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dorsal, put ventral, scoop infant, solicit riding, solicit companion, and grasp and push shoulders. Cf. go ahead. See video. dermatophytosis Infections skin disease on face of chimpanzee. See video. D 54 dig descend Climb down from elevated site: Includes six patterns: descend by brachiation, descend tree trunk feet fi... |
Climb down forwards. Seen in bonobos. See video. detach See kidnap. detain Hold body part of partner such as leg in order to continue social play, etc. while partner tries to escape. Mother restricts infants movement e.g., by grabbing its legs when it approaches possibly dangerous object such as adult male. See video. ... |
along animal track. See death. See Fig. 8. dig Make hole in ground using hands or stick. dig for army ant with hand/stick 55 D Fig. 8 Die: Infant of Wakasunga died of disease dig for army ant with hand/stick Chimpanzees of Bossou dig up army ants nest by hand but also use digging stick. Absent at Mahale. dig for underg... |
in wet ground of dry streambed using one or both hands to get drinking water. At least five individuals of M group do this. Behavior common at Semliki. Bonobos of Lilungu and Wamba do not dig for water. See also remove objects from water surface. 5. dig for water with stick Use tool to dig wet ground of dry streambed t... |
of vegetation into massed driver ants, and when ants climb wand, remove ants with sweeping movement of loosely flexed hand and pop ants into mouth. Custom at Gombe, Assirik, Gashaka, and Goualougo. Present at Bossou. Likely to occur at Kalinzu, Fongoli and Ngotto Forest. Absent at Mahale. See Fig. 9. dip ant directly W... |
honey. Some immature chimpanzees use sticks for drinking water in tree hollows. See also leaf-sponge. Customary at Gombe, Mahale, Kibale, Lop, Assirik and Ta. Present at Goualougo. 8. See video. dip fruit wadge into water Chimpanzees of Ta dip fruits and their wadges of Sacoglottis gabonensis into water apparently to s... |
seed Excrete feces away from place where eaten fruits originated, so chimpanzees unintentionally disperse seeds. See swallow seed. See Fig. 10. Fig. 10 Disperse seed: Seeds of fruit recovered from chimpanzee feces display as contest When male does charging display, more dominant male rushes up and displays against him.... |
include scratch dead leaves, drag branch, shake branch and sway woody vegetation, bristle, compress lips, slap, stamp, slap-stamp, flail, throw, drum, rake, swagger, bipedal and pant-hoot. May be bipedal, quadrupedal, or tripedal. Typically male display though some females do it also. Goodall discriminated Non-vocal an... |
by drag branch. See video. display past Goodall: When a chimp, who is clearly directing a display toward another, passes close, and may hit or kick the other in passing. In 1995 at Mahale, two adult males regularly hit human observers during charging displays. Seen in bonobos. 5. display, rain Goodall Rain display or R... |
or heavy rain, adult male bonobos may run few meters while calling loudly, but no other activities such as those of chimpanzees occur. 3. See video. display, streambed Charging display done in water course. Goodalls Stream bed displays resemble rain displays but occur in streambeds. Goodalls Waterfall display probably ... |
from sucking from nipples during weaning. If infant is male and throws temper tantrums in response to his mothers refusal, she sometimes allows him to copulate with her. Goodalls Distract. Also in bonobos of Wamba. See video. distress call Includes hoo, staccato call, whimper, and whimper-scream. 3. See video. Dja Stud... |
See video. drag branch Goodall Branch dragging: A branch broken from a tree, or one lying on the ground is dragged by one hand during a charging display Finally, branch is typically thrown forward. Widely known across Africa: Ndoki, Bossou, Ta, Lop, Gombe, Mahale, Kibale, Budongo and Goualougo. In bonobos of Wamba, bra... |
branches. drag by mouth Drag while holding object, animal or another individual in mouth. Cf. pull with mouth. 3. drag carcass by hand Drag large carcass by hand along ground, moving forward. Simple transport or element of charging display. 5. See video. drag carcass by mouth Drag large carcass forward by mouth along g... |
often drags older infant when infant delays departing with her. D 2 drip Adult male may abuse infant by dragging it forcibly along path. Kanos Drag other and Pikas Grab-push-pull for bonobos. See video. D drag other by mouth Drag another individual while holding hand, arm, foot, leg, nape or back in mouth in play. Usua... |
