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I'm not sure. He's a family member. This is the really sick part. He's a family member, and he continues to send birthday cards and Christmas cards to all my kids.

i'm not sure he's a; family member this is the really sick part he's a family member and he continues to send birthday cards and christmas cards, to. all my

I'm not sure He's a family member This is the really sick part He's a family member and he continues to send birthday cards and Christmas cards to all. my

i'm not sure. he's a family member. this is the really sick part. he's a family member, and he continues to send birthday cards and christmas cards to all my kids.

Makes the trip to the mailbox difficult.

makes the trip to the mailbox

Makes the trip to the mailbox

makes the trip to the mailbox difficult.

Yeah, so I mean, I think the thing is he's still in complete denial, I'm pretty sure, that it was really that bad a thing that happened.

yeah so i mean i think the thing is he's still. in, complete denial i'm pretty sure that it was really that bad a thing that

Yeah so I mean; I think the thing is he's, still in complete. denial I'm pretty sure that it was really that bad a thing that

yeah, so i mean, i think the thing is he's still in complete denial, i'm pretty sure, that it was really that bad a thing that happened.

Linda, thanks very much for your call, and thank you for sharing that. I know that wasn't easy.

linda thanks very much for your call and thank you for sharing that i know that wasn't

Linda; thanks very much for your call and thank you for sharing that I know that wasn't

linda, thanks very much for your call, and thank you for sharing that. i know that wasn't easy.

Okay.

okay.

Appreciate it. And Stephen McAllister, it's stories like that that make it so difficult to approach these cases. You would think that again, this was not the issue today, the fairness of it, but you say, I finished my sentence, why are you still holding me?

appreciate. it and stephen mcallister it's stories like that that make it so difficult to approach these cases you would think that again this was not the issue today, the fairness of it but you say, i. finished my sentence, why, are you still. holding

Appreciate it And Stephen McAllister it's stories like that that make it so difficult, to approach these cases, You would think that again this was not the issue today the, fairness of it but you say I, finished my sentence why are. you still holding

appreciate it. and stephen mcallister, it's stories like that that make it so difficult to approach these cases. you would think that again, this was not the issue today, the fairness of it, but you say, i finished my sentence, why are you still holding me?

Right, and it's complicated, but this was a lot of the argument that was sorted out in the Hendrix(ph) case almost 15 years ago. On the one hand, they finished their sentence. On the other hand, often these are multiple offenders and the people that are drawn into the commitment programs are not going to be typically first-time offenders.

right and it's complicated, but this was a lot of the argument that was sorted out in the hendrix(ph) case almost 15 years ago on the one hand they finished their sentence on the other hand often these are, multiple offenders and. the people that are drawn into the commitment programs are not going. to be typically first-time

Right and it's complicated but this was, a lot of the argument that was sorted out in the Hendrix(ph) case almost 15 years ago On the one hand they finished their sentence On the other hand often these are multiple offenders and the people that, are drawn into the commitment programs are not. going to be typically first-time

right, and it's complicated, but this was a lot of the argument that was sorted out in the hendrix(ph) case almost 15 years ago. on the one hand, they finished their sentence. on the other hand, often these are multiple offenders and the people that are drawn into the commitment programs are not going to be typically first-time offenders.

The other problem is prosecution is also sometimes very difficult. A circumstance like she just described with a three-year-old victim would be a very difficult case in many ways to prosecute. And I think there is a perception that sometimes those sentences have been plea bargained down and so forth to be much lighter than perhaps they should've been.

the other problem is prosecution is also sometimes very, difficult, a circumstance like she just described with a three-year-old victim would be a very. difficult case in. many ways to prosecute and, i think there. is a, perception that sometimes those sentences have been plea. bargained down and so. forth to be much lighter than perhaps, they, should've

The other. problem is prosecution is also sometimes very difficult A circumstance like she just described, with a three-year-old victim would be a very difficult case in many ways to prosecute, And I, think there is a perception that, sometimes those sentences have been plea bargained down and so forth to be much. lighter than perhaps they should've

the other problem is prosecution is also sometimes very difficult. a circumstance like she just described with a three-year-old victim would be a very difficult case in many ways to prosecute. and i think there is a perception that sometimes those sentences have been plea bargained down and so forth to be much lighter than perhaps they should've been.

In the commitment and Hendricks(ph) has made clear - not intended as a substitute for the criminal sentence. But on the other hand, it does serve the function of not only treating these individuals but also incapacitating them so that they cannot re-offend while they're in custody of the state or the federal government.

in the commitment and hendricks(ph) has made clear - not intended as a substitute for the criminal sentence but on the other hand it does serve. the function of not only treating these individuals but also incapacitating them so that, they cannot re-offend while, they're in custody of the state or the federal

In the commitment and Hendricks(ph) has made clear - not intended as a substitute for the criminal sentence But on the other hand it does serve the function of not only treating these individuals but also incapacitating them so that they cannot re-offend while they're in custody of the state or the federal

in the commitment and hendricks(ph) has made clear - not intended as a substitute for the criminal sentence. but on the other hand, it does serve the function of not only treating these individuals but also incapacitating them so that they cannot re-offend while they're in custody of the state or the federal government.

Incapacitating them how?

incapacitating them

Incapacitating them

incapacitating them how?

In the sense that they're held in a secure facility while they receive treatment, so that they are not just out in the community, even on a sort of a release program or a probation or something.

in the sense that they're. held in a secure facility while. they receive treatment so that. they are not just out, in the community even on a sort of a release, program or a probation or

In the sense that they're held in a secure facility, while, they receive treatment so. that, they are not just out in the community even on a sort of a release program or a probation or

in the sense that they're held in a secure facility while they receive treatment, so that they are not just out in the community, even on a sort of a release program or a probation or something.

Let's go next to Beverly(ph). Beverly with us from Shaker Heights in Ohio.

let's go next. to beverly(ph). beverly, with us from shaker heights, in

Let's go next to Beverly(ph). Beverly with us from Shaker Heights, in

let's go next to beverly(ph). beverly with us from shaker heights in ohio.

Hi. I'm calling with a question about what percentage of the juveniles that are being held - the 77 juveniles that are being - currently being held with life sentences are African-Americans.

hi i'm calling, with a question about what percentage of the juveniles that are being. held - the 77 juveniles that are being - currently being held with life sentences are

Hi I'm calling with a question about. what percentage of the juveniles. that are being, held - the 77 juveniles; that are being - currently being held with life sentences are

hi. i'm calling with a question about what percentage of the juveniles that are being held - the 77 juveniles that are being - currently being held with life sentences are african-americans.

