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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Plužine (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern Montenegro. In 2011 it has a population of 1,341. Location The town is located near the Piva lake (Pivsko) in the northwestern mountainous region of Montenegro, close to the Durmitor National Park area. Plužine is the administrative centre of the Plužine Municipality and also the unofficial centre of the Piva region, named after the Piva River and the historical tribe of Piva (Pivljani). Population Plužine is the administrative centre of the Plužine municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 3,235. The town of Plužine itself has 1,341 citizens. Historical population Population of the Town of Plužine: 1981 - 730 1991 - 1,453 2003 - 1,494 2011 - 1,341 Ethnic composition Ethnic groups (1991 census): Montenegrins (91.61%) Serbs (6.63%) Ethnic groups (2003 census): Serbs (63.92%) Montenegrins (29.79%) Ethnic groups (2011 census): Serbs (65.65%) Montenegrins (27.79) International relations Twin towns — Sister cities Plužine is twinned with: Kraljevo, Serbia Ljubljana, Slovenia Transport The town is close to the border crossing with Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzegovina region) for the town of Gacko and Foča. Plužine is located on a road connecting central Montenegrin cities Podgorica and Nikšić with central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Gallery References Populated places in Plužine Municipality

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

For the history of the Jews in the United Kingdom, including the time before the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, see: History of the Jews in England History of the Jews in Scotland History of the Jews in Northern Ireland History of the Jews in Wales See also Many of the following articles relate to Jewish history in the British Empire: Baghdadi Jews British Jews British Mandate of Palestine History of the Jews in Australia History of the Jews in Canada History of the Jews in Colonial America History of the Jews in Gibraltar History of the Jews in Ireland History of the Jews in New Zealand History of the Jews in South Africa History Religion in the British Empire History of the United Kingdom by topic United Kingdom

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

The history of the Jews in Ukraine dates back over a thousand years; Jewish communities have existed in the modern territory of Ukraine from the time of the Kievan Rus' (late 9th to mid-13th century). Important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from Hasidism to Zionism, arose there. According to the World Jewish Congress, the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes Europe's third-largest and the world's fifth-largest. At times it flourished, while at other times it faced persecution and anti-Semitic discrimination. In the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920), Yiddish became a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency between 1917 and 1920. Before World War II, slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews. Ukrainian Jews included sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mountain Jews, Bukharan Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchak Jews, and Georgian Jews. In the westernmost region, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising between 1648 and 1657, an army of Cossacks massacred and took large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics, and Uniate Christians into captivity. One estimate (1996) reported that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. More recent estimates (2014) report mortality of 3,000-6,000 people between the years 1648–1649. During 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odesa followed the death of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople, in which 14 Jews were recorded killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom. At the start of the 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued, leading to large-scale emigration. In 1915, the imperial Russian government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the Russian Revolution and ensuing Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed in pogroms between 1918 and 1920. During the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21), pogroms continued. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by the Ukrainian Army under Symon Petliura during the period was estimated at between 35,000 to 100,000. Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia and spread to many other regions and continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism. Total civilian losses in Ukraine during World War II and the German occupation are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, including 225,000 in Belarus, were killed by the Einsatzgruppen and their many Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the Red Army. In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was in 1959. During and after the collapse of communism in the 1990s, the majority of Jews in 1989 left the country and moved abroad (mostly to Israel). Antisemitism, including violent attacks on Jews, is still a problem in Ukraine. Kievan Rus' By the 11th century, Byzantine Jews of Constantinople had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of Kyiv. For instance, some 11th-century Jews from Kievan Rus participated in an anti-Karaite assembly held in either Thessaloniki or Constantinople. One of the three Kyivan city gates in the times of Yaroslav the Wise was called Zhydovski (Judaic). Galicia-Volhynia In Galicia, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. From the second part of the 14th century, they were subjects of Polish kings and magnates. The Jewish population of Galicia and Bukovina, part of Austria-Hungary, made up 5% of the global Jewish population. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in the 10th century through the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, Poland was one of the most diverse countries in Europe. It became home to one of the world's largest and most vibrant Jewish communities. The Jewish community in the territory of Ukraine-proper during the Commonwealth became one of the largest and most important ethnic minority groups in Ukraine. Cossack Uprising and the Deluge Ukrainian Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a Cossack uprising, known as Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657), under the premise that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." It is estimated that at that time the Jewish population in Ukraine numbered 51,325. An army of Cossacks massacred and took into captivity numerous Jews, Roman Catholics and Ukrainian Greek Catholics in 1648–49. A 1996 estimate reports that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were destroyed. A 2014 estimate reduce the toll to 3,000-6,000 from 1648–1649; of these, 3,000-6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in Nemirov in May 1648 and 1,500 in Tulczyn in July 1648. Rise of Hasidism and internal struggles The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge left a deep and lasting impression on Jewish social and spiritual life. This was a time of mysticism and overly formal rabbinism. The teachings of Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov, or BeShT, (1698–1760) had a profound effect on Eastern European Jews. His disciples taught and encouraged a new and fervent brand of Judaism, related to Kabbalah, known as Hasidism. The rise of Hasidism influenced Haredi Judaism, with a continuous influence through many Hasidic dynasties. A different movement was started by Jacob Frank in the middle of the 18th century. Frank's teachings were unorthodox (such as purification through transgression and adoption of elements of Christianity). He was excommunicated along with his numerous followers. They eventually converted to Catholicism. Russian Empire and Austrian rule The traditional measures used to keep the Russian Empire free of Jews were hindered when the main territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed during the partitions of Poland. During the second (1793) and the third (1795) partitions, large populations of Jews were absorbed by the Russian Empire, and Catherine the Great established the Pale of Settlement that included Congress Poland and Crimea. During 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odesa after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources mark this episode as the first pogrom, while according to others (such as the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911 ed.) say the first pogrom was an 1859 riot in Odesa. The term became common after a wave of anti-Jewish violence swept the southern Russian Empire (including Ukraine) between 1881 and 1884, after Jews were blamed for the assassination of Alexander II. In May 1882, Alexander III of Russia introduced temporary regulations called May Laws that remained in effect until 1917. Systematic policies of discrimination, strict quotas on the number of Jews allowed to obtain education and professions caused widespread poverty and mass emigration. In 1886, an edict of Expulsion was applied to Jews in Kyiv. In 1893–1894, some areas of Crimea were removed from the Pale. When Alexander III died in Crimea on 20 October 1894, according to Simon Dubnow: "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to St. Petersburg, the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from Yalta to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions." Odesa became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to account for some 37% of the population. Political activism and emigration Jews were over-represented in the Russian revolutionary leadership. However, most were hostile to Jewish culture and Jewish political parties, and were loyal to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamping out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism". Counter-revolutionary groups, including the Black Hundreds, opposed the Revolution with violent attacks on socialists and pogroms against Jews. A backlash came from the conservative elements of society, notably in spasmodic anti-Jewish attacks – around five hundred were killed in a single day in Odesa. Nicholas II claimed that 90% of revolutionaries were Jews. Early 20th century At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur in cities and towns across the Russian Empire such as Kishinev, Kyiv, Odesa, and many others. Numerous Jewish self-defense groups were organized to prevent the outbreak of pogroms among which the most successful one was under the leadership of Mishka Yaponchik in Odesa. In 1905, a series of pogroms erupted at the same time as the Revolution against the government of Nicholas II. The chief organizers of the pogroms were the members of the Union of the Russian People (commonly known as the "Black Hundreds"). From 1911 to 1913, the antisemitic tenor of the period was characterized by a number of blood libel cases (accusations of Jews murdering Christians for ritual purposes). One of the most famous was the two-year trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis, who was charged with the murder of a Christian boy. The trial was showcased by the authorities to illustrate the perfidy of the Jewish population. From March to May 1915, in the face of the German army, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, mainly the Pale of Settlement. World War I aftermath During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 Jewish civilians were killed in atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire. In modern Ukraine an estimated 31,071 died in 1918–1920. Ukrainian People's Republic During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR, 1917–1921), pogroms continued. In the UPR, Yiddish was an official language, while all government posts and institutions had Jewish members. A Ministry for Jewish Affairs was established (it was the first modern state to do so). Rights of Jewish culture were guaranteed. Jewish parties abstained or voted against the Tsentralna Rada's Fourth Universal of 25 January 1918 which was aimed at breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, since all Jewish parties were strongly against Ukrainian independence. In Ukraine alone, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. Archives declassified after 1991 provide evidence of a higher number; in the period from 1918 to 1921, "according to incomplete data, at least 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in the pogroms." The Ukrainian People's Republic did issue orders condemning pogroms and attempted to investigate them. But it lacked authority to stop violence. In the last months of its existence it lacked any power to create social stability. Among the prominent Ukrainian statesmen of this period were Moisei Rafes, Pinkhas Krasny, Abram Revutsky, Moishe Zilberfarb, and many others. (see General Secretariat of Ukraine) The autonomy of Ukraine was openly greeted by the Ukrainian Jewish Volodymyr Zhabotinsky. Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was non-existent and overthrown by the Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadsky who ended the experiment in Jewish autonomy. Provisional Government of Russia and Soviets The February 1917 revolution brought a liberal Provisional Government to power in the Russian Empire. On 21 March/3 April, the government removed all "discrimination based upon ethnic religious or social grounds". The Pale was officially abolished. The removal of the restrictions on Jews' geographical mobility and educational opportunities led to a migration to the country's major cities. One week after the 25 October / 7 November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new government proclaimed the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples [Nations] of Russia," promising all nationalities the rights of equality, self-determination and secession. Jews were not specifically mentioned in the declaration, reflecting Lenin's view that Jews did not constitute a nation. In 1918, the RSFSR Council of Ministers issued a decree entitled "On the Separation of Church from State and School from Church", depriving religious communities of the status of juridical persons, the right to own property and the right to enter into contracts. The decree nationalized the property of religious communities and banned their assessment of religious tuition. As a result, religion could be taught or studied only in private. On 1 February 1918 the Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs was established as a subsection of the Commissariat for Nationality Affairs. It was mandated to establish the "dictatorship of the proletariat in the Jewish streets" and attract the Jewish masses to the regime while advising local and central institutions on Jewish issues. The Commissariat was also expected to fight the influence of Zionist and Jewish-Socialist Parties. On 27 July 1918 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree stating that antisemitism is "fatal to the cause of the ... revolution". Pogroms were officially outlawed. On 20 October 1918 the Jewish section of the CPSU (Yevsektsia) was established for the Party's Jewish members; its goals were similar to those of the Jewish Commissariat. The White Army and counterrevolutionary pogroms In contrast with the Bolshevik government's official policy of equality among citizens, antisemitism remained deeply entrenched in the political and social ideologies of the tsarist counterrevolutionaries, especially among paramilitary groups such as the Black Hundreds. These militias incited and organized pogroms against Russian Jews. The official slogan of the Black Hundreds was "Bei Zhidov," meaning 'Beat the Jews.' Thus, during the Russian Civil War that followed the 1917 Revolution, the Jews became a crucial site of the conflict between revolutionary Reds and counterrevolutionary Whites, particularly in the contested territory of Ukraine. The Bolsheviks' official opposition to antisemitism—coupled with the prominence of Jews such as Leon Trotsky within the Bolshevik ranks—allowed the Christian nationalist movements of both the White Army and the emergent Ukrainian National Republic to link Ukrainian Jews to the despised communism. These connections, combined with the cultural tradition of antisemitism among Russian peasantry, provided ample justification for the Whites to attack Ukraine's Jewish population. Between 1918 and 1921, almost all of the approximately 2,000 pogroms carried out in Ukraine were organized by White Army forces. eyewitnesses reported hearing counterrevolutionary milita members expound slogans such as, "We beat the Yids, we beat the Commune", and "This is the answer to the Bolsheviks for the Red Terror." Recent studies hold that about 30,000 Jews were killed in these pogroms, while another 150,000 died from wounds sustained during the violence. Pogroms in western Ukraine The pogroms that erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia spread during February and March to the cities, towns, and villages of many other regions of Ukraine. After Sarny it was the turn of Ovruch, northwest of Kyiv. In Tetiev on 25 March, approximately 4,000 Jews were murdered, half in a synagogue set ablaze by Cossack troops under Colonels Kurovsky, Cherkowsy, and Shliatoshenko. Then Vashilkov (6 and 7 April). In Dubovo (17 June) 800 Jews were decapitated in assembly-line fashion. According to David A. Chapin, the town of Proskurov (now Khmelnitsky), near the city of Sudilkov, "was the site of the worst atrocity committed against Jews this century before the Nazis." Pogroms continued until 1921. Pogroms across Podolia On 15 February 1919, during the Ukrainian-Soviet war, Otaman Ivan Semesenko initiated a pogrom Proskurov in which many Jews were massacred on Shabbat (parashah Tesaveh). Semesenko claimed that the pogrom was in retaliation for a previous Bolshevik uprising that he believed was led by Jews. According to the pinqasim record books those murdered in the pogrom included 390 men, 309 women and 76 children. The number of wounded exceeded 500. Two weeks later Order 131 was published in the central newspaper by the head of Directorate of Ukraine. In it Symon Petliura denounced such actions and eventually executed Otaman Semesenko by firing-squad in November 1919. Semesenko's brigade was disarmed and dissolved. This event is especially remarkable because it was used to justify Sholem Schwarzbard's assassination of the Ukrainian leader in 1926. Although Petliura's direct involvement was never proven, Schwartzbard was acquitted in revenge. The series of Jewish pogroms around Ukraine culminated in the Kyiv pogroms of 1919 between June and October of that year. Bolsheviks/USSR consolidation of power In July 1919, the Central Jewish Commissariat dissolved the kehillot (Jewish Communal Councils). The kehillot had provided social services to the Jewish community. From 1919 to 1920, Jewish parties and Zionist organizations were driven underground as the Communist government sought to abolish all potential opposition. The Yevsektsiya Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party was at the forefront of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s that led to the closing of religious institutions, the break-up of religious communities and the further restriction of access to religious education. To that end a series of "community trials" against the Jewish religion were held. The last known such trial, on the subject of circumcision, was held in 1928 in Kharkiv. At the same time, the body worked to establish a secular identity for the Jewish community. In 1921 many Jews emigrated to Poland, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in Riga to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish minority of the Polish Second Republic. Also, during the interwar period, thousands of Jewish refugees from the Soviet Ukraine migrated to Romania. On 31 January 1924 the Commissariat for Nationalities' Affairs was disbanded. On 29 August 1924 an official agency for Jewish resettlement, the Commission for the Settlement of Jewish Toilers on the Land (KOMZET), was established. KOMZET studied, managed and funded projects for Jewish resettlement in rural areas. A public organization, the Society for the Agricultural Organization of Working Class Jews in the USSR (OZET), was created in January 1925 to help recruit colonists and support the colonization work of KOMZET. For the first few years the government encouraged Jewish settlements, particularly in Ukraine. Support for the project dwindled throughout the next decade. In 1938 OZET was disbanded, following years of declining activity. The Soviets set up three Jewish national raions in Ukraine as well as two in the Crimea – national raions occupied the 3rd level of the Soviet system, but were all disbanded by the end of World War II. The cities with the largest populations of Jews in 1926 were Odesa, 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; Kyiv, 140,500 or 27.3%; Kharkiv, 81,500 or 19.5%; and Dnipropetrovsk, 62,000 or 26.7%. In 1931 Lviv's Jewish population numbered 98,000 or 31.9%, and in Chernivtsi, 42,600 or 37.9%. On 8 April 1929 the new Law on Religious Associations codified all previous religious legislation. All meetings of religious associations were required to have their agenda approved in advance; lists of members of religious associations had to be provided to the authorities. In 1930 the Yevsektsia was dissolved, leaving no central Soviet-Jewish organization. Although the body had served to undermine Jewish religious life, its dissolution led to the disintegration of Jewish secular life as well; Jewish cultural and educational organizations gradually disappeared.</ref> When the Soviet government reintroduced the use of internal passports in 1933, "Jewish" was considered an ethnicity for those purposes. The Soviet famine of 1932–1933 affected the Jewish population, and led to a migration from shtetls to overcrowded cities. As the Soviet government annexed territory from Poland, Romania (both would be incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR after World War II) and the Baltic states, roughly two million Jews became Soviet citizens. Restrictions on Jews that had existed in those countries were lifted. At the same time, Jewish organizations in the transferred territories were shut down and their leaders were arrested and exiled. Approximately 250,000 Jews escaped or were evacuated from the annexed territories to the Soviet interior prior to the Nazi invasion. Jewish settlement in Crimea In 1921, Crimea became an autonomous republic. In 1923, the All-Union Central Committee passed a motion to resettle a large number of the Jewish population from Ukrainian and Belarusian cities to Crimea, numbering 570,400 families. The plan to further resettle Jewish families was confirmed by the Central Committee of the USSR on 15 July 1926, assigning 124 million roubles to the task and also receiving 67 million from foreign sources. The Soviet initiative of Jewish settlement in Crimea was opposed by Symon Petliura, who regarded it as a provocation. This train of thought was supported by Arnold Margolin who stated that it would be dangerous to set up Jewish colonies there. The Soviets twice sought to establish Jewish autonomy in Crimea; once, in the 1920s, with the support of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and again in 1944, by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. World War II The total number of civilians who died during the war and the German occupation of Ukraine is estimated to be as high as seven million. This estimate includes over one million Jews who were shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and local Ukrainian collaborators. The total number of Jews killed in the Holocaust in Eastern Ukraine, or the Ukrainian SSR (within its 1938 borders), is estimated to be slightly less than 700,000 out of a total pre-Holocaust Jewish population of slightly over 1.5 million. Within the borders of Modern Ukraine, the death toll is estimated to be around 900,000. Post-war situation Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it had been in 1959. Such immigrants included artists, such as Marina Maximilian Blumin and street artist Klone, as well as activists including Gennady Riger and Lia Shemtov. Independent Ukraine In 1989, a Soviet census counted 487,000 Jews living in Ukraine. Although discrimination by the state all but halted after Ukrainian independence in 1991, Jews were still discriminated against during the 1990s. For instance, Jews were not allowed to attend some educational institutions. Antisemitism has since declined. The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 then moved to other countries in the 1990s during and after the collapse of Communism. By 1999 there were various Ukrainian Jewish organizations that disputed each other's legitimacy. Some 266,300 Ukrainian Jews emigrated to Israel in the 1990s. The 2001 Ukrainian Census counted 106,600 Jews living in Ukraine (the number of Jews also dropped due to a negative birthrate). According to the Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs Minister of Israel, early 2012 there were 250,000 Jews in Ukraine, half of them living in Kyiv. According to the European Jewish Congress, as of 2014, 360,000–400,000 Jews remained. In November 2007, an estimated 700 Torah scrolls confiscated from Jewish communities during the Soviet era were returned to Jewish communes by state authorities. The Ukrainian Jewish Committee was established in 2008 in Kyiv to concentrate the efforts of Jewish leaders in Ukraine on resolving the community's strategic problems and addressing socially significant issues. The Committee declared its intention to become one of the world's most influential organizations protecting the rights of Jews and "the most important and powerful structure protecting human rights in Ukraine". In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" won its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament, garnering 10.44% of the popular vote and the fourth most seats among national political parties; This led to concern among Jewish organizations that accused "Svoboda" of Nazi sympathies and antisemitism. In May 2013, the World Jewish Congress listed the party as neo-Nazi. "Svoboda" has denied the charges. Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem. Since the Euromaidan protests, unrest has gripped southern and eastern Ukraine, and this escalated in April 2014 into the war in Donbas and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine In April 2014, leaflets were distributed by three masked man as people left a synagogue in Donetsk ordering Jews to register to avoid losing their property and citizenship "given that the leaders of the Jewish community of Ukraine support the Banderite junta in Kyiv and are hostile to the Orthodox Donetsk Republic and its citizens". While many speak of a hoax (concerning the authorship of the tracts) which appeared in international media, the fact that these flyers were distributed remains undisputed. Due to the Euromaidan, Ukrainian Jews making aliyah from Ukraine grew 142% during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year. 800 people arrived in Israel over January–April, and over 200 signed up for May 2014. On the other hand, chief rabbi and Chabad emissary of Kyiv Rabbi Jonathan Markovitch claimed in late April 2014 "Today, you can come to Kyiv, Dnipro or Odesa and walk through the streets openly dressed as a Jew, with nothing to be afraid of". In August 2014, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews was organizing chartered flights to allow at least 150 Ukrainian Jews to immigrate to Israel in September. Jewish organizations within Ukraine, as well as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Jewish Agency for Israel and the Jewish community of Dnipropetrovsk, arranged temporary homes and shelters for hundreds of Jews who fled the war in Donbas in eastern Ukraine. Hundreds of Jews reportedly fled the cities of Luhansk and Donetsk. In 2014 Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Volodymyr Groysman were appointed Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and Speaker of the Parliament respectively. Groysman became Prime Minister of Ukraine in April 2016. Ukraine elected its first Jewish president in the 2019 presidential election where former comedian and actor of the TV series Servant of the People, Volodymyr Zelensky won over incumbent Petro Poroshenko. 2022 Russian invasion In February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. The Israeli Embassy stayed open on the Sabbath to facilitate the evacuation of Jews. A total of 97 Jews chose to travel to Israel. In addition, 140 Jewish orphans fled to Romania and Moldova. 100 Jews fled to Belarus in order to prepare for their eventual move to Israel. On 2 March 2022, the Jewish Agency for Israel reported that hundreds of Jewish war refugees sheltering in Poland, Romania and Moldova were scheduled to leave for Israel the following week. Refugee estimates ranged from 10,000 to 15,200 refugees had arrived in Israel. Jewish communities As of 2012, Ukraine had the fifth-largest Jewish community in Europe and the twelfth-largest in the world, behind South Africa and ahead of Mexico. The majority live in Kyiv (about half), Dnipro, Kharkiv and Odesa. Rabbis Jonathan Markovitch of Kyiv and Shmuel Kaminetsky of Dnipro are considered to be among the most influential foreigners in the country. Opened in October 2012 in Dnipro, the multifunctional Menorah center is among the world's largest Jewish community centers. A growing trend among Israelis is to visit Ukraine on a "roots trip" to learn of Jewish life there. Kyiv is usually mentioned, where it is possible to trace the paths of Sholem Aleichem and Golda Meir; Zhytomyr and Korostyshiv, where one can follow the steps of Haim Nahman Bialik; Berdychiv, where one can trace the life of Mendele Mocher Sforim; Rivne, where one can follow the course of Amos Oz; Buchach – the path of S.Y. Agnon; Drohobych – the place of Maurycy Gottlieb and Bruno Schulz. Notable Ukrainian Jews See also Antisemitism in Europe Racism in Europe Racism in Lithuania Racism in Poland Antisemitism in Russia Racism in Russia Antisemitism in the Soviet Union Racism in the Soviet Union Antisemitism in Ukraine Racism in Ukraine Galician Jews History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia History of the Jews in Europe History of the Jews in Kyiv History of the Jews in Lithuania History of the Jews in Poland History of the Jews in Russia History of the Jews in the Soviet Union Israel–Lithuania relations Israel–Poland relations Israel–Russia relations Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict Israel–Ukraine relations Janowska concentration camp Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee Jewish gauchos Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia List of Galician Jews List of Polish Jews Lithuanian Jews Lwów Ghetto Lwów Uprising The Holocaust in Lithuania The Holocaust in Poland The Holocaust in Russia The Holocaust in the Soviet Union The Holocaust in Ukraine Three hares Wooden synagogue Yerusalimka Notes References Further reading Velychenko, Stephen (2021) Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms * (historians.in.ua). External links Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Ukraine Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS Jewish Agricultural Colonies, adjacent towns and villages in Southern Ukraine Jewish Agricultural Colonies of South Ukraine and Crimea webpage with names and maps of Jewish settlements Jewish Renaissance in Odessa Video of Lecture on Jews of 17th-century Ukraine by Dr. Henry Abramson Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova at Routes to Roots Foundation Routes to Roots Foundation's Archive Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova Routes to Roots Foundation's Image Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova Ethnic groups in Ukraine History of religion in Ukraine

