players known to have played the sport of basketball, having been taught the game in 1891 by James Naismith, who is recognized as the inventor of the sport. The team comprised 18 players who were studying in Springfield, Massachusetts, to become executive secretaries of the YMCA and who, as part of their coursework, studied physical education", "History of basketball the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949. In the 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Basket Ball League (founded in 1909), Metropolitan Basketball League (founded in 1921) and American Basketball League (founded in 1925) were the most important leagues. The greatest level of early basketball activity outside of YMCAs was seen in American colleges. The first known U.S. college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on February 7, 1893. The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva", "National Basketball Association in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first played game in NBA history. The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major", "Palestra basketball. The building was completed in 1927 and named by Greek professor William N. Bates after the ancient Greek term \"palæstra\", a rectangular enclosure attached to a gymnasium where athletes would compete in various sports in front of an audience. Penn's Palestra was built adjacent to and today is connected to Hutchinson Gymnasium. The Palestra hosted its first basketball game on January 1, 1927. Pennsylvania defeated Yale 26-15 before a capacity crowd of 10,000, then the largest crowd ever to attend a basketball game on the East Coast. For many years, the building shared the same management as Madison Square", "Crawfordsville, Indiana of authors, including Maurice Thompson, Mary Hannah Krout, Caroline Virginia Krout, Susan Wallace, Will H. Thompson, and Meredith Nicholson. Hoosiers have long believed that the first basketball game in Indiana occurred in Crawfordsville YMCA between the teams from Crawfordsville's and Lafayette's YMCAs on March 16, 1894. Recent research, however, conclusively shows that while Crawfordsville was among the first dozen or so Indiana communities to adopt the sport, it was not \"the\" first place basketball was played in Indiana. Nevertheless, Crawfordsville had a vibrant basketball playing culture from early on with teams from the local YMCA, Wabash College, Crawfordsville High School,", "James Naismith Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game \"duck on a rock\". Naismith christened this new game \"Basket Ball\" and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules. The first game of \"Basket Ball\" was played in December 1891. In a handwritten report, Naismith described the circumstances of the inaugural match; in contrast to modern basketball, the players played nine versus nine, handled a soccer ball, not", "1900–01 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team explosion in the summer of 1901. Darby, the starting center, would return for the 1901–1902 season as the team's captain, coach, and leading scorer. !colspan=8| Regular Season Indiana's first official basketball game took place on Friday, February 8, 1901, at 3:00 p.m. when the Hoosiers took on Butler at the Indianapolis YMCA gymnasium. 100 of the team's fans joined them on a train to watch. According to \"Indiana Daily Student\" reports, \"the excitement approached that of an inter-collegiate football contest.\" However, the superior performance of Butler's star forward Carl McGaughey ultimately helped propel Butler to a 20–17 victory. Indiana and", "History of basketball History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is", "Herron Gymnasium plan the facility's construction. In February 1893, the school received $2,500 (approximately $67,000 adjusted for inflation) from the state to furnish the gymnasium. After planning throughout 1896, Miami finally built the gymnasium in 1897, naming it after Herron, who was so modest that he refused to have his name adorn the building; the building's exterior instead read \"The Miami Gymnasium\". The first recorded game at Herron Gymnasium was a 1904 basketball game between the university team and some amateur players. The amateurs won, 13 to 8. Despite that game being the first one officially recorded, the \"Student\" notes that women's", "History of basketball College's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0. The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the University of Minnesota). Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, 9–3. The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, on January 18,", "H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College men's basketball until 1936. The college had the first women's team to wear bloomers, a better solution for sports. On March 13, 1895, Newcomb students played the first public basketball game in the South before 560 other women at the Southern Athletic Club. Newcomb ball, a game played as an alternative to volleyball, originated at Newcomb College and bears its name. The sport was very popular in the 1920s. The game is still played in various forms across the world. As it grew, the college reflected many social changes, such as the wider roles of women during and after World", "Qazim Dervishi The first ever official basketball match in Albania was played on March 2, 1928 between the Technical School and the \"Malet Tona\" campus. For the Technical School captain was Qazim Dervishi. The match was won from the boys of the Technical School with the result of 32-14. In 1929 he is named headmaster in the \"Malet Tona\" campus in Shkodër. Even here along with the headmaster duties, Dervishi gave a primary importance to the sports practising. After a year of training, on June 27, 1930 was held the first basketball match in the city of Shkodër between the local team", "Capital Centre for the MCI Center (now Capital One Arena) just north of The Mall in D.C. when it opened on December 2, 1997. The Capital Centre hosted its first NBA game exactly 24 years earlier (December 2, 1973) as the Capital Bullets defeated the Seattle SuperSonics, 98–96. During November 1973, the Capital Bullets held their home games at nearby Cole Field House on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park. The arena hosted games of the NBA Finals in 1975 when the Bullets played the Golden State Warriors and again in 1978 and 1979, both with Seattle SuperSonics.", "Philippine Basketball Association Philippine Basketball Association The Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) is a men's professional basketball league in the Philippines composed of twelve company-branded franchised teams. It is the first professional basketball league in Asia and is the second oldest continuously existing in the world after the NBA. The league's regulations are a hybrid of rules from the NBA and FIBA. The league played its first game at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City on April 9, 1975. Its main offices are located along Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5 road), Eastwood City, Bagumbayan, Quezon City. The Philippine Basketball Association was founded when nine", "Sports in North America credited with creating the game of basketball in 1891. While working as a physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S., he primarily created the game as a way to could keep his gym class active indoors on a rainy day. The sport quickly spread throughout the U.S. and Canada, with Naismith becoming instrumental in establishing college basketball. Today, the National Basketball Association (NBA), with teams in the U.S. and one in Canada, is widely considered to be the highest level of professional basketball in the", "History of netball to basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in the United States, who was trying to develop an indoor sport for his students at the YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. His game was first played in the campus gymnasium on a court roughly half the size of a regulation NBA court today, between two teams of nine players. It was played with a soccer ball that was shot into closed-bottom peach baskets that were nailed to the gymnasium wall. Women teachers became interested in Naismith's game soon afterwards.", "History of basketball first idea and the game played today. The peach baskets were closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. Moreover, earlier the soccer ball was replaced by a Spalding ball, similar to the one used today. The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball throughout the United States, Canada, and the world. In 1893, Mel Rideout arranged the first European match in Paris, in Montmartre. At the same", "Hiram Bithorn Stadium to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The stadium has approximately 18,000 seats. The stadium is 325 feet (99 m) down the left field line, 325 feet (99 m) down the right field line and 404 feet (123 m) to center field. The fences are 8 feet (2.5 m) high. When the Expos played home games at Hiram Bithorn, the field dimensions were set to match Olympic Stadium in Montreal. The first outdoor National Basketball Association game was played between the Phoenix Suns and the Milwaukee Bucks on September 24, 1972 during that year's preseason. The Suns defeated", "Roundball Classic Roundball Classic The Roundball Classic, originally known as The Dapper Dan Roundball Classic (also known as \"Magic Johnson's Roundball\", \"Sonny Vaccaro's Roundball Classic\", \"Asics Roundball Classic\") is well known in the sports world as the first national high school All Star basketball game. It was sponsored by and used as a fundraising event for the Dapper Dan Charities in Pittsburgh. The inaugural game was played at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 26, 1965. The cofounders of the game, Sonny Vaccaro and Pat DiCesare, were two boyhood friends from the small Western Pennsylvania town of Trafford. Vaccaro was", "Hurt Gymnasium Hurt Gymnasium The Edward P. Hurt Gymnasium is a 1,000-seat gymnasium on the campus of Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. The gymnasium, built just west of Hughes Stadium, was opened in 1950 and named for Edward P. Hurt, the longtime coach of the basketball, football and track teams at Morgan State. The gymnasium was the home of the Morgan State Bears men's basketball team from 1950 to the opening of Talmadge L. Hill Field House. Hurt Gymnasium was the site of the first interracial American basketball game played south of the Mason–Dixon line on February 12, 1952, which ended", "Nathaniel Cartmell not have enough money at the time to hire another full-time coach for this sport. Cartmell was asked to be the first coach even though he did not know much about the sport. Cartmell coached his first college basketball game on January 27, 1910 when UNC's varsity basketball team played in their first intercollegiate basketball game in Bynum Gymnasium against Virginia Christian College, which later became Lynchburg College. The Tar Heels won their first game 42–21. The Tar Heels would end their first season with a 7–4 record. In 1914, Cartmell was charged with illegally playing dice with known gamblers", "Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania the north side of the city. The world's first recorded college basketball game occurred in the city on April 8, 1893 when the intramural team from Geneva College defeated the New Brighton YMCA. The population declined nearly 50% between 1940 and 2000, which is attributed mostly to its central location in the Rust Belt. Several manufacturing plants provided significant employment for residents in the twentieth century. Like most rust belt cities, Beaver Falls has suffered a fair amount of economic malaise due to the decline in the steel-making capacity in the region. Beaver Falls is located at (40.758865, -80.319737). According", "NBA Africa Game 2015 NBA Africa Game 2015 The 2015 NBA Africa Game was an exhibition basketball game played on August 1, 2015 in Ellis Park Arena in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was the first NBA game, and the first game involving any major North American professional sports league, to take place on the continent of Africa. It was contested between Team Africa, featuring NBA players and alumni that were born in or had parents born in Africa, and Team World, featuring NBA players from the rest of the world. Team World won the exhibition game by a score of 101–97. <section begin=2015/> San", "Basketball in Germany Basketball in Germany Basketball is a popular sport in Germany, and it is played on both the amateur and professional levels. Basketball has a long history in Germany; with its popularity having developed slowly. Today, basketball is one of the most popular sports in Germany. Basketball was first introduced to Germany in 1896, by August Hermann, a physical education pioneer. Hermann's son Ernst had emigrated to Boston and introduced the game of basketball to his father. Originally, Hermann was searching for a sport for girls to play as an alternative to soccer. August held the first game in Germany in", "Neil Cohalan 1924 through 1942, where as a student he played basketball and football. Neil Cohalan Cornelius J. \"Neil\" Cohalan (July 31, 1906 – January 22, 1968) was an American basketball coach. He was the first coach of the New York Knicks and has the distinction of being the winning coach of the very first game played in the Basketball Association of America (BAA), the forerunner to the modern National Basketball Association (NBA). The game, a November 1, 1946 contest between the Knicks and the Toronto Huskies played in famed Maple Leaf Gardens, was won 68–66 by the Knickerbockers. Prior to his", "Roundball Classic of sports coverage in the Post-Gazette leading up to the game. Abrams agreed to have the Dapper Dan Club sponsor the game, but DiCesare had to guarantee Abrams that he would cover any monetary losses and that a portion of the proceeds would go the Dapper Dan Club charities. DiCesare booked a date for the first game to be played on March 26, 1965 at the Civic Arena. Many felt that the game would not do well in Pittsburgh as it was not known as a basketball town. The first game suffered a major recruiting loss when the premier recruit", "Men's college basketball on television match-ups between top-ranked teams or major rivals are often broadcast nationally. Some games are traditionally associated with a specific event or holiday, and viewing the game itself can become a holiday tradition for fans. College basketball was first televised during the \"experimental\" era of television's broadcasting history, when W2XBS broadcast a men's basketball doubleheader from Madison Square Garden in New York City on February 28, 1940. Fordham University and the University of Pittsburgh played in the first game, and New York University played Georgetown University in the second game. In 1968, the \"Game of the Century\", played between UCLA and", "Sport in Catalonia when organized the first team in the School \"Escoles Pies de St. Anton\" in Barcelona. That year, 1922, was born the first club in Catalonia, the Basketball-Ball Laietà Club (now Club Esportiu Laietà). In those days, basketball was developed mainly through the educational centers and associations of popular and Catholic character. The first game is played in the field of CE Europa on 8 December 1922, with a final scoreboard: Europa 8-Laietà 2. On 15 April 1923 began the first Catalan Basketball Championship that was played until 1957 (except the period of the Civil War). It was undoubtedly the most", "Sports in the New York metropolitan area team is the New York Liberty. The first national basketball championship for major colleges, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938, and its semifinal and final rounds remain in the city. Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league. Because of the city's strong historical connections with both professional and college basketball, the New York Knicks' home arena, Madison Square Garden, is often called the \"Mecca of basketball.