Those are just the ones in Florida. That's life sentence without the possibility of parole. And let's return to Marc Mauer.

those are just the ones, in florida that's life sentence without the possibility of parole and let's return to marc

Those are, just the ones in Florida That's life sentence without the possibility of parole And let's. return to Marc

those are just the ones in florida. that's life sentence without the possibility of parole. and let's return to marc mauer.

Yeah. Well, we do know that for life without parole, both for murder and non-murder, nationally, there are very disproportion rates of confinement for African-Americans and Latinos, far out of their proportion to the general population and somewhat higher than their proportion of the sort of regular, if you want to think of that, prison population.

yeah well we do know that for life without parole both for murder and non-murder nationally there. are very disproportion rates of confinement for african-americans and latinos far out of. their proportion to the general population and somewhat higher than their proportion of the sort of regular if you want to think of that, prison

Yeah Well we do know that, for, life without parole both for murder and non-murder nationally there are very disproportion rates of confinement for African-Americans and Latinos far out of their proportion to the general population and somewhat higher than their proportion of the sort of regular if you want to think, of that prison

yeah. well, we do know that for life without parole, both for murder and non-murder, nationally, there are very disproportion rates of confinement for african-americans and latinos, far out of their proportion to the general population and somewhat higher than their proportion of the sort of regular, if you want to think of that, prison population.

Well, I think we kind of gave it that name. Sounded good.

well i think we kind of gave it that, name sounded

Well I think we kind of; gave it that name Sounded

well, i think we kind of gave it that name. sounded good.

(Soundbite of laughter)

(soundbite of

(Soundbite of

(soundbite of laughter)

Yeah.

yeah.

So very significant, and certainly that's true for these 77 kids in Florida, which is by far the leading state in the nation. Which raises questions of, you know, how are cases processed? Do these numbers just reflect criminal activity or does it reflect access to resources and decision making in the juvenile criminal justice systems?

so very significant and certainly that's true, for these 77 kids in florida which is by far, the leading state in the nation which raises questions of you know how are, cases processed? do these numbers just reflect criminal activity or does it reflect access to resources and decision making in the juvenile criminal justice

So very significant and; certainly; that's true for these 77 kids in Florida which is by far the leading state in the nation Which raises questions of you know how are cases processed? Do these numbers just reflect criminal activity or does it reflect access to resources and decision making in the; juvenile criminal justice,

so very significant, and certainly that's true for these 77 kids in florida, which is by far the leading state in the nation. which raises questions of, you know, how are cases processed? do these numbers just reflect criminal activity or does it reflect access to resources and decision making in the juvenile criminal justice systems?

Mm-hmm. So you don't know what percentage of those 77 that are currently being held are African-American?

mm-hmm, so you don't know. what percentage, of those 77 that are currently being held, are

Mm-hmm So you don't, know what percentage of those 77 that are currently being held are

mm-hmm. so you don't know what percentage of those 77 that are currently being held are african-american?

You know, I don't have these figures in front of me, but I do know that it's a substantial percentage, certainly.

you know i don't have these figures in front of me but i do know that it's a substantial percentage

You, know I. don't have these figures in front of me but I do know that, it's a substantial percentage

you know, i don't have these figures in front of me, but i do know that it's a substantial percentage, certainly.

Thank you for taking my call.

thank you for taking my

Thank you for taking my

thank you for taking my call.

Okay, Beverly. Thanks very much. And I just wanted to follow up, briefly, on what David Savage was telling us earlier. He said he didn't see anywhere for this to go. Obviously, there are life sentences without the possibility of parole for minors that do involve homicides. Is that where you see this going?

okay, beverly thanks very much and i just wanted to follow up briefly on, what david savage was telling us earlier he said. he didn't see anywhere for this to go obviously there are life sentences without the possibility of parole for minors that do involve homicides is that where you see this

Okay Beverly Thanks very much And I. just wanted to follow up briefly on what David Savage was telling us earlier He said he didn't see anywhere for this to go Obviously there are, life. sentences without the possibility of parole for minors that do involve homicides Is that where you see this

okay, beverly. thanks very much. and i just wanted to follow up, briefly, on what david savage was telling us earlier. he said he didn't see anywhere for this to go. obviously, there are life sentences without the possibility of parole for minors that do involve homicides. is that where you see this going?

Well, I think that's sort of the next logical step. You know, I think after 2005, when the Supreme Court banned the death penalty for juveniles, this became the next arena essentially. Now, five years later, we've made a significant in roads there, and so that would be the next logical step or - and also it's extremely long sentences for juveniles, as well. You know, some states that have made changes, Colorado and others, still impose 40-year prison terms for juveniles.

well i think that's sort of the next logical step you; know i. think after 2005, when the supreme court banned the death penalty, for juveniles this became, the next arena essentially now five years later. we've made a significant. in roads there and so that would be the next logical step or - and, also it's. extremely long sentences for juveniles as. well you know some states that have made changes colorado and others still impose 40-year prison terms for

Well I think that's sort, of the next logical step You know I think after 2005, when the, Supreme Court banned. the death penalty for juveniles this became the next arena essentially Now, five years later we've made; a significant in roads there and, so that would be the next logical step or - and also it's extremely long sentences for juveniles as well You know some states that have made changes Colorado and others, still impose 40-year prison terms for

well, i think that's sort of the next logical step. you know, i think after 2005, when the supreme court banned the death penalty for juveniles, this became the next arena essentially. now, five years later, we've made a significant in roads there, and so that would be the next logical step or - and also it's extremely long sentences for juveniles, as well. you know, some states that have made changes, colorado and others, still impose 40-year prison terms for juveniles.

And, you know, the fundamental question still remains the same. You know, are our kids capable of change? How much time is enough? And, you know, at what point do we recognize the different culpability of juveniles and how do we take that into account?

and you know the fundamental question still, remains the same you know are our, kids capable of change? how much time is enough? and you know at what point do we recognize the different culpability; of juveniles and how do we take that into.

And you know the. fundamental question still remains the same You know are our kids. capable of change? How much time is enough? And you know at what point do we. recognize, the different culpability, of juveniles, and how do we take that into

and, you know, the fundamental question still remains the same. you know, are our kids capable of change? how much time is enough? and, you know, at what point do we recognize the different culpability of juveniles and how do we take that into account?

Mark Mauer of the Sentencing Project. Also with us, Stephen McAllister, the solicitor general of Kansas.

mark mauer of the sentencing project also with us. stephen mcallister the solicitor general of

Mark Mauer of the Sentencing Project Also, with us Stephen. McAllister the solicitor general of

mark mauer of the sentencing project. also with us, stephen mcallister, the solicitor general of kansas.

You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

you're listening to talk of the nation from npr

You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR

you're listening to talk of the nation from npr news.

And let's go next to Paul(ph). Paul with us here from the bay area in California.

and let's go next to paul(ph). paul, with us here from the bay area in

And let's go next to Paul(ph). Paul with us here from the bay area in

and let's go next to paul(ph). paul with us here from the bay area in california.