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus

The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, Jews were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of urban population. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mahiliou, Babrujsk, Viciebsk, and Homiel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust. According to the 2019 Belarusian census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of Ashkenazi origin. However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017). Early history Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews. As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe. The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands. While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time. Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432) With the campaign of Gediminas and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas. Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization. The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future. The Charter of 1388 On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows: In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter. The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the "Jewish judge" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime. Jagiellon rule In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy. Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country. The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno. The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes. Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. The Act of 1566 The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "heretics," notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors. Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates. The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles: "The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews. Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus The fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful. Jewish culture in Belarus The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise. At the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin. The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb = "to love," and not = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk." Items from the Responsa The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Joel Sirkis (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. Solomon Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Naphtali Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. The responsa of Meir Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount. Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia. By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. After the October Revolution Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918. During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism). World War II Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews. Late 20th century to modern days In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s). The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit. In October 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, known for his authoritarian rule, was accused of making antisemitic comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of Babruysk" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk." Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, Mikhail Khvostov, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk. Following the Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent. After Belarus joined the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent. See also List of Belarusian Jews Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus History of the Jews in Poland Lithuanian Jews History of the Jews during World War II Gavriil of Belostok, case of blood libel in Belarusian lands Hasidic Judaism Belarus–Israel relations References Further reading External links Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі (Andrew Schumann. Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus) Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее, Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry; English Translation Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe Belarusian Cemetery Index Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959 Shtetlinks Brit Hadasha - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk. Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories and Pictures Jewish Belarus Belarus SIG at JewishGen

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20ABCs%20of%20Rock

The ABCs of Rock

The ABCs of Rock is a half-hour-long music program on the Canadian Music Video Channel MuchMoreMusic. The show picks a letter each episode and lists artists, albums, trivia questions and events in pop-culture, then lists them during the episode. Episodes Production crew Producers: Jessica Capobianco, Greg Miller, Bob Pagrach Editor: Michael Burshtyn MuchMoreMusic original programming Television series by Bell Media

