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4042869

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20Pm36

PKP class Pm36

PKP class Pm36 is a class of two express passenger (P) 4-6-2 (m) steam locomotives ordered in 1936 for the Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways). History Design The design was ready in 1936 and the following year the first two prototypes were built. One of them (Pm36-1) had aerodynamic fairing. The construction as well as the shape of it was designed by inz. Kazimierz Zembrzuski, head of the design office in the First Polish Factory of Locomotives and at the same time professor of the Warsaw University of Technology. The other (Pm36-2) had a standard look. The idea was to test both engines in parallel to compare top speed, acceleration, coal and water consumption etc. The Pm36-1 won a gold medal at the 1937 International Exposition of Art and Technology in Paris. Service After the German occupation of Poland during World War II, the two locomotives were renumbered into the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) fleet as 18 601 and 18 602 (class 186). The 18 601 had its streamlining removed, but was later damaged and subsequently scrapped (probably in 1942). The 18 602 survived the war, and was returned to Poland where it regained its PKP class and number. It continued to work for PKP until 1965, when it was given to the Warsaw Railway Museum. Present day In 1995 the machine went through a major overhaul and is now working in Wolsztyn as a tourist attraction, called Beautiful Helen (pl. Piękna Helena). It is occasionally used in regular service, pulling trains to Poznań or Leszno. Currently Beautiful Helen waits for repair in Wolsztyn. Gallery See also PKP classification system Notes References External links Pm36 article at Steam locomotives site URL accessed on 5 August 2006 Photo of Pm36-1 (left). The engine on the right (Pm36-2) is currently in service at the Wolsztyn depot (Poland). Public domain. Scan of a Polish postage stamp depicting Pm36-1. Public domain. Public domain. Pm36-1 photo. Public domain. Pm36-1 photo. Railway locomotives introduced in 1937 Pm36 4-6-2 locomotives Streamlined steam locomotives Science and technology in Poland Fablok locomotives Standard gauge locomotives of Poland 2′C1′ h2 locomotives Passenger locomotives

4042873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrassMunk

BrassMunk

BrassMunk was a Canadian hip hop group from Scarborough, Ontario. It was formed in 1997 by emcees S-Roc (Dwayne King), Clip (Jason Balde), May One 9 (Randy Brookes) and DJ/producer Agile (Ajene Griffith). May 19 was replaced by King Reign (Kai Thomas) in 2006. Brassmunk independently released their first EP (variations on the singles "One, 2" and "Stop, Look, Listen") in 1999. Their title track from their second EP, Live Ordeal!, received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year. The track "El Dorado', from their 2002 EP, also received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year. Also in 2002, they released the EP Dark Sunrise. The following year, Dark Sunrise was re-released worldwide on Battleaxe Records as an LP, and included their previous independent releases. Dark Sunrise was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2004. Their follow-up album, FEWturistic, was released on March 20, 2007, and featured several additional artists including Kardinal Offishall and Moka Only. In 2008, the album earned them another Juno nomination. The band's best known singles are "Big", produced by Mr. Attic of Da Grassroots and "Oh Supaman", produced by Agile and based in part on samples from Laurie Anderson's 1981 single "O Superman (For Massenet)". BrassMunk has been inactive since 2008. Reign died of a heart attack in 2016, at age 40. Discography Albums Dark Sunrise (2003), Battle Axe Records, Fifty Fourth Music FEWturistic (2007), EMI Music Canada, Fifty Fourth Music EPs One, 2 / Stop, Look, Listen (1999), Independent Live Ordeal! (2000), Audio Research Records Push Up / Get Right (Bring It) (2001), Heavy Headz Entertainment Dark Sunrise (2002), Virgin Music Canada, 54th Regiment Records El Dorado / Big (2002), 54th Regiment Records Singles "Spider Rider's Theme Song" (2007) Award nominations Juno Awards of 2001 Best Rap Recording - "Live Ordeal!" (Nominated) Juno Awards of 2003 Best Rap Recording - "El Dorado" (Nominated) Juno Awards of 2004 Rap Recording of the Year - Dark Sunrise (Nominated) Juno Awards of 2008 Rap Recording of the Year - FEWturistic (Nominated) References External links BrassMunk at MySpace BrassMunk at Discogs Canadian hip hop groups Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from Toronto Scarborough, Toronto Canadian musical quartets 1997 establishments in Ontario

4042877

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%20Field%20Aerodrome

Forest Field Aerodrome

Forest Field Aerodrome is a small airport 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) to the northwest of Christchurch International Airport in Canterbury, New Zealand. The aerodrome is a privately operated airport. Operational information No runway lighting Runway strength ESWL 9,080 Circuit: All Runways – left hand Circuit Height: 1,500 ft AMSL Sources NZAIP Volume 4 AD New Zealand AIP (PDF) Transport in Canterbury, New Zealand Airports in New Zealand Transport buildings and structures in Canterbury, New Zealand

4042892

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrishabhavathi%20River

Vrishabhavathi River

The Vrishabhavathi River is a minor river, a tributary of the Arkavathy, that flows through the south of the Indian city of Bangalore. The river was once so pristine that the water from it was used for drinking and used by the famous Gali Anjaneya temple but is now highly polluted due to pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. Etymology Vrishabhavathi is derived from the Sanskrit word Vrishabha which refers to a bull. The river is believed to originate at the feet of the monolithic Nandi statue at the Big Bull Temple in Basavanagudi, hence giving it the name Vrishabhavathi. Course The origin of the river is near the Dakshinamukha Nandi Tirtha or the Kadu Malleshwara Temple in Malleswaram, and it flows through major areas like Nayandahalli, Rajarajeshwari Nagar and Kengeri. The river can be seen near the Mantri Mall Malleswaram, Magadi Road and Mysore Road metro stations. The river culminates in a reservoir named after itself Vrishabhavathi Reservoir near Bidadi. It joins Arkavathy River near Kanakapura as a tributary. The river has a basin area of and passes through 96 out of the 198 wards in Bangalore. A smaller stream of the river originates near Bugle Rock in Basavanagudi, and joins the main river near Mysore Road. Religious significance There are several temples throughout the course of the river. Some of the well-known temples along the banks on the Vrishabhavathi are Dodda Ganesha and the Dodda Basava Temple, Gali Hanumantha Temple, Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple and the Kadu Malleshwara Temple. The Gali Hanumantha Temple is over 600 years old, constructed in 1425 by Sri Vyasaraya of Channapattana who was a Rajaguru of Vijayanagara Empire. The temple was constructed on the confluence of two rivers – Vrishabhavathi and Paschimavahini. The Ishwara Temple at Kengeri dates back to 1050 AD. Pollution and current concerns The river is highly polluted due to pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. It is said to be dark, smelly and frothy due to "untreated or badly treated domestic sewage that goes into the river." In 2005, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka, Dharam Singh proposed to remodel the river valley to include widening of the river, and adopt measures to prevent inundation. References Rivers of Karnataka Geography of Bangalore

4042893

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20MacDonell%20%28Nova%20Scotia%20politician%29

John MacDonell (Nova Scotia politician)

John MacDonell (born April 2, 1956) is a Canadian retired educator and politician. A native of Halifax, MacDonell was educated at Acadia University and Saint Mary's University. MacDonell worked on a dairy farm and taught biology at Hants East Rural High School from 1985 to 1998. Political career In 1998, MacDonell successfully ran for the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party nomination in the riding of Hants East. He was elected in the 1998 provincial election and was re-elected in the 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2009 provincial elections. In 2002, MacDonell was a candidate for the leadership of the Nova Scotia NDP. At the leadership convention in June 2002, MacDonell was defeated by Darrell Dexter. On June 19, 2009, MacDonell was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia, where he served first as Minister of Natural Resources until 2011. He then served as Minister of Agriculture. MacDonell was defeated in the 2013 provincial election. References 1956 births Living people Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia New Democratic Party MLAs Politicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia Acadia University alumni Canadian schoolteachers Saint Mary's University (Halifax) alumni 21st-century Canadian politicians

4042895

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon%20%28disambiguation%29

Satyricon (disambiguation)

Satyricon is an ancient Roman novel attributed to Petronius Arbiter. Satyricon may also refer to: Fellini Satyricon, a 1969 film by Federico Fellini based on Petronius' book Satyricon (1969 Polidoro film), a 1969 film by Gian Luigi Polidoro based on Petronius' book Satyricon (band), a Norwegian black metal band Satyricon (Satyricon album), 2013 self-titled album by the band Satyricon (nightclub), a defunct Portland, Oregon, nightclub germinal to the Pacific Northwest punk movement Satyricon (Meat Beat Manifesto album) by Meat Beat Manifesto Satyricon (opera), an opera by Bruno Maderna Satyricon (theatre), a theatre in Moscow See also Satirikon, a Russian weekly magazine of satire and humor published 1908–1918

4042899

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Sigurd

Earl Sigurd

Earl Sigurd may refer to Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney (circa 991–1014) Sigurd Haakonsson (circa 895–962), Earl of Lade MV Earl Sigurd, a ferry in the Orkney Ferries fleet

4042901

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Party

European Party

European Party may refer to: European Party (Cyprus), a centrist political party in Cyprus founded in 2005 European Party of Ukraine See also European Democratic Party, a centrist European political party in favour of European integration European Green Party, the Green political party at European level European People's Party, a centre-right European political party European Workers Party, Sweden European political party, the transnational political parties of the European Union

4042903

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Party%20%28Cyprus%29

European Party (Cyprus)

The European Party (Greek: Evropaiko Komma, Ευρωπαϊκό Κόμμα; abbreviated Ευρωκό, "Evroko") was a political party in Cyprus founded in 2005, largely out of the parties New Horizons and European Democracy. In March 2016, it dissolved to merge into the Solidarity Movement. The two predecessors were considered the most nationalist, anti-Turkish and anti-immigrant among Greek Cypriot parties. Evroko had a hard-line stance on the Cyprus problem, rejecting any compromise with Turkey or the Turkish-dominated Northern Cyprus, as proposed by the Annan Plan for Cyprus. It supported European integration and maintaining Greek influence in Cyprus. The party supported free market economic policies similar to that of Democratic Rally and the Democratic Party. In electoral campaigns, Evroko stirred up xenophobic ressentiments, suggesting that Greek Cypriots would become a minority in their own country, endangered by criminal, illegal aliens who would steal their jobs. The party was a member of the European Democratic Party. In the elections of 21 May 2006, the party won 5.8 percent and 3 out of 56 seats. In the 2009 European parliament election, Evroko won 4.12% of votes. In the 2011 legislative elections the party won 3.88 percent and 2 out of 56 seats. In 2013, Nikos Koutsou, one of the two members of parliament, left the party to become an independent due to disagreement. For the European Parliament election, 2014, the party formed an alliance with the Democratic Rally (DISY). Both seats won by the alliance went to DISY members. References External links Official website Greek Cypriot nationalism Defunct political parties in Cyprus Political parties established in 2005 Political parties disestablished in 2016 European Democratic Party 2005 establishments in Cyprus Pro-European political parties in Cyprus

4042906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20P.%20Hill

Nathaniel P. Hill

Nathaniel Peter Hill (February 18, 1832 – May 22, 1900) was a professor at Brown University, a mining executive and engineer, and a politician, including serving in the United States Senate. Originally from the state of New York, he came to Colorado following the Pike's Peak Gold Rush to try his hand at mining. He traveled to Europe to investigate ways to smelt ore and developed processes to make mining more profitable. He was the mayor of Denver before becoming a United States Senator. Early life Born in Montgomery, Orange County, New York, at the Nathaniel Hill Brick House (now a museum). He was a descendant of Thomas Hale, one of the first settlers in Newbury from England in 1635. Hill took over the family farm in Montgomery, until he was 21, while his eldest brother, James King, attended Yale University. During this time he was a part-time student at Montgomery Academy. He graduated from Brown University in 1856. Career Educator He was an instructor and later professor of chemistry at Brown University from 1856 to 1864. He was the first to bring the idea of laboratories to Brown, which he copied from other schools, mostly in Europe. Mining His scientific eligibility led him to be invited by cotton manufacturer Colonel William Reynolds to search for mining areas in the West. The greater salary enticed him to journey West. Hill traveled to Colorado in the spring of 1864 to investigate mineral resources. In his search, he traveled alone and with fellow scientists and entrepreneurs. He returned home to Providence after having accomplished little, where he officially resigned from his teaching position and vowed to devote the rest of his life to the search for gold. Upon his return to the West, he bought several gold mines, but soon ran into financial difficulties because the smelting techniques at the time were resulting in low yields. The Sterling Gold Mining Company and the Hill Gold Mining Company were established around Central City in Colorado. The preferred method of extraction in those days was stamp milling. A stamp mill consisted of heavy iron blocks attached to wooden or steel rods that rose and fell in accordance with a horizontal beam. After the ore containing the gold was crushed sufficiently, the resulting dust was run over copper plates containing mercury, which formed an alloy from which the gold could be more easily extracted. Once miners got past the upper ore deposits, they found that the lower ores contained large amounts of complex sulfides. As a result, a precipitous drop in the recovery rate of gold occurred. Failed attempts at introducing alternative methods of extracting gold contributed to the tensions and financial turmoil of the West, until Hill popularized the method of smelting. Accordingly, he spent a portion of 1865 and 1866 in Swansea, Wales and Freiberg, Saxony studying metallurgy, and returned to the United States with a perfected method of smelting. Hill learned while abroad, especially in the coal mines, that the best method was that of copper matte. In this method - known as the Swansea process - copper sulfide ore was mixed with gold and silver ore and the copper acted as a vehicle to hold the gold and silver. After returning, he took up a permanent residence in Black Hawk, Colorado. While in Blackhawk, he had the opportunity to work with James E. Lyon, an entrepreneur who he had met on his first trip to Colorado, and who had erected the first real smelter there. However, his findings surpassed those of Lyon. He capitalized on the experience and with his professional training as a chemist and the knowledge gained in Europe, founded the Boston & Colorado Smelting Company, which encompassed numerous ventures aside from mining. Through the funding of numerous capitalists, Hill worked alongside popular metallurgists to oversee the smelting process and thus rose in wealth and popularity. Politician Hill was mayor of Black Hawk in 1871 and a member of the Territorial council in 1872 and 1873. He moved to Denver in 1873 and engaged in smelting and the real estate business, and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1879, to March 3, 1885. He ran on a platform of Republican ideals and free silver whose interests lay in the establishment of a monopolistic society and the implementation of a federal telegraph system. Hill also warned against the corruption of the American political system by special interests like monopolies. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Forty-seventh Congress), Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (Forty-eighth Congress), and was involved in the International Monetary Commission. His defeat by Henry M. Teller in 1885 ended his political career. Nevertheless, he remained politically active in other ways, purchasing The Denver Republican and using it to further the causes he had fought for in the Senate. Personal life He married Alice Hale of Providence, Rhode Island, on July 26, 1860 (she was born January 19, 1840, and died July 19, 1908). Alice's father was Isaac Hale, born in the town of Newbury County of Essex, Massachusetts on Sept. 17, 1807. Her mother, Harriet Johnson, daughter of David Johnson and Lucy Towne, was born in the town of Newbury, VT, July 29, 1814. David Johnson was a son of Col. Thomas Johnson, who distinguished himself during the Revolutionary War. Hill and Alice had three children, Crawford (who was married to Louise Sneed Hill), Isabel, and Gertrude. He died in Denver on May 22, 1900, from a stomach disease and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery. References External links 1832 births 1900 deaths People from Montgomery, New York Politicians from Denver Members of the Colorado Territorial Legislature Brown University alumni American chemists 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) Republican Party United States senators from Colorado Colorado Republicans 19th-century American journalists American male journalists 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American politicians People from Gilpin County, Colorado Scientists from New York (state)

4042913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Chicago%29

Western Avenue (Chicago)

Western Avenue is a street within the city of Chicago. Western Avenue extends south as a continuous road to the Dixie Highway at Sibley Boulevard (Illinois Route 83) in Dixmoor, giving the road a total length of . Western Avenue, after becoming into Asbury Ave, runs out on the north side at Howard Street Road in Chicago and on the south side at Crete-Monee Road in Crete. However, Western Avenue extends intermittently through the Southland to the Will/Kankakee county border in unincorporated Will Township. Within Chicago's grid street system, Western Avenue is 2400 West, three miles west of State Street (0 East/West). Western Avenue is the longest continuous road in Chicago. Western Avenue becomes Asbury Avenue at Howard Street at the Chicago/Evanston border and then runs out. Unlike Pulaski Road, which was originally Crawford Avenue in both the city and suburbs, Western was always the name in the city. Asbury is only used in Evanston. In the suburbs, Western Avenue constitutes the boundary between several of Cook County's southern townships. North of 135th Street, Worth Township is on the west and Calumet Township is on the east; from 135th to 183rd Streets, Bremen Township is on the west and Thornton Township is on the east; and south of 183rd Street, Rich Township is on the west and Bloom Township is on the east. History From 1851 to 1869, Western Avenue delineated the western edge of the city of Chicago. Being at the edge of town, it became a picnic spot, and Riverview Park was built at the intersection of Western and Belmont Avenues. The amusement park remained open from 1904 until 1967. The park's property is now home to the Riverview Plaza shopping center, the Belmont District Chicago Police Station, and DeVry University. Rosehill Cemetery is also located on Western Avenue in the Lincoln Square neighborhood. Transit Western Avenue is serviced by many CTA buses and trains. The street is serviced by the Brown Line, Orange Line, Pink Line, two Western stations on the Blue Line on the O'Hare and Forest Park branches, and twice by Metra's commuter lines. There are three CTA buses that run along Western Avenue. The main bus route along Western Avenue is the 49 Western, which runs 24 hours a day/7 days a week from Berwyn Avenue on the North Side to 79th Street on the South Side. The 49B North Western runs from Howard Street at the city's northern border to Leland Avenue, where it connects to the Brown Line. The 349 South Western bus route, which is operated by Pace, has completely replaced CTA service on the former 49A South Western route. This route runs from 79th Street in Chicago to the Pace Harvey Transportation Center in Harvey, Illinois. Western Avenue is also the location of multiple stations of the Metra commuter rail network, on the BNSF Railway Line at (18th & Western), the Milwaukee District / North Line and Milwaukee District / West Line on Artesian near Grand, with the station of the Rock Island District a few blocks east of Western Ave. in Blue Island. South Side Irish Parade Western Avenue also played host to the South Side Irish Parade. Held yearly on the Sunday before St. Patrick's Day, along Western between 103rd and 115th Street in the Beverly and Morgan Park neighborhoods, it was the city's largest neighborhood parade, drawing hundreds of thousands of revelers annually. The parade was canceled after the 2009 event due to a growing number of public intoxication arrests. There continues to be an annual Irish Festival, to replace the initially family-oriented parade. In 2012, the parade returned. Chicagoland Toys for Tots Motorcycle Parade Since 1979, Western Avenue has been the venue for what is billed as the largest motorcycle parade in the world. On the first Sunday of December, thousands of motorcyclists assemble at the Dan Ryan Woods Forest Preserve at 87th Street and Western Avenue, bringing new, unwrapped toys for donation to the Toys for Tots charity. The parade drives north to deposit toys at Lane Tech at Addison Street, a distance of over fifteen miles. From 1979 through 2008, the parade instead continued north to deliver the toys to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve station on Foster Avenue, a total distance in excess of eighteen miles. References External links ForgottenChicago.com article on an Art Deco Era Streetscape on S. Western Ave. Streets in Illinois Streets in Chicago

4042918

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Hayden

Sophia Hayden

Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Life Early life Sophia Gregoria Hayden was born in Santiago, Chile. Her mother, Elezena Fernandez, was from Chile, and her father, George Henry Hayden, was an American dentist from Boston. Hayden had a sister and two brothers. When she was six, she was sent to Jamaica Plain, a neighborhood of Boston, to live with her paternal grandparents, George and Sophia Hayden, and attended the Hillside School. While attending West Roxbury High School (1883–1886) she found an interest in architecture. After graduation Hayden's family moved to Richmond, Virginia, but she returned to Boston for college. She graduated from MIT in 1890 with a degree in architecture, with honours. Education Hayden shared a drafting room with Lois Lilley Howe, a fellow female architect at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Hayden's work was influenced by MIT professor Eugène Létang. After completing her studies Hayden may have had a hard time finding an entry level apprentice position as an architect because she was a woman so she accepted a position as a mechanical drawing teacher at the Eliot School of Fine and Applied Arts in Jamaica Plain. Career World's Columbian Exposition She is best known for designing The Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, when she was just 21. The Woman's Building was the nation's most prominent design competition for women at that time. Hayden based her design on her thesis project, "Renaissance Museum of Fine Arts," a grand two-story structure with center and end pavilions, multiple arches, columned terraces and other classical features, reflecting her Beaux-Art training. It became a controversial structure as many women objected to having their work in a separate structure. Hayden's entry won first prize out of a field of thirteen entries submitted by trained female architects. She received $1,000 for the design, when some male architects earned $10,000 for similar buildings. During construction, Hayden's design principles were compromised by incessant changes demanded by the construction committee, spearheaded by socialite Bertha Palmer, who eventually fired Hayden from the project. Hayden appeared at the Inaugural Celebration and had published accounts of support by her fellow architects. Her frustration eventually was pointed to as typifying women's unfitness for supervising construction, although many architects sympathized with her position and defended her. In the end the rifts were made up, perhaps, and Hayden's building received an award for "Delicacy of style, artistic taste, and geniality and elegance of the interior." Within a year or two, virtually all the Fair buildings were destroyed. Frustrated with the way she had been treated, Hayden may or may not have decided to retire from architecture, but she did not work again as an architect. Retirement In 1900, Hayden married a portrait painter and, later, interior designer, William Blackstone Bennett, in Winthrop, Massachusetts. A stepdaughter, Jennie "Minnie" May Bennett, was from William Blackstone Bennett's prior marriage. The couple had no children. William died of pneumonia on April 11, 1909. Although Hayden designed a memorial for women's clubs in the U.S. in 1894, it was never built. She worked as an artist for years and lived a quiet life in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Hayden died at the Winthrop Convalescent Nursing Home in 1953 of pneumonia after suffering a stroke. In popular culture Hayden is mentioned in Erik Larson's 2003 novel The Devil in the White City. Hayden is played by Katherine Cunningham in the eleventh episode of the first season of the TV series Timeless (2017), although she didn't stay at H.H. Holmes' hotel. Works or publications "Abstract of Thesis: Sophia G. Hayden, 1890." Technology Architectural Review 3 (September 31, 1890): 28,30. "The Woman's Building." In Rand McNally and Company's A Week at the Fair, 180. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1893. See also Women architects Women in architecture References Further reading Allaback, Sarah; The First American Women Architects, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008. p. 94-96. . Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah G. Ohrn. "Sophia Hayden." Herstory: Women Who Changed the World. New York: Viking, 1995. . Darney, Virginia Grant, Women and World's Fairs: American International Expositions, 1876-1904. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services, 1982. Gullet, Gayle. "Our Great Opportunity": Organized Women Advance Women's Work at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Illinois Historical Journal (Winter 1994). PDF edition. Illinois State Historical Society. . Hayden, William B. In Memoriam: Mrs. Sophia W. Hayden, 1819-1892. Boston: Massachusetts New-Church Union Press, 1893. Print. . Larson, Erik; The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, Crown Publishers, 2003. . Sicherman, Barbara, and Carol H. Green. “Hayden, Sophia Gregoria.” In Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. . Stern, Madeleine B. "Three American women firsts in architecture: Harriet Irwin, Louise Bethune, Sophia G. Hayden Science & technology : America's first woman telegrapher: Sarah G. Bagley." We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Schulte Pub. Co, 1963. Torre, Susana. "Sophia Hayden and the Woman's Building Competition / Judith Paine,"Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective : a Publication and Exhibition Organized by the Architectural League of New York Through Its Archive of Women in Architecture. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1977. . Weimann, Jeanne M. The Fair Women: the Story of the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893. Chicago, Ill: Academy Chicago, 1981. . Online Resource - Photo Source Alden, Henry M. Harper's New Monthly Magazine. New York: Harper & Bros, 1850. Internet resource. Sophia G. Hayden at Hathi Trust. External links Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Sophia Gregoria Hayden Bennett Remembering Sophia Hayden Bennett - detailed biography with references https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sophia-Hayden#ref668673 1868 births 1953 deaths Artists from Santiago American women architects World's Columbian Exposition MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni American people of Chilean descent Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts Clubwomen People from Jamaica Plain Chilean emigrants to the United States

4042929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeji

Ibeji

Ibeji (known as Ibejí, Ibeyí, or Jimaguas in Latin America) is the name of an Orisha representing a pair of twins in the Yoruba religion of the Yoruba people (originating from Yorubaland, an area in and around present-day Nigeria). In the diasporic Yoruba spirituality of Latin America, Ibeji are syncretized with Saints Cosmas and Damian. In Yoruba culture and spirituality, twins are believed to be magical, and are granted protection by the Orisha Shango. If one twin should die, it represents bad fortune for the parents and the society to which they belong. The parents therefore commission a babalawo to carve a wooden Ibeji to represent the deceased twin, and the parents take care of the figure as if it were a real person. Other than the sex, the appearance of the Ibeji is determined by the sculptor. The parents then dress and decorate the ibeji to represent their own status, using clothing made from cowrie shells, as well as beads, coins and paint. Ibeji figures are admired by tribal art collectors and many have made their way into western collections. The world's largest collection of Ibejis is at The British Museum, London. The firstborn of the twins is known as Taiwo while the second one is called Kehinde. In Yoruba culture the second twin is considered the elder twin; the reason for this is that Taiwo is sent by Kehinde to judge if the world is fit and beautiful before he/she descends, in accordance with Yoruba belief. Books Bruno Claessens, "Ere Ibeji: African Twin Statues", Delft 2013, Chemeche, G. "Ibeji: The Cult of Yoruba Twins". 5 Continents Editions. 2006. Fausto Polo, "Encyclopedia of the Ibeji", Ibeji Art, 2008, See also Taiwo Kehinde References Ray, Benjamin C. Notes from "African Art: Aesthetics and Meaning" art exhibit. Bayly Art Museum, University of Virginia. January 25 – August 15, 1993. the web-site containing the largest existing collection of photos of Ibeji. Childhood gods Abundance gods Yoruba gods Yoruba words and phrases Santería Divine twins

4042937

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20United%20F.C.

Gateshead United F.C.

Gateshead United Football Club was a football club based in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. The club was established in South Shields in 1936 as a replacement for the club that had relocated to Gateshead in 1930. Like their predecessor, the club was relocated to Gateshead in 1974 after the former club went bust. Renamed Gateshead United, they folded three years later. History South Shields Following the departure of the original South Shields to Gateshead in 1930, the new club was formed in 1936 following a public meeting at the Ocean Road Congregational Church Hall organised by the Shields Gazette. The club was admitted to the North Eastern League for the 1936–37 season. They finished third in their first season, before winning the league in 1938–39. After World War II they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time in 1947–48, losing 4–1 at Crewe Alexandra. In the preliminary qualifying round match against Radcliffe Welfare United, Chris Marron scored 10 goals in a 13–0 win, an FA Cup record. The following season saw them finish as runners-up, a feat they repeated in 1955–56 and 1956–57. The latter season also saw another FA Cup first round appearance, resulting in 4–0 defeat at Chesterfield in a replay. In the following season the club reached the second round of the FA Cup, beating Frickley Colliery in the first round, before losing 3–1 to York City in the second round. They went on to win the league that season, after which the club applied for election to the Fourth Division of the Football League, but received only one vote. The North Eastern League folded in 1958, after which South Shields became members of the Midland League. In 1958–59 the club reached the second round of the FA Cup again after thrashing Fourth Division Crewe 5–0 in a replay, before losing 2–0 at Oldham in the next round. Another second round appearance followed the next season, with a 2–1 win over Third Division Chesterfield in the first round setting up a second round tie with Bradford Park Avenue, which saw them lose 5–1. Both of their seasons in the Midland League saw the club apply for Football League membership again, but they received only a single vote on each occasion. In 1960 the Midland League also folded, and the club became members of the new Northern Counties League, effectively a reformed North Eastern League; they were joined by Gateshead, who had been voted out of the Football League. Another attempt at gaining Football League membership in 1961 saw them receive their customary one vote. The 1961–62 season saw them finish as league runners-up and win the League Cup, but in the Football League elections they failed to any votes. The league was renamed the North Eastern League in 1962 and the club finished as runners-up again in 1962–63, receiving a single vote again in the Football League elections. At the end of the 1963–64 season, which had seen the club finish second for a third consecutive season (and two votes in the Football League elections), the league was disbanded. South Shields subsequently became members of the North Regional League, which was largely composed of reserve teams of Football League clubs. Further attempts to gain election to the Football League saw them gain one vote in 1965 and three in 1966, which marked their final attempt. They were North Regional League champions in 1966–67, and in 1968 the club became a founder member of the Northern Premier League. Although they had made regular appearances in the first round of the FA Cup throughout the 1960s, the 1969–70 season saw the club achieve their best-ever run. After beating Fourth Division clubs Bradford Park Avenue and Oldham in the first and second round, they were drawn away to Second Division QPR in the third round, losing 4–1. In 1972 they applied for membership of the Scottish Second Division (along with Wigan Athletic) but were rejected. The 1973–74 season saw the club reach the semi-finals of the FA Trophy, eventually losing 3–0 on aggregate to Morecambe, despite having beaten them 6–0 and 7–1 in the league earlier in the season. At the end of the 1973–74 season South Shields were made homeless after selling their Simonside Hall ground and being prevented from moving back to Horsley Hill. Repeating what had happened in 1930, the club relocated to Gateshead and were renamed Gateshead United. Another attempt was made to join the Scottish league, but they were rejected again, losing out to Ferranti Thistle. Gateshead United In its first season under the new name, the club finished seventh in the Northern Premier League and reached the second round of the FA Cup, defeating Crewe in the first round, before losing 3–0 at Altrincham. Another second round appearance the following season ended with a 3–1 defeat at Rochdale after the club had won 3–1 at Grimsby Town in the first round. However, at the end of the 1976–77 season the club disbanded and was replaced by another new Gateshead club. Ground The club originally played at Horsley Hill, the former ground of the original South Shields. However, a dispute with the stadium owners led to them leaving in 1950 to move to a new ground at Simonside Hall. With support from the 13,000-strong supporters' club, two new stands were built and floodlights installed. The supporters' club bought the ground in the 1950s to ensure it could be used by the club in perpetuity. The ground's record attendance was 20,500, and there were plans to create a 35,000-capacity stadium. The supporters' club was later disbanded and ownership of the ground passed to the football club's directors. In the 1970s the ground was sold with the intent to move back to Horsley Hill. However, a deal had not been finalised to buy Horsley Hill before Simonside Hall was sold, leaving the club homeless. When the club relocated to Gateshead, they played at the Gateshead Youth Stadium. Colours Upon the reformation in 1936, South Shields played in red-and-green-quartered shirts, colours going back to the town's early football league days in the 1920s. In the 1960s, however, the club reverted to all-white with blue trim. By the end of the decade Shields were seen playing in amber shirts and blue shorts; these colours were worn at their FA Cup third round match at QPR in 1970. At some point in the 1970s Shields reverted to an all-red kit until their departure from Simonside Hall. For their existence as Gateshead United, they adopted home colours of white and green. Honours North Eastern League Champions 1938–39, 1957–58 League Cup winners 1961–62 North Regional League Champions 1966–67 Durham Challenge Cup Winners 1936–37, 1937–38, 1948–49 Records Best FA Cup performance: Third round, 1969–70 Best FA Trophy performance: Semi-finals, 1973–74 See also Gateshead United F.C. players Gateshead United F.C. managers References Defunct football clubs in England Defunct football clubs in Tyne and Wear Association football clubs established in 1936 1936 establishments in England Association football clubs disestablished in 1977 1977 disestablishments in England Sport in Gateshead North Eastern League Midland Football League (1889) North Regional League Northern Premier League clubs

4042941

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan%20Simmons

Chelan Simmons

Chelan Lauren Simmons is a Canadian actress and former professional model. She is known for her role as Ashley Freund in Final Destination 3 (2006), Helen Shyres in Carrie (2002), Good Luck Chuck (2007), and Tucker & Dale vs. Evil (2010). She is also known for her roles in the television series It (1990), Wonderfalls (2004), Kyle XY (2006–2009), and The L.A. Complex (2012). Personal life Simmons was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the middle child of three (one younger brother and an older sister). Simmons has been married to Greg Street since 2015. On June 1, 2016, Simmons gave birth to a daughter. Simmons filmed the TV movie Operation Christmas portraying a pregnant woman during her real life pregnancy. Simmons resides in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Outside of acting, Simmons is a dog lover and enjoys cooking. Career Simmons' parents wanted her to become an actress at the age of three but they waited until she turned five to pursue a career. She started modeling and appeared in commercials. Simmons made her official film debut in It (1990) as Laurie Anne Winterbarger. She went on to star in the award-nominated family film Bingo, her first theatrical release, and appeared in several television shows as a child star. Simmons returned to acting seven years later, giving up her modeling career. Simmons played guest appearances on multiple shows before portraying recurring roles in the MTV show MTV'S Now What? and Crystal in Edgemont for 11 episodes. Simmons has also starred in a number of television films, including Stephen King's Carrie (2002). Due to Simmons' many roles in the horror genre, such as the television films Snakehead Terror and Chupacabra: Dark Seas, she is considered a modern-day scream queen. In 2005, Simmons was cast in the comedy film The Long Weekend, her first theatrical release in over 10 years. The following year, Simmons starred in the 2006 horror film Final Destination 3, the third installment in the Final Destination franchise. Simmons portrayed the popular Ashley Freund, possibly her best-known role to date. The film received mixed reviews but was a success at the box office and was nominated for awards. It involved Simmons' first nude scene, which she initially didn't want to do. The script required her to be topless during a tanning booth scene. When she expressed her reluctance to director James Wong, he convinced her it was important because it made the scene more realistic, so she agreed. The set was closed off during filming and only the cameraman was present, so it made her and actress Crystal Lowe, who was also topless, feel more comfortable. Simmons also starred in the Direct-to-DVD sequel Dr. Dolittle 3 before appearing in small roles in the teen comedy John Tucker Must Die and the horror Wind Chill. Simmons won the role of recurring character Hillary in the ABC Family show Kyle XY. She portrayed Hillary for three years until the show was canceled in 2009 after three seasons. Simmons also had a recurring role in the short-lived comedy series About a Girl. Simmons continued her film roles in Good Luck Chuck alongside Dane Cook and Jessica Alba. The film was critically panned. Simmons portrayed Lindsay Lohan in the television film Paparazzi Princess: The Paris Hilton Story. In 2010, Simmons had a small role as a lotus eater in Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. The film grossed $226,497,209 worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film Simmons has appeared in to date. Simmons also starred in the critically well received and award-winning comedy-horror film Tucker & Dale vs Evil. Simmons landed a regular role on The L.A. Complex as Alicia Lowe, "a sensitive, aspiring dancer from Regina who will do whatever it takes to make ends meet." The show premiered on the Canadian network MuchMusic on Jan. 10, 2012. and aired in the U.S. on The CW. Simmons became a guest star during the shows second season and final season. Simmons provided the voice for the character Liz Ramsey in the children's animated television show Action Dad which is yet to premiere. At the end of 2012, Simmons had appeared in one episode on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, before guest starring on an episode of Hannibal in 2013, in which she reprised her role as Gretchen Speck whom she portrayed in the short lived series Wonderfalls. Simmons appeared as Kayla in the horror sequel See No Evil 2 released direct to DVD in October 2014. Filmography Film Television Television films References External links 1982 births Actresses from Vancouver Canadian child actresses Female models from British Columbia Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Living people 20th-century Canadian actresses 21st-century Canadian actresses

4042947

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelepte

Thelepte

Thelepte () was a city in the Roman province of Byzacena, now in western Tunisia. It is located near the border with Algeria about 5 km north from the modern town of Fériana and 30 km south-west of the provincial capital Kasserine. History The Roman city held the rank of colonia. An important network of roads branched out from it, linking it with Cilium and Theveste to the north, and Gafsa and Gabès to the south. In the 6th century it became the residence of the military governor of Byzacena. Procopius (De Ædificiis, VI, 6) says that the city was fortified by Justinian. Bishopric The names of several of the bishops of Thélepte are known. Julianus was present at the Council of Carthage (256) that Cyprian called to consider the question of the lapsi; Donatianus, who assisted at the joint Council of Carthage (411) between Catholic and Donatist bishops and at a council in Carthage in 416 called by Saint Aurelius and at another in Milevum in the same year; he himself as senior bishop of the province held a council of the bishops of Byzacena in 418 either at Thelepte or at Zella (the manuscripts do not agree). Frumentius was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. Stephanus was present at an anti-monothelitism Council of Byzacena in 641. The Thélepte diocese is one of the 14 of Byzacena still mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912). But today, no longer being a residential bishopric, Thelepte is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. Present state The ruins of Thelepte may be seen at Medinet el-Kedima, in Tunisia, a little to the north of Gafsa. The Byzantine citadel, in utter ruins, occupies the centre of the city. There are also the remains of baths, a theatre, and of ten churches recently discovered, one of which had a nave and four aisles. Fulgentius of Ruspe Thelepte was the birthplace of Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe, who became bishop of Ruspe, whose exact location is uncertain. References Roman towns and cities in Tunisia Populated places in Kasserine Governorate Catholic titular sees in Africa Communes of Tunisia Roman fortifications in Roman Africa

4042951

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bates%20Student

The Bates Student

The Bates Student, established in 1873, is the newspaper of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, run entirely by students. It is one of the oldest continuously-published college weeklies in the United States and claims to be the oldest co-ed college weekly in the nation. Circulation Approximately 1,900 copies of The Student are printed every week and distributed to hundreds of alumni, parents, and other friends of the college. The paper is published each Wednesday while classes are in session and can be found in distribution boxes located in Common, Ladd Library, Pettingill Hall, the Den and Post and Print. Faculty and staff also have the option to request copies delivered through intercampus mail. The Student has been intermittently online since the late 1990s. Once a year, usually at the end of the year, The Student runs a spoof edition commonly known as the "Bates Spudent." History The Bates Student was founded as a combination of the college's newspaper and literary magazine and as a successor to earlier publications such as the Seminary Advocate (1855–1863) and College Courant (ca. 1864-1872). The Bates Student was founded in 1873 in the years following the Civil War. It describes itself as "the nation's oldest continuously co-ed college weekly," although this assertion has been contested. Since many college newspapers were founded around the same time, there have been competing claims for which one was the oldest or the first in the United States. For example, The Bowdoin Orient, founded two years earlier in 1871, claims to be the "oldest continuously-published college weekly", but Bowdoin was an all-male school; the Yale Daily News claims to be the "oldest college daily"; the Harvard Crimson, also founded in 1873, claims to "the nation's oldest continuously published daily college newspaper"; The Dartmouth began in 1843 as a monthly and tries to claim institutional continuity with a local eighteenth-century paper called the Dartmouth Gazette. Accordingly, The Bates Student has claimed that it is the oldest continuously-published weekly newspaper from a co-educational college. In the late 19th century, the paper was published on a bi-weekly basis, and in the early 20th century, it was published on a weekly basis. It has been published continuously and without interruption during each academic year since 1873. Among its earliest editors and writers in the 1870s were African Americans and women. The paper's was originally formatted in a smaller literary magazine layout and included literary works such as poems and fiction alongside news reports. In 1879, the literary society formed a separate publication called The Garnet, and thereafter The Student focused primarily on news. In the early twentieth century, the paper abandoned the smaller literary magazine format and adopted a larger broadsheet layout. Archives are kept at the offices of The Bates Student (with issues dating back to 1873) as well as the college's library, with its Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collection Library, which has a nearly complete archive of past issues in print form. The library also has issues of the Seminary Advocate and College Courant dating back to the 1850s and 1860s. Generally the newspaper has been the primary newspaper for the college, although it had some competition when The John Galt Press was being published at Bates. In addition, the Maine College Republicans and Democrats also distributed their own college newspapers for a few brief years in the past but these have not been published in many years. In 2021, a group of students created a petition accusing the college administration of forcing The Student to remove an article which detailed alleged anti-union actions by the college and replace it with an article that focused on anti-union arguments. The newspaper published a statement refuting these claims, stating that it was "not coerced or censored by any member of the Bates administration, the Bates Communication Office, or any other member of the Bates community in the writing or republishing" of the article. Notable student writers and editors Henry Chandler, early African American politician and attorney Lewis Penick Clinton, Bassa prince and African missionary Louis B. Costello, Maine newspaperman Bryant Gumbel, sports columnist and broadcaster Ella Knowles Haskell, Attorney, and first woman to argue a U.S. Supreme Court case Noah Levick, columnist at NBC Sports Philadelphia Carolyn Ryan, Managing Editor at the New York Times References Anthony, Alfred Williams, Bates College and Its Background, (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1936). External links Text of 1877-78 Bates Student on Google Book Search Bates College Student newspapers published in Maine Mass media in Lewiston, Maine Newspapers established in 1873 1873 establishments in Maine