\" Ice hockey in New York is also widely popular and closely followed. The New York Rangers play in Manhattan", "Basketball in Australia saw its halcyon days. However, its popularity, media attention, attendance, and corporate support deteriorated during the 2000s. Despite this, figures released by the Australian Sports Commission's Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey in 2010 showed that basketball was the most popular sport played in the state of Victoria. The first press reference to a game of basketball in Australia is from \"The Adelaide Advertiser\". The paper reported on Wednesday 17 February 1897 that the following Tuesday at the opening of Our Boys Institute, said to be the largest gymnasium in the colonies, OBI would play YMCA in the first exhibition of", "History of sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana Intercollegiate sports in the city include Purdue Fort Wayne in the NCAA Division I Summit League as well as NAIA schools Indiana Tech and University of Saint Francis. Fort Wayne has been home to a few sports firsts. On June 2, 1883, Fort Wayne hosted the Quincy Professionals for one of the first lighted baseball games ever recorded. Fort Wayne has been credited for being the birthplace of the NBA when Fort Wayne Pistons owner Fred Zollner brokered the merger of the BAA and the NBL in 1949 from his kitchen table. Also, on March 10, 1961, Wilt Chamberlain became", "History of basketball way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became", "Barclays Center Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center. MTA Regional Bus Operations service is provided by , and buses. The first NBA basketball game played at the new arena was an NBA preseason game between the Nets and the Washington Wizards on October 15, 2012. The first regular season NBA game at the Barclays Center took place on November 3, 2012, when the Nets beat the visiting Toronto Raptors 107–100. The originally scheduled season opener home game was supposed to take place on November 1 against now-cross town rivals the New York Knicks, in what was planned to be a historic event; however, the game", "Neil Cohalan Neil Cohalan Cornelius J. \"Neil\" Cohalan (July 31, 1906 – January 22, 1968) was an American basketball coach. He was the first coach of the New York Knicks and has the distinction of being the winning coach of the very first game played in the Basketball Association of America (BAA), the forerunner to the modern National Basketball Association (NBA). The game, a November 1, 1946 contest between the Knicks and the Toronto Huskies played in famed Maple Leaf Gardens, was won 68–66 by the Knickerbockers. Prior to his pro career, Cohalan was the head basketball coach at Manhattan College from", "Geneva College Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \"The Birthplace of College Basketball\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \"Covenanters\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are", "National Basketball League (1898–1904) National Basketball League (1898–1904) The National Basketball League was the first professional basketball league in the world. Centered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the league's teams stretched from New York City to Central New Jersey, through the Philadelphia area and down to Wilmington, Delaware. The league began operations with the 1898-1899 season and disbanded in January 1904, prior to completing the 1903-04 season. The league was originally intended to consist of two separate geographic districts, one based in Philadelphia and the other in New York City. The New York district never got off the ground, however. The league debuted on December 1,", "Cole Field House Building\", a 12,000-seat basketball arena. The $3.3 million facility was constructed to be the home court of the university's men's basketball team. When it opened, the facility was second-largest basketball arena on the East coast. Only Madison Square Garden in NYC had a larger seating capacity. The first basketball event hosted in building was played on December 2, 1955, when the Maryland Terrapins beat the Virginia Cavaliers by the score of 67–55 in an Atlantic Coast Conference regular-season matchup. The structure was renamed the William P. Cole, Jr. Student Activities Building in 1956 in honor of Judge William P. Cole,", "Brooklyn and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval. During this \"Brooklyn era\", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting", "Young Men's Christian Association Building (Albany, New York) of its construction, it had the first gymnasium in upstate New York, and one of the earliest indoor swimming pools in the country. Several years later, it hosted the first basketball game played away from Springfield College, where the sport was invented. The building is located at the northwest corner of the Steuben Street intersection. The surrounding neighborhood is densely developed with tall brick commercial buildings of a similar vintage and scale such as the Kenmore Hotel. The ground slopes upward to the west, away from the nearby Hudson River, exposing the lowest story as the ground level along Pearl", "NBA Global Games Saitama in 2003. In 1991, the Miami Heat and the Washington Bullets played a preseason game in Nassau, Bahamas, marking the first NBA preseason game in the Caribbean. The following year, the Houston Rockets and the Dallas Mavericks played a preseason game in Mexico City, in the first NBA game held in Latin America. Several other preseason matches would follow in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico (under the name NBA Challenge), but it was not until 1997 that the NBA decided to hold its first regular season game in Latin America, featuring the Mavericks and the Rockets in Mexico", "George Hepbron George Hepbron George T. Hepbron (August 27, 1863 in Still Pond, Maryland, US – April 30, 1946 in Newark, New Jersey) was a basketball referee. He is credited with writing the game's first book, \"How to Play Basketball\", in 1904. Hepbron was a close friend of Dr. James Naismith, and subsequently played a major role in the early development of the game, especially in the area of rules. Hepbron held leadership roles with the Amateur Athletic Union Basketball Committee (1896) and the National Basketball Rules Committee (1915–1933). Hepbron was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1960", "Palestra Palestra The Palestra, often called the Cathedral of College Basketball, is a historic arena and the home gym of the University of Pennsylvania Quakers men's and women's basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and Philadelphia Big 5 basketball. Located at 235 South 33rd St. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, near Franklin Field in the University City section of Philadelphia, it opened on January 1, 1927. The Palestra has been called \"the most important building in the history of college basketball\" and \"changed the entire history of the sport for which it was built.\" The", "Basketball in Lithuania in public. The female pioneerism delayed basketball's widespread popularity until the 1930s as it kept being considered a woman's sport. In the meantime, in 1922 Karolis Dineika released the book \"Krepšiasvydis vyrams\" (English: Basketball for men), and in 1926 pilot Steponas Darius, who would later be known for his transatlantic flight, published the first basketball rules in Lithuania. Despite the fact that women were the first basketball players in Lithuania, the first official game was played by men. It took place on 23 April 1922 when Lietuvos Fizinio Lavinimo Sąjunga (English: Lithuanian Physical Education Union) played a game against Kaunas", "Julius Goldman Julius Goldman Julius Goldie Goldman (born September 22, 1910, in Mayesville, South Carolina, and died February 19, 2001, in Detroit, Michigan) was a Canadian basketball player. A father of modern basketball, Canada's representative on the 1936 Olympic Basketball Rules Committee, Julius Goldman suggested the elimination of the basketball rule that called for a \"jump ball\" after every field goal. The 1936 games marked basketball's first appearance in the Olympics. The Rules Committee agreed with Goldman (the lone objecting vote was that of basketball's creator Dr. James Naismith), and the game was forever changed. This rule change has been credited with", "1896 Chicago vs. Iowa men's basketball game 1896 Chicago vs. Iowa men's basketball game The 1896 Chicago vs. Iowa men's basketball game was the first five-on-five college basketball game played in United States history. Although the sport had been first played in 1892, seven to nine players had been used on a side. At the urging of the University of Chicago's head football coach, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Chicago's men's club team traveled to Iowa City, Iowa, to play the University of Iowa on January 18, 1896, in an experimental game. The match was played in Close Hall, and due to seating capacity constraints, only approximately 500 people", "History of Springfield, Massachusetts sport of basketball, invented in 1891 and now the world's second most popular sport. Below is a partial list of the City of Springfield's \"firsts:\" History of Springfield, Massachusetts Springfield, Massachusetts was founded in 1636 as \"Agawam\", the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony. The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years, however, later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony. The town changed its name to \"Springfield\", and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States. The history of Springfield, Massachusetts springs in large part from its favorable geography, situated on a steep bluff overlooking", "NBA Africa Game 2015 Buford. NBA Africa Game 2015 The 2015 NBA Africa Game was an exhibition basketball game played on August 1, 2015 in Ellis Park Arena in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was the first NBA game, and the first game involving any major North American professional sports league, to take place on the continent of Africa. It was contested between Team Africa, featuring NBA players and alumni that were born in or had parents born in Africa, and Team World, featuring NBA players from the rest of the world. Team World won the exhibition game by a score of 101–97. <section begin=2015/>", "Flowers Hall replaced the one installed in 1985. Chairback seats were installed in 1989 on the home side and are sold only to season-ticket holders. Flowers Hall Flowers Hall, built in 1972, is a 4,000-seat multipurpose arena located in Florence, Alabama. It is used primarily for basketball and volleyball, and is the home of the University of North Alabama Lions basketball and volleyball teams. The first basketball game in the arena was a preseason NBA basketball game between the Boston Celtics and the Atlanta Hawks. It has also hosted high school basketball games as well. The main court at the arena has", "Basketball (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to two hundred games a year on their national tours. In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. The first game was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between the Toronto Huskies and New York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946. Three seasons later, in 1949, the BAA merged with the National Basketball League (NBL) to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball. In 1959, a basketball hall of fame was founded in", "King Petar I Elementary School King Petar I Elementary School Elementary School King Petar I () is an elementary school in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The original school was founded in 1718 and is the oldest surviving cultural and educational institution in Serbia, predating the foundations of the Gymnasium of Karlovci (1796), Great School (modern Belgrade University; 1808), Matica Srpska (1826) and Society of Serbian Scholarship (modern Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts; 1841). It was the first school in Serbia which introduced the teacher notebooks and gym classes and is the location of the first basketball match played in Belgrade. Present building was", "Basketball body would change its name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first Canadian interuniversity basketball game was played at the YMCA in Kingston, Ontario on February 6, 1904, when McGill University—Naismith's alma mater—visited Queen's University. McGill won 9–7 in overtime; the score was 7–7 at the end of regulation play, and a ten-minute overtime period settled the outcome. A good turnout of spectators watched the game. The first men's national championship tournament, the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournament, which still exists as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) tournament, was organized in 1937. The first national", "King Petar I Elementary School 1894, and ten years later the construction of the elementary school in the vicinity of the Cathedral Church began. Teacher Stevan Todorović introduced gym classes, for the first time in Serbia. The first basketball match in Belgrade was played in the schoolyard in 1923. Later on, the students of this school, Zoran Slavnić and Dragan Kapičić, as well as many other students, became excellent basketball players of the Yugoslav basketball national team. Many important people, who through their work contributed to the construction and the development of this school make the school specific and valuable. For many years, this school", "History of Western civilization these include Ping Pong, modern tennis, Association Football, Netball and Rugby. The United States also developed popular international sports during this period. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, instigated the modern revival of the Olympic Games, with the first modern Olympics were held at Athens in 1896. The years", "James Naismith and there were calls to call this new game \"Naismith Ball\", but Naismith refused. By 1893, basketball was introduced internationally by the YMCA movement. From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he acquired a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence, Kansas. The family of Lambert G. Will has claimed that Dr. Naismith borrowed components for the game of basketball from Will to dispute Naismith's sole creation of the game, citing alleged photos and letters. The University of Kansas men's basketball program officially began following Naismith's arrival in 1898, which was six years", "Basketball at the Summer Olympics was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Within a few decades, the new game became popular throughout the United States as an indoor sport. The popularity spread overseas and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) was organized in 1932 in Geneva, Switzerland. Thanks in part to the effort of Phog Allen—a Kansas Jayhawks collegiate coach—the first Olympic basketball tournament was organized in the 1936 Berlin Olympics on outdoor tennis courts. Dr. Naismith presented the medals to the top three teams. According to the Olympic rules of that time, all of the competitors were amateurs. The tournament was held", "Uline Arena became a charter member of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949; during its five seasons of play, the team used Uline Arena as its home court. Earl Lloyd, the first African American athlete to play for an NBA team, played for the Capitols at Uline Arena on October 31, 1950. The team folded during the 1950-1951 season. During the 1946-1947, 1949-1950, and 1950-1951 seasons, the Georgetown University Hoyas men's basketball team played its home games at Uline Arena. One of President Dwight D. Eisenhower′s two inaugural balls in 1953 was held at Uline Arena. Retired boxer Joe Louis made", "James Naismith James Naismith James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the game of basketball at age 30 in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939). Born in Canada, Naismith studied physical education at McGill University in", "The Intercontinental Derby (basketball) The Intercontinental Derby (basketball) The Intercontinental Derby (), also known as the Eternal Rivalry (Turkish: \"Ezelî Rekabet\"), is the name given to any basketball match between Fenerbahçe SK and Galatasaray SK (teams of the Asian and the European parts of Istanbul respectively). According to the official records, in Turkey, basketball was first played in 1904 at Robert College. An American physical education teacher laid the foundations of this sport in Turkey. 7 years later, Ahmet Robenson, a physical education teacher at Galatasaray High School decided to introduce a new game to the students in 1911. Robenson, who also became a", "Fort Wayne, Indiana moved to Detroit in 1957), the Fort Wayne Daisies of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Fort Wayne Kekiongas of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (precursor to Major League Baseball). Some notable events in sports history occurred in Fort Wayne. On June 2, 1883, Fort Wayne hosted the Quincy Professionals for one of the first lighted evening baseball games ever recorded. Fort Wayne is also credited as the birthplace of the NBA, as Pistons' coach Carl Bennett brokered the merger of the BAA and the NBL in 1948 from his Alexander Street home. On March", "Maple Leaf Gardens the first round. Winston Churchill addressed a large audience at the Gardens in March 1932; when the arena's loudspeaker system broke down he tossed the microphone to one side, declared \"Now that we have exhausted the resources of science we shall fall back upon Mother Nature and do our best\", and continued. Victory Loan rallies were held at the Gardens during World War II. On November 1, 1946, Maple Leaf Gardens was the site of the first game in the history of the Basketball Association of America (later to become the NBA), with the Toronto Huskies playing the New York", "College basketball February 7, 1893. The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0. The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the University of Minnesota). Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, 9–3. The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the", "Women's basketball of attire similar to school uniforms, including long baggy shorts (current women's basketball uniforms consist of a jersey and gym shorts). Variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges. The first intercollegiate women's basketball game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896. The popularity of women's basketball grew steadily around the world for decades. By the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added women's basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976, the men debuted in 1936. Throughout the", "Hank Rosenstein Hank Rosenstein Henry \"Hank\" Rosenstein (June 16, 1920 – February 27, 2010) was an American professional basketball player. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Rosenstein played at City College of New York before starring in AAU Basketball and being named MVP in the Eastern Jewish Center League in 1942–43. He became a member of the New York Knicks of the Basketball Association of America in 1946, playing with them in what is now considered the first NBA game, played in Toronto on November 1, 1946. On January 26, 1947, Rosenstein was sold to the Providence Steamrollers. After the end of his", "Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball The Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team is a NCAA Division I college basketball team competing in the Big Ten Conference. The Badgers home games are played at the Kohl Center, located on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus in Madison, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Badger basketball began in December, 1898 with the formation of its first team coached by Dr. James C. Elsom. The Badgers played their first game on January 21, 1899, losing to the Milwaukee Normal Alumni 25–15 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . In 1905, Christian Steinmetz became the first Wisconsin Badger basketball player to be named All-American.", "Vivint Smart Home Arena Rivermen on October 16, 1991, which the home team lost 4–2. The Eagles had also played the inaugural game in the Salt Palace arena when it opened on October 10, 1969. The Eagles, which were purchased by Miller in 1990, lost nearly a million dollars annually and would not long play in the Delta Center. The first basketball game played in the arena was a Jazz pre-season loss against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks, 101–95. The 1993–95 Western Athletic Conference men's basketball tournaments were held at the facility, as was the 1993 NBA All-Star Game. The Delta Center", "Black Fives after the Renaissance Casino and Ballroom in Harlem, where they played their first game on November 3, 1923, a 28-22 victory over a white team called the Collegiate Five. The ballroom was owned by Sarco Realty Company and William Roach, who allowed the dance floor to double as a basketball court to accommodate Douglas's team. It was far from an ideal site for basketball, preceding the era of the beautiful, tailor-made arenas of today's game. \"It was rectangular, but more box-like,\" said former Rens star Pop Gates, arguably the best player of his day and a Hall of Fame inductee.", "NBA outdoor games NBA outdoor games Only four National Basketball Association (NBA) games have ever been played outdoors. The first outdoor game was played between the Phoenix Suns and the Milwaukee Bucks on September 24, 1972 at Hiram Bithorn Stadium, a baseball park in San Juan, Puerto Rico, during that year's preseason. The Suns defeated the Bucks, 116–103. The NBA did not schedule another outdoor game after that, citing weather as a major obstacle. However, in 2008, the Phoenix Suns planned to play a preseason game outdoors at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California. The idea reportedly came from Suns", "New Orleans Pelicans this (New Orleans) thing work.\" The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30, 2002, against New Orleans' original NBA franchise, the now-Utah Jazz. In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years, the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100–75, and posthumously retired #7 of \"Pistol\" Pete Maravich during halftime. The Hornets finished the season with a 47–35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the First Round of the 2003 playoffs. Following the season, the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Tim Floyd. The", "1946–47 Toronto Huskies season Watson, co-founders Ben Newman and Salter Hayden and Annis Stukus. \"Note: GP= Games played; FG= Field Goals; FT= Free Throws; FTA = Free Throws Attempted; AST = Assists; PTS = Points\" 1946–47 Toronto Huskies season The 1946–47 BAA season was the Toronto Huskies' inaugural season. The NBA's first game was played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on November 1, 1946. The New York Knickerbockers defeated the Toronto Huskies 68–66 at Maple Leaf Gardens. The teams were part of the Basketball Association of America, the forerunner to the NBA. The Huskies finished last in their division and folded after one", "1980 MAC Men's Basketball Tournament 1980 MAC Men's Basketball Tournament The 1980 Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held February 26–28 at a combination of on-campus gymnasiums and the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This was the first edition of the tournament. Top-seeded defeated in the inaugural championship game, 85–70, to win their first MAC men's basketball tournament. The Rockets, in turn, received a bid to the 1980 NCAA Tournament. They were the only MAC program invited to the tournament. First Round games were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games (semifinals, third-place final, and championship) were played at", "Charles Bemies an exhibition basketball game arranged by Naismith in Springfield, Bemies formed the first college basketball team at Geneva College. Under Bemies' guidance, Geneva College became the first college in the United States to field a basketball team. Interviewed in 2010, Ian Naismith, a basketball historian and the grandson of the sport's inventor, sought to settle disputing claims as to which college was the first to introduce basketball. Naismith said, \"My grandfather considered Geneva to be the birthplace of college basketball, and how can anybody argue with him? If you say anything differently, you're calling my grandfather, my father, and me,", "Buffalo Memorial Auditorium of the site facing the restaurant. Before the National Basketball Association and National Hockey League came to Buffalo, college basketball was Memorial Auditorium's most popular sporting event. On December 11, 1940, the Auditorium hosted its first college basketball game when Canisius College played the University of Oregon. Interest in college basketball grew after World War II, and the first college basketball sellout crowd occurred in the 1946–1947 season when 11,029 spectators saw Canisius lose to Notre Dame. Ten days later, a record 11,891 watched Canisius defeat Niagara, 52-44. While the teams were typically from Western New York, including Canisius, Niagara", "Bankers Life Fieldhouse is asymmetrical. The first NBA game held at Bankers Life Fieldhouse was on November 6, 1999 when the Indiana Pacers played their regular-season home opener against the Boston Celtics. Later that same season, the Pacers made it to the 2000 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers. Games 3, 4, and 5 of that championship series were held at Bankers Life Fieldhouse, but the Pacers ended up losing that season's title 4 games to 2. Some of the games of 2002 FIBA World Championship were played at Bankers Life Fieldhouse, including semifinals and the final. In 2009, Bankers Life Fieldhouse", "History of basketball Set Athletic Club, St. Christopher Club, Marathon Athletic Club, Alpha Physical Culture Club, and the Jersey City Colored YMCA. The first inter-city basketball game between two black teams was played in 1907 when the Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn travelled to Washington, DC to play the Crescent Athletic Club. In 1908 Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn, a member of the Olympian Athletic League, was named the first Colored Basketball World's Champion. In 1910 Howard University’s first varsity basketball team began. In 1922 the Commonwealth Five, the first all-black professional team was founded. The New York Renaissance was founded", "Card Gymnasium other on the East Campus. Immediately prior to the opening of Card Gymnasium, the games were held in Alumni Memorial Gymnasium, which had opened in 1924. That building stands west of the traffic circle, the Lilly Library and the tennis courts. It is now part of the Brodie Recreation Center. The earliest games were played at a Angier B. Duke Gymnasium, otherwise known as \"The Ark\". It contained a smaller court than what is now standard. The building dates to 1898, and intercollegiate basketball was first played there in about 1906. After the team left at the end of 1923,", "KK Split the first game played in 1945 against Zadar team. This game, in addition to the defeat, caused the perception that the \"basketball sport for women.\" Vinko Bajrović spoke on the playground at Spinutu where he began the tradition of men's basketball in Split. People who have passed the courses did not understand how men can practice basketball. The perception started to change the arrival Branka Radonića. Radonić has laid the foundation of modern work that later led to the first great success of the Split basketball. The first phase of a documentary film about the first great, legendary generation of", "Angolan Basketball Federation was on May 1930 that a basketball match was first played in the country. Since then, it's been 75 years of a successful journey. Mr. Pina Cabral, a Portuguese army officer and physical education teacher, organized on May 1930, the first exhibition game between Sporting Clube de Luanda and Associação Académica with an 8-5 final score for the former. Angola played for the very first time internationally in a friendly against Nigeria in 1976 (lost 62-71), made its debut in the African arena in 1980 (7th place) and in the world arena at the 1986 FIBA World Championship in Madrid", "National Basketball League (1898–1904) first place when the league disbanded. National Basketball League (1898–1904) The National Basketball League was the first professional basketball league in the world. Centered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the league's teams stretched from New York City to Central New Jersey, through the Philadelphia area and down to Wilmington, Delaware. The league began operations with the 1898-1899 season and disbanded in January 1904, prior to completing the 1903-04 season. The league was originally intended to consist of two separate geographic districts, one based in Philadelphia and the other in New York City. The New York district never got off the ground, however.", "James Naismith of the court. Both practices are obsolete in the rules of modern basketball. In a radio interview in January 1939, Naismith gave more details of the first game and the initial rules that were used: I showed them two peach baskets I'd nailed up at each end of the gym, and I told them the idea was to throw the ball into the opposing team's peach basket. I blew a whistle, and the first game of basketball began. ... The boys began tackling, kicking and punching in the clinches. They ended up in a free-for-all in the middle of the", "USC Trojans men's basketball of Fame as coaches. (Sharman was also inducted as a player.) On December 7, 1906 the Los Angeles Herald declared: \"Basketball Is Started At U.S.C.\" The first official game of USC basketball was an interclass drubbing by the freshman over the sophomores, 25–2. USC would later host its debut intercollegiate basketball game, the first of its kind in Southern California, on January 16, 1907 with an 18–15 win over Occidental College. After a standout season in 1910, when USC placed second in the league, the Methodists (as they had been known at the time) slowly grew the program under the", "EagleBank Arena construction of the Patriot Center was part of GMU's revenue bond package approved by the Virginia General Assembly in 1982. It replaced a 3,000-seat gymnasium. The first use of the Patriot Center was GMU's graduation ceremonies in May 1985. The official opening of the arena was on October 4, 1985, when the New York Knicks played the Washington Bullets in a pre-season game, debuting the first game of future Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Patrick Ewing. In 1990, the NCAA Men's Volleyball Championships were held at the Patriot Center. In 1986, the Patriot Center hosted the first men's CAA (Colonial", "Laietà BC Laietà BC Laietà Basket Club, nowadays known as Club Esportiu Laietà was the first basketball club founded in Spain. It was founded in Barcelona in 1922 by a group of former students of the \"Pious Schools of San Antón\" of Barcelona, the school where Father Eusebio Millán introduced the sport of basketball in Spain in 1921. Laietà, is wearing a white shirt with a blue stripe diagonal, he organized the first basketball game held in Spain: it was in Barcelona on December 8, 1922, and CE Europa defeated Laietà by 8-2 in the field of CE Europa, in the district", "Indianapolis Olympians Olympians still hold the distinction of being the winning team in the longest game in NBA history—they were the 75–73 victors in a six-overtime game against the Rochester Royals in a game played on January 6, 1951. \"None\" Indianapolis Olympians The Indianapolis Olympians were a founding National Basketball Association (NBA) team based in Indianapolis, Indiana. They were founded in 1949 and folded in 1953. Their home arena was Butler Fieldhouse on the campus of Butler University--now known as Hinkle Fieldhouse. The Olympians were founded in 1949 to replace the Indianapolis Jets. The Olympians were led by University of Kentucky alumni", "Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. in 2004 in Tel Aviv, Maccabi organized the EuroLeague Final Four. The first basketball game between an NBA and an FIBA team, was held in 1978, in Tel Aviv. Maccabi Tel Aviv beat the defending NBA champion, Washington Bullets, 98–97. Maccabi has played a record 18 times vs. NBA teams, and became the first European team to win on an NBA floor, when it beat Toronto, 105–103, in 2005. It also beat the Suns and Nets in 1984, to win a tournament in Tel Aviv. 5 Israeli League championships, 3 Israeli Cups. Early success in the Israeli League. Rivalry with", "George Hepbron as a referee. George Hepbron George T. Hepbron (August 27, 1863 in Still Pond, Maryland, US – April 30, 1946 in Newark, New Jersey) was a basketball referee. He is credited with writing the game's first book, \"How to Play Basketball\", in 1904. Hepbron was a close friend of Dr. James Naismith, and subsequently played a major role in the early development of the game, especially in the area of rules. Hepbron held leadership roles with the Amateur Athletic Union Basketball Committee (1896) and the National Basketball Rules Committee (1915–1933). Hepbron was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of", "Sports in New England Sports in New England Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895. Also, the first organized ice hockey game in the United States is widely believed to have been played in Concord, New Hampshire in 1883. The region is famous for its passion for baseball and the Boston Red Sox, as well as for the intense rivalry between the Red Sox and the New York Yankees. On November 1, 1924, the Boston Bruins of the National", "Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball in the NCAA Tournament thirty times and in the National Invitation Tournament twelve times. The Hoyas historically have been well regarded not only for their team success, but also for generating players that have succeeded both on and off the court, producing NBA legends such as Patrick Ewing, Dikembe Mutombo, Alonzo Mourning, and Allen Iverson, as well as United States Congressman Henry Hyde and former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue. Founded in the fall of 1906, the Georgetown men's basketball team played its first game on February 9, 1907, defeating the University of Virginia by a score of 22-11. In its", "Pittsburgh selected 6 times with 3 WNBA players. Pitt women began play in 1914 before being reintroduced in 1970. Both Duquesne and Robert Morris also have competitive Division I women's basketball programs. Pittsburgh launched the nation's first high school all-star game in 1965. The Roundball Classic annually featured future NBA hall of famers at the Civic Arena with ESPN televising. The Civic Arena also hosted the Championship Tournament for the Eastern Eight Conference from 1978 until 1982. Golf has deep roots in the area. The oldest U.S. course in continuous use, Foxburg Country Club dating from 1887 calls the region home.", "Kibbie Dome stadium has also served as the home of the Vandal basketball teams, providing increased seating capacity over the venerable Memorial Gym (built in 1928), a block to the east. The basketball court is positioned at midfield on the south sideline, in front of the press box and the south grandstand, with temporary seating on the north, east, and west. The first basketball game was played against WSU on , commemorated with a visit by Vandal great Gus Johnson. The main court was originally smooth tartan rubber, poured directly onto the pavement floor, resulting in a very hard and unforgiving surface,", "Athletics in upstate New York Athletics in upstate New York Upstate New York is a storied region in North American athletics. Although now largely discredited, the report of the 1905-1907 Mills Commission, charged with investigating the origins of baseball, named Cooperstown as the place where baseball was invented in the 1830s or 1840s by Abner Doubleday. Cooperstown is the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The first away game in the sport of basketball was played at the Albany YMCA gymnasium in 1892, the year after the sport was invented in nearby Springfield College in Massachusetts. Upstate New York was once" ]