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Andretti%20Racing

Mario Andretti Racing

Mario Andretti Racing is a video game that was released in 1994 on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. It was an early title in the newly created EA Sports line, and was developed by Stormfront Studios. The game was produced by famed sports game developer Scott Orr as part of his collaboration with Richard Hilleman in the creation of EA Sports. Race driver Mario Andretti personally guided the development of the AI used by the non-player drivers in stock cars, Indy style open wheel racing, and dirt track racing. The game uses different physics and AI for three kinds of racing. The success of Mario Andretti Racing led Orr and Hilleman to work with Stormfront to launch the highly successful NASCAR Racing series. In 1996, EA Sports released another game starring Andretti, called Andretti Racing, for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation. A PC version for Microsoft Windows followed in 1997. Reviews FLUX (Apr, 1994) Electronic Gaming Monthly (Jun, 1994) Game Players (Jul, 1994) GamePro (Aug, 1994) Sega Force (Aug 10, 1994) Aktueller Software Markt (Sep, 1994) Mean Machines (Sep, 1994) References 1994 video games Electronic Arts games Racing video games Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Stormfront Studios games Video games based on real people Andretti Andretti Andretti Video games developed in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Denmark

History of the Jews in Denmark

The history of the Jews in Denmark goes back to the 1600s. At present, the Jewish community of Denmark constitutes a small minority of about 6,000 persons within Danish society. The community's population peaked prior to the Holocaust at which time the Danish resistance movement (with the assistance of many ordinary Danish citizens) took part in a collective effort to evacuate about 8,000 Jews and their families from Denmark by sea to nearby neutral Sweden, an act which ensured the safety of almost all the Danish Jews. Origins Medieval Danish art contains depictions of Jews—visibly wearing pointed hats—but there is no evidence that any Jews actually lived in Denmark during that time. With the conclusion of the Danish Reformation in 1536, Jews along with Catholics were prohibited entry into Denmark. The first known settlement on Danish territory was based on a royal dispensation. Industrious Christian IV founded Glückstadt on the river Elbe in today's German state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1616. When it initially threatened to founder, he decided in 1619 to allow Jewish merchant Albert Dionis to settle in the town. He thus hoped to ensure its success. This dispensation was extended to a few other Jews, and in 1628, their status was formalized by being promised protection, the right to hold private religious services, and maintain their own cemetery. Albert Dionis gained special status within the Danish royal court, apparently as a source of credit for ambitious projects. Gabriel Gomez, who also attained status, persuaded Frederik III to allow Sephardic Jews to reside in Denmark while conducting trade. At that time, Ashkenazi Jews, in contrast to the Sephardim, were forbidden to enter unless they were specifically granted letters of safe passage, and were subject to considerable fines if caught without the required documents; nevertheless, many of the Jews who settled in the kingdom in the coming years were Ashkenazi. Establishment of permanent communities Following the costly Thirty Years' War, which created a fiscal crisis for the Danish crown, Frederik III proclaimed absolute monarchy in Denmark. To improve trade, the king encouraged Jewish immigration. The first Jewish community was founded in the newly established town of Fredericia in 1682, and in 1684 an Ashkenazi community was founded in Copenhagen. By 1780, there were approximately 1,600 Jews in Denmark, though all were admitted by special permission granted only on the basis of personal wealth. They were subject to social and economic discrimination, and for a brief period in 1782 they were forced to attend Lutheran services. But they were not required to live in ghettos and had a significant degree of self-governance. Danish West Indies Jews began settling in the Danish West Indies in 1655, and by 1796 the first synagogue was inaugurated. In its heyday in the mid-19th century, the Jewish community made up half of the white population. One of the earliest colonial governors, Gabriel Milan, was a Sephardic Jew. Integration into Danish life As the Jewish enlightenment reached Denmark in the late 18th century, the king instituted a number of reforms to facilitate integration of Jewish subjects into the larger Danish society. Jews were allowed to join guilds, study at the university, buy real estate, and establish schools. The Napoleonic Wars and the disastrous Gunboat War brought about a complete emancipation of Danish Jews (while, in contrast, events in Norway resulted in a constitutional ban on Jews entering Norway). Still, there were severe antisemitic riots in Denmark in 1819 that lasted several months, though without any known fatalities. On the other hand, the early 19th century saw a flourishing of Danish-Jewish cultural life. The Great Synagogue of Copenhagen is a landmark building, designed by the architect G. F. Hetsch. A number of Jewish cultural personalities (or persons of Jewish ancestry who did not necessarily regard themselves as Jews), among them the art benefactor and editor Mendel Levin Nathanson, the writer Meir Aron Goldschmidt, and founder of Politiken, Edvard Brandes, his brother literary critic Georg Brandes (who had a strong influence on Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen), Henri Nathansen, and others rose to prominence. Growth and 20th century crises As in many other societies, increasing integration accelerated assimilation of Jews into mainstream Danish society, including higher rates of intermarriage. In the early twentieth century, events such as the Kishinev pogrom in 1903, the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, and the series of Russian revolutions, led to an influx of approximately 3,000 Jewish refugees into Denmark. The new arrivals changed the character of Danish Jewry significantly. More likely to be socialist Bundists than religious, they founded a Yiddish theater and several Yiddish newspapers. During World War I, in 1918, the World Zionist Organization set up a central office in Copenhagen in order to present the claims of the Jewish people at the Paris peace conference. These proved to be short-lived, however, and Denmark closed its door to further immigration in the early 1920s. A notable Danish Jew from this period was Rabbi Dr. Mordecai Schornstein, one of the Chief Rabbis of Copenhagen, who, after immigrating to Eretz Israel, founded the Tel Aviv zoo. The Nazi era In April 1933, Christian X was scheduled to appear at the central synagogue in Copenhagen to celebrate its centennial anniversary. When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in January 1933, the community leaders suggested that the king postpone his visit. The king insisted, however, and became the first Nordic monarch to visit a synagogue. Christian X also became the subject of a persistent urban legend according to which, during Nazi occupation, he donned the Star of David in solidarity with the Danish Jews. This is not true, as Danish Jews were not forced to wear the star of David. However, the legend likely stems from a 1942 British report that claimed he threatened to don the star if this was forced upon Danish Jews. He did, however, later on, finance the transport of Danish Jews to unoccupied Sweden, where they would be safe from Nazi persecution. A period of tension ensued, for the Danish population in general and its Jewish citizens in particular. Danish policy sought to ensure its independence and neutrality by placating the neighboring Nazi regime. After Denmark was occupied by Germany following Operation Weserübung on April 9, 1940, the situation became increasingly precarious. In 1943, the situation came to a head when Werner Best, the German plenipotentiary in Denmark, ordered the arrest and deportation of all Danish Jews, scheduled to commence on October 1, which coincided with Rosh Hashanah. The Jewish Danes were warned and only 202 were arrested initially. 7,550 fled to Sweden, ferried across the Øresund strait; 500 Jews were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Danish authorities often interceded on their behalf (as they did for other Danes in German custody), sending food. Of the 500 Jews who were captured, approximately 50 died during deportation. Danes rescued the rest and they returned to Denmark in what was regarded as a patriotic duty against the Nazi occupation. Many non-Jewish Danes protected their Jewish neighbours' property and homes while they were gone. After the war, many Danish Jews migrated to Sweden, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Post-war era In 2013, the officially recognized Jewish Community in Denmark religious organization had approximately 1900 members, according to Finn Schwarz, president of the community. Comparing to 1997, this number indicates a significant decrease in membership, which the Jewish community has explained partly by increasing antisemitic incidents. Research from Danish professor Peter Nannestad has shown that antisemitism in Denmark is confined to other minority groups and is not an issue in Danish society at large. Rather, the fact that Denmark has become increasingly secular in recent years might be a better explanation for why Jews and other groups with a strong religious heritage face difficulties in adapting to life in Denmark. Indeed, it has been suggested that non-orthodox Jews have little or no problems feeling at home in Denmark. Another sensitive topic for Jews in Denmark is the relatively strong support of Palestine in the country, which can create some tension if Danish Jews are vocal in their support of Israel during military actions in Gaza. According to the Jewish Community in Denmark, as of 2020, there were approximately 6,000 Jews in Denmark, of which 1,700 were card-carrying members of the organisation. The majority of Danish Jews are secular, but maintain a cultural connection to Jewish life. Almost all Jews are very integrated into mainstream Danish society. Danish society has generally maintained a safe and friendly environment for its Jewish minority. There are three active synagogues in Denmark today, all in Copenhagen. The larger synagogue in Krystalgade is a Modern Orthodox-Conservative community and is inclusive of its members, though follows a traditional liturgy. The Machsike Hadas Synagogue is an Orthodox synagogue, and Chabad also has a presence in Copenhagen. Shir Hatzafon is a Reform Jewish synagogue and community in Denmark. In addition, there are two Jewish periodicals published in Danish: Rambam, published by Selskabet for Dansk-Jødisk Historie; and Alef, a journal of Jewish culture. Contemporary antisemitism As of 2012, tolerance toward the Jewish population in Denmark has become more tenuous due to increasing anti-Israel sentiment and hostility from a growing Muslim immigrant population now numbering over 250,000. In February 2014, the AKVAH (Section for Mapping and Sharing of Knowledge about antisemitic Incidents) published its Report on Antisemitic Incidents in Denmark 2013. The report described 43 antisemitic incidents that occurred in Denmark during the year, which included assault and physical harassment, threats, Antisemitic utterances and vandalism. According to the report, there was no change in the level of antisemitism in the country comparing to previous years. The Jewish community in Denmark reported an increase in threatening messages and antisemitic assaults, caused by the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict,. In August 2014, the "Carolineskolen", a Jewish school, kindergarten and daycare complex in Copenhagen was vandalized as windows were smashed and antisemitic graffiti was sprayed on the school walls. The graffiti was political in nature and referred to the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza. Prior to this event, school officials advised parents not to allow their children to wear Jewish religious symbols in public as a result of rising reports of antisemitic harassments in Denmark. The Jewish community in Denmark reported 29 incidents in connection with the conflict in Gaza. In September 2014, a Danish imam, Mohamad Al-Khaled Samha, at a mosque run by The Islamic Society in Denmark, said in a filmed lecture that the Jews are the "offspring of apes and pigs". In July 2014 Al-Khaled had stated “Oh Allah, destroy the Zionist Jews. They are no challenge for you. Count them and kill them to the very last one. Don’t spare a single one of them.” On 15 February 2015, a shooting occurred outside the main synagogue in Copenhagen, and killed a Jewish man (who had been providing security during a bat mitzvah) and injured two police officers. Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt laid flowers at the synagogue, and stated "Our thoughts go to the whole of the Jewish community today. They belong in Denmark, they are a strong part of our community. And we will do everything we can to protect the Jewish community in our country." The synagogue's Rabbi, Jair Melchior, stated, "Terror is not a reason to move to Israel... Hopefully the [police] should do what they do, but our lives have to continue naturally. Terror’s goal is to change our lives and we won’t let it...We lost a dear member of the community and now we have to continue doing what he did, which was helping to continue regular Jewish lives in Denmark. This is the real answer to [this] vicious, cruel and cowardly act of terror." Two months later, a window at a local Kosher-food store was smashed and an anti-Semitic graffiti was scrawled on a wall. A review study published in 2015 by the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy revealed that in a survey conducted in Denmark the number of antisemitic stereotypes among immigrants of Turkish, Pakistani, Somali and Palestinian origin were significantly more common (up to 75 percent) than among ethnic Danes (up to 20 percent). The survey, managed by the Institute for Political Science at Aarhus University, consisted of interviews with 1,503 immigrants, as well as 300 ethnic Danes. In the Kundby case a Danish teenager became an enthusiast admirer of ISIS, Islamism, and Jihad, converted to Islam, and was convicted of acquiring bomb-making materials for her plan to blow up a Jewish school in Copenhagen. In September 2017, soldiers from the Royal Danish Army were deployed to guard synagogues in Copenhagen to relieve the Police of Denmark, which was increasingly occupied with gang-related shootings in the city. References External links Conrad Kisch: The Jewish community in Denmark: history and present status – From all their habitations Official website for the "Krystalgade" community in Denmark Shir Hatzafon – Progressive Judaism in Denmark Society for Danish-Jewish History/Rambam Jewish Genealogical Society of Denmark The Jews of Denmark – a Bibliography, website of The Royal Library, Denmark Jews in Denmark