4042957

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in Serbia. According to the 2022 census, there are 184,442 ethnic Hungarians composing 2.8% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of Vojvodina, where they number 182,321 or 10% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are Roman Catholics by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly Calvinist). Hungarian is listed as one of the six official languages of the Vojvodina, an autonomous province that traditionally fosters multilingualism, multiculturalism and multiconfessionalism. History Parts of the Vojvodina region were included in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by West Slavs. During the Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of the population in northern parts of the region, while southern parts were populated by sizable Slavic peoples. Following the Ottoman conquest and inclusion of Vojvodina into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, most Hungarians fled the region. During Ottoman rule, the Vojvodina region was mostly populated by Serbs and Muslim Slavs (Great Migrations of the Serbs). New Hungarian settlers started to come to the region with the establishment of the Habsburg administration at the beginning of the 18th century, mostly after the Peace of Passarowitz (Požarevac). Settlement Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula. Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from Transdanubia, while those of Protestant faith originated mostly from Alföld. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija. In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In 1790, 14 Hungarian families from Transylvania settled in Banat. In the 19th century, the Hungarian expansion increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century, larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel. In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Transdanubia settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in the area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements. Later they formed one single settlement – Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883-1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. The total number of Székely colonists was 3,520. In the southern region of Srem, the first Hungarian settlers moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka. According to the 1900 census, the Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the Bács-Bodrog County and made up 42.7% in the population (the second largest were Germans with 25.1%, and the third largest group were Serbs with 18.2%). The Hungarians were third largest group in the Torontál County (West Banat) with 18.8% (after Serbs with 31.5% and Germans with 30,2%). In the next census, in 1910, the Hungarians were the largest group in the Bács-Bodrog County with 44,8% in the population (followed by Germans with 23.5% and Serbs with 17.9%), and the third largest in the Torontál County with 20.9% (Serbs with 32.5%, Germans with 26.9%). The new temporary borders established in 1918 and permanent ones defined by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 put an end to Hungarian immigration. After World War I, present-day Vojvodina was included into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), and many Hungarians of Vojvodina wanted to live in the post-Trianon Hungarian state; thus, some of them immigrated to Hungary, which was a destination for several emigration waves of Hungarians from Vojvodina. As a result, the interwar period was generally marked by a stagnation of the Hungarian population. They numbered around 363,000 (1921 census) – 376,000 (1931 census), and they constituted about 23-24% of the entire population of Vojvodina. The outbreak of the Second World War caused some changes in population numbers, but more importantly, it created tensions between the Hungarian and Serb communities. World War II With the onset of World War II, the Hungarian-Serb relations were low. Nazi Germany, in accordance to its "Operation Punishment" plan, invaded Yugoslavia, and subsequently, Axis Hungarian forces occupied Bačka. Hungary annexed this region, and it was settled by new Hungarian settlers, at which time the number of Hungarians in the area grew considerably. In contrast, at the same time, many Serbs were expelled from Bačka. The brutal conduct of the Axis Hungarian occupying forces, including the Hungarian army and Royal Hungarian Gendarmes, has polarized both Hungarian and Serb communities. Under the Axis Hungarian authority, 19,573 people were killed in Bačka, of which the majority of victims were of Serb, Jewish and Romani origin. Although most of the local Hungarian population supported Hungarian Axis authorities, some other local Hungarians opposed Axis rule and fought against it together with Serbs and other peoples of Vojvodina in the Partisan resistance movement organized by the Communist Party. In some places of Vojvodina (Bačka Topola, Senta), most of the members of the communist party were ethnic Hungarians. In Subotica, the party secretary and most of the leadership were either ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian-speaking Jews. In the Bačka Topola municipality, 95% of communists were ethnic Hungarians. One of the leaders of the partisan resistance movement in Vojvodina was Erne Kiš, an ethnic Hungarian, who was captured by the Axis authorities, sentenced to death by the court in Szeged and executed. Among the other actions of the resistance movement, the first corn stacks were burned near Futog by five communists, of whom two were ethnic Hungarians – brothers Antal Nemet and Đerđ Nemet. Antal was killed there, together with his Serb comrade, fighting against gendarmes. At the same time, his brother was captured and killed in Novi Sad because he refused to reveal any information about the resistance movement. The corn stacks were soon also burned near Subotica. The communists that burned these corn stacks were arrested, tortured and sent to court. Two of them were sentenced to death (Ferenc Hegediš and Jožef Liht), while five others were sentenced to prison (because they were underage). The Axis authorities also arrested a sizable number of Hungarian communists in Bačka Topola, Čantavir, Senta, Subotica and Novi Sad. Many of them were sent to the investigation centre in Bačka Topola, where some were killed, while some committed suicide. Among those Hungarian communists who were sent to the centre were Otmar Majer, Đula Varga, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči. Because of the size of the communist movement among Hungarians, new investigation centres were opened in Čantavir, Senta, Ada and Subotica. In the investigation centre in Subotica, almost 1,000 people were tortured, and part of them killed, among whom were Maćaš Vuković and Daniel Sabo. Among those communists sentenced to death were Otmar Majer, Rokuš Šimoković and Ištvan Lukač from Subotica, Peter Molnar from Senta, as well as Đula Varga, Rudi Klaus, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči from Novi Sad. In Petrovo Selo, Mihalj Šamu was killed during his attempt to escape. These actions of the Axis authorities were a hard strike on the resistance movement in Bačka, especially on its Hungarian component. The Hungarian component of the resistance movement was struck so hard that it could not recover until the war's end. In 1944, the Soviet Red Army and the Yugoslav partisan took control of Vojvodina. New communist authorities initiated purges against one part of the local population that either collaborated with the Axis authorities or was viewed as a threat to the new regime (see: Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945). During this time, Partisans brutally massacred about 40,000 Hungarian civilians. In October 1944, 3,000 inhabitants of Hungarian nationality in Srbobran were executed by the Serbian communist partisans from the village of 18,000 inhabitants. In Bečej killing of the Hungarians began on 9 October 1944. In the city of Sombor in October 1944, the murdering of the Hungarians started at once based on the death list previously made. The Hungarians were taken to the Palace of Kronich. Next to the race-course, the common graves were dug in which 2,500 Hungarians were buried. Several other common graves can be found in the outside districts of the city. The inhabitants of the Hungarian city were fully exterminated. In total, 5,650 Hungarians were executed. A Soviet officer in Temerin prevented the extirpation of the whole Hungarian population of the village. Hungarian human loss of the village was 480 people. During the first week, about 1500 Hungarians were shot down into the Danube in Novi Sad under the leadership of Todor Gavrilović. On 3 November 1944 in Bezdan, Hungarian male inhabitants of the village between 16 and 50 years were driven to a sports ground. 118 men were shot down by machine pistol to the Danube. 2830 Serbian communist partisans who made the murder belonged to the 12th "Udarna" Brigade of the 51st Division. Strangely, the Soviet officers stopped further executions as they were also horrified at the massacre. On 3 December 1944, 56 Hungarian citizens were executed on the bank of the Tisza river in Adorjan. In Žabalj, 2,000 Hungarian citizens were killed. In Subotica during the 1944-45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarian) were killed by Yugoslav Partisans as retribution for supporting Hungary re-taking the city. At the end of the war, detachments of Serbian Partisans occupied Čurug and murdered 3000 local ethnic Hungarian residents. The surviving ethnic Hungarian residents of the village were deported to detention camps and were never allowed to return. Ethnic Hungarians Germans were declared to be collaborators or exploiters. Those suspected of not supporting the emerging Communist regime or who belonged to a "wrong" ethnic group were the targets of persecution. After World War II Since the end of the Second World War, the Hungarian population has been steadily declining, mainly due to low birth rates and emigration. In 1974, the Yugoslav constitution was modified, giving Vojvodina a very high autonomy and local Hungarians participated in Vojvodinian provincial administration. The Hungarians were also allowed to keep their culture and language alive; they had their own schools and cultural institutions. During the reign of Josip Broz Tito, life in Vojvodina was peaceful for Hungarians and others. The Yugoslav authorities heavily cracked down on single nations' nationalist activity. As the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s were raging, more Hungarians left Vojvodina. One of the reasons for this emigration was the country's ruined economy and the inability of employment, which was why many Serbs and others also emigrated from Vojvodina. Although the province was peaceful and calm compared to other areas of Yugoslavia, some Hungarians felt threatened, especially because Vojvodina was near the front lines during the War in Croatia. With an emigration of Hungarians from Vojvodina, one part of their former houses was used to resettle refugees from other parts of the former Yugoslavia. This created a change in the ethnic structure in some parts of the region. The Hungarian population has fallen from 340,946 (16.9%) in 1991, to 290,207 (14.28%) in 2002. In recent years (mostly in 2004 and 2005), some members of the ethnic Hungarian community have sometimes been the targets of anti-Hungarian sentiment. Today, many Hungarians in Vojvodina want their political rights to be extended. Some local Hungarian politicians proposing the creation of a new autonomous region in the northern part of Vojvodina inhabited mainly by Hungarians (see: Hungarian Regional Autonomy). They also want to attain Hungarian citizenship without being Hungarian residents, as this would automatically make them EU citizens, giving them many benefits. However, a referendum on this issue in Hungary failed. The political future of Vojvodinian Hungarians is uncertain, as their community is characterized by low birth rates and a dwindling population – according to some demographic predictions, Hungarians of Vojvodina will probably lose ethnic majority/plurality in some municipalities and sizable towns. Still, they will certainly remain in the majority in others. Thus, while Hungarians will remain a notable ethnic group in the northern part of Vojvodina, partial demographic changes in the area will probably reduce the demands of local Hungarian politicians for territorial autonomy or at least for wide territorial extension of the proposed Hungarian autonomous region. Demographics Almost all Hungarians in Serbia are to be found in Vojvodina, and especially in its northern part (North Bačka and North Banat districts, respectively) where majority (57.17%) of them live. Hungarians in the five municipalities form the absolute majority: Kanjiža (85.13%), Senta (79.09%), Ada (75.04%), Bačka Topola (57.94%), and Mali Iđoš (53.91%). The ethnically mixed municipalities with relative Hungarian majority are Čoka (49.66%), Bečej (46.34%) and Subotica (35.65%). The multiethnic city of Subotica is a cultural and political centre for the Hungarians in Serbia. Protestant Hungarians form the plurality or majority of population in the settlements of Stara Moravica, Pačir, Feketić, Novi Itebej and Debeljača. Religion According to the 2011 Census, most Hungarians are part of the Catholic Church in Serbia (224,291 people, or 88.3% of all Hungarian people). Around 6.2% belong to various forms of Protestantism and a much smaller number is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church (1.2%). Politics There are five main ethnic Hungarian political parties in Vojvodina: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by István Pásztor Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by Áron Csonka Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by András Ágoston Civic Alliance of Hungarians, led by László Rác Szabó Movement of Hungarian Hope, led by Bálint László These parties advocate establishing territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina, which would include the municipalities with a Hungarian majority. Culture Media Magyar Szó, a Hungarian-language daily newspaper published in Subotica Bácskai Napló, an Hungarian-language newspaper between 1907 and 1923, organ of the National Association of Christian Socialists of Bács-Bodrog County. Radio Television of Vojvodina broadcasts program in 10 local languages, including daily radio and TV shows in Hungarian language. Délmagyarország ("Southern Hungary") was a Hungarian-language daily newspaper. The first issue was published on March 14, 1909, to serve as the information source for the Hungarian language-speaking population in Bács-Bodrog County within the Kingdom of Hungary in Austria-Hungary. It was published in Subotica. The last issue of Délmagyarország was on June 27, 1909. Its editor-in-chief was Henrik Braun. Notable people Born before 1920 in the Kingdom of Hungary Catherine, Queen consort of Serbia Elizabeth, Queen consort of Serbia Paul Abraham, Jewish-Hungarian composer of operettas Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer, cellist and cimbalis József Bittenbinder, Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics Ugrin Csák, Hungarian nobleman and oligarch in the early 14th century Géza Csáth, physician, writer József Törley, sparkling-wine producer István Donogán, Hungarian track and field athlete József Hátszeghy, Hungarian fencer Ferenc Herczeg, playwright and author who promoted conservative nationalist opinion in his country Tibor Harsányi, composer and pianist Alexander Kasza, World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories Dezső Kosztolányi, one of the most renowned Hungarian-language writer Vilmos Lázár, Hungarian general, one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad András Littay, Hungarian General during World War II Endre Madarász, Hungarian track and field athlete László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian painter and photographer, a notable professor of the Bauhaus school Károly Molter, Hungarian novelist Gyula Ortutay, Hungarian politician in FKGP Gyula Pártos, Hungarian architect Ferenc Rákosi, Hungarian field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics Mátyás Rákosi, Communist leader of Hungary Jenő Rátz, Hungarian military officer Michael Szilágyi, general and Regent of Hungary in 1458 Carl von Than, Hungarian chemist Mór Than, Hungarian painter József Vértesy, Hungarian water polo player Jenő Vincze, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1938 World Cup Final Henrik Werth, Hungarian military officer Born after 1920 in Yugoslavia and Serbia Dalma Ružičić-Benedek, Hungarian-born sprint canoer Aranka Binder, sport shooter, bronze medal winner in Women's Air Rifle in the 1992 Summer Olympics Tamara Boros, Croatian table tennis player Zoltán Dani, a former colonel of the Yugoslav Army who shot down an F-117 Nighthawk during the Kosovo War Lajos Engler, basketball player Szilvia Erdélyi, table tennis player Krisztián Frisz, wrestler László Györe, tennis player Vilim Harangozó, table tennis player Ervin Holpert, sprint canoer Jožef Holpert, handball goalkeeper Zoltán Illés, Hungarian politician in Fidesz Karolj Kasap, wrestler Gabor Kasa, cyclist József Kasza, politician, former leader of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians Ervin Katona, strongman competitor Zsombor Kerekes, Hungary national football team player Mihály Kéri, footballer playing for Yugoslavia and the United States Mihalj Kertes, politician, close associate of Slobodan Milošević Tereza Kočiš, gymnast László Rácz-Szabó, Hungarian politician in Serbia Norbert Könyves, Hungary national football team player Renata Kubik, sprint canoer Félix Lajkó, violinist and composer Péter Lékó, Hungarian Chess Grand Master Sylvester Levay, Hungarian composer Vilmos Lóczi, basketball player and coach Béla Mavrák, Hungarian tenor singer Đula Mešter, FR Yugoslav volleyball player, Olympic champion Brižitka Molnar, volleyball player Antonija Nađ, sprint canoeist Albert Nađ, footballer Mate Nemeš, wrestler Viktor Nemeš, wrestler László Nemet, Roman Catholic bishop of Zrenjanin (Nagybecskerek) Nemanja Nikolić, footballer Erzsebet Palatinus, table tennis player Béla Pálfi, footballer Antónia Panda, sprint canoeist János Pénzes, Roman Catholic bishop of Subotica (Szabadka) Žolt Peto, table tennis player Eva Ras, actress, writer, painter László Rátgéber, Hungarian basketball coach Magdolna Rúzsa, singer, winner of the third season of Megasztár (Hungarian Idol) Nandor Sabo, wrestler Szebasztián Szabó, swimmer Monica Seles, former World No.1 female tennis player Árpád Sterbik, world champion handball goalkeeper Csaba Szilágyi, Serbian Olympic swimmer Mario Szenessy, German author, translator, and literary critic Lajos Szűcs, Hungary national football team player, a gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics Marta Tibor, sprint canoer József Törtei, wrestler, bronze medal winner at the 1984 Summer Olympics Mihály Tóth, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1954 World Cup Final Tibor Várady, legal scholar former Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (July–December 1992) See also Hungary–Serbia relations Serbs in Hungary Serbs in Vojvodina Ethnic groups of Vojvodina Hungarian exonyms (Vojvodina) Hungarian diaspora Székelys Further reading References Notes Karolj Brindza, Učešće jugoslovenskih Mađara u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, Vojvodina u borbi, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 1951. Borislav Jankulov, Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII i XIX veku, Novi Sad - Pančevo, 2003. Peter Rokai - Zoltan Đere - Tibor Pal - Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002. Enike A. Šajti, Mađari u Vojvodini 1918-1947, Novi Sad, 2010. Aleksandar Kasaš, Mađari u Vojvodini 1941-1946, Novi Sad, 1996. External links The Encyclopedia of Vojvodina Hungarian population in the territory of present-day Vojvodina between 1880 and 1991 Ethnic Hungarian Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe Vojvodina Ethnic groups in Vojvodina Ethnic groups in Serbia Serbia

4042967

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referer%20spoofing

Referer spoofing

In HTTP networking, typically on the World Wide Web, referer spoofing (based on a canonised misspelling of "referrer") sends incorrect referer information in an HTTP request in order to prevent a website from obtaining accurate data on the identity of the web page previously visited by the user. Overview Referer spoofing is typically done for data privacy reasons, in testing, or in order to request information (without genuine authority) which some web servers may only supply in response to requests with specific HTTP referers. To improve their privacy, individual browser users may replace accurate referer data with inaccurate data, though many simply suppress their browser's sending of any referer data. Sending no referrer information is not technically spoofing, though sometimes also described as such. In software, systems and networks testing, and sometimes penetration testing, referer spoofing is often just part of a larger procedure of transmitting both accurate and inaccurate as well as expected and unexpected input to the HTTPD system being tested and observing the results. While many websites are configured to gather referer information and serve different content depending on the referer information obtained, exclusively relying on HTTP referer information for authentication and authorization purposes is not a genuine computer security measure. HTTP referer information is freely alterable and interceptable, and is not a password, though some poorly configured systems treat it as such. Application Some websites, especially many image hosting sites, use referer information to secure their materials: only browsers arriving from their web pages are served images. Additionally a site may want users to click through pages with advertisements before directly being able to access a downloadable file – using the referring page or referring site information can help a site redirect unauthorized users to the landing page the site would like to use. If attackers acquire knowledge of these approved referrers, which is often trivial because many sites follow a common template, they can use that information combined with this to exploit and gain access to the materials. Spoofing often allows access to a site's content where the site's web server is configured to block browsers that do not send referer headers. Website owners may do this to disallow hotlinking. It can also be used to defeat referer checking controls that are used to mitigate Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks. Tools Several software tools exist to facilitate referer spoofing in web browsers. Some are extensions to popular browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer, which may provide facilities to customise and manage referrer URLs for each website the user visits. Other tools include proxy servers, to which an individual configures their browser to send all HTTP requests. The proxy then forwards different headers to the intended website, usually removing or modifying the referer header. Such proxies may also present privacy issues for users, as they may log the user's activity. See also Notes Deception Internet fraud Internet privacy Web security exploits he:Referer#הונאת Referer

4042974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina

Pertamina

PT Pertamina (Persero) is an Indonesian state-owned oil and natural gas corporation based in Jakarta. It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established in 1957). In 2020, the firm was the third-largest crude oil producer in Indonesia behind US-based companies ExxonMobil's Mobil Cepu Ltd and Chevron Pacific Indonesia. According to the 2020 Fortune Global 500 list, of which the company is included, Pertamina is the largest company in Indonesia. History Nationalization In 1957, Royal Dutch/Shell's assets in Indonesia (trading as Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij) were nationalised, from which Permina was founded as a state-owned oil monopoly, headed by Lieutenant-General Ibnu Sutowo. Ibnu Sutowo's position as the second deputy of Abdul Haris Nasution was the beginning of the armed forces' involvement in the oil industry. Permina distributed oil for the entire archipelago. Permina founded the Apprentice Technical School (Sekolah Kader Teknik) in Brandan to train and produce experts in the field. To meet this goal Permina established the Oil Academy in Bandung in 1962. Oil Academy's curriculum pertains to the technical aspects of the oil industry, and the graduates became the main forces of Pertamin (which later transformed to Pertamina). In 1960, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly enacted a policy that the mining of Indonesian oil and ground gases are only permitted for the state, through a state-administered company. Pertamin, established in 1961, was responsible for the administration, management and controlling of the exploration and production. The policy was short-lived. An agreement between the state and foreign companies was affirmed that gradually, oil refinery manufactures and other assets in marketing and distribution were to be sold to Indonesia within five to fifteen years. In 1968, to consolidate the oil and gas industry for its management, exploration, marketing and distribution, Permina and Pertamin merged and became PN. Pertamina. It continued to do little drilling itself but made production-sharing agreements with foreign companies. The 1970s After the merge, Pertamina's production rose considerably (about 15% each in 1968 and 1969, and nearly 20% in 1973). By the end of 1973, it directly produced 28.2% of Indonesia's oil, with agreements of Caltex and Stanvac to produce the rest (67.8% and 3.6%, respectively). Its assets included seven refineries, oil terminals, 116 tankers, 102 other vessels and an airline. It was also active in cement, fertiliser, liquid natural gas, steel, hospitals, real estate, a rice estate, and telecommunications. The 1974 oil price increases produced revenues of $4.2 billion in that year, equivalent to approximately one-sixth of Indonesia's gross domestic product. Much of this revenue was used by Sutowo to expand Pertamina's interests far beyond oil production to include investments in oil tankers, steel and construction. Pertamina built the Bina Graha, the presidential executive office building in Jakarta. The global oil crisis of the 1970s greatly increased oil prices and profits. Pertamina initially provided a fiscal lift to the hopes of Indonesia's development planners. For President Suharto and other members of the ruling elite revenue from Pertamina was "an ongoing source of funding" without accountability. "They ran this cash-cow into the ground, using it for both military and personal ends." Historian Adrian Vickers describes the endemic corruption at Pertamina: At each stage of the transaction chain, somebody was getting a percentage... If accidents occurred, as in 1972 when eighty impoverished people died... they could be covered up. In 1973, the government's ability to borrow money from overseas was constrained, and Pertamina was no longer providing revenues to the state. Instead, the massive enterprise turned out not to be making money but compiling exponentially large losses. In February 1975, Pertamina could no longer pay its American and Canadian creditors. An investigation followed, which revealed over US$10 billion in debts, mismanagement, and corruption within the company. This debt was equivalent to approximately thirty per cent of Indonesia's GNP at the time. Others offer a figure of a $15 billion debt. A public investigation hurt the reputation of the national elite both among Indonesians and foreigners. The charges against Ibnu Sutowo were dismissed. Ibnu Sutowo and his family were among the richest and most powerful in Indonesia, into the 21st century. The government took over the operation of the company and sought means by which to repay its debts. Pertamina's debt problems were eventually solved through a large government bail-out, which nearly doubled Indonesia's foreign debt. Since the 1980s Human rights observers have long expressed concerns about Indonesia's hostility to labour unions. According to the Multinational Monitor: "In 1985, the government ordered the firing of over 1,600 workers at Pertamina and foreign oil companies, charging that they had been members of the Indonesian Communist Party, which had been permanently banned 19 years earlier when Suharto took power." To execute a clause in the 2001 Oil and Natural Gas Act, in 2003 Pertamina legally became PT PERTAMINA (Persero), as per the enactment of Government Regulation No.31/2003. Pertamina is now under the coordinator of the State Minister of State-owned Enterprises. Like other contractors, Pertamina holds a Cooperation Contract with the Oil and Gas Regulatory Body. With its transformation into a limited company, Pertamina has become a business entity with the main target of making a profit. President directors During the 1970s, until 1976, the president director of Pertamina was Ibnu Sutowo, a well-known figure in Indonesia. Since then, there have been a number of president directors. Recent president directors have included the following: Facilities Refineries Pertamina has not built any new refineries since the Balongan refinery was opened in West Java in the mid-1990s. PTT Public Company Limited and Pertamina signed into partnership to build a new petrochemical complex in Indonesia for an estimated cost of US $4 to 5 billion. As of 2013, Pertamina operates six oil refineries which have a total combined capacity of around of oil per day: Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia. (Note: By world standards, none of Indonesia's refineries are large. The world's largest refinery, at Jamnagar in India, has a production capacity of over per day. As a rule of thumb, refineries need to produce at least per day to reach reasonable international standards of efficiency.) There are several other refineries in Indonesia which Pertamina has responsibilities for: Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia. In addition to the refineries which Pertamina owns, Pertamina has invested in two operating companies that manage output from LNG plants. PT Badak LNG operates a plant in Bontang, East Kalimantan, with 8 trains having a total capacity of 22.5 million tons per annum. PT Donggi Senoro LNG in Uso Village, Batui Subdistrict, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, with 1 train with a capacity of 2 million tons per annum. Pertamina also invested in the PT Arun 6 LNG trains near Lhokseumawe, Aceh, which had a total capacity of 12.5 million tons per annum. They closed down due to a lack of feed gas in 2014, and now Arun has used an LNG import terminal. During 2012 and early 2013, it was announced several times that there were plans to build two more large fuel refineries, each with a capacity of around per day, perhaps in Balongan, West Java (or, alternatively, in Bontang, East Kalimantan) and in Tuban, East Java. The first facility was planned to be built by Pertamina in partnership with Kuwait Petroleum, while the second was expected to be built by Pertamina in co-operation with Saudi Aramco. Total investment was expected to be around $20 billion. One main problem holding up an agreement to build the refineries was the issue of financial concessions to be provided for the foreign investors. Eventually, in September 2013 it was announced that the plans for the first refinery had been cancelled. At the same time, the government said that there were plans for yet a different refinery project which would be constructed solely by Pertamina and funded by the state. The crude oil for this alternative project was expected to be supplied from Iraq. Pending further progress on these large investment plans, Pertamina has announced (late 2014) plans to upgrade the existing refineries so as to add around per day to Pertamina's current refining capacity of around per day. Pertamina also has two gas reserves and a petrochemical company. Pertamina's products include a great variety of fuels, chemicals, additives, and retail products. Petrol pumps Pertamina is the largest distribution network of petroleum products (gas stations, etc.) in Indonesia. Bright Convenience Store Along with the gas stations, Pertamina also has a convenience store chain, integrated with their gas stations. The development of Bright convenience stores and cafes is self-governed by PT Pertamina Retail. Subsidiaries These are 27 subsidiaries of Pertamina based on Pertamina Annual Report 2016. Pertamina EP PT Pertamina EP (PEP) is engaged in managing upstream oil and gas production through more manageable exploration and exploitation activities. Adding to that, PEP has been undertaking other supporting businesses, which have been intended to back up the main business directly or indirectly. Presently, Pertamina EP production level for oil is around per day and around per day at standard conditions for gas. Pertamina EP Working Areas of 140.000 km2 were once largely PT Pertamina (Persero)’s Oil and Gas Mining Authority Zone. The working areas are managed through its own operation and partnership co-operation. Pertamina EP Working Areas consist of five assets. The operation of those assets comprise 19 Field Areas, namely Rantau, Pangkalan Susu, Lirik, Jambi and Ramba in Asset 1, Prabumulih, Adera, Limau and Pendopo in Asset 2, Tambun, Subang and Jatibarang in Asset 3, Cepu in Asset 4 as well as Sangatta, Sangasanga, Bunyu, Tarakan, Tanjung and Papua in Asset 5. Besides the management of working areas as stated earlier, other business patterns include management through projects, such as Pondok Makmur Development Project in West Java, Paku Gajah Development Project in South Sumatera, Jawa Gas Development Project in Central Java, and Matindok Gas Development Project in Central Sulawesi. Pertamina Gas Pertamina established PT Pertagas on 23 February 2007, and it became PT Pertamina Gas in 2008. The company undertakes gas transportation, trading and processing. In the gas transmission business, Pertamina owns a gas pipeline network with a total volume of 34,000 km-inches in Northern Sumatra, Central Sumatra, Southern Sumatra, Western Java, Eastern Java, and East Kalimantan In January 2009, PT Pertamina Gas obtained a Transportation Permit and in February 2009, it received an exclusive right from BPH Migas for gas transportation along 43 transmission routes. These permits and exclusive rights complemented the business permit that had been issued previously (in September 2008). By obtaining a business license and special rights, PT Pertamina Gas now has a regulatory basis to play the principal role in the gas business in Indonesia. Pertamina Geothermal Energy PGE was founded on 12 December 2006. This Pertamina subsidiary carries out geothermal exploration and exploitation in 15 working areas (WKP) in Indonesia, namely: Sibayak-Sinabung, Sibual-buali–Sarulla, Sungai Penuh-Sumurup, Tambang Sawah-Hululais, Lumut Balai, Waypanas-Ulubelu, Cibereum-Parabakti, Pengalengan (Patuha-Wayang Windu), Kamojang-Darajat, Karaha-Telagabodas, Dieng, Iyang-Argopuro, Tabanan-Bali, Lahendong-Tompaso and Kotamobagu. Pertamina EP Cepu PEP Cepu, which was established on 14 September 2005, is a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (Persero) that focuses on the upstream oil and gas business. In the Cepu Block, Pertamina has a 45% interest in partnership with Mobil Cepu Ltd (as the operator) and the Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) that manages the KKS for the Cepu Block. Pertamina Drilling Services Indonesia PT PDSI was established on 13 June 2008 as a drilling service management business entity. The services provided comprise drilling, workover activities, and drilling services that use a Daily Rate and Integrated Drilling Management (MPT) system for oil, gas, and geothermal wells. Presently, PT PDSI owns 34 drilling rigs (28 owned by PT PDSI and 6 transferred from PT Usayana) Pertamina Hulu Energy PHE is one of the Upstream Directorate subsidiaries working in the oil and gas upstream business and is also an upstream business vehicle for managing the domestic and overseas co-operation portfolio in the form of Production Sharing Contracts (PSC), Joint Operating Body-Production Sharing Contracts (JOB-PSC), Indonesian Participating / Pertamina Participating Interests (IP/PPI) and Badan Operasi Bersama (BOB). PHE’s overseas working areas covered: Western Desert Block 3, Iraq; Block 10 & 11.1, Offshore South Vietnam; Block SK-305, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia; Sabratah 17-3 Block, Offshore Libya; Sirte 123-3 Block, Libya; Block 13, Red Sea, Offshore Sudan; Block-3, Offshore Qatar; and Basker Manta Gummy Block, Australia. Pertamina Internasional EP Pertamina Internasional Eksplorasi dan Produksi (PIEP) is established on 18 November 2013, based on the need for international asset management that is focused on overseas assets of PT Pertamina (Persero). Pertamina EP Cepu ADK PT Pertamina EP Cepu ADK hereinafter referred to as PEPC ADK was established on 15 August 2013 in order to manage Fields of Alas Dara and Kemuning (ADK). Following the prevailing rules and legislation in the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the PSC between SKKMigas and PEPC ADK was signed on 26 February 2014. PEPC ADK is the operator of Alas Dara and Kemuning, located in Blora, Central Java, which was previously operated by Mobil Cepu Ltd. (MCL). In line with the commitment to the Government, PEPC ADK shall conduct Well Re-entry, Perform G&G Study, GGR Study, and exploration drilling. Since established, the PEPC ADK has never changed its name. ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd. owns three onshore oil fields. The company is based in Algeria. As of 27 November 2013, ConocoPhillips Algeria Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (Persero). Pertamina Gas Negara Pertamina Power Indonesia Pertamina Patra Niaga Pertamina Trans Kontinental Pertamina Retail Pertamina Lubricants Pertamina Internasional Shipping Pertamina Training & Consulting Patra Jasa Pertamina Bina Medika Pelita Air Service Pertamina Pedeve Indonesia Owns minority stock in Pertamina subsidiaries to satisfy "two-shareholder minimum" required by the Indonesian Limited Companies Act. Elnusa, Tbk. Pertamina Internasional Timor S.A. Pertamina Hulu Indonesia Pertamina East Natuna Pertamina Energy Trading Limited Pertamina E&P Libya Tugu Pratama Indonesia Pratama Mitra Sejati Products There are various PERTAMINA products consisting of fuel (BBM), non-fuel, gas, petrochemical products, and lubricants. Fuel (BBM) Fuel Products: Kerosene HSD (High-Speed Diesel) MDF (Marine Diesel Fuel) MFO (Marine Fuel Oil) Motor Gasoline (e.g. Premium 88 and Solar) Special Fuel Special Fuel products: Aviation Gasoline Aviation Turbine Fuel Pertalite (RON 90) Pertamax (RON 92) Pertamax Turbo (RON 98) Pertamax Racing (RON 100) Solar/Bio Solar (CN 48, Sulfur 3.500 ppm) Dexlite (CN 51, Sulfur 1.200 ppm) Pertamina Dex (CN 53, Sulfur 300 ppm) Non-Fuel (Non-BBM) Non Fuel Products: Asphalt Calcined Coke Green Coke Heavy Aromate Paraffin Wax Solvent Lube Base Oil Slack Wax Lube Base Oil Pertamina’s Lube Base Oil Products based on their function: Automotive Gear Oil Circulating Oils Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils Industrial and Marine Engine Oils Industrial and Hydraulic Oils Passenger Car Oils Powershift Transmissions and Heavy Equipment Hydraulic Oils Refrigerating Oils Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine Oils Gas Gas products include: LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Gas Fuel (BBG) Musicool (Substitute refrigerant for CFC, with low pollution and environmentally friendly) Petrochemical Petrochemical products include: Benzene Paraxylene Polypropylene Pure Terephthalic Acid (PTA) Sulfur Commercial automotive partnerships Pertamina is an official recommended fuel and lubricants partner for Lamborghini for automobiles since 2015. Sports sponsorships From 2005 until 2007 Pertamina became the main sponsor for Doni Tata Pradita in Yamaha Team who raced in the MotoGP 125cc and 250cc class wildcard entry in Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix. The partnership was extended to full 2008 season, with Pradita scored a single point in China. Then starting the 2021 season, Pertamina collaborated with the Mandalika Racing Team and SAG Team to compete both in Moto2 World Championship and the CEV Moto2 Championship. Rio Haryanto, Indonesia's first Formula One driver, was sponsored by Pertamina throughout his junior career and played a role in securing his drive with the Manor Racing team in 2016. However, Pertamina ended their sponsorship with Manor halfway through the season as Haryanto was demoted to reserve driver due to lack of funding. Since 2016 Pertamina has also supported Indonesian driver Sean Gelael, with its brandings prominently featured in his race cars ever since. Pertamina also sponsored the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini since 2015 as an official global lubricant partner, which also extended to Lamborghini Super Trofeo as title sponsor. Pertamina is the main sponsor for Mandalika International Street Circuit and Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix. References Notes External links Companies based in Jakarta Oil and gas companies of Indonesia Indo Government-owned companies of Indonesia Non-renewable resource companies established in 1957 Indonesian brands Biodiesel producers Automotive fuel retailers Energy companies established in 1957 Indonesian companies established in 1957

4042984

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Spiro Mounds (34 LF 40) is an Indigenous archaeological site located in present-day eastern Oklahoma. The site was built by people from the Arkansas Valley Caddoan culture. that remains from an American Indian culture that was part of the major northern Caddoan Mississippian culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the Arkansas River. The modern town of Spiro developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the 9th and 15th centuries, the local Indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex identified by anthropologists as the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of Mississippian culture, which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the Great Depression, treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary pre-Columbian artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the Caddo Nation, but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late 20th century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the Oklahoma Historical Society and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Chronology Typically, the history of the Spiro culture is divided into archaeological phases: Evans Phase (900–1050 CE) Harlan Phase (1050–1250 CE) Norman Phase (1250–1350 CE) Spiro phase (1350–1450 CE) Residential construction at Spiro decreased dramatically around 1250 CE, and the people resettled in nearby villages, such as the Choates-Holt Site to the north. Spiro continued to be used as a ceremonial and mortuary center through 1450. The mound area was abandoned about 1450, but nearby communities persisted until 1600 CE. The historic cultures following in the wake of Spiro, such as the Caddo, Pawnee, and Wichita peoples, were less complex and hierarchical. Mounds and plaza area Mississippian culture spread along the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries between the 9th and 16th centuries. The largest Mississippian settlement was Cahokia, the capital of a major chiefdom that built a six-mile-square city east of the Mississippi River that now is St. Louis, Missouri, in present-day southern Illinois. Archeological studies have revealed that Mississippian culture extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast, along the Ohio River, and into both the lowland and mountain areas of the Southeast. Mississippian settlements were known for their large earthwork, platform mounds (usually truncated pyramids), surmounted by temples, the houses of warrior kings and priests, and the burial houses of the elite. The mounds were arranged around large, constructed flat plazas believed to be used for ceremonial community gathering and ritual games. Archaeological research has shown that Mississippian settlements such as Cahokia and Spiro took part in a vast trading network that covered the eastern half of what is now the U.S. and parts of what is now the western U.S. as well. The Spiro site includes 12 earthen mounds and 150 acres of land. As in other Mississippian-culture towns, the people built a number of large, complex earthworks. These included mounds surrounding a large, planned and leveled central plaza, where important religious rituals, the politically and culturally significant game of chunkey, and other important community activities were carried out. The population lived in a village that bordered the plaza. In addition, archaeologists have found more than twenty related village sites within five miles of the main town. Other village sites linked to Spiro through culture and trade have been found up to a away. Spiro has been the site of human activity for at least 8,000 years. It was a major Mississippian settlement from 800 to 1450 AD. The cultivation of maize during this period allowed accumulation of crop surpluses and the gathering of more dense populations. The town was the headquarters of a regional chiefdom, whose powerful leaders directed the building of eleven platform mounds and one burial mound in an area on the south bank of the Arkansas River. The heart of the site is a group of nine mounds surrounding an oval plaza. These mounds were the bases of the homes of important leaders or formed the foundations for religious structures that focused the attention of the community. Brown Mound, the largest platform mound, is located on the eastern side of the plaza. It had an earthen ramp that gave access to the summit from the northern side. Here, atop Brown Mound and the other mounds, the inhabitants of the town carried out complex rituals, centered especially on the deaths and burials of Spiro's powerful rulers. Archaeologists have shown that Spiro had a large resident population until about 1250. After that, most of the population moved to other towns nearby. Spiro continued to be used as a regional ceremonial center and burial ground until about 1450. Its ceremonial and mortuary functions continued and seem to have increased after the main population moved away. The Great Mortuary Craig Mound – also called "The Spiro Mound" – is the second-largest mound on the site and the only burial mound. It is located approximately southeast of the plaza. A cavity created within the mound, approximately high and wide, allowed for almost perfect preservation of fragile artifacts made of wood, conch shell, and copper. The conditions in this hollow space were so favorable that objects made of perishable materials such as basketry, woven fabric of plant and animal fibers, lace, fur, and feathers were preserved inside it. In historic tribes, such objects have traditionally been created by women. Also found inside were several examples of Mississippian stone statuary made from Missouri flint clay and Mill Creek chert bifaces, all thought to have originally come from the Cahokia site in Illinois. The "Great Mortuary", as archaeologists called this hollow chamber, appears to have begun as a burial structure for Spiro's rulers. It was created as a circle of sacred cedar posts sunk in the ground and angled together at the top similarly to a tipi. The cone-shaped chamber was covered with layers of earth to create the mound, preventing collapse. Some scholars believe that minerals percolating through the mound hardened the log walls of the chamber, making them resistant to decay and shielding the perishable artifacts inside from direct contact with the earth. No other Mississippian mound has been found with such a hollow space inside it, nor with such spectacular preservation of artifacts. Craig Mound has been called "an American King Tut's Tomb". Between 1933 and 1935, Craig Mound was excavated by a commercial enterprise that had bought the rights from local landowners to excavate and to keep or sell the artifacts they recovered. Tunneling into the mound and breaking through the Great Mortuary's log wall, they found many human burials, together with their associated grave goods. They discarded the human remains and the fragile artifacts—made of textile, basketry, and even feathers—that were preserved in these extremely unusual conditions. Most of those rare and priceless objects disintegrated before scholars could reach the site, although some were sold to collectors. When the commercial excavators finished, they dynamited the burial chamber and sold the commercially valuable artifacts, made of stone, pottery, copper, and conch shell, to collectors in the United States and overseas. Probably, most of these valuable objects are lost, but some have been returned through donation and have been documented by scholars. Funded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), archaeologists from the University of Oklahoma excavated parts of the site between 1936 and 1941. The Oklahoma Historical Society established the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center in 1978 that continues to operate. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as Oklahoma's only Archeological State Park and only pre-contact Native American site open to the public. Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Spiro Mounds people participated in what cultural anthropologists and archaeologists call the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), a network of ceremonial centers sharing the Mississippian culture and similar spiritual beliefs, cosmology, ritual practices, and cult objects. The complex was a vast trading network that distributed exotic materials from all across North America that were used in the making of ritual objects. These materials included colored flint from New Mexico, copper from the Great Lakes, conch (or lightning whelk) shells from the Gulf Coast, and mica from the Carolinas. Other Mississippian centers also traded in these prized resources, but apparently, Spiro was the only trading center that acquired obsidian from Mexico. Using these valued materials, Mississippian artists created exquisite works of art reflecting their cultural identity and their complex spiritual beliefs. When commercial excavators dug into Craig Mound in the 1930s, they found many beautifully crafted ritual artifacts, including stone effigy pipes, polished stone maces, finely made flint knives and arrow points, polished chunkey stones, copper effigy axes, Mississippian copper plates (Spiro plates), mica effigy cut outs, elaborately engraved conch shell ornaments, pearl bead necklaces, stone earspools, wood carvings inlaid with shell, and specially made mortuary pottery. The conch shells were fashioned into gorgets and drinking cups engraved with intricate designs representing costumed humans, real and mythical animals, and geometric motifs, all of which had profound symbolic significance. The Spiro Mounds ceremonial objects are among the finest examples of pre-Columbian art in North America. Later, archaeologists recognized that the ritual artifacts at Spiro were similar to comparable objects excavated at other powerful Mississippian towns that also participated in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. These include Cahokia in Illinois, the largest Mississippian town; Etowah and Ocmulgee in Georgia; and Moundville in Alabama. In economic terms, Spiro seems to have been a gateway town that funneled valuable resources from the Great Plains and other western regions to the main Mississippian ceremonial centers farther east. In return, it received valuable goods from those other centers. Spiro's location on the Arkansas River, one of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi River, gave the Spiro traders access to the Mississippian heartland. Spiro and other Mississippian towns clearly looked to the great city of Cahokia, in what now is southern Illinois, as a cultural model to be emulated. Located about 400 miles northeast of Spiro near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, Cahokia was the largest and most impressive of all the Mississippian towns. Mineralogical analysis of some of the most beautiful stone effigy pipes found at Spiro, including the famous "Grizzly Man" or "Kneeling Rattler" pipe, have shown they came from Cahokia, based on the material from which they were made. Cahokia also influenced the styles of the artifacts made at Spiro. Archaeologists have identified four distinct styles: the Braden Style characteristic of artifacts brought from Cahokia and the Craig A, B, and C styles that are local derivatives of the Braden Style. Antonio Waring and Preston Holder first defined the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the 1940s, according to a series of distinct cultural traits. Since the late 1980s, archaeologists have adopted a new classification scheme that is based on their greatly improved understanding of Mississippian cultural development. The new scheme divides the SECC into five periods, or horizons, each defined by the appearance of new ritual objects and cultural motifs connected with new developments in politics and long-distance trade. Archaeologists have determined that Spiro was at the peak of its cultural importance in the 13th and 14th centuries. Mississippian iconography Anthropologists have tried in recent years to interpret the meaning of the ritual artifacts and artistic imagery found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites. While reaching firm conclusions about the meanings of works of art made centuries ago by people of an extinct culture is difficult, they have made some compelling interpretations by comparing Mississippian artistic imagery with the myths, religious rituals, art, and iconography of historic Native American groups. One of the most prominent symbols at Spiro is the "Birdman", a winged human figure representing a warrior or chunkey player. Chunkey has been played by tribes from the far Southeastern Woodlands to the Northern PLains. Based upon historic records, the game consisted of players rolling a stone disk for a considerable distance and then hurling spears as close as they could to the point where the stone stopped. Another Spiro icon is the "Great Serpent", a being said to inhabit the Under World, the spiritual domain on the opposite side of the Mississippian universe. The Great Serpent is portrayed in Mississippian art with a serpent's body, but also with wings or horns. Similar beings were the subject of myth in historic times among the Micmac, Huron, Kickapoo, Cherokee, Muscogee Creek, Caddo, and other Native American tribes, representing at least three major language families. The spiritual beings of the Under World were thought to be in constant opposition to those in the Upper World. Humans had to fear these beings, according to Native American mythology, but they could also gain great power from them in certain circumstances. Mississippian art also features the cedar tree or striped-center-pole motifs, which researchers have interpreted as the axis mundi, the point at which the three parts of the Mississippian spiritual universe come together: the Upper World, the Under World, and the Middle World where humans dwell. Often, the cedar tree, or the striped-center-pole, is found on engraved conch shell gorgets, with human or animal figures positioned on either side. The concept of an axis mundi — the point where different cosmic domains converge — is found in many cultures around the world. It is frequently represented as a tree (including the Tree of Life), since trees pass through the surface of the earth and connect the subsurface and the sky. The fact that the Great Mortuary at Spiro was built with cedar (or cedar elm) posts suggests that the burial chamber was meant to be a point of departure from one spiritual domain to another, as cedar was a sacred wood. Archaeologists found that one of the conch shell cups from Craig Mound had a black residue in the bottom. This suggests that the Spiro people may have practiced a version of the Black Drink Ceremony, a purification ritual that was also performed in historic times by their descendants - the Southeastern tribes. Participants drank a tea made from the Yaupon Holly from conch shell cups. Caddoan Mississippians Most authorities agree that the people of Spiro were Caddoan speaking, but their descendants in historic times are difficult to identify. Archaeologists describe the cultures that build and used Spiro and surrounding sites as the Arkansas Valley Caddoan culture.Anthropologists speculate that the Caddo Confederacy, Wichita, Kichai, or non-Caddoan Tunica, could be their descendants. However, the cultures of all these peoples, when encountered by the Spanish and French in the 16th and 17th centuries, were substantially different from that of Spiro. Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie) are recognized by the U.S. Federal government, cultural anthropologists, and archaeologists as the cultural descendants of the builders of Spiro Mounds. When the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto led a military expedition into what is now the southeastern United States in the 1540s, he encountered Native American groups including the Tula people, who lived near the Arkansas River. de Soto's forces also encountered numerous Caddo villages. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and Natchitoches, which were all linked by similar languages. At the time of de Soto's conquest, the Caddoan peoples occupied a large territory. It included what now is eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastern Texas, and northwestern Louisiana. Anthropologists have thought that the Caddo and related peoples had been living in the region for centuries and that they had their own local variant of Mississippian culture. Recent excavations have revealed more cultural diversity than scholars had expected within that region. The sites along the Arkansas River, in particular, seem to have their own distinctive characteristics. Scholars still classify the Mississippian sites found in the entire Caddo area, including Spiro Mounds, as "Caddoan Mississippian". The Caddoan Mississippian region contained many towns in addition to Spiro, including the Battle Mound Site. Scholars have determined that Battle Mound, lying along the Great Bend of the Red River in southwest Arkansas, was a larger site than Spiro. Little excavation has been conducted there to date. The Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the east. They also lacked the wooden palisade fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoan may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Also, their societies may have had a somewhat lower level of social stratification. The Spiro people probably were speakers of one of the many Caddoan languages. The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo, Wichita, Kitsai, Pawnee, and Arikara languages. Wichita and Kitsai are both extinct. Museum complex The Spiro Mounds are located within the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center complex in Fort Coffee, Oklahoma. The center features various exhibits and trails, and it offers tours, including a virtual tour. See also Mississippian culture Cahokia Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Caddoan Mississippian culture Mississippian stone statuary Mississippian copper plates Shell gorgets List of Mississippian sites References Further reading Brown, James Allison & Alice Brues. The Spiro Ceremonial Center: The Archaeology of Arkansas Valley Caddoan Culture in Eastern Oklahoma, Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1996. Hamilton, Henry, Jean Tyree Hamilton, & Eleanor Chapman. Spiro Mound Copper, Columbia, MO: Missouri Archaeological Society, 1974. Hudson, Charles M. (ed.). Black Drink: A Native American Tea, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004. La Vere, David. Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Merriam, Larry & Christopher Meriam. The Spiro Mound, A Photo Essay: Photographs from the Collection of Dr. Robert E. Bell, Oklahoma City: Merriam Station Books, 2004. Pauketat, Timothy R. The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, 1994. Pauketat, Timothy R. Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians, London: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pauketat, Timothy R. and Thomas E. Emerson (eds.). Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 1997. Phillips, Philip & James Allison Brown. Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum Press, 1984. Reilly, F. Kent and James F. Garber (eds.). Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007. Townsend, Richard F. Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 2004. External links Spiro Mounds on Oklahoma Historical Society Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center on TravelOK.com Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma Spiro Mounds Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV Arkansas Antiquities Spiro and the Arkansas Basin "Spiro Mounds", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Oklahoma Archeological Survey Spiromound.com Destruction of Craig Mound Spiro Mounds Bibliography Caddoan Mississippian Culture The Spiro Mounds Site Caddoan Mississippian culture Mounds in the United States Native American history of Oklahoma Native American museums in Oklahoma Museums in Le Flore County, Oklahoma Archaeological museums in Oklahoma Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma Caddo Protected areas of Le Flore County, Oklahoma Parks in Oklahoma Historic American Landscapes Survey in Oklahoma Oklahoma Historical Society National Register of Historic Places in Le Flore County, Oklahoma