Hello. Thank you for doing this program.

hello thank. you for doing this

Hello Thank. you for doing this,

hello. thank you for doing this program.

Go ahead.

go

Go

go ahead.

We represent a client who is a black male, who is charged with - actually a third strike. This is his third strike though. He has no prior sexual assaults, and it's not against a minor. But he has AIDS, and so it makes our case very difficult for us to take it to trial, because if the jury got this case, they would convict him just on the fact that he knew he had AIDS for 15 years and he raped this woman who was disabled.

we represent a client who is a black male who is charged with - actually a third strike this, is his, third strike though he has no prior. sexual assaults and it's not against a minor but he has aids and so it makes our case very difficult for us to take it. to trial because if the jury got this, case they would convict him just on, the fact that he, knew he had aids for 15 years. and he, raped this woman who was

We represent a, client who is a black male who is charged with - actually a. third strike This is his third strike, though He has no. prior sexual assaults and it's not against a, minor But he has AIDS and so it makes our. case very difficult for us to take it to trial because if the jury got this case, they would convict him just on the fact that he knew he had AIDS for 15 years and he raped this woman who was

we represent a client who is a black male, who is charged with - actually a third strike. this is his third strike though. he has no prior sexual assaults, and it's not against a minor. but he has aids, and so it makes our case very difficult for us to take it to trial, because if the jury got this case, they would convict him just on the fact that he knew he had aids for 15 years and he raped this woman who was disabled.

And did - took no precautions - did not use a condom.

and, did - took no precautions - did not use a

And. did. - took no precautions - did not use a

and did - took no precautions - did not use a condom.

Took no precautions as far as we know. We don't know, because the victim doesn't know and he won't talk to us about that.

took, no precautions as far as we know we don't know. because the victim doesn't know and he won't talk to us, about

Took no precautions as, far as we know We don't know because the victim doesn't know and he won't talk to, us about

took no precautions as far as we know. we don't know, because the victim doesn't know and he won't talk to us about that.

But I can understand this issue in the context of against children. The woman he attacked in this case was an adult and he's an adult. The group in the United States that has the highest rate of AIDS is young black girls due to gang rape by black males in the United States. And so it's like a death sentence, this AIDS issue. And people - a lot of people don't realize that black girls have the highest rate of death from AIDS due to this problem. And so I could see where the Supreme Court has probably considered that fact in their calculation.

but i can understand, this, issue in the. context of against children the woman he attacked in this case was an adult and he's an adult. the group. in the united states that has the. highest rate, of aids is, young black girls. due to; gang rape by black males in the united states, and so it's like a death sentence this aids issue and people - a lot of people don't, realize that black girls, have the. highest rate; of death from aids due to this problem and so i could see where the. supreme court has probably considered that fact in their,

But I can understand this issue in, the, context of against children The woman he attacked in this case was an adult and he's. an adult The group in; the United States that has the highest rate of AIDS is young black girls due to gang rape by. black males in the United States And so it's like a death sentence this AIDS issue And people - a lot of people don't realize that black girls. have the; highest rate of death from AIDS due. to this problem And so I could see where the Supreme Court has probably considered that fact in their

but i can understand this issue in the context of against children. the woman he attacked in this case was an adult and he's an adult. the group in the united states that has the highest rate of aids is young black girls due to gang rape by black males in the united states. and so it's like a death sentence, this aids issue. and people - a lot of people don't realize that black girls have the highest rate of death from aids due to this problem. and so i could see where the supreme court has probably considered that fact in their calculation.

Did this come into it, Stephen McAllister, at all?

did this come into it stephen mcallister at

Did this come into it Stephen McAllister at

did this come into it, stephen mcallister, at all?

I'm not aware of whether anyone briefed that. I don't recall any mention of that.

i'm not aware of whether anyone briefed that i. don't recall any mention of

I'm not aware of whether anyone briefed that I don't recall any mention of

i'm not aware of whether anyone briefed that. i don't recall any mention of that.

And you were there arguing your case but you didn't hear it.

and you were there arguing your case but you didn't hear

And you were there arguing, your case but you, didn't, hear;

and you were there arguing your case but you didn't hear it.

No.

no.

All right. Paul, obviously, you've got a difficult case in front of you. We wish you the best of luck.

all right paul obviously you've got. a difficult case in front of you we wish you the best of

All right Paul, obviously you've got a difficult case in front of you We wish you the best of

all right. paul, obviously, you've got a difficult case in front of you. we wish you the best of luck.

Thank you...

thank

Thank

thank you...

All right. Appreciate it.

all right appreciate

All right Appreciate

all right. appreciate it.

...for doing the program.

...for doing the

...for doing the

...for doing the program.

Okay. Thank you very much. And let me follow up, Stephen McAllister, the question of treatment. Is there treatment available in the prisons where these men are sentenced to the first place, and after they're held, are they sent to different facilities? Is treatment available there?

okay. thank. you very, much and let me, follow up stephen mcallister the, question of, treatment, is there treatment available in the prisons, where these men; are sentenced to the first place and after they're held are they sent to different facilities? is treatment available

Okay Thank you very much And let me follow up Stephen McAllister the question of treatment Is there treatment available in the prisons. where these men are sentenced to the first place and after they're held are they sent to different facilities? Is treatment available

okay. thank you very much. and let me follow up, stephen mcallister, the question of treatment. is there treatment available in the prisons where these men are sentenced to the first place, and after they're held, are they sent to different facilities? is treatment available there?

Well, the answer is yes and yes. Although I think a comment was made earlier, sometimes what's available in prison is limited. And there are problems with prison treatment that are partly a result of this setting also. We've also been to the Supreme Court in different case involving an inmate who didn't want to participate in the prison treatment program. And when he lost privileges as a result, he argued that that was unconstitutional. I mean, so some inmates may want to take full advantage of prison treatment programs, but there are a significant number who don't want to participate and will not necessarily do so willingly or voluntarily. But it is available in, at least, limited forms.

well the answer; is yes and yes although i think a comment was made earlier. sometimes what's available in prison is limited and there are problems with prison treatment that are partly a result of. this setting also we've also been to the supreme. court in different case involving. an inmate who didn't want to participate in the prison treatment, program and when he lost privileges as a result he argued that that was unconstitutional i mean so some. inmates may want to, take full advantage of prison treatment programs but there are a significant number who don't want to participate and will not necessarily do. so willingly or voluntarily but, it. is available in at least limited

Well the answer is yes and yes Although I think a comment was made earlier sometimes what's, available in prison is limited And, there, are problems with prison treatment that are partly a result of this setting also We've also been to the Supreme Court in different case involving an inmate who didn't want to participate in; the prison treatment program And when he lost privileges as a result he argued that that was unconstitutional I mean, so some inmates may want to take full advantage of prison treatment programs but, there are a significant number who don't want to. participate and will not necessarily do so, willingly or voluntarily But it is available in at least limited

well, the answer is yes and yes. although i think a comment was made earlier, sometimes what's available in prison is limited. and there are problems with prison treatment that are partly a result of this setting also. we've also been to the supreme court in different case involving an inmate who didn't want to participate in the prison treatment program. and when he lost privileges as a result, he argued that that was unconstitutional. i mean, so some inmates may want to take full advantage of prison treatment programs, but there are a significant number who don't want to participate and will not necessarily do so willingly or voluntarily. but it is available in, at least, limited forms.