[ 11.15625 ]

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[ "Washington Capitals Washington Capitals The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment, headed by Ted Leonsis. From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre, in Landover, Maryland (a suburb of Washington, D.C.). In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena, their present home arena in Washington, D.C. The Capitals were founded in as an expansion franchise, alongside the Kansas City" ]

[ "Sports in Washington, D.C. new arena in the Congress Heights neighborhood of southeast Washington that will also become home to the Mystics starting with that team's 2019 season. In the mid 20th century, the Washington Lions played in the American Hockey League and other leagues at the Uline Ice Arena. Starting with the National Hockey League's 1974 expansion, the Capitals have been Washington's professional hockey team. That first season the Capitals only won eight games earning an NHL-record low .131 winning percentage. After spending their first 23 seasons playing in the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland, the Caps moved into D.C. to play in", "2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 NHL Stadium Series The 2018 NHL Stadium Series (officially the 2018 Coors Light NHL Stadium Series for sponsorship reasons) was a regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game played outdoors, part of the Stadium Series of games held at football or baseball stadiums. The Washington Capitals defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs, 5-2, at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, the home stadium of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, on March 3, 2018. This was the only game in the Stadium Series scheduled for the 2017–18 season (as opposed to multiple games in 2014 and 2016), and marked the first", "2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 NHL Stadium Series The 2018 NHL Stadium Series (officially the 2018 Coors Light NHL Stadium Series for sponsorship reasons) was a regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game played outdoors, part of the Stadium Series of games held at football or baseball stadiums. The Washington Capitals defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs, 5-2, at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, the home stadium of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, on March 3, 2018. This was the only game in the Stadium Series scheduled for the 2017–18 season (as opposed to multiple games in 2014 and 2016), and marked the first", "MedStar Capitals Iceplex MedStar Capitals Iceplex MedStar Capitals Iceplex is the practice arena of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. The highest ice rink above street-level in the United States, it is located on the eighth floor atop the parking garage adjoining the Ballston Common Mall in the Ballston neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia. Opened in 2006, the facility, which is owned by Arlington County and leased to the Capitals, houses two full-NHL-sized ice rinks with seating for 1,200, a training center, a proshop, and offices for staff of both the Capitals team and the WNBA's Washington Mystics team. The Capitals", "Capital One Arena Capital One Arena Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington, D.C. Owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment, it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League, the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association, the Georgetown University men's basketball team, and the Washington Valor of the Arena Football League. It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 to 2018, but that team will move to the new St. Elizabeths East Arena in southeast Washington, beginning with the 2019 season. Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of", "Washington Capitals awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hall of Fame for his contributions to hockey broadcasting. These are the top-ten regular season point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season. \"Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game\" Footnotes Citations Washington Capitals The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports &", "Maryland Black Bears Maryland Black Bears The Maryland Black Bears are a Tier II junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League's East Division. The Black Bears play their home games in the Piney Orchard Ice Arena in Odenton, Maryland. Founded in 2018, the Black Bears are the first team in the 42-year history of the NAHL to be based out of Maryland. Playing on the NHL-sized sheet of ice at the Piney Orchard Ice Arena, a former training center of the NHL’s Washington Capitals, the Black Bears' organization has exclusive use of over 7,000 square feet of space for locker", "MedStar Capitals Iceplex 10-year agreement together with the other Monumental Sports & Entertainment practice facilities. MedStar Capitals Iceplex MedStar Capitals Iceplex is the practice arena of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. The highest ice rink above street-level in the United States, it is located on the eighth floor atop the parking garage adjoining the Ballston Common Mall in the Ballston neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia. Opened in 2006, the facility, which is owned by Arlington County and leased to the Capitals, houses two full-NHL-sized ice rinks with seating for 1,200, a training center, a proshop, and offices for staff of", "Hershey Bears Hershey Bears The Hershey Bears are an American professional ice hockey team based in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The current Bears club has played in the American Hockey League since the 1938–39 season making it the longest continuously operating member club of the league still playing in its original city. The Bears organization currently serves as the primary development club for the NHL's Washington Capitals since the 2005–06 season. Since the 2002–03 season the hockey club's home games have been played at Giant Center, located less than half a mile west of Hersheypark Arena, the AHL club's previous home from 1938 to", "Sports teams in Virginia Sports teams in Virginia Sports teams in Virginia include several professional teams, but no professional major-league teams. Virginia is by far the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise playing within its borders, although two of the major-league teams representing Washington, D.C.—the NFL's Washington Redskins and NHL's Washington Capitals—have their practice facilities and operational headquarters in Northern Virginia. There have been proposals to locate stadiums for Washington teams in Northern Virginia or to locate teams in the Hampton Roads metro area surrounding Norfolk, but none have come to fruition. When Jack Kent Cooke decided to build", "Piney Orchard, Maryland of \"Piney Orchard\" to the homeowners of the community in 2005. The Piney Orchard Community Association, or \"POCA\" as it is known, arranges several community-wide social activities and collects annual fees from all homeowners to maintain the aesthetic qualities of the community. Piney Orchard Ice Arena, located at the corner of Piney Orchard Boulevard and Riverscape Drive, had been the practice site for the Washington Capitals ice hockey team until 2006, when they moved to their newly built practice facility, Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Arlington, Virginia. Piney Orchard, Maryland Piney Orchard is an unincorporated community within Odenton, Maryland. \"Piney Orchard\"", "1985–86 Washington Capitals season New York Rangers four games to two in a best of seven series. New York Islanders vs. Washington Capitals \"Washington wins best-of-five series 3–0\" New York Rangers vs. Washington Capitals \"New York Rangers wins best-of-seven series 4–2\" Washington's draft picks at the 1985 NHL Entry Draft held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario. 1985–86 Washington Capitals season The Washington Capitals are a professional American ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C.; in the 1985–86 season, the team finished with 107 points and won 50 games for the first time in franchise history, good enough for the third-best", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports most populous state without a single big-league team in any sport, although residents of Northern Virginia have access to teams in Washington, D.C., and, at a stretch, Baltimore; and southern Virginia residents have access to the Carolina Hurricanes, the only major-league team in the Raleigh-Durham area. Additionally, two of the four D.C.-area teams, the Washington Capitals and Washington Redskins, have their operational headquarters and training facilities in Northern Virginia. Iowa is the most populous state that has neither a major-league team nor a connection to a media market area with a major-league team. Three of the four major leagues (MLB,", "Potential National Hockey League expansion been known as the Hampton Roads Rhinos. Other cities such as Oklahoma City, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, had expressed interest in landing an NHL team. Baltimore, which was a \"backup\" option had one of the Expansion Six not been able to launch in 1967, is unlikely to get a team due to its close proximity to the Washington Capitals (who play preseason games in Baltimore annually) and Philadelphia Flyers; the main arena in Baltimore, Royal Farms Arena, is both undersized and outdated as of 2015. Proposals to replace the Royal Farms Arena have not been made for attracting an", "Sports in Washington, D.C. the newly constructed Capital One Arena (then known as the MCI Center) in 1997. A competitive high point came in their first season in the new arena when they defeated the Buffalo Sabres in the Eastern Conference Finals, earning a trip to the Stanley Cup Finals where they were swept in four games by the Detroit Red Wings. Among the many seasons of disappointing playoff exits from 2008-2017, a new story was written when Evgeny Kuznetsov lifted the Capitals over the Pittsburgh Penguins in OT of Game 6 in the second round of the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs to get", "2017–18 Washington Capitals season transactions during the 2017–18 season. Below are the Washington Capitals' selections at the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, which was held on June 23 and 24, 2017 at the United Center in Chicago. 2017–18 Washington Capitals season The 2017–18 Washington Capitals season was the 44th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 11, 1974. They played their home games at Capital One Arena in Washington D.C. They were led by head coach Barry Trotz in his fourth season as coach of the Capitals. The Capitals won their first Stanley Cup in organization history, defeating the inaugural-season", "Capital Centre just outside the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495) at exit 16, less than a mile (1.6 km) southeast of FedExField, the home of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. Capital Centre was the home of the Washington Bullets of the NBA from 1973 to 1997, the Washington Capitals of the NHL from 1974 to 1997 and the Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team from 1980 to 1997. The Washington Wizards were known as the Bullets until 1997, and played the first 5 games of the 1997–98 NBA season at the old arena under their new name. All three teams departed", "National Capital Region (Canada) Capital Region: 25 sites are located in Ottawa, with the \"Former Almonte Post Office\" and \"Rosamond Woollen Mill\" in Almonte, the \"Gillies Grove and House\" in Arnprior, the \"Manoir Papineau\" in Montebello and the \"Symmes Hotel\" in the Aylmer sector of Gatineau. The National Capital Region has many sports teams. The Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League play in the City of Ottawa's western suburban community of Kanata. The Ottawa Redblacks are members of the Canadian Football League. Ottawa is also home to a successful Ontario Hockey League club, the Ottawa 67's. Gatineau is home to the 2007-2008 QMJHL", "Todd Reirden Todd Reirden Todd R. Reirden (born June 25, 1971 in Deerfield, Illinois) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was previously an assistant coach for the Pittsburgh Penguins and former head coach of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL). Reirden played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues, Phoenix Coyotes, Atlanta Thrashers, and Edmonton Oilers. Reirden was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the 12th round, 242nd overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. Upon", "Capitals–Flyers rivalry Capitals–Flyers rivalry The Capitals–Flyers rivalry is a National Hockey League (NHL) rivalry between the Washington Capitals and Philadelphia Flyers ice hockey clubs. Both teams compete in the NHL's Eastern Conference Metropolitan Division. The two teams have been rivals since the Capitals inception in the 1974-75 season, but became most intense in the 1980s when the Capitals joined the Patrick Division. The rivalry was renewed in the late 2000s and 2010s with both teams being equally competitive resulting in two playoff matches in 2008 and 2016. Due to the proximity of each team (142 miles from Philadelphia to Washington via Interstate", "Capitals–Penguins rivalry Capitals–Penguins rivalry The Capitals–Penguins rivalry is a hockey rivalry between the Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. Both teams have played in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference since 2013. This rivalry stems from the 11 playoff series that the two teams have met in, which is second most between NHL expansion teams behind the Dallas Stars and the St. Louis Blues (which they have 13 meetings). Pittsburgh has emerged victorious in every series except for the 1994 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals and 2018 Eastern Conference Second Round. There is also only a 250-mile drive between", "Sports in Washington, D.C. Capitals advanced in the 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs, and no team had won a league championship since the Redskins defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI in 1992. However, in 2018, those streaks were broken when the Washington Capitals defeated the Vegas Golden Knights in game 5 of the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals. These teams are also known for having spectacular regular seasons followed by demoralizing playoff losses. The area is home to two regional sports television networks, NBC Sports Washington, which is based in Bethesda, Maryland, and Mid-Atlantic Sports Network. The following table shows the sports teams in", "York City Ice Arena York City Ice Arena The York City Ice Arena is a 1,000-seat rink in York, Pennsylvania, USA. Renovated in September 2004, it hosts local public skating, ice hockey, and figure skating. It was the home field of the York Capitals in the AIF from 2013 to 2015 before the team moved to Harrisburg as the Central Penn Capitals. College Hockey East held their inaugural season playoffs at York City Ice Arena in February 2014. The arena received brief international media coverage after a player's upset parent broke a panel of safety glass during a hockey game on January 19, 2015.", "York City Ice Arena York City Ice Arena The York City Ice Arena is a 1,000-seat rink in York, Pennsylvania, USA. Renovated in September 2004, it hosts local public skating, ice hockey, and figure skating. It was the home field of the York Capitals in the AIF from 2013 to 2015 before the team moved to Harrisburg as the Central Penn Capitals. College Hockey East held their inaugural season playoffs at York City Ice Arena in February 2014. The arena received brief international media coverage after a player's upset parent broke a panel of safety glass during a hockey game on January 19, 2015.", "Vermont Lumberjacks with The Gardens Ice House in Laurel, Maryland, in 2006. With the opening of the new Washington Capitals practice facility at the 1,200-seat Kettler Capitals Iceplex, the Jr. Nationals moved across the Potomac River, splitting time between The Gardens Ice House and their new venue in 2006–07 until becoming full-time tenants in Arlington for the 2007–08 season. The team moved back to The Gardens Ice House in 2010.. The team also played single games at the Ashburn Ice House in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 season as a way to reach out to area youth hockey organizations. In 2013, Tier III", "Sports in Maryland became the first state with an official state exercise. Maryland has major professional sports teams in the city of Baltimore and in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.. Two major league teams play in Baltimore — the NFL's Baltimore Ravens and MLB's Baltimore Orioles. Additionally, the NFL's Baltimore Colts played in Baltimore from 1953 to 1983 before moving to Indianapolis. The Washington Redskins play in Landover, Maryland. The NHL's Washington Capitals and the NBA's Washington Wizards used to play in Maryland before moving in 1997 to a newly constructed arena in downtown D.C. The following table details baseball teams which", "John Carlson (ice hockey) John Carlson (ice hockey) John Carlson (born January 10, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. He was drafted by the Capitals in the first round, 27th overall, in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. In 2018, Carlson won his first Stanley Cup with the Capitals. Carlson began his ice hockey career with the New Jersey Rockets Youth Hockey Organization of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League. Carlson lived near the New Jersey Rockets Organization based in Newark, New Jersey for Tier II and Juniors and Somerset, New Jersey for", "2017–18 Washington Capitals season 2017–18 Washington Capitals season The 2017–18 Washington Capitals season was the 44th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 11, 1974. They played their home games at Capital One Arena in Washington D.C. They were led by head coach Barry Trotz in his fourth season as coach of the Capitals. The Capitals won their first Stanley Cup in organization history, defeating the inaugural-season Vegas Golden Knights in the Stanley Cup Finals. The team finished the regular season with 105 points, winning the Metropolitan Division for the third year in a row. In the Stanley Cup", "Todd Reirden dispute. Todd Reirden Todd R. Reirden (born June 25, 1971 in Deerfield, Illinois) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was previously an assistant coach for the Pittsburgh Penguins and former head coach of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL). Reirden played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues, Phoenix Coyotes, Atlanta Thrashers, and Edmonton Oilers. Reirden was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the 12th round, 242nd overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft.", "Capital One Arena humidity to maintain the ice conditions during warmer times of the year. Capital One Arena Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington, D.C. Owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment, it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League, the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association, the Georgetown University men's basketball team, and the Washington Valor of the Arena Football League. It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 to 2018, but that team will move to the new St. Elizabeths East Arena in southeast", "MedStar Capitals Iceplex youths 18 and under, which plays in the Delaware Valley Sled Hockey League. The IcePlex served as the initial inspiration for the building of HarborCenter in Buffalo, New York by the Buffalo Sabres and Terrence Pegula. HarborCenter serves a similar purpose to the IcePlex. The Capitals had long practiced at a rink in Piney Orchard, Maryland, near the Capital Centre, even after the team moved to downtown Washington, D.C. in 1997. Arlington County, Virginia had purchased the parking garage at the Parkington Shopping Center in 1984 as part of an economic development plan in the Ballston area. The facility was", "Washington Caps attendance was 2,992 fans per game. In a case of exceptionally bad timing, the Caps arrived at a time when the surrounding Near Northeast neighborhood was still recovering from the 1968 race riots. Fears that the neighborhood wasn't safe dragged down attendance. Due to the long travel distances involved in divisional play, the Caps played some home games in places like Wichita, Kansas and even Mexico City, Mexico but did not fare well in those supposed home games. However, due to a solid record in their real home games, the Caps finished the season with 44 wins and 40 losses.", "Capital One Arena venue also hosted both the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals, the latter of which saw the Capitals win the first Stanley Cup championship in team history, and the first major sports championship to Washington D.C. since the 1992 Washington Redskins. When the arena opened, there was concern