4042987

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokua%20Kanza

Lokua Kanza

Pascal Lokua Kanza (born April 1958), known professionally as Lokua Kanza, is a Congolese singer, songwriter, arranger, producer, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for his soulful, folksy sound, which is atypical of the dancefloor-friendly soukous music that is common in Democratic Republic of the Congo. His proficiency in blending different musical styles and cultural influences has made him a celebrated artist, admired for his distinctive and evocative musical creations. He sings in French, Swahili, Lingala, Portuguese, and English. He was a coach in The Voice Afrique Francophone in 2016 and 2017. Early life and career Lokua Kanza was born Pascal Lokua Kanza in Bukavu in the South Kivu Province, in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He is the eldest of eight children, with a Mongo father and a Tutsi mother from Rwanda. In 1964, the family went to live in Kinshasa in a middle class area, until the day when Pascal's father, a ship's captain, died. His mother then moved to a much poorer area of the city, and Pascal had to work to feed the family as well as singing in churches. Throughout his life in Kinshasa, Kanza received his education under his father's guidance at the National Institute of Arts (l'Institut National des Arts). This educational institution served as a hub for nurturing and training performance artists in Kinshasa, where he honed his skills and deepened his knowledge of various art forms. In 1977, musicologists Gerhard Kubik and Donald Kachamba visited him and his classmate, Magongo Sanga, at the institute. They learned that Pascal's father had amassed a collection of 78 r.p.m. records since 1948, which greatly influenced Kanza's dexterity on the guitar and his vocal harmonies in the local ecclesiastical chorales. After completing his studies at the conservatory in the National Institute of Arts, he joined Abeti Masikini's band Les Redoutables as a guitarist in 1980. During this time, a decree promulgated by President Mobutu Sese Seko mandated that Pascal abandon his forename, Pascal, and simply go by "Lokua Kanza". Later, he moved to Ivory Coast and became a singer for the Best Orchestra of the Hôtel Ivoire in Abidjan, a typical African ensemble often associated with hostelries and culinary establishments. Their repertoire includes a medley of Anglo-Saxon covers and renowned African compositions. In 1984, he relocated to Paris, France, to further his musical career. He enrolled in the CIM, Europe's preeminent citadel for Jazz and contemporary music, and fostered synergies with starts from the West Indies like Jean-Michel Cabrimol and his group the Mafia, as well as Francky Vincent. Additionally, he had two significant encounters with renowned figures in African music, establishing himself as an active member of the Parisian world music scene in the 1980s. From 1984 to 1988, he played and sang with Ray Lema, and contributed to two of his albums — Nangadeef and Bwana Zoulou Gang in 1988, featuring several French artists, including Charlélie Couture, Jacques Higelin, and Alain Bashung. He also made appearances on albums by the Jazz group Sixun, Pierre Vassiliu, and Papa Wemba. In 1991, he collaborated with Cameroonian musician Manu Dibango in the Soul Makossa Gang. He began performing live, and in October 1992, he opened for Beninese singer Angélique Kidjo to critical and public acclaim. His unique repertoire, distinct from the typical Zairean music, won over the French audience. 1993: Lokua Kanza In late 1992, Lokua Kanza began recording his debut album Lokua Kanza, using a small studio lent to him by a friend, without the support of a major studio and technicians. Before its official release, he delivered two successful acoustic concerts at the Auditorium des Halles in Paris, accompanied by just two musicians — his brother, percussionist Didi Ekukuan, and Senegalese singer Julia Sarr. They went on tour in France and Belgium until the album was released in October 1993. By January 1994, the album had already sold 5,000 copies. Lokua Kanza emerged as a musical star, celebrated for his mellifluous croon, virtuoso guitar prowess, poignant melodies, and lyrical poignancy, similar to Ismaël Lô. His compositions, succinct and evocative, akin to three-minute pearls, resonated with many audiences. In May 1994, he opened for Manu Dibango at the Casino de Paris, and in November, French singer Jean-Louis Aubert invited him to perform as an opening act in front of large audiences. Youssou N'Dour also enlisted his vocal talents for his album The Guide (Wommat). Following an extensive tour from November 1993 to May 1994 and the release of his album in various European countries, Japan, and North America, Lokua Kanza reunited with Youssou in June in New York City during a concert at the Manhattan Center. He gained recognition and acclaim beyond French borders. During the summer, he contributed to Papa Wemba's Emotion album, exploring arrangements and production at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in England. In September, he was invited by Patrick Bruel to perform as an opening act, a success despite the audience's strong devotion to Patrick Bruel. He performed three concerts at the now-defunct Hot Brass venue in Paris, introducing a new show with a larger group featuring six choristers. In December, he won the Best African Album prize at the African Music Awards. 1995: Wapi Yo In January 1995, he began recording his second album. The album, titled Wapi Yo (Where Are You?), was released in October 1995 by BMG. The label released the album in 26 countries at once, and the demand was immense. Lokua occupied the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris for a sold-out week, with his first single "Shadow Dancer" entering many European charts. Though much more "Westernized" than his earliest repertoire, with the title in English and a French version, the majority of the other tracks were in Lingala and Swahili. In November, he returned to Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios for a new production on the Real World label, this time collaborating with Ugandan artist Geoffrey Oryema. Lokua's work as an arranger on the Emotion album was rewarded in December during the new edition of the African Music Awards, held in Libreville, Gabon. In February 1996, he was nominated for three awards at the Victoires de la Musique in France. On April 1, 1996, he performed on the Olympia stage and continued to perform at significant spring festivals, from Bourges to Angoulême. On July 13, the Francofolies festival in La Rochelle organized "La Fête à Lokua", a soirée where a pantheon of African stars, including Youssou N'Dour and Papa Wemba, performed alongside Lokua Kanza. Shortly after, he performed at the prestigious Montreux Festival. He spent the remainder of the summer performing in Africa, including a concert in South Africa, the Kora ceremony in September (where he won the 'Most Promising Male Artist of Africa' award), and finally, the Madajazzcar festival in October. In 1997, Lokua Kanza toured the United States, performing several concerts at the beginning of the year and returning in July to New York City (at the Vive la World festival) and Los Angeles. In April of that year, he was invited by Brazilian musician Djavan Caetano Viana to participate in the Festival de Todos os Sons (Festival of All Sounds) in Curitiba. In June 1997, he performed at the Espace Austerlitz in Paris, serenading attendees in support of undocumented migrants residing illegally in France with the help of many artists. 1998–2010: Lokua Kanza 3, Toyebi Te, Toto Bona Lokua, Plus vivant, and Nkolo On June 1, 1998, he participated in the Africa Festival of Würzburg in Bavaria. By the end of the summer, he was featured on the last album of Natalie Merchant, Ophelia. However, he mainly worked on his upcoming album, which was released in the fall under the name Lokua Kanza 3. The album incorporated more orchestration, with string ensembles enhancing the songs. Lyrics were presented in Lingala, Swahili, French, and English, with themes delving into the profundities of quotidian existence. The album also featured collaborations with American artists, including Lamont Dozier, a pivotal figure from the Motown label, and Siedah Garrett, known for her work with Michael Jackson. At the end of 2001, he released the album Toyebi Té (Nobody Knows Where He's Going"), a compendium of folk ballads crooned in English, French and Lingala. The album featured collaborations with his four children, French jazz guitarist Sylvain Luc, French rapper Passi, the Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra, and his choristers, Julia Sarr and Didi Ekukuan. In March 2002, the singer began a tour through France and Europe. In April 2004, he collaborated with Cameroonian bassist Richard Bona and West Indian singer-songwriter Gérald Toto on a trio album project, Toto Bona Lokua, released on the aptly named No Format! label. In February 2005, he released the album Plus vivant. The titular track featured Corneille Nyungura. During his tour, he performed on May 27 at the Café de la Danse in Paris. In 2007, he relocated to Brazil, where he spent several years developing his career. While working on a new album, he also wrote for several artists, such as Ney Matogrosso and Vanessa de Mata. On March 25, 2010, Kanza released the album Nkolo. The album reconnected with his mother tongue, Lingala, and spirituality, accentuated by sober and delicate notes: chiseled guitars, thumb piano, Martenot waves, and Cristal Baschet. A legacy of his new Brazilian life, Congolese rumba rhythms infuse most tracks, some of which are sung in Portuguese and French. Nkolo includes two duets: one with the Brazilian Vander Lee, the other with Fally Ipupa. In May 2010, Lokua Kanza embarked on a European tour with several dates in France, Spain, Germany, and others. On May 6 and 7, he performed in Paris. He continued to tour in many European cities from March 2010 to present his album. On May 31 and June 1, 2014, he celebrated his 20-year solo career by giving two resplendent concerts: one at the Théâtre de la Verdure in Kinshasa, the other on the stage of the eighth edition of the International Jazz Festival in Kinshasa. He was accompanied by prominent artists on stage, including Richard Bona, Jean Goubald Kalala, Sara Tavares, Fally Ipupa, Olivier Tshimanga, and Malaika Lokua. In 2016, he recorded a duet with Christophe Maé, aptly titled "Lampedusa," which appears on Maé's album L'attrape-rêves. In October, he became a member of the panel of judges for The Voice Afrique Francophone, alongside A'Salfo from Magic System, Charlotte Dipanda, and Singuila. 2021: Moko On September 12, 2020, Kanza announced the release of his forthcoming album Moko during an interview on Radio Okapi. The album was recorded in 12 countries, sung in 14 languages, and features various artists, including Manu Dibango, Richard Bona, Wasis Diop, Paco Séry, Sidiki Diabaté, Charlotte Dipanda, Pamela Baketana, Grady Malonda, and many others. It symbolizes peace, unity, and togetherness and was officially released on April 21, 2021, through a co-production partnership between Nzela Productions and Universal Music Africa. Discography Over the years, Lokua Kanza has continued to release a series of successful albums, including: Lokua Kanza (1993, Universal) Wapi Yo (1995, BMG) 3 (1998, Universal) Toyebi Te (2002, Universal) Toto Bona Lokua (2004, No Format!) with Richard Bona & Gerald Toto Plus Vivant (2005, Universal) Nkolo (2010) Moko (2021) See also Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo References External links BBC World Music Review of Toyebi Te 1958 births Living people People from South Kivu Wrasse Records artists 21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers Democratic Republic of the Congo songwriters Democratic Republic of the Congo people of Rwandan descent Mongo people Tutsi people 20th-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers 21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

4042990

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s%20Midwest

Macy's Midwest

Macy's Midwest, St. Louis, Missouri, is a former division of Macy's, Inc. It had operations in New York, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It was created February 1, 2006 from a reorganization of the Famous-Barr division acquired August 30, 2005 with The May Department Stores Company. It also incorporated the Macy's stores operating in western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) and the majority of the Kaufmann's stores operated by Filene's. An additional realignment of store operations with Macy's South and Macy's North occurred July 30, 2006, with a further transfer of stores with Macy's South to occur by early 2007. On September 9, 2006, the Famous-Barr, L.S. Ayres, The Jones Store and Kaufmann's nameplates were phased out in favor of the nationally known Macy's. In 2008, Macy's Midwest merged with Macy's South to form Macy's Central. Macy's Central later merged with Macy's East and West and further consolidated with the holding company. History There was a prior division of R.H. Macy & Co., Inc. named Macy's Midwest, formed in 1981, headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It operated stores in Missouri, Kansas and Ohio. The former division itself was created from a consolidation of two Macy's divisions, Lasalle's (Toledo, Ohio) and Macy's Missouri-Kansas, in 1982. It was merged with Davison's, to form Macy's Atlanta on February 1, 1985. Its former Lasalle's stores were sold to Elder-Beerman in 1985 and its former Missouri-Kansas stores were sold to Dillard's in 1986. Lasalle's (The Lasalle & Koch Co.) was purchased by R.H. Macy & Co. in 1923. It operated as a division of Macy's, with offices in the downtown Toledo Lasalle's store at 513 Adams Street, until the consolidation in 1982. References Macy's 2006 establishments in the United States

4043000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba%20Khanate

Quba Khanate

The Quba Khanate (also spelled Qobbeh; ) was one of the most significant semi-independent khanates that existed from 1747 to 1806, under Iranian suzerainty. It bordered Caspian sea to the east, Derbent Khanate to the north, Shaki Khanate to the west, and Baku and Shirvan Khanates to the south. In 1755 it captured Salyan from the Karabakh Khanate. History The khans of Quba were from the Qeytaq tribe, which was divided into two branches, the Majales and the Yengikend. The origin of the tribe is obscure. First attested in the 9th-century, only their chieftain and his family were Muslims, according to the historian al-Masudi (died 956). The chieftain bore the Turkic title of Salifan, as well as the title of Kheydaqan-shah. According to the 17th-century Ottoman historian, Evliya Çelebi (died 1682), the Qeytaq spoke Mongolian, but this was dismissed as a "hoax" by the Iranologist Vladimir Minorsky (died 1966), who demonstrated that Çelebi copied the alleged Mongolian speech of the Qeytab from the texts of Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40). The German historian and orientalist, Josef Markwart (died 1930), quoting from a earlier source, refers to the chieftain as Adharnarse. The khans of Quba were descended from Hosein Khan of the Majales branch, who was given the governorship of Saleyan and Quba by Shah Soleiman () in the second half of the 1680s. The khanate achieved its greatest prominence under Fath-Ali Khan, whose governorship lasted from 1758 to 1789. He seized Derbent, and divided Shirvan with Hosein Khan of Shaki. After Fath Ali Khan's death, the khanate's influence declined. As a result of Mohammad Khan Qajar's conquests and the devastation it had brought, the Alliance of Northern khanates disintegrated. The khanate was conquered by Russia in 1806, and was fully incorporated into newly created Shamakha Governorate by 1846. Population The Quba Khanate was mainly populated by Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) and Tats. It was also populated by Armenians, Lezgins and Mountain Jews. Khans The khans of the Quba khanate were the following; 1747 – 1758 - Hossein-Ali Khan 1758 – 1789 - Fath-Ali Khan 1789 – 1791 - Ahmad Khan 1791 – 1806 - Shaykh Ali Khan See also Khanates of the Caucasus Russian conquest of the Caucasus References Sources States and territories established in 1747 States and territories disestablished in 1806 History of Tats

4043032

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanagudi

Basavanagudi

Basavanagudi is a residential and commercial locality in the Indian city of Bangalore. Basavanagudi is one of the oldest and poshest areas of Bangalore. It is located in South Bangalore, along the borders of Jayanagar. It is in close proximity to Lalbagh Botanical Gardens. The name "Basavanagudi" refers to the Bull Temple, which contains a monolith statue of the Nandi Bull. The word Basava in Kannada means bull, and gudi means temple. The main commercial street in Basavanagudi is DVG Road, which is home to numerous retail businesses - several of them dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. Towards the middle of DVG Road is Gandhi Bazaar, known for its market which sells fresh flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The neighbourhood includes several historic restaurants, notably Vidyarthi Bhavan, a vegetarian restaurant which opened in 1943. Parks M. N. Krishna Rao Park Bugle Rock T. R. Shamanna Park Armugam Circle Park Dewan Madhav Rao Circle Park Ramakrishna Square Home School Circle Tagore Circle Nettakallappa Circle Events Kadlekai Parishe: Every year a two-day fair of peanuts is held near Dodda Ganeshana Gudi temple of Basavanagudi called Kadlekai Parishe, which translates to Groundnut Fair. Groundnuts are exhibited and sold during this event. Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava: An annual event is held on the grounds of Acharya Pathasala Public School or National College, Bangalore celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi festival for over 10 days. The evenings are studded with cultural programmes by artists from all over India. Education The Indian Institute of World Culture, B P Wadia Road Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs B.M.S. College of Engineering National College, Basavanagudi Acharya Pathasala Public School National High School, KR Road, Basavanagudi Vijaya College, R.V. Road, Basavanagudi Mahila Seva Samaj, KR Road Sree Saraswathi Vidhya Mandir Bangalore High School Mahila Mandali Vidya Samsthe Temples and religious places Dodda Ganeshana Gudi Ramakrishna Ashram/Math Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple Kaaranji Anjaneya Swamy Temple Uttaradhi Mutt Sringeri Shankarmutt Hanumanthana gudda(Ramanjaneya Gudda Temple) Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha Magadi Karnikara Patha Shaale Sri Vyasaraja Mutt Sosale Raghavendra Swamy Brindavana Puthige Mutt Jamia Masjid Mohammedan Block Renukamba Temple, MN Krishna Rao Park Ayyappa Swamy Temple Jayatheertha Brindavana Sanidhana, PMK Road, Basavanagudi, Notable residents D. V. Gundappa — Kannada poet and writer; after whom the DVG Road is named Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna — Author of Kannada literature Anil Kumble — Former Indian cricketer and cricket coach Hosur Narasimhaiah — Physicist, educator and activist K. S. Nissar Ahmed — Kannada poet and writer Masti Venkatesha Iyengar — Kannada poet and writer P. Lankesh — Kannada Journalist Ananth Kumar — Indian political leader Srinath — Kannada actor Navaratna Rama Rao - Political leader, writer and administrator References Neighbourhoods in Bangalore

4043040

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Linda%27s%20Original%20Evening%20Birds

Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds

Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds was a South African vocal group formed by Solomon Linda in 1933. The band is known internationally for their song "Mbube" released in 1939, which is the origin of the hit "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". During their activity, they often took part in singing competitions, in which they were unbeatable, according to historian Veit Erlmann. The group disbanded in 1949 after Linda's wedding. They are the pioneers of the musical genres Mbube and Isicathamiya. Partial discography 1938: Makasani/Mfo Ka Linda 1938: Ngqo Ngqongo Vula/Ngi Boni Sebeni 1939: Ntombi Ngangiyeshela (recorded c. 1938)/Hamba Pepa Lami 1939: Yetulisigqoko 1939: Mbube/Ngi Hambile (recorded c. 1938) 1939: Sangena Mama/Sohlangana 1939: Sengiyofela Pesheya/Ziyekele Mama 1940: Jerusalema (recorded c. 1940)/Basibizalonkizwe 1940: Sigonde 'Mnambiti (recorded c. 1939)/Bhamporo 1942: Ngazula Emagumeni (recorded c. 1941)/Gijima Mfana 1942: Ndaba Zika Linda/Ngiyomutshel'Ubaba 1944: Savumelana (recorded c. 1940) References Musical groups established in 1933 Musical groups disestablished in 1949

4043055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20holder

Film holder

A film holder is a accessory that holds one or more pieces of photographic film, for insertion into a camera or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner or a flatbed scanner with film scanning capabilities. The widest use of the term refers to a device that holds sheet film for use in large format cameras, but it can also refer to various interchangeable devices in medium format or even 135 film camera systems. Sheet film holders The most common instance of film holder is the sheet film holder. Also referred to as a dark slide or double dark slide, they are flat devices, slightly larger than the films they hold, which commonly hold one sheet of film on each side. The plate holder, which is a very similar device, holds glass plates instead of sheet film. A dark slide, from which the device derives its alternate name, is simply a dark cover that slides into a recess in the holder to protect the film (or plate) from exposure to light. Many dark slides have differently colored bands or handles on each side, one usually light and the other dark, so the photographer can distinguish between exposed and unexposed film. Traditionally, sheet film and glass plate holders have been made out of wood. Wooden holders, properly treated, can last a very long time, and apart from possible warpage, many very old specimens are still in service. Some companies continue to make wood models today, particularly for more uncommon film sizes, and as many are mostly handmade, they can be quite expensive. The majority of new sheet film holders are now made out of plastic. When using a sheet film holder, the device is inserted into the camera, often a view camera, and the dark slide is withdrawn, making the film available for exposure. After the exposure has been made, the dark slide is reinserted into the film holder, and the device is removed from the camera for later processing of the exposed film. Multi-sheet holders Some film holders can hold more than two sheets. One of the most common is the Grafmatic, manufactured by Graflex, which holds six sheets of film in individual septums. They were available in "23" and "45" models, corresponding to 6×9 cm (2×3 inches) and 4×5 inch sheets. It takes little effort to quickly cycle through all six sheets, which makes the Grafmatic ideal for press camera usage. Burke & James produced a similar device called the Kinematic, which holds 10 sheets, though was only available in 4×5 inch format. Graflex also produced the Film Magazine. It is commonly referred to as a "bag magazine" (or "bag mag"), and uses a leather bag that hangs on the side of the frame to exchange the septums from front to back. It is a much more manual device than the Grafmatic, as exchanging a septum is done manually through the bag, rather than by a simple manipulation of the magazine's dark slide. They were sold in separate versions for film and glass plates, and held 12-18 sheets/plates, depending on the model. They are found in 3×4, 4×5, and 5×7 inch formats. Though all are superficially similar (a "bag mag" film (not plate) septum is the same thickness as a Grafmatic septum, but has slightly different width and length; a Kinematic septum appears almost identical to a Grafmatic septum but is in fact considerably thinner) in fact use of a septum from a different type of holder in any of these multi-sheet holders is very likely to jam the entire magazine and bend internal parts, which can then damage yet another holder if used with it. As replacement parts are no longer available one must be careful not to interchange pieces of different types of multi-sheet holders. Fuji created a 4×5 system in the late 1990s called QuickChange, which is somewhat similar to a Grafmatic in principle. It is made of plastic rather than metal, making it lighter, and less prone to bent septums, but also less durable. It can hold 8 shots, and inserts are purchased already loaded with film. Though not sold as such, these inserts can be reloaded a limited number of times with standard sheet film. Because, like Grafmatic or "bag mag" holders, the Fuji holders used sheet film of normal thickness, they offered higher image quality than the older "film packs" (see below), but never became widely popular before digital imaging brought much production of traditional large-format materials to a halt. Film pack holders Graflex and Polaroid produced film pack holders that could be loaded in subdued light. Film packs were available from various film manufacturers in 12 and 16-sheet units. The classic film pack consisted of several "sheets" of film (actually much thinner than standard sheet film, as they were cut from large-format roll film, for economy and physical flexibility) taped together and wound in a series of S-bends around a metal frame. To "advance" the film, the user pulled a paper tab that protruded from the side of the film pack. The tab was attached—facing the opposite direction—to the junction of each sheet and its intervening section of tape. The thin film and only slight tension this system provided resulted in poor film flatness, and negatives are often sharp enough only for contact printing. They were primarily used by press photographers, and demand fell off dramatically as photojournalists converted to roll film cameras. According to former Kodak employees at the Eastman House photographic museum, Kodak stopped producing film packs when the last employee trained to assemble them (which required working with the very sharp metal frame in total darkness) retired in the 1980s. This rendered all traditional film pack holders in the world obsolete at once. Polaroid film packs, though mechanically similar, are not (and never were) available in standard film sizes. The Fuji QuickChange system was sometimes referred to as a film pack system but, as noted above, was a mechanical multi-sheet holder. Instant film holders Polaroid produced the widest range of instant sheet and pack film, but discontinued all production in 2008, leaving Fujifilm as the only producer of instant film and backs. The Polaroid 545, the lighter and more modern 545i, and the 545 Pro backs were 4×5 inch instant sheet film holders that many photographers used. New55 Holdings, LLC started producing a black and white P/N film for the 545 and 545i backs. This new instant sheet film produces a black and white negative and a positive image. The older Polaroid 550 packfilm back can take Fuji FP-100C film (3.25x4.25 inches), which was the last product of this type and was discontinued in February 2016. Polaroid also produced 8×10 inch film holders and films. Polaroid produced 10-sheet 4×5 inch instant film packs and holders. Preloaded systems Some 4×5 inch films come in light-tight envelopes that can be loaded into a special holder in daylight. The envelopes are much smaller and lighter than a dark-slide loaded with film, so a photographer can carry a larger quantity of film than the same amount of film in dark-slides. Fuji Quickload TM film and holders, and Kodak Readyload TM film and holders, are of this type. These have not been manufactured for several years, although old stock may sometimes be sold online. New55 Holdings, LLC has started producing a variety of Ready Loads called 1SHOT TM for the preloaded systems, these include Black and white negative, color negative and color slide films. Rollfilm holders Film holders that adapt rollfilm to sheet film cameras are usually called film backs. Film backs for 4×5 inch cameras are particularly common—there is little point in taking 6×9 cm pictures on a camera. Horseman, Linhof, Graflex, and other manufacturers have made roll film holders in 6×7, 6×8, 6×9, 6×12, and 6×17 cm formats. Some models can slip under the ground glass like a normal sheet film holder, while others require that the photographer replace the ground glass with the roll holder. Medium format film holders Film holders are available as accessories for some medium format cameras. The most usual case is the Polaroid back taking instant film, often used to check exposure values, color rendition, etc. before taking final photographs on conventional film. Several of the types of holders made for large format film, including darkslide sheet holders, Grafmatic multi-sheet holders, the Graflex bag mag, and film packs were also manufactured in medium format sizes, almost always 2"×3" (6×9 cm). Press camera manufacturers often produced smaller versions of their 4×5 cameras in this size, often called "23", and while later versions of these cameras could use rollfilm adaptors, these were not widely available until almost 1950, and were expensive in their first years of production. Sheet film or glass plate holders for medium format rollfilm cameras can be found, but are of mainly historical interest. Some rollfilm cameras have interchangeable backs to accommodate different film types. Some 35mm cameras have motorised backs that hold longer than normal film lengths, with a mechanism that automatically advances the film after each exposure. See also Film formats Film scanner Large format Medium format Photographic plate Sheet film References External links Grafmatic sheet film holders from Graflex.org Graflex Film Magazines from Graflex.org Discussion of B&J Kinematic holders including a scan of the Burke & James catalog Some Graflex accessories All about usable and unusable Sheet Film Holders Film formats Photography equipment Holders

4043057

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th%20General%20Assembly%20of%20Nova%20Scotia

58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia

The 58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia from 1999 to 2003, its membership being set in the 1999 Nova Scotia election. The Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia, under John Hamm, held the most seats and thus formed the government. Division of seats List of members Notes Russell MacLellan resigned in 2001, Cecil Clarke subsequently won the by-election. Don Downe resigned before an election was called. 58 1999 establishments in Nova Scotia 2003 disestablishments in Nova Scotia

4043071

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Nicholson%20%28disambiguation%29

Samuel Nicholson (disambiguation)

Samuel Nicholson (1743–1811) was an officer in the Continental Navy and the United States Navy. Samuel Nicholson may also refer to: Samuel Nicholson (merchant) (1738–1827), English wholesale haberdasher and banker Samuel Caldwell Nicholson (died 1891), British trade unionist Samuel D. Nicholson (1859–1923), United States Senator from Colorado Sam Nicholson (born 1995), Scottish footballer See also Nicholson (name)

4043097

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Kempster

André Kempster

Major André Gilbert Kempster, (26 October 1916 – 21 August 1943), born André Gilberto Coccioletti, was awarded the George Cross posthumously "...in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner" for an act of self-sacrifice in Algeria during the Second World War. 21 August 1943 On 21 August 1943, near Philippeville [Skikda], Major Kempster was instructing two fellow soldiers how to throw hand grenades from a practice pit. A grenade, which had been thrown by Major Kempster, rolled back into the pit. He attempted to scoop the grenade out of the pit but failed to do so. By this time detonation was due. Without hesitation Major Kempster threw himself on the grenade just before it exploded and received fatal injuries. This act undoubtedly saved the lives of the two other occupants of the pit. George Cross citation Kempster's George Cross citation appeared in the London Gazette on 9 November 1943: Sale of medal Major Kempster's George Cross was sold by Spinks on 28 March 1995 for an expected price of £2,800 – £3,200. References External links André Gilbert Kempster on the George Cross database 1916 births 1943 deaths People educated at Cheltenham College Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers British recipients of the George Cross British Army personnel killed in World War II Royal Armoured Corps officers Military personnel from London

4043105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Los%20Angeles%29

Western Avenue (Los Angeles)

Western Avenue is a major four-lane street in the city of Los Angeles (west of Downtown) and through the center portion of Los Angeles County, California. It is one of the longest north–south streets in Los Angeles city and county, apart from Sepulveda Boulevard. It is about long. Description Western Avenue passes through a large diversity of residential neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. From the south, where it transitions into Paseo Del Mar near White Point and the Pacific Ocean, it begins in San Pedro, then passes through Rancho Palos Verdes, Harbor City, Gardena and South Los Angeles. It is also the easternmost border of Torrance. Around the Pico Boulevard, Olympic Boulevard, and Wilshire Boulevard intersections, Western Avenue passes through Koreatown. Further north, Western Avenue passes through the East Hollywood district. Around the Santa Monica Boulevard, Sunset Boulevard, and Hollywood Boulevard intersections, it passes through the East Hollywood neighborhoods of Little Armenia and Thai Town. The northern terminus of Western is north of Franklin Avenue in the Los Feliz district, at the base of the Hollywood Hills. The road curves east becoming Los Feliz Boulevard, a major east/west thoroughfare through Los Feliz to the Golden State Freeway and from there into the city of Glendale. Another Western Avenue begins north of Griffith Park and is located in the San Fernando Valley area of Glendale. Its southwest terminus is nearly due north of where Los Angeles' Western Avenue transitions into Los Feliz Boulevard. California State Route 213 is designated as the portion of Western Avenue from Interstate 405 to 25th Street, in San Pedro. California State Route 258 is designated as the portion of Western Avenue from Interstate 405 to the Hollywood Freeway US 101. History The street derives its name from its history as the westernmost border of Los Angeles city limits in the 19th century, before annexations in the early 20th century expanded the city westward and onwards. In 1923, Alejandro Borquez opened the Sonora Cafe on Western. The café, which in 1927 changed its name to El Cholo Spanish Cafe, is credited with the invention of the burrito. Public transit Metro subway and at-grade stations Western Avenue is served by three Los Angeles Metro Rail stations: Hollywood Boulevard on the B Line Wilshire Boulevard on the D Line Exposition Boulevard on the E Line Metro Local Metro Local lines 205 and 207, and Gardena Transit line 2 operate on Western Avenue. Metro local line 207 runs between Hollywood Boulevard and Imperial Highway. Gardena Line 2 runs between Imperial Highway and Pacific Coast Highway Metro line 205 runs between Pacific Coast Highway and 1st Street in San Pedro. References External links YouTube: Western Avenue (Melrose to Pico) Los Angeles Western Ave (Los Angeles) (Daytime, April 2020) Western Ave (Los Angeles) (Nighttime, November 2020) Streets in Los Angeles Streets in Los Angeles County, California Central Los Angeles East Hollywood, Los Angeles Lomita, California South Los Angeles Red-light districts in California

4043107

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagitec%20Design

Imagitec Design

Imagitec Design was a video games development company founded in 1989, based in the UK. The main person involved was Barry Leitch, who worked as a composer for many of the company's soundtracks. Imagitec Design interacted with other companies such as Atari Corporation, Gremlin Interactive, and Electronic Arts. In early 1997 Imagitec was purchased by Gremlin and became part of Gremlin Interactive Studios. Games American Gladiators Butcher Hill Blood Valley Bubsy in Fractured Furry Tales Combo Racer Daemonsgate Dwagons - Unreleased Mega Drive game Freelancer 2120 - Unreleased Atari Jaguar CD game The Gadget Twins Gemini Wing The Humans I-War Netherworld Prophecy I - The Viking Child Raiden Ratpack Snow White: Happily Ever After Space Junk - Unfinished Atari Falcon game Stratego Suspicious Cargo Tempest 2000 Viking Child Wheel of Fortune Zone Warrior References External links Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom Video game companies established in 1989 Video game companies disestablished in 1995

4043109

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin%20%28Wizard%20album%29

Odin (Wizard album)

Odin is a concept album about Norse mythology by the German power metal band Wizard. Track listing All songs written & arranged by Wizard. All lyrics written by Volker Leson. "The Prophecy" - 5:19 "Betrayer" - 4:53 "Dead Hope" - 6:02 "Dark God" - 5:43 "Loki's Punishment" - 5:08 "Beginning of the End" - 4:01 "Thor's Hammer" - 5:01 "Hall of Odin" - 5:06 "The Powergod" - 5:21 "March of the Einheriers" - 5:40 "End of All" - 3:53 The limited-edition also contains the following songs: "Ultimate War" - 4:52 "Golden Dawn" - 5:05 Personnel Sven D'Anna – vocals Michael Maass – guitar Volker Leson – bass Sören van Heek – drums 2003 albums Wizard (German band) albums Limb Music albums Concept albums Norse mythology in music

4043114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Short%20Reign%20of%20Pippin%20IV

The Short Reign of Pippin IV

The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication is a novel by John Steinbeck published in 1957; his only political satire, the book pokes fun at French politics. Plot summary Pippin IV explores the life of Pippin Héristal, an amateur astronomer in 1950s France, who is suddenly proclaimed the King of France. Unknowingly appointed to give the Communists a monarchy to revolt against, Pippin is chosen because he was descended from the famous king Charlemagne. Unhappy with his lack of privacy, alteration of family life, uncomfortable housings at the Palace of Versailles and his lack of power as a constitutional monarch, the protagonist spends a portion of the novel dressing up as a commoner, often riding a motorscooter, to avoid the constrained life of a king. Pippin eventually receives his wish of dethronement after the people of France enact the rebellion Pippin's kingship was destined to receive. He returns to his home in Paris to find that nothing has really changed. Characters Pippin Arnulf Héristal - protagonist of the story; he is an amateur astronomer whose bloodline traces back to King Pippin II and to Charlemagne. He later becomes the King of France. Marie, Pippin's wife - a practical, buxom woman who becomes Queen of France in a down-to-earth fashion. She likens managing the kingdom to managing a home. Clotilde, Pippin's daughter - a best-selling author, inspiration for a religious movement, intellectual prodigy, and Crown Princess, all by the age of twenty. She is a stereotypical youth, clumsy and frivolous. Charles Martel - Pippin's uncle, an art and antique dealer who shares a name with the historical figure, an ancient member of his family. He often advises Pippin on tough situations. Sister Hyacinthe (née Suzanne Lescault) - a former cabaret performer-turned-nun who provides sage advice to Marie and Pippin. Tod Johnson - a young American traveling in Europe who becomes involved with Clotilde; heir to a large fortune from his father, H. W. Johnson, the "Egg King of Petaluma, California". He introduces Pippin to the American way of politics. References Further reading The Literary Encyclopedia article on The Short Reign of Pippin IV Ditsky, John. "Some Sense of Mission: Steinbeck's The Short Reign of Pippin IV Reconsidered." Steinbeck Quarterly 16.03-04 (Summer/Fall 1983): 77–89. Owens, Louis. "Winter in Paris: John Steinbeck's Pippin IV." Steinbeck Quarterly 20.01-02 (Winter/Spring 1987): 18–25. External links 1957 American novels American satirical novels Novels by John Steinbeck Novels set in France Political satire books Fictional French people Fictional kings Viking Press books

4043124

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeck

Zeck

Zeck is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arnold Zeck, a fictional character in the Nero Wolfe crime novels by Rex Stout Emil Hermann Zeck (1891–1963), Australian entomologist and scientific illustrator Mike Zeck (born 1949), American comic book illustrator Nick Zeck (born 1983), American football player

4043130

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.3

X.3

X.3 is an ITU-T standard indicating what functions are to be performed by a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) when connecting character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as a computer terminal, to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network, and specifying the parameters that control this operation. The following is list of X.3 parameters associated with a PAD: 1 PAD recall using a character 2 Echo 3 Selection of data forwarding character 4 Selection of idle timer delay 5 Ancillary device control 6 Control of PAD service signals 7 Operation on receipt of break signal 8 Discard output 9 Padding after carriage return 10 Line folding 11 DTE speed 12 Flow control of the PAD 13 Linefeed insertion after carriage return 14 Padding after linefeed 15 Editing 16 Character delete 17 Line delete 18 Line display 19 Editing PAD service signals 20 Echo mask 21 Parity treatment 22 Page wait References External links X.3 standard at ITU site Cisco Web Page Definition of X.3 parameters Networking standards X.25

4043133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltonian%20Society

Cheltonian Society

The Cheltonian Society is an organization which coordinates the activity of Old Cheltonians (O.C.), former pupils of Cheltenham College, a public school in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. The Cheltonian Society is an all-inclusive organisation for everyone who has an association with College or The Prep. Service Fourteen Old Cheltonians have won the Victoria Cross. One has won the George Cross. Many have served with distinction and at high ranks in the armed forces, government and various walks of public life. (See the Cheltenham College page for details.) References External links The Cheltonian Society - the official website of The Cheltonian Society.