4044490

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Ghost

Amanda Ghost

Amanda Louisa Gosein-Cameron (born 10 July 1974), known professionally as Amanda Ghost, is a British music executive, songwriter, singer, and former president of Epic Records (2009–10). Career Born in North London to a Gibraltarian mother and an Indo-Trinidadian father, Ghost was encouraged at an early age to play guitar. In 1997, she contributed a version of Gary Numan's "Absolution" to the tribute album Random; unlike the other tracks on the album, it was a song Numan had not released, and came out months before his own version. Her first recording contract was with Warner Bros. Records in Los Angeles, for whom she recorded her first album, Ghost Stories. Ghost's second album was released in autumn 2006 on her own record label, Plan A Records, and was preceded by a limited edition EP, Blood on the Line. Ghost co-wrote James Blunt's "You're Beautiful", "Beautiful Liar" for Beyoncé and Shakira, and Jordin Sparks' first single "Tattoo". She also co-wrote four songs for Beyoncé's third album, I Am… Sasha Fierce: "Disappear", "Satellites", "Ave Maria" and "Once in a Lifetime". She co-wrote and sang backing vocals on "Colours", which was on the Prodigy's 2009 album, Invaders Must Die. She also collaborated with John Legend on the lyrics for the track "Getting Nowhere" by Magnetic Man. On 3 February 2009, Ghost was named the new president of Epic Records. She replaced Charlie Walk, who left at the end of 2008 to start his own company. Ghost co-wrote, with Scott McFarnon and Ian Dench, "Red", a top-5 hit for Daniel Merriweather in the UK in May 2009, and "For the Glory" and "Vanity Kills" by Ian Brown, which she co-wrote with Ian and Dave McCracken. She also co-wrote and produced the Shakira multi-platinum-selling single "Gypsy", from the album She Wolf. Ghost left her position as president of Epic Records in 2010. and in 2010 established Outsiders, a joint venture with The Universal Music Group. In 2011, she was executive producer for the Scissor Sisters album Magic Hour, and co-wrote the hit single "Only The Horses", co-produced by Calvin Harris. She co-wrote two songs for the Florence and the Machine album Ceremonials, and has more recently collaborated with John Legend, Sub Focus and ASAP Rocky. Ghost is a three-time Ivor Novello Award winner, a Golden Globe nominee, and has been nominated for three Grammy Awards. One of the latter was as co-producer of two tracks on Beyoncé's album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, which was nominated as Album of the Year, and the other for "Once in a Lifetime", which she co-wrote with Scott McFarnon, Ian Dench, Jody Street, James Dring and Beyoncé. The song was the title track from Beyoncé's film, Cadillac Records and was nominated for the Best Song Written for a Motion Picture Award. Discography Singles "Idol" (2000) - UK number 63 "Glory Girl" (2000) "Filthy Mind" (2000) - only released in the U.S./Australia "Break My World" (2004) - UK number 52 † "Feed" (2004) † "Girls Like You" - digital only release (2005) "Monster" - digital only release (2005) "Blood on the Line" EP (2006) "Time Machine" (featuring Boy George) (January 2007) † Credited to Dark Globe featuring Amanda Ghost Albums Ghost Stories (2000) Blood on the Line - The Download Collection (2008) Songwriting credits References External links Amanda Ghost's MySpace 1974 births Living people English dance musicians English women songwriters English record producers British music industry executives Ivor Novello Award winners Singers from London English people of Indian descent English people of Trinidad and Tobago descent British people of Gibraltarian descent People from Enfield, London English women pop singers

4044494

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome%20steel

Chrome steel

Chrome steel is one of a class of non stainless steels such as AISI 52100, En31, SUJ2, 100Cr6, 100C6, DIN 5401 which are used for applications such as bearings, tools, drills and utensils. Popular culture The term was used in both the original 1933 version, as well as the 2005 remake, of King Kong. When Kong is brought to New York City, he is chained with this metal on stage. The impression given by the film from Carl Denham to the audience is that the "chrome steel" has some unique properties of having a higher tensile strength than "normal steel" which is incorrect. Higher tensile strength steels are created by the addition of carbon. True to this deceptive description, King Kong breaks free anyway (in both versions). The term was also used in the Star Trek episode "A Private Little War," where the guns introduced to the primitive villagers by the Klingons were fashioned with a chrome steel drill point. Billy Joel used the term "chromium steel" in his song "Allentown" from "The Nylon Curtain" album (1982). Steels

4044501

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Jane%20Mee

Sarah-Jane Mee

Sarah-Jane Mee (born 10 July 1978) is a Sky News presenter and the anchor of The Sarah-Jane Mee Show. From October 2016 until October 2019, Mee anchored Sunrise. Career After graduating from the University of Manchester, Mee joined Sky Sports as a runner, then moved to the planning desk before becoming a producer. In October 2002, she joined ITV Central to present the sport on Central News West, and latterly the main news programme. She also anchored the pan-regional programme, Soccer Monday. She then became the face of sport for ITV in the Midlands. As well as presenting on the six o'clock news programme Central Tonight most evenings as Main and Sports Presenter, she was the main presenter of ITV Central's popular weekly Central Soccer Night show. She co-hosted the ITV Central and London football programme Hancock's Half-Time, along with Nick Hancock (which replaced Central Soccer Night). The show was later given its original name of Central Soccer Night after Hancock departed, and Mee hosted the show into 2007, along with former Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa, Liverpool and Leicester striker Stan Collymore. She also co-presented the last series of ITV's Pulling Power with Mike Brewer and Edd China. Her radio career began in 2006, when she stood in for Hellon Wheels on the Ed James Breakfast Show on 100.7 Heart FM, whilst Hellon had her first baby. After a successful three-month stint on the show over the Summer of 2006, she rejoined the show as a regular host in January 2007. In January 2008, it was announced that she would leave both Central Television and Heart FM to rejoin Sky Sports. She left Central in January, and presented her last show for Heart in March. Mee became a part of Sky Sports' UEFA Champions League team on Wednesday evenings, alongside Richard Keys. Since May 2009, Mee has co-presented Cricket AM on Sky Sports. In August 2013, she started presenting a new weekly show on Sky Sports called What's The Story? In June 2014 Mee cycled the 190 km leg of the upcoming Tour de France, from Leeds to Harrogate for the Sky Sports show Riding The Dales. In July 2014, while attending the launch of French Connection's "Never Miss a Trick" collection at the brand's flagship Oxford Street store, Mee was sawn in half by magician Troy in a performance of his Clearly Impossible illusion in the store's main window. From October 2019 Mee presented The Sarah-Jane Mee Show on Sky News, Monday to Thursday 2 pm – 5 pm. In September 2022 she mistook a march at Trafalgar Square protesting the shooting of Chris Kaba for a gathering of people marking the death of the Queen; Sky News later issued an apology regarding this. Mee presented the final episode of The Sarah-Jane Mee Show on 31 August 2023. On 2 October 2023, Mee's primetime evening show The UK Tonight with Sarah-Jane Mee premiered on Sky News. Personal life She married Ben Richardson, the chief executive of a branding agency, in 2022. They have a daughter born in June 2020. Mee is stepmother to Ben's son from a previous relationship. References External links 1978 births Living people Alumni of the University of Manchester English television personalities English radio personalities Sky News newsreaders and journalists

4044513

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20class%20space

Pitch class space

In music theory, pitch-class space is the circular space representing all the notes (pitch classes) in a musical octave. In this space, there is no distinction between tones that are separated by an integral number of octaves. For example, C4, C5, and C6, though different pitches, are represented by the same point in pitch class space. Since pitch-class space is a circle, we return to our starting point by taking a series of steps in the same direction: beginning with C, we can move "upward" in pitch-class space, through the pitch classes C♯, D, D♯, E, F, F♯, G, G♯, A, A♯, and B, returning finally to C. By contrast, pitch space is a linear space: the more steps we take in a single direction, the further we get from our starting point. Tonal pitch-class space , and Lerdahl and Jackendoff (1983) use a "reductional format" to represent the perception of pitch-class relations in tonal contexts. These two-dimensional models resemble bar graphs, using height to represent a pitch class's degree of importance or centricity. Lerdahl's version uses five levels: the first (highest) contains only the tonic, the second contains tonic and dominant, the third contains tonic, mediant, and dominant, the fourth contains all the notes of the diatonic scale, and the fifth contains the chromatic scale. In addition to representing centricity or importance, the individual levels are also supposed to represent "alphabets" that describe the melodic possibilities in tonal music . The model asserts that tonal melodies will be cognized in terms of one of the five levels a-e: Note that Lerdahl's model is meant to be cyclical, with its right edge identical to its left. One could therefore display Lerdahl's graph as a series of five concentric circles representing the five melodic "alphabets." In this way one could unite the circular representation depicted at the beginning of this article with Lerdahl's flat two-dimensional representation depicted above. According to David , "Harmonic space, or tonal space as defined by Fred Lerdahl, is the abstract nexus of possible normative harmonic connections in a system, as opposed to the actual series of temporal connections in a realized work, linear or otherwise." See also Pitch circularity Pitch interval Scientific pitch notation Pitch constellation Sources Full Text Further reading Musical set theory Pitch space