colobus over shoulders, nape or head. Category 15. See video. drink Goodall: Drinking of water or other liquids. This includes drinking directly by leaning over and sucking from the water source in a quadrupedal or sitting posture; dripping water from the fingers into the mouth; dipping fingers into water and licking t... |
at Gombe, Mahale and Bossou. 5. See video. drink from lake Chimpanzees of lakeside groups, B, K, M, N, and L groups, drink from Lake Tanganyika. Some afraid of high waves and do not do so. Category 1. See video. drink from stream Chimpanzees of Mahale mostly depend on streams and rivers for drinking water. See video. d... |
for ants or termites, etc. See also kill time. drop branch Drop branch from overhead to threaten human observer below, sometimes hitting target. Some adult males forcibly kick dead branches, detaching them, so that they fall. Occasionally seen at Mahale when chimpanzees were not well habituated. Seen in female chimpanz... |
Occasionally fall occurs accidentally when branch breaks. Cf. leap down and fall. See video. drum Component of charging display. Goodall: Hit and/or kick tree trunks, especially those with buttresses. Often they grab the buttress with their hands and stamp on it with their feet. They may kick backwards with their feet ... |
patterns vary individually. For example, one male stands erect and beats walls of research buildings with only one palm, another does so with two palms, third one with one fist, fourth one kicks with one foot, and fifth one pounds with both feet. See also kick and slap. D 4 dunk face Drumming reported from Kibale and T... |
5. dunk face Juveniles repeatedly submerge face in river in play. See video. E E eat Remove foodstuff from substrate directly with mouth or by hand, bite, chew, and swallow it. Sometimes, process food or wadge before swallowing. Goodalls Feed. Kanos Feed. See video. eat algae Enter stream and eat algae, standing quadru... |
adult and larvae of Tetraponera. Humans in the tropics eat ants. See eat Camponotus ant, eat Crematogaster ant, and eat Oecophylla ant. See video. See also videos brush away from branch, brush away from self and fish for carpenter ants. eat beetle larva Ingest larvae of Coleoptera. Occasionally seen at Mahale. Regularl... |
Gombe and Mahale, but virtually absent at Ngogo. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. 3. eat Crematogaster ant Eat Crematogaster ants by splitting open grass stem or dry branch with teeth, breaking off large branch with hands or occasionally hands and feet. See break branch, break branch with foot and brush away from branch. 7.... |
eyes. Rare. 9. See video. eat feces Goodall Coprophagy. At Mahale, eating feces occurs rarely. Adult female, Chausiku, picked out and ate undigested seeds of Saba comorensis from her feces. Gombe apes picked undigested meat from feces. Assirik chimpanzees picked out baobab seeds from feces. Semliki apes defecated direc... |
video spit seed. eat gall Gall of insects inhabiting parts of plants such as Milicia. 5. See video. eat honey Insert finger or probe into honeycomb and eat honey of honeybees, or gnaw with incisors to widen entrance of nest of stingless bees. Honey eating widespread in chimpanzees. Bonobos of Lilungu eat honey of sting... |
E 8 eat phloem eat leaf Put leaves into mouth and ingest them. Bring mouth to leaves or bring plucked leaves to mouth. Important cropping technique is pull through. See video. See also videos pull through with mouth and store. E eat meat Ingest teeth, bones, bone marrow, brain, entrails, stomach and intestinal contents... |
prey. Bonobos eat meat of blue, bay, and black-fronted duikers, flying squirrel, fruit bat, galago, red-tailed monkey, black mangabey, Wolfs guenon, rodent, birds, etc. Recorded at Wamba, Lomako, Lilungu, and Lui Kotale, but less often and extensively. See also hunt. See video. eat nasal mucus Eat nasal mucus after pic... |
rich in sugar and protein by scraping inner surface of outer bark with incisors. Eaten widely by humans. See Fig. 13. eat pith 9 E Fig. 13 Eat phloem: Inner bark of Brachystegia bussei teeth-marked by chimpanzees of K group eat pith Eat soft, juicy piths of herbs such as elephant grass, gingers, ginger lilies, and Mara... |
rock Nibble or lick rock. See lick rock. Category. eat root Dig ground to reach and eat live root of tree of Aeschynomene sp. Cf. dig. See video. eat seed Crack seed pod with teeth, chew and ingest seeds of plants such as Pterocarpus, Diplorhynchus, Baphia, Parkia, etc. Bonobos eat Pterocarpus tinctorius. Category 12. ... |