4043136

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Marsa

La Marsa

La Marsa ( ) La Marsa is a coastal city located in the northeastern part of Tunisia, situated along the Mediterranean Sea. It is part of the Tunis Governorate and has a population of around 100,000 people. The city is known for its beaches, upscale residential areas, and lively atmosphere, with numerous restaurants, cafes, and shops. It is connected to Tunis by the TGM railway. Gammarth is adjacent to El Marsa further up the coast. History Ancient Carthage was a Semitic civilization centered on the Phoenician city-state of Carthage, located in North Africa on the Gulf of Tunis, outside what is now Tunis, Tunisia. It was founded in 814 BC. Originally a dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre, Carthage gained independence around 650 BC and established a hegemony over other Phoenician settlements throughout the Mediterranean, North Africa and what is now Spain which lasted until the end of the 3rd century BC. At the height of the city's prominence, its political influence extended over most of the western Mediterranean and it was one of the major trade hubs. For much of its history, Carthage was in a constant state of struggle with the Greeks on Sicily and the Roman Republic, which led to a series of armed conflicts known as the Sicilian Wars and Punic Wars. They also had conflicts with the Berbers, the indigenous inhabitants of the entire area where Carthage was built. In 146 BC, after the third and final Punic War, Carthage was destroyed and then occupied by Roman forces. Nearly all of the other Phoenician city-states and former Carthaginian dependencies fell into Roman hands from then on. Attractions Abdalliya Palace is one of the most lavish creations Hafsid dynasty sultans. Built in the early sixteenth century by one of their last sovereign, Abu Abdallah Mohamed, this palace stands on the ancient port site of El Marsa. This place of remembrance and history is one of the few monuments Hafsid Tunisia. It is the oldest evidence of Muslim architecture Palatine remained in good state of conservation of the Maghreb. Education La Marsa houses the following French international schools: Lycée Gustave Flaubert École Paul-Verlaine They are a part of the Etablissement Régional De La Marsa (ELRM) which has 7 schools in Tunisia as members. La Marsa also houses four primary schools: École primaire Habib Bourguiba École primaire Nahj el Ward École primaire El Tabbek École primaire El Riadh La Marsa also houses 3 middle schools: Collège fadhel ben achour Collège tayeb mhiri Collège Rmila Transport Tunis-Goulette-Marsa (TGM) is a 19 km light rail line linking the capital Tunis with El Marsa via La Goulette. The TGM was the first railway in Tunisia and inaugurated in 1872. Since 1905 it has been known as the TGM. It is part of the transportation system of the Tunis area, and together with the light rail of Tunis (Le métro léger de Tunis) managed by the Société des transports de Tunis (Transtu). Transtu was founded in 2003 by joining the Société du métro léger de Tunis (SMLT, founded 1981) and the Société nationale de transports (SNT, founded 1963). Transports that passes through the N9 Highway: The bus line N°20 from Tunis Passage to La Marsa El Riadh, managed by the Société des transports de Tunis (Transtu) The bus line TCV from Tunis Passage to La Marsa Sidi Abdelaziz managed by a private company (Transport En Commun De Voyageur) The collective taxi (Taxi jama3i), it is the fastest way to go to La Marsa from Tunis Sport AS Marsa Avenir Sportif de El Marsa (Arabic: المستقبل الرياضي بالمرسى, often referred to as ASM) is a football club from El Marsa in Tunisia. Founded in 1939, the team plays in green and yellow colours. Their ground is Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui, which has a capacity of 6,000. When the club was founded its name was Club Musulman (Muslim Club). Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui (Arabic: ملعب عبدالعزيز شتوي) is a football stadium in El Marsa, Tunisia. It is currently used by football team Avenir Sportif de El Marsa commonly called the AS Marsa. The stadium holds 6,000 people. References External links View of El Marsa Lexicorient La Goulette - Carthage - El Marsa Populated places in Tunis Governorate Populated coastal places in Tunisia Communes of Tunisia

4043140

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Marsa%2C%20Algiers

El Marsa, Algiers

El Marsa is a town in Algiers Province, Algeria. The population is 11,860. Postal Code The postal code is 16020. Notable people References Populated places in Algiers Province Cities in Algeria

4043152

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-2

VFA-2

Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2) also known as the "Bounty Hunters" is a United States Navy F/A-18F Super Hornet strike fighter squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California. Their tail code is NE and their callsign is "Bullet". They are attached to Carrier Air Wing 2 (CVW-2), a composite unit made up of a wide array of aircraft performing a variety of combat and support missions that deploy aboard the . History Four distinct squadrons have been designated VF-2. Officially, the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage with disestablished squadrons if a new squadron is formed with the same designation. Often, the new squadron will assume the nickname, insignia, and traditions of the earlier squadrons. 1970s VF-2, known as the "Bounty Hunters," was established on 14 October 1972 flying the F-14A Tomcat. VF-2 completed aircrew training and received its first Tomcats in July 1973, attaining full strength of 12 F-14As in the spring of 1974. VF-2's initial deployment was in 1974 with her sister squadron VF-1 aboard . The squadron flew over Saigon in support of Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of US personnel in April, 1975. Deployed on USS Enterprise Westpac 1978 Ports of call: Pearl Harbor Hawaii, Subic Bay Philippines, Singapore, Perth Australia, Hong Kong 1980s VF-2 was assigned to for the September 1980 deployment, 4 months of which were spent in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf during the Iran hostage crisis. The squadron was the first Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS) unit for both CVW-14 and later CVW-2. VF-2 deployed aboard in 1984 and returned for multiple Ranger deployments throughout the 1980s. On 2 June 1984, VF-2 became the first squadron to launch an F-14 from an aircraft carrier while towing an air-to-air gunnery target. In 1987, the squadron logged Ranger’s 260,000th landing. 1990s The unit participated in Operation Desert Storm, flying over 500 combat mission from USS Ranger operating in the Persian Gulf. VF-2 performed escort, reconnaissance and Combat Air Patrol (CAP) missions. After the 1992-1993 cruise, USS Ranger was decommissioned (along with VF-2’s sister squadron VF-1), and VF-2 was switched to the . At the same time, VF-2 transitioned to the F-14D Tomcat. Several months after the 1995 cruise, VF-2 was awarded the battle "E" and relocated from NAS Miramar to NAS Oceana due to a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decision to make Miramar a Marine Corps Air Station. In April 1996, VF-2's F-14Ds were modified to carry the LANTIRN infrared targeting pod, giving them precision strike capabilities. During their 1999 cruise, VF-2 supported Operation Southern Watch and on September 9, attacked Surface-to-Air Missile sites and anti-aircraft guns around Basra. The same day, a VF-2 Tomcat engaged 2 Iraqi Air Force MiG-23’s that were heading south into the No-Fly Zone from Al-Taqaddum Air Base, west of Baghdad with AIM-54 Phoenixes. The missiles did not score as the MiGs turned north once they detected the missile launch. 2000s In mid 2001, VF-2 deployed aboard in support of Operation Southern Watch. During the 2002-2003 deployment, the final cruise with the Tomcat, VF-2 participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom flying a wide range of missions including reconnaissance, close air support, CAP and strike missions. On February 28, 2003, during Operation Southern Watch, a VF-2 aircraft delivered the 1st Tomcat JDAM in combat. During this deployment, VF-2 flew 483 sorties and dropped 294 Laser-guided bomb's/JDAMs/MK-82 bombs. On 1 July 2003, VF-2 was redesignated VFA-2, and began transition to the F/A-18F Super Hornet receiving its first aircraft on 6 October 2003. VFA-2 deployed to the Western Pacific aboard with CVW-2 in October, 2004. They returned in March 2005 after supporting Operation Unified Assistance which provided humanitarian support to Southeast Asia after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2006, VFA-2 and CVW-2 embarked on a WESTPAC deployment. On 13 March 2008, VFA-2 embarked with CVW-2 aboard USS Abraham Lincoln on a 7-month deployment to the Persian Gulf, returning home on 8 October. 2010s Between 24 and 31 March 2006, during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises, strike squadrons VFA-2, VFA-34, VFA-137, and VFA-151 teamed with U.S. Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercise's Combined Air Operations Center. On 11 September 2010, VFA-2 deployed with CVW-2 aboard USS Abraham Lincoln to the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. The squadron has transitioned to newer Block II F/A-18F Super Hornet equipped with the AESA radar. 2020s The squadrons current Commanding Officer, CDR Timmester, will be the last navy squadron commander to have flown in the F-14 Tomcat. VFA-2 is currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing 2 on the USS Carl Vinson. See also Naval aviation Military aviation List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of Inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons VF-2 (1927-42) VF-2 (1943-5) References External links Strike fighter squadrons of the United States Navy Military units and formations in California

4043191

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20126

British Rail Class 126

The British Rail Class 126 diesel multiple unit was built by BR Swindon Works in 1959/60 to work services from Glasgow to Ayrshire and comprised 22 3-car sets and were a development of the earlier Swindon-built trainsets that had been introduced in 1955 to work the Edinburgh Waverley - Glasgow Queen St services. These vehicles formed the first Inter City service to be operated by diesel units in Great Britain. The introduction of these early diesel multiple units originated in a British Transport Commission report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars. BR's Swindon Works were chosen to design and build express units for the ex-North British Railway Edinburgh Waverley to Glasgow Queen Street route. Description The cars were of integral steel construction using the bodywork as a stressed member, as opposed to the contemporary Mk1 coach design which relied on the strength of a trussed underframe. The design featured Pullman gangways and buckeye couplings. Each of the two power cars was fitted with two AEC 150 hp underfloor engines with mechanical transmission giving a maximum speed of 70 mph. Initially termed "Inter-urban", this was soon changed to "Inter-City" long before that branding was used for mainline express services. The type was intended for longer distance services and a number of buffet vehicles were included in the orders. One of the buffet vehicles survives in preservation. These trains had two completely different front-end designs: either a full-width cab or a half-cab with central gangway connection. The latter "intermediate" driving car allowed through access within a six-car set. Neither end featured any destination blinds or marker lights, only a box holding a stencil indicating the train classification (A, B or C; later changed to 1, 2 or 3). Power car seating was of the "open" saloon arrangement with compartment seating in the trailers. A unique multiple working control system (coded White Circle) was employed. Unlike other classes, each power car produced its own control air supply and was thus incompatible with any other. The second batch was closely based on the 1956 stock. One big improvement was that the guard's van was moved to the rear of the coach giving passengers a forward view. Four-character headcode displays were fitted; the intermediate power cars having a two-character box either side of the gangway. Destination blinds and marker lights were not incorporated. Operations The first series (79xxx numbered) were introduced to Glasgow Queen St to Edinburgh Waverley services, including those operating via Falkirk Grahamston, in January 1957; the units were allocated to Leith Central depot following its conversion from the closed railway station in 1956. However, the first six three-car sets worked their first three years on Western Region on Birmingham–South Wales services. There was criticism of the lack of a forward view for passengers and also of the plain "utility" appearance of the non-gangwayed cab front. The usual E. & G. formation was a six-car set with two trailers together in the centre of the train. The class usually stuck to this route but could appear on other services from time to time. The second series (5xxxx numbered) were introduced on Ayrshire Coast services in August 1959 working services to Ayr and points south including Girvan and Stranraer and coastal services to Largs and Ardrossan. These units were allocated to Ayr and were operated as 3-car half sets combining to form a full 6-car trainset; the outer ends had full width windows whilst the inner ends had gangways with side windows and a side cab driving position. The 1970s saw the first class accommodation downgraded. Being of a non-standard design, the class was not included in the DMU refurbishment programme and so remained in close-to-original condition. The main alteration was the plating over of the outer gangway connection on the DMS vehicles in 1979–81, following drivers' complaints of draughts. The original units (79xxx series) on the Edinburgh - Glasgow services were displaced by push-pull services powered by top 'n tail Class 27s in 1971 and all were withdrawn by 1972, except for four cars transferred to Ayr. The Ayrshire Coast stock fared rather better, surviving almost intact until mass withdrawals in the early 1980s, the last two units being withdrawn in January 1983. Although used on various other routes out of Glasgow in their final years, these 126s remained closely identified with the Ayr line until displacement by a mixture of loco-hauled trains and other DMUs. Electrification meant that DMU operations on the Ayrshire routes finally ended in 1986 with the introduction of Class 318 EMUs. Post-BR use Five of the ex-E&G leading power cars were overhauled and exported to Liberia for use by LAMCO mining company for staff trains. Preservation Four vehicles (51017, 51043, 59404 from the Ayrshire build & 79443 from the Edinburgh to Glasgow sets) survive in preservation, owned by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society and based at the Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway. The three Ayrshire vehicles have been completely overhauled inside and out with the assistance of the Heritage Lottery Fund and are currently in early DMU Green livery. They were most recently featured at the 2019 Winter Diesel Gala. A buffet car from the earlier batch (79443) is currently undergoing complete restoration. Three other vehicles (59098, 59099 & 79441) went to heritage lines but have now been cut up for spares. Numbering 1956 batch 1959 batch References External links Swindon Diesel Preservation Society 126 Train-related introductions in 1959

4043193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender-class%20boat

Defender-class boat

The Defender-class boat, also called Response Boat–Small (RB-S) and Response Boat–Homeland Security (RB-HS), is a standard boat introduced by the United States Coast Guard in 2002. The boats serve a variety of missions, including search and rescue, port security and law enforcement duties and replaces a variety of smaller non-standard boats. The design length of the hull is and the boat is officially referred to as such. However, the overall length with engines mounted is approximately . Powered by twin outboard motors, they are capable of speeds in excess of and have a range of , depending on the class. The boat requires a minimum crew of two persons, but has a carrying capacity for ten persons. The boat is easily trailerable and can be transported by a C-130 Hercules aircraft or truck. Although similar in appearance to a rigid-hulled inflatable boat, the Defender is actually an aluminum-hulled vessel, equipped with a rigid foam-filled flotation collar. The first generation of boats were built by SAFE Boats International of Bremerton, Washington, a vendor of government and law enforcement boats. The replacement second generation was ordered in 2011 from Metal Shark Boats. Design The Defender class utilizes a rigid deep-V hull constructed of marine grade aluminum. While similar in appearance to the sponson of a rigid-hulled inflatable boat the Defenders' collar is actually made from rigid polyethylene foam. The boat is powered by two outboard engines, usually Honda four-strokes though Mercury and Johnson engines have also been used. Tow bitts are fitted forward and aft which also serve as mounting points for M240B or M60 machine guns. Variants A class The Defender A class or Response Boat–Homeland Security (RB-HS) was the first version of the Defender class and entered service in 2002. Some A-class boats in service with the Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) have gray collars instead of the more common orange. B class The Defender B class, also known as the Response Boat–Small (RB-S) is a further development of the A class. First entering service in 2003 it has a slightly longer cabin, additional spotter windows aft, shock mitigating cabin seats, a smaller fuel tank, and various other minor changes. It is the most common of the three classes. C class The Defender C class, sometimes known as the Response Boat Small–Charlie, is a modification of the B class and was designed as a replacement for the aging Transportable Port Security Boats (TPSB) currently used by Port Security Units. The C class has a gray foam collar, a cabin climate control system, and an increased armament of one M2HB .50-caliber machine gun on a modified forward mount and two M240B machine guns on port and starboard mounts just aft of the cabin. The first C-class boats were delivered to Port Security Unit 305 in May 2008 for testing and entered operational service at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in 2009. Service life and replacement With the Defender-class boats nearing the end of their ten-year service life, the United States Coast Guard issued a request for proposal for replacement design for the Response Boat-Small. The request called for a boat, with weapon mounts, a minimum speed of , and a range of at least . Contracts were awarded for two boats, one from SAFE Boats International and one from Metal Shark Aluminum Boats, for testing and on September 26, 2011 the Coast Guard awarded a contract to Metal Shark Boats for the production of 38 Response Boats-Small. In November, Metal Shark was awarded a $192 million contract for up to 500 response boats—470 to replace the entirety of the Coast Guard's 2002-built fleet, 20 for the US Border Patrol, and 10 for the US Navy. Operators (coast guard) Israel Police Liberian Coast Guard Togolese Armed Forces operates one See also Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Response boat-medium References External links U.S. Coast Guard: Response boat-small fact sheet (PDF) Defender Deployable Operations Group

4043196

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Doig

Jason Doig

Jason Nicholas Doig (born January 29, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League with the Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, New York Rangers and the Washington Capitals. Early life Doig was born in Montreal, Quebec. His parents, Michael and Paula Doig, immigrated to Canada from Jamaica prior to his birth for educational purposes, obtaining their degrees from Concordia University and McGill University, respectively. Doig grew up in Dollard-des-Ormeaux, a suburb of Montreal, where he attended St. Charles Elementary School, West Island College high school and Vanier College. Aside from hockey, he played soccer at a very high level with the West Island Lakers soccer club and was invited to play for Team Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the North Shore minor ice hockey team. Playing career The Montreal, Quebec native impressed in his youth with the North Shore hockey team in the QAHA then with Lac St-Louis Lions of the Quebec Midget AAA Hockey League before making his Quebec Major Junior Hockey League debut with the St-Jean Lynx in 1993-94. That same year, Jason lead Team Quebec to a gold medal in dazzling fashion at World Under-17 Hockey Challenge where he scored the tying and game-winning goal in the final game against Team USA. The following year he represented Team Canada at the World Under-18 Tournament in Mexico City - taking home the gold medal. He was chosen 34th overall by the Winnipeg Jets in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft after scoring 55 points and registering 259 penalty minutes with the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League's Laval Titan's and played in the Canadian Hockey League all-star game. In 1996 he was returned to the QMJHL where he led the Granby Predateurs to the President's Cup - winning the coveted Guy Lafleur Trophy as the playoff MVP and then on to a Memorial Cup Championship where he was named as a first team all-star. That same year he was named team Captain for the West Team at QMJHL all-star game. The next year Jason was a member of Team Canada when it won the gold medal at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Switzerland. Doig played for the Winnipeg Jets as an 18-year-old in 1995-96 and remained with the franchise when it relocated to Arizona in 1996-97 and became the Phoenix Coyotes. He then joined the New York Rangers in a trade prior to the deadline in March, 1999. The 6'3" blueliner played for the Blueshirts and saw action with the American Hockey League's Hartford Wolf Pack where he won a Calder Cup in 2000. The hulking blueliner played two seasons in the New York Rangers organization before he was dealt to the Ottawa Senators where he played only one season with the team's AHL affiliate, Grand Rapids Griffins. Following his brief stint with the Ottawa Senators organization, Doig was acquired by the Washington Capitals in 2002-03 where he became a solid blueliner with the club while spending the early part of the season with the team's AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates. Following a season away from hockey due to the NHL lock out, Doig was signed as a free agent by the Vancouver Canucks and sent to compete with the club's AHL affiliate, the Manitoba Moose. In the 2006–2007 season he played for Traktor Chelyabinsk in Russian Super League and finished the season in the Swiss National League A with the Langnau SCL Tigers. In that same year, Jason represented Team Canada once again at the Spengler Cup in Davos, Switzerland where the team won the Silver Medal. In the 2007–2008 season, he played in Switzerland with EHC Basel. He then signed a contract for the remainder of the season with the Norwegian top division team Stavanger Oilers. After Stavanger was eliminated from the Norwegian playoffs, Doig announced that he would retire. Personal life Since retiring in 2007, Doig became a principal with Los Angeles-based investment bank Park Lane, where he specialized on the hockey side of the business. While at Park Lane, Doig founded TreeVestors, an investment firm specializing in the development, origination and financing of social and environmentally sustainable carbon forestry projects. Currently, Doig is a Regional Sales Coordinator with Aflac, a Fortune 200 company specialized in supplemental employee benefits. Doig lives in Los Angeles with his three children. Championships and medals 1993 Under-17 World Hockey Challenge, Team Quebec - Gold Medal 1994 Under-18 Copa Mexico, Team Canada - Gold Medal 1996 QMJHL President's Cup, Granby Predators 1996 Memorial Cup Championship, Granby Predators 1997 Under-20 World Junior Championship, Team Canada - Gold Medal 2000 Calder Cup, Hartford Wolfpack 2007 Spengler Cup, Team Canada - Silver Medal Honors and awards Under-17 MVP (1993) QMJHL All-Rookie Team (1994) Guy Lafleur Trophy (1996) Memorial Cup All-Star Team (1996) QMJHL All-Star Team (1997) Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International See also List of Black ice hockey players References External links 1977 births Living people Anglophone Quebec people Black Canadian ice hockey players Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Norway Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia Canadian people of Jamaican descent Granby Prédateurs players Hartford Wolf Pack Ice hockey people from Montreal Manitoba Moose players New York Rangers players People from Dollard-des-Ormeaux Phoenix Coyotes players Saint-Jean Lynx players Stavanger Oilers players Traktor Chelyabinsk players Washington Capitals players Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players Canadian ice hockey defencemen

4043203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHWV-FM

CHWV-FM

CHWV-FM is a Canadian radio station in Saint John, New Brunswick broadcasting at 97.3 FM. The station broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format branded as 97.3 The Wave. The station is owned by Acadia Broadcasting which also owns sister station CHSJ-FM. History On August 24, 2000, New Brunswick Broadcasting Co., Limited received approval by the CRTC to operate a new adult contemporary music format at Saint John. Their first broadcast was on February 19, 2001, as an Adult Contemporary station. In January 2003, the station changed formats to adult top 40, morphing to more of a modern adult contemporary direction (or an adult top 40/alternative rock mix). The station's new main competitor is CIOK-FM, which changed to hot AC in 2009. The station's other competitor is CIBX-FM in Fredericton. Since 2011, the station began phasing in more rhythmic contemporary content; however it is still a Canadian hot adult contemporary reporter per Mediabase and Nielsen BDS. Even though non-pop rock music still gets a few adds, they remain a modern adult contemporary. References External links 97.3 The Wave Hwv Hwv Hwv Radio stations established in 2001 2001 establishments in New Brunswick

4043211

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20D.%20Nicholson

Samuel D. Nicholson

Samuel Danford Nicholson (1859March 24, 1923) was a United States senator from Colorado. Nicholson was born on Feb. 22, 1859 in Springfield, Prince Edward Island, British North America, he attended the public schools there and moved to Michigan and then to Nebraska and later, in 1881, to Leadville, Colorado. Nicholson became interested in mining, and advanced from miner to foreman, superintendent, manager, and then president of the Western Mining Company. He discovered the zinc ore that bears his name, Nicholsonite. From 1893 to 1897, Nicholson was the Populist mayor of Leadville; he moved to Denver in 1902. In 1914 and 1916, he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor. During the First World War, he served as State chairman of the Liberty Loan and Victory loan campaigns, and was a member of the United States Fuel Administration. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1921, until his death in Denver on March 24, 1923. His interment was in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. See also List of United States senators born outside the United States List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) References External links 1859 births 1921 deaths People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island Mayors of places in Colorado Republican Party United States senators from Colorado Canadian emigrants to the United States Canadian people of Scottish descent Colorado Republicans People from Leadville, Colorado

4043216

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.723

G.723

G.723 is an ITU-T standard speech codec using extensions of G.721 providing voice quality covering 300 Hz to 3400 Hz using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME) applications. The standard G.723 is obsolete and has been superseded by G.726. Note that this is a completely different codec from G.723.1. See also List of codecs G.723 [withdrawn] – Extensions of Recommendation G.721 adaptive differential pulse code modulation to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment application. The content of the 1988 edition of ITU-T G.723 is now covered by ITU-T G.726. G.723.1 – Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s G.726 – 40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). Corresponding ANSI-C code is available in the G.726 module of the ITU-T G.191 Software Tools Library. External links ITU-T page of G.723 References Audio codecs Speech codecs ITU-T recommendations ITU-T G Series Recommendations

4043218

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood%20College%2C%20Surrey

Collingwood College, Surrey

Collingwood College is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Camberley, Surrey, England. Admissions Collingwood is the largest secondary school in Surrey, with over 2,000 students, including more than 400 in the sixth form. It occupies a campus and is divided in the three main areas: 'Kingston' (Years 10 & 11), 'Barossa' (Years 7–9), and the sixth form centre. This was funded by the sale of land, on which the college's previous sixth form centre (named 'Ballard') was situated. Collingwood College is a DfE designated high-performing specialist academy, specialising in technology and vocational-education. It is situated north of the A30. History Earlier school The school derives itself from the Frimley and Camberley County Grammar School, the Bagshot County Secondary School, and the Barossa County Secondary School. In July 1970, Surrey County Council wavered over whether to go ahead with the comprehensive plan. Comprehensive The first Headmaster in 1971 was Mr. Leonard Roe, who had previously been Headmaster of the grammar school. He was followed by Peter Halls-Dickerson, who was an advocate of the idea of direct grant schools. Collingwood was one of the earliest direct grant schools to be created after the passage of the legislation by the then Conservative government. The headmaster from 1974 until the 1990s was Peter Halls-Dickerson. Grant-maintained and Foundation school On 1 September 1991, Collingwood School became Collingwood College, a grant-maintained school. This change of status was overwhelmingly supported by the parents. In 1999, under the new schools' framework, the school adopted foundation status. In September 1994, Collingwood College became a self-governing technology college. Following the new funding, the school built the Halls-Dickerson Technology Centre, also one of the first of its kind. As of 1 April 2008, the college was granted high-performing specialist school status. The school also specialises in vocational education, which provides education for working life; such as hairdressing, building and other manual labour based jobs. Collingwood is a founding member of the Surrey Heath Area Partnership for Education (SHAPE), Surrey's 14–19 network. SHAPE runs diploma courses in IT, for which Collingwood is the lead school and also Society Health and Development. Diplomas are also offered in business and finance and creative media. Academy Previously a foundation school administered by Surrey County Council, in July 2011 Collingwood College converted to academy status. Catchment Its catchment area encompasses much of the Surrey Heath area of Camberley, Bagshot, Lightwater, Ascot, Egham, Windlesham, Bisley, Chobham and West End. Stabbing and slashing incidents A stabbing took place at the school by Sharon Carr in 1994 when she was just 14 years old. Carr used a knife to stab fellow pupil Ann-Marie Clifford, who survived. However, it later came to light that Carr was responsible for the murder of a local hairdresser two years before. Carr is the youngest female to be convicted of murder in the UK. The school further appeared in the national press following a November 2005 incident in which a student was repeatedly stabbed with a pair of scissors, resulting in one wound above the eye. A month prior, 12-year-old schoolgirl Shanni Naylor was scarred when another girl slashed her face with a pencil sharpener blade. The school was also featured on a special programme called "School of Hard Knocks" on ITV that was aired on 6 November 2006. It examined the assault in some detail. It featured an interview with Natashia and her parents, as well as stories from other victims of bullying. The programme publicly criticised the Principal for denying that there was a bullying problem at Collingwood. However, an OFSTED report in 2007 reported that there were no serious problems with bullying at Collingwood College. Collingwood College Productions Every year Collingwood Productions stage their annual musical. The productions are auditioned in the first two weeks of December, allowing the principals to familiarise themselves with their parts over the holidays. They then return in January to begin the rehearsal process. After the two and a half-month period the shows are staged around the last week of March and normally run for four nights, Wednesday to Saturday. As of 2020 due to Coronavirus, the annual productions have been paused just a week before Legally Blonde was due to hit the stage. Teaching Each year has a Head of Year and Pastoral Assistant, who move up with the students through their years at the school. Each assistant principal is assigned to a year, to take care of other pastoral issues. All subjects that are taught at the school are assigned a faculty, where the faculty head assists with the running of the subjects, and provides behavioural support to the teachers in their faculty. Sixth Form Centre The sixth form was originally housed in the "Ballard" building. Before becoming part of Collingwood School, it had been built for Cordwalles/Cordwallis Boys School, then taken over during the Second World War as Cordwallis MT [Motor Transport] Training Centre for the Auxiliary Territorial Service. It was at this site that Princess Elizabeth trained to drive an Austin K2/Y ambulance as a subaltern. After the war, the building was taken over by the independent Great Ballard School, who occupied it until the 1960s. In 2005, a new Sixth Form Centre was officially opened by the Countess of Wessex. The Ballard building and its surrounding land was sold, and it was subsequently demolished to be replaced by housing. The Sixth Form Centre features a modernised architecture, several IT classrooms and a computer suite on the top floor. The centre provides facilities for sixth form students such as a common room and private study area. Academic performance Collingwood performs consistently above both the LEA (Surrey) and national average at both GCSE and A-Level. Notable alumni Steve Backshall, climber and naturalist. Clare Burrage, particle physicist Sharon Carr, youngest female killer in Britain, stabbed a fellow pupil at the school in June 1994. Dan Frazier, professional rugby player for Newcastle Falcons in RFU Premiership. Matt Goss, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros Luke Goss, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros Jessica Henwick, actress Craig Logan, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros George Saville, footballer Notes External links School website Academies in Surrey Educational institutions established in 1971 Camberley Secondary schools in Surrey 1971 establishments in England Specialist applied learning colleges in England Specialist technology colleges in England

4043225

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking%20Child

Viking Child

Prophecy I: The Viking Child (shortened to Viking Child on some systems) is a video game created by Imagitec Design Limited for the Atari ST, Amiga, Atari Lynx, Game Boy, and MS-DOS compatible operating systems in 1991. The Atari ST original was programmed by Mark Fisherwith with graphics by Anthony Rosbottom and music by Barry Leitch and Ian Howe. Ports to the Game Gear, Master System, and Commodore 64 were cancelled. A planned sequel, Viking Child 2, was not released. Plot This video game was based on a Viking Child called Brian who must enter the Halls of Valhalla and do battle against the evil god Loki and his minions. Gameplay The game closely resembled Sega's Wonder Boy in Monster Land, as certain elements like collecting hidden gold, upgrading the character's weapons and visiting shops were practically identical, despite the difference in release times. The game features no save game feature. However, passwords can be earned and used to allow access to later levels. Reception Robert A. Jung reviewed the Lynx version of the game which was posted to IGN. In his final verdict he wrote "While Viking Child is a pleasant diversion, it is missing the refinements needed for greatness. The biggest appeal is in exploring the land and just trying to survive, but it should not be mistaken for an adventure game. Still, if you're looking for something that's a little more than the typical run-and-jump title, Viking Child is worth a try." Giving a final score of 7 out of 10. Raze Magazine reviewed the Amiga and Atari ST versions of the game in December 1990. References External links 1991 video games Amiga games Atari games Atari ST games Atari Lynx games Game Boy games DOS games Cancelled Commodore 64 games Cancelled Game Gear games Cancelled Master System games Imagitec Design games Piko Interactive games Video games based on Norse mythology Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games set in the Viking Age Single-player video games

4043235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Dennis

Willie Dennis

Willie Dennis (née William DeBerardinis, January 10, 1926 – July 8, 1965) was an American jazz trombonist known as a big band musician but who was also an excellent bebop soloist. Career After working with Elliot Lawrence, Claude Thornhill, and Sam Donahue, Dennis also performed with Charles Mingus, appearing on two of Mingus's albums in 1959, Blues & Roots and Mingus Ah Um. In 1953, Dennis recorded Four Trombones (released in 1957) for Mingus's Debut Records. The other three trombones were J. J. Johnson, Kai Winding and Bennie Green. In 1951, Dennis began studying with Lennie Tristano. To make ends meet, he worked as an attendant at the Museum of Modern Art. The fullest recorded example of Dennis's solo work is on a little-known 1956 Savoy disc by English pianist Ronnie Ball (also a student of Tristano), All About Ronnie, in the company of Ted Brown and Kenny Clarke. Dennis toured with Mingus in 1956. He published an essay, "The History of the Trombone," in Metronome. In the late 1950s Dennis returned to his big band roots, joining Buddy Rich in 1959 after stints with Benny Goodman (with whom he travelled to the Soviet Union in 1962) and Woody Herman. In the 1960s, Dennis often performed with Gerry Mulligan. Dennis was known for his extremely fast articulation on the trombone, obtained by means of varying the natural harmonics of the instrument with minimal recourse to the slide (a technique known as "crossing the grain"), for instance, during his improvised solo on a performance of "Chuggin'" with the Gerry Mulligan Concert Band. Personal life Dennis married singer Morgana King in 1961; the couple had no children. He died in 1965 in an automobile accident in Central Park, New York City. Discography Four Trombones (Debut, 1957) - with J. J. Johnson, Kai Winding and Bennie Green With Cannonball Adderley Domination (Capitol, 1965) With Manny Albam Jazz Goes to the Movies (Impulse!, 1962) With Al Cohn Jazz Mission to Moscow (Colpix, 1962) With Mundell Lowe Themes from Mr. Lucky, the Untouchables and Other TV Action Jazz (RCA Camden, 1960) With Gary McFarland The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Verve, 1962) Point of Departure (Impulse!, 1963) With Charles Mingus Jazz Workshop – Autobiography in Jazz (Debut, 1953) Blues & Roots (Atlantic, 1959) Mingus Ah Um (Columbia, 1959) The Complete Town Hall Concert (Blue Note, 1962 [1994]) With Gerry Mulligan Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour (Verve, 1960 [1962]) Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (Verve, 1960 [1961]) Gerry Mulligan Presents a Concert in Jazz (Verve, 1961) Gerry Mulligan '63 (Verve, 1963) With Oliver Nelson Full Nelson (Verve, 1963) With Anita O'Day All the Sad Young Men (Verve, 1962) With Buddy Rich Richcraft (Mercury, 1959) Rich Versus Roach (Mercury, 1959) The Driver (EmArcy, 1960) With Shirley Scott Great Scott!! (Impulse!, 1964) With Zoot Sims Lost Tapes-Baden Baden 1958 (SWR, 2014) With Lennie Tristano Chicago April 1951 (Uptown, 2014) With Phil Woods Rights of Swing (Candid, 1961) References External links [ Willie Dennis at Allmusic] Willie Dennis at Discogs Willie Dennis at Napster 1926 births 1965 deaths American jazz trombonists Male trombonists Road incident deaths in New York City Jazz musicians from Philadelphia 20th-century American musicians 20th-century trombonists 20th-century American male musicians American male jazz musicians The Tonight Show Band members

4043237

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delair%20Bridge

Delair Bridge

The Delair Bridge (officially the Delair Memorial Railroad Bridge) is a railroad bridge with a vertical-lift section that crosses the Delaware River between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, just south of the Betsy Ross Bridge. The two-track bridge is part of Conrail Shared Assets Operations and is jointly used by Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation freight trains, as well as by the New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line service. History The Delair Bridge, built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1895–1896, was the first bridge of any sort between Philadelphia and New Jersey. The steel span connected PRR tracks in North Philadelphia to southern New Jersey. It consisted of three fixed Pennsylvania truss spans and a through-truss swing-span drawbridge totaling . Approach trestles of on the Pennsylvania side and on the New Jersey side bring its total length to . Starting in 1958, the PRR converted the bridge into a vertical-lift span to increase clearance for river traffic. The movable link was floated into place in one piece to facilitate installation and minimize delay. Work was completed in 1960. The Delair Bridge was the longest and heaviest double-track lift bridge in the world at the time. Note that the single-track Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is longer. The bridge was also electrified in the late 1930s, allowing freight trains hauled by electric locomotives to access the Pavonia Yard in Camden, New Jersey, from the Northeast Corridor. Electrification was removed by January 1967 but was restored in May 1973. However, Conrail ceased electric freight operations in 1981 and removed the wires several years later. Passenger train traffic on the bridge ceased in 1969 when Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines service was cut to Lindenwold station after the completion of the PATCO Speedline, but was restored in 1989 when Amtrak began the Atlantic City Express service. Amtrak service ended in 1995, but New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line service has used the bridge continuously since 1993. The bridge's southern track was formerly reserved for freight traffic, and the northern track only used for the Atlantic City Line. As part of the Pennsauken Transit Center project, a station complex where the River LINE passes under the Delair Bridge's eastern approach, platforms were built on both tracks. Both tracks are now used by both passenger and freight trains. 21st century rehabilitation In December 2011, an $18.5 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant was awarded to South Jersey Port Corporation by the United States Department of Transportation, partially for rehabilitation of the bridge. The improvements were completed. See also List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania List of crossings of the Delaware River References External links Delair Bridge at "Workshop of the World" Video of rebuilding by Michael Froio 2015 Railroad bridges in New Jersey Vertical lift bridges in the United States Vertical lift bridges in New Jersey Bridges completed in 1896 Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania Bridges in Philadelphia Bridges in Camden County, New Jersey Bridges over the Delaware River Pennsylvania Railroad bridges NJ Transit bridges Pennsauken Township, New Jersey Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia Towers in Pennsylvania Steel bridges in the United States Pennsylvania truss bridges in the United States Interstate railroad bridges in the United States South Jersey Port Corporation

4043258

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata%20and%20Fugue%20in%20F%20major%2C%20BWV%20540

Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540

The Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540, is an organ work written by Johann Sebastian Bach, potentially dating from the composer's time in Weimar, or in Leipzig. History No firm date can be established for the composition, and it has even been conjectured that the 2 parts were composed separately, with the toccata being a potentially more mature piece. Williams however describes that the differing Affekt of the two parts does not pose any problem to the hypothesis that the whole work was composed at the same period. This conception of "complementary movements" was even a favourite of Bach's, and the dramatic nature of the toccata as contrasted to the counterpoint of the fugue should, as one author writes, "not be misunderstood as mere discrepancy". Because of the range of the pedal parts, the toccata may have been written for a performance, around 1713, at the Weißenfels organ, with its pedal going up to F. Music Toccata The toccata starts with a large linear canon (first 6 bars shown above) over a pedal point in F major. It is then followed by a pedal solo based upon material from the canon. The canon is reiterated with some variations in the dominant in C major. This time the hands are switched, and the left hand leads the right. This is again followed by a long pedal solo. The two large canon flourishes cover 108 measures of the composition. The pedal solos cover 60 measures. The concerto movement exhibits a seven-part structure. The canons and pedal solos effect the departure from the home key of F to the dominant C, and the rest of the movement, with its concertante 3-part imitation and "proto-waltzes", constitute the harmonic return. This formal pattern is unique within all of Bach's works. The Toccata (as a prelude) is proportionally the largest of all Bach's works in the format of prelude-fugue. It is often treated as a show piece, with the ensuing fugue omitted. The Toccata's rhythmic signature suggests a passepied or a musette, although the large scale of the movement does not support these characterizations. Nor does the harmonic complexity of the composition; 45 measures after the second pedal solo there is a dominant chord which resolves deceptively to the third-inversion secondary dominant of the Neapolitan chord. In particular, the doubled root is found to move outward in contrary chromatic motion to a major 9th; in the bass by a descending half tone, far from the expected fifth. Bach implements this deceptive cadence three times in the piece; it would not become idiomatic until Chopin and Tchaikovsky. Fugue The first subject (entries in the tenor, alto and soprano voices shown above) of the fugue is chromatic and ornamental. The second subject has many modulation shifts and is sometimes initially presented as the counter-subject of the first. The Fugue is Bach's only thorough-going double fugue, where two subjects are exposed in separate sections and then combined. The effect is enhanced by the increasing rhythmic activity of the second subject and by the more frequent use of modulation in the final section of the fugue. The bravura of the F major toccata, with its pedal solos and manual virtuosity, contrasts with the sober opening of the Fugue. Both represent two diverse aspects of Italian influence: the motoric rhythms and sequential passagework of the Toccata, and the traditional alla breve counterpoint of the Fugue, with its chromaticism, harmonic suspensions, and uninterrupted succession of subjects and answers. These techniques are very similar to those used in the "Dorian" Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 538. See also Other Toccata and Fugues Notes Sources External links A Study of J.S. Bach’s Toccata in F Major The form and symbolic significance of Bach's Toccata in F Free download of BWV 540 recorded by James Kibbie on the 1755 Gottfried Silbermann/Zacharias Hildebrandt organ in the Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden, Germany Fugues by Johann Sebastian Bach Compositions for organ Bach Compositions in F major

4043272

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gong%20Show%20Movie

The Gong Show Movie

The Gong Show Movie is a 1980 American slapstick film starring, co-written and directed by Chuck Barris, host and creator of the popular game show of the same name. Plot The film shows a fictional week in the life of Chuck Barris as the host and creator of The Gong Show, through a series of outrageous competitors, stressful situations, a nervous breakdown (which compels him to run away and hide in the Moroccan desert) and other comic hijinks in his life and work on the TV show. Among the highlights included a group of men dressed as a Roman Catholic priest and three nuns lip-synching Tom Lehrer's song "The Vatican Rag", a man blowing out a candle with flatulence, and the uncensored version of Jaye P. Morgan's infamous breast-baring incident. Reception The film premiered in May 1980 alongside The Empire Strikes Back and The Shining, beating the latter at the box office in its opening weekend but losing to the former. The film received uniformly negative reviews and was withdrawn from theaters shortly after its release. Among the many bad reviews at the time was one from George Burns, who, after seeing the movie, went on the record and said, "For the first time in 65 years, I wanted to get out of show business." Home media The movie was occasionally seen on a few cable movie channels during the 1980s but had never been available on home video in any format until a Blu-ray release from Shout! Factory on March 29, 2016. References External links 1980 films 1980 comedy films American comedy films Films about television Films about quizzes and game shows Films based on television series Films with screenplays by Robert Downey Sr. Universal Pictures films 1980 directorial debut films 1980s English-language films 1980s American films

4043275

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20modernity

Late modernity

Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is the characterization of today's highly developed global societies as the continuation (or development) of modernity rather than as an element of the succeeding era known as postmodernity, or the postmodern. Introduced as "liquid" modernity by the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, late modernity is marked by the global capitalist economies with their increasing privatization of services and by the information revolution. Among its characteristics is that some traits, which in previous generations were assigned to individuals by the community, are instead self-assigned individually and can be changed at will. As a result, people feel insecure about their identities and their places in society, and they feel anxious and distrustful about whether their self-proclaimed traits are being respected. Society as a whole feels more chaotic. Versus postmodernity Social theorists and sociologists such as Scott Lash, Ulrich Beck, Zygmunt Bauman, and Anthony Giddens maintain (against postmodernists) that modernization continues into the contemporary era, which is thus better conceived as a radical state of late modernity. On technological and social changes since the 1960s, the concept of "late modernity" proposes that contemporary societies are a clear continuation of modern institutional transitions and cultural developments. Such authors talk about a reflexive modernization as post-traditional order which impact day-to-day social life and personal activities. Modernity now tends to be self-referring, instead of being defined largely in opposition to traditionalism, as with classical modernity. Giddens does not dispute that important changes have occurred since "high" modernity, but he argues that we have not truly abandoned modernity. Rather, the modernity of contemporary society is a developed, radicalized, "late" modernity—but still modernity, not postmodernity. In such a perspective, postmodernism appears only as a hyper-technological version of modernity. Subjects The subject is constructed in late modernity against the backdrop of a fragmented world of competing and contrasting identities and lifestyle cultures. The framing matrix of the late modern personality is the ambiguous way the fluid social relations of late modernity impinge on the individual, producing a reflexive and multiple self. The question of the self, argues Mandalios (1999), always intersects with the Other or non-self (e.g. stranger, outsider or opposite) who signifies the particular uniqueness or core aspect of the self; while the self performs this same process with its other as was originally worked out by the German philosopher Georg Hegel. Extending beyond modernity, the complexity of entwinement between identity and difference (same-other) extends all the way back to Plato according to Hegel, and the Greek polis argues Mandalios (see Civilization and the Human Subject , 1999). Characteristics Zygmunt Bauman, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity, wrote that its characteristics are about the individual, namely increasing feelings of uncertainty and the privatization of ambivalence. It is a kind of chaotic continuation of modernity, where a person can shift from one social position to another in a fluid manner. Nomadism becomes a general trait of the "liquid modern" person as they flow through their own life like a tourist, changing places, jobs, spouses, values, and sometimes moresuch as political or sexual orientationexcluding themselves from traditional networks of support, while also freeing themselves from the restrictions or requirements those networks impose. Bauman stressed the new burden of responsibility that fluid modernism placed on the individual: traditional patterns would be replaced by self-chosen ones. Entry into the globalized society was open to anyone with their own stance and the ability to fund it, in a similar way as was the reception of travellers at the old-fashioned caravanserai. The result is a normative mindset with emphasis on shifting rather than on stayingon provisional or temporary in lieu of permanent (or "solid") commitmentwhich (the new style) can lead a person astray towards a prison of their own existential creation. See also Information society Neoliberalism Network society Post-industrial society Second modernity Late capitalism Space of flows Time–space compression References Footnotes Bibliography Further reading Modernity

4043289

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff%20Rose

Biff Rose

Biff Rose, born Paul Conrad Rose III (October 15, 1937 – July 25, 2023), was an American comedian and singer-songwriter. Biography Rose was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 15, 1937. After moving to New york, he joined the Greenwich Village folk scene as a banjo playing singer/comedian. His popularity lead to a New York Times profile. Rose utilized the profile to generate momentum in his career. He moved to Hollywood where he worked as an actor and writer. While working in television, Rose met Paul Williams. The duo started a short songwriting partnership and composed several songs including ‘Fill Your Heart’, which was covered by David Bowie and ‘When Love is Far Away’, featured in Crazy Rich Asians. After releasing his debut album in 1968 Rose made a handful of appearances on Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show. After the Carson exposure, Rose performed on several other TV programs including The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, American Bandstand, and Playboy After Dark. Biff Rose died from liver cancer at 85 in 2023. Music Rose's first release was 1968's The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side, which contained the song "Buzz the Fuzz". The song "Fill Your Heart" is Rose's best known composition. Co-written by Paul Williams, the song was covered Tiny Tim on the B-side of his 1968 hit single "Tiptoe through the Tulips". Bowie recorded Rose's song ‘Fill Your Heart’ was recorded on his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Yes Keyboard player Rick Wakeman worked as a session musician on Hunky Dory . He noted, “I remember going out and getting a Biff Rose album myself as he had obviously influenced David.” A young Bruce Springsteen opened up for Biff Rose at Max's Kansas City in February 1973. In attendance that evening was David Bowie who had gone specifically to see Biff. Rose's songs been recorded by John Denver , Vetiver and Pat Boone. Cat Stevens counts Rose as an influence. Racism Allegations In October 2017, Indy Week pointed out that Rose's website contained "blatantly racist and anti-Semitic material." In an interview with Nate Waggoner, Rose, " expresses some views that are definitely not my own." In a published emailed rebuttal, Rose offered racist ideas about Islam as a defense against being anti-Semitic. He continued to post racist and anti-Semitic language and ideas on his websites and social media accounts, including drawings that utilized visual ethnic stereotypes and graphic depictions of homophobia and misogyny. Full-length releasesThe Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side (1968)Children of Light (1969)Biff Rose [some copies titled Ride On] (1970)Half Live at the Bitter End (1971)Uncle Jesus, Aunty Christ (1972)Hamburger Blues (1973)Roast Beef (1978)Thee Messiah Album/Live at Gatsby's (1979) References Further reading Stevenson, Salli. "An Outasight Rap with Biff Rose; Far Out! (or 'Marching Through Georgia')". UCLA Daily Bruin. February 4, 1970. Dawson, Jim. "Biff Rose back at the piano after some burned-out years". The Baltimore Sun''. May 29, 1978. External links Bandcamp http://www.biffrose.bandcamp.com/ 1937 births 2023 deaths American male singers Songwriters from Louisiana American comedy musicians Musicians from New Orleans American male songwriters