that it would lead to the displacement of Chinese businesses and culture in the area that is the city's Chinatown. The surrounding area has indeed been dramatically gentrified, and most of the Chinese residents and businesses who lived and operated in the neighborhood when the arena first opened", "Stirling-Rawdon game in Stirling in September 2012. Arrangements were being made to accommodate these teams in the Yardmen Arena in Belleville, Ontario, however the game was eventually cancelled due to the 2012 NHL lockout. The NHL announced on June 17, 2013 that Stirling will host a pre-season game between the Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets at Yardmen Arena on September 14, 2013. Besides the village proper of Stirling, the township of Stirling-Rawdon comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities such as Anson, Bonarlaw, Harold, Minto, Mount Pleasant, Sine, Springbrook, Wellman; Brinkworth, Madoc Junction, Peterson, Ryslone, Sarginson, Wellman", "Nic Dowd Nic Dowd Nicholas Dowd (born May 27, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Washington Capitals organization of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Los Angeles Kings in the 7th round (198th overall) of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. Born to English parents, Dowd grew up in Huntsville, Alabama where he played junior hockey Dowd moved to Wenatchee, Washington to play for the Wenatchee Wild in the North American Hockey League (NAHL). The following season he played for the Indiana Ice in Indianapolis, Indiana, before joining the St. Cloud State Huskies", "Hampton Roads was never a full-time home for that team. Its highest-ranking teams as of 2015 are the Norfolk Admirals of the ECHL, and the Norfolk Tides of the IL. Virginia is also the most populous state without a major team playing within its borders, though its northern reaches are served by the Washington clubs—two of which, the NHL's Capitals and NFL's Redskins, have their operational headquarters and practice facilities in Virginia. Redskins owner Daniel Snyder, through a separate company, owns two radio stations, WXTG and WXTG-FM, in the Norfolk market. The Hampton Roads television market is ranked 42nd in the U.S.", "2018–19 Washington Capitals season record. The Capitals have been involved in the following transactions during the 2018–19 season. Below are the Washington Capitals' selections at the 2018 NHL Entry Draft, which was held on June 22 and 23, 2018, at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. Notes: 2018–19 Washington Capitals season The 2018–19 Washington Capitals season is the 45th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 11, 1974. It is the first season with new head coach Todd Reirden. They entered the season as the defending Stanley Cup champions. The preseason schedule was published on June 18, 2018.", "2003–04 Washington Capitals season 2003–04 Washington Capitals season The 2003–04 Washington Capitals season was the Capitals's 30th season of play. The team finished in fifth and last-place in the Southeast Division, and fourteenth overall in the Eastern Conference to miss the playoffs. The Capitals were the most penalized team in the League, with 401 power-play opportunities against. They also scored the fewest short-handed goals in the League, with just 4. The Capitals did not qualify for the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs. Washington's draft picks at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft held at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The Capitals main American Hockey", "Capitals–Rangers rivalry Capitals–Rangers rivalry The Capitals–Rangers rivalry is a National Hockey League (NHL) rivalry between the Washington Capitals and the New York Rangers. Both teams compete in the NHL's Eastern Conference's Metropolitan Division, and there is only a 230-mile drive between the cities of Washington and New York. The Capitals have dominated the Rangers since the early 1980s, when the Capitals joined the Patrick Division. The rivalry got heated in the 1990s, but has been most fired up in the 2010s with five series within nine years since 2009. With the League realigning to configure the new teams from the WHA, the", "Ballston, Arlington, Virginia Road and Wilson Boulevard, is no longer operational. In its place, Ballston Quarter, a shopping and residential complex, is scheduled for completion in 2018. The Kettler Capitals Iceplex, constructed on top of the Ballston Common Mall's parking garage, houses a Washington Capitals National Hockey League (NHL) office and training facility. In addition to the ice hockey team's training center, the Iceplex features two indoor NHL-sized ice rinks, office space, locker rooms, a full-service pro-shop, a Capitals team store, a snack bar, and space for special events. The facility provides public skating, figure skating and hockey programs for youth and adults.", "Ballston Quarter mall's name. After some complications, the renovated and expanded shopping center opened in the fall of 1986. In the early 2000s, the mall became home to the Kettler Capitals Iceplex, headquarters and practice facility for the National Hockey League's Washington Capitals, as well as the DC location of the ComedySportz improvisational theatre organization. The owner of the mall, Forest City Washington, is planning to redevelop it. In September 2013 they purchased the Macy's Furniture Store as part of the redevelopment plan. The mall's final day of operation was May 31, 2016. During the renovation, Macy's, 2 stores, a bank, the", "WWDC (FM) temporarily became the FM home of the Washington Capitals from January 23, 2017 through the end of the 2016-17 season. The midseason deal came about after WJFK-FM (106.7 FM) elected not to renew its deal with the Capitals before the 2016-17 season, limiting the team's local broadcasts to WFED (1500 AM) and Internet streaming. The Washington Wizards share WFED as their home station and take precedence in conflicts; as a result, Capitals games were left without a home radio broadcast when both teams were playing, leading to complaints from fans and the media. WWDC-HD2 and W284CQ aired all Capitals games", "Washington, D.C. Washington Mystics (Women's National Basketball Association), play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown. Nationals Park, which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008, is home to the Washington Nationals (Major League Baseball). D.C. United (Major League Soccer) plays at Audi Field. The Washington Redskins (National Football League) play at FedExField in nearby Landover, Maryland. Current D.C. teams have won a combined eleven professional league championships: the Washington Redskins have won five; D.C. United has won four; and the Washington Wizards (then the Washington Bullets) and Washington Capitals have each won a single championship. Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington", "South Carolina Stingrays South Carolina Stingrays The South Carolina Stingrays are a professional minor league ice hockey team based in North Charleston, South Carolina. The Stingrays play in the South Division of the ECHL's Eastern Conference. They play their home games at the North Charleston Coliseum. The Carolina Ice Palace, also located in North Charleston, serves as a practice facility and backup arena for the Stingrays. Established in 1993, the team has been owned by a conglomerate of local business owners since 1995. The team was affiliated with the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League and the Hershey Bears of the American", "Washington Capitals Association's Washington Bullets/Wizards until his death on November 24, 2009). Pollin had built the Capital Centre in suburban Landover, Maryland, to house both the Bullets (who formerly played in Baltimore) and the Capitals. His first act as owner was to hire Hall of Famer Milt Schmidt as general manager. With a combined 30 teams between the NHL and the World Hockey Association (WHA), the available talent was stretched thin. The Capitals had few players with professional experience and were at a disadvantage against the long-standing teams that were stocked with veteran players. Like the other three teams who joined the", "Washington Capitals NBC Sports Washington was known as Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic (CSN) from 2001 through 2017. NBCSW's commentators are Joe Beninati, Craig Laughlin, and Al Koken. The Capitals' flagship radio station is WJFK-FM (106.7 FM); commentators are John Walton and Ken Sabourin. The team's radio network consists of stations in Washington, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. WTOP-TV (channel 9) picked up television coverage for the Capitals' first three seasons, covering 15 road games in the 1974–1975 season. Legendary sportscaster Warner Wolf was the commentator for the first season, followed by a simulcast of radio coverage. The Capitals moved to", "Washington Capitals complete with a hockey stick formed by the letter \"t\"; it also includes a new feature not present in the original logo in the form of three stars representing DC, Maryland and Virginia. More simply, the stars are a reference to the flag of Washington, D.C., which is in turn based on the shield of George Washington's family coat of arms. The new alternate logo uses an eagle in the shape of a \"W\" with the silhouette of the United States Capitol building in the negative space below. For the 2011 NHL Winter Classic, the Capitals wore a white jersey", "2010–11 Washington Capitals season Capitals only. Traded mid-season Bold/italics denotes franchise record The Capitals have been involved in the following transactions during the 2010–11 season. Washington's picks at the 2010 NHL Entry Draft in Los Angeles, California. The Capitals' American Hockey League affiliate will remain to be the Hershey Bears in the 2010–11 season. The South Carolina Stingrays remain Washington's ECHL affiliate for the 2010–11 season. 2010–11 Washington Capitals season The 2010–11 Washington Capitals season is the 37th season for the Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL). Despite the Capitals' first round exit in the 2010 Playoffs, ticket prices for this season", "Virginia Squires would eventually move to Oakland in 1971). At one point they only drew 2,500 fans per game. Facing foreclosure on a loan from Bank of America, Boone sold the team to Washington, D.C. lawyer Earl Foreman, who moved the team to Washington for the 1969–70 season as the Washington Caps. The team colors of green and gold were retained, but the logo was a red, white and blue rendition of the United States Capitol. They played at the Washington Coliseum. However, for reasons that remain unknown, they remained in the Western Division—forcing them on the longest road trips in the", "2014–15 Washington Capitals season The Washington Capitals entered the playoffs as the Metropolitan Division's second seed. They defeated the New York Islanders in the first round, and were defeated by the New York Rangers in the second round. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Capitals. Stats reflect time with the Capitals only. Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Capitals only. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Capitals have been involved in the following transactions during the 2014–15 season. The 2014 NHL Entry Draft will be held on June 27–28, 2014, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia,", "2013–14 Washington Capitals season NHL Entry Draft, which was held in Newark, New Jersey on June 30, 2013. 2013–14 Washington Capitals season The 2013–14 Washington Capitals season was the 40th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 11, 1974. The Capitals failed to make the playoffs for the first time since the 2006–07 season, ending their six season playoff streak. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Capitals. Stats reflect time with the Capitals only. Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Capitals only. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Capitals have been involved", "Heinz Field Heinz Field Heinz Field is a stadium located in the North Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It primarily serves as the home to the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Pittsburgh Panthers of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The stadium opened in 2001, after the controlled implosion of the teams' previous stadium, Three Rivers Stadium. The stadium is named for the locally based H. J. Heinz Company, which purchased the naming rights in 2001. It hosted the 2011 NHL Winter Classic between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals on January 1, 2011. On", "Vancouver Knights continued to play out the season, but no longer played any home games. As of July 2018, the NAPB was fully acquired by Dave Magley and rebranded as The Basketball League (TBL). While the Vancouver Knights continue to be listed as members of TBL, no owners or website has been identified by the league. <section begin=roster /> <section end=roster /> Vancouver Knights The Vancouver Knights are a professional basketball team based at Richmond, British Columbia, within the Greater Vancouver area. On July 26, 2017, North American Premier Basketball announced that a team would play in Seattle, Washington. In August, Incepto", "Arts and culture of Washington, D.C. D.C. is home to four major professional men's sports team and one major professional women's team. The Verizon Center in Washington's Chinatown is home to the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Nationals Park, which opened in Southeast Washington in 2008, is home to the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB). RFK Stadium, which was named after U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, is the home of D.C. United of Major League Soccer (MLS). FedEx", "Washington Capitals on May 7, 2018, they were able to beat the Penguins in the second round with an overtime goal on the road in Game 6 by Evgeny Kuznetsov. It marked the first time in 20 seasons that the Capitals made a Conference Final and the first time in 24 seasons that they had defeated the Penguins in a playoff series. The Capitals advanced to the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals on May 23, after beating the Tampa Bay Lightning in seven games after a 4–0 rout at Amalie Arena in Tampa. The Capitals then faced the expansion Vegas Golden Knights and", "Summerside Western Capitals consisting of local individuals. In 2013, the Caps were sold to a new private local group. These are franchise records held by previous team rosters. Figures are updated after each completed MHL regular season. <br> Summerside Western Capitals The Summerside Western Capitals are a Junior \"A\" hockey team based out of Summerside, Prince Edward Island. They play out of the Maritime Junior A Hockey League. The team currently plays their home games at the Consolidated Credit Union Place. Until 2007 the team played at the former Cahill Stadium. The Capitals started out in the Island Junior Hockey League. Thus, the", "Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium elevation of the field is approximately above sea level. The field at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium is named \"Jack Stephens Field\", for Jackson T. Stephens (Class of 1947), whose gift aided (1) the renovation of the stadium, (2) the Class of 1947 Legacy project to benefit the Academy's Museum, and (3) other Academy projects. Several first round matches in the association football (soccer) tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics were played at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. On March 3, 2018 the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League hosted the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2018 NHL Stadium Series, an", "2015 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic The 2015 NHL Winter Classic was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game, part of the Winter Classic series, played on January 1, 2015, at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. The game, the seventh Winter Classic, matched the Chicago Blackhawks against the Washington Capitals. The Capitals were victorious with a final score of 3–2 after right winger, Troy Brouwer, scored the go-ahead goal with less than 13 seconds remaining in regulation play. This marked the first time in Winter Classic history that the home team won in regulation, the 2010 Winter Classic was the", "Metropolitan Division in the NHL, including Flyers–Rangers, Devils–Rangers, Flyers–Penguins, Capitals–Penguins, Islanders–Rangers, Capitals–Flyers, and Devils–Flyers. Three of its teams (Rangers, Islanders, Devils) are within the league's largest market (New York), the Flyers are in the fourth largest market (Philadelphia), and the Capitals are in the seventh largest (Washington, D.C.). Games between Metropolitan Division teams are frequently shown on national television. \"Teams in bold are currently in the division.\" Metropolitan Division The National Hockey League's Metropolitan Division was formed in 2013 as part of the Eastern Conference in a league realignment. It is also a successor of the original Atlantic Division and one of", "Mark Letestu pick. Letestu and the Blue Jackets reached the 2018 playoffs, but were ousted in the first round by the Washington Capitals. Letestu went scoreless in six games. On August 14, 2018, Letestu agreed to attend the Florida Panthers' training camp on a professional tryout. However, Letestu was released from his try out on September 24. On September 27, Letestu returned to the Blue Jackets, signing a one-year, two-way contract. He was immediately placed on waivers for the purpose of assignment to the team's American Hockey League affiliate, the Cleveland Monsters. Mark Letestu Mark Letestu (born February 4, 1985) is a", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports one's. Both lack a Major League Baseball team, though three teams (the New York Yankees, New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies) play in metropolitan areas that include parts of New Jersey. North Carolina is home to the NFL's Carolina Panthers and NBA's Charlotte Hornets, who both play in Charlotte, as well as the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, who play in Raleigh. New Jersey is home to the NFL's New York Giants and New York Jets, who play in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, as well as the NHL's New Jersey Devils, who play in Newark. Virginia remains the", "1989–90 New Jersey Devils season 1989–90 New Jersey Devils season The 1989–90 New Jersey Devils season saw the Devils make the playoffs for the second time and only the third time in franchise history. The Devils were eliminated in the first round by the Washington Capitals. The first two games took place at the Meadowlands in New Jersey. In Game 1, Washington beat New Jersey 5-4 in overtime. In Game 2, the Devils won 6-5. Games 3 and 4 took place at Capital Centre. The Devils were victorious in Game 3 2-1, but their series lead was abruptly halted by the Capitals in game 4", "Olaf Kölzig Olaf Kölzig Olaf Kölzig (born 6 April 1970), known as Olie the Goalie or Kolzilla, is a German former professional ice hockey goaltender and current goaltender coach and player development coach for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). Except for eight games with the Tampa Bay Lightning, he played the rest of his 14-year NHL career with the Capitals. Kölzig was born in South Africa to German parents but grew up in several cities across Canada. His family moved to Union Bay, British Columbia when he was a teenager. Kölzig never applied for Canadian citizenship, which allowed", "NHL Winter Classic had the highest American television ratings of any hockey game in 33 years. The third Winter Classic was held at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 1, 2010, featuring the Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers. The result was a 2–1 overtime win for Boston, the first home team to win a Winter Classic. The 2011 game was played at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Washington Capitals with Washington winning 3–1. The fifth Winter Classic was held at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, on January 2, 2012, featuring the New York Rangers and the", "Joe Beninati Lacrosse championship match in which Chesapeake downed the Charlotte Hounds 10-9. Joe Beninati Joseph Edward Beninati (born November 14, 1965 in Long Island, New York) is the television play-by-play announcer for the National Hockey League's Washington Capitals. Along with color analyst Craig Laughlin, he provides Capitals game coverage for NBC Sports Washington. He does freelance announcing for ESPN, ESPNU, Westwood One, WFAN and was one of the prominent hockey voices on Versus (formerly OLN and now NBC Sports). During the years of 2015 and 2017, Beninati was voted D.C. Sportscaster of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.", "Hampton Roads Rhinos small size and location, which was near the home territory of the Washington Capitals as being the factors leading to the league rejecting the Norfolk bid. Although Shinn indicated he would move an existing franchise if not granted an expansion franchise, the Whalers relocated to Raleigh and became the Carolina Hurricanes in May 1997. The ability to attract an NHL team to Norfolk ended with this relocation as the Hurricanes would be in too close proximity to a Norfolk franchise. In November 1996, Shinn announced that his preferred site for an arena would be in Downtown Norfolk between the Norfolk", "Francois St. Laurent Tampa Bay coach Jon Cooper's comments about the call, St. Laurent was thrown into Game Four \"to send a message\", when he had been assigned to the game before the playoffs began. MacLean apologized for his comments later that night, also saying that he wouldn't have minded if St. Laurent had worked in a later game of the series. St. Laurent worked the 2015 NHL Winter Classic, a game between the Chicago Blackhawks and the Washington Capitals held at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. It was his first assignment to the Winter Classic. Late in the third period, he called", "Washington Valor Washington Valor The Washington Valor are a professional arena football team based in Washington, D.C. that began play in the Arena Football League (AFL) in 2017. The team's home arena is the Capital One Arena. The Valor is owned by Monumental Sports and Entertainment (Ted Leonsis, chairman), which also owns the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA), Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL), Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League and fellow AFL team the Baltimore Brigade. The initial announcement was made in February 2016 of", "Capital City Go-Go Capital City Go-Go The Capital City Go-Go is an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League and an affiliate of the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association. Based in Washington, D.C., the team will play their home games during the 2018–19 season at the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena. The team became the twenty-third G League team to be owned by an NBA team. In December 2017, the Washington Wizards unveiled the Capital City Go-Go's name and released their logo. The team's name alludes to the go-go music genre that started in the mid-1960s to", "Albany River Rats Wings as their pseudo-home team. Although the team was based 45 minutes north of Albany in Glens Falls, NY, the American Hockey League team relied on the Capital Region as a vital part of their home market. However, over the next several months things got crazy and suddenly the Capital Region became a hockey hotbed. It began when area investors tried to secure an expansion American Hockey League franchise for Albany, but the Adirondack Red Wings nixed the effort by invoking their territorial rights to the Tri-Cities area. Soon after, an attempt to establish an International Hockey League franchise at", "Capitals–Penguins rivalry second round since their 1998 series win against Ottawa (since then, no other D.C.