fish for termite and shake wet arm to catch termite. Bonobos of Lilungu eat termites of different genera from those eaten by chimpanzees by inserting fingers into hole opened manually. Termites eaten widely by tropical people. See videos. eat termite soil Pick up and ingest small pieces of soil from termite towers of P... |
area of Pan troglodytes vellerosus in Ebo Forest, Cameroon. Research organized by B.J. Morgan and E.E. Abwe from 2005 to present. ejaculate Ejection of seminal fluid from penis. Males begin to ejaculate at 9 years old at Mahale. Semen often eaten by both sexes. See eat semen. See video. elbow clamp See clamp elbow. ema... |
In bonobos, embrace full posture seen only in genito-genital rubbing by females and ventro-ventral copulation between males and females, so both embrace-full in erect posture and embrace-full by adult males are lacking. 3. See video. See also video console. embrace half Plooij Embrace half. Goodalls Arm round: Puts one... |
play in juveniles. See video. erect hair See bristle. erect penis Plooij PEN. Goodalls Penile erection. Occurs during sexual and food excitement. See also adduct penis. Kanos Penile erection for bonobos. See video. See also video open thighs. escape Leave area when more dominant individual targets present in party. For... |
Expelling stick. Push stout stick into hole of tree or other cavity and stir it violently side to side or back and force with arm. Mahale chimpanzees try to expel rock hyraxes from cavities in rocks. Customary at Gombe, Mahale and Ta. 3. See video. extend Extend arm or leg to another individual. See video. extend arm a... |
roughly horizontally towards a fellow. The arm is in a position about midway between pronation and supination. The hand may be bent at the wrist so that its back is turned to the extend hand and put knuckle on ground 73 partner with the fingers bent or fully stretched Goodalls Extend hand limited to gesture with wrist ... |
extend. extend hand and put knuckle on ground Put arm forward and place knuckle on ground. Often performed to solicit grooming as in extend hand to hold tree. Seen in bonobos. extend hand, palm downward Goodall Arm stretch: The arm or arms are extended toward another. The palm of the hand usually faces down. Seen in co... |
Function may be reassurance, appeasement, or reconciliation. 7. See video. extend hand, palm upward Plooij Extend hand, palm upward. Bipedal or quadrupedal. Used to solicit play, to beg, when mother solicits infant to ride on her belly or back, or to pant-grunt to dominant individual. Once, juvenile female, Flavia reac... |
leg Reach leg instead of hand to another individual, with similar function to extend hand. Shown especially when performing extend hand E 74 eyes open difficult, e.g. in tree or when performer holds infant and food. Seen in bonobos. See video. extend leg as ladder Mother extends leg to help infant to come to her. See a... |
accident from higher level to lower level. Cf. drop self and leap down. See video. fall over backward Topple backward from seated position, arms extended. Thud caused by hitting dry leaves; sometimes after being pushed. Signals play solicitation as attention getter. Weanling uses to attract mothers attention. Cf. somer... |
least one age or sex class, and transmitted horizontally within one generation. See also culture and tradition. feed See eat. female solicit See solicit copulation. fend Goodall: Most often seen when a mother keeps her child away with her hand or foot when she is being pestered for a share of her food, when her infant ... |
by T. Kano and colleagues. fill mouth with food Stuff food by hand into mouth. See video. finger in mouth See push finger into mouth and take finger in mouth. finger wrestling See wrestle with fingers. fireman slide See slide down vertically. fish Insert flexible strip of bark, vine, twig, grass etc. into nest of socia... |
with soldiers, and take them into mouth with lips and tongue. Usually arboreal and aseasonal, sometimes continues for more than 3 h. Customary at Assirik, Lop, and Gashaka. Chimpanzees of Kasakela group at Gombe do not fish for carpenter ants, but those of Mitumba do. 5. See video. See also videos fish, supplant, take,... |
bonobos. Bantu people fish for termites with more elaborate techniques. See videos. F fission and fusion Chimpanzee unit groups repeatedly split into small parties, then later rejoin into larger ones, depending largely on abundance and distribution of food supply. Also bonobo unit groups and human hunting bands. fist S... |
flail long object Brandish branch or other long object. Goodall: Brandish branch in hand and waves this weapon at an opponent. Plooijs FLL. Kortlandts Tree-swish. At Mahale flailing at another rarely done by adult male. Flailing at human observer more rarely done by adolescents. Adult male of Mahale caught, flailed and... |