4044516

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20currency

World currency

In international finance, a world currency, supranational currency, or global currency is a currency that would be transacted internationally, with no set borders. History First European Banknotes (17th century) The first European banknotes were issued in 1661 by Stockholms Banco. Founded by Johan Palmstruch, it was a predecessor of Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank. As commercial activity and trade shifted northward in 17th century Europe, deposits at and notes issued by the Bank of Amsterdam denominated in Dutch guilders became the means of payment for much trade in the western world. Spanish dollar (17th – 19th centuries) In the 17th and 18th centuries, the use of silver Spanish dollars or eight-real coins, also known as "pieces of eight" extended from the Spanish territories in the Americas westwards to Asia and eastwards to Europe. This then formed the first worldwide currency. Spain's political supremacy on the world stage, the importance of Spanish commercial routes across the Atlantic and the Pacific, and the coin's quality and purity of silver helped it become internationally accepted for about three centuries. It was legal tender in Spain's Pacific territories of Philippines, Guam and Micronesia, and later in China and other Southeast Asian countries, until the mid-19th century. In the Americas it was legal tender in all of South and Central America (except Brazil) and in the US and Canada until the 19th century. The Spanish dollar was legal tender in the United States until the Coinage Act of 1857. In Europe it was legal tender in the Iberian Peninsula as well as most of Italy including: Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, in the Franche-Comté (France), and in the Spanish Netherlands. It was also used in other European states including the Austrian Habsburg territories. After Mexican Independence in 1821, the Spanish dollar continued to be used in many parts of the Americas, together with the Mexican Peso from the 1860s onward. The Mexican peso, the US dollar, and the Canadian dollar all trace their origins back to the Spanish dollar. The trace also included the use of the caduceus sign ($), also known as the dollar sign. Sterling Before 1944, the world reference currency was the United Kingdom's sterling. The transition between sterling and United States dollar and its impact for central banks was described recently. U.S. dollar In the period following the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, exchange rates around the world were pegged to the United States dollar, which could be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold. This reinforced the dominance of the US dollar as a global currency. Since the collapse of the fixed exchange rate regime and the gold standard and the institution of floating exchange rates following the Smithsonian Agreement in 1971, most currencies around the world have no longer been pegged to the United States dollar. However, as the United States has the world's largest economy, most international transactions continue to be conducted with the United States dollar, and it has remained the de facto world currency. According to Robert Gilpin in Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (2001): "Somewhere between 40 and 60 percent of international financial transactions are denominated in dollars. For decades the dollar has also been the world's principal reserve currency; in 1996, the dollar accounted for approximately two-thirds of the world's foreign exchange reserves", as compared to about one-quarter held in euros (see Reserve Currency). Some of the world's currencies are still pegged to the dollar. Some countries, such as Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama, have gone even further and eliminated their own currency (see dollarization) in favor of the United States dollar. Only two serious challengers to the status of the United States dollar as a world currency have arisen. During the 1980s, the Japanese yen became increasingly used as an international currency, but that usage diminished with the Japanese recession in the 1990s. More recently, the euro has increasingly competed with the United States dollar in international finance. Euro The euro inherited its status as a major reserve currency from the German mark (DM) and its contribution to official reserves has increased as banks seek to diversify their reserves and trade in the eurozone expands. As with the dollar, some of the world's currencies are pegged against the euro. They are usually Eastern European currencies like the Bulgarian lev, plus several west African currencies like the Cape Verdean escudo and the CFA franc. Other European countries, while not being EU members, have adopted the euro due to currency unions with member states, or by unilaterally superseding their own currencies: Andorra, Monaco, Kosovo, Montenegro, San Marino, and Vatican City. , the euro surpassed the dollar in the combined value of cash in circulation. The value of euro notes in circulation has risen to more than €610 billion, equivalent to US$800 billion at the exchange rates at the time. A 2016 report by the World Trade Organisation shows that the world's energy, food and services trade are made 60% with US dollar and 40% by euro. Recent proposals (21st century) Governmental On 16 March 2009, in connection with the April 2009 G20 summit, Russia called for a supranational reserve currency as part of a reform of the global financial system. In a document containing proposals for the G20 meeting, it suggested that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (or an Ad Hoc Working Group of G20) should be instructed to carry out specific studies to review the following options: Enlargement (diversification) of the list of currencies used as reserve ones, based on agreed measures to promote the development of major regional financial centers. In this context, we should consider possible establishment of specific regional mechanisms which would contribute to reducing volatility of exchange rates of such reserve currencies. Introduction of a supra-national reserve currency to be issued by international financial institutions. It seems appropriate to consider the role of IMF in this process and to review the feasibility of and the need for measures to ensure the recognition of SDRs as a "supra-reserve" currency by the whole world community." On 23 March 2009, Zhou Xiaochuan, then-President of the People's Bank of China, called for a replacement of the US dollar with a different standard using "creative reform of the existing international monetary system towards an international reserve currency," believing it would "significantly reduce the risks of a future crisis and enhance crisis management capability." Zhou suggested that the IMF's special drawing rights (a currency basket then comprising dollars, euros, sterling and yen) could serve as a super-sovereign reserve currency, saying that it would not be easily influenced by the policies of individual countries. Then-US President Barack Obama, however, rejected China's call for a new global currency. He stated, "As far as confidence in the US economy or the dollar, I would just point out that the dollar is extraordinarily strong right now." At the G8 summit in July 2009, Dmitry Medvedev expressed Russia's desire for a new supranational reserve currency by showing off a coin minted with the words "unity in diversity". The coin, an example of a future world currency, emphasized his call for creating a mix of regional currencies as a way to address the global financial crisis. On 30 March 2009, at the second South America-Arab League Summit in Qatar, Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez proposed the creation of a petro-currency. It would be backed by the huge oil reserves of oil-producing countries. Chavez's successor, Nicolás Maduro, in 2018 announced the Petro cryptocurrency, but it does not appear to be used as a currency. Single world currency An alternative definition of a world or global currency refers to a hypothetical single global currency or supercurrency, as the proposed terra or the DEY (acronym for Dollar Euro Yen), produced and supported by a central bank which is used for all transactions around the world, regardless of the nationality of the entities (individuals, corporations, governments, or other organizations) involved in the transaction. No such official currency currently exists, although non-inflationary current funds such as MXV/UDI (Mexican unidad de inversión) have been used as a model for a General Global Currency (GGC), a principal reserved current fund based on a complex relationship between national currencies. Advocates, notably Keynes, of a global currency often argue that such a currency would not suffer from inflation, which, in extreme cases, has had disastrous effects for economies. In addition, many argue that a single global currency would make conducting international business more efficient and would encourage foreign direct investment (FDI). There are many different variations of the idea, including a possibility that it would be administered by a global central bank that would define its own monetary standard or that it would be on the gold standard. Supporters often point to the euro as an example of a supranational currency successfully implemented by a union of nations with disparate languages, cultures, and economies. A limited alternative would be a world reserve currency issued by the International Monetary Fund, as an evolution of the existing special drawing rights and used as reserve assets by all national and regional central banks. On 26 March 2009, a UN panel of expert economists called for a new global currency reserve scheme to replace the current US dollar-based system. The panel's report pointed out that the "greatly expanded SDR (special drawing rights), with regular or cyclically adjusted emissions calibrated to the size of reserve accumulations, could contribute to global stability, economic strength and global equity." Another world currency was proposed to use conceptual currency to aid the transaction between countries. The basic idea is to utilize the balance of trade to cancel out the currency actually needed to trade. In addition to the idea of a single world currency, some evidence suggests the world may evolve multiple global currencies that exchange on a singular market system. The rise of digital global currencies owned by privately held companies or groups such as Ven suggest that multiple global currencies may offer wider formats for trade as they gain strength and wider acceptance. WOCU currency, based on the WOCU synthetic global currency quotation derived from a weighted basket of currencies of fiat currency pairs covering the top 20 economies of the world, is planned to be issued and distributed by Unite Global a centralised platform for global real-time payments and settlement. Difficulties Triffin dilemma Limited additional benefit with extra cost Some economists argue that a single world currency is unnecessary, because the U.S. dollar is providing many of the benefits of a world currency while avoiding some of the costs However, this de facto situation gives the U.S. government additional power over other countries. If the world does not form an optimum currency area, then it would be economically inefficient for the world to share one currency. Economically incompatible nations In the present world, nations are not able to work together closely enough to be able to produce and support a common currency. There has to be a high level of trust between different countries before a true world currency could be created. A world currency might even undermine national sovereignty of smaller states. Wealth redistribution The interest rate set by the central bank indirectly determines the interest rate customers must pay on their bank loans. This interest rate affects the rate of interest among individuals, investments, and countries. Lending to the poor involves more risk than lending to the rich. As a result of the larger differences in wealth in different areas of the world, a central bank's ability to set interest rates to make the area prosper will be increasingly compromised, since it places wealthiest regions in conflict with the poorest regions in debt. Usury Usury – the accumulation of interest on loan principal – is prohibited by the texts of some major religions. In Christianity and Judaism, adherents are forbidden to charge interest to other adherents or to the poor (Leviticus 25:35–38; Deuteronomy 23:19). Islam forbids usury, known in Arabic as riba. See also Bancor Currency substitution Dedollarisation Nixon shock Digital currency List of currencies List of circulating currencies Monetary hegemony Special drawing rights (SDRs) WOCU World currency unit Synthetic currency pair Money References External links Global Imbalances and Developing Countries: Remedies for a Failing International Financial System, Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman (eds.), 2007, downloadable pdf book World Currency site . Foreign exchange market Economic integration Economic globalization International finance Monetary hegemony World government

4044517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explore%20%28TV%20series%29

Explore (TV series)

Explore was a 1980s PBS TV show based upon the film footage filmed by explorer Douchan Gersi over the previous 20 years. The show was hosted by popular actor James Coburn. Series Episodes Once Upon A Time In Afghanistan (Afghanistan) In The Foot Steps Of Genghis Khan (Afghanistan) Land of the Living Gods Kingdom Beneath The Sky Lost Road To Nubia (Ethiopia) Bodies of Art, Bodies of Pandora Sanctuaries of Stone (Ethiopia) Land of Sheba (Ethiopia) Orphans of the Sun Magic Healing, Magic Death Wolves of Freedom Puppets of God And The Gods Moved to Taiwan Between Gods & Men Journal from India In The Wheels Of Karma the Last Empire of Sailing Festival of Tears Dancers of Evil (Sri Lanka) Tooth of Buddha (Sri Lanka) Blue Men of the Sahara From Timbuktu To The Stars (Burkina Faso) Kaaba Center of the Universe Bandits, Pirates, Flying Carpets Jungles of Borneo (Indonesia) Headhunters of Borneo (Indonesia) External links Douchan Gersi - Documentary films Episode list from LocateTV.com PBS original programming

4044521

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Idol%203%3A%20The%20Final%2013%20%E2%80%93%20Australian%20Made%3A%20The%20Hits

Australian Idol 3: The Final 13 – Australian Made: The Hits

Australian Made: The Hits is the compilation cast album of cover songs released by the finalists of Australian Idol 2005. The songs were chosen based on the first Australian Idol 3 liveshow theme on 11 September 2005, which was Australian Hits, there was also a corresponding DVD featuring the performances from this particular show. Track listing "Ready" by the Australian Idol 3 Top 13 "Cry in Shame" by Dan England "I Don't Want To Be With Nobody But You" by Anne Robertson "The Day You Went Away" by James Kannis "Absolutely Everybody" by Natalie Zahra "Throw Your Arms Around Me" by Chris Luder "Please Don't Ask Me" by Kate DeAraugo "Holy Grail" by Lee Harding "Playing To Win" by Milly Edwards "Buses & Trains" by Emily Williams "Forever Now" by Roxane LeBrasse "Tucker's Daughter" by Daniel Spillane "You're My World" by Laura Gissara "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind" by Tarni Stephens External links Australian Idol Pop albums by Australian artists Compilation albums by Australian artists 2005 compilation albums

4044528

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany%20Scott

Tiffany Scott

Tiffany Scott (born May 1, 1977) is an American figure skater. Scott was born in Hanson, Massachusetts. She skated with Philip Dulebohn until 2005. They competed at the 2002 Olympic Games and won the pairs title at the 2003 U.S. Championships. In 2005, Dulebohn retired from competition and Scott teamed up with Rusty Fein. Dulebohn was one of the pair's coaches during their brief partnership. Scott and Fein finished 4th at their first and only U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 2006. Away from the ice, Scott married Brian Pryor in 2005. In May 2006, Scott announced her retirement from competitive skating. In March 2012, the couple had a son. In the 2007 film Blades of Glory, Scott served as Amy Poehler's stunt double. Programs (with Dulebohn) (with Fein) Results With Dulebohn With Fein References External links 1977 births American female pair skaters Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic figure skaters for the United States Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists 21st-century American women 20th-century American women

4044541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon%20clownfish

Maroon clownfish

Premnas biaculeatus, commonly known as spine-cheeked anemonefish or the maroon clownfish, is a species of anemonefish found in the Indo-Pacific from western Indonesia to Taiwan and the Great Barrier Reef. They can grow up to be about . Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict size-based dominance hierarchy; the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male nonbreeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male changes to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest nonbreeder becoming the breeding male. The fish's natural diet includes algae and zooplankton. Description The characteristic that defines this genus is the spine on the cheek. The colors of the body and bars vary according to sex and geographic location. Despite the common name maroon clownfish, only some females have a maroon body color, with a range of color to dark brown. Juveniles and males are bright red-orange. The fish has three body bars which may be white, grey, or yellow. Where the female bars are grey, they can be "switched" rapidly to white if fish is provoked. The size-based dominance hierarchy means in any group of anemonefish, the female is always larger than the male. A significant difference in size is seen in this species, with females being one of the largest anemonefish, growing up to while males are much smaller, usually being . Color variations The significant color variations for fish in this species are related to sex and geographic location. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange which darkens on the fish changing to female, ranging from maroon to dark brown. The body bars of the female are narrower and the body bars reportedly all but disappear in older females. At least three geographic variations in the color of females are found, with fish from East Timor to Australia retaining white body bars. In the central Malay Archipelago, the head bar tends towards a dull yellow, with the other two body bars being grey. In Sumatra and Andaman Islands, all three body bars are yellow for both male and female, and the female body color can range from a dull maroon to a dark brown. While other species have a blue tinge to their body bars, Amphiprion chrysopterus and A. latezonatus, this geographic variety, is the only anemonefish to have yellow or gold body bars. Central Malay Archipelago The female in the Central Malay Archipelago, from North Sulawesi and the Philippines in the north to Komodo Island in the south, has a dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars. East Timor to Australia In the area from East Timor through New Guinea and Australia, the female has white or grey head and body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars. Sumatra Fish from Sumatra, the Andaman Islands, and Nicobar Islands have yellow body bars on both males and females. This distinctive feature meant they were previously considered a separate species. Similar species No similar species are seen because the cheek spine is distinctive of the genus and presently all geographic variations of the fish are considered to be the one species. Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus. Distribution and habitat P. biaculeatus is found in the Malay Archipelago and Western Pacific Ocean north of the Great Barrier Reef. Host anemones The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure. P. biaculeatus is highly specialised with only one species anemone host, Entacmaea quadricolor bubble-tip anemone, predominantly with the solitary form. The fish chooses the host and one of the primary drivers for host selection is thought to be competition. E. quadricolor is highly generalist, hosting at least 14 species, around half of all species of anemonefish. With such competition, P. biaculeatus is considered to be the most territorial of all anemonefish. Competition alone, though, does not explain the preference of P. biaculeatus for the solitary form of E. quadricolor. Taxonomy P. biaculeatus is currently the only member of the genus Premnas. Historically, anemonefish have been identified by morphological features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used. The spine on the cheek of the fish is the characteristic that distinguishes the genus Premnas from the closely related Amphiprion. P. biaculeatus has been thought to have a monospecific lineage, however genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus. Genetic analysis suggests P. biaculeatus is monophyletic with Amphiprion, closely related to A. ocellaris and A. percula. This would make Premnas a synonym of Amphiprion. The taxon epigrammata from Sumatra probably should be recognized as a distinct species, Premnas epigrammata (Fowler, 1904). The recent precedents of the recognition of A. barberi as a distinct species from A. melanopus and A. pacificus being distinguished from A. akallopisos demonstrate the need to show not only geographic and morphological differences, but also genetic data to confirm the separation of the proposed species. In 2021 an expansive phylogenetic analysis of the damselfishes has reclassified the Maroon Clownfish from the monotypic genus Premnas to a junior synonym of Amphiprion. The species name remains unchanged, thus the Maroon Clownfish is now Amphiprion biaculeatus. Reef fish taxonomist Yi-Kai Tea agrees, based on DNA studies, "Premnas has been refuted for ages." In the aquarium The fish has successfully bred in a home aquarium. Being one of the larger anemonefish and the most aggressive, these characteristics need to be accommodated in any aquarium setup. Selective breeding P. biaculeatus has been subject to selective breeding in captivity. One of the more prominent traits is the "lightning" morph which is characterized by broken, jagged white body bars that have a honeycomb appearance. One of the first times this trait was observed was in a wild-caught pair from Fisherman's Island near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Hybridization The maroon clownfish has been successfully crossbred with A. ocellaris to create the hybrid named the "blood orange clownfish" by the Florida aquaculture company, Oceans, Reefs and Aquariums. The body of this hybrid more closely resembles A. ocellaris, but possesses a darker orange hue, grows larger, and has a more fiery temperament, features characteristic of its P. biaculeatus genes. Gallery References External links Fenner, Bob. 2005. Premnas biaculeatus - The Maroon Clownfish. SeaScope, Aquarium Systems, Inc. 22(1): 1-3. Pomacentridae Monotypic fish genera Fish described in 1790

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Glenn%20%28American%20football%29