-based team had advanced to a league semifinal series or game either). Washington went on to win an Eastern Conference title after winning Game 7 in Tampa against the Lightning, and then beat the Vegas Golden Knights in the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the first time in franchise history. Capitals–Penguins rivalry The Capitals–Penguins rivalry is a hockey rivalry between the Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. Both teams have played in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern", "Molson Brewery the company. Among many sports sponsorships, Molson and/or Coors also have deals with the Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, Edmonton Oilers, Colorado Avalanche, Arizona Coyotes and Detroit Red Wings, and their beverages can be purchased at other sports venues, such as the home of the Buffalo Sabres, the KeyBank Center, the Philadelphia Flyers at the Wells Fargo Center, the Washington Capitals at the Verizon Center and Bridgestone Arena, home of the Nashville Predators. Molson brands include \"Carling Black Label\" and \"Molson Canadian\". Outside of beer, Indycar and ice hockey, the Molson family were pioneers in steamships, hospitality, assisting", "2015 NHL Winter Classic D.C.; FedExField in Landover, Maryland; and Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore. A desire to keep the game in the city proper and Nationals Park's more modern amenities made Nationals Park the early favorite. On September 10, 2014, the NHL confirmed the game would be played at Nationals Park. On June 20, 2014, nine months after the Capitals were named as hosts, the media reported they will play the Chicago Blackhawks, although the NHL did not immediately confirm the reports until they announced the 2014–15 regular season schedule two days later. This marked the second Winter Classic appearance for", "Maryland before moving to Indianapolis. The Baltimore Orioles are the state's Major League Baseball franchise. The National Hockey League's Washington Capitals and the National Basketball Association's Washington Wizards formerly played in Maryland, until the construction of an arena in Downtown D.C. in 1997 (now known as Capital One Arena). Maryland enjoys considerable historical repute for the talented sports players of its past, including Cal Ripken Jr. and Babe Ruth. In 2012, \"The Baltimore Sun\" published a list of Maryland's top ten athletes in the state's history. The list includes Babe Ruth, Cal Ripken Jr, Johnny Unitas, Brooks Robinson, Frank Robinson, Ray", "National Lacrosse League their third title, all won in the past four seasons. 9,289 fans watched the game at the Pepsi Arena in Albany. Toronto forward Colin Doyle was voted Championship Game MVP, scoring three goals and one assist. The league announced the sale and relocation of the Washington Power franchise to the city of Denver, Colorado, with the franchise playing its home games at Pepsi Center. The team was then owned by Kroenke Sports Enterprises, whose holdings include the Colorado Avalanche, Denver Nuggets and Pepsi Center. The new team marked the league's first U.S. team from west of the Mississippi River. The", "2007–08 Washington Capitals season = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime Losses; <br>GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average\" The Capitals have been involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season. Washington's picks at the 2007 NHL Entry Draft in Columbus, Ohio. The Capitals had the 5th overall pick . The Hershey Bears are the Capitals American Hockey League affiliate in 2007–08. The South Carolina Stingrays are the Capitals ECHL affiliate in 2007–08. 2007–08 Washington Capitals season The 2007–08 Washington Capitals season began", "Nassau Coliseum However, voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal by a 57% to 43% margin on August 1, 2011. On October 24, 2012, the Islanders announced the team would move to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn after their lease expired at the end of the 2014–2015 season. The Islanders played their final game at the Coliseum on April 25, 2015, beating the Washington Capitals 3-1 in game 6 of the first round of the playoffs against the Washington Capitals forcing a Game 7, held in and won by Washington, ending the Isles' run at the Coliseum; in Game 6 Cal Clutterbuck", "Saint Paul, Minnesota in the Western Women's Hockey League before going independent in 2010 when that league folded. The Whitecaps will play their home games at TRIA Rink, a 1,200-seat hockey arena and practice facility in downtown Saint Paul. The team will play in the NWHL in 2018. The Timberwolves, Twins, Vikings, and Lynx all play in Minneapolis. Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor-council form of government. The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven-member city council is the legislative body. The mayor is elected by the entire city, while members of", "Aaron Ness level contract. In the 2014–15 season, Ness served as team captain of AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. On July 1, 2015, Ness left the Islanders organization as a free agent and signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Washington Capitals. He later re-signed with the Capitals on May 16, 2018, to another one year two-way contract. The Capitals called Ness up from Hershey on November 8, 2018, together with fellow defenceman Jonas Siegenthaler, to be available to play against the Columbus Blue Jackets the next night at home in his first NHL game. Veteran Caps defencemen Brooks Orpik (injured", "John Carlson (ice hockey) 2018. John Carlson (ice hockey) John Carlson (born January 10, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. He was drafted by the Capitals in the first round, 27th overall, in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. In 2018, Carlson won his first Stanley Cup with the Capitals. Carlson began his ice hockey career with the New Jersey Rockets Youth Hockey Organization of the Atlantic Youth Hockey League. Carlson lived near the New Jersey Rockets Organization based in Newark, New Jersey for Tier II and Juniors and Somerset, New Jersey", "2008–09 Washington Capitals season 2008–09 Washington Capitals season The 2008–09 Washington Capitals season is the team's 35th in the National Hockey League. The Capitals finished the regular season with a record of 50–24–8 and a team-record 108 points, and they won their second consecutive Southeast Division championship. They defeated the New York Rangers in the first round of the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs 4–3, overcoming a 3–1 series deficit. The Capitals were then defeated by the eventual champion Pittsburgh Penguins in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals in seven games. Schedule/Results The Washington Capitals won the Southeast Division and qualified for the playoffs for the second", "National Hockey League the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The current NHL Champions are the Washington Capitals, who defeated the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association (NHA). Founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. But by the NHA's eighth season, a series of disputes with Toronto Blueshirts", "Metro Jets Hockey League when he made his debut with the Washington Capitals in 2013. Metro Jets The Metro Jets are a non-sanctioned junior ice hockey team that plays their home games at Fraser Hockeyland in Fraser, Michigan. They are members of the Great Lakes Conference in the United States Premier Hockey League's Premier Division. Players are ages 16–20, carry amateur status under Junior A guidelines and hope to earn a spot on higher levels of junior ice hockey in the United States and Canada, Canadian major junior, collegiate, and eventually professional teams. The Jets won the 2002 USA Hockey Junior B", "Sports in Washington, D.C. Sports in Washington, D.C. Sports in the Washington, D.C. area include major league sports teams, popular college sports teams, and a variety of other team and individual sports. The Washington metropolitan area is also home to several major sports venues including Capital One Arena, RFK Stadium, FedExField, Audi Field, and Nationals Park. Washington teams are widely known as some of the least successful in recent American sports, as prior to 2018, no Big Four team (the NFL's Washington Redskins, the NBA's Washington Wizards, MLB's Washington Nationals, and the NHL's Washington Capitals) had reached its sport's conference championship round since the", "2010–11 Pittsburgh Penguins season involved in the following transactions during the 2010–11 season. Pittsburgh Penguins' picks at the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, held on June 25–26 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. 2010–11 Pittsburgh Penguins season The 2010–11 Pittsburgh Penguins season was the 44th season of the franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Penguins began the season in their new arena, CONSOL Energy Center, which is adjacent from their old facility, Mellon Arena, which had been the third smallest and oldest arena in the NHL. The Penguins also hosted the 2011 NHL Winter Classic against the Washington Capitals at Heinz", "George McPhee George McPhee George McPhee (born July 2, 1958) is a Canadian ice hockey executive currently serving as general manager of the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). McPhee is the former general manager of the Washington Capitals and has also served as alternate governor, vice president and special assistant to the general manager of the New York Islanders. Though born and raised in Guelph, Ontario, McPhee spent most of the first two years of his life in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, where his father and grandparents were from. Prior to his career in management, McPhee was a", "Brooks Orpik Brooks Orpik Richard Brooks Orpik (born September 26, 1980) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman who is an alternate captain for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has played with the Pittsburgh Penguins, with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2009, and won his second Stanley Cup with Washington nearly a decade later in 2018. As the oldest player on the team, his Russian teammates fondly refer to him as \"Batya\" (\"father\" or \"dad\") and is one of the most respected players on the team. Orpik was born in San Francisco, California a few", "Joe Beninati Joe Beninati Joseph Edward Beninati (born November 14, 1965 in Long Island, New York) is the television play-by-play announcer for the National Hockey League's Washington Capitals. Along with color analyst Craig Laughlin, he provides Capitals game coverage for NBC Sports Washington. He does freelance announcing for ESPN, ESPNU, Westwood One, WFAN and was one of the prominent hockey voices on Versus (formerly OLN and now NBC Sports). During the years of 2015 and 2017, Beninati was voted D.C. Sportscaster of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association. He occasionally is heard as the play-by-play voice of Men and", "Washington Capitals overcame them in five games, including a 4–3 win in the decisive Game 5 at T-Mobile Arena after Lars Eller scored with about seven minutes to go. Not only was it the Capitals' first Stanley Cup win, but it was also the first championship for a Washington, D.C. team in one of the four major North American sports leagues (the NFL, the NHL, the NBA and MLB) since the Redskins defeated the Buffalo Bills 26 years beforehand in Super Bowl XXVI. NBC Sports Washington (NBCSW) has carried Capitals games locally since its founding as Home Team Sports (HTS) in 1984.", "Edward Pasquale During the 2011 offseason, the Thrashers relocated to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and became the Jets. Pasquale started the 2011–12 season by attending Jets training camp, before he was assigned to AHL affiliate, the St. John's IceCaps for the remainder of his entry-level contract. On June 27, 2014, Pasquale was traded by the Jets in an exchange of draft picks at the 2014 NHL Entry Draft to the Washington Capitals. Pasquale would never play in a competitive game in the Capitals organization as he sat out the 2014–15 season, recuperating from hip surgery. On July 3, 2015, Pasquale as a free agent", "Capitals–Flyers rivalry The Capitals would win game 6, however, to win the series 4 games to 2. Capitals–Flyers rivalry The Capitals–Flyers rivalry is a National Hockey League (NHL) rivalry between the Washington Capitals and Philadelphia Flyers ice hockey clubs. Both teams compete in the NHL's Eastern Conference Metropolitan Division. The two teams have been rivals since the Capitals inception in the 1974-75 season, but became most intense in the 1980s when the Capitals joined the Patrick Division. The rivalry was renewed in the late 2000s and 2010s with both teams being equally competitive resulting in two playoff matches in 2008 and 2016.", "Vancouver Knights Vancouver Knights The Vancouver Knights are a professional basketball team based at Richmond, British Columbia, within the Greater Vancouver area. On July 26, 2017, North American Premier Basketball announced that a team would play in Seattle, Washington. In August, Incepto Sports named the team the Seattle Knights. On November 3, the Knights moved to Greater Vancouver as the Vancouver Knights. The team joined Yakima Sun Kings in the Pacific Northwest in the NAPB. Partway through the inaugural season, the Knights' ownership left the team to take over operations of the Ohio team, later rebranded as the Ohio Bootleggers. The Knights", "Raul Fernandez (entrepreneur) team in the esports community, and the Capital City Go-Go, the Washington Wizards NBA G League team. Monumental Sports is also a member of the investment group, aXiomatic, which owns Team Liquid, an eSports Team based in Los Angeles, CA. Monumental Sports also manages the EagleBank Arena on George Mason University’s campus, and the Kettler Capitals Iceplex where the Washington Capitals train and practice. The facility houses two NHL-sized ice rinks, a pro shop, administrative offices, event space and media facilities. He continues to expand his work with top companies in sports and new ways to watch, as with Kiswe", "Mark Lofthouse Mark Lofthouse Mark Allen Lofthouse (born April 21, 1957 in New Westminster, British Columbia) is a former Canadian ice hockey player who played right wing. Drafted in 1977 by both the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League and the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association, Lofthouse also played 40 games for the Detroit Red Wings. Lofthouse suited up for the Capitals again on December 31, 2010 for an alumni game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The game was held on Heinz Field on the day before the NHL Winter Classic and Lofthouse scored in the first period, tying the", "Washington Capitals 16 road games during the 2011–12 season. For the 2015 Winter Classic, which took place on New Year's Day at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C., the Capitals wore a newly designed jersey intended to pay homage to hockey's outdoor roots. The primary color of the jersey was a vintage deep red. The addition of stripes on the shoulders, waist and legs brought in elements of Washington's professional hockey jerseys from the 1930s, predating the Capitals franchise's formation in the 1970s. A large \"W\" on the front of the jersey, topped with the common three stars, offset in blue to contrast", "Washington Wizards Washington Wizards The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington, D.C. The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Southeast Division. The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena, in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago, Illinois, and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season. In 1963, they relocated to Baltimore, Maryland and became the Baltimore Bullets, taking the name from a previous team of the same name. In 1973,", "Exhibition game has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Today, all teams must play six, seven, or eight preseason games. Each preseason game must have at least eight veterans dressed, except during the World Cup of Hockey. Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist", "Brett Leonhardt with the NHL. He returned to the Capitals in 2012 as their video coach. Brett Leonhardt was promoted to Assistant Coach/Video starting the Washington Capitals 2018-2019 season. On December 12, 2008, the Capitals were preparing to host the Ottawa Senators. During the morning skate, José Théodore suffered a hip flexor injury, forcing the Capitals to recall Semyon Varlamov from their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hershey Bears. However, Varlamov was with the Bears in San Antonio, Texas and was unable to make it to Washington in time to start the game as the backup goaltender. As a result, the", "Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul the Minnesota Lynx of the WNBA. The Minnesota Wild of the NHL began play in 2000 in St. Paul at the Xcel Energy Center. That followed a 7-year drought after the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993. The Minnesota United FC of MLS currently play at TCF Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. In 2019, they will move into their permanent home at Allianz Field in St. Paul. They previously played in the NASL. The Minnesota Whitecaps, formerly of the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL), joined the professional National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) in 2018. The Whitecaps play at TRIA", "Michal Kempný club, he recorded 8 points in 50 games. On 27 May 2017, Kempný, who was set to become a restricted free agent, was re-signed by the club to a one-year extension. On 19 February 2018, Kempný was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for the higher of Toronto or Washington's own third-round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft; the pick would later be dealt and ultimately resulted in the selection of Linus Karlsson by the San Jose Sharks. Kempný scored his first career playoff goal in Game 1 of the 2018 Eastern Conference Finals against the Tampa Bay" ]