Now, when they enter one of these civil commitment programs because it is not intended to be punitive and is not part of the criminal justice system, they are moved to a different facility. And so in Kansas, for example, it's a mental health facility. Now, it's, granted, somewhat prison-like and that it's got to be secure by the nature of these individuals, so it's not just a house on a quiet neighborhood street. I mean, it's still a prison-like facility, but they are not usually in contact with, and certainly not housed with a general prison population. They're completely segregated.

now when. they enter one, of these civil commitment programs. because it is not intended to be punitive and is not part of the criminal justice system they are. moved to; a different facility and so in kansas, for example it's a mental health. facility now it's granted somewhat prison-like and that it's got to be secure by the nature, of these individuals so it's not just a house on a quiet, neighborhood street i mean it's still a prison-like facility but they are not. usually in contact, with and certainly not housed with a general prison population they're, completely

Now when they enter one of these; civil commitment programs because it is not, intended to be punitive and is not, part of the criminal justice system they are moved to a different facility And so in Kansas for, example it's a mental health facility Now it's granted somewhat prison-like and that it's got. to be secure by the nature of these individuals so it's not just a house on a quiet neighborhood street I mean. it's still a prison-like facility but they are not usually, in contact with and certainly not housed with a general prison population They're completely

now, when they enter one of these civil commitment programs because it is not intended to be punitive and is not part of the criminal justice system, they are moved to a different facility. and so in kansas, for example, it's a mental health facility. now, it's, granted, somewhat prison-like and that it's got to be secure by the nature of these individuals, so it's not just a house on a quiet neighborhood street. i mean, it's still a prison-like facility, but they are not usually in contact with, and certainly not housed with a general prison population. they're completely segregated.

Just very briefly, we only have a few seconds left, would you agree with David Savage's belief that this was, in some ways, a proxy for the health care case.

just very, briefly we only have a few seconds left would you agree with david savage's belief that this was in some ways a proxy. for the health care

Just; very briefly we only have a few. seconds left would. you agree with David, Savage's belief that this was in some, ways a proxy for the health care

just very briefly, we only have a few seconds left, would you agree with david savage's belief that this was, in some ways, a proxy for the health care case.

It's an interesting thought. I suppose it's a very and I think this is why you had Justice Kennedy and Justice Alito peeling off in separate concurrences. The majority opinion is a very broad assertion of power under the necessary and proper cause. Whether if I will go along with that in a very different kind of setting, you know, it's hard to know. I wouldnt battle out on the outcome there. But it has - certainly would be a case that will be argued.

it's an interesting thought i suppose it's, a very and i think this is why you had justice kennedy and justice alito peeling off, in separate concurrences the majority opinion is, a very. broad assertion of power under the necessary and proper cause whether if i will go along with that. in. a very. different kind of setting you know it's hard to know i wouldnt battle out on, the outcome there but it has - certainly would be a case that will be

It's an interesting thought I suppose it's a, very and I think this is why you had Justice Kennedy and Justice Alito peeling off in separate concurrences The majority opinion is a; very broad assertion of power under the necessary and proper cause Whether if I will go along with that in a very different kind of setting you know; it's hard to, know I wouldnt battle out on the, outcome there But it has - certainly would be a case that will be

it's an interesting thought. i suppose it's a very and i think this is why you had justice kennedy and justice alito peeling off in separate concurrences. the majority opinion is a very broad assertion of power under the necessary and proper cause. whether if i will go along with that in a very different kind of setting, you know, it's hard to know. i wouldnt battle out on the outcome there. but it has - certainly would be a case that will be argued.

Is Kansas one of the states that's filed suit against the circuit?

is kansas one of the states that's, filed suit against the

Is Kansas one of the; states that's; filed suit against the

is kansas one of the states that's filed suit against the circuit?

Kansas has declined to join that lawsuit.

kansas has declined to join that

Kansas has declined to join that.

kansas has declined to join that lawsuit.

Right. Can you tell how hot a chili is by the color? If it's red chili versus a green chili?

right can you; tell how hot a chili is by the color? if it's red chili versus a, green

Right Can you tell how hot a. chili is by the color? If it's red chili versus a green

right. can you tell how hot a chili is by the color? if it's red chili versus a green chili?

All right. Thank you very much for your time today. Stephen McAllister, solicitor general of Kansas, also teaches law at the University of Kansas, defended the United States in the U.S. v. Comstock case, with us here in Studio 3A. Also with us Mark Mauer, executive director of The Sentencing Project who wrote an amicus brief in the Graham v. Florida case.

all, right thank you very much for. your time today stephen mcallister solicitor general of kansas also teaches law at the university of kansas defended the united states in the u.s v. comstock, case with us here in studio 3a also with us mark mauer executive director of the sentencing project who wrote, an, amicus, brief in, the graham v. florida

All right Thank you. very much for. your time today. Stephen McAllister solicitor general of Kansas also teaches law at the University of Kansas; defended the United States in the U.S v Comstock case with us here in Studio 3A, Also with us Mark, Mauer executive director of The Sentencing Project who wrote an amicus brief, in the Graham v Florida,

all right. thank you very much for your time today. stephen mcallister, solicitor general of kansas, also teaches law at the university of kansas, defended the united states in the u.s. v. comstock case, with us here in studio 3a. also with us mark mauer, executive director of the sentencing project who wrote an amicus brief in the graham v. florida case.

And gentlemen, thank you both for your time today. We appreciate it.

and gentlemen thank, you both for your time today we appreciate,

And gentlemen thank you both for your; time today We appreciate

and gentlemen, thank you both for your time today. we appreciate it.

Thanks for having us.

thanks for having

Thanks for having,

thanks for having us.

Thank you.

thank

Thank

thank you.

Coming up, the first blockbuster of the summer, and it's only spring. NPR's comic book blogger reviews "Iron Man 2." Stay with us.

coming up the first blockbuster of, the summer and it's only spring npr's comic book blogger reviews "iron man 2." stay with

Coming up the first blockbuster of the summer and it's. only. spring NPR's comic book blogger, reviews "Iron Man 2." Stay with

coming up, the first blockbuster of the summer, and it's only spring. npr's comic book blogger reviews "iron man 2." stay with us.