Joe Glenn (American football)

Joseph Cassidy Glenn (born March 7, 1949) is a former American football coach and former player. He was the head football coach at the University of South Dakota, his alma mater, from 2012 to 2015. He was named head coach on December 5, 2011, after the school's athletic director, David Sayler, fired Ed Meierkort. Glenn served as the head football coach at Doane College (1976–1979), the University of Northern Colorado (1989–1999), the University of Montana (2000–2002), and the University of Wyoming (2003–2008). He won two NCAA Division II Football Championships at Northern Colorado, in 1996 and 1997, and an NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship at Montana in 2001. Coaching career Early coaching career Glenn served as backfield coach at the University of South Dakota in 1974. He was also a backfield coach at Northern Arizona University in 1975. Glenn's first head coaching job was at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska. There he was the youngest head college football coach at 27 years of age. While at Doane he compiled a 21–18–1 record over four seasons. After Doane, Glenn made his first stint at the University of Montana as a quarterbacks and wide receivers coach and offensive coordinator from 1980 to 1985. He was out of coaching in 1986. In 1987, he joined the staff at University of Northern Colorado (UNC) as quarterbacks and kicking coach. He was named head coach of UNC for the 1989 season. Prior to coaching at Montana, Glenn led the Division II University of Northern Colorado to two NCAA Division II Football Championships in 1996 and 1997. Glenn spent eleven seasons at UNC, with a 98–35 record. Montana Glenn coached at Montana for three seasons, from 2000 to 2002, and compiled a 39–6 record. In 2001, the Grizzlies won the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship, defeating Furman in the title game. The year before, the Grizzlies finished as the NCAA Division I-AA runner-up, losing to Georgia Southern in the championship game. In 2002, Montana finished in the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs. Wyoming Over a three-year period, Glenn and his staff took a team that won only five games in the three previous seasons to a Las Vegas Bowl win in two seasons. The 24–21 victory over UCLA on December 23, 2004, marked the first bowl appearance for Wyoming in 11 years and their first bowl victory in 38 years. In 2005, after starting 4–1, including a victory over the Ole Miss, the Cowboys went on a six-game losing skid, finishing 4–7. The 2006 season was one which saw the Cowboys picked to finish last in the conference. After an opening day victory over Utah State, the Cowboys suffered four losses, two of them in overtime. Then the Cowboys fortunes began to shift. The team enjoyed a four-game winning streak, all against conference opponents. The Cowboys next two games were both road losses, the first against TCU, in which they managed only a field goal. The next game was on the road against than #25 BYU. The Cougars trounced the Cowboys, 55–7. The Cowboys fell to 5–6. The Cowboys won their final game against UNLV, moving them to a 6–6 record, and making them bowl eligible but the team did not receive an invitation. The 2007 Cowboys season started off with a 23–3 victory over Atlantic Coast Conference-member Virginia. By the end of October, Wyoming was 5–3 and needed only one win in its last four games to become bowl-eligible. However, the Cowboys lost all four games to finish 5–7, including a 50–0 thrashing at the hands of Utah on November 10. Offensive coordinator Billy Cockhill was fired at the end of the 2007 season and replaced by Bob Cole, formerly of Florida A&M in an attempt to improve the Cowboy's anemic offense. Junior college signal caller Dax Crum came to the Laramie campus from the Mesa Community College in Arizona to compete for the starting quarterback job, which he won over junior Karsten Sween. The 2008 Cowboys opened the season with a win over Mid-American Conference-member 2008 Ohio Bobcats football team (21-20), a loss to Air Force (23-3) and a win over FCS North Dakota State (16–13). Wyoming followed up that victory with five straight losses: to BYU (44–0), Bowling Green (45–16), New Mexico (24–0), Utah (40-7), and TCU (54–7). On November 1, the Pokes beat San Diego State, 35–10, at home and then followed with a win over Tennessee, 13–7, on the road a week later. Five days later, on Thursday, Wyoming lost to UNLV, 22–14, on the road. Wyoming finished the season by losing to arch rival Colorado State, 31–20, at home in the 100th Border War. The following day, November 23, 2008, Glenn was fired. Glenn finished his career at Wyoming with an overall record of 30–41 (.423), and 15–31 (.326) versus Mountain West opponents. Glenn joined the Mtn. as a game-day analyst in 2009. In 2010, he left the Mtn. and joined the WAC Sports Network as a color commentator. South Dakota Glenn was named USD's 29th head football coach on December 5, 2011. Glenn started coaching the Coyotes during the 2012 season as they started their first season as a full-fledged member in Division I-FCS football, competing in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Controversy During the week before their game against Utah in 2007, Glenn "guaranteed" a victory at a luncheon for University of Wyoming students. However, this ended up motivating Utah as they beat Wyoming that day, 50–0. In the third quarter, with the Utes up 43–0, Utah attempted an onside kick. After the play, a furious Glenn was caught giving the middle finger in the direction of the Utah sidelines on national television. The Mountain West Conference reprimanded Glenn, who would later apologize for the obscene gesture and regretted the "guarantee." Personal life Glenn graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1971. While there, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in health, physical education, recreation and athletics. He played quarterback and wide receiver for the Coyotes, and was selected a team captain as a senior. During college, he completed Army ROTC and upon graduation was commissioned as a second lieutenant serving two-years of active duty as an MP at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In 1975, he received a master's degree in education from South Dakota. In 2006, Glenn was inducted into the university's Hall of Fame. Glenn and his wife, Michele, are both natives of Lincoln, Nebraska. They have two adult children: a daughter, Erin, and a son, Casey. Casey was an All-American offensive lineman at Carroll College in Helena, Montana, concluding his playing career in 2002 when Carroll won their first of five NAIA National Championships. After coaching at Idaho State, South Dakota and Oklahoma, he served as tight ends and fullbacks coach after serving as Director of Football Operations for Wyoming under his father. Head coaching record See also List of college football coaches with 200 wins References External links South Dakota profile Wyoming profile Northern Colorado profile 1949 births Living people American football quarterbacks American football wide receivers Doane Tigers football coaches Montana Grizzlies football coaches Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football coaches Northern Colorado Bears football coaches South Dakota Coyotes football coaches South Dakota Coyotes football players Wyoming Cowboys football coaches Players of American football from Lincoln, Nebraska Coaches of American football from Nebraska

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP14%20transmission

ZF 4HP14 transmission

The ZF 4HP14 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1984, and produced through 2001, it was used in Citroën, Peugeot, and Daewoo front-wheel drive cars. Specifications Technical data Applications 1984–1993 Citroën BX 1.6 1985–1993 Citroën BX 1.9 1987–1993 Peugeot 205 1.6 1987–1993 Peugeot 205 1.9 1987–1989 Peugeot 305 1.5 1987–1996 Peugeot 309 1.6 1987–1996 Peugeot 309 1.9 1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.6 1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.8 1987–1997 Peugeot 405 1.9 1990–1996 Volvo 400 series 1991–1998 Rover 800 (XX/R17) 1992–1993 Citroën ZX 1.6 1992–1998 Citroën ZX 1.8 1993–1998 Citroën Xantia 1.8 1993–1998 Citroën Xantia 2.0 1993–2001 Peugeot 306 1.8 1993–2001 Peugeot 306 2.0 1996–1997 Daewoo Nubira 1.5 1996–1997 Daewoo Nubira 1.8 1996–1997 Daewoo Leganza 1.8 1996–1997 Daewoo Leganza 2.0 See also list of ZF transmissions References 4HP14

4044551

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological%20summary%20of%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics

Chronological summary of the 2006 Winter Olympics

This article contains a chronological summary of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Highlights Opening ceremony – February 10 Opening ceremony Stefania Belmondo lit the Olympic flame. Actresses Susan Sarandon and Sophia Loren (along with some other famous women) carried a flag into the stadium while Laura Bush and Cherie Blair watched from special seats in the audience. Luciano Pavarotti, in his final performance, sang Nessun Dorma. Day 1 – February 11 Biathlon Michael Greis of Germany wins the first gold medal of the 2006 Winter Olympics, with a victory in the individual 20 km race. Figure skating Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin lead after the short program. Freestyle skiing Jennifer Heil becomes the first Canadian woman to win a medal in moguls. Norwegian Kari Traa wins the silver and Sandra Laoura of France wins the bronze. Ice hockey The Canadian women's hockey team sets an Olympic record for the most lopsided win, beating their Italian hosts 16–0. Nordic combined German Georg Hettich picks up the gold medal in Nordic combined. Speed skating American Chad Hedrick wins the 5000 m long-track event. Day 2 – February 12 Alpine skiing Antoine Dénériaz of France wins gold in the men's downhill event. Cross-country skiing Estonian Kristina Šmigun wins the women's 7.5 + 7.5 km double pursuit event; a few hours later, Yevgeniy Dementiev secures gold for Russia on the men's 15 km + 15 km distance. Figure skating Michelle Kwan of the United States withdraws from the Olympics following a groin injury in practice. Emily Hughes is named her replacement. Ice hockey Canada defeats Russia 12–0 in the women's competition. United States defeats Germany. Luge Armin Zöggeler of Italy wins the gold in men's singles. Mārtiņš Rubenis of Latvia won his country's first ever Winter Olympic medal, a bronze. Short track speed skating Ahn Hyun-soo of South Korea wins gold in the men's 1500 m. His compatriot, Lee Ho-Suk wins silver and Chinese veteran Li Jiajun earns bronze. Snowboarding Shaun White of the U.S. team takes the gold medal at the men's snowboarding halfpipe event. Speed skating 19-year-old Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands wins gold at the women's 3000 m long-track event. Ski jumping Lars Bystøl from Norway wins the gold medal at the men's normal hill K95 ski jumping event. Day 3 – February 13 Biathlon Russian Svetlana Ishmuratova wins the women's 15 km biathlon. Figure skating Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin beat two Chinese pairs to take home the gold, posting the only composite score over 200. Chinese pair Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao finish their free skate and win the silver medal, despite a fall and injury to Zhang Dan after their attempt at a quadruple throw. Snowboarding Hannah Teter of the U.S. team takes the gold medal at the women's snowboarding halfpipe event. American teammate Gretchen Bleiler wins the silver, with Kjersti Buaas of Norway taking the bronze. Speed skating Joey Cheek of the United States wins the gold medal at the 500 m long track event, skating both runs in less than 35 seconds; the fastest time of any other competitor was that of silver medalist Dmitry Dorofeyev, with a 35.17. Lee Kang-seok of Korea wins a bronze medal, the first Korean medal in (long track) speed skating in 14 years. Day 4 – February 14 Alpine skiing Ted Ligety wins gold for the United States in the men's Combined. Then-leader Bode Miller was disqualified for straddling a gate in the first slalom section; in addition, the leader after the first slalom section, Benjamin Raich, skied off-course in the second section and was also disqualified. Ivica Kostelić of Croatia was second and Rainer Schönfelder of Austria took the bronze. Biathlon Sven Fischer of Germany wins the 10 km sprint race. Cross-country skiing Sweden's first medal in the 2006 Winter Olympics was brought home by Lina Andersson and Anna Dahlberg, who won the gold medal in women's team sprint, classical style. Minutes later Thobias Fredriksson and Björn Lind did the same in men's team sprint, giving the Swedes a sweep of the event. These were Sweden's first Winter Olympic gold medals since 1994. Figure skating Russian Evgeni Plushenko leads after the men's short program. Plushenko's score of 90.66 was the highest for any short program since the current scoring system was adopted in 2003. Ice hockey In the women's competition, Canada defeats Sweden 8–1 and will face Finland in the semi-final. USA defeats Finland and will face Sweden in the other semi-final match. Luge Germany's Sylke Otto wins gold in the injury-plagued women's luge event while countrywomen Silke Kraushaar and Tatjana Huefner complete the podium. Speed skating Svetlana Zhurova of Russia takes gold in the women's 500 m event. Wang Manli and Ren Hui of China win the other two (2) medals. Day 5 – February 15 Alpine skiing Michaela Dorfmeister of Austria won the women's downhill. Martina Schild of Switzerland and Anja Pärson of Sweden completed the podium. Freestyle skiing Dale Begg-Smith of Australia won the men's moguls. Mikko Ronkainen of Finland and Toby Dawson of the United States won silver and bronze, respectively. Ice hockey On the first day of men's competition, Canada defeated host Italy 7–2. In upsets, Latvia tied with the USA 3–3 and Slovakia defeated Russia 5–3. Luge Austrian brothers Andreas and Wolfgang Linger won the doubles competition. Teams from Germany and Italy took the silver and bronze. Nordic combined High winds in the ski jumping hill forced the jury to abandon the team competition midway through the second round. The teams resumed the next day. The Norwegians withdrew due of illness. Speed skating Both Canadian men's and ladies' team pursuit teams set new Olympic records, the first of the 2006 Olympic Games. In the men's competition the record was subsequently broken by the Netherlands, and then by Italy. Short track China's Wang Meng won her country's first gold at Turin in the women's individual 500 m. Bulgaria's Evgenia Radanova took the silver, while Canada's Anouk Leblanc-Boucher claimed the bronze. Day 6 – February 16 Biathlon Florence Baverel-Robert of France wins the women's biathlon 7.5 km sprint. Anna Carin Olofsson of Sweden and Lilia Efremova of Ukraine complete the podium. Also, Olga Pyleva of Russia, who placed second at the 15 km on day 3, has been disqualified from the Games following a positive test for carphedon. She has been stripped of her medal. Cross-country skiing Kristina Šmigun wins her second gold medal of the Games with a victory in the women's 10 km classical and remains the only Estonian to medal. Curling In men's action, Great Britain edges Germany 7–6, Switzerland keeps New Zealand winless by winning 9–7, Canada edges Norway 7–6, and the United States defeats Sweden, 10–6. Figure skating Evgeni Plushenko of Russia dominates the competition and takes gold in the men's competition ahead of Switzerland's Stéphane Lambiel and Canada's Jeffrey Buttle. Plushenko sets a world record for the highest score in the free skate since the new scoring system was adopted in 2003. Ice hockey The upsets in the men's tournament continue as Switzerland defeats the Czech Republic 3–2. Nordic combined Austria wins the men's team competition after Mario Stecher catches up with Germany's Jens Gaiser on the final 5 km leg. Finland wins bronze, finishing nearly a minute ahead of the rest of the field. Snowboarding Seth Wescott of the United States wins the inaugural men's snowboard cross competition. Radoslav Židek of Slovakia is second and Paul-Henri de Le Rue of France is third. Speed skating The German team of Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, Anni Friesinger and Claudia Pechstein defeats the Canadian team to win gold in the final of the women's team pursuit. Italy wins its first ever Olympic speed skating gold in the men's team pursuit event. The Italians beat the favored Dutch team in the semifinals after Sven Kramer suffers a costly fall. In the final, Italy defeats Canada, which took its second silver in the Oval Lingotto. Skeleton Maya Pedersen-Bieri of Switzerland wins gold in the women's final. Shelley Rudman of Great Britain earns silver, the only medal of the games for Great Britain. Mellisa Hollingsworth-Richards of Canada claims bronze. Day 7 – February 17 Cross-country skiing Estonia gains another gold as Andrus Veerpalu wins the 15 km classical cross-country race ahead of Lukáš Bauer and Tobias Angerer. Curling In the men's competition, Great Britain makes short work of Sweden 8–2, while the United States defeats Switzerland 7–4. Finland edges Canada, 6–5. Figure skating In the ice dancing competition, the Italian team of Barbara Fusar-Poli and Maurizio Margaglio lead after the compulsory dance, with Russians Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov in second place. Ice hockey Sweden scores a victory against the United States in the women's hockey semi-finals after a 3–2 penalty shootout win to advance to the gold medal game. There, they will face Canada, who shut out Finland in the other semi-final. Snowboarding Tanja Frieden of Switzerland takes the gold in women's snowboarding cross after Lindsey Jacobellis of the United States falls on the second-to-last jump while performing an unnecessary method grab to give up the largest lead of the entire tournament. Jacobellis settles for silver, while Canada's Dominique Maltais takes bronze after recovering from a crash. Skeleton Duff Gibson of Canada takes gold, just ahead of fellow Canadian Jeff Pain. Swiss slider Gregor Stähli wins the bronze. The 39-year-old Gibson becomes the oldest individual gold medalist in Winter Olympics history. Day 8 – February 18 Alpine skiing Croatian Janica Kostelić takes gold in the women's combined. Austria's Marlies Schild wins the silver and Anja Pärson of Sweden finishes third. Kjetil André Aamodt wins gold for Norway in the men's Super G, beating Hermann Maier of Austria. Ambrosi Hoffmann takes bronze for the Swiss. Biathlon Germans Kati Wilhelm and Martina Glagow finish first and second in the 10 km pursuit; Albina Akhatova of Russia takes bronze. Vincent Defrasne wins gold for France in the 12.5 km pursuit event, followed closely by Ole Einar Bjørndalen of Norway. Germany's Sven Fischer takes bronze. Cross-country skiing Russia wins the 20 km women's relay handily, finishing 10 seconds ahead of silver medalists Germany and 11 seconds ahead of bronze winners Italy. Curling In the men's competition, Italy shocks Canada 6–5, while the United States beats Germany 8–5. Great Britain edges Switzerland, 6–5, and Finland takes out Norway 7–3. Ice hockey Switzerland stuns Canada 2–0 in the men's competition. Swiss goaltender Martin Gerber has 49 saves in the win. Slovakia defeats the United States 2–1. Short track speed skating Jin Sun-Yu and Choi Eun-Kyung of South Korea take gold and silver in the women's 1500 m. China's Wang Meng takes bronze, after the disqualification of third-finished Byun Chun-Sa of Korea. In the men's 1000 m, Ahn Hyun-soo and Lee Ho-Suk of South Korea take gold and silver with the United States' Apolo Anton Ohno taking the bronze. Speed skating The United States takes gold and silver in the men's 1000 m with Shani Davis outskating Joey Cheek for first. Erben Wennemars of the Netherlands receives bronze. Davis' victory makes him the first black person to win an individual gold medal in the history of the Winter Olympics. Ski jumping After a disappointing performance on the K90 hill, Austrian ski jumpers Thomas Morgenstern and Andreas Kofler take gold and silver on the large hill, with the smallest possible margin of 0.1 points between them. Norwegian Lars Bystøl, winner of gold on the normal hill, places third, rather far behind the Austrians. Day 9 – February 19 Bobsleigh The German bob driven by André Lange wins gold in the men's 2-man event 0.21 seconds ahead of the Canadian bob of Pierre Lueders and Lascelles Brown and 0.35 seconds ahead of Martin Annen's Swiss sled. Brown becomes the first Jamaican-born competitor to win a Winter Olympic medal. Cross-country skiing Italy takes the gold in the men's 4x10 km relay, with Italian anchor Cristian Zorzi crossing the finish line 15 seconds ahead of the German team. Sweden takes the bronze. Curling In the men's competition, the United States surprises Great Britain, 9–8. Figure skating In an evening of ice dancing marred by mistakes and falls by other pairs, Russians Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov move into first place during the ice dancing original dance phase. Americans Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto are in second and Ukrainians Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov are in third. Ice hockey Finland defeats Canada 2–0 in the men's competition. Slovakia defeats Kazakhstan 2–1, securing the top spot in Group B. Speed skating Marianne Timmer of the Netherlands wins the women's 1000 m in 1.16.05, 8 years after winning in Nagano. Cindy Klassen of Canada comes in second and favorite Anni Friesinger of Germany wins the bronze, 0.06 seconds behind Timmer. Day 10 – February 20 Alpine skiing Benjamin Raich of Austria comes from fifth place in the first run to win the men's giant slalom event after two runs. Joël Chenal of France takes silver, and Hermann Maier of Austria gets another medal with his bronze.Two hours later, Michaela Dorfmeister wins the women's super-g event and grabs her second gold medal of the Games and giving the Austrians their second gold of the day. Austria also gets its second bronze of the day, as Alexandra Meissnitzer comes in third, behind Croatian powerhouse Janica Kostelić. Curling After downing Denmark 8–1, Norway becomes the third team to qualify for the semi-finals in the women's competition, joining Sweden and Switzerland. Canada beats Denmark 9–8, occupying the fourth playoff spot.In the men's competition, Canada defeats the United States 6–3 to qualify for the semi-finals, and will play the USA again in the first game of the medal round. Figure skating Russia continues to dominate on the ice as Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov win the gold in the Ice Dancing competition. Americans Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto win the first U.S. medals in this event since 1976, taking home the silver. Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov of Ukraine earn bronze. Ice hockey Canada wins the gold in the women's tournament, defeating Sweden 4–1. The United States shuts out Finland 4–0 in the bronze medal game. Ski jumping Austria wins the team event for the first time. Finland takes the silver, while Norway takes the bronze. Day 11 – February 21 Biathlon The German team takes gold in the men's 4 x 7.5 km relay while teams from Russia and France take silver and bronze, respectively. Bobsleigh The German team of Sandra Kiriasis and Anja Schneiderheinze win gold in the women's event ahead of teams from the United States (Shauna Rohbock and Valerie Fleming) and Italy (Gerda Weissensteiner and Jennifer Isacco). Figure skating Sasha Cohen of the United States leads after the women's short program, with Russian Irina Slutskaya three-hundredths of a point behind. Shizuka Arakawa of Japan is third. Ice hockey Slovakia defeats Sweden 3–0, winning every match in Group B and moving on to the quarterfinals, along with Russia, Sweden and the United States. In Group A, Finland, Switzerland, Canada and the Czech Republic all move on to the quarterfinals. Nordic combined Felix Gottwald of Austria wins gold in the LH Sprint competition while Norway's Magnus Moan and Germany's Georg Hettich finish in the silver and bronze positions. Speed skating Italian Enrico Fabris wins gold in the men's 1500 m ahead of feuding American teammates Shani Davis and Chad Hedrick, who take silver and bronze. Day 12 – February 22 Alpine skiing Anja Pärson of Sweden wins her first Olympic gold medal in the women's slalom; her fifth career medal. Austrians Nicole Hosp and Marlies Schild take silver and bronze. Cross-country skiing Chandra Crawford of Canada wins a gold medal in her Olympic debut in the women's 1.1 km sprint. Germany's Claudia Künzel edges out Russia's Alena Sidko to earn the silver. Björn Lind of Sweden claims the gold medal in the men's sprint in a rout. Frenchman Roddy Darragon edges out Swede Thobias Fredriksson to earn the silver. Curling In the men's semifinals, Canada earns 5 points against the United States team in the 9th end, securing it a place in the final against Finland, who beat Great Britain 4–3. In the women's semi-finals. Sweden edges out Norway 5–4, while Switzerland beats Canada 7–5. Freestyle skiing In the women's aerials Evelyne Leu of Switzerland wins the gold medal, ahead of Li Nina of China and Australian Alisa Camplin. Ice hockey Russia defeats Canada 2–0, moving on to the semi-finals to play the Fins, who beat the United States 4–3. The Czech Republic defeats Slovakia 3–1 and will play Sweden, who beat Switzerland 6–2, in the quarter-finals. Short track speed skating South Korea wins the gold medal in the women's 3,000 m relay, while Canada takes silver, and Italy bronze. Snowboarding Philipp Schoch of Switzerland bests his older brother Simon Schoch in the final of the men's parallel giant slalom to successfully defend his Olympic gold medal. Siegfried Grabner of Austria takes bronze. Speed skating Canadians Cindy Klassen and Kristina Groves finish one-two in the women's 1,500 m competition, with Klassen winning by 1.47 seconds. Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands takes bronze. Day 13 – February 23 Biathlon Despite missing veteran Olga Pyleva, who failed an anti-doping test earlier in these Games, the Russian team of Albina Akhatova, Anna Bogaliy, Svetlana Ishmuratova and Olga Zaitseva leads from start to finish in the 4x6 km relay, posting a gold medal-winning time of 1:16:12.5. Two-time defending gold medalists from Germany finish 50.7 seconds behind for the silver. The French team take the bronze, more than two minutes back. Curling The Swedish women's team skipped by Anette Norberg win the gold medal match against Switzerland with a 7–6 double take out on the hammer of the 11th end. Canada defeats Norway in the bronze medal match 11–5. Figure skating Shizuka Arakawa of Japan performs a conservative but clean free skate to defeat Sasha Cohen of the United States and Irina Slutskaya of Russia, who both suffer falls and take silver and bronze, respectively. Arakawa's win gives Japan their first medal in Turin, as well as Japan's first figure skating gold. Freestyle skiing China's Han Xiaopeng wins gold in men's aerials by a little more than two points over Dmitri Dashinski of Belarus. Vladimir Lebedev of Russia wins bronze. Snowboarding Defending World Cup champion Daniela Meuli of Switzerland wins gold in the women's parallel giant slalom, with Germany's Amelie Kober taking the silver and American Rosey Fletcher the bronze. Day 14 – February 24 Alpine skiing American Julia Mancuso captures gold in the women's giant slalom. Finland's Tanja Poutiainen wins the silver, the country's first Olympic medal in the sport and Swede Anna Ottosson wins the bronze. Cross-country skiing Kateřina Neumannová of the Czech Republic wins the 30 km freestyle event. Russian Julija Tchepalova claims the silver and Pole Justyna Kowalczyk gets the bronze. Curling Canada defeats Finland 10–4 in the gold medal match to win the nation's first gold medal in men's curling after winning silver in Nagano and Salt Lake City. The United States men's team defeats Great Britain by a score of 8–6 to take the bronze medal, America's first medal in curling. Figure skating Traditional gala evening at Palavela to conclude the figure skating events. Russian pair Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin and Evgeni Plushenko skate accompanied by Edwin Marton at the violin, playing from the ice. Ice hockey In the men's competition, Sweden defeats the Czech Republic 7–3 to advance to the gold medal game. In the other semifinal, Finland beats Russia 4–0. Sweden and Finland will face off in the gold medal game, while the Czech Republic will face Russia in the bronze medal game. Speed skating Bob de Jong of the Netherlands, the reigning world champion, sets the winning time at 13:01.57 for the gold medal in the 10000 m event. American Chad Hedrick skates to a silver medal, and the bronze goes to Carl Verheijen, also of the Netherlands. Day 15 – February 25 Alpine skiing An Austrian team sweep in the men's slalom with gold for Benjamin Raich, silver for Reinfried Herbst, bronze for Rainer Schönfelder. Biathlon Michael Greis of Germany wins the men's 15 km free gold medal. Tomasz Sikora of Poland wins the silver and Ole Einar Bjørndalen the bronze. Anna Carin Olofsson of Sweden wins the women's 12.5 km free gold with Kati Wilhelm of Germany taking the silver and her compatriot Uschi Disl capturing the bronze. Bobsleigh The German bob driven by André Lange wins gold in the 4-man event 0.13 seconds ahead of the Russian bob driven by Alexandre Zoubkov and 0.41 seconds ahead of Martin Annen's Swiss sled. Ice hockey In the men's competition, the Czech Republic defeats Russia 3–0 to win the bronze medal game. Short track speed skating American Apolo Anton Ohno wins the men's 500 m, earning his second career gold medal. Canada's François-Louis Tremblay wins the silver, while Ahn Hyun-soo of South Korea wins bronze, earning his third individual medal of the Olympics. South Korea's Jin Sun-Yu wins her third gold of the Games in the women's 1000 m. Chinese women Wang Meng and Yang Yang (A) take the silver and bronze respectively after 1500 m silver medalist Choi Eun-Kyung, who originally finished third, is disqualified. South Korea wins the gold medal in the men's 5000 m relay, Canada takes the silver, while the United States gets bronze. Ahn Hyun-soo wins his third gold medal of the Games, medaling in every men's short track event and bringing his total number of medals in Torino to four. Ahn and Jin become the first Korean athletes to win three gold medals in a single Olympics. Speed skating Clara Hughes of Canada sets the winning time at 6:59.07 for the gold medal in the 5000 m event. German Claudia Pechstein skates to a silver medal, and the bronze goes to another Canadian, Cindy Klassen, who wins her fifth medal of these Games. Day 16 – Closing ceremony – February 26 Cross-country skiingGiorgio Di Centa of Italy wins the 50 km freestyle event. Russian Yevgeny Dementyev claims the silver and Austrian Mikhail Botvinov gets the bronze. The medals are presented during the closing ceremony. Ice hockey Sweden defeats Finland 3–2 to take the men's ice hockey gold medal, with Nicklas Lidström scoring the deciding goal in the final. The Czech Republic takes the bronze after beating Russia. Closing ceremony Manuela Di Centa gives the gold medal to her brother Giorgio. See also Chronological summary of the 2010 Winter Olympics References Highlights 2006