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[ "Galgo Español The Galgo Español (\"Spanish galgo\") or Spanish greyhound is an ancient breed of dog, specifically a member of the sighthound family.", "Akita (dog) The Akita (秋田犬 , Akita-inu, Akita-ken ) is a large breed of dog originating from the mountainous northern regions of Japan. There are two separate varieties of Akita: a \"Japanese\" strain, commonly called \"Akita Ken\" in Japan, \"Akita Inu\" (\"inu\" means \"dog\" in Japanese), or \"Japanese Akita\"; and an \"American\" strain, known as the \"Akita\" or \"American Akita\". The Japanese strain called the Akita Inu comes in a narrow palette of colors, with all other colors considered atypical of the breed, while the American strain known simply as the Akita comes in all dog colors. The Akita has a short double-coat similar to that of many other northern spitz breeds such as the Siberian Husky, but long-coated dogs can be found in many litters due to a recessive gene." ]

[ "Pedro Oliverio Guerrero Pedro Oliviero Guerrero Castillo (a.k.a. Cuchillo/The Knife) – December 24, 2010) was a Colombian drug lord and the former leader of the \"Colombian Popular Revolutionary Antiterrorist Army\" (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Popular Anti-terrorista de Colombia (ERPAC) ), a drug trafficking, right wing paramilitary organization. His nickname came from the favoured weapon he used on his victims.", "Perdigueiro Galego The Perdigueiro Galego is a breed of dog originating in Galicia, (Spain), and specializes in feathered game (partridge, woodcock, quail), and as pointing dog.", "Greater grison The greater grison (\"Galictis vittata\"), is a species of mustelid native to South and Central America.", "White-throated grass mouse The white-throated or grey-bellied grass mouse (\"Akodon simulator\") is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.", "Graceful priapella The graceful priapella (\"Priapella bonita\"), also known by its original Spanish name guayacon ojiazul is a freshwater fish species within the Poeciliidae family that is presumed to be extinct. It was endemic to Mexico.", "Abrothrix longipilis Abrothrix longipilis, also known as the long-haired grass mouse or long-haired akodont, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in central and southern Argentina and Chile. The southern Chilean \"Abrothrix sanborni\" may not be distinct from this species.", "Spanish imperial eagle The Spanish imperial eagle (\"Aquila adalberti\"), also known as the Iberian imperial eagle, Spanish eagle, or Adalbert's eagle, is a threatened species of eagle native to the Iberian Peninsula. The binomial commemorates Prince Adalbert of Bavaria.", "Xarnego Valenciano The Xarnego or Xarnego Valenciano is a hound breed of dog originating in Valencian Community, Spain. This breed is known by several names, according to the different areas of the Valencian geography: Xarnego, Xarnego Valenciano, Gos coniller, Podenco Valencíano.", "Altiplano grass mouse The Altiplano grass mouse (\"Akodon lutescens\") is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.", "White-breasted nigrita The white-breasted nigrita (\"Nigrita fusconotus\") is a very small nigrita with a rather waxbill-like appearance, a black cap and tail contrast with a brown back and wings and white under parts. Both sexes are alike but the immature has the crown, rump and tail browner. It is a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 2,700,000 km.", "Gunita Gunita is a 1940 Filipino film directed by Lorenzo P. Tuells. It stars Miguel Anzures, Narding Anzures and Dely Atay-atayan.", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club. It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries. Since 2000, it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure-breed in the United States (2013 Registration Statistics). It has a silky, smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail. The breed standard recognizes four colours: Blenheim (chestnut and white), Tricolor (black/white/tan), Black and Tan, and Ruby. The breed is generally friendly, affectionate and good with both children and other animals; however, they require a lot of human interaction. Since they are a family dog, it is recommended to not leave them alone for long periods at a time. The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years.", "Llama The llama ( ; ] ] ] ) (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.", "Cocker Spaniel Cocker Spaniels are dogs belonging to two breeds of the spaniel dog type: the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel, both of which are commonly called simply \"Cocker Spaniel\" in their countries of origin. In the early 20th century, Cocker Spaniels also included small hunting Spaniels.", "Catalana The Catalana, Catalan: Pota Blava , Spanish: Gallina del Prat or Catalana del Prat , is a Spanish breed of domestic chicken. It originates in the area of El Prat de Llobregat in the \"comarca\" of Baix Llobregat, in Catalonia in eastern Spain. It may also be called the Catalana del Prat Leonada or Buff Catalana for its golden plumage. The Catalana is a hardy dual-purpose breed kept for both eggs and meat.", "Panda! Go, Panda! Panda Kopanda (パンダ・コパンダ , translated \"Panda, Baby Panda\" ) is a children's Japanese animated film, first released in 1972. It was created by the team of Isao Takahata (director), Hayao Miyazaki (writer, layout, scene design), Yoichi Kotabe (animation director) and Yasuo Otsuka (animation director, character design). This short movie was released in Japan at the height of the panda craze, initiated in September 1972, when the government announced the loan of a pair of giant pandas from China to the Ueno Zoo as part of panda diplomacy.", "Polynesian Dog The Polynesian Dog (formerly \"Canis pacificus\") refers to a few extinct varieties of domesticated pariah dogs from the islands of Polynesia. These dogs were used for both companionship and food and were introduced alongside poultry and pigs to various islands. They died out as a result of the cross-breeding that occurred after other breeds of dogs were introduced.", "Chucho Avellanet Armando Hipólito Avellanet González (born August 13, 1941 in Mayagüez), nicknamed \"Chucho\" (from the Basque \"Txutxo\"), is a Spanish Puerto Rican singer and comedic actor.", "Ilanga polita Ilanga polita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.", "American Cocker Spaniel The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog. It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in America and the UK. In the United States, the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called the American Cocker Spaniel in order to differentiate between it and its English cousin, which was already known as \"Cocker Spaniel\" before the American variety was created. The word \"cocker\" is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while \"spaniel\" is thought to be derived from the type's origins in Spain." ]