4043300

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitheroe%20railway%20station

Clitheroe railway station

Clitheroe railway station serves the town of Clitheroe in Lancashire, England. The station is the northern terminus of the Ribble Valley Line / Clitheroe Line operated by Northern Trains and is north of Blackburn. The station forms part of Clitheroe Interchange, which has won a number of awards. History The original station opened on 22 June 1850. It was replaced in 1893–4 by another approximately to the north. The station closed to normal services on 10 September 1962 (that is, before the Beeching cuts) but remained in use for special services until 7 February 1971. The special services resumed on 14 May 1990, and the station was fully reopened on 29 May 1994, when passenger services began again from Blackburn. The line from here continues northwards towards , but this section is normally used only by freight and engineering trains on weekdays; passenger services are limited to a pair of Sundays only Dalesrail charter trains and occasional railtours. The line also forms part of a valuable strategic diversionary route between and , which is utilised if planned engineering work blocks the West Coast Main Line over Shap. It has also been used in emergency for unplanned work between these locations. Terminating trains from the Blackburn direction run empty up to Horrocksford Junction to the north (where the former Ribble Cement (now Hansons) factory branch diverges from the main line) and use the crossover there to reverse and change lines prior to returning to the station. The station has since become an award-winning bus and train transport interchange. The bus station, known as the Clitheroe Interchange, is the terminus for bus connections bringing passengers from towns and villages in the Ribble Valley area to the train service to and Manchester. The Ribble Valley Line is a community railway line and is supervised by the Ribble Valley Rail group, which includes the train operator Northern. Facilities The station had a ticket office, which was next to the old station building (which is used as an art gallery). The ticket office, operated by Lancashire County Council rather than operator Northern, permanently closed from February 2020. It was staffed Monday to Friday. All tickets must now be purchased via mobile device or from the ticket machine on Platform 1. There are waiting shelters on both platforms (which are offset from each other) and train running details are provided via digital screens, signage, customer help points and automatic announcements. Step-free access is available on both sides. Services All train services are operated by Northern Trains. There is generally an hourly service daily from Clitheroe to via Blackburn and Manchester Victoria with some extra trains during weekday peak hours. Northern used to operate a variety of train types on the route but now only operate a variety of Sprinter trains, including Class 150, Class 156 and Class 158 units. For much of 2017 and 2018, Saturday and Sunday services to Manchester have either been partially replaced by buses south of Bolton or diverted via and due to the Manchester to Preston Line being closed for electrification work. On Sundays, one or two trains operated from Preston along the Ribble Valley Line via Clitheroe to Hellifield and onwards towards via the Settle-Carlisle Line. This improves on the previous service that only ran in the summer. The service was suspended from the winter 2022 timetable change, but Northern hope to reinstate it in the spring of 2024. Due to overcrowding at certain times, there are plans from the Department for Transport to increase services from 1 tph to 2 tph; however, the funding for this may not be available. Notes References Welch, M.S. (2004) Lancashire Steam Finale, Runpast Publishing, Cheltenham, External links Clitheroe Interchange - Lancashire County Council Environmental Directorate Ribble Valley Rail official website Video of Clitheroe Railway Station Clitheroe Railway stations in Ribble Valley DfT Category F2 stations Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962 Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994 Reopened railway stations in Great Britain Northern franchise railway stations

4043311

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20110

British Rail Class 110

The Class 110 diesel multiple units were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line. They originally entered service uniquely in this region, which earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets. They were an updated version of the Class 104, with more powerful engines, a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames. Description The fact that they were primarily intended for services on the arduous Calder Valley route meant that Class 110 needed more power than other first generation DMUs, so they were fitted with Rolls-Royce C6NFLH engines, and when delivered they had the highest hp/ton of any of the first generation DMUs, including the lightweights. With a set weighing 87½ tons (tare), this gave a power-to-weight ratio of 8.3 hp / ton, which was appreciably higher than any other DMU in use at the time using normally aspirated engines. Performance tests included a standing start against a ruling gradient of 1 in 261 and a set in tare condition achieved a speed of in 45 seconds, in 2 minutes 4 seconds, and in 4 minutes 6 seconds. From a standing start on a 1 in 45 gradient a speed of in third gear was reached in 42 seconds. Each set had 24 first class and 159 second class seats. Timeline The first twenty sets, for the NER, were ordered in March 1959 and were allocated to Bradford Hammerton Street depot. The second batch were allocated to the LMR in January 1961, based at Newton Heath in Manchester. Deliveries of the two batches was concurrent, starting in 1961, and these were the penultimate class of first generation sets to be built. All sets were concentrated at Hammerton Street by 1976. Refurbishment of the class took place in 1979 - 1980, with fluorescent lighting, new seat covers, new internal panelling and mechanical modifications to reduce the occurrence of the fires in the exhaust system which were common on many classes of first generation DMU. During refurbishment the class was repainted, first in the white livery with a blue stripe below the windows that was standard for refurbished DMUs and later in the standard British Rail blue and Grey livery. All sets that were turned out in the white livery were later repainted in blue and Grey. The TSLs were removed from most sets and scrapped in 1982 to reduce maintenance costs and to allow a higher performance for an accelerated timetable on the Calder Valley line. At 11.2 hp/ton these sets now had by far the highest power/weight ratio of any first generation DMU, but with a significantly reduced capacity of just 111 seats. At the same time all First Class seats were declassified to Second although the seats were not replaced. The reduced capacity caused a problem with the upturn in traffic of the mid 1980s and some sets were supplemented in 1984–85 with centre cars from withdrawn Class 111 units. Bradford Hammerton Street depot closed in 1984, and all remaining Class 110 units were transferred to Neville Hill in Leeds. The small fleet size together with maintenance costs of the non-standard Rolls-Royce engines ensured their early withdrawal. The engines were mounted with cylinder heads facing inwards, unlike all other DMU classes, and this required specialised facilities for engine removal which were only available at their home depot. Class 150/2 'Sprinters' were introduced on the Calder Valley route in 1987. Most displaced units continued in traffic until October 1989, but were no longer common in the Calder Valley. Orders Preservation Five vehicles are preserved: Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway two-car set (52071 & 52077) East Lancashire Railway three-car set (51813 & 51842) Model railways In 1982 Hornby Railways launched its first version of the BR Class 110 in OO gauge. References Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding External links History of the Class 110s 110 BRCW multiple units Train-related introductions in 1961

4043313

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noweb

Noweb

Noweb, stylised in lowercase as noweb, is a literate programming tool, created in 1989–1999 by Norman Ramsey, and designed to be simple, easily extensible and language independent. As in WEB and CWEB, the main components of Noweb are two programs: "notangle", which extracts 'machine' source code from the source texts, and "noweave", which produces nicely-formatted printable documentation. Noweb supports TeX, LaTeX, HTML, and troff back ends and works with any programming language. Besides simplicity this is the main advantage over WEB, which needs different versions to support programming languages other than Pascal. (Thus the necessity of CWEB, which supports C and similar languages.) Noweb's input A Noweb input text contains program source code interleaved with documentation. It consists of so-called chunks that are either documentation chunks or code chunks. A documentation chunk begins with a line that starts with an at sign (@) followed by a space or newline. A documentation chunk has no name. Documentation chunks normally contain LaTeX, but Noweb is also used with HTML, plain TeX, and troff. Code chunks are named. A code chunk begins with <<chunk name>>= on a line by itself. The double left angle bracket (<<) must be in the first column. Each chunk is terminated by the beginning of another chunk. If the first line in the file does not mark the beginning of a chunk, it is assumed to be the first line of a documentation chunk. Code chunks aren't treated specially by Noweb's tools—they may be placed in any order and, when needed, they are just concatenated. Chunk references in code are dereferenced and the whole requested source code is extracted. Example of a simple Noweb program This is an example of a "hello world" program with documentation: \section{Hello world} Today I awoke and decided to write some code, so I started to write Hello World in \textsf C. <<hello.c>>= /* <<license>> */ #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { printf("Hello World!\n"); return 0; } @ \noindent \ldots then I did the same in PHP. <<hello.php>>= <?php /* <<license>> */ echo "Hello world!\n"; ?> @ \section{License} Later the same day some lawyer reminded me about licenses. So, here it is: <<license>>= This work is placed in the public domain. Assuming that the above code is placed in a file named 'hello.nw', the command to extract the human-readable document in HTML format is: noweave -filter l2h -index -html hello.nw | htmltoc > hello.html ... and in LaTeX format: noweave -index -latex hello.nw > hello.tex To extract machine source code: notangle -Rhello.c hello.nw > hello.c notangle -Rhello.php hello.nw > hello.php Compatibility Noweb defines a specific file format and a file is likely to interleave three different formats (Noweb, LaTeX and the language used for the software). This is not recognised by other software development tools and consequently using Noweb excludes the use of UML or code documentation tools. See also WEB CWEB Notes External links Norman Ramsey's home page notangle online man page noweb.py – an open-source noweb clone written in Python noweb.php – noweb clone in PHP Free documentation generators Literate programming Troff

4043318

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative%20poetry

Speculative poetry

Speculative poetry is a genre of poetry that focusses on fantastic, science fictional and mythological themes. It is also known as science fiction poetry or fantastic poetry. It is distinguished from other poetic genres by being categorized by its subject matter, rather than by the poetry's form. Suzette Haden Elgin defined the genre as "about a reality that is in some way different from the existing reality." Due to the similarity of subject matter, it is often published by the same markets that publish short stories and novellas of science fiction, fantasy and horror, and many authors write both in speculative fiction and speculative poetry. The field has one major award, the Rhysling Award, given annually to a poem of more than fifty lines and to a sub-fifty lines poem by the US-based Science Fiction Poetry Association. History Much of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century used techniques seen in modern fantasy literature: retellings of classical mythology and European folklore, both to show alternative angles in the stories and to explore social issues. Many distinguished poets here were women, and many used folktales as an acceptable social camouflage with which to explore feminist concerns. One of the most celebrated of these poems, Christina Rossetti's 1862 "Goblin Market", remains a source of critical debate. Andrew Joron wrote in 1981, that over the past decade in the United States "it was possible to create a tradition, that established and defined the genre" of science fiction poetry. In common with the gradual recognition of science fiction and fantasy as distinct literary genres in the 1930s, science-fictional poetry began publication as a distinct genre in the pulp magazines of the United States. Fantasy-specific Weird Tales (1923–1954) and its brief compatriot Unknown (1939–43) were the only major publishers. They were succeeded by more serious venues including the US-based The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF) (1949–), the UK-based flagship of the New Wave movement New Worlds while it was under the editorship of Michael Moorcock between 1964 and 1970, and the annual reprint anthologies of F&SF and The Year's Best Science Fiction edited by Judith Merril. These anthologies drew much of their content from mainstream or literary sources. In the 1960s, anthologies of original speculative material began to be published. F&SF ceased accepting poetry in 1977, a gap in the market taken up by the newly established Asimov's. The Science Fiction Poetry Association (SFPA) was founded by Suzette Haden Elgin the following year. In the 1970s, Elgin's colleague Frederick J. Mayer for some time awarded an annual Clark Ashton Smith Award for best fantastic poetry. By 1990, Asimov's remained the major news-stand market, but a diverse array of predominantly US-based small press markets had developed, many lasting several decades, and many choosing purely electronic publication post-2000. This is in common with mainstream written poetry in the US over this time. SFPA (now called the Science Fiction and Fantasy Poetry Association) awards the Rhysling for short- and long-form SF and fantasy poetry awards annually; most winners have been either science fiction or science-themed rather than fantasy or horror. Most Rhysling nominees have been from the small-press poetry journals Dreams & Nightmares, The Magazine of Speculative Poetry, and the SFPA's own journal, Star*Line. Winners are reprinted in the Nebula Awards anthology. The Horror Writers Association has a separate recognition for single-author collections of horror poetry, the Bram Stoker Award, though there is no facility in the Bram Stoker Award to honour anthologies of horror/weird poetry. Subgenres and themes Science fiction Science fiction poetry's main sources are the sciences and the literary movement of science fiction prose. Scientifically-informed verse, sometimes termed poetry of science, is a branch that has either scientists and their work or scientific phenomena as its primary focus; it may also use scientific jargon as metaphor. Important collections in this area include the 1985 anthology of predominantly Science-published poems Songs from Distant Worlds. This area often sees work by mainstream poets, and works on these themes dominated the early years of the Rhysling awards. Mythic Mythic poetry deals with myth and folklore, with a particular focus on reinterpreting and retelling traditional stories. Horror Horror poetry is a subset which, in the same way as horror fiction, concentrates on ghostly, macabre, spectral, supernatural themes. Modern horror poetry may also introduce themes of sadism, violence, gore, and the like. Weird Weird poetry is a subset. It differs in several important ways from straightforward modern horror poetry. It arises from the early 20th century literary tradition of 'the weird' also known as weird fiction, in which certain groups of authors collectively attempted to move beyond tired old stories of haunted castles, graveyard ghosts, and suave vampires. It tends to be concerned with the subtly uncanny, and is expressed in macabre and serious tones. The atmospheres of a certain place may be evoked, and the narrator may discover certain weird details of that place which arouse a sense of unexplainable dread. Some weird poetry will describe timeless geological forces or the night sky, trying to harness the feeling of dread to a wider and sublime 'cosmic awe' about mankind's insignificance in the universe. Yet the narrators of such poetry tend to be unreliable, and may perhaps be on the edge of madness. They may describe or hint at unreal nature-defying events which occur in otherwise normal places - although without the overt technical explanation found in science fiction, and without the violence and sadism common to modern post-1970 horror. S. T. Joshi's short book of essays Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry (2008) examines a number of key weird poets. While weird poetry has appeared in a vast array of anthologies and journals (both professional and small-press), perhaps the first journal devoted exclusively to this form is Spectral Realms, founded in 2013 by editor S.T. Joshi and published by Hippocampus Press. Noted poets See also New Weird Scifaiku Slipstream (genre) Speculative art References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading The Year's Best Science Fiction, edited by Harry Harrison and Brian Aldiss, a nine volume anthology series which included a poetry section in every volume. August Derleth ed. Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1947. Crucial anthology of 65 poets ranging from border balladeers to moderns. August Derleth ed. Fire and Sleet and Candlelight: New Poems of the Macabre. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1961. Anthology of 93 poets, mainly moderns. Elgin, Suzette Haden, The Science Fiction Poetry Handbook, 2005. Sam's Dot Publishing Frazier, Robert, ed. Burning with a Vision: Poetry of Science and the Fantastic. Philadelphia: Owlswick press, 1984. Fantastic poetry by moderns from Diane Ackerman to Al Zolynas. Lovecraft, Charles. "Echoes in the Wilderness: Weird Poetry in Australia". Futurian Observer No 1 (new series) (April 2010), pp. 15–16. Pioneering checklist of weird and fantastic poems by Australian writers. Scott E. Green. Contemporary Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Poetry: A Resource Guide and Biographical Directory (Greenwood Press, 1989) S.T. Joshi and Steven J. Mariconda, eds. Dreams of fear: Poetry of Terror and the Supernatural. Comprehensive anthology of weird poetry from Homer through to moderns such as Gary William Crawford, Ann K. Schwader, Bruce Boston, G. Sutton Brieding, W.H. Pugmire and Leigh Blackmore. S.T. Joshi Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry. P'rea Press, 2008. External links Speculative Poetry: A Symposium, Part 1 of 2 (Strange Horizons) Speculative Poetry: A Symposium, Part 2 of 2 (Strange Horizons) The Failure of Genre Poetry by Bruce Boston at the Fortean Bureau Dialogues by Starlight: Three Approaches to Writing SF Poetry by Michael Collings Online venues Abyss & Apex Eye To The Telescope Goblin Fruit Ideomancer inkscrawl Journal of Mythic Arts Niteblade Mithila Review Mythic Delirium Star*Line Stone Telling Strange Horizons Through the Gate Genres of poetry Science fiction genres Fantasy genres

4043321

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strode%27s%20College

Strode's College

Strode's College is a sixth form college located in Egham, Surrey. It was founded in 1704, when Henry Strode bequeathed £6,000 to set up a free school in his native parish of Egham. In the twentieth century, Strode's became a boys' grammar school, before being designated a sixth form college in 1975. The college also provides a range of day and evening Adult Education courses. In September 2016, the college announced its intention to merge with East Berkshire College in February 2017. Alumni of the college are sometimes referred to as Old Strodians. History The college traces its origins to the free school founded by Henry Strode. This school and the Almshouses were built on the same site in Egham in 1706. The original buildings were pulled down. Of their replacements, built in 1828, two ranges of almshouses remain. Listed as historic buildings, they are still in use by the college. The present main college building dates from 1915. The school has been known previously as Strode's School and as Strode's Grammar School from 1919 until 1975, when it became Strode's College. The Worshipful Company of Coopers From the time of its foundation the Coopers' Company was the Trustee of Henry Strode's Charity, which administered the School but in 1912 the Charity Commissioners drafted a new Scheme which gave the School its own Board of Governors, changed it from an elementary to a secondary school and brought it into the Surrey education system. Under further changes introduced following the 1944 Education Act, the School was granted Voluntary Controlled status as a Boys' Grammar School and the composition of its Governing Body set to include four Foundation Trustees, one of whom, at least, was to be a representative of the company. The Company continues to provide funds administered by the Foundation Trustees for the benefit of the college. Notable former students Susie Amy, actress Paul Casey, professional golfer Kirsty Capes, author Colin Cramphorn, policeman Sir Roy Gardner, businessman Adrian Genziani, Olympic rower Gavin Greenaway, composer and conductor Hard-Fi band members Steve Lillywhite CBE, record producer (U2 etc.) Doon Mackichan, actor and comedian Aubrey Manning, zoologist and broadcaster Dennis Pacey, footballer Elyes Gabel, actor Mark Stephens, CBE, lawyer and broadcaster Timothy J. G. Harris, historian External links Strode's College Website The Worshipful Company of Coopers References Sixth form colleges in Surrey

4043325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Toronto%20Blue%20Jays%20broadcasters

List of Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters

This page details the broadcasters for the Toronto Blue Jays Major League Baseball team. Television Sportsnet Buck Martinez, play-by-play announcer, colour commentator (2010–present) (former colour commentator on TSN 1987–2000) Dan Shulman, play-by-play announcer (2016–present) (50 games per season; formerly on TSN 1995–2001) Jamie Campbell, studio host (2010-present) (former play-by-play announcer on Rogers Sportsnet (2005–2009) Joe Siddall, studio analyst (2018–present) Hazel Mae, field-level reporter (2015-present) TVA Sports (French) Denis Casavant, play-by-play (2022–present) Rodger Brulotte, colour commentator (2011–present) Radio Sportsnet 590 the Fan / Toronto Blue Jays Radio Network Ben Wagner, play-by-play announcer (2018–2020, August 2021–present) Simulcast of Sportsnet TV audio (April–July 2021) Former Radio Alan Ashby, play-by-play and colour commentator (2007–2012) Kevin Barker, occasional colour commentator (2018–2020) Tom Cheek, play-by-play announcer (1977–2004) (deceased; 2013 Ford C. Frick Award winner) Dirk Hayhurst, substitute colour commentator (2013) Jerry Howarth, play-by-play announcer (1981–2017) Gary Matthews, colour commentator (2000–2001) Jack Morris, colour commentator (2013) Warren Sawkiw, colour commentator (2005–2006) Joe Siddall, colour commentator (2014–2017) Duane Ward, substitute colour commentator (2014–2017) Mike Wilner, secondary play-by-play announcer (2002–2020) and studio host Early Wynn, colour commentator (1977–1981) (deceased) Television Alan Ashby, substitute play-by-play and colour commentator (2007–2012) Jesse Barfield, colour commentator (2007–2008) Rod Black, play-by-play announcer (1999–2009) Tom Candiotti, colour commentator (2005–2006) Joe Carter, colour commentator (1999–2000) John Cerutti, colour commentator (1997–2004) (deceased) Don Chevrier, play-by-play announcer (1977–1996) (deceased) Matt Devlin, occasional play-by-play announcer (2013–present) Jacques Doucet, French-language play-by-play announcer (2011–2022) Rob Faulds, play-by-play announcer (2001–2004), occasional play-by-play announcer (2012-15) Darrin Fletcher, colour commentator (2005–2009) Whitey Ford, colour commentator (1977) (deceased) Elliotte Friedman, play-by-play announcer (2007–2008) Jim Hughson, play-by-play announcer (1990–1994, 2007–2008) (then lead play-by-play announcer with Hockey Night in Canada) Tommy Hutton, colour commentator (1990–1996) Tony Kubek, colour commentator (1977–1989) (2009 Ford C. Frick Award winner) Tom McKee, Host, field reporter, Producer of Blue Jays Baseball (1977–1992) (2013 George Gross Career Achievement Award) Rance Mulliniks, colour commentator (2005–2010) Fergie Olver, play-by-play announcer, field reporter, and host (1981–1996) Ken Singleton, colour commentator (1985–1986) Pat Tabler, colour commentator (2001–2022) Brian Williams, play-by-play announcer (1993–2002) Gregg Zaun, studio analyst (2011–2017) Chronology Television 1990s 1980s Radio 1990s See also MLB on TSN List of current Major League Baseball announcers List of Toronto Maple Leafs broadcasters List of Toronto Raptors broadcasters References External links Bluejays.com: Broadcasters Toronto Blue Jays Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters Broadcasters Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters

4043348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive%20at%20the%20Ladybug%20House

Alive at the Ladybug House

Alive at the Ladybug House is the second solo, acoustic album from The Slackers' keyboardist/lead singer, Vic Ruggiero. It was released in 2004. Recorded live at The Ladybug House in Pasadena, CA USA Track listing "Mean + Nasty" (2:45) "Vic's Lament" (2:36) "'Til the Early Morning" (4:12) "International War Criminal" (2:58) "American Psychopath" (2:53) "20 Flight Rock" (2:45) "Parking Lot" (3:06) "Yes It's True" (4:00) "Animales" (5:44) "86 The Mayo" (3:06) References 2004 live albums Vic Ruggiero albums

4043364

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Indiana

List of newspapers in Indiana

This is a list of newspapers in Indiana. Daily newspapersThis is a list of daily newspapers in Indiana. For weekly, monthly or university newspapers, see List of newspapers in Indiana. List is in order of place of publication Indiana Republic Times Anderson Herald Bulletin – Anderson The Herald Republican – Angola The Star – Auburn The Herald Tribune – Batesville Bedford Times-Mail – Bedford The Herald-Times – Bloomington Bluffton News Banner – Bluffton The Brazil Times – Brazil Jackson County Banner – Brownstown Chesterton Tribune – Chesterton Hoosier Topics – Cloverdale The daily Clintonian – Clinton The Post & Mail – Columbia City The Republic – Columbus News Examiner – Connersville The Corydon Democrat – Corydon Journal Review – Crawfordsville The Paper of Montgomery County – Crawfordsville Decatur Daily Democrat – Decatur News Sun & Evening Star – DeKalb County Carroll County Comet - Delphi The Dubois County Herald – Dubois County The Elkhart Truth – Elkhart Evansville Courier & Press – Evansville News 4U – Evansville The Journal Gazette – Fort Wayne The News-Sentinel – Fort Wayne The Times – Frankfort Daily Journal of Johnson County – Franklin Goshen News – Goshen Banner-Graphic – Greencastle Daily Reporter – Greenfield Greensburg Daily News – Greensburg Hartford City News-Times – Hartford City Herald-Press – Huntington Indianapolis Business Journal – Indianapolis Indianapolis Daily Evening Gazette The Indianapolis Recorder – Indianapolis The Indianapolis Star – Indianapolis The Indianapolis Times - Indianapolis The Indy Outlook – Indianapolis The Herald – Jasper / Dubois County Evening News and Tribune – Jeffersonville The News Sun – Kendallville Kokomo Tribune – Kokomo Herald-Argus – La Porte Journal & Courier – Lafayette The Daily Sun – Lebanon Lebanon Reporter – Lebanon Greene County Daily World – Linton Pharos-Tribune – Logansport Madison Courier – Madison Chronicle-Tribune – Marion Reporter Times – Martinsville Post-Tribune – Merrillville The News-Dispatch – Michigan City The Paper of Montgomery County – Montgomery County Herald Journal – Monticello The Star Press – Muncie Muncie Voice – Muncie The Times of Northwest Indiana – Munster The Courier-Times – New Castle The Farmer's Exchange – New Paris Newburgh Chandler Register – Newburgh Noblesville Daily Times – Noblesville Sagamore News Media – Noblesville Plain Dealer & Sun – North Vernon Paoli News-Republican – Paoli Peru Tribune – Peru The Flyer Group Newspapers – Plainfield Shelbyville News – Plainfield The Pilot News – Plymouth Commercial Review – Portland Princeton Daily Clarion – Princeton Palladium-Item – Richmond The Rochester Sentinel – Rochester Rushville Republican – Rushville Seymour Tribune – Seymour Shelbyville News – Shelbyville South Bend Tribune – South Bend Spencer Evening World – Spencer Journal of Business – Terre Haute Tribune-Star – Terre Haute Osgood Journal – Versailles Versailles Republican – Versailles Vincennes Sun-Commercial – Vincennes Wabash Plain Dealer – Wabash Times-Union – Warsaw Washington Times Herald – Washington Times Sentinel – ZionsvilleWeekly newspapers El Tribuna de Indianapolis – Indianapolis The Fountain County Neighbor – Attica AvilLaOtto NooZ – Avilla, Indiana's first email newspaper Hendricks County Flyer – Avon Journal-Press – Aurora Times - Crothersville} Frost Illustrated – Fort Wayne Ink newspaper – Fort Wayne The Waynedale News – Fort Wayne The Neighbor – Fountain and Warren Counties The Benton Review – Fowler Gary Crusader – Gary The Franklin Township Informer – Indianapolis National Jewish Post and Opinion – Indianapolis NUVO – Indianapolis The Southside Times – Indianapolis Kendallville Mall – Kendallville Newton County Enterprise – Kentland Parke County Sentinel – Rockville Kokomo Perspective – Kokomo Dearborn County Register – Lawrenceburg Mt. Vernon Democrat – Mt. Vernon Brown County Democrat – Nashville Posey County News – New Harmony The News-Journal – North Manchester Spencer County Journal Democrat – Rockport The Sheridan News – Sheridan Perry County News – Tell City The Review Republican – Williamsport The Regional News – LaCrosse Westville Indicator – Westville West Side Community News, Indianapolis, Indiana West Indianapolis Community News, Indianapolis, Indiana Biweekly newspapers The Indiana Weekender – Indianapolis Mooresville Times – Mooresville The News-Gazette – Winchester The AD Paper – Columbia City Monthly newspapers Aboite & About – Fort Wayne and Roanoke Special Edition – Greenfield Our Hometown News – Avilla & Noble County The Muncie Times – Muncie (bi-monthly) The Beacon – Southeastern Indiana The Village Sampler – Broad Ripple Village, Indianapolis, Published June 1987 - December 1998 Newspapers in languages other than English Makedonska Tribuna (Macedonian Tribune) – Fort Wayne (Macedonian) La Voz de Indiana – Indianapolis (bilingual – English and Spanish) Magyarsag – South Bend (Hungarian) El Tribuna de Indianapolis – Indianapolis (bilingual – English and Spanish) El Tribuna de Lafayette – Lafayette (bilingual – English and Spanish) El Tribuna de Fort Wayne – Fort Wayne (bilingual – English and Spanish) University newspapers The Andersonian – Anderson University The Ball State Daily News – Ball State University The Butler Collegian – Butler University Earlham College Word – Earlham College The Franklin - Franklin College Goshen College Record – Goshen College Indiana Daily Student – Indiana University Bloomington The Campus Citizen – Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI) The Communicator – Indiana University Purdue University at Fort Wayne (IPFW) The Preface – Indiana University South Bend The Horizon – Indiana University Southeast Indiana Statesman – Indiana State University The Phoenix – Marian University Purdue Exponent – Purdue University The Chronicle – Purdue University Calumet The Irish Rover – University of Notre Dame The Observer – University of Notre Dame The Shield – University of Southern Indiana The Torch – Valparaiso University The Bachelor – Wabash College The Reflector – University of Indianapolis See also References

4043368

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalley%20railway%20station

Whalley railway station

Whalley railway station serves the village of Whalley in Lancashire, England. The station lies on the Ribble Valley Line north of Blackburn. The station has two platforms, slightly offset from each other. It is unstaffed, with shelters on each platform. Immediately beyond its eastern end, the line crosses the River Calder on a long, brick viaduct of 48 arches. History The station was opened on 22 June 1850 by the Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe and West Yorkshire Railway when it opened the line from , near Blackburn to Hellifield Junction, just south of . The station was host to a LMS caravan from 1934 to 1936. It was closed on 10 September 1962 by the British Transport Commission and reopened with the rest of the line on 29 May 1994. Facilities There is a Ticket Vending Machine on the Manchester platform. However, there are customer help points on both platforms, automated train running announcements and timetable information posters are provided. Step free access is only available on the Manchester bound platform. Services There is generally an hourly service daily (including Sundays) northbound to Clitheroe and southbound to Blackburn, Bolton, and Manchester Victoria; and on to Rochdale, with extra trains during peak hours. On Sundays in the summer, one or two 'Dalesrail' trains operated from Preston or Blackpool North along the Ribble Valley Line via Clitheroe to Hellifield, and onwards towards Settle and Carlisle. These also an in winter but terminate at Hellifield, where connections for stations to Carlisle could be made. These are currently (August 2023) suspended, but are planned for reinstatement in the future. References External links The history of Whalley Railway Station - Ribble Valley Railway Railway stations in Ribble Valley DfT Category F2 stations Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962 Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994 Reopened railway stations in Great Britain Northern franchise railway stations

4043371

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz

Rascalz

Rascalz are a Canadian hip-hop group from Vancouver, British Columbia. The group played a crucial role in the artistic and commercial development of Canadian hip hop as well as specifically for the Westcoast scene in Vancouver popularizing the term “Van City”. The group consists of emcees Red1 and Misfit, and record producer DJ Kemo. Breakdancers Zebroc and Dedos were also part of the group. History Formed in 1991, the group released an independent album for Calabash Records in 1992. The album, Really Livin, was recorded under the name of Ragga Muffin Rascals, and a reworked major label recording was released the following year in 1993 by Sony Music Canada. Both versions of the album received Juno Award nominations for Best Rap Recording, the Calabash Records version at the Juno Awards of 1993 and the Sony version at the Juno Awards of 1995. In 1994, the group started Figure IV Records. The Rascalz are not Vancouver's first rap group, and have quoted acts such as EQ, Craig Crush and Mike D'Zire as influences. The group moved to BMG Canada in 1997 to record Cash Crop. Juno Award protest Cash Crop was nominated for Best Rap Recording at the Juno Awards of 1998. Due to Canadian hip hop's limited commercial visibility in the era, however, the rap award had never been presented during the main Juno ceremony, instead being relegated to the untelevised technical awards ceremony during the previous evening. This fact had previously been criticized for creating a barrier to the commercial visibility of Canadian hip hop. The band won the award, but alleged that racism was a factor in the award's disadvantageous scheduling and explicitly declined the award on that basis. The band had not yet arrived at the ceremony when the award was announced—when they did arrive, they were simply pulled aside and told that they had won the award. Their move sparked considerable media debate about the state of Canadian hip hop. As a result of the controversy, the Juno Awards moved the rap category to the main ceremony the following year. "Northern Touch" Also in 1998, Rascalz wrote a special one-off single called "Northern Touch", which they recorded with guest rappers Checkmate, Kardinal Offishall, Thrust and Choclair. The music video was directed by Little X and featured Melyssa Ford. Although not on the original pressing of Cash Crop, the song was released as a single, and was quickly adopted as an anthem for Canadian hip hop's resilience and determination. The song broke the odds to become the first Canadian hip hop hit since 1991. At the Juno Awards of 1999, the first time the rap award was presented during the televised ceremony, Rascalz won the award for "Northern Touch", and performed the song live at the ceremony in Hamilton. This represented the first time that a hip hop band had ever performed on the Juno Awards stage. Later releases Rascalz released Global Warning in 1999. The album contained the hit single "Priceless" (a collaboration with Esthero). In 2001 the group performed in Charlottetown, PEI, with Kardinal Offishall, IRS and Jelleestone. The hit song "Crazy World" (featuring Notch and Sazon Diamante) appeared on 2002's album Reloaded. They also recorded a song called "Top of the World" from the Global Warning album, and it featured K-os and Barrington Levy. Red1 released a solo album, Beg For Nothing on March 6, 2007, through his own Killawatt Records. The original release of Really Livin was pressed for first time on limited release vinyl in 2019 on Smoke In Records. The Rascalz have officially retired from producing new music for over a decade, however still perform occasionally. In 2021, the Rascalz were credited with their first guest appearance for a Canadian artist in over a decade on the track 'Note To The City' by Boslen. The song appeared on his album 'Dusk to Dawn' and was released by Chaos Club Digital/ Capitol Music Group. The actual segment is a sample of Red1's verse on Blind Wid Da Science off their 1997 Cash Crop album. Discography Independent albums Really Livin''' (1992) Studio albums Really Livin (1993) (reworked major label re-release) Cash Crop (1997) Global Warning (1999) Reloaded (2002) Solo projects Red1 – Beg for Nothing'' (2007) See also Canadian hip hop Music of Canada References External links Rascalz Red1 Canadian hip hop groups Musical groups established in 1991 Musical groups from Vancouver 1991 establishments in British Columbia Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year winners

4043387

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20Fiction%20%26%20Fantasy%20Poetry%20Association

Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association

The Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association (SFPA) is a society based in the United States with the aim of fostering an international community of writers and readers interested in poetry pertaining to the genres of science fiction, fantasy, and/or horror. The SFPA oversees the quarterly production of literary journals dedicated to speculative poetry and the annual publication of anthologies associated with awards administered by the organization, i.e. the Rhysling Awards for year's best speculative poems in two length categories and the Dwarf Stars Award for year's best very short speculative poem. Every year since 2013, the SFPA has additionally administered the Elgin Awards for best full-length speculative poetry collection and best speculative chapbook. History The SFPA was established as the Science Fiction Poetry Association in 1978 by author and linguist Suzette Haden Elgin. Elizabeth Chater served as the first president of the SFPA, followed by Gene Wolf. Other SFPA presidents have included Deborah P Kolodji, David C. Kopaska-Merkel, Bryan D. Dietrich, and, most recently, Bryan Thao Worra. In 2017, members of the SFPA voted to rename the organization the "Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association," while maintaining the acronym "SFPA." Since 1978, the organization has overseen the production of the speculative poetry journal Star*Line, currently edited by Jean-Paul Garnier. In addition to publishing poetry and reviews of books released in the relevant genres, Star*Line provides SFPA members and other subscribers with market listings and industry news bulletins. Past editors include Vince Gotera, F. J. Bergmann, Marge Simon, and founder Suzette Haden Elgin. Since 2011, the SFPA has additionally published the online poetry magazine Eye to the Telescope. In order to broaden the scope of the organization's literary footprint, Eye to the Telescope has a rotating editorship, with a different editor responsible for selecting the theme and contents of each issue of the journal. Publications Journals Star*Line (1978- ) Eye to the Telescope (2011- ) Annual anthologies Rhysling Anthology (1981- ) Dwarf Stars (2006- ) Books The Science Fiction Poetry Handbook by Suzette Haden Elgin (2005, Sam's Dot Publishing) The Alchemy of Stars, ed. Roger Dutcher and Mike Allen (2005, Prime Books) The Alchemy of Stars II, ed. Sandra J. Lindow (2019, SFPA) Awards Since its inception in 1978, the organization has administered the Rhysling Award for best science fiction poetry of the year. The award is given in two categories: "Best Long Poem" for works of 50 or more lines and "Best Short Poem" for works of 49 or fewer lines. The SFPA also bestows the Dwarf Stars Award for short poem (up to ten lines). Since the 1980s the Rhysling-winning poems are included in the Nebula Awards anthology published by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, along with (since 2008) the Dwarf Stars winning poems. The two awards involve the publication of annual anthologies of nominated works. Since 2006 (with a hiatus in 2009 and 2011), the SFPA has sponsored an annual contest for best poem in the dwarf (up to 10 lines), short (11 to 49 lines), and long category (50 lines and above). In 2013, SFPA inaugurated the Elgin Awards for poetry collections, named after SFPA founder Suzette Haden Elgin. Two awards are given annually, for best speculative chapbook and best full-length speculative poetry collection. Since 1999, the SFPA has intermittently conferred Grand Master status on select poets who "for a period of no fewer than 20 years" have been actively publishing speculative poetry deemed "exceptional in merit, scope, vision and innovation." Poets must be living to be considered for the honor. Recipients of the award include Ray Bradbury in 2008 and Jane Yolen in 2010. See also Speculative poetry List of speculative poets References External links Science fiction organizations Poetry organizations Arts organizations established in 1978 American writers' organizations