It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

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It's the, TALK, OF THE NATION from NPR

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A group of U.S. officials crossed into North Korea yesterday.

a group of u.s officials crossed into north korea

A group of U.S officials crossed into North Korea

a group of u.s. officials crossed into north korea yesterday.

Yeah, the State Department says they met North Korean officials. They are preparing for this possible summit between President Trump and North Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un. This comes after a dizzying few days. The U.S. spoke harshly of North Korea. Then North Korea responded. President Trump canceled the summit. North Korea's tone changed, and so did the president's tone.

yeah the, state department says. they met north korean, officials they. are, preparing for this possible summit between, president trump and north korea's leader kim jong un this comes after a dizzying few days the u.s spoke harshly of, north korea then. north korea responded president trump canceled the summit. north, korea's, tone changed and so did the; president's,

Yeah the, State Department says they met North Korean officials They are preparing for this, possible summit between President Trump and North Korea's. leader Kim Jong Un This comes after a dizzying few days The U.S spoke harshly of, North Korea, Then, North Korea responded President Trump canceled the summit North. Korea's tone changed and so; did the president's

yeah, the state department says they met north korean officials. they are preparing for this possible summit between president trump and north korea's leader, kim jong un. this comes after a dizzying few days. the u.s. spoke harshly of north korea. then north korea responded. president trump canceled the summit. north korea's tone changed, and so did the president's tone.

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(soundbite, of, archived

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I think there's a lot of goodwill. I think people want to see if we can get the meeting and get something done.

i think there's a lot of goodwill i think people want to see if we can get. the meeting and get something

I think there's a lot of goodwill I think people want to. see if we can get the meeting and get something

i think there's a lot of goodwill. i think people want to see if we can get the meeting and get something done.

Before all this activity, one U.S. official called the summit a coin toss. The same official now says it's better than a coin toss, though another official told reporters that it's going to be hard to be ready for this by June 12. Whenever it happens, the bigger question is, what is actually going to be on the table?

before all this activity one u.s official called the summit a coin toss the same official now says it's better than a coin toss though another. official told. reporters that it's going to be hard, to be ready for this by june 12. whenever it happens the bigger question is what is. actually going to be on the

Before all this activity one U.S official called the summit a. coin toss The same official now says it's better than a coin toss though another official told reporters that it's going to be hard to be ready for this by June 12. Whenever it. happens the bigger question is what is actually going to be on the

before all this activity, one u.s. official called the summit a coin toss. the same official now says it's better than a coin toss, though another official told reporters that it's going to be hard to be ready for this by june 12. whenever it happens, the bigger question is, what is actually going to be on the table?

Reporter Anna Fifield is in Seoul for The Washington Post and joins us by Skype.

reporter anna fifield is in, seoul for the. washington post and joins us by

Reporter Anna Fifield, is in. Seoul for The Washington Post and joins us by

reporter anna fifield is in seoul for the washington post and joins us by skype.

Welcome to the program.

welcome to the

Welcome to the

welcome to the program.

Thank you. It's great to be here.

thank, you it's great to be

Thank you, It's great to be

thank you. it's great to be here.

How hard was it to restart this meeting, so far as you can tell?

how. hard was it to restart this meeting so far as. you can

How hard was it to, restart this, meeting so far as you, can

how hard was it to restart this meeting, so far as you can tell?

Well, it seems, like, not that hard. They're - everybody has swung into action to try to get the summit back on track. Obviously, President Moon Jae-in of South Korea has been leading the charge there. But these two American teams are now in full action. We have one lot - diplomatic and NSC, Defense Department officials in South Korea and crossing over to North Korea to have talks about substance with the North Korean representatives. That means denuclearization. And meanwhile, we have a separate team on its way to Singapore to talk to North Koreans there about logistics for the meeting that's set to take place. So it certainly looks like everybody is going full steam ahead with the preparations for the summit.

well it seems like not, that hard they're - everybody has swung into action; to try to get the summit back on track obviously president moon jae-in of south korea has been leading, the charge there but; these two american teams are now in full action we. have one lot - diplomatic and nsc defense department officials, in south korea and crossing over to north. korea. to have talks about substance with the north korean representatives that means denuclearization, and meanwhile we have a separate team on its way to singapore to talk to north koreans there. about logistics for, the meeting. that's set to take place so it certainly looks like everybody is going full steam ahead with the. preparations for the

Well it seems like, not that hard They're - everybody has swung into action to try to get the summit back on track Obviously President Moon Jae-in of South, Korea has been leading the charge there But these two American teams are now in full action We have one lot - diplomatic and NSC Defense Department; officials in South Korea and crossing over to; North, Korea to have talks about substance with the North Korean representatives That, means denuclearization And. meanwhile we have, a separate team, on its; way to Singapore to talk to North Koreans there about logistics for the meeting, that's set; to take place So it certainly looks like everybody is. going full steam. ahead with the preparations for the

well, it seems, like, not that hard. they're - everybody has swung into action to try to get the summit back on track. obviously, president moon jae-in of south korea has been leading the charge there. but these two american teams are now in full action. we have one lot - diplomatic and nsc, defense department officials in south korea and crossing over to north korea to have talks about substance with the north korean representatives. that means denuclearization. and meanwhile, we have a separate team on its way to singapore to talk to north koreans there about logistics for the meeting that's set to take place. so it certainly looks like everybody is going full steam ahead with the preparations for the summit.

So part of the story after the president - President Trump's cancellation was that Moon Jae-in held this emergency meeting of his cabinet in the middle of the night and then suddenly showed up on the border with North Korea. That's some pretty quick action. Had the South Koreans been prepared for this sort of wild development?

so part of the story after the president - president trump's cancellation was that moon jae-in held this emergency meeting, of his cabinet in the middle of the night and, then suddenly showed up. on the border with north korea that's some pretty quick action had the south, koreans been prepared for this sort of wild

So part of the story, after the president - President Trump's cancellation was that Moon Jae-in held this emergency meeting of his cabinet in the middle of the night and then suddenly showed up on the border with North, Korea That's some pretty quick action. Had the South Koreans been prepared for this sort of wild

so part of the story after the president - president trump's cancellation was that moon jae-in held this emergency meeting of his cabinet in the middle of the night and then suddenly showed up on the border with north korea. that's some pretty quick action. had the south koreans been prepared for this sort of wild development?