climb, jump, and descend. van Hooffs Flight. Kanos Flee. See video. flee after startle Goodall Startle flee: When a resting chimp is suddenly startled by an unexplained sound he or she may run to climb the nearest tree, or at least hold the trunk ready to climb. One chimp in a resting group who behaves thus will trigge... |
Lip flip: The upper lip is rolled up and back towards the nose. Usually relaxed situation Plooijs FLI. Function of everted lip facial expression unknown, but may reflect boredom. Absent in bonobos. 5. See video. flop Lie supine and kick, rake, and wriggle on ground in pile of dry leaves, like flopping fish on line. Sol... |
but folded leaves. Cf. leaf-sponge. Only at Bossou? Absent at Mahale. See Fig. 17. F 80 fondle penis F Fig. 17 Fold leaf: Leaf folded by Bossou chimpanzee follow Trail after, trying to maintain close proximity to another. Goodalls Follow. Plooijs Follow. Kanos Follow. See videos. follow in contact Follow another with h... |
verus in southeastern Senegal. Research organized by J. Pruetz from 2001 to present. food grunt See grunt, food. food-pound on other See pound food on other. food-pound on wood See pound food on wood. food scream See scream, food. food sharing See share food. food transfer See share food. friendship Long-term associati... |
frightened or nervous when dominant individuals closeby. Usually thumb only or thumb and index finger are used. Adult male, Alofu, dexterously alternates between right and left nipple when anxious and pant-grunting. When using right hand, simultaneously fumbles right nipple with thumb and left nipple with little finger... |
penis with foot Rub penis up and down with own heel, toe or sole. Few juvenile, adolescent and adult males do so, without ejaculation. Cf. shake penis. See video. F funny face Adult male, Alofu, shows unusual facial expression to estrous females and adult males. Function unknown, but as he showed funny face to female u... |
See rub genitals. geophagy See eat termite soil. gestation period Average = 229.4 days, range = 203244 days. G-G rub See rub genitals. give Possessor hands over food to another who may or may not have begged for it. Food given includes meat, fruit, leafy branch, and dead wood. Size of given food not necessarily large. ... |
male present. Cf. look, peer, stare fixedly, and watch. Kanos Glance for bonobos. See video. G glottal cramps See choke in tantrum. glove Wear cylindrical bark ring on lower arm. Female infant, Imani, did this once. See video. gnaw See mouth. go ahead Travel ahead of party, e.g. mother goes ahead of infant. Cf. depart ... |
usually followed by a sequence of aggressive interactions, and may escalate into fight. Grab occurs in aggression, grooming and play. Bonobos grab in same contexts. See video. grab and shake Grab anothers body part and repeatedly shake it. Threatening but also playful. Also, as solicitation of play. 7. See video. grapp... |
to partners belly, pushing partner forward and away. 7. See video. grasp and push shoulders Infant, Mitsue, in bipedal posture, grasps hair of mothers shoulders and pushes them upward, so mother departs with Mitsue on her back. Soliciting departure likely originated as intention movement of dorsal travel. 9. See video.... |
greeting, in addition to groom, present, mount, inspect, and grasp hand, but the other greeting elements listed above are lacking. 2. See video. grimace See grin. grin Goodall: Facial expression with the corners of lips are drawn back, exposing the lower, or both upper and lower teeth. Includes van Hooffs Silent bared-... |
8 groom by hand grin-full-closed Goodall Full closed grin: Both upper and lower teeth are revealed by the horizontal retraction of upper and lower lips, and the teeth are closed, or almost closed. Plooijs Grin-full-closed. Kanos Grin for bonobos of Wamba. See video. grin-full-open Goodall Full open grin: Both upper and... |
See video. groin pocket See transport in groin pocket or hold object in groin pocket. groom Goodall Grooming behavior: use both hands, pushing the hair back with the thumb or index finger of one hand and holding it back while picking at the exposed skin with the nail of the thumb or index finger of the other. The chimp... |
of Lomako. See video. groom briefly Groom another individual briefly in greeting or appeasement. See video. groom by hand Groom another with one or both hands. Seem to groom important companions such as relatives and allies with two hands, but others with one hand and often leisurely. See video. See also videos groom w... |