4043405

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluicing

Sluicing

In syntax, sluicing is a type of ellipsis that occurs in both direct and indirect interrogative clauses. The ellipsis is introduced by a wh-expression, whereby in most cases, everything except the wh-expression is elided from the clause. Sluicing has been studied in detail in the early 21st century and it is therefore a relatively well-understood type of ellipsis. Sluicing occurs in many languages. Basic examples Sluicing is illustrated with the following examples. In each case, an embedded question is understood though only a question word or phrase is pronounced. (The intended interpretations of the question-denoting elliptical clause are given in parentheses; parts of these are anaphoric to the boldface material in the antecedent.) Phoebe ate something, but she doesn't know what. (=what she ate) Jon doesn't like the lentils, but he doesn't know why. (=why he doesn't like the lentils) Someone has eaten the soup. Unfortunately, I don't know who. (=who has eaten the soup) Sluicing in these examples occurs in indirect questions. It is also frequent in direct questions across speakers, e.g. Somebody is coming for dinner tonight. - Who? (=Who is coming for dinner tonight)? They put something in the mailbox. - What? (=What did they put in the mailbox)? The examples of sluicing above have the sluiced material following its antecedent. This material can also precede its antecedent, e.g. I don't know why, but the pictures have been moved. (=why the pictures have been moved) When and how is unclear, but somebody should say something. (=when and how somebody should say something) Jason Merchant (2001) states that these and other examples of sluicing can be organized into four categories of sluicing constructions. These types include sluices with adjunct wh-phrases, sluices with overt correlates, sluices with implicit arguments and contrast sluices. The first type refers to when the wh-phrase does not have an elided copy of the antecedent but is an adjunct. The following example from Ali Algryani (2019) shows this: Zayd rāḥ, lakǝn ma-adri mita /wein. Zayd left.3MS but NEG-know.1S when/where ‘Zayd left, but I don’t know when/where.’ The second type refers to a correlate in the antecedent clause that is indefinite. This is shown in the above example about someone eating the soup, with ‘someone’ being the indefinite correlate of ‘who’. The third type of sluicing construction refers to when the wh-word is not referring to a term in the antecedent but is referring to an object that corresponds to the preceding verb. The following example from Algryani (2019) shows this: Fatema təqra, lakǝn ma-ʕaraf eiš. Fatema read.3FS but NEG-know.1S what ‘Fatema is reading, but I don’t know what.’ The final type of sluicing construction occurs when the elided material correspondent contrasts that of what is in the antecedent. The following example from Algryani (2019) shows this: Zayd ʕand-ah walad, lakǝn ma-adri kam bent. Zayd has.3MS son but NEG-know.1S how many daughter ‘Zayd has a son, but I don’t know how many daughters.’ Theoretical approaches to sluicing There are two theoretical approaches that have been proposed for how sluicing occurs in languages. Ross (1969) is the first examination of sluicing; he argued that sluicing involves regular wh-fronting followed by deletion of the sister constituent of the wh-phrase. This analysis has been expanded in greater detail in Merchant (2001), the most comprehensive treatise on sluicing to date. A second kind of analysis is represented by Ginzburg and Sag (2000) and Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), both of which present nonstructural analyses of ellipsis, and do not posit unpronounced elliptical material. Yet another account of sluicing builds on the catena unit; the elided material is a catena. Movement approach The movement approach states that sluicing is a product of the syntactic derivation in which an embedded clause is built in the syntax and then the wh-phrase within the embedded clause moves outside of the constituent to the position of SpecCP (specifier to the complementizer phrase). These steps are then followed by the deletion (and therefore non-pronunciation) of the tense phrase node that contains the rest of the clause. Evidence for this approach is seen in the connectivity effects of case marking, binding and preposition stranding as outlined in Merchant (2001). Case-marking in sluicing Interrogative phrases in languages with morphological case-marking show the case appropriate to the understood verb as Ross, (1969) and Merchant, (2001), illustrated here with the German verb "schmeicheln" (to flatter), which governs the dative case on its object. Er hat jemandem geschmeichelt, aber ich weiß nicht, wem. he has someone.DAT flattered but I know not who.DAT "He flattered someone, but I don't know who." The sluiced wh-phrase must bear the same case that its counterpart in a non-elided structure would bear Merchant, (2001). Preposition-stranding in sluicing It has been concluded that languages that forbid preposition-stranding in question formation also forbid it in sluicing Merchant (2001), Stjepanovic (2008), as in the following example from German: Er hat mit jemandem gesprochen, aber ich weiß nicht, *(mit) wem. he has with someone spoken but I know not with who "He spoke with someone, but I don't know (with) who." Examples of languages in which p-stranding does not occur are Greek, German, and Russian. Much research has been done to determine if sluicing can allow for preposition-stranding in a non-preposition-stranding language. Stjepanović, (2008) conducted research on whether that is possible in the non-preposition-stranding language, Serbo-Croatian. She concluded that there is not enough evidence to contradict the initial claim made by Ross. However, she found that a preposition may be lost or removed from a sentence under sluicing in Serbo-Croatian. More research is to be conducted to confirm the official cause of the loss of preposition. An example of the preposition-loss shown by Stjepanović (2008) is displayed below. Petar je sakrio igradku ispod jedne stolice i pored jednog zida, ali ne znam (ispod) koje stolice i (pored) kojeg zida. Gloss Petar is hidden toy under one chair.GEN and beside one wall. gen but not I.know under which chair.GEN and beside which wall.GEN 4 Translation Petar hid the toy under a chair and beside a wall, but I don't know which chair and which wall.' Binding Merchant (2003) demonstrates that binding supports the movement approach using the following sentence: Every linguist1  criticized some of his1 work, but I’m not sure how much of his1 work [every linguist1 criticized t] In order for the second “his work” to refer to “every linguist” in the above example, it must be c-commanded by its antecedent within its local domain. Here, “his work” could not be coreferential with the subject: “every linguist” at the beginning of the sentence because it is outside of its local domain. This provides evidence that “his work” originally started off in the elided constituent where it could be c-commanded and in the local domain of that “every linguist” before it moved out of the clause. Non-movement approach There are also several theoretical approaches to sluicing that do not involve the movement of the wh-phrase out of the embedded clause. These approaches include PF deletion and LF copying. PF deletion as proposed in Lasnik (2007) states that the TP within the embedded clause is null and has syntactic structure within it that is elided following a wh-movement operation. The other approach, LF copying, is a process proposed by Lobeck (1995) in which the original structure of a sluicing phrase is one in which the wh-word originates in the SpecCP position of the embedded clause and a null phrase marker (marked e) occupies the position of the tense phrase of the embedded clause. This is the extent of the syntactic derivation. After this structure is derived, it is sent off for semantic interpretation, to logical form, in which the implied material in the tense phrase is then present for our full understanding of the sentence. The evidence for this approach is that it is able to account for islands in sluicing as is discussed below. Islands in sluicing Sluicing has garnered considerable attention because it appears, as Ross (1969) first discussed, to allow wh-fronting to violate the island conditions he discovered: They want to hire someone who speaks a Balkan language, but I don't remember which one. (=*which one they want to hire someone who speaks) Sluicing allows a sentence that contains an island to retain its meaning and remain grammatical. As mentioned by Abels, (2018), there is an ongoing debate on whether this can happen in all situations or if it is island dependent. A biography of one of the Marx brothers will be published later this year, guess which (of the Marx brothers) [a biography of which of the Marx brothers] will be published later this year. A biography of one of the Marx brothers will be published later this year, guess which. The first example is ungrammatical because the island prevents us from moving anything out of the subject constituent (shown in square brackets). The second example is saved through sluicing as the island is sluiced and the meaning can be inferred from the context of the sentence, therefore maintaining the meaning and remaining grammatical. Multiple sluicing In some languages, sluicing can leave behind more than one wh-phrase (multiple remnant sluicing): Someone wants to eat something. ?I wish I knew who what. (=who wants to eat what) ?Something is causing someone big problems, although it's not clear what who. (=what is causing who big problems) Sentences like these are considered acceptable in languages like German, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, Russian, and others, although in English, their acceptability seems marginal (but see Bolinger 1978, Merchant 2001, and Richards 2010 for examples). Lasnik 2014 discusses the fact that the wh-phrase remnants in multiple sluicing must be clausemates: *Someone told me that something broke, but I don't remember who what. (≠who told me that what broke) Issues with different approaches to sluicing Only the catena-based approach handles multiple sluicing without further elaboration. The structural movement analysis must rely on some other type of movement to evacuate the noninitial wh-phrase from the ellipsis site; proposals for this additional movement include extraposition or shifting and need to be able to account for islands in sluicing. The nonstructural analysis must add phrase-structure rules to allow an interrogative clause to consist of multiple wh-phrases and be able to account for connectivity effects. The catena-based approach, however, does not account for the locality facts; since catenae can span multiple clauses, the fact that multiply-sluiced wh-phrases must be clausemates is a mystery. Sluicing in other languages Omani Arabic Sluicing has also been analyzed in Omani Arabi as is shown in Algryani (2019). All four of the above stated sluicing constructions outlined by Merchant (2001) are accounted for in Omani Arabic. Algryani (2019) displays the different constructions in the following examples: Sluices with Adjunct Wh-Phrases Zayd rāḥ, lakǝn ma-adri mita /wein. Zayd left.3MS but NEG-know.1S when/where ‘Zayd left, but I don’t know when/where.’ Sluices with Overt Correlates Zaid qabǝl ḥad, lakǝn ma-aʕraf mi:n. Zaid met.3MS someone but NEG-know.1S. who ‘Zaid met someone, but I don’t know who.’ Sluices with Implicit Arguments Fatema təqra, lakǝn ma-ʕaraf eiš. Fatema read.3FS but NEG-know.1S what ‘Fatema is reading, but I don’t know what.’ Contrast Sluices Zayd ʕand-ah walad, lakǝn ma-adri kam bent. Zayd has.3MS son but NEG-know.1S how many daughter ‘Zayd has a son, but I don’t know how many daughters.’ Danish The following example from Merchant, (2003) displays sluicing in Danish: Peter har snakket med en eller anden, men jeg ved ikke hvem. Peter has talked with one or another but I know not who. Peter has talked with someone, but I don't know who. German The following example from Abels, (2018) displays sluicing in German: Hans will jemandem helfen, aber ich weiß nicht wem. Hans wants someone help but I know not whom. Hans wants to help someone, but I don't know whom. Japanese The following example from Merchant (2003) displays sluicing in Japanese: Abby-ga dareka-o mi-ta ga, watashi-wa dare ka wakaranai. Abby-NOM someone-ACC see-PAST but I-TOP who Q know.not ‘Abby saw someone, but I don’t know who.’ Korean The following example from Kim & Sells (2013) displays sluicing in Korean: Mimi-ka khu-n cha-lul sa-ss-nuntey, elmana khu-nci molukeyssta Mimi-NOM big-MOD car-ACC buy-PAST-but how big-QCOMP not.know ‘Mimi bought a big car, but I don’t know how big.’ See also Ellipsis (linguistics) Verb phrase ellipsis Notes References Abels, K. 2018. Movement and Islands. The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis, 16, 1-43. Bolinger, Dwight. 1978. Asking more than one thing at a time. In Henry Hiz (ed.), Questions, 107–150. Reidel: Dordrecht. Chiu, Liching. 2007. A Focus Movement Account on Multiple Sluicing in Mandarin Chinese Nanzan Linguistics. Special Issue Vol. 1. P.23-31. Chung, Sandra, William Ladusaw, and James McCloskey. 1995. Sluicing and Logical Form. Natural Language Semantics 3, 239–282. Culicover, Peter and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Ginzburg, Jonathan and Ivan Sag. 2000. Interrogative Investigations. CSLI Publications: Stanford, Calif. Kim, J. B., & Sells, P. (2013). Sluicing in Korean. Talk Presented at Structure and Evidence in Linguistics. Sanford University, CA. Lasnik, Howard. 2007. On Ellipsis: The PF approach to missing constituents. In A. Conroy, C. Jing, C. Nakao & E. Takahashi (Eds.), Working Papers in Linguistics 15 (pp. 143–153). University of Maryland, College Park. Lasnik, Howard. 2014. Multiple sluicing in English? Syntax 17, 1, 1-20. Lobeck, Anne. 1995. Ellipsis: Functional heads, licensing, and identification. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Merchant, Jason. 2001. The syntax of silence: Sluicing, identity, and the theory of ellipsis. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Merchant, J. (2003). SynCom Case 98 Sluicing Osborne, Timothy, Michael Putnam, and Thomas Groß 2013. Catenae: Introducing a novel unit of syntactic analysis. Syntax 15, 4, 354–396. Osborne, Timothy (to appear). Dependency grammar. In The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis. Oxford University Press. Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass. Ross, John R. 1969. Guess who? in CLS 5: Papers from the fifth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, eds. Robert Binnick, Alice Davison, Georgia Green, and Jerry Morgan, 252–286. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Linguistic Society. Stjepanović, S. 2008. P-stranding under Sluicing in a Non-P-Stranding Language? Linguistic Inquiry, 39(1), 179–190. Syntactic entities Syntactic transformation

4043407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20River%E2%80%93Turnpike%20Toll%20Bridge

Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge

The Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge is a four-lane, steel through arch bridge crossing the Delaware River between Burlington Township, Burlington County, New Jersey and Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. As a part of Interstate 95 (I-95), it is a major highway link between Philadelphia and New York City. The bridge also connects the Pennsylvania Turnpike's east-west mainline with the main trunk of the New Jersey Turnpike, via the Pearl Harbor Memorial Turnpike Extension (formerly known as the Pennsylvania Extension). Tolls are collected only in the west/southbound direction via electronic toll collection. History The bridge was built by both the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC) and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority (NJTA) when the PTC completed the "Delaware River Extension" of the Pennsylvania Turnpike between Valley Forge and Bristol Township in 1955, while the NJTA built the NJ Turnpike between Penns Grove and Ridgefield Park between 1950 and 1952. While the Pennsylvania Turnpike itself predates its New Jersey counterpart by over 10 years (the original Irwin-Carlisle section opened in 1940), the expansion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike to a cross-state highway was put on hold for the duration of World War II. Starting with the upsurge of automobile traffic in 1946, the Pennsylvania Turnpike expanded from the original highway west from Irwin to the Ohio border and east from Carlisle to Valley Forge. At the same time, New Jersey, lacking a high-speed corridor, undertook the building of the New Jersey Turnpike under the auspices of then-Governor of New Jersey Alfred E. Driscoll. In order to provide a high-speed, low-interruption route from New York City to the Midwest, both the PTC and the NJTA undertook the building of the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge (known locally as the "Turnpike Connector Bridge") to connect the two highways. This required an amendment to the Pennsylvania Constitution to allow the state to enter into the agreement. A local AAA chapter spearheaded a failed effort to have the bridge named after William Penn. To maintain the "high-speed, low-interruption" characteristics ("low interruption" referring to the few stops needed to pay tolls or fuel up at the numerous full-service plazas on both routes), the new bridge was designed from the beginning as a high-level crossing. This sharply contrasts with the Tacony–Palmyra Bridge and the Burlington–Bristol Bridge located downstream as they are both drawbridges, and are subject to frequent openings to allow large ships up and down stream (all other bridges downstream from the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge are high level crossings). The bridge was originally a six-lane bridge, but the roadway was reduced to four lanes in 1988 when highway shoulders and a median barrier were added. On January 3, 2016, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission implemented cashless tolling via either E-ZPass or toll-by-plate, which uses automatic license plate recognition to take a photo of the vehicle's license plate and mail a bill to the vehicle owner. The toll is collected only from traffic crossing into Pennsylvania, as with the other bridges across the Delaware River. On January 20, 2017, the bridge was closed after a fracture was discovered in a steel component. On February 3, 2017, Pennsylvania Turnpike officials announced that the bridge would remain closed until at least April 2017. The failure was located in an I-beam located approximately above ground on the Pennsylvania side and caused the bridge to drop by about . Steel plates were installed as a temporary patch to stabilize the bridge and prevent further movement. The Assistant Chief Engineer for the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission stated that ..."the crack likely was caused by a combination of factors, including age and plug welds that were commonly used in the 1950s to fill mistakenly drilled holes." The bridge reopened to traffic on March 9, 2017, with unseasonably warm weather helping speed up work in repairing the bridge. On September 22, 2018, the bridge became part of Interstate 95 when the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project's first components of construction were completed. Previously, the Pennsylvania side of the bridge and the adjacent turnpike was designated Interstate 276. Maintenance The Turnpike Connector bridge is operated jointly by the PTC and the NJTA, neither of which is subject to the interstate rules and regulations of the other dual-state authorities — Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA); Burlington County Bridge Commission (BCBC); Delaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA); and the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (DRJTBC) — which operate nearly all other bridges across the Delaware River (except for the Dingman's Ferry Bridge, which is privately owned). Each state is responsible for its half of the bridge up to the state line (as evident in a recent redecking project in which the PTC redecked its half of the bridge with fresh concrete first, with the NJTA following later in a separate project). In 2011, the NJTA and PTC undertook an investigation of the existing suspender system on the main span. Based on destructive testing of suspenders from the similar Newark Bay Bridge, consultants HNTB determined that the Delaware River bridge's suspenders had limited remaining service life and needed to be replaced. At each suspender location, the load from each original wire rope was transferred into a set of four new wire ropes, after which the original suspender was cut. The project was completed in August 2013. Future construction The final component of the direct interchange project between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and Interstate 95 in Bristol Township is the replacement of the Delaware River Bridge. As originally planned, a second, parallel span of the bridge identical in appearance to the original 1956 span was to be constructed. However, in March 2020 the New Jersey Turnpike Authority announced in their capital improvement plan that the 1956 span will be replaced and a new study will be formed to determine the design of the new roadways. The new bridge is not planned to begin construction until at least 2025. See also List of crossings of the Delaware River References External links Through arch bridges in the United States Continuous truss bridges in the United States Toll bridges in New Jersey Toll bridges in Pennsylvania Bridges over the Delaware River Interstate 95 Bridges completed in 1956 Bridges in Burlington County, New Jersey Bridges in Bucks County, Pennsylvania Tolled sections of Interstate Highways Road bridges in New Jersey Road bridges in Pennsylvania New Jersey Turnpike Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission Bridges on the Interstate Highway System Steel bridges in the United States Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States

4043418

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB

Siege of Krujë

The siege of Krujë refers to four attempts of the Ottoman Empire to capture Krujë in Albania during the 15th century. First Siege of Krujë, 1450 Second Siege of Krujë, 1466 Third Siege of Krujë, 1467 Fourth Siege of Krujë, 1478

4043426

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST%20Angelicum%20College

UST Angelicum College

The UST Angelicum College is a private Catholic basic and higher education institution run by the Philippine Dominican Province of the Order of Preachers located in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was founded in July 1972 by the Dominican priest Rev. Fr. Rogelio B. Alarcon, OP who became its first rector. UST Angelicum is an official member of the Dominican Network. It attained Level II Primary Accreditation conducted by PAASCU Integration with University of Santo Tomas In academic year 2018-19, Angelicum College was renamed University of Santo Tomas – Angelicum College as per a memorandum of agreement signed on June 29, 2017. The renaming was part of plans to oversee and integrate with other Dominican educational institutions in the Philippines. thumb|200px|left|Facade in February 2023 The existing Board of Trustees of Angelicum was dissolved and a new one was formed composed of 12 members, 9 from UST Manila and 3 from Angelicum College but retained its independence in handling its own administrative and financial affairs. UST Rector Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. became Chief Executive Officer and College Rector while former Angelicum College Rector Fr. Ferdinand Bautista, O.P. became Chief Operating Officer. As part of the integration process, Rev. Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. planned to implement new policies and programs to improve Angelicum College's approach to education. Notable alumni Sarah Christophers, actress Dianne dela Fuente, actress and singer Sarah Geronimo, singer, actress, television personality, and record producer Nicole Kim Donesa, actress, singer, and beauty queen Yasmien Kurdi, singer-songwriter, actor, and commercial model Derrick Monasterio, actor and singer Kurt Perez, child actor Julie Anne San Jose, singer, songwriter, actress, and television personality Empress Schuck, actress Bernadette Sembrano, reporter, newscaster, and television host Antonio Trillanes, politician Lauren Young, actress and model Bianca Bustamante, racing driver See also University of Santo Tomas University of Santo Tomas - Legazpi References External links Angelicum School official website Universities and colleges in Quezon City Catholic universities and colleges in Metro Manila Dominican educational institutions in the Philippines Liberal arts colleges in the Philippines Universities and colleges established in 1972 1972 establishments in the Philippines

4043443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine%20Mann

Kristine Mann

Kristine Mann (August 29, 1873 – 1945) was an American educator and physician, with a particular interest in working women's health. She was an early practitioner of psychoanalysis in North America. Early life and education Kristine Mann was born August 29, 1873, in Orange, New Jersey. In 1885 Kristine and her family began spending summers at Bailey Island (Maine), a location that was reminiscent of her mother's native Denmark. Summering at Bailey Island would prove to be a lifelong ritual for Kristine. Kristine's education began at age four at the Dearborn Morgan School in Orange which she graduated from at age eighteen. In 1891 she entered Smith College receiving an A.B. in 1895. From there she returned to Orange where she helped her father as editor of the New Church Messenger, the official organ of the Swedenborgian General Convention. However, her father's conflicts with the New Church were deepening to the point that in 1897 ties were severed and Mann founded a new society in Elkhart, Indiana, and a new periodical called The Secular Church. Mann was a follower of Henry James Sr., whose anti-ecclesiastical approach had brought him into conflict with the New Church in Chicago, resulting in the family moving to Orange. Thus Kristine grew up in a somewhat unorthodox New Church family setting. She began the study of anatomy at Women's Medical School in 1907 she entered Cornell Medical School receiving her medical degree in 1913. At Cornell she met Eleanor Bertine who would become a lifelong friend and colleague. Teaching career and interest in women's health Kristine Mann remained in Orange, teaching science at the Dearborn Morgan School. In 1899 she went to Berlin, Germany, to teach English and ancient history in the Willard School for American Girls. She became proficient in German there and attended lectures in science and literature at the Berlin University. On her return home in 1900 she went to the University of Michigan where she received a Master of Arts degree. From there she went on to teach English for four years at Vassar College then several years in New York, New York, teaching at the Brearley School while pursuing graduate studies in education, philosophy, and psychology at Columbia University. At this point in her career she became very concerned about women's health issues and came to believe strongly in better health education for women. She taught in the Physical Education Training School of Wellesley College, having charge of corrective exercises and freshman hygiene. In 1911 Mann had returned to New York to begin a two-year investigation of health conditions of saleswomen for the New York Department Store Education Association, and after the beginning of World War I joined the United States Army Ordnance Department supervising the health of women in munition plants. After the Armistice she joined the Work Council of the Y.W.C.A. where she traveled the United States lecturing and putting on health demonstrations at educational institutions. In 1920 she went on to become director of the Health Center for Business and Industrial Women in New York. Jungian Psychology At Vassar College Mann developed lifelong friendships with three of her students, Cary Fink, Elizabeth Goodrich and Eleanor Bertine, who like Mann, all played major roles in the early history of analytical psychology. In 1920 Bertine traveled to London, England, to begin analysis with Constance Long, the first British psychoanalyst to follow Jung's methods. Long had studied with Jung at his home in Kusnacht, and this encounter lead Mann and Bertine to travel to Zürich from 1921 to 1922. They then returned to New York, New York, where they established their own practices, becoming the second and third Jungians to treat patients in the United States. They became staunch allies of Jung and regularly traveled to Europe to attend his lectures and to continue their analysis with him. A small determined band of Jungians emerged in New York, and in 1924 Mary Esther Harding, a distinguished disciple of Jung, emigrated from England to join them. Beginning around 1918 Jung wrote that Christianity had suppressed the animal element in the human psyche, and as a result when it broke out it was uncontrolled and unregulated. This inevitably lead to catastrophe, such as with World War I. In 1923 after his interactions with Mann (1921–1922), Jung spoke of the historical effects of Ecclesiastical Christianity upon the unconscious mind. Jung's critique of Christianity was now limited to Ecclesiastical Christianity, which he now approached with greater scrutiny. Mann, Harding and Bertine spent summers at Mann's ancestral summer community at Bailey Island (Maine) where they established their practices in the summer and saw patients from all parts of the United States. In 1936 Jung traveled to Bailey Island to present his Bailey Island Seminar, the first of his two part American seminar Dream Symbols. The second part, known as his New York Seminar was held in New York one year later. The Dreamer in this seminar has been identified as the prominent physicist Wolfgang Pauli, and the seminars were published in volume 12 of Jung's Collected Works as Individual Dream Symbolism in Relation to Alchemy. The three women doctors created a powerful trio. In 1936 they created the Analytical Psychology Club of New York and actively lead the educational programs there. At her death in 1945 Mann left her personal library to the Club, the beginning of the Kristine Mann Library that is now the most extensive collection in analytical psychology in the world. Publications Kristine Mann, "Thousands of 'Well' Women Pay for Training Health Center", New York Times, Section 8, Page 15 (April 1, 1923) Kristine Mann, "The Shadow of Death", Papers of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, 4 (1940) Kristine Mann, "The Self-Analysis of Emanuel Swedenborg", Papers of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, 4 (1940) References C.G. Jung "A Study in the Process of Individuation" (1934/1950) C.G. Jung, Gerhard Adler, R. F.C. Hull, "The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1)", Bollingen; 2nd edition (August 1, 1981) Carl G. Jung, Joseph Campbell (Editor), R. F. C. Hull (Translator), "The Portable Jung ", Penguin (Non-Classics); Reprint edition (December 9, 1976) "Catalog of the Kristine Mann Library of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, Inc.", G K Hall (June 1, 1978) Sonu Shamdasani, "Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology", Cambridge University Press (Dec 11, 2003) 1873 births 1945 deaths American Swedenborgians Jungian psychologists Smith College alumni University of Michigan alumni Columbia University alumni Weill Cornell Medical College alumni Vassar College faculty Wellesley College faculty

4043447

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet%20of%20Ernesto%20Zedillo

Cabinet of Ernesto Zedillo

Members of the cabinet of the President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000). List Sources Cabinet of Mexico 1994 establishments in Mexico 2000 disestablishments in Mexico Cabinets established in 1994 Cabinets disestablished in 2000

4043467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Samurai%20%28horse%29

First Samurai (horse)

First Samurai is a thoroughbred race horse born February 2, 2003. He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006, but a starting gate incident contributed to his defeat in the Blue Grass Stakes. Two weeks after the race, First Samurai was diagnosed with two broken ribs following an ultrasound. He was not entered in the Kentucky Derby, with his injury cited as the reason. The Blue Grass ultimately proved to be his final race. Connections First Samurai is owned by Bruce Lunsford Tom Hansen, Tom Morris & Raymond Coudriet and is trained by Frank Brothers. He has been ridden by Pat Day and Jerry Bailey, both jockeys now retired, and the still racing Edgar Prado. First Samurai was bred in Kentucky by John D. Gunther. Races In his career, cut short by injury, he started 8 times, winning 5, placing in 1, showing in 1, with total earnings of $915,075 Stud career First Samurai stands at stud at the Hancock Family's Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky. His starting fee in 2007 was $40,000 and stood alongside Claiborne's other stallions, which included Pulpit, Seeking the Gold, During, Eddington, and Strong Hope. First Samurai's descendants include: c = colt, f = filly Pedigree References External links First Samurai's pedigree National Thoroughbred Racing Association bio 2003 racehorse births Racehorses trained in the United States Racehorses bred in Kentucky Thoroughbred family 13

4043491

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20111

British Rail Class 111

The Class 111 DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab windows, with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window. History The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Metro-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these was equipped with supercharged Rolls-Royce C6SFLH 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TSL/DMCL for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets. The type lasted in service until 1989 when the class was withdrawn. Technical details Coupling Code: Blue Square Transmission: Standard mechanical Preservation One car survives, buffet 59575 currently operational at the Great Central Railway. It operates as the centre car between two Class 101 power cars. Fleet References The Railcar Association Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding 111 Metropolitan Cammell multiple units Train-related introductions in 1957

4043496

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette%20Castro

Bernadette Castro

Bernadette Castro (born July 10, 1944, in Manhattan) is an American businesswoman and former New York politician who served in the Cabinet of former New York Governor George Pataki. She is a partner with her family in Castro Properties. In the early 1960s, she pursued a singing career with mild success. Castro recorded several singles, the 1964 "His Lips Get in the Way" among others. After earning her master's degree at the University of Florida, Bernadette worked in the advertising and promotions department of Castro Convertibles. While raising her four children, Bernadette worked in the business on a limited basis and later moved into her role as the company CEO when they were grown. In 2009 Bernadette bought back the Castro Convertibles furniture business with her family. Early life and education Bernadette became involved with the Castro Convertibles business at a very early age. As a 4-year-old child, Castro starred in the brand's iconic television commercials that ran over 40,000 times, earning her the distinction of being the most televised child in America. With these commercials, and subsequent parodies of the commercials on shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Jackie Gleason Show, and Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theatre, Bernadette catapulted her father Bernard's innovative convertible couch to national fame by illustrating how the convertibles were "So easy to open, even a child can do it!" At the age of twelve, Bernadette starred in the first live, color television commercial. Bernadette graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelors of Science in 1966 in Broadcast Journalism. She earned a master's degree in Education in Secondary School Administration in 1978 from the same institution and became the first woman ever to receive the university's College of Journalism Distinguished Alumnus and was later inducted into the College of Journalism's Hall of Fame. Castro holds honorary degrees from the following institutions: St. Joseph's College – Honorary Doctor of Law (1993); Dowling College – Honorary Doctor of Law (1996) and Daemon College – Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (2001). Career Singing career Bernadette recorded several singles in the 1960s for Columbia Pictures' recording subsidiary Colpix Records, including a girl group–style record which hit the national charts, "His Lips Get in the Way". Bernadette's singles have been compared to top girls groups of the era like the Shangri-Las and The Ronettes. She released additional singles on Colpix including "A Girl In Love Forgives" and "Sports Car Sally," popular among many girl group collectors for its hot-rod theme. Real estate While Bernadette sold the furniture division of the family's company in 1993 to Krause Furniture, she retained ownership of the real estate and remained active in the family's commercial real estate business with properties along the East Coast. Terri Keogh, Bernadette's daughter, is CEO of Castro Properties. Castro Properties' flagship property is The Castro Building, which is located in Manhattan's Flatiron District at 43 West 23rd Street. Bernard Castro, founder of Castro Convertibles, purchased the property in 1972 and all eight floors were the well-known flagship showroom for Castro Convertibles. New York State Parks Commissioner In 1995, Bernadette was appointed Commissioner of the New York Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation by Governor George E. Pataki, a cabinet post she held for twelve years. During her tenure from 1995 to 2006, New York State preserved over one million acres of land through acquisition for state parks and conservation easements. Much of this was funded by a $1.75 billion environmental bond, which was authorized in 1996. Among her many accomplishments as Commissioner, Bernadette worked with Speaker Newt Gingrich and the Trust for Public Land in 1996 to acquire the 18,000 acre Sterling Forest property for $55 million. The property protects approximately 25% of New Jersey's drinking water. Sterling Forest II, an additional 1,065 acres, was purchased later in Castro's term for $8 million. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Bernadette the Vice Chair of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. In 2006, Castro established and strongly advocated an agreement by which Donald J Trump would construct a $40 million seaside dining and banquet hall at Jones Beach. Hailed by Castro as “like a gift from God”, this plan to install a private facility with public access at the heart of the Jones Beach boardwalk, which was controversial and widely opposed by members of the public. Trump's subsequent efforts to expand his facility proposal, coupled with increased opposition led to the project's cancellation. This Jones Beach site has since been occupied by a new public concession facility. At the direction of Governor George Pataki, Bernadette and her agency brought the United States Open Golf Championship to Bethpage State Park, the first time the Open was held at a public golf course. In accordance with the deal Castro struck with the U.S. Open, the Golf Championship returned to Bethpage State Park in 2009. In 2003, the National Recreation and Park Association awarded New York State Parks, the National Gold Medal, designating them as the country's best state parks system. Also in 2003, the agency was recognized for its comprehensive efforts to save Governor's Island in New York City which was transferred from the federal government back to the people of New York. United States Senate run In 1994, Bernadette decided to pursue her passion for politics, running for the U.S. Senate and winning 42% of the votes against four-term Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan. 1994 NYS Republican ticket Governor: George Pataki Lieutenant Governor: Elizabeth McCaughey Comptroller: Herbert London Attorney General: Dennis Vacco U.S. Senate: Bernadette Castro Awards Bernadette has been honored with a number of awards for her work in conservation, parks, business in including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Advancement of Commerce, Industry and Technology (ACIT) in 2009, the Lifetime Achievement Award from Long Island Business News in 2008, the Service Award for Land and Water Conservation Fund from the National Park Service in 2006, the Governor's Parks & Preservation Award, presented by Governor George Pataki in 2005, the Women in Conservation Award from the National Audubon Society in 2005, the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Conservation from The History Channel in 2003, the Cornelius Amory Pugsley Award, from the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration in association with The National Park Foundation in 2002, the Theodore Roosevelt Legacy of Conservation Award in 2001, the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1999, as well as being inducted into the Long Island Hall of Fame in 1990. In 2017, Bernadette was honored by the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement at their annual Sharing Hope Celebration Dinner with the Graymoor Award. Community and charity work Bernadette offers her support to a number of community organizations and charitable causes. Bernadette acts as fundraising auctioneer for a number organizations, as well as the Master of Ceremonies for New York Presbyterian Hospital. Bernadette also lends her support to organizations such as Tomorrow's Hope Foundation, The INN (Interfaith Nutrition Network), and the Ocala Royal Dames for Cancer Research, and the Fort Lauderdale Royal Dames of Cancer Research. The Ocala Royal Dames for Cancer Research and the Fort Lauderdale Royal Dames of Cancer Research, where both founded by Bernadette's mother, Theresa Castro. Bernadette serves on the Board of the Catholic Faith Network, is a member of the advisory board of Volunteers for Wildlife and a member of the advisory board of The New York Landmarks Conservancy. Bernadette served on the executive committee of the 2019 PGA Championship at the Bethpage Black Course on Long Island. She is an active member of the Columbus Citizens Foundation, an organization her father, Bernard Castro, co-founded. Personal life Bernadette has four children: Terri Keogh, David Austin, Jonathan Austin and Bernard Austin, as well as nine grandchildren. Bernadette's son Jonathan Austin is also in the family real estate business. Her son David Austin is a drummer, who lives in Jupiter, Florida. Her son Bernard Austin is an architect, and lives in Wilmington, North Carolina. References 1944 births 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Candidates in the 1994 United States elections Colpix Records artists Living people New York (state) Republicans People from Lloyd Harbor, New York State cabinet secretaries of New York (state) University of Florida alumni Women in New York (state) politics Hispanic and Latino American women in politics

4043503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM%20Transactions%20on%20Graphics

ACM Transactions on Graphics

ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the field of computer graphics. The editor-in-chief is Carol O'Sullivan (Trinity College Dublin). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 5.414. The journal ranks 1st in computer graphics publications, according to Google Scholar Metrics. History It was established in 1982 and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. TOG publishes two special issues for ACM SIGGRAPH's conference proceedings. Starting in 2003, all papers accepted for presentation at the annual SIGGRAPH conference are printed in a special summer issue of the journal. Beginning in 2008, papers presented at SIGGRAPH Asia are printed in a special November/December issue. References External links Computer graphics Computer science journals Transactions on Graphics Bimonthly journals

4043506

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Tikhonov

Alexei Tikhonov

Alexei Vladimirovich Tikhonov (; born 1 November 1971) is a Russian pair skater. With partner Maria Petrova, he is the 2000 World champion and a two-time (1999, 2000) European champion. Career Tikhonov began skating in his hometown, Samara. Initially a singles skater, he switched to pairs at 15 and a half. Tikhonov first competed with partner Irina Saifutdinova for the Soviet Union and, after the dissolution, for Russia. They won the bronze medal at the 1989 World Junior Figure Skating Championships for the Soviet Union. Their partnership ended when she decided to get married and leave the sport. He teamed up with Japanese pair skater Yukiko Kawasaki and competed with her representing Japan. Kawasaki and Tikhonov were two-time Japanese national champions. They competed internationally together, winning the bronze medal at the 1993 NHK Trophy and placing 15th at the 1994 World Championships. He said, "I stayed [in Japan] for two years, but I was alone in my apartment. I used to go to the Russian Embassy just to talk to people. I tried to learn some Japanese but it was very hard." Tikhonov spent the next five years skating in various ice shows in the U.K. and Florida, including shows led by Tatiana Tarasova and Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. He started to miss competitive skating and when Maria Petrova's coach called, he agreed to compete with her. They teamed up in the summer of 1998. Petrova was a former World Junior champion with Anton Sikharulidze. Petrova and Tikhonov won the World Championship in 2000. They placed 6th at the 2002 Winter Olympics and 5th at the 2006 Games. They won a silver medal at the 2005 Worlds, and a bronze in 2006. Petrova and Tikhonov announced they would retire after the 2006 Worlds, but at the request of the Russian Skating Federation they later agreed to remain eligible for another year. During their final season, they finished 6th at the Grand Prix Final, and withdrew from the World Championships due to injury. Petrova and Tikhonov trained in Saint Petersburg with Ludmila Velikova. After retiring from competition, they performed in ice shows, including Russian television projects. Personal life Tikhonov was born to parents Vladimir and Larisa. In addition to skating together, Petrova and Tikhonov are also an off-ice couple. On 1 February 2010, she gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Polina. The family lives in Moscow region. Tikhonov is godfather to Alexei Urmanov's twins. Programs (with Petrova) Competitive highlights With Saifutdinova for the Soviet Union With Kawasaki for Japan With Petrova for Russia References External links Official website of Maria Petrova and Alexei Tikhonov 1971 births Living people Russian male pair skaters Olympic figure skaters for Russia Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Japanese male pair skaters Soviet male pair skaters Russian expatriates in Japan Sportspeople from Samara, Russia World Figure Skating Championships medalists European Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating Season-end world number one figure skaters Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games

4043519

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladue%20School%20District

Ladue School District

The Ladue School District is a public school district in Ladue, Missouri, with four elementary, one middle, and one high school, with a special Fifth Grade Center. The district serves 4,180 total students, and employs 280 full-time classroom teachers. The total operating revenue is $49.9 mil. with $50.2 mil. operating expenses. Ladue spends $11,903 per student, and pays an average of $62,697 per teacher ($41,000-$101,542). According to Newsweek (June 19, 2011 issue), Ladue ranks in the top 2% of public schools in the nation. It serves an area encompassing 19 sq. mi. with more than 27,000 residents. It includes all or part of 10 communities including Ladue, Creve Coeur, Crystal Lake Park, Frontenac, Huntleigh, Olivette, Richmond Heights, Town and Country, Unincorporated St. Louis County, and Westwood. History As the City of Ladue was incorporated in 1936, Spoede Elementary and Ross Elementary were built in the 1930s. The Ladue School District was first organized in 1939. In U.S. v Ladue School District, a case the U.S. Department of Justice brought in 1978, the federal government charged Ladue with discrimination in hiring of faculty and staff. In 1999, Ladue exited the Voluntary Interdistrict Choice Corporation (VICC), a city-county school desegregation program. Ladue High School Ladue High School had 1,306 students in the 2013–14 school year. Ladue High School has a 99% graduation rate, of which 92% continue on to higher education in 2-4 year institutions. In standardized testing, Ladue scores above both the state and national average. Newsweek in 2013, ranked the public school 166th best in the nation (up from 188th in 2011-12), and first in Missouri (up from fourth). Administration Superintendent: Dr. Jim Wipke Principal: Brad Griffith (effective July 1, 2013) Ladue Middle School Originally called "East Ladue Junior High School," Ladue Middle School teaches children from sixth through eighth grades, total of 976 students in 2013–14. In May 2014 it was named National School of Character. Ladue Fifth Grade Center Built on property bought by the district in 1959 and used as a secondary middle school until 1980, when it was sold to the Westminster Christian Academy. In 2010, the property was re-purchased by the district to construct the Fifth Grade Center. Construction ended in time for its first semester in Fall 2013. In the 2015–2016 school year, there were 342 students enrolled. Elementary schools All four Ladue Elementary Schools teach children in kindergarten through fourth grades. Conway Elementary Conway Elementary is located in Ladue, MO, at 9900 Conway Road. In 2013–14 Conway Elementary had 339 students. This school has the smallest number of students throughout the district. Conway enrolled its first black students in 1965; those students were subjected to racial slurs by several other children. Old Bonhomme Elementary Old Bonhomme School is an elementary school in Olivette, Missouri, with a total of 383 students in 2013–14. Reed Elementary Located in the middle of Ladue near the intersection of Ladue Road and McKnight Road, with a total of 421 students in 2013–14. Spoede Elementary Spoede Elementary is located in Creve Coeur, on the west side of Spoede Road, with a total of 430 students in 2013–14. This school's mascot is a turtle. References External links Ladue Schools Ladue High School Ladue School District Ladue High School Alumni Association Ladue Schools - Overview 2012 Ladue Schools Annual Report School districts in Missouri Education in St. Louis County, Missouri School districts established in 1939

4043539

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Patch

Hubert Patch

Air Chief Marshal Sir Hubert Leonard Patch, (16 December 1904 – 18 November 1987) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. RAF career Patch joined the Royal Air Force as a flight cadet in 1923 and served in the Second World War. After the war he became Director of Armament Requirements and then Air Officer Commanding No. 44 Group in 1946. He went on to be Commandant of the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment in 1948, Air Officer for Administration at Headquarters Far East Air Force in 1951 and Senior Air Staff Officer, Far East Air Force in 1952. After that he was made Air Officer Commanding No. 11 Group in 1953, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Fighter Command in January 1956 and Commander-in-Chief of the RAF Middle East Air Force in September 1956. His final appointments were as Air Member for Personnel in April 1959 and as Commander, British Forces Arabian Peninsula in September 1959, where he established a unified tri-service command in Aden, before he retired in May 1961. From 1961 to 1963 he was the BAC Representative to NATO Countries. References |- |- |- |- |- 1904 births 1987 deaths Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Royal Air Force air marshals Royal Air Force personnel of World War II Place of birth missing Place of death missing

4043540

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Silverado%20Squatters

The Silverado Squatters

The Silverado Squatters (1883) is a travel memoir by Robert Louis Stevenson of his two-month honeymoon trip with Fanny Vandegrift (and her son Lloyd Osbourne) to Napa Valley, California, in 1880. Background In July 1879, Stevenson received word that his future American wife's divorce was almost complete, but that she was seriously ill. He left Scotland right away and travelled to meet her in Monterey, California, (his trip detailed in The Amateur Emigrant (1894) and Across the Plains (1892)). Broken financially, suffering from a lifelong fibrinous bronchitis condition, and with his writing career at a dead end, he was nursed back to health by his doctor, his nurse, and his future wife, while living briefly in Monterey, San Francisco, and Oakland. His father having provided money to help, on May 19, 1880, he married the Indianapolis native, whom he had first met in France in 1875, soon after the events of An Inland Voyage. Still too weak to undertake the journey back to Scotland, friends suggested Calistoga, in the upper Napa Valley, with its healthy mountain air. Summary The couple first went to the Hot Springs Hotel in Calistoga, but unable to afford the 10 dollars a week fee, they spent an unconventional honeymoon in an abandoned three-story bunkhouse at a derelict mining camp called "Silverado" on the shoulder of Mount Saint Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains. There they squatted for two months during summer, putting up makeshift cloth windows and hauling water in by hand from a nearby stream while dodging rattlesnakes and the occasional fog banks so detrimental to Stevenson's health. The Silverado Squatters provides some views of California during the late 19th century. Stevenson uses the first telephone of his life. He meets a number of wine growers in Napa Valley, an enterprise he deems "experimental", with growers sometimes even mislabeling the bottles as originating from Spain in order to sell their product to skeptical Americans. He visits the oldest wine grower in the valley, Jacob Schram, who had been experimenting for 18 years at his Schramsberg Winery, and had recently expanded the wine cellar in his backyard. Stevenson also visits a petrified forest owned by an old Swedish ex-sailor who had stumbled upon it while clearing farmland—the precise nature of the petrified forest remained for everyone a source of curiosity. Stevenson also details his encounters with a local Jewish merchant, whom he compares to a character in a Charles Dickens novel (probably Fagin from Oliver Twist), and portrays as happy-go-lucky but always scheming to earn a dollar. Like Dickens in American Notes (1842), Stevenson found the American habit of spitting on the floor hard to get used to. His experiences at Silverado were recorded in a journal he called "Silverado Sketches", parts of which he incorporated into Silverado Squatters in 1883 while living in Bournemouth, England, with other tales appearing in "Essays of Travel" and "Across the Plains". Many of his notes on the scenery around him later provided much of the descriptive detail for Treasure Island (1883). Legacy The Robert Louis Stevenson State Park now encompasses the area where the Stevensons stayed. The entrance to the park is at the summit of State Route 29. A new trail has been constructed in recent years. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, California, is dedicated to Stevenson. Resources and editions Editions Full text at Project Gutenberg HTML version from the University of Virginia. HTML version with scanned images, from the Library of Congress Version from William Ernest Henley's The Novels and Tales of Robert Louis Stevenson, volume 15. Published by Scriber's and Sons in 1905. Scanned online via Google Books. Version published by Scribner's and Sons in 1905 with a preface by Fanny Stevenson. Scanned online via Google Books. The Silverado Squatters (New York: Scribner's, 1923) Limited edition of 380 copies printed by John Henry Nash with portrait and decorated headbands by Howard Whitford Willard The Silverado Squatters, audiobook, Blue Pylon Creative (2005). The Silverado Squatters, reprint, Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2009). Resources Silverado Museum in St. Helena, California, devoted to Robert Louis Stevenson. 1883 non-fiction books American travel books Books by Robert Louis Stevenson History of Napa County, California Books about California Chatto & Windus books

4043545

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Fergus

Saint Fergus

Saint Fergus (also Fergustian) (died c. 730 AD) was a bishop who worked in Scotland as a missionary. Life Ten saints of this name are mentioned in the martyrology of Donegal. No one knows for certain when Fergus was born or where. He was a contemporary of St. Drostan and St. Donevaldus. The name is of Pictish origin and he is recorded as Fergus, a Pictish bishop, so it is generally considered he was from the north east of what is now called Scotland. In the Aberdeen Breviary he is called Fergustian and "he occupied himself in converting the barbarous people." He is thought to have trained in Ireland or the south of Scotland, possibly both. Known in the Irish martyrologies as St. Fergus Cruithneach, or the Pict, the Breviary of Aberdeen states that he had been a bishop for many years in Ireland when he went on a mission to Alba with some chosen priests and other clerics. He settled first near Strageath, in Upper Strathearn, in Upper Perth, and erected three churches in that district. The churches of Strageath, Blackford, and Dolpatrick are found there dedicated to St. Patrick. He next evangelized Caithness and established there the churches of Wick and Halkirk. The church Fergus built at Glamis would have been in the Celtic "mud and wattle" style, not far from the present kirk. He may have been the Fergustus Pictus who went to Rome in 721, but such a contention relies solely on the similarity of a common name. He died about 730 and was buried at Glamis, Angus, where the recently restored St Fergus' Well can be visited. The village church at Eassie is dedicated to Saint Fergus; the noted Pictish Eassie Stone has been moved to that church. Veneration During the time of James IV, the Abbot of Scone removed his head to Scone church and build an expensive shrine for it. Aberdeen was able to obtain an arm of the saint. Saint Fergus is the patron saint of Glamis and Wick. The Martyrology of Tallaght mentions his festival on 8 September, but in Scotland it was previously on 18 November. See also Eassie Stone References 730 deaths Medieval Scottish saints Pictish people 8th-century Christian saints Medieval Irish saints 8th-century Irish bishops Year of birth unknown

4043548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Talbot%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Lisle