I think nobody was prepared for this sort of wild development. You know, President Moon had only been back in Seoul for 24 hours after visiting President Trump in the White House when the summit was, like, abruptly canceled. And the look on his face at that midnight meeting, you know, said it all. He was clearly shocked by this turn of events. But they swung into action immediately. And on Friday, President Moon and president - sorry, Kim Jong Un of North Korea talked. And they arranged to have this meeting the following day on Saturday face to face in Panmunjom in the DMZ, which is really kind of unprecedented to think this is only the fourth time in 18 years that the two Korean leaders have ever met, and they were able to pull it off with 24 hours' notice. So everybody seems to be swinging into action.

i think nobody was prepared for this sort of wild development, you know president, moon had only been back in seoul for 24 hours after visiting president; trump in the white house when the summit was, like abruptly. canceled and the look on his face at that midnight meeting you know said it all. he was clearly shocked by this turn. of events. but they swung, into action immediately and on friday president moon and president - sorry kim. jong un of north korea talked and they arranged to have this meeting the following day on saturday face to face in panmunjom in the dmz which is really kind of unprecedented to think this is only the fourth time in, 18 years that the two korean leaders have ever met and, they, were able to pull it. off with 24 hours' notice so everybody seems to be swinging, into,

I think. nobody was prepared, for this sort of, wild development You know President Moon had only been back in Seoul for 24 hours after visiting President. Trump in the White House when the summit was like abruptly canceled And the look on his face at that midnight meeting you know said it all He was clearly shocked by this turn; of events But they swung, into action immediately And on Friday President Moon and president. - sorry Kim Jong Un of North Korea talked And they arranged to have this meeting the following day on Saturday face to face in Panmunjom in the, DMZ which is really kind of unprecedented to think this is, only the fourth time in 18 years that the two Korean leaders have ever met and they were able. to pull it off with 24 hours' notice So everybody seems to be swinging into.

i think nobody was prepared for this sort of wild development. you know, president moon had only been back in seoul for 24 hours after visiting president trump in the white house when the summit was, like, abruptly canceled. and the look on his face at that midnight meeting, you know, said it all. he was clearly shocked by this turn of events. but they swung into action immediately. and on friday, president moon and president - sorry, kim jong un of north korea talked. and they arranged to have this meeting the following day on saturday face to face in panmunjom in the dmz, which is really kind of unprecedented to think this is only the fourth time in 18 years that the two korean leaders have ever met, and they were able to pull it off with 24 hours' notice. so everybody seems to be swinging into action.

Which is so extraordinary - right, Anna? - that actually, President Trump - an American president's action, would actually draw the two Koreas together even closer.

which, is so extraordinary - right anna? - that actually president trump - an american president's action would actually draw the two koreas together even

Which is so extraordinary - right Anna? - that actually President Trump - an American president's action would actually draw the two Koreas together even

which is so extraordinary - right, anna? - that actually, president trump - an american president's action, would actually draw the two koreas together even closer.

Yes, exactly. I think - you know, clearly, Kim Jong Un wants to go ahead with this summit. The signals coming out of North Korea over the past few days have been very kind of positive in that direction. But also, Moon Jae-in, the South Korean president, you know, he is really invested in this process. And he desperately wants this to work because the other option if diplomacy fails may be military action, and that would be devastating for South Korea and the capital of Seoul. So one analyst we spoke to likened Moon Jae-in to a ball boy in a tennis match. She said, you know, every time the ball gets stuck in the net between Kim and Trump, Moon Jae-in rushes in to get it out again.

yes exactly i, think - you know clearly kim jong un wants to go ahead. with this summit the signals coming out of north korea over the past, few days have been very. kind of positive in, that direction but also moon jae-in the south korean president. you know he is really invested in this process and he desperately, wants this to work because the other option if. diplomacy fails may be, military action, and, that would be devastating for south korea and the capital of seoul so one analyst we spoke, to likened moon jae-in to a ball boy in a, tennis match she said you know every, time the ball gets stuck in the net between kim and trump moon jae-in rushes in to get it out

Yes exactly I think - you know clearly, Kim Jong Un wants to go ahead with this summit The signals coming out of North Korea over, the past, few days have been very, kind of positive in that direction But also Moon Jae-in the South Korean president you know he is really invested in this process And he desperately wants this to work because the other option if diplomacy fails may be military action and that would be, devastating for South Korea and. the capital of Seoul So one analyst we spoke to likened Moon Jae-in, to a ball. boy in a tennis match She said, you know every time the ball gets stuck in the net. between, Kim and Trump. Moon Jae-in rushes in to get it out

yes, exactly. i think - you know, clearly, kim jong un wants to go ahead with this summit. the signals coming out of north korea over the past few days have been very kind of positive in that direction. but also, moon jae-in, the south korean president, you know, he is really invested in this process. and he desperately wants this to work because the other option if diplomacy fails may be military action, and that would be devastating for south korea and the capital of seoul. so one analyst we spoke to likened moon jae-in to a ball boy in a tennis match. she said, you know, every time the ball gets stuck in the net between kim and trump, moon jae-in rushes in to get it out again.

Although if you're the president of a country, maybe not the image you really want. But, I guess, he really wants this summit. But let me ask - do the two sides agree, so far as you can tell, Anna, on what the goal is? Fundamentally, is North Korea ready to give up its nuclear weapons relatively quickly, which is what the U.S. wants?

although if you're the president of a country maybe not the image you really want but, i, guess he really wants this summit but let. me. ask. - do the two. sides agree so far as you can tell anna on what the goal is? fundamentally is north korea ready to. give up its nuclear. weapons relatively quickly which is what the u.s

Although if you're the president of a country maybe not the image you really want But I guess he really wants this summit But let me ask, - do the, two sides. agree so far. as you can tell Anna on what. the goal is? Fundamentally is North Korea ready; to give up its nuclear weapons relatively quickly which is what the U.S,

although if you're the president of a country, maybe not the image you really want. but, i guess, he really wants this summit. but let me ask - do the two sides agree, so far as you can tell, anna, on what the goal is? fundamentally, is north korea ready to give up its nuclear weapons relatively quickly, which is what the u.s. wants?

We don't know about the relatively quickly part. President Moon has said repeatedly that they're prepared to talk a bit about denuclearization. But that very vague term has not been defined, and President Moon declined on Saturday to say whether that meant complete, irreversible and verifiable dismantlement, like the U.S. wants. So there still seems to be quite a big gap there on substance.

we don't know about the relatively quickly, part president moon has said repeatedly that, they're prepared to talk a bit about denuclearization but that very vague term has not been defined and president moon declined. on saturday to say whether that, meant complete irreversible and verifiable. dismantlement like the u.s wants so there still seems to be. quite a big gap there on

We don't know about the relatively quickly part President Moon has said. repeatedly that they're prepared to talk a bit about denuclearization But that very vague term has not been defined and President Moon declined on Saturday to say whether that meant complete irreversible and verifiable dismantlement like the U.S wants So, there still seems to be quite a big gap there on

we don't know about the relatively quickly part. president moon has said repeatedly that they're prepared to talk a bit about denuclearization. but that very vague term has not been defined, and president moon declined on saturday to say whether that meant complete, irreversible and verifiable dismantlement, like the u.s. wants. so there still seems to be quite a big gap there on substance.