of mutual grooming at Mahale, Kibale, Lop, Budongo, Ta and Semliki, but not at Gombe or Bossou. In captivity, done by chimpanzees at Yerkes Primate Research Center. Seen in bonobos of Wamba, Lomako and Lui Kotale. 5. See video. See also video groom-hand-clasp unilaterally. groom-hand-clasp unilaterally One grooming par... |
be a form of displacement or redirection. At Mahale, chimpanzee puts small louse in folded leaf and kills it. Louse egg is also crushed during leaf-grooming. Customary at Gombe, Mahale, Kibale and present at Budongo, but not seen at Ta and Bossou, nor in bonobos of Wamba. See also inspect leaf and squash leaf. 5. See v... |
two young adult males of Mahale in 1992, but done also by three adult or adolescent females in 1995. See video. groom, polyadic Simultaneously, three or more individuals groom in tandem or mutually. See Nakamura. See video. groom reciprocally Goodall Reciprocal grooming. Two chimpanzees alternately groom each other. Mo... |
video. See also video inspect wound. grope Put arm into tree hole and feel for something to eat. Cf probe, probe with finger. 3. See video. ground bed or cushion See make ground bed/cushion. group Make any association of individuals, temporary or long-term. grunt Various utterances including grunt, aha, grunt in bed, g... |
grunt, food Uttered during or just before eating, especially during first minutes. Cf. aha-grunt. Bonobo give similar grunt. See video. grunt in bed Goodall Nest grunt: Distinctive double grunt given when an individual begins to look around for a suitable nest site, during nest making, or as he settles down for the nig... |
stone 91 hammer nut with stone Use stone to hammer nut on stone anvil or wood anvil: Customary at Bossou and Ta; Ebo; also at Nimba. At Bossou, only stone anvil used. At Ebo, stone hammer used in tree. Absent at Mahale. See video. hammer nut with wood Use wooden club to hammer nut on wooden or stone anvil. Customary on... |
wild chimpanzees. handicap self Older individual inhibits rough acts and shows gentle restraint in social play, especially with youngsters, e.g. lie supine, lie prone, somersault, flee, fall over backward, etc. See video. handwrestle See wrestle with fingers. H hang Suspended freely by one or both hands from tree branc... |
this. See video. hang in sloth position Goodall Sloth position: Hanging underneath a branch using all hands and feet or a combination of any three. Usually part of locomotor play in infants. At Mahale done as solo play by immature chimpanzees. Rarely locomote in this position. Bonobos not only hang, but also travel in ... |
93 branches, or extended to the playmate below in social play. Also in bonobos. See video. hang upside-down by feet Hang by feet from branch. Rare in infant and juvenile social and solo play and play invitation. Kanos Upside-down suspension for bonobos. See video. hang upside-down by hands Grip branch with hands, flex ... |
tries to grab, push, or pull other with other hand. Making playmate fall seems to be aim of most interactions. 3. See video. harass Subordinate chimpanzee threatens dominant one. Adangs Tease. At Mahale older juvenile and adolescent males pester and threaten adult females by shake branch, slap, hit, throw branch, charg... |
video circle quadrupedal. heel kick See kick heel. heel-tap See tap heel. H 94 hit and run herd Complex of male behavior to control travel of cycling female, so that she follows him. Includes waiting such as sit, glance, wait for companion, reverse, and look back, threatening such as stare fixedly, shake branch, club, ... |
others mating activities. May be demography-dependent male mating strategy in unit group that has unusually many adult and adolescent males. Not seen at Mahale except for few hours. 5. hesitate Uncertain to do something, for example, repeatedly advance to and retreat from targeted individual. Stimuli include aggressive... |
arm from above and strike partner, animal or insect, etc. with fist or knuckles. van Hooffs and Goodalls Hit includes striking with palm, here called slap. Hit either in play or in attack. Kanos Hit and Pikas Punch in bonobos. See video. hit and run Hit or touch potential playmate and flee to solicit play. Category 18.... |
Xmas, hit ground with fist as solo play. Adolescent male, Cadmus, did so with fists alternately few meters from large grooming clique. Function probably attention-getting. See video. hit toward Threatening gesture. Goodall: When an animal is threatening it will make a hitting movement with the back of its hand. This ge... |