John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle

John Talbot, 1st Baron Lisle and 1st Viscount Lisle ( 1426 – 17 July 1453), English nobleman and medieval soldier, was the son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and his second wife Margaret Beauchamp. Titles Talbot was already a knight when, on 26 July 1444, he was created Lord and Baron Lisle of Kingston Lisle in Berkshire by Henry VI, his mother being one of the co-heirs to the previous creation of the barony. He stood to inherit much of her estates in Wales on the Welsh Marches, and in Gloucestershire at Painswick. She had fought long and hard to enfranchise her son for the duration of the Berkeley feud, in which the young nobleman's manor house was raided by Lord Berkeley's brothers. After 1449, his mother was one of three co-heiresses to her father, and through her, he possessed a claim on Berkeley Castle. In 1451, already a veteran of the fight at St Barnets Green, he was created Viscount Lisle. In prosecution of the claim against James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, the heir-male, he stormed Berkeley Castle in 1452 and took the Baron and his sons prisoner. Ordered to recruit reinforcements for the English army in France, he found 2325 men at Dartmouth and Plymouth before embarkation on 5 March 1453. He was joined by the Lords Moleyns and Camoys, as he led troops into Guyenne to reinforce his father. They sailed to Bordeaux but still the English army numbered only 8,000, facing an enemy force of 10,000. They were still awaiting reinforcements when they marched out, capturing an outpost at St Laurent on 17 July 1453. That day they fought the last pitched battle of the Hundred Years' War at Castillon. Both father and son were killed during the battle. Some chroniclers assert that when his wounded and unhorsed father begged him to quit the field and save himself, he refused, preferring death to dishonour; a scene memorialized by William Shakespeare in Henry VI, Part I, Act IV, Scene VI. Marriage and issue He married Joan Cheddar (b. c. 1425), the daughter of Thomas Chedder, Esquire and the widow of Richard Stafford in 1443 and had three children: Elizabeth Talbot (d. 1487), married Edward Grey, Baron Ferrers of Groby. Grey later inherited the title of Baron Lisle, through Elizabeth. Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle (c. 1449–1470) Margaret Talbot (d. 1475), 1st wife of Sir George Vere (d. 1503), son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford Ancestry References Sources History of Berkeley, rotwang.co.uk. Accessed 31 December 2022. 1426 births 1453 deaths People of the Hundred Years' War English knights English soldiers Talbot, John English military personnel killed in action John 1 Barons Lisle (Peerage of England)

4043549

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena%20Salsoul

Cadena Salsoul

Cadena Salsoul is an entertainment-focused salsa radio network in Puerto Rico. The SalSoul Network, made up of two simulcast FM facilities, has been top rated in every significant demographic since 1986. In the important age groups, the network often doubled the audience of the number two station in this market of 125 stations and 3.5 million persons. The WPRM-FM and WIVA-FM network made up the first instance in the U.S. of using two FM signals to cover all of a large market. WPRM covers San Juan and Ponce; WIVA covers Mayagüez and Arecibo. They also added WRIO Ponce to the network. Together, they cover the "consolidated" market favored by advertising agencies. In a survey conducted in 2015, listeners ranked them the third best station, after KQ 105 FM and Z-93 FM. Through use of parallel clustering, spots could be sold locally on either signal for smaller retail accounts. Since December 26, 2012, and after 53 years broadcasting on the frequency of 98.5 FM, the radio station, with the approval of the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, has changed to 99.1 FM for the best coverage. Programming La Perrera Móntala con Salsoul El Show de Jesse y Bebe El Bollete SalSoul en la Noche References External links Propulsor de una radio revolucionaria (Spanish) Puerto Rican radio Radio stations established in 1959 1959 establishments in Puerto Rico Salsa music

4043551

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near Middletown, Delaware. He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a midshipman's commission at the age of sixteen. Serving with Stephen Decatur at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of Commodore Preble during the First Barbary War. Macdonough achieved fame during the War of 1812, commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain, part of the larger Battle of Plattsburgh, which helped lead to an end to that war. Early life Major Thomas Macdonough Senior, Captain Thomas Macdonough's father, lived at a farm referred to as "The Trap" (also spelled 'Trapp'), in the county of New Castle, Delaware. He received a contemporary education here but it remains uncertain if he attended any sort of formal schools or was taught by family members or a tutor. He was a major in the Continental Army. Macdonough's great-grandfather, also named Thomas Macdonough, lived in Ireland in the Salmon Leap district not far from Dublin. He was of the Protestant faith and succeeding generations were connected with the Episcopal Church in the United States, Thomas Macdonough Jr. was born in a small town near Odessa, which later was named MacDonough, Delaware, in his honor. He was employed in Middletown as a clerk upon the return of his brother James, who lost a leg in a naval battle with a French vessel in 1799 during the Quasi-War with France. Shortly after, Macdonough requested a commission with the United States Navy with the assistance of Senator Latimer from the state of Delaware. Macdonough was a tall, dignified man with a commanding character which suited him well for military service. He was a devoutly religious man of Episcopal faith, as were his parents and greater family. He was known to adhere to a set of steadfast principles in his personal and military life. Before joining the Navy, Thomas, Jr., for unknown reasons, changed the spelling of his last name from "McDonough" to "Macdonough. On May 27, 1800, at the age of sixteen, Macdonough secured a warrant and served as a midshipman aboard the 24-gun , a corvette class ship, converted over from a merchantman vessel and outfitted as a man-of-war. Under the command of Captain John Mullowny, Ganges then set sail for the West Indies. During operations there she captured three French merchant ships between May and September. When hostilities between the United States and France had finally ended the following year on October 20, 1801, Macdonough was assigned to , a 38-gun frigate. Commanded by Alexander Murray, Constellation was about to embark on its mission in the Mediterranean sea. While serving aboard Constellation he received a thorough education from Murray in seamanship, navigation, gunnery, and other nautical sciences towards improving his service as a junior officer. First Barbary War Aboard Constellation in January 1802, Macdonough served with distinction in naval operations against Tripoli during the First Barbary War. This was the same ship that his brother James had served on a few years earlier. In 1803, Navy Secretary Robert Smith selected Macdonough to serve aboard , a 38-gun frigate, commanded by William Bainbridge. Macdonough was aboard this ship when it captured the Moroccan ship Mirboka on August 26, 1803. Shortly before Philadelphia ran aground and was consequently captured by the Tripolitans, Macdonough had gone ashore on leave. He was reassigned on October 31 to the 12-gun sloop under the command of Lieutenant Stephen Decatur. Macdonough volunteered to join Decatur's successful raid into the harbor of Tripoli. On February 6, 1804, they succeeded in burning and destroying Philadelphia. Having just served on Philadelphia, Macdonough's familiarity made his role in the operation a crucial one. For his heroic actions he was promoted to acting lieutenant. Macdonough also accompanied Decatur when they hunted down the murderer of Decatur's brother, James Decatur, who was killed by the commander when he boarded a Tripolitan ship that had pretended to be surrendering. After catching up with and pulling alongside the ship involved, Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members. Decatur, Macdonough and the rest of the crew were outnumbered 5 to 1 but were determined, organized and kept their form, fighting furiously side by side, killing the commander and most of the crew along with capturing the Tripolitan ship. Other service After winning promotion to Lieutenant for his participation in the raid on Philadelphia, Macdonough served aboard the 18-gun brig , the same vessel assisting at Tripoli. Assisting Isaac Hull, he then supervised the construction of several gunboats in Middletown, Connecticut. In January 1806, Macdonough was promoted to a commission of Lieutenant. As commander of the 18-gun , Macdonough served patrolling waters near Great Britain and various points in the Mediterranean. He returned to America and enforced the Embargo Act, and the Atlantic blockade, from 1807 and 1808. In 1809, he served with Captain Smith aboard , but later requested reassignment. Macdonough returned to Middletown, Connecticut, and was placed in charge of the several gunboats there. In Middletown Macdonough met his future wife, Ann Shaler. With the repeal of the Embargo Act, the role of the navy became less active, with a fifth of its officers away on furlough at half pay. Macdonough remained in Middleton for only eight months before requesting a furlough in June 1810. From 1810 to 1812, Macdonough took a leave of absence for two years as the captain of a British merchantman that was en route to India. War of 1812 At the beginning of the War of 1812 American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances into the Great Lakes and northern New York waterways. The roles played by commanders like Oliver Hazard Perry at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort on the lakes that was largely responsible for preserving American territory during that war. Assigned to USS Constellation, as First Lieutenant, Macdonough returned to active service just prior to the outbreak of the war in June 1812. The ship at this time was being outfitted and supplied in Washington, DC, for its next mission, but was still months away from being ready. Moreover, it did not escape from the British blockade at the Chesapeake Bay until 1814. Requesting transfer to a more active front, Macdonough was assigned the command of a squadron of gunboats defending Portland, Maine. His stay there was brief when he received new orders from Secretary of the Navy Hamilton. Macdonough was reassigned to Burlington, Vermont to command U.S. naval forces in Lake Champlain in October 1812. Taking leave from his assignment at Lake Champlain, Macdonough married Lucy Anne Shaler on December 12, 1812, at the Christ Church in Middletown by Bishop Abraham Jarvis. On June 2, 1813, Macdonough sent Lieutenant Sidney Smith with , along with Sailing Master Loomis with , to guard against British advances at the Canada–US border at the Richelieu River. The impatient Smith sailed into British waters, an action which was contrary to his orders, and at once found himself overpowered by the British squadron. After enduring four hours of battle, Smith was finally forced into surrendering. Lake Champlain Campaign On July 24, 1813, Macdonough was promoted to the rank of master commandant. When the war began in 1812, there were only two American naval vessels on Lake Champlain, and , each carrying ten guns with a crew of fifty. On June 3, 1813, the two vessels were pursuing a British gunboat but were caught up in a strong current that prevented them from maintaining their heading and position, giving the advantage to British forces, resulting in their capture. The loss of the two and only American vessels on the lake gave undisputed control of this strategic waterway to the British. This prompted Macdonough to begin the construction of the corvette and new sloop and several gunboats at the shipyard in Otter Creek at Vergennes, Vermont. While construction was underway, , a schooner, was being converted to a warship carrying seventeen guns. In 1814 the ice covering Lake Champlain, which usually lasted well into May, began melting and breaking up early in April. Macdonough feared that the British, who he assumed by now knew of the ship construction going on there, would use the opportunity to capture or destroy the vessels being built. Having learned of Macdonough's ship building activity, the British constructed a heavily armed brig and five large gunboats at 'Isle Aux Noix' over the winter. As Macdonough had predicted, British forces attempted to navigate the lake. Because of unfavorable winds, the British commander Daniel Pring, whose forces were based at Isle Aux Noix in upper Lake Champlain, didn't complete the 65-mile journey to Otter Creek until May 14. Upon arrival, Pring situated his squadron in the lake just off Otter Creek with eight galleys and a bomb sloop, preventing the American forces' passage north and to the sea. For one hour, Commander Pring maintained a heavy fire. However, Macdonough had learned of the attack beforehand from his observers on land and had prepared a defense in anticipation of this likely event. Using the guns of his ships, he had them landed on shore at the mouth of Otter Creek. Macdonough constructed an artillery battery with which he repelled the attack and drove the Royal Navy back to Isle Aux Noix in Canadian waters by autumn. With the way now clear, Macdonough's squadron sailed out of Otter Creek and made its way to Plattsburgh, New York, where it anchored just off shore in anticipation of the next and inevitable British advance. Battle of Plattsburgh By late August 1814, approximately 10,000 British troops under the command of George Prevost had assembled near Montreal at the Canada–US border. Many of these soldiers were well-trained, regular troops who served under Wellington, already battle hardened from their recent defeat of Napoleon in Europe. Macdonough had little naval combat experience. His service in the Barbary wars was limited to gunboat actions and the capture and destruction of Philadelphia. He had yet to experience a ship-to-ship action, being on a vessel that was receiving broadsides, surrounded by dead and wounded men. Regardless of this lack in experience, Macdonough well understood that defending and holding Plattsburgh, thus not allowing General Macomb's troops to be surrounded by British forces on land and water, was vital to winning the war. On September 3, Prevost's army crossed the border and marched into northern New York State, advancing on Plattsburgh. The city was held by General Macomb with less than 2,000 regular troops, with the support of the New York militia, under the command of General Mooers and the Vermont volunteers, under the command of General Strong. However, Prevost who had arrived in earnest was yet aware of enemy strength and positions and refused to march on the city itself without adequate naval support to divert the American forces. A squadron under the command of Commodore George Downie sailed southward into the open lake to engage the American fleet commanded by Macdonough. In anticipation of the British fleet, Macdonough strategically positioned and anchored his fleet a short distance off shore from Plattsburgh and made further preparations for Downie's advance. On September 11, Downie's forces departed from Isle-aux-Noix and sailed southward along the Richelieu River into Lake Champlain. Upon encountering Macdonough's fleet waiting in Plattsburgh harbor, Downie immediately attacked, achieving the upper hand early in the battle, largely because of the great firepower of the 36-gun British flagship . As the battle unfolded, the British squadron incurred considerable damage from close-range cannon fire. In the process an American cannon shot blasted a British cannon off its mount, crushing and killing Downie. Through use of anchor and cable tactics, Macdonough in command of was able to swing his ship around the undamaged side of the British flagship, gaining firepower superiority over the British fleet. As the poorly and hurriedly equipped Confiance with its inexperienced crew attempted the same tactic, Macdonough seized the opportunity and fired a broadside, severely damaging the British vessel and forcing its surrender. Having removed the British flagship from action, the American forces captured or destroyed the remaining larger ships in the fleet. Both commanders would have seen the parallels of Macdonough's anchorage on Lake Champlain to that of the French under Vice Admiral Francois-Paul Brueys, opposing British Rear Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay on August 1, 1798. A study of Nelson's battles was part of the professional knowledge expected of naval commanders. But Macdonough did all that Brueys did not. He expected to take advantage of the prevailing winds on Lake Champlain that constrained Downie's axis of approach. "Because nearly every circumstance that worked to Nelson's advantage proved disadvantageous to Downie, the Battle of Lake Champlain is sometimes called the False Nile" by the English. The British naval historian William Laird Clowes regarded Macdonough's False Nile victory as "a most notable feat, one which, on the whole, surpassed that of any other captain of either navy in this war." Clowes echoed Roosevelt's view, "The British sailors on the lakes were as good as our own, but no better. None of their commanders compare with Macdonough." After the battle, Macdonough returned to the British officers their swords. Captain Pring wrote: Upon wresting control of Lake Champlain from the British, Macdonough's victory forced the British forces to retire to Canada, the actions of which left no grounds for any claims by the British for any territory when the Ghent peace conference convened on December 24. For his success in forcing the retreat of Prevost into Canada, Macdonough was duly promoted to the rank of captain. He was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal at this time. He was also awarded by the State of New York a thousand acres of land in Cayuga county, with another hundred acres awarded to him from the State of Vermont, making the once modest commodore a wealthy man. Later days Macdonough relieved Isaac Hull of command of the Portsmouth Navy Yard on July 1, 1815. In command there for three years, he returned to the Mediterranean Squadron in 1818 and was appointed commander of , a frigate of 44 guns and later transported Hon. G.W. Campbell to the Court of St. Petersburg in Russia stopping in ports in England, Elsineur and Copenhagen along the way. In April Macdonough was stricken with tuberculosis but he still remained on duty for as long as possible. After returning to America later in the year, he was given command of a ship of the line, bearing 74 guns under construction in New York harbor. From 1818 to 1823 Macdonough served as her captain. In the fall of 1822 Macdonough toured western New York State visiting Niagara Falls and then battling the rapids sailed down the St. Lawrence River to Quebec in a batteaux After submitting several requests for active sea duty, Macdonough received command of the 44-gun frigate in 1824. However, his health continued to worsen. On October 14, 1825, Macdonough had to relieve himself of his command. On October 14 he turned command of Constitution over to Captain Daniel T. Patterson at Gibraltar. Intending to return to New York, Macdonough departed the Mediterranean in the merchant brig . The day before his death, in the presence of Dr. Turk, Macdonough drew up and signed a will leaving a small sum of money to his servant, his wife having died several months beforehand. On November 10, 1825, Thomas Macdonough died aboard ship while it was passing Gibraltar. Macdonough's body was returned to the United States and was buried in Middletown, Connecticut. He was laid to rest alongside his wife Ann Shaler, a lady of a prominent family in Middletown, she having died just a few months earlier. Legacy Several U.S. Navy ships have been named in his honor. In 1937, at the urging of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of five postage stamps honoring the U.S. Navy and various naval heroes in American history. Stephen Decatur and Thomas Macdonough (right) appearing on the two-cent denomination, were among the few chosen to appear in this commemorative series. The annual Commodore Macdonough sailboat race (a nonstop overnight event sponsored by the Lake Champlain Yacht Club of Shelburne, Vermont) has been held on the lake every September since 1968. The New York State University of New York located at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, N.Y. has a dormitory with the name Macdonough Hall; the hall being the oldest dormitory, and the initial dorm building. McDonough, NY and East McDonough, NY, and the greater Town of McDonough, Chenango County, NY are named after the war hero. Macdonough Hall, at the United States Naval Academy, is home to the boxing, sprint football, water polo, and gymnastics programs, as well as housing a gymnasium, racquetball courts, a swimming pool, and recreational weight rooms for Midshipmen. There is a obelisk that is located across from City Hall in Plattsburgh, N.Y. known as the Macdonough Monument which honors the victory of American soldiers and sailors in the Battle of Plattsburgh. In 1925, a Macdonough Monument was erected in the city green in Vergennes, Vermont to commemorate the building of the USS Saratoga and other ships at Otter Creek that were used in the Battle of Plattsburgh. Camano Island (formerly known as Macdonough Island), Washington. Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, named the island in honor of Macdonough in tribute to his victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh (aka Battle of Lake Champlain) that ended the War of 1812. McDonough County, Illinois is named after Thomas Macdonough, its seat being Macomb. Two elementary schools, one in St. Georges, Delaware and one in Middletown, Connecticut are named in honor of Macdonough. MacDonough Street in the Stuyvesant Heights section of Brooklyn, New York is named after Thomas Macdonough. MacDonough Street runs parallel to Decatur Street, one block away, named after Stephen Decatur, with whom Macdonough served during the Barbary War. McDonough, the county seat of Henry County, Georgia, is named in honor of Macdonough. McDonough Street in Montgomery, Alabama is named for Macdonough. It runs parallel to streets named after other Barbary War/War of 1812 naval Heroes: Bainbridge Street, named for William Bainbridge; Decatur Street, named for Stephen Decatur; Hull Street, named for Isaac Hull; Lawrence Street, named for James Lawrence and Perry Street, named for Oliver Hazard Perry. The Comdr. Thomas MacDonough House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In October 1814 a fort was constructed on Westport Island, Maine near Clough Point and named after Thomas MacDonough (McDonough) the fort was actiive till the end of the war of 1812. See also Other notable naval commanders of the time :  John Paul Jones  Commodore John Barry  Commodore Stephen Decatur  Commodore John Hazelwood Admiral David Farragut  Admiral Richard Howe  Admiral Horatio Nelson Bibliography of early American naval history: Thomas Macdonough Bibliography of early American naval history: War of 1812 List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy History of the United States Navy Naval tactics in the Age of Sail Naval artillery in the Age of Sail References Bibliography Further reading Dean, Leon W. Guns over Champlain (1948) – New York Forester, C. S. Victory on Lake Champlain, American Heritage, Vol. 15, 1963. Muller, Charles G. The Proudest Day: Victory on Lake Champlain, New York, 1960. External links Commodore Thomas Macdonough – Delmarva Heritage Series 1783 births 1825 deaths People from New Castle County, Delaware American people of Irish descent American military personnel of the First Barbary War United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812 American military personnel of the Quasi-War Congressional Gold Medal recipients 19th-century American naval officers People who died at sea Commanders of the USS Constitution

4043553

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20team%20rosters

Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's team rosters

These are the team rosters of the nations that participated in the men's ice hockey tournament of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Each team was permitted a roster of 20 skaters and three goaltenders. Participating teams Canada The following is the Canadian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Pat Quinn Assistant coaches: Wayne Fleming, Marc Habscheid, Ken Hitchcock, Jacques Martin Defencemen Scott Niedermayer and Ed Jovanovski were originally selected, but due to injuries were replaced by Jay Bouwmeester and Bryan McCabe, respectively. Dan Boyle took McCabe's previous spot as a reserve. Defenceman Dan Boyle and forwards Jason Spezza and Eric Staal were selected as "reserves" in case of injury before the tournament began. Czech Republic The following is the Czech roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Alois Hadamczik Assistant coaches: Mojmír Trličík, Ondrej Weissmann Finland The following is the Finnish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Erkka Westerlund Assistant coaches: Risto Dufva, Hannu Virta Germany The following is the German roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Uwe Krupp Assistant coach: Ernst Höfner Italy The following is the Italian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Michel Goulet Assistant coaches: Ron Ivany, Fabio Polloni Kazakhstan The following is the Kazakh roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Nikolai Myshagin Assistant coach: Gennadi Tsygurov 1 Andrei Savenkov replaced Evgeni Blokhin on the team roster after the first two games of the tournament. Latvia The following is the Latvian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Leonīds Beresņevs Assistant coach: Harijs Vītoliņš, Oļegs Znaroks Russia The following is the Russian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Vladimir Krikunov Assistant coaches: Vladimir Yurzinov, Sergei Nemchinov, Boris Mikhailov Forwards Alexander Frolov and Alexander Korolyuk were replaced due to injuries by Andrei Taratukhin and Ivan Nepryaev, respectively. Slovakia The following is the Slovak roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: František Hossa Assistant coaches: Jerguš Bača, Lubomir Pokovic, Róbert Švehla Sweden The following is the Swedish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Bengt-Åke Gustafsson Assistant coaches: Anders Eldebrink, Janne Karlsson Forward Markus Näslund was initially selected, but due to a groin injury he was replaced by Tomas Holmstrom Switzerland The following is the Swiss roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: / Ralph Krueger Assistant coaches: Jakob Kölliker, Peter John Lee 1 Andres Ambühl replaced Thomas Ziegler on the team roster after the first five games of the tournament. United States The following is the American roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Head coach: Peter Laviolette Assistant Coaches: Keith Allain, Mike Sullivan See also Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics rosters (women) References roster 2006

4043560

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20dysplasia

Retinal dysplasia

Retinal dysplasia is an eye disease affecting the retina of animals and, less commonly, humans. It is usually a nonprogressive disease and can be caused by viral infections, drugs, vitamin A deficiency, or genetic defects. Retinal dysplasia is characterized by folds or rosettes (round clumps) of the retinal tissue. Retinal dysplasia in dogs Most cases of retinal dysplasia in dogs are hereditary. It can involve one or both retinas. Retinal dysplasia can be focal, multifocal, geographic, or accompanied by retinal detachment. Focal and multifocal retinal dysplasia appears as streaks and dots in the central retina. Geographic retinal dysplasia appears as an irregular or horseshoe-shaped area of mixed hyper or hyporeflectivity in the central retina. Retinal detachment occurs with complete retinal dysplasia, and is accompanied by blindness in that eye. Cataracts or glaucoma can also occur secondary to retinal dysplasia. Other causes of retinal dysplasia in dogs include infection with canine adenovirus or canine herpesvirus, or radiation of the eye in newborns. Commonly affected breeds Bedlington Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia. Sealyham Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia. Rottweiler - focal or multifocal. English Springer Spaniel - focal, multifocal, or geographic. American Cocker Spaniel - focal or multifocal. Beagle - focal or multifocal. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel - retinal folds, geographic, or retinal detachment. Labrador Retriever - focal, multifocal, geographic, or complete retinal dysplasia. It can also be seen in combination with a congenital skeletal disorder. Australian Shepherd - retinal dysplasia occurs with other eye disorders, such as an oval pupil, microcornea (small cornea), cataracts, and retinal detachment. Retinal dysplasia in other animals Cats - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero or in newborns infected with feline leukemia virus or feline panleukopenia, which cause necrosis and disorganization of the retina. It appears as folds and rosettes. Cattle - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero through infection with bovine viral diarrhea. It is also inherited in Shorthorns and Herefords. Both forms often cause retinal detachment. Sheep - Retinal dysplasia occurs by in utero infection with bluetongue disease. Horses - Retinal dysplasia is bilateral, not inherited, and appears as multifocal or geographic disease. It is usually accompanied by other eye problems. Chickens See also Progressive retinal atrophy References Dog diseases Eye diseases

4043564

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%20W.%20Means

Rice W. Means

Rice William Means (November 16, 1877January 30, 1949) was an American soldier and lawyer who became a Ku Klux Klan leader and a Republican United States Senator from Colorado. Early life, education, and military service Born in St. Joseph, Missouri, he moved with his parents to Yuma County, Colorado in 1887. He settled in Denver in 1889, and attended the public schools and Sacred Heart College of Denver (now called Regis University). During the Spanish–American War, he commanded a company in the Philippine campaign of 1899, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Means "distinguished himself before the fall of Manila by swimming the Singalon river to reconnoiter the Spanish works", escaping capture when he was spotted. Returning from the war, he expressed a desire for the United States to permanently incorporate the Philippines, envisioning Manila surpassing Hong Kong as a trading center. In 1901, he graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Denver. From 1902 to 1904, he was county judge of Adams County, and in 1908 was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Sixty-first United States Congress. Following this defeat, he was appointed deputy district attorney for Adams County, Colorado. Means was elected commander-in-chief of the Army of the Philippines in 1913, and of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1914. He served during the First World War as a lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Fortieth Division School of Arms. He commanded the 4th Infantry in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. Means ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1920, losing the Republican nomination to Samuel D. Nicholson, who would go on to win the seat. He was attorney for the City and County of Denver in 1923 and 1924. Political career and later life Means was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on November 4, 1924, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by Nicholson's death. During the campaign, his Democratic opponent nicknamed him "Puffed Rice", but this did not hinder Means' election. Means was one of several candidates reported to have benefited from the support of the state's Ku Klux Klan organization. He served in the Senate from December 1, 1924, to March 3, 1927, chairing the Committee on Claims (Sixty-ninth Congress). During his tenure, he authored legislation deeming Armistice Day (later called Veterans Day) a national holiday in the United States. During this time, Means also became directing head of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. In 1926, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection, as he was again defeated in the Republican primary, this time by Charles W. Waterman, who "rode to victory on the wave of anti-klan sentiment". In 1926 and 1927, Means was commander in chief of the United Spanish War Veterans, and, in 1927, he became president of the National Tribune Corporation and publisher of the National Tribune and Stars and Stripes in Washington, D.C. Means fiercely criticized the FDR administration in response to the enactment of the initial New Deal measures in 1933, declaring them to be the product of "ruthless, vicious propaganda" and "a stain upon the honor of the United States". Means retired in 1937, and died in Denver on January 30, 1949, following a six-month bout with heart problems. He was interred in Denver's Fairmount Cemetery. References External links Retrieved on 2009-02-25 1877 births 1949 deaths American military personnel of the Spanish–American War American military personnel of World War I Colorado Republicans Former Ku Klux Klan members Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri Regis University alumni Republican Party United States senators from Colorado United States Army officers University of Michigan Law School alumni National Commanders of the Veterans of Foreign Wars American Ku Klux Klan members

4043570

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Garza%20%28musician%29

David Garza (musician)

David Garza (pronounced Dah-veed; born February 4, 1971) is a Grammy winning Los Angeles based singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, composer, and visual artist. Biography A third-generation Mexican-American and Dallas-area native David Garza came to Austin in the fall of 1989 to attend the University of Texas. With his first band, The Happy Farmers, he opened shows for such Dallas Deep Ellum faves of the era as the New Bohemians, Ten Hands, and Fever in the Funkhouse at Club Dada. But by age 18, he won a classical guitar scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin. Garza had met Austinites Chris Searles and Jeff Haley through scholastic music events in high school. They christened themselves Twang Twang Shock-A-Boom and headed to the West Mall of the UT campus, armed with acoustic guitar, upright bass and bongos. The acoustic three-piece band “went from playing the West Mall on the University of Texas campus for fun and tips to packing a thousand or so fans into Liberty Lunch and showcasing at the headquarters of CBS Records (now Sony Music)”. After leaving the group Twang Twang Shock A Boom to go solo, Garza formed a new band and gigged continually around and outside the Texas area, billed as David Garza & The Lovebeads and later as DAH-VEED. In the mid-1990s he had his brush with the major-label world, signing with Lava/Atlantic, but eventually returned to his street-performer roots, releasing nearly an album a year since. Garza released a flurry of solo cassettes and CDs, selling them for $5 and $10, respectively. He called this the “Single Bill Theory,” one he maintains to the present day. Garza performed tirelessly on the regional club and college circuit, ultimately striking a major-label deal, in 1996. Initially, Garza rebuffed various major label recording offers, choosing instead to record and distribute music on his own label, Wide Open Records. After independently releasing nine records and selling 30,000 copies on his own, he eventually signed with Lava/Atlantic and was featured on the Great Expectations soundtrack. His major-label debut, This Euphoria, followed in April 1998. He took over production duties for his second Lava/Atlantic record, 2001's Overdub, and brought in Will Calhoun and Doug Wimbish, the drummer and bassist of Living Colour as his backup band for the sessions. Juliana Hatfield contributed backing vocals on the song "Keep On Crying." In 1999, at the height of his touring popularity, Garza was voted 2nd behind Stevie Ray Vaughan as Austin Musician of the Decade (Austin Chronicle). In 2011, the City of Austin, TX declared May 12 “David Garza Day.” Soon after, to celebrate what would've been Elliott Smith's 44th birthday on August 6, 2013, Smith’s family entrusted Garza to “host a bicoastal tribute to the late pop mystic.” In subsequent years, Garza has returned to releasing his music independently and plays frequently in Texas and in Los Angeles. A series of residency shows at L.A.'s Club Largo showcased his skill as a solo performer on both piano and guitar. During Garza's live shows, artists as highly regarded as producer/soundtrack icon Jon Brion, Nickel Creek, Grant Lee Phillips and Fiona Apple regularly sat in with him. Garza has shared the stage with the likes of Jackson Browne, John Paul Jones, Los Lobos, Pearl Jam, St. Vincent, Meshell Ndegeocello, Andrew Bird, Natalia LaFourcade, Chris Thile, Ben Harper. He has also done extensive work as a producer and session musician, composer, and visual artist. In 2020 he was a musician on, co-produced and created the album artwork for the 2-time Grammy award winning Fiona Apple release Fetch The Bolt Cutters. Collaborations Throughout his career, David Garza has done studio and live session work for a number of artists. He contributed guitar and production to Juliana Hatfield's Beautiful Creature in 2000, and toured as keyboardist for Alejandro Escovedo in 2001. The same year, he played on the soundtrack for the film Spy Kids. In 2002, he worked with Rhett Miller on The Instigator, and in 2004 he appeared on Hanson's record Underneath. In 2005, he toured with Fiona Apple on her Extraordinary Machine tour, performing both as the opening act and as a guitarist in her backing band. In 2006, Garza played baritone guitar on the Revolting Cocks Cocked and Loaded LP, and Al Jourgensen later added vocals to “Minority Boys Got $” on Garza’s 2008 album Dream Delay. Garza played guitar and sang back-up vocals on the 2007 John Legend single “Sun Comes Up”. Since 2008, Garza has regularly toured and recorded with Gaby Moreno. David performed the music on comedian, actress, and singer-songwriter Marget Cho’s 2016 album American Myth. In 2020, Garza was a guest vocalist and piano player on the Watkins Family Hour studio album entitled Brother Sister, joining Gaby Moreno and John C. Reilly on a cover of Charley Jordan’s "Keep It Clean". Composing and production Garza contributed music on film scores for Wretches & Jabberers (2011), Garnet’s Gold (2014) and Racing Extinction (2015). In 2016, Garza produced Nina Diaz (of Girl in a Coma) first solo record The Beat is Dead. In 2019, Garza composed the original score for the HBO film Running with Beto In 2020, Garza co-produced, played multiple instruments on and made the album artwork for Fiona Apple's Fetch The Bolt Cutters Discography Just Say Love (1991) Summer Songs 1 (1991) Summer Songs 2 (1992) Eyes Wide Open (1992) Culture Vulture (1993) Conmigo (1994) Blind Hips In Motion (1995) 1000 Copies (1996) 4-Track Manifesto EP (1997) This Euphoria (1998) Kingdom Come and Go (1999) Summer Songs 3 (2000) Overdub (2001) Alarm/Alarm Spring (2002) Summer Songs 4 (2002) Secret Album (2003) Amorea (2003) Covers/Colcha (2003) Summer Songs 5 (2003) A Strange Mess of Flowers (box set) (2004) Oh Dread EP (download) (2005) May Ides EP (download)(2005) Chuy Chuy Yall EP (download) (2005) Summer Songs 6 (2005) Sound of Music EP (download) (2005) David Garza (2005 Tour CD) (2005) Slaughterhouse Jive (download)(2008) filmusic (download) (2008) Dream Delay (2008) Summer Songs 7 (2009) AD HOC (2009) Dream Demos (2009) The Road To ACL (2010) Oversea (2011) Sleep (2012) Human Tattoo (2013) Ballad of Crybear (2016) Lost Rhyme (2019) Notes External links David Garza official site David Garza on Myspace David Garza Profile on RollingStone.com 1971 births Living people Musicians from Austin, Texas People from Irving, Texas American male singer-songwriters American musicians of Mexican descent Hispanic and Latino American musicians University of Texas at Austin alumni Singer-songwriters from Texas 21st-century American singer-songwriters 21st-century American male singers Lava Records artists Atlantic Records artists

4043572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny%20Street

Kearny Street

Kearny Street () in San Francisco, California runs north from Market Street to The Embarcadero. Toward its south end, it separates the Financial District from the Union Square and Chinatown districts. Further north, it passes over Telegraph Hill, interrupted by a gap near Coit Tower. History Kearny Street was originally named "La Calle de la Fundacion" by the Spanish, meaning "street of the founding". The origin of the present name, Kearny Street, is generally assumed to be Stephen Watts Kearny, the first military governor of California under U.S. rule. Another possible namesake is General Philip Kearny. It is sometimes erroneously assumed to be named after the (differently spelled) labor leader Denis Kearney, known for his racist anti-Chinese agitation. At Kearny and Clay was the lower end of the first cable car line in America, launched by Andrew S. Hallidie on August 2, 1873, climbing five blocks up Clay Street hill toward Nob Hill. During the early 20th century, "running north from Market Street to the Barbary Coast, Kearny Street was an avenue of honky-tonks and saloons frequented by racetrack tipsters and other shady professionals. On election nights it was the scene of torch-light parades and brass bands", as summarized in the 1940 WPA guide to San Francisco. From the turn of the twentieth century until 1977, the area around the intersection of Kearny and Jackson Streets was home to a large Filipino population, and earned the nickname Manilatown. Located at 848 Kearny Street, the International Hotel served as the heart of Manilatown. In its heyday of the 1920s and 1930s the estimated population of Manilatown was between 20,000 and 40,000 people. In 1968 the hotel was sold to developers intending to replace it with more profitable commercial property. After a protracted court battle, the remaining two hundred odd tenants were forcibly evicted on 4 August 1977. The hotel and other buildings to the south of it on that block were quickly torn down, after which the land lay vacant for over a quarter of a century. On 27 July 2004, a two block stretch of Kearny Street was officially declared to be Manilatown. The San Francisco Chronicle's urban design critic John King observed in 2006 that while Kearny Street's "architectural mish-mash" includes a number of skyscrapers, "several blocks survive ramshackle and low, delightful blurs of pre-World War II architecture that mix their styles but maintain sturdy-looking masonry facades [...] These low blocks exist because of city efforts in the 1970s and '80s to preserve older buildings and keep the Financial District from devouring everything around it. That protective foresight is what good planning is all about." Landmarks Landmarks along Kearny Street include Lotta's Fountain at Market Street, where 1906 earthquake commemorations are held; One Montgomery Tower (an office building located on Kearny and Post streets, despite the name); 555 California Street, the city's fourth tallest skyscraper; the location of the old Hall of Justice at Kearny and Clay Streets now occupied by the Hilton San Francisco Financial District; the Lusty Lady, the nation's first worker-owned peep show; Portsmouth Square, the original Plaza of the pueblo of Yerba Buena; Columbus Tower, the headquarters for American Zoetrope; and Coit Tower, at the top of Telegraph Hill. Other uses "Kearny Street" is a song by American composer Rod McKuen. References Further reading O'Brien, Robert, This is San Francisco. 1948. 1994 Chronicle Books Streets in San Francisco History of San Francisco Chinatown, San Francisco Financial District, San Francisco

4043584

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespesia%20grandiflora

Thespesia grandiflora

Thespesia grandiflora is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga and sometimes is referred to as Maga Colorada and Puerto Rican hibiscus. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic. Although originally endemic to the humid mountains of limestone in the western and north-central portions of the Island, today it grows everywhere in Puerto Rico due to its extensive cultivation. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in Florida, Hawaii, Honduras and in various Caribbean islands. The maga is mostly used as an ornamental plant, but like the related Thespesia populnea its wood is also valued for its durable timber. The flower was declared the national symbol of Puerto Rico on August 7, 2019. Flower The flower of the tree, known as Flor de Maga, is the official national flower of Puerto Rico. Though this species is contained within the same family as Hibiscus and may sometimes be referred to as such in English, truly it belongs to a different genus and species from true hibiscus, and is more closely related to Cotton. Growth The maga tree usually grows no larger than 20 meters. It is grown for timber and as an ornamental plant. References Bibliography Bailey, L.H. 1941. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York: Macmillan. 3,639 p. Calvesbert, Robert, Jr. 1970. Climate of Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Climatology of the United States 60-52. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Service Administration, Environmental Data Service. 29 p. Holdridge, L.R. 1942. Trees of Puerto Rico. Occasional Paper 1. Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forest Experiment Station. 105 p. Vol. 1. Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. San José, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 p. Joland, S.D.; Wiedhopt, R.M.; Cole, J.R. 1975. Tumor inhibitory agent from Montezuma speciosissima (Malvaceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64(11): 1889-1890. Liogier, Henri A.; Martorell, Luis F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Río Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 342 p. Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Wadsworth, Frank H. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agric. Handb. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 548 p. Marrero, José. 1942. A seed storage study of maga. Caribbean Forester. 3(4): 173-184. Marrero, José. 1947. A survey of the forest plantations in the Caribbean National Forest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. 167 p. Tesis de M.S. Marrero, José. 1948. Forest planting in the Caribbean National Forest: past experience as a guide for the future. Caribbean Forester. 1: 85-213. Martorell, Luis F. 1975. Annotated food plant catalog of the insects of Puerto Rico. Río Piedras, PR: Agricultural Experiment Station. 303 p. Neal, Marie C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Special Publication 50. Honolulú: Bernice P. Bishop Press. 924 p. Sapath, D.S.; Balaram, P. 1986. Resolution of racemic gossypol and interaction of individual enantiomers with serum albumins and model peptides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 882(2): 183-186. Schubert, Thomas H. 1979. Trees for urban use in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-27. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 91 p. Weaver, Peter L. 1987. Tree growth in several tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-152. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 15 p. Wolcott, George N. 1939. The entomologist looks at maga. Caribbean Forester. 1(1): 29-30. Wolcott, George N. 1940. A list of woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack of the “polilla”, the dry-wood termite of the West Indies. Caribbean Forester. 1(4): 1-10. External links Flor de maga at elboricua.com grandiflora Endemic flora of Puerto Rico Flora without expected TNC conservation status

4043590

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Steere

Arthur Steere

Arthur Wallace Steere (1865–1943) was a Rhode Island politician and prominent businessman and landowner. Biography Steere (known as "A.W.") was born in Glocester, Rhode Island, on September 3, 1865, to Seth Hunt Steere and Lucy L. Smith. Steere was a direct descendant of Rhode Island founder, Roger Williams, William Wickenden, General William West, and Pilgrim George Soule. As a youth he worked on his family's farm in Glocester and then went to Scituate, Rhode Island, where he engaged in the teaming business for three years. In 1889 Steere inherited a bequest from his relative Henry J. Steere, a prominent manufacturer, upon the latter's death. In 1887, Steere married into the Brayton family when he married Sarah Jeanette Brayton (daughter of David and Phebe Brayton) in a Congregational service; she who died in 1892. Next, Steere married Mamie Farrar (daughter of Miles and Annie (Allen) Farrar) in 1894. They had five children together: Seth, Arthur, Nelson, Nettie and Henry. Eventually, Arthur Steere became the owner of over one thousand acres (4 km²) of property in the Rhode Island towns of Johnston, Burrillville, Foster, Scituate, Smithfield, and Glocester, making him one of the state's largest landowners. Steere sold hundreds of acres to the state of Rhode Island for the creation of the Scituate Reservoir in the 1920s. He owned various businesses on this land, including lumber yards, which produced railroad ties and telegraph poles, and also dairy farms, fruit orchards, refrigeration facilities, and a teaming business that first paved the majority of the roads in northern Rhode Island. Steere had over one hundred and fifty employees at the start of the 20th century. Senator Steere was a lifelong Republican, and in 1907 he was elected to the Rhode Island Senate representing Greenville, Rhode Island. As a senator, Steere was extremely active in property issues, serving on the property committee. Steere was also a member of the Freemasons of Greenville and Scituate and an attendant of Greenville's Free Will Baptist Church. After Steere died in January 1943, his sons Seth Hunt Steere and Henry J. Steere took over the bulk of his businesses and landholdings. Steere Orchards on Austin Avenue in Greenville is still owned by his descendants and is the largest orchard in Rhode Island. Steere was buried at Harmony Chapel Cemetery in Glocester. Images References Further reading "Arthur Wallace Steere," The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical,(NY: The American Historical Society, 1920) 121-122. "Arthur Wallace Steere," Representative men and old families of Rhode Island : genealogical records and historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the old families. (Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1908). James Root, Steere Genealogy, (Providence: Riverside Press, 1890). The Providence Journal, "The Will of Mr. Henry J. Steere in Detail," November 1, 1889, pg. 3. The Providence Journal, "Obituary: Henry J. Steere," October 29, 1889, pg. 8. External links Steere's House (PDF) Rhode Island state senators 1865 births 1943 deaths People from Smithfield, Rhode Island People from Glocester, Rhode Island Burials in Rhode Island 19th-century American businesspeople

4043596

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashy%20Bull

Flashy Bull

Flashy Bull (foaled March 13, 2003) by Jerry and Liz Squyres at Crowning Point Farm in Paris, Kentucky is an American thoroughbred racehorse. He was sired by the 1994 U.S. Horse of the Year Holy Bull out of the mare, Iridescence. He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006. As of July, 2007, he had started 19 times, winning 5, placing in 5, and showing in three and had lifetime earnings of $844,313. In August, 2007, he was retired to stud due to a cracked sesamoid bone in his left ankle, believed to have happened in the Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course on July 28 where he was unplaced. Connections Flashy Bull was owned by West Point Thoroughbreds and was trained by Kiaran McLaughlin. His rider in the Kentucky Derby was Mike E. Smith. He was ridden to a third-place finish in the Ohio Derby by Luis Antonio Gonzalez. Races References Flashy Bull's pedigree 2006 Derby Contenders Flashy Bull NTRA Flashy Bull Retired Racehorses bred in Kentucky 2003 racehorse births Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 9-f