And we've been told that the North Koreans speaking directly with the United States have never signed on to that goal. Anna Fifield of The Washington Post, thanks very much, really appreciate it.

and; we've been told; that the, north koreans speaking directly with the united states have never signed on to that goal anna fifield of the washington post thanks very much really appreciate.

And we've been told that the North Koreans speaking directly with the United States have never signed on to that goal Anna Fifield of The. Washington Post thanks very much really appreciate

and we've been told that the north koreans speaking directly with the united states have never signed on to that goal. anna fifield of the washington post, thanks very much, really appreciate it.

Great to be here.

great to be

Great to be

great to be here.

She joins us by Skype. So what effect does President Trump's reversals on this and other issues have on American foreign relations?

she joins us by skype so. what effect does president trump's reversals on, this and other issues have on american foreign

She joins us by Skype So what effect does President Trump's reversals on this and other issues, have on American foreign

she joins us by skype. so what effect does president trump's reversals on this and other issues have on american foreign relations?

Yeah, because besides the about face on North Korea, the president has scrapped the nuclear deal with Iran, of course. He has reconsidered trade deals. And he recently walked back these penalties on the Chinese telecom company, ZTE. These were penalties that his own Commerce Department had ordered. They ordered them because this company had violated U.S. sanctions against Iran and North Korea.

yeah because besides the about face on north korea the president. has. scrapped the nuclear deal with iran, of course, he; has reconsidered trade deals and he. recently; walked back these penalties on the, chinese, telecom company zte these were penalties, that. his own commerce department had ordered they ordered them because this, company had violated u.s sanctions against iran and north

Yeah because besides the about face on; North Korea the president has scrapped the nuclear deal with Iran; of course, He, has reconsidered trade deals And he recently walked back these penalties on the Chinese telecom company ZTE These were penalties that, his own Commerce Department had ordered They ordered them because this company had violated U.S sanctions against Iran and North

yeah, because besides the about face on north korea, the president has scrapped the nuclear deal with iran, of course. he has reconsidered trade deals. and he recently walked back these penalties on the chinese telecom company, zte. these were penalties that his own commerce department had ordered. they ordered them because this company had violated u.s. sanctions against iran and north korea.

NPR White House correspondent Scott Horsley has been following all of this - I don't know - whiplash. Is that a good word for it, Scott?

npr white house correspondent scott horsley has been following all. of. this - i don't know - whiplash is that a good, word for it

NPR White House correspondent Scott Horsley has been following all of, this - I don't know - whiplash Is that; a good word for it

npr white house correspondent scott horsley has been following all of this - i don't know - whiplash. is that a good word for it, scott?

(Laughter) Good morning, Steve.

(laughter) good morning

(Laughter) Good morning

(laughter) good morning, steve.

Hey, good morning. Do you see a strategy here?

hey good morning do you see a strategy

Hey good morning Do you see a strategy

hey, good morning. do you see a strategy here?

You can write the ombudsman, by the way...

you can write the ombudsman by the

You can write the ombudsman by the

you can write the ombudsman, by the way...

But, it really - it depicts some of the unique characteristics associated with the chili plants, particularly this type that Ed was describing, we call the Anaheim or sometimes the New Mexico-type chilies.

but it. really - it; depicts some of the, unique characteristics associated with the chili plants particularly this type that, ed was describing we call, the anaheim or sometimes the new mexico-type

But it really - it. depicts some of the unique characteristics, associated with the chili plants particularly this type that Ed was describing we call the Anaheim or sometimes, the New Mexico-type.

but, it really - it depicts some of the unique characteristics associated with the chili plants, particularly this type that ed was describing, we call the anaheim or sometimes the new mexico-type chilies.

And this is a characteristic that is consistent with basically any type of crop, that they have their own environmental parameters, environmental conditions that they best develop and produce under. And whenever we take those kind of plants out of those optimum conditions, they can often times still grow, but they don't opt - they don't grow to an optimum type of condition with regard to yield and quality.

and this is a characteristic that is consistent with basically any type of crop that they have their, own, environmental parameters environmental, conditions that they best develop and produce under, and whenever we take those kind of plants out of those optimum conditions they, can often times still grow but they don't opt - they don't grow to an optimum type of condition with regard to yield; and

And this is a characteristic that is consistent with basically any type of crop that they have their own environmental parameters environmental conditions that they best develop and produce under And whenever we take those; kind of plants out of those optimum conditions they can often times, still, grow but they don't opt - they don't grow to an optimum type of condition with regard to yield and

and this is a characteristic that is consistent with basically any type of crop, that they have their own environmental parameters, environmental conditions that they best develop and produce under. and whenever we take those kind of plants out of those optimum conditions, they can often times still grow, but they don't opt - they don't grow to an optimum type of condition with regard to yield and quality.

This area is kind of what Ed and I referred to as the Chili Belt, or a lot of us do, is about 3500 to 4500 feet elevation. And it runs along about a 32 degree north-latitude zone, extends in our case from Southeast Arizona across Southern New Mexico, into Far West Texas,, and the Northern part of Chihuahua, Mexico. But, the whole area has those ranges of elevation in common, so it's a climatic and weather-type of conditions that are really, well, suitable.

this area is kind of what ed and i referred to as. the chili belt or, a, lot of, us do is about, 3500 to 4500 feet elevation and it runs along about a 32 degree north-latitude zone. extends in our case from southeast arizona across; southern new mexico, into far; west texas,, and the northern, part. of chihuahua mexico but the whole; area has those ranges of elevation in. common so; it's, a climatic and weather-type of conditions that are really well

This area is kind of what Ed and I referred to as the Chili Belt or a lot, of us do is about, 3500 to 4500 feet elevation And it, runs along about a 32 degree north-latitude, zone extends in our case from Southeast Arizona across Southern New Mexico into Far, West Texas,, and the Northern part of Chihuahua Mexico But the whole area has those. ranges of elevation in common so it's a climatic and weather-type of; conditions that are, really well

this area is kind of what ed and i referred to as the chili belt, or a lot of us do, is about 3500 to 4500 feet elevation. and it runs along about a 32 degree north-latitude zone, extends in our case from southeast arizona across southern new mexico, into far west texas,, and the northern part of chihuahua, mexico. but, the whole area has those ranges of elevation in common, so it's a climatic and weather-type of conditions that are really, well, suitable.

So the elevation is important?

so the elevation is

So the elevation is

so the elevation is important?