in mouth. hold foot in mouth See hold body part in mouth. hold genitals Goodall Hold genitals. Adult grabs or touches scrotum or penis of another as reassurance. Often occurs when adult male mounted by another male; mounted reaches back between his thighs and holds scrotum of mounter. When adult female pant-grunts to a... |
in groin pocket. 5. See video. H hold object in mouth Keep object between jaws. Small infant often keeps twig or leaf in mouth and nips off pieces in solo play. Small stone also held. See also solicit play with object in mouth and transport in mouth. See video. hold object in neck pocket Keep object in fold between low... |
in succession. It is the typical sound given by an infant which cannot reach the nipple and wants to reestablish contact with the mother etc. Mahale infants hoo when begging for food, when wanting to return to mother after separation, and when seeking to mate with estrous female. Mothers also hoo when older infant does... |
face 97 H Fig. 20 Hook branch: Chimpanzees of Bossou hooked branch overhead with stick hoot face Goodall Hoot face: pouted trumpeted lips that go with pant-hooting. The mouth may open completely or partially. hop bipedal on spot Nishida Jump bipedal. Juvenile male in courtship jumps in place in front of estrous female,... |
leap quadrupedal. 5. See video. hug Caretaker embraces infant with arms. Used for consolation or intention movement of mounting. Kanos Protective embrace in bonobos. Cf. rush to embrace. See video. hunch Goodall: Hunching shoulders in contexts of aggression, courtship and greeting. Nearly always accompanied by hair ere... |
swagger. Also in Kanka Sili. Cf. swagger bipedal. Absent in bonobos. See video. H hunch over Goodall: Similar to bipedal hunch, but arms held forward over the back of another chimp. de Waals Hunch over and Kanos Bluff over for bonobos. See video. hunch quadrupedal Goodall: Stand, walk or run on all fours with rounded b... |
to expel or to skewer prey from tree hole or rocky cavity at Mahale and Fongoli. Prey species are squirrel, hyrax, and bushbaby. See also expel. See video. hurl self Throw oneself at another individual. Play pattern employed in tree. 8. See video. huu Goodall:.very like the hoo whimper, but is usually higher pitched an... |
does not respond to others pant-grunt. Goodalls Ignore includes both ignore and snub. Kanos Ignore for bonobos. Cf. snub. See videos. I imaginary play See play, imaginary. imitate Goodall Imitation When one chimp, after watching the behavior of another, then does the same. See video. immature Age-class consisting of in... |
99 100 infant incest Copulate with close relatives. Mother and infant son copulate during weaning period at Mahale. Mating between mother and adult son once observed. Mother and adolescent son or brother and sister mating not seen at Mahale, although juvenile male once tried to mate with mother but was refused. At Gomb... |
climb, etc. Cf. monitor. See video. inspect fruit Travel through concentrated patch of fruit trees, apparently to check quality of crop, even long before fruit ripens. Includes walk, watch, touch fruit, sniff, and bite. 5. See video. inspect genitals Goodall Inspect:.male or female touches the vaginal opening of a fema... |
leaf and often inspect something on leaf. Twice confirmed to be louse or its egg. Customary at Budongo and Mahale and present at Gombe. Pattern at Budongo may be cultural variant. inspect self Inspect own body-part, e.g. genitals. May be combined with groom self. 3. See video. inspect wound Show keen interest in own or... |
interfered with consort grooming her mother. Interference in dominance interactions is intervene. Bonobos interfere in sexual and grooming interactions. See video. interfere fishing Infant often reaches hand to hand or fishing probe of mother or older siblings who is fishing for ants, trying to snatch probe or ants. Th... |
herself between mating pair. Dominant adult male bonobos interfere in mating of adult females, which Kano called Sexual interference. See video. interfere play Third party prevents ongoing social play by rushing at player, sometimes stopping play. Mother may prohibit rough alloparent from continuing play with her infan... |
patrol, respond to neighboring unit group and transfer. intervene Exert influence on agonistic interaction such as quarrel between two or more others by approach, threat or aggression. Goodalls Interference: Intervention in which a third individual prevents or tries to prevent an interaction between two others. Interve... |
incursion. Patrol crosses group boundary and invades territory of neighboring group to attack its members or to explore for resources such as food or mates. Recorded at Gombe, Mahale, Kanyawara, Ngogo, and Ta. 3. investigation probe See probe. investigatory probe See probe. invitation slap See slap in invitation. invit... |