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[ "Dad said that mom was right and went to the home improvement equipment section." ]

[ "Dad thought that mom was wrong and left the store.", "A black dog is following a brown dog.", "There is a boat in the water.", "The boy wore a red hat while skateboarding near a curb with a red stripe.", "There is a soldier speaking.", "Two women face each other in front of red graffiti.", "A kids hides in the bushes." ]

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[ "A man is holding tickets on the sidewalk" ]

[ "A woman dressed up as a sailor holding tickets and posing on the sidewalk.", "The man is wearing pajamas but no shoes.", "The men are unarmed.", "We couldn't have done anything differently.", "the kid rode a horse", "A person in a walkway.", "Cliches were a problem in the olden days." ]

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[ "Cinnamon (song) \"Cinnamon\" is a song by American rock band Stone Temple Pilots. \"Cinnamon\" is the sixth track off the band's sixth studio album, \"Stone Temple Pilots\", released in 2010. The song was the album's third single, after \"Take a Load Off\". Two music videos were filmed for \"Cinnamon,\" however neither one was officially released but can be viewed on YouTube. This was also the band's final single with Scott Weiland before he was fired and subsequently replaced with Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington.", "Scott Weiland Scott Richard Weiland ( ; born Scott Richard Kline; October 27, 1967 – December 3, 2015) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. During a career spanning three decades, Weiland was best known as the lead singer of the band Stone Temple Pilots from 1989 to 2002 and 2008 to 2013. He was also a member of supergroup Velvet Revolver from 2003 to 2008 and recorded one album with another supergroup, Art of Anarchy. He established himself as a solo artist as well, releasing three studio albums, two cover albums, and collaborations with several other musicians throughout his career." ]

[ "Missa Atropos Missa Atropos is the sixth studio album by Norwegian rock band Gazpacho. The album released on September 15, 2010 in Norwegia by \"HWT Records\" and it released in United Kingdom and worldwide on March 22, 2011 by \"Kscope\".", "Zephyr (Basement Jaxx album) Zephyr is the sixth studio album by English electronic music duo Basement Jaxx. Released in December 7, 2009 as an extended play (EP) internationally.", "A New Athens (album) A New Athens is the sixth album by English rock band The Bluetones. It was released on 31 May 2010 on CIA Recordings.", "Electric Six Electric Six is a six-piece band from Detroit, Michigan. Their style has been described as a brand of rock music infused with elements of \"garage, disco, punk rock, new wave, and metal.\" The band met recognition in 2003 with the singles \"Danger! High Voltage\" and \"Gay Bar\", and subsequently released 14 full-length albums, two rarities albums, and a live album. A live DVD, \"Absolute Treasure\", was released for download in 2014. The current lineup of the band consists of singer Dick Valentine, guitarists Johnny Na$hinal and Da Vė, drummer Two-Handed Bob, keyboardist Tait Nucleus?, and bassist Rob Lower.", "Diamond Rugs Diamond Rugs is an American band project, composed of John McCauley and keyboardist Robbie Crowell of Deer Tick, Ian Saint Pé of The Black Lips, Hardy Morris of Dead Confederate, Steve Berlin of Los Lobos, and Bryan Dufresne of Six Finger Satellite. Their eponymous album, \"Diamond Rugs\", was released on April 24, 2012, and second album, \"Cosmetics\", on February 24, 2015.", "Closed (album) Closed is the sixth full-length album by punk rock band Bomb Factory. It was released in December 2010 on Monstar Records, and contains 11 songs.", "Six (The Black Heart Procession album) Six is the sixth and final studio album by The Black Heart Procession, released on October 6, 2009. This album was made after their switch to their new label, Temporary Residence Limited. This album incorporated some new elements into the Black Heart Procession's macabre style.", "A Place Called Love (Johnny Reid album) A Place Called Love is the sixth studio album by Canadian country music artist Johnny Reid. It was released on August 31, 2010 by EMI Records.", "Rock n' Roll as It Should Be Rock n' Roll as It Should Be was a 2008 concert tour by American hard rock supergroup Velvet Revolver. The tour covered the United States and Europe (mainly the United Kingdom), beginning on January 24 and concluding on April 1. The tour was the last to be completed by the original lineup of the band, with vocalist Scott Weiland.", "Asylon Asylon is the sixth studio album by Canadian death metal band Neuraxis. It was released on February 15, 2011, by Prosthetic Records.", "Neighborhoods (Blink-182 album) Neighborhoods is the sixth studio album by American rock band Blink-182, released September 27, 2011 through DGC Records and Interscope Records. Their first album of new material in eight years (the longest gap between albums to date), its recording followed the band's breakup and later reconciliation. Due to conflicts within the trio, the band entered an \"indefinite hiatus\" in 2005 and the members explored various side-projects. After two separate tragedies regarding the band and their entourage, the members of the band decided to reunite in late 2008, with plans for a new album and tour. It is the first Blink-182 album produced by the band members without the help of an outside record producer and the final studio album to feature Tom DeLonge before his departure in 2015.", "Nymphetamine Nymphetamine is the sixth studio album by English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth. Recorded between February and July 2004, it was released on 28 September by record label Roadrunner. \"Nymphetamine\" marks the first recorded appearance of guitarist James McIlroy (as \"Germs Warfare\") on a Cradle of Filth album. He would later record guitar for the band's 2010 release \"Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa\". \"Nymphetamine\" is also the band's final album to feature keyboardist Martin Powell.", "Like a Dog (album) Like A Dog is the sixth studio album by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin, released independently in October 2005.", "Revolver (DC Comics) Revolver is an original graphic novel created, written, and drawn by Matt Kindt. It was published by DC Comics' Vertigo imprint in July 2010.", "Long Live The Kings Long Live The Kings is the eleventh studio album released by the Kottonmouth Kings on April 20, 2010, and was the first album that featured their newest addition to the group, The Dirtball. It's also the only album to date that featured 8 members of the Kottonmouth Kings on the cover of the album, as it was released just prior to Pakelika leaving the group. The album features the likes of Tech N9ne, Insane Clown Posse, and Big B. It features the single, \"At It Again\", from Johnny Richter's new solo album, \"Laughing\", as well as a single from The Dirtball, entitled \"Mushrooms\", which is said to be the sequel to a song he released earlier in his career called \"Mushroom Cloud\".", "Alter the Ending Alter the Ending is the sixth studio album recorded by American rock band Dashboard Confessional, released through Interscope Records on November 10, 2009. The album was released in both a one disc standard version and a two disc deluxe edition which contains a second disc of acoustic versions of the 12 songs on the album. The album's first single is \"Belle of the Boulevard\".", "Up Close (Eric Johnson album) Up Close is Eric Johnson's sixth studio album, released on December 7, 2010. It is Johnson's first studio release since his 2005 album \"Bloom\". The album features guest appearances by Malford Milligan, Sonny Landreth, Steve Miller, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jonny Lang.", "X (Spock's Beard album) X is the tenth studio album by American progressive rock band Spock's Beard. Similar to what Marillion did for \"Anoraknophobia\", the album was funded by pre-orders of a limited edition of the album before the album was recorded. Those who ordered the album's \"Ultra Package\" had their names listed in the CD booklet and included as part of the track \"Their Names Escape Me\", which is exclusive to the limited edition. The album was released independently in May 2010. A retail and digital release with Mascot Records was released in August 2010. This album is the last studio album recorded with Nick D'Virgilio performing lead vocals, who left the band on November 18, 2011 to focus on other commitments. He rejoined the band in 2017, returning to his former role as drummer.", "6 Days to Nowhere 6 Days to Nowhere is Italian power metal band Labyrinth's sixth album, released February 26, 2007 on Scarlet Records.", "Sun and Shade Sun and Shade is the sixth album by the American band Woods, released in 2011 on Woodsist." ]

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[ "ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters." ]

[ "Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.", "The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including \"No One Comes Close\" and Uno Ab Alto (\"One From On High\"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used \"Aim High\" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used \"Cross into the Blue\", \"We've been waiting for you\" and \"Do Something Amazing\", \"Above All\", and the newest one, as of 7 October 2010, considered a call and response, \"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\" Each wing, group, or squadron usually has its own slogan(s). Information and logos can usually be found on the wing, group, or squadron websites.", "Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region. Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073. Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl.", "Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985–1995 and 2004–2012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as \"Steve Stone's favorite team.\" The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs.", "The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or \"lobes\" at various angles, separated by \"nulls\", angles where the radiation falls to zero. This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere, causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase. In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the \"main lobe\". The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called \"sidelobes\". The axis through the main lobe is called the \"principal axis\" or \"boresight axis\".", "Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.", "Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC." ]

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[ "The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino." ]

[ "Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.", "Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.", "It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.", "The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.", "Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.", "Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.", "Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally \"Giver of birth to God\". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus." ]

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[ "New York—often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part—is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world." ]

[ "Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.", "On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan.", "The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders.", "The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a \"dialect,\" as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the \"dialects\" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian \"dialects,\" are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly \"dialects\" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called \"dialects\" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of \"dialect,\" as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian. ", "Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation.", "The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as \"thighs and feathers\". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.", "The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveautés, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), and Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel César Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers." ]

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[ "After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called \"peace party,\" he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French." ]

[ "Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.", "In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.", "There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of the astronomical gnomon, armillary sphere, sight tube, and clepsydra, and described the use of drydocks to repair boats. After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains (hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean), Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation, or geomorphology. He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time, after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan'an, Shaanxi province. If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Shen's contemporary Su Song (1020–1101) was also a brilliant polymath, an astronomer who created a celestial atlas of star maps, wrote a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy, and had erected a large astronomical clocktower in Kaifeng city in 1088. To operate the crowning armillary sphere, his clocktower featured an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known use of an endless power-transmitting chain drive.", "While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.", "Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.", " United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to \"thwart any organized protest that had been planned.\" San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a \"cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money.\" Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in \"everyone's best interest\" and that he believed people had been \"afforded the right to protest and support the torch\" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, \"The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded.\" People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that \"exponential\" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.", "In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives." ]

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