Very much so, and it's really the temperatures and the climate, but elevation changes everything here in this desert.

very much so and, it's really the temperatures and the climate but elevation changes, everything here in this

Very; much so and it's really the temperatures. and the climate but elevation changes everything here in; this

very much so, and it's really the temperatures and the climate, but elevation changes everything here in this desert.

Yeah.

yeah.

For example, we're at about 2600 feet here in Tucson, from here to go west to the Colorado River, we drop down to about 150 feet anuma(ph), right above sea level. And we go to extend all the way up to about 4500 feet elevations in Southeast Arizona...

for, example. we're. at about 2600 feet here in tucson from here. to, go west to the colorado river. we drop down to about 150 feet anuma(ph), right above sea level and we go. to extend all the way up; to about 4500 feet elevations, in southeast,

For example we're at about, 2600 feet here in, Tucson from here to go west to; the Colorado River we drop down to about 150 feet anuma(ph), right above sea. level And we go to extend all the way, up to about. 4500 feet elevations in Southeast

for example, we're at about 2600 feet here in tucson, from here to go west to the colorado river, we drop down to about 150 feet anuma(ph), right above sea level. and we go to extend all the way up to about 4500 feet elevations in southeast arizona...

Mm-hm.

mm-hm.

(Unintelligible) farms in the Sulphur Springs Valley. FLATOW: So it's a little cooler, a little wetter up there?

(unintelligible) farms. in the sulphur springs valley flatow: so it's a little cooler a little wetter up

(Unintelligible) farms. in the. Sulphur Springs Valley FLATOW: So it's a. little cooler, a little wetter up

(unintelligible) farms in the sulphur springs valley. flatow: so it's a little cooler, a little wetter up there?

Yes, exactly.

yes

Yes

yes, exactly.

Yeah.

yeah.

A little higher elevation. Higher elevations mean you get a little bit more precipitation on an annual basis, and a little cooler temperatures.

a little higher. elevation higher elevations mean you get, a little bit more precipitation on an annual basis and a little cooler

A little higher elevation Higher elevations; mean you get a little bit more. precipitation on an annual basis and. a little cooler

a little higher elevation. higher elevations mean you get a little bit more precipitation on an annual basis, and a little cooler temperatures.

Mm-hm. Gary Nabhan, where do chilies come from? Chili peppers, are they native here? Were they imported? How did they get here?

mm-hm. gary nabhan where do chilies come from? chili peppers are, they native here? were they imported? how did they get,

Mm-hm Gary Nabhan where do chilies come from? Chili peppers are they native here? Were they imported? How did they get

mm-hm. gary nabhan, where do chilies come from? chili peppers, are they native here? were they imported? how did they get here?

Well, the wild chilies called the chiltepines are right there in Southern Arizona, within about 40 miles of where you're standing. But chilies are all over the Western Hemisphere, from Tucson all the way down into the country of Chile.

well the wild. chilies called the. chiltepines are right there in southern arizona within about 40 miles of, where you're standing; but chilies are all over the western hemisphere from tucson all the way down into the country of

Well the wild chilies called the. chiltepines are right there in Southern Arizona within about, 40 miles of where you're standing But chilies are all over the Western Hemisphere from Tucson all the way down into the country of

well, the wild chilies called the chiltepines are right there in southern arizona, within about 40 miles of where you're standing. but chilies are all over the western hemisphere, from tucson all the way down into the country of chile.

And we have four domesticated species, some semi-cultivated things, and some other species, a dozen other wild species. But people have been cultivating them for about 8,000 years in Mexico, we think the origin of Capsicum annuum is somewhere south of Guadalajara.

and we have four domesticated species some semi-cultivated things and. some other species a dozen other wild species but people have been cultivating them for about 8,000 years; in; mexico we think the origin of capsicum annuum is somewhere south of

And we have four domesticated species some semi-cultivated things and some other species a dozen other wild species But people have been cultivating them for about 8,000 years in Mexico we think the origin of Capsicum annuum is somewhere south of

and we have four domesticated species, some semi-cultivated things, and some other species, a dozen other wild species. but people have been cultivating them for about 8,000 years in mexico, we think the origin of capsicum annuum is somewhere south of guadalajara.

We don't know whether it was on the Western Coast of Mexico, or the Central Valleys, or the Caribbean Coast, but from there down is a probable center of origin of chilies for the most part that we grow in the United States. We have a few exceptions...

we don't know whether it was on the western coast of mexico or the central valleys or the caribbean coast but from there down is a probable center of origin of chilies. for, the most part that we grow in, the united states we have a few

We don't know whether it was on the Western Coast of Mexico or the Central Valleys. or the, Caribbean Coast but from; there down is, a probable center of origin, of chilies for the most part. that we. grow in the United States We have a few

we don't know whether it was on the western coast of mexico, or the central valleys, or the caribbean coast, but from there down is a probable center of origin of chilies for the most part that we grow in the united states. we have a few exceptions...

Mm.

mm.

Like the Datil chili pepper in Florida and the Tabasco that are different species, but Ed and Jeff are correct that most of what we grow to United States is this species Capsicum annuum.

like. the datil chili pepper in florida and, the tabasco that are different species but ed and jeff are correct that most of what we grow to united states is this, species capsicum

Like the. Datil chili pepper in Florida and the Tabasco that are different species but Ed and Jeff are correct. that most of, what we, grow to United States is this, species. Capsicum

like the datil chili pepper in florida and the tabasco that are different species, but ed and jeff are correct that most of what we grow to united states is this species capsicum annuum.

And they've been part of people's diets for a longtime. When you dig up ancient sites, yeah...

and they've been part of people's diets for. a longtime when you dig up ancient sites

And, they've been part of people's diets for a longtime When you dig up ancient sites

and they've been part of people's diets for a longtime. when you dig up ancient sites, yeah...

Well, the wild chilies predate even agriculture in the Southwest by 4,000 years. We find them in caves, and what are affectionately called coprolites, the human manure remains in caves of prehistoric sites, and people can extract chili seeds out of those going back 8,000 years in the border land...

well the wild chilies predate even agriculture in the southwest by 4,000 years we find them in caves and what are affectionately called coprolites, the human manure remains in caves of prehistoric sites and people can extract chili seeds out, of. those going back. 8,000 years in the border

Well the. wild chilies predate even agriculture in the, Southwest by 4,000 years We find; them in caves and what are affectionately, called coprolites the; human manure remains, in caves. of prehistoric sites and people can extract chili seeds out of those going back 8,000 years in the border

well, the wild chilies predate even agriculture in the southwest by 4,000 years. we find them in caves, and what are affectionately called coprolites, the human manure remains in caves of prehistoric sites, and people can extract chili seeds out of those going back 8,000 years in the border land...