time. 58 years old. See Fig. 22. Fig. 22 Juvenile: Eight-year-old male 104 K Kabogo Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in western Tanzania. Research done from 19 1 to 19 3 by K. Imanishi and colleagues. Kahuzi Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of C... |
Research organized by R. Wrangham, continuing from 1987 to present. Kasakati Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in western Tanzania. Research done from 19 3 to 19 7 by J. Itani, K. Izawa, M. Kawabe, and A. Suzuki. Kasoje Northwestern part of Mahale Mountains National Park, with headquarters of research and ec... |
kick back Goodall: Walking individual kicks backwards towards a following youngster Seen in bonobos. See video. kick backward quadrupedal Kick backward to buttress, tree trunk, wall, etc. while standing on four limbs. Goodalls Drum/Kick. See video. K kick bipedal Kick buttress or tree trunk with foot while standing bip... |
in a ventro-ventral embrace, kicks down gently one heel after the other, on the infants rump. Absent in bonobos. 5. See video. kick other Kick another in fight and play. Seen in bonobos. Pikas Kick. See video. kick up Lie supine and kick into air object, such as carcass. If carcass, may be conflict behavior. See video.... |
adolescent male At Gombe, two cases of between-group fatal attack of adolescent males seen or suspected. kill adult female Adult females killed within group at Ngogo and between groups at Gombe. Adult female attacked between groups but rescued by researchers at Mahale. 5. kill adult male At Mahale, ex-alpha male probab... |
time kill another species Kill another species for eating or teasing by flail, knock down, throw, drag to kill, hit, bite, etc. See video. kill infant Infanticide. Infants killed at Mahale, with most eaten by killers and others: between-group 3 times and within group 5 times. Betweengroup infanticide recorded from Budo... |
time, e.g. when close companion sleeps for long bout, sits, grooms, fishes for ants or termites, etc. Includes yawn, flip lip, drop bark bits, scratch self, groom object or substrate, etc. 3. See video. kiss 109 kiss Goodall divides Kiss into two forms: pout-kiss and open-mouth kiss. Both types rarely seen in bonobos, ... |
excitement, especially, among adult males, accompanied by panting. Kanos Open mouth kiss directed only to infants and juveniles by older bonobos, and not between adults. 3. See video. kiss with pout face Goodall Pout-kiss: The lips are slightly pouted and pressed against, or briefly laid against, the body, face, or lim... |
monkey against substrate with both arms. Kills prey and simultaneously intimidates followers of meat-holder. Also seen at Ta. 8. See video. knock with one arm Hold, lift, and knock object against substrate with one arm. Adolescent male, Cadmus, knocked colobus carcass with one hand, holding branch with other. Kills pre... |
See make leaf cushion. leaf-dab See dab leaf. leaf-fold See fold leaf. leaf-groom See groom leaf. leaf-inspect See inspect leaf. leaf-midrib spoon Juvenile male, Xmas, and infant female, Liz, removed leaf-blade by clipping leaf and used midrib for licking water. Rare solo play. Cf. leaf-spoon. See video. leaf-mop See m... |
and Goualougo. Young bonobos of Lomako also use moss sponges. 7. See video. leaf-spoon Put leaf into stream and suck, pour or lick water from it. Cf. leaf-midrib spoon. See video. leaf-squash See squash leaf. leaf strip See strip lea. leaf-swallow See swallow leaf. lean Incline torso to rest against tree trunk, bough, ... |
on shoulders. See video. L 112 leave leap bipedal Adult male stands upright, swings body forward and back, to gain momentum, then jumps from rock to rock in upright posture when crossing stream on stepping stones. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. leap bipedal with squared shoulders Adult male with arms half-raised jumps bip... |
older infant leaps down from mothers back, runs ahead, climbs shrub or fallen log, waits for her arrival, then leaps on her back, and resumes ride. Infant play, repeated again and again. 7. L leap into lap Goodall: An infant jumps into the lap of a sitting chimp, during greeting. Seen at Mahale, but not in greeting. le... |
on ground. See video. leap up Jump upward suddenly from sitting to grasp overhead branch or hanging playmate. Done by infant without anything overhead as solo play. Cf. leap up in surprise. 7. See video. leap up in surprise While standing bipedal, may leap up when surprised. Category 38. See video. leave Travel away fr... |
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