4043603

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Nordstr%C3%B6m

Tina Nordström

Maria Kristina "Tina" Nordström Holmqvist (born 6 August 1973) is a Swedish celebrity chef and television personality from Helsingborg, Sweden. She hosted the second season of New Scandinavian Cooking on PBS stations on American television, replacing Andreas Viestad as host of the show; she was succeeded by Claus Meyer. She also appeared in a subsequent series featuring the same cast in rotation called "Perfect Day", produced by Tellusworks/Anagram Produktion and directed by Andreas Lindergard. Besides the cookery show Mat ("Food"), which she made together with Tomas Tengby, she has written cookbooks—Tinas mat ("Tina's food"), Tina and Jättegott Tina ("Delicious, Tina"). Nordström won the Swedish Let's Dance television show in 2008. In 2009, she produced Tinas cookalong, with Gordon Ramsay as a guest cook. From 2014, she is part of the jury in Sveriges yngsta mästerkock, the Swedish version of Masterchef Junior. References External links New Scandinavian Cooking: New Scandinavian Cooking - Meet Tina Nordström Tina Nordström at the Internet Movie Database See Tina's dance performance in the Swedish Let's dance 2008 television show, where she won. (Web page in Swedish). Swedish food writers Swedish television chefs Swedish women television personalities American women television personalities Salespeople American television chefs 1973 births Living people Dancing with the Stars winners Infomercial pitchmen Women cookbook writers American women chefs People from Helsingborg Municipality 21st-century Swedish women writers 21st-century American women writers

4043604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandst%C3%A4tter%20Group

Brandstätter Group

Brandstätter Group (geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co. KG) is a German company, headquartered in Zirndorf, Bavaria. The group is composed of toy company Playmobil, Playmobil 1.2.3 Ltd, Inmold Ltd, Hob Electronics Ltd, Hob Components Ltd, HOB Inc., HOB GmbH & Co KG, and Hob Software Ltd. History In 1876, the company was founded by Andreas Brandstätter in Fürth, Bavaria and produced ornamental fittings and locks. By 1921, the company mainly was producing metal toys such as piggy banks, telephones, cash registers, and scales. In 1954, production shifted to plastics and in the following years produced toys such as the Multi-Worker play-set. The Playmobil line of products was introduced in 1970 under Horst Brandstätter and marketed worldwide in 1975. The Brandstätter Group produces exclusively in Europe, chiefly at its main factory in Dietenhofen, 25 km from Zirndorf, with a workforce of 750 people. Although Playmobil also has factories in Malta (700 employees), Spain and the Czech Republic, Horst Brandstätter expanded production in Germany, and invested heavily in the Dietenhofen factory. New products included the Lechuza self-watering planters. References External links Playmobil Companies based in Bavaria Playmobil German companies established in 1876 Toy companies of Germany Toy companies established in the 19th century Manufacturing companies established in 1876

4043609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Underhill

John Underhill

John Underhill may refer to: Sir John Underhill (died 1679), courtier to Elizabeth I of England John Underhill (bishop) (1545–1592), English academic and bishop of Oxford John Edward Underhill (1574–1608) John Underhill (captain) (1597–1672), English colonist and soldier John Q. Underhill (1848–1907), U.S. Representative from New York John R. Underhill (born 1961), British professor of stratigraphy and former Scottish Premier League football referee John Garrett Underhill (1876–1946), author and stage producer John Garrett Underhill Jr. (1915–1964), U.S. Army officer

4043610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20Leoz

Nicolás Leoz

Nicolás Leoz Almirón (10 September 1928 – 28 August 2019) was President of CONMEBOL (South American Football Confederation) from 1986 to 2013. Leoz assumed the presidency in 1986 (succeeding Teófilo Salinas Fuller) and in February 2006, he was reelected as President for a sixth term. He was Paraguayan and received Colombian citizenship in 2008. On April 23, 2013, Leoz resigned from both the FIFA Executive Committee and the CONMEBOL presidency, citing health issues. Before his position as President of CONMEBOL, Leoz was President of the Justice Department of the Paraguayan Basketball Confederation (1957–1959), President of Paraguayan soccer Club Libertad (1969–1970 and 1974–1977), President of the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol (1971–1973 and 1979–1985) and Vice President of CONMEBOL (1972–1974 and 1980–1986). In November 2010 he was alleged by the BBC to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of World Cup television rights. In May 2015, Leoz was banned by the FIFA Ethics Committee for accepting bribes, money laundering, wire fraud and racketeering. Youth and early career Leoz was born in Pirizal, Chaco Paraguayo, Paraguay. His childhood was spent in Pirizal, 78 km. in the industrial complex of Carlos Casado, near the Paraguay River, Puerto Casado today is known as Puerto La Victoria. From 1940 to 1950, Leoz was a sports journalist in radio and newspapers. In 1957, he studied law at the School of Law and Social Sciences of the UNA (National University of Asunción) and as a student took office in Judiciary as a scribe in interrogations; he graduated on December 24, 1957, at 29 years age. From 1950 to 1962, he was a history teacher at the Colegio Nacional de la Capital, Nacional de Niñas and Comercio. He was also a director for an aluminum enterprise and in agricultural livestock. From 1957 to 1977, he was president of the Tribunal de Justicia de la Confederación Paraguaya de Básquetbol. Doctor “Honoris causa” from Universidade of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Member of Honor of the Universidad Nacional of San Agustín of Arequipa, Perú. Timeline of football career Corruption allegations In November 2010, Andrew Jennings, the presenter of FIFA's Dirty Secrets, an edition of BBC's flagship current affairs programme Panorama alleged that Leoz had taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of contracts for the sale of television rights to the football World Cup. Panorama claimed to have obtained a confidential document from a company called ISL which showed that Leoz was paid $730,000 by the company. ISL won the contract to distribute the television rights. Leoz has not responded to the allegations. In May 2011, Lord Triesman named Leoz while giving evidence at a Parliamentary inquiry into football governance in London. Nicolas Leoz has been accused of requesting an honorary knighthood in reward for supporting a World Cup bid for England. It was later revealed in email exchanges involving his aide that Leoz would consider visiting England if the FA Cup, the oldest association football competition in the world, were to be named after him. On April 23, 2013, Leoz announced his resignation of CONMEBOL presidency to take place on April 30, 2013. On June 3, 2015, Leoz was named on an INTERPOL Red Notice. In 2018, his extradition was approved by a Paraguayan court. Leoz appealed the decision. At the time of his death the case was pending before the Supreme Court of Paraguay. Family Leoz was the son of Gregory Leoz Latorre (born in Navarre, Spain) and Petrona Almirón Bogarín (born in Luque, Paraguay). His brothers were Guillermo, Pomposa, Sara, Eusebio, Cesar, Modesto and Maria Teresa. He also had two brothers, Isidoro and Cesareo from his father when he married Eudosia Carmen Zorrilla. His paternal grandparents were Cesareo Leoz Guinda and Miguela Latorre. His paternal great-grandparents were Manuel Leoz Ramon and Manuela Guinda Baztam. Notes News media as a scandal involving within the FIFA together with Julio Grondona who is vice president of FIFA, CSF vice-president and president of the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino. (Andrew Jennings). References Bibliography Leoz, Nicholas, Pido la palabra. MZ Editions S.R.L., Ladino 3729. Buenos Aires-Argentina, 2001 External links FIFA.COM 1928 births 2019 deaths Naturalized citizens of Colombia Presidents of CONMEBOL Association football executives Paraguayan emigrants to Colombia Paraguayan people of Basque descent Paraguayan people of Spanish descent FIFA officials People named in the Panama Papers Paraguayan schoolteachers

4043615

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Barriers

Churchill Barriers

The Churchill Barriers are four causeways in the Orkney islands with a total length of . They link the Orkney Mainland in the north to the island of South Ronaldsay via Burray and the two smaller islands of Lamb Holm and Glimps Holm. The barriers were built between May 1940 and September 1944, primarily as naval defences to protect the anchorage at Scapa Flow, but since 12 May 1945 they serve as road links between the islands. The two southern barriers, Glimps Holm to Burray and Burray to South Ronaldsay, are Category A listed. History On 14 October 1939, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak was sunk at her moorings within the natural harbour of Scapa Flow, by the under the command of Günther Prien. U-47 had entered Scapa Flow through Holm Sound, one of several eastern entrances to Scapa Flow. The eastern passages were protected by measures including sunken block ships, booms and anti-submarine nets, but U-47 entered at night at high tide by navigating between the block ships. To prevent further attacks, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill ordered the construction of permanent barriers. Work began in May 1940 and the barriers were completed in September 1944 but were not officially opened until 12 May 1945, four days after Victory in Europe Day. Construction The contract for building the barriers was awarded to Balfour Beatty, although part of the southernmost barrier (between Burray and South Ronaldsay) was sub-contracted to William Tawse & Co. The first Resident Superintending Civil Engineer was E K Adamson, succeeded in 1942 by G Gordon Nicol. Preparatory work on the site began in May 1940, while experiments on models for the design were undertaken at Whitworth Engineering Laboratories at the University of Manchester. The bases of the barriers were built from gabions enclosing 250,000 tonnes of broken rock, from quarries on Orkney. The gabions were dropped into place from overhead cableways into waters up to deep. The bases were then covered with 66,000 locally cast concrete blocks in five-tonne and ten-tonne sizes. The five-tonne blocks were laid on the core, and the ten-tonne blocks were arranged on the sides in a random pattern to act as wave-breaks. Labour A project of this size required a substantial labour force, which peaked in 1943 at over 2,000. Much of the labour was provided by over 1,300 Italian prisoners of war who had been captured in the desert war in North Africa; they were transported to Orkney from early 1942 onwards. The prisoners were accommodated in three camps, 600 at Camp 60 on Little Holm and the remaining 700 at two camps on Burray. In 1943, those at Camp 60 built an ornate Italian Chapel, which still survives and has become a tourist attraction. Ecological impact Research by the University of York published in 2012 showed significant changes to the ecology of the area, and that behind the barriers an eutrophic environment dominated due to the loss of the natural throughflow of water. Deterioration In October 2011, the Orkney Islands Council took control of the barriers from the Ministry of Defence. Since then, with increasingly erratic weather events and rising sea levels as a result of global climate change, the barriers have begun to deteriorate. Of the four barriers, only Barrier No. 2, from Lamb Holm to Glimps Holm, is at high risk for needing to be replaced, according to the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Replacing even one of the causeways is extremely unpopular in Orkney due to their historical significance. The Council was as of February 2021 exploring options that would preserve all of the causeways. Gallery See Also Coastal fortifications in Scotland References External links Burray and The Barriers Undiscovered Scotland: The Churchill Barriers Our Past History: The Churchill Barriers Okneypics.com: photos of the barrier Orkney Buildings and structures in Scotland Civil engineering Category A listed buildings in Orkney Causeways in Europe

4043616

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan

Zhang Dan

Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former pair skater. With Zhang Hao, she is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) World medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) Four Continents champion. Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012. Career Early career Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao (no relation) teamed up in 1997. In 1998–99 Junior Grand Prix (JGP), the pair competed in one event and won the gold medal. They continued the season with a bronze medal at the 1999 Chinese National Championships. The following season, they competed in two 1999–2000 JGP events, medaling in both. They qualified for the final, where they finished fifth. That year, they were second at nationals and finished fourth at Junior Worlds. The following three seasons, they were very successful at the junior level. They won all their Junior Grand Prix events, including the 2000–01 JGP Final and the 2001–02 JGP Final. They also competed in the 2001 Junior Worlds and the 2003 Junior Worlds, winning gold both times. At the Chinese National Championships, they placed third in both 2001 and 2002, before winning their first national title in 2003. Their first senior international was the 2002 Four Continents Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The same season they competed in the 2002 Olympics, placing 11th, and the 2002 Worlds, placing 9th. The following season they competed in their first two senior Grand Prix events, placing fourth at both events. They repeated with a bronze medal at the 2003 Four Continents Championships and improved their placement at the 2003 Worlds, finishing sixth. For the next two seasons, they consistently medaled at their Grand Prix events. They won gold at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and bronze at the 2005 Worlds. 2005–06 season: Olympic medalists Zhang and Zhang went into the 2006 Olympics as medal contenders. They had planned a throw quadruple salchow jump for the free skate, a jump which had not yet been landed in competition. Zhang Dan fell on it during the free skate and suffered an injury, but chose to finish the program. There was a minor controversy about finishing the program because while Zhang Dan had been lying on the ice from the fall, the referee had stopped the music, and the Zhangs took a certain amount of time to restart the program. ISU rules say that the program can be continued if the referee agrees the stoppage was due to a valid reason, such as injuries or equipment failures. Once the referee has approved a continuation, the skaters are given two minutes to continue the program from the point where the music stopped. Zhang regrouped within this period and was able to finish the program. They won the silver medal, placing ahead of defending Olympic medalists Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao. At the Worlds, they won the silver, behind Pang Qing and Tong Jian. Later career In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at Skate Canada, second at the NHK Trophy, and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. They also set the world record score in the short program twice: 71.60 points at the 2007 Trophée Éric Bompard and 74.36 points at the 2008 World Championships. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Zhangs placed fifth. They also finished fifth at 2010 World Championships. Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the 2011 Skate America and the 2011 Cup of China. They finished 4th at the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final. Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. In 2008, she was 1.63 m and in October 2009, she reached 1.675 m. In August 2011, she was the tallest female in elite pair skating, being 1.695 m in height. Zhang Dan's height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and on May 6, 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition. Zhang Hao formed a new partnership, while Zhang Dan stated that she would focus on her university studies. Age controversy On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although her International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Dan as born on October 4, 1985, a Chinese skating association website suggested she was born on that day in 1987. This would mean that during the 2001-02 season she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events such as the Four Continents where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. Her partner's age also came under scrutiny. His ISU bio states that he was born on July 6, 1984, but the Chinese website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982, making him too old to compete in junior events during the 2002-03 season, such as the 2003 World Junior Championships where they won gold. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website. Programs (with Zhang Hao) Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix With Zhang Hao References External links 1985 births Living people Chinese female pair skaters Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade Olympic figure skaters for China Olympic silver medalists for China Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade Figure skaters from Harbin Olympic medalists in figure skating World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Universiade medalists in figure skating Season-end world number one figure skaters FISU World University Games gold medalists for China

4043627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp%27s%20Night%20Out

Röyksopp's Night Out

Röyksopp's Night Out is an extended play (EP) by Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp. It contains live recordings from the duo's concert at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, Norway, in November 2005. Background The EP was released domestically on 27 January 2006. Röyksopp has stated that the EP was originally meant for the Japanese fans, the most enthusiastic Röyksopp fans, according to the band members. All of the vocalists who contributed on Röyksopp's second studio album, The Understanding (2005), except Karin Dreijer (who was replaced by Norwegian singer Anneli Drecker) were present at the concert. The EP also includes a remixed cover version of the Queens of the Stone Age song "Go with the Flow". The EP was named after a song from their debut album, Melody A.M. (2001), though the song was not performed. Track listing Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Röyksopp's Night Out. Röyksopp Röyksopp – arrangements, production ; vocals Svein Berge – vocals Additional personnel Ronald Hernes – recording Tim Summerhayes – mixing Dave O'Carrol – mastering Kate Havnevik – creative input, vocals Kristian Stockhaus – guitar Ole Vegard Skauge – bass guitar Anneli Drecker – vocals Chelonis R. Jones – vocals Stian Andersen – photos Jean-Louis Duralek – artwork Charts References 2006 debut EPs 2006 live albums Live EPs Röyksopp albums Wall of Sound (record label) albums

4043646

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O.

20 Y.O.

20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was first released in Japan on September 20, 2006, by Virgin Records. Its title makes reference to her third studio album Control (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An R&B and dance album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including LRoc, Manuel Seal, The Avila Brothers and No I.D., in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri. 20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from music critics, with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three entry and second consecutive number-two album debut. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2007. To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on Today and the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by downloading images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O.. Three singles were released from the album–"Call on Me", "So Excited", and "With U". Background and development In 2004, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with guest artist Justin Timberlake, who accidentally exposed her right breast at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, Damita Jo. The album debuted at number two on Billboard 200, was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a blacklist of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident. At the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend—record producer Jermaine Dupri, who was commissioned to executive produce the project—in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time, "For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life". 20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with Virgin Records, and marked the end of a thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release Kwamé Holland, a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, "the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything." In 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including The Neptunes, Dr. Dre, Kwamé, and Polow Da Don, but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records. Jackson would later describe the time she released 20 Y.O as "a tough time, a tough period in my life". Recording and production For the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album Control in 1986. "I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: "A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning." He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of "hunger and excitement" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an R&B and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance. Rather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: "The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet". Jackson stated: "This time it was four of us collaborating – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. Johntá Austin also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a base. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa". 20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at The Village in Los Angeles and the Hit Factory in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, "It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it. And I'm giving it to you.'" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. "Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. "Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio", the producer completed. Dupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer Mariah Carey for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, "He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I've been a big fan of Janet since 'Con-tro-ol!'". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. "It depends on how quick my mind moves. We're mixing records for [20 Years Old]. We're not done yet. When I did Usher's My Way album, the last record I created was 'You Make Me Wanna...'. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [...] We gotta try to figure it out", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition. Music and lyrics 20 Y.O. is composed by eleven songs, an introduction, three interludes and an outro. It starts off with Jackson stating "There's something to be said for not saying anything. I've covered a lot in my 20 years. And I've uncovered a lot" in its intro. The opening song, second single "So Excited" featuring rapper Khia, is a hip hop track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock's 1983 song "Rockit". In the song, Jackson promises submission for her lover, singing, "If you like it then I'll do it/I'll go head to toe" and "I'm-a keep your body thumping, baby". "Show Me" follows, with Jackson spelling its title throughout the song. The fourth song, "Get It Out Me", is a dance song which was noted to feature Jackson's vocals sounding like her brother Michael's ones. The following song is "Do It 2 Me". It marks a return to Jackson's conversational style; in the song, She is searching for her lover: "My first and only call is to you, time after time, babe, throughout my life". Its music is punctuated by handclaps and by low swoops of a string section. Sixth song "This Body" lyrically is about men who have appreciation with Jackson's appearances in magazines. She addresses her fans in the line "Just had to buy me, had to try me, oooh, you're in love with the hottest girl in the magazine". The song brings sinuous and dark beats incorporating a rhythmic pattern of heavy breathing and the sound of a jet taking off, which was noted to be a metaphor. An interlude is the opening for eighth track "With U", which was described as "the follow-up to 1986's 'Let's Wait Awhile'", where a couple postpone intimacy. "With U" takes place after the act, which results in romantic confusion. In it, she sings, "I wish you were the one the one I could be with forever". "Call on Me" is the ninth song and lead single from 20 Y.O. It features Nelly, and samples The SOS Band's 1983 song "Tell Me If You Still Care". It includes whispered vocals from both Jackson and Nelly. Second interlude finds Jackson remembering her Good Times days as Penny. "Daybreak", the eleventh song, begins with fairy tale infused chimes before introducing electronic soul handclaps before Jackson starts singing. It has a few lyrics which deal about sex. The following track, "Enjoy", is composed by piano and bass. In the song, Jackson's vocals were heavily treated. Both songs have additional carnival charms, sing-along melodies, and a children's chorus at its end of the latter. An interlude follows, with Jackson calling her lover, asking him to come home. Fourteenth song "Take Care" is a love song which finds the singer pleasuring herself while she waits for her lover. The last song from the album, "Love 2 Love" was recorded by Jackson with her brother Michael in mind. She sings, "We are a couple / Which love knows no bounds". An outro closes the album. Title and artwork In February 2006, Dupri revealed the album's title as 20 Years Old, making reference to her third studio album, Control (1986), which commemorated its twentieth release anniversary in 2006. The singer, who at that date was 40 years old, confessed she felt half her age. However, Jackson changed the title to 20 Y.O. after a fan suggestion. Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine heavily criticized the title, saying it did not "let on whether the first letter is plural or singular, whether it's a noun or an adjective. And it would make all the difference". He declared that if it was supposed to stand for "years", it was a forgivable conceit. However, the reviewer feared the acronym was for 20-Year-Old, which would mean a "misguided" move from a woman who was 40, and would illustrate everything wrong with Jackson's direction with the album. He later joked that his third interpretation and his personal favorite was the title to be read phonetically "I'm 20, yo". A contest for fans to create an album cover image for 20 Y.O. was announced on July 18, 2006, through Yahoo!. Fans were able to create and submit their own album-cover design, with four winners being chosen by Jackson herself. The first million copies of the album would be published with these fan-created covers. The concept of the contest was to create an image that best celebrated Jackson's past twenty years. The singer hand-picked dozens of images that span over twenty years of Jackson's career were made available for download for use in creating the design. "They told me that I should pick maybe 20, 30 photos, but I think I went a little crazy. I picked way more than that. I gave them some of the new stuff I just shot for the album cover shoot. So they have some really recent photos as well as some stuff from 20 years ago", Jackson confessed. For the official artwork of the album, Jackson appears sporting big hair and a wrist full of bracelets. Release and promotion 20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006, by Virgin Records; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called "Weekend" was made available as a "gift" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of "Lookout Weekend", a 1984 single by Debbie Deb. It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD. A MySpace account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for Us Weekly, Vibe, Billboard, FHM, GIANT, W, Jezebel, OK!, Ebony, King, Sophisticates Black Hair, Movieline's Hollywood Life, Hype Hair, Men's Fitness, Unleashed, Upscale, and In Touch. Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover. On September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform "So Excited" at NRJ's Back to School concert, along with past single "Nasty". While on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in Times Square at the Virgin Megastore on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the Today show — as part of their Concert Series — three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there. In November, Jackson performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, while she was interviewed on The Tyra Banks Show to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of "The Pleasure Principle" and "So Excited". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, "Nasty" and "Let's Wait Awhile", which was streamed on American Express' website. Jackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with Island Records, and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became 2008's Discipline. Jackson stated: "I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio." Singles The album's first single, "Call on Me", was released to US radio on June 19, 2006. It received mixed reviews from critics. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her most successful single in some countries since "All for You" in 2001. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it Jackson's sixteenth R&B chart-topper and thirtieth top ten single. Internationally, the song peaked inside the top-twenty in Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The music video for "Call on Me" was directed by Hype Williams and took ten days to be completed. The music video incorporates Indian, Asian, and African styles, with a mixture of outfits and hairstyles, with a total of five wardrobe changes. "Call on Me" is one of the most expensive music videos of all time, with a production cost of over US$1,000,000. Following its release, it was reported that the video was blacklisted by MTV following her incident at the Super Bowl halftime show, which was co-produced by the network. The second single, "So Excited", was released on August 28, 2006. Like the previous single, the song also was met with mixed reviews from music commentators, with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing. "So Excited" peaked at number 90 on the Hot 100, and also became her 39th top forty single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number 34. Additionally, on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, "So Excited" became Jackson's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number-one hit on the chart. It was well also received in Europe. In Finland, "So Excited" peaked at number nine and peaking at number 13 in Spain. Director Joseph Kahn directed its accompanying music video. It depicts Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine with female dancers. Also, occasional skeleton people appear in an X-ray effect, and images of Khia appearing in a small TV in an empty room. Due to her diminished role in the music video, she criticized Jackson online. The third single in North America was "With U", which was released to radio on December 11, 2006. Well received by critics, the song managed to reach number 65 on the region's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Enjoy" was released only as a promotional single in Japan and received no commercial release. Critical reception 20 Y.O. received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, out of 100, to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 52, based on 14 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album a three-and-half out of five-star rating, writing that "with only a few exceptions, 20 Y.O. provides further refinements of the fun, flirtatious, midtempo songs of her past several albums. This is not a problem." The New York Times music critic Jon Pareles had mixed feelings, saying "Janet is as crafty and poised as ever. Her flirtations are still a pleasure, but an overly familiar one. She's done these same slinky moves too often to surprise listeners now." Newsdays Glenn Gamboa gave the album a grade of A−, and said that Jackson "may not want to dwell in that past, either. After all, 20 Y.O. shows that her future could be even better." Richard Cromelin from Los Angeles Times was positive saying that 20 Y.O.s sex themes were slightly toned down from its predecessor, Damita Jo, and, "In the opening set of songs alone, Jackson promises to do it all [...] And she manages to do this without sounding especially raunchy." Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine said that the saddest thing about 20 Y.O. was Jackson's decision to make a terrible R&B instead of great dance music, which would likely pay off. He also referred to Jam and Lewis's production as "ice-cold beats [that] have melted into a lugubrious, lukewarm pudding—at under an hour, it still feels almost twice as long as Janet. and The Velvet Rope." With a C+ rating, Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine called it "half-decent" and went to say, "there's precious little to get, well, excited about here. Janet commits the ultimate sin of making an album that's thoroughly mediocre. Apart from the sticky ear-candy of "So Excited," there's little I'd miss here if I went six months without it. This doesn't sound like rejuvenation—it sounds like the beginning of the end." The Village Voices music critic Miles Marshall Lewis commented that Jackson's last two albums also talked excessively about sex, and with the new release, it was getting tired. Evan Serpick from Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison." Angus Batey, writing for Yahoo! Music UK, remarked that in Jackson's producers desire to take Jackson back to her roots, they made not a great album for Jackson, but a facsimile of one; correct in all the details, but lacking substance and soul. Robert Christgau gave it a "dud" score (). Accolades Commercial performance 20 Y.O. debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind Ludacris' album Release Therapy. This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album Damita Jo, which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since The Velvet Rope (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on Top Digital Albums and Top Tastemaker Albums charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies. On the Australian Albums Chart, it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since Control in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies. In the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the French Albums Chart at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175. 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006, in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the Italian Albums Chart it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the European Top 100 Albums, the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide. Track listing Notes "This Body" features an uncredited rap by Jermaine Dupri, under the alias "Cocaine J". Sample credits "So Excited" contains a sample of "Rock It" by Herbie Hancock. "Do It 2 Me" contains a sample of "If Only for One Night" by Brenda Russell. Personnel Johntá Austin – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11, 15) Bobby Ross Avila – bass, composer, drums, keyboards, producer (Track 12) Issiah "IZ" Avila – percussion, drums, producer (Track 12) Khia Chambers – composer (Track 2) Fran Cooper – make-up Larry Corbett – cello (Track 14) Kenneth Crear – management Ian Cross – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15), audio mixing (15) Jermaine Dupri – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9), producer (2–6, 8), executive producer, audio mixing (2–6, 8–9) Liliana Filipovic – violin (Track 8) Bernie Grundman – mastering Terrance "T-Love" Harris – personal assistant Gerardo Hilera – violin (Track 8) John Horesco IV – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9) Josh Houghkirk – audio mixing assistant (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15) Janet Jackson – composer (Tracks 1–8, 10–16), producer (All Tracks), liner notes, executive producer Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitar (Tracks 6, 8, 14) Jimmy Jam – keyboards (Tracks 8, 11–12, 14–15), producer (All Tracks), additional music (2–4, 6, 9), executive producer, drum programming (11, 14–15), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15) Suzie Katayama – string arrangements (Tracks 8, 14) Cheryl Kohfeld – viola (Track 8) Terry Lewis – composer (Tracks 1–4, 6–16), producer, additional music (2–4, 6, 9), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15) Andrea Liberman – stylist Matt Marrin – recording engineer (Tracks 8, 12, 14) Diane McDonald – coordination Tadd Mingo – assistant engineer No I.D. – producer (Track 5) Sara Parkins – violin (Track 14) Robert Peterson – violin (Track 8) James Phillips – composer (Tracks 2, 6, 9) Michele Richards – violin (Track 14) Steve Richards – cello (Track 14) Brenda Russell – composer (Track 5) Manuel Seal, Jr. – composer, producer (Tracks 3–4, 8) Vida Sparks – project coordinator Rudolph Stein – cello (Track 8) Phil Tan – audio mixing (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15) Josephina Vergara – violin (Track 14) Benjamin Ward – art direction, packaging James White – photography Chuck Wilson – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 3–5, 8, 11) Ghian Wright – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 12, 14–15) Johnny Wright – executive producer, management Janet Zeitoun – hair stylist Yang-Qin Zhao – cello (Track 8) Danny Zook – sample clearance Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history See also List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2006 References External links 20 Y.O. video page at janetjackson.com 2006 albums Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Albums produced by No I.D. Janet Jackson albums Virgin Records albums Albums produced by LRoc Albums produced by Manuel Seal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20state

Developmental state

Developmental state, or hard state, is a term used by international political economy scholars to refer to the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late 20th century. In this model of capitalism (sometimes referred to as state development capitalism), the state has more independent, or autonomous, political power, as well as more control over the economy. A developmental state is characterized by having strong state intervention, as well as extensive regulation and planning. The term has subsequently been used to describe countries outside East Asia that satisfy the criteria of a developmental state. The developmental state is sometimes contrasted with a predatory state or weak state. The first person to seriously conceptualize the developmental state was Chalmers Johnson. Johnson defined the developmental state as a state that is focused on economic development and takes necessary policy measures to accomplish that objective. He argued that Japan's economic development had much to do with far-sighted intervention by bureaucrats, particularly those in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). He wrote in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle: In states that were late to industrialize, the state itself led the industrialization drive, that is, it took on developmental functions. These two differing orientations toward private economic activities, the regulatory orientation and the developmental orientation, produced two different kinds of business-government relationships. The United States is a good example of a state in which the regulatory orientation predominates, whereas Japan is a good example of a state in which the developmental orientation predominates. A regulatory state governs the economy mainly through regulatory agencies that are empowered to enforce a variety of standards of behavior to protect the public against market failures of various sorts, including monopolistic pricing, predation, and other abuses of market power, and by providing collective goods (such as national defense or public education) that otherwise would be undersupplied by the market. In contrast, a developmental state intervenes more directly in the economy through a variety of means to promote the growth of new industries and to reduce the dislocations caused by shifts in investment and profits from old to new industries. In other words, developmental states can pursue industrial policies, while regulatory states generally cannot. Governments in developmental states invest and mobilize the majority of capital into the most promising industrial sector that will have the maximum spillover effect for the society. Cooperation between state and major industries is crucial for maintaining stable macroeconomy. According to Alice Amsden's Getting the Price Wrong, the intervention of state in the market system such as grant of subsidy to improve competitiveness of firm, control of exchange rate, wage level and manipulation of inflation to lowered production cost for industries caused economic growth, that is mostly found in late industrializers countries but foreign to early developed countries. As in the case of Japan, there is little government ownership of industry, but the private sector is rigidly guided and restricted by bureaucratic government elites. These bureaucratic government elites are not elected officials and are thus less subject to influence by either the corporate-class or working-class through the political process. The argument from this perspective is that a government ministry can have the freedom to plan the economy and look to long-term national interests without having their economic policies disrupted by either corporate-class or working-class short-term or narrow interests. Examples in East and Southeast Asia Some of the best prospects for economic growth in the last few decades have been found in East and Southeast Asia. Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia are developing at high to moderate levels. Thailand, for example, has grown at double-digit rates most years since the early 1980s. China had been the world leader in economic growth from 2001 to 2015. It is estimated that it took England around 60 years to double its economy when the Industrial Revolution began. It took the United States around 50 years to double its economy during the American economic take-off in the late nineteenth century. Several East and Southeast Asian countries today have been doubling their economies every 10 years. It is important to note that in most of these Asian countries, it is not just that the rich are getting richer, but the poor are becoming less poor. For example, poverty has dropped dramatically in Thailand. Research in the 1960s showed that 60 percent of the people in Thailand lived below a poverty level estimated with cost of basic necessities. By 2004, however, similar estimates showed that poverty there was around 13 to 15 percent. Thailand has been shown by some World Bank figures to have had the best record for reducing poverty per increase in GNP of any nation in the world. When viewed through the lens of dependency theory, developmentalism is about countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, and increasingly Vietnam, where the governments are able and willing to protect their people from the negative consequences of foreign corporate exploitation. They tend to have a strong government, also called a "developmental state" or "hard state", and have leaders who can confront multinationals and demand that they operate to protect their people's interests. These "development states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they may follow domestically mandated standards for pay and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes, and by extension leave some profits within the country. Specifically, what is meant by a developmental state is a government with sufficient organization and power to achieve its development goals. There must be a state with the ability to prove consistent economic guidance and rational and efficient organization, and the power to back up its long-range economic policies. All of this is important because the state must be able to resist external demands from outside multinational corporations to do things for their short-term gain, overcome internal resistance from strong groups trying to protect short-term narrow interests, and control infighting within the nation pertaining to who will most benefit from development projects. Thailand In the late 1990s a study was conducted in which the researchers interviewed people from 24 large factories in Thailand owned by Japanese and American corporations. They found that most of the employees in these corporations made more than the average in Thailand, and substantially more than the $4.40 a day minimum wage in the country at the time. The researchers’ analysis of over 1,000 detailed questionnaires indicated that the employees rate their income and benefits significantly above average compared to Thai-owned factories. They found the working conditions in all 24 companies far from conditions reported about Nike in Southeast Asia. One answer to the discrepancies found between multinational corporations in Thailand and the conditions described for Nike workers is that companies such as Wal-Mart, The Gap, or Nike subcontract work to small local factories. These subcontractors remain more invisible, making it more easy to bribe local officials to maintain poor working conditions. When multinational corporations set up business in countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, or Thailand, their visibility makes much less likely employees will have wages and conditions below the standards of living of the country. Thailand is said to fall between the U.S. model where government has little involvement in economic policy, and Japan which has governed with a very heavy hand for more than 100 years. One focus of Thai development policies was on import substitution. Here, a development state must be able to tell multinational corporations that goods will be imported, if at all, with tariffs as high as 80 to 150 percent to prevent these goods from competing with goods made in (at least at first) less efficient infant factories in the poorer country. Only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy on rich multinational corporations (and their governments), and only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy against the demands of their own rich citizens who want the imported goods and want them then at a cheaper price, not waiting for infant industries to produce suitable products. Thailand began placing tariffs of 150 percent on important automobiles, but at the same time telling the foreign auto industries that if they came to Thailand to create joint ventures with a Thai company to build cars—and thus hire Thai employees, pay Thai taxes, and keep some profits within Thailand—the auto company would get many forms of government assistance. Thailand continued to protect its economy during the 1980s and 1990s despite the flood of foreign investment the nation had attracted. Thai bureaucrats started rules such as those demanding a sufficient percentage of domestic content in goods manufactured by foreign companies in Thailand and the 51 percent rule. Under the 51 percent rule, a multinational corporation starting operations in Thailand must form a joint venture with a Thai company. The result is that a Thai company with 51 percent control is better able to keep jobs and profits in the country. Countries such as Thailand have been able to keep foreign investors from leaving because the government has maintained more infrastructure investment to provide good transportation and a rather educated labor force, enhancing productivity. Singapore Singapore is a relatively young city-state and it obtains a title of developed country. Despite the fact that it has a lack of natural resources and an intensely competitive geographical environment, it has been growing its nation as a developmental state. In 1965, Singapore successfully became independent from Malaysian Federation, and later it changed its Fordism production oriented city state to a developmental city state in less than half a century. It was claimed by the People's Action Party (PAP), the governing party since 1965, that adopting the developmental state strategy is in Singapore's best interests due to its unique feature of social, political, geographical, and economic conditions. At first, PAP's economic strategy was to provide cheap and disciplined labor and it provides a stable political system; Singapore has only one labor union that is directed by the PAP government. As a result, many multinational corporations (MNCs) invested in Singapore and soon Singapore came to be a solid manufacturing base. However, the PAP soon realized that if Singapore was to move forward to industrialization then it needed to improve its national education. In the 1960s, Singapore's education was fragmented basically by race, language and habitat lines. Therefore, a series of education projects were launched in the hope of helping Singapore to obtain industrialization. For example, in 1970, the Vocational and Industrial Training Board (VITB) was launched to provide technical education for workers who dropped out of secondary school. Singapore's training programs has a different function from other neoliberal cities; these programs match workers’ skills to the market of economic development. The economy is planned by the government; it arranges the market demand of labor on one hand and provides the supply of labor on the other hand. The Singapore government has noticed the country's weakness and its special geographical location. It is because that the population of Singapore was much less than other surrounding countries, so soon its manufacturing status would be replaced by other Asian countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, China, etc. Also, other Asian countries could provide relatively cheaper and greater labor force and more raw materials of production could be exploited. Therefore, Singapore was vulnerable of facing such surrounding threats. However, the Singapore government has adopted a special view of new international division of labor; it has placed itself as a global city in the Southeast Asian region. According to Saskia Sassen's "global cities", they are cities where headquarters which are committed in participating of globalization networks and they are the result of strong integration of urbanization and globalization. South Korea South Korea has undergone rapid economic development since the 1961 Military coup which brought Park Chung-Hee to power. Park, a Japanophile who studied at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy during WWII as a Manchukuo Army Officer, viewed Japan's development model, in particular the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Keiretsu, as an example for Korea. Park emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB) that controlled and manipulated the market system, while organizing the private enterprises into massive export oriented conglomerates which came to be known as the Chaebol's. Korean government implemented various economic measures in order to pursue export oriented growth. Korea at the early 60s was lacking capital and technological basis, so the only competitive advantage the country had was the low wage. Therefore, Korea first penetrated the global market with cheap labor in the light industry sector such as wigs and cotton spinning in 50s~60s. Korean industrial policy moved towards the heavy and chemical industries in the 70s and 80s, mobilizing the state's financial resources for the rapid growth of industries such as steel and shipbuilding. During those developmental periods, the government granted various forms of subsidies to the industries. Long-term loans and credits were given for higher competence in global market, thereby increasing export. Foreign exchange rates were often manipulated to stimulate export or import the raw materials at lower cost. Due to such subsidies on exports and manipulation by the government, the relative prices in Korean industry diverged from the free market equilibriums. Such interventions by the state are termed as "deliberately getting relative prices wrong"(Amsden, 1989), which means that the prices are intentionally deviated from the ‘right’ prices, the market equilibrium. Big business groups in chosen industries were supported and invested by the government, thereby forming intimate economic and political ties. Such groups grew to account for a large portion of GNP and became the Chaebols. South Korea's GDP per capita grew from $876 in 1950 to $22,151 in 2010. Industrial production in South Korea was 9% in 1953 but reached 38% in 2013. Korea first adopted an ISI but followed a developmental state growth strategy. Korea after their independence in 1945 lead to end of economic ties with Japan which they were heavily relied upon. During the Korean war, the country was devastated both physically and mentally. After the Korean war, South Korea focused on exporting primary products such as crops, minerals while imported manufactured goods from US. In the beginning of ISI era, Korean industries were successful in textile and light consumer good industries (Charles, 1975). South Korea eventually focused on an export oriented industries through direct government involvement. South Korean state has more autonomy over the regulation of economy, the state created conditions favorable for rapid economic growth, for example, the state provided long-term loans for industries with higher competence in global market which eventually increased the exporting sector (Chibber, 2014). Under Park Chung Hee's leadership, South Korea in 1960's created Economic Planning Board (EPB) which unified previously divided industries and created a centralized decision making state. Korea has been called one of "Asia's four little dragons" or Four Asian Tigers with its prominent economic growth (The other three being Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore). Korea's GDP per capita in 1980 was $1,778.5, which was only a fraction of Japan's per capita ($9,307.8). In 2014, Korea's GDP was $25,977.0, having shown dramatic growth in the past decade. Local developmental state While the developmental state is associated with East Asia, it has been argued that after 30 years of many negative experiences with the Washington Consensus, similar structures began to appear in Latin America. The "Latin American" approach is different, however, as it often takes place at a city/municipal level, rather than at a state level and places a great emphasis on tackling social exclusion. One pioneer in this experience has been Medellin, whose experience with a local development state has been highly praised by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute. Medellin's city administration used its ownership of city's main energy provider Empresas Publicas de Medellín (EPM) and diverted 30% of EPM's profits to fund municipal spending. The spending went partly on a variety of infrastructure projects, such as the city's metro, bus network and a cable car system connecting the poorer barrio communities to the city centre. However, the city also developed a program of cash grants called 'the Medellín Solidaria' programme that are very similar to Brazil's highly successful Bolsa Familia that provide support for poor families. Additionally, the city developed the Cultura E programme that established a network of 14 publicly funded business support centres known as CEDEZO, Centros de Desarrollo Empresarial Zonal. The CEDEZOs are found in the poorest areas of Medellin and support the poor in developing business by providing free-of-charge business support services and technical advice. Also, as part of Cultura E, there is Banco de las Opportunidades that provides microloans (up to $2,500 at a cheap interest rates 0.91% monthly). This has helped create more equal opportunities for all and overcome the barriers to entry to business for poor entrepreneurs with good ideas, but lacking capital, skills and connections. It has also helped develop the local economy with new micro-enterprises. However, several mayoral candidates for the October 2011 elections have argued the Banco de las Opportunidades's interest rates are too high, loan maturity is too short and it should have grace periods. They therefore suggest a new small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development bank to complement the Banco de las Opportunidades. Difficulties There are difficulties with the local development state model. Despite claims at the end of the 1980s by some, such as Hernando de Soto (1989) that micro-enterprises would lead economic growth, this has not come to pass. For instance, in Medellín the informal sector has seen a huge growth in micro-enterprises, but the impact on poverty and development has been minimal. Almost none of these microenterprises have evolved into informal small or medium businesses, as the demand does not exist to absorb increased production. In other words, a successful ice-cream producer producing 30 ice-creams per day at home may sell all their product and make a livelihood out of it, but transforming it into a business, incurring the costs of mechanisation in order to produce perhaps 300, may not be worthwhile if there is no demand for so many ice-creams. Failure rates are very high and the debt incurred by owners becomes unmanageable. Recognising which micro-enterprises have a high potential is extremely difficult and the costs involved in providing business support and advise are very high. There is a great difficulty in identifying demand, especially on a global level and demand patterns are constantly changing. The limited ability of city administrations to gather enough resources to support businesses and make sound investments can be problematic. Public recognition Despite all the evidence of the importance of a development state, some international aid agencies have just recently publicly recognized the fact. The United Nations Development Program, for example, published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that “Without good governance, reliance on trickle-down economic development and a host of other strategies will not work.” See also Dirigisme East Asian model of capitalism Economic development Economic interventionism Flying geese paradigm Four Asian Tigers Good governance International political economy Japanese post-war economic miracle Poverty reduction State capitalism References Sources Meredith Woo-Cumings. (1999). The Developmental State. Cornell University Press. Peter Evans. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ch. 1. Polidano C. (2001). Don't Discard State Autonomy: Revisiting the East Asia Experience of Development. Political Studies. Vol. 49. No.3. 1: 513–527. Ziya Onis. (1991). The Logic of the Developmental State. Comparative Politics. 24. no. 1. pp. 109–26. Mark Thompson. (1996). Late industrialisers, late democratisers: developmental states in the Asia-Pacific. Third World Quarterly. 17(4): 625–647. John Minns. (2001). Of miracles and models: the rise and decline of the developmental state in South Korea. Third World Quarterly. 22(6): 1025–1043. Joseph Wong. (2004). The adaptive developmental state in East Asia. Journal of East Asian Studies. 4: 345–362. Yun Tae Kim. (1999). Neoliberalism and the decline of the developmental state. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 29(4): 441–461. Linda Weiss. (2000). Developmental States in Transition: adapting, dismantling, innovating, not 'normalising'. Pacific Review. 13(1): 21–55. Robert Wade. (2003). What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The World Trade Organization and the shrinking of 'development space'. Review of International Political Economy. 10 (4). pp. 621–644. Daniel Maman and Zeev Rosenhak.(2011). The Institutional Dynamics of a Developmental State: Change and Continuity in State Economy Relations in Israel. Working paper No. 5–2011 of the Research Institute for Policy, Political Economy and Society. Raanana: The Open university of Israel. Ming Wan. (2008). "The Political Economy of East Asia". CQ Press. Rajiv Kumar. (2021). Bringing the developmental state back in: explaining South Korea’s successful management of COVID-19. Third World Quarterly. 42(7):1397-1416. Further reading External links Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance. Comparative politics International development Industrial policy International relations