4044554

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepeater%20Indian%20War

Sheepeater Indian War

The Big Horned Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest portion of the United States; it took place primarily in central Idaho. A high mountain band of approximately 300 Shoshone people, the Tukudeka were known as the "Big Horned" Game Hunters as Rocky Mountain sheep were a main staple of their food, clothing and tools. At the time, they were the last tribe living traditionally on the American Rocky Mountains. The Tukudeka became part of the Salmon Eater Shoshones after the war. Background Leading up to the war, European-American settlers accused the Shoshone of stealing horses in Indian Valley and killing three settlers near present-day Cascade, Idaho during the pursuit. In August, the Shoshone were accused of killing two prospectors in an ambush at Pearsall Creek, five miles from Cascade. By February 1879 they were accused of the murders of five Chinese miners at Oro Grande, murders at Loon Creek, and finally the murders of two ranchers in the South Fork of the Salmon River in May, accusations for which there was no evidence. Campaign United States troops were called into action based on the settlers' complaints. Heading the campaign against the Sheepeaters was Troop G of the 1st Cavalry, led by Captain Reuben Bernard; Company C and a detachment of Company K from the 2nd Infantry Regiment under the command of First Lieutenant Henry Catley; and 20 Indian scouts commanded by Lieutenant Edward Farrow of the 21st Infantry. The troops were all headed toward Payette Lake, near present-day McCall; Bernard headed north from Fort Boise, Catley headed South from Camp Howard, and Farrow headed East from the Umatilla Agency. Throughout the campaign, the troops faced difficulty traveling through rough terrain. The first segment of the campaign, from May 31 to September 8, was through the Salmon River, dubbed the "River of No Return" as it was barely navigable. By August 20, a Sheepeater raiding party of ten to fifteen Indians attacked the troops as they guarded a pack train at Soldier Bar on Big Creek. Those who defended the pack train included Corporal Charles B. Hardin along with six troopers and the chief packer, James Barnes. They managed to drive the Sheepeaters off with only one casualty, Private Harry Eagan of the 2nd Infantry. By October, the campaign ended once Lieutenants W.C. Brown and Edward S. Farrow, along with a group of twenty Umatilla scouts, negotiated the surrender of the Sheepeaters. See also List of U.S. military history events Idaho Indian Wars Notes References Parker, Aaron. The Sheepeater Indian Campaign (Chamberlin Basin Country). Idaho Country Free Press, c1968. External links Something About Everything Military: Indian Wars Winning the West the Army in the Indian Wars, 1865-1890 Shoshone Conflicts in 1879 Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America Pre-statehood history of Idaho Native American history of Idaho Indian wars of the American Old West Wars between the United States and Native Americans

4044559

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Argentina

Islam in Argentina

Argentina is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the Argentine constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. Although accurate statistics on religion are not available (because the national census does not solicit religious data), the actual size of Argentina's Muslim community is estimated to be around 1% of the total population (400,000 to 500,000 members), according to the International Religious Freedom Report in 2015. Early Muslim immigration There are some indications that the Muslim presence within present day Argentine territory dates back to the time of the Spanish exploration and conquest. The first mentioned Muslim settlers were the 15th century's Moorish-Morisco (Muslims of the Iberian peninsula of North African and Spanish descent) who explored the Americas with Spanish explorers, many of them settling in Argentina who were fleeing from persecution in Spain such as the Spanish Inquisition. However, in the 19th century Argentina saw the first real wave of Arabs to settle within its territory, mostly from Syria and Lebanon. It is estimated that today there are about 3.5 million Argentines of Arab descent, most of whom are Christian. Islamic institutions in Argentina The first two mosques in the country were built in Buenos Aires in the 80s: At-Tauhid Mosque was opened in 1983 by the Shia community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina, while Al Ahmad Mosque was opened in 1985 for Sunni Muslims and is the first building with Islamic architecture in the country. There are also several mosques in other cities and regions throughout the country, including two in Córdoba, two in Mar del Plata and the southernmost Sufi mosque in the world, in El Bolsón. The King Fahd Islamic Cultural Centre, the largest mosque in Argentina, was completed in 1996 with the help of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the then King of Saudi Arabia, Fahd, on a piece of land measuring 20,000 m². The total land area granted by the Argentine government measures 34,000 m², and was offered by President Carlos Menem following his visit to Saudi Arabia in 1992. The project cost around US$30 million, and includes a mosque, library, two schools, a park, is located in the middle-class district of Palermo, Buenos Aires. The Islamic Organization of Latin America (IOLA), headquartered in Argentina, is considered the most active organization in Latin America in promoting Islamic affiliated endeavors. The IOLA holds events to promote the unification of Muslims living in Latin America, as well as the propagation of Islam. See also Arab Argentines Religion in Argentina List of mosques in Argentina Morisco Mudéjar Moors References Further reading KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansión del Islam y su llegada a América Latina (Spanish Edition)" KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo II: Migración Árabe a América Latina y el caso de México (Spanish Edition)" KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde América Latina (Spanish Edition)" External links Islam in the Americas by Florida International University research-led team Argentina

4044562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom%20and%20Gomorrah%20%28disambiguation%29

Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation)

Sodom and Gomorrah were infamous Biblical cities. Sodom and Gomorrah may also refer to: Sodom and Gomorrah (1922 film), an Austrian silent movie Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film), a Franco-Italian-American movie Sodom and Gomorrah: The Last Seven Days, a 1975 pornographic movie by the Mitchell Brothers Sodom and Gomorrah (play), a play by Jean Giraudoux Sodom and Gomorrah, volume four in the Marcel Proust novel In Search of Lost Time "Sodom and Gomorrah", a disco song by Village People on Macho Man "Sodom & Gomorra", a heavy metal song by Accept on Death Row "Sodom & Gomorrah", a song by pop singer Dorian Electra "Sodom & Gomorrah", a heavy metal song by Sodom on Genesis XIX Sodom and Gomorrah, ring names of the professional wrestling team Mark Jindrak and Matt Morgan Sodom and Gomorrah (comics), fictional characters from DC Comics See also Sodom (disambiguation) Gomorrah (disambiguation)

4044565

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20George%20%28band%29

Jimmy George (band)

Jimmy George is a Canadian folk rock band from Ottawa, Canada, who combine Celtic folk with rock influences and formed in 1991. History The line-up through the majority of the Duke of Somerset years, recording of both albums and all videos was Eric Altman (drums, management), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Michael Eady (fiddle), Steve Donnelly (bass), Jeff Kerr (banjo), Michael "Spike" Lawson (guitar), J Todd (main vocals, acoustic guitar) and Mickey Vallee (accordion). While Todd took the majority of singing duties, other members sang harmonies and most sang lead on a song or two. The original, short-lived lineup consisted of Michael Lawson (electric guitar), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Steve Barry (vocals), Duncan Gillis (acoustic guitar/penny whistle), Rob Porter (drums), Michael Eady (fiddle) and Colin Burns (bass). At the end of their nine-year run as house band at the Duke of Somerset pub, the band consisted of J Todd, electric guitarist Steve Donnelly, bassist George Jennings, Joel Carlson on mandolin, Jeff Kerr on banjo, Mickey Vallee on accordion, and Tom Werbowetski on drums. Other members at various times included Christine Chesser (fiddle, vocals, 1991-1992), and Vitas Paukstitis (bass, 1991). In 1993, the band was asked to open for Spirit of the West in Peterborough and at Carleton University's Porter Hall in Ottawa. Bill Stunt, producer of CBC Radio's All In A Day program, was at the show in Ottawa and approached the band afterwards, offering to record the band's material using funding from the CBC development budget. Recording took place over the next few months at Ottawa's Sound of One Hand studio, and the album A Month of Sundays was released on Montreal's now-defunct Cargo Records later that year, with national distribution by MCA Records. Two years later the band released their follow-up record Hotel Motel, produced by Marty Jones (Furnaceface), and recorded at Sound of One Hand and Raven Street Studios. The band toured Canada twice and also played occasional shows in the United States. Most of the band also visited England and Ireland in July, 1992, busking in the streets of London and Dublin including Temple Bar. Jimmy George was the house band at the basement Duke of Somerset pub in downtown Ottawa for a nine-year period, playing every Sunday night and one Thursday-Saturday weekend a month, sometimes playing the "Duke" up to 10 times in a month, as well as other shows around town. They played over 500 shows at the pub which was usually packed with revellers, including several St. Patrick's Days and New Year's Eves. As the Duke of Somerset underwent renovations and crowds thinned, the band ceased recording and playing, playing a "final" show in 1997. They played regular "reunion" shows in Ottawa to celebrate St. Patrick's Day or over the Christmas holidays for several years. In 2001, on the occasion of a reunion show at Barrymore's Music Hall in Ottawa, the band released the CD Same Sh!t Different Day, a collection of songs from their previous releases, plus some live recordings including the previously unreleased song "Where You Bleed". In April 2002, the band headlined Ottawa's Tulip Festival Concert Series and played a headline show at Ottawa's Barrymore's Music Hall. On October 7, 2007, the former owners and staff of the Duke of Somerset pub organized a reunion event at local pub The Heart and Crown. Jimmy George played two sets with the line-up of J (vocals/acoustic guitar), Jeff (banjo), Mike (electric guitar), Joel (mandolin/bass), Rob (drums), Steve (bass/mandolin/accordion) and guest appearances by Angela McFall (Fairytale of New York) and Madeleine Giguere (Rock and Roll Thing) on vocals and Colin Burns on bass for a few songs. On March 17, 2008, the band played a St. Patrick's Day show at Zaphod Beeblebrox in Ottawa. The lineup for this show consisted of J Todd (vocals, acoustic guitar), Joel Carlson (mandolin), Rob Porter (drums), Steve Donnelly (bass, electric guitar, accordion) and Colin Burns (bass on a few songs). In December 2011 the band celebrated their 20th anniversary with 3 shows at Kaffe 1870 (Wakefield, QC) and Elmdale House Tavern (Ottawa, ON). Altman flew in from Japan and Vallee returned from Alberta for the occasion. The band played to capacity audiences for three nights; the second night featured all three drummers from the band's history, Altman, founding member Rob Porter and Tom Werbowetski. The band has since played occasional St. Patrick's Day shows at House of Targ in Ottawa. In 2018 the band also played the Grey Cup festivities in Ottawa in Aberdeen Pavilion at Lansdowne Park. The members continue to perform in bands including Bible All-Stars (Carlson); The Kingmakers, Ray Harris, Sean Oliver, KJ Thomas bands (Donnelly); Mike McDonald Broadband (Vallee). Several of the band's songs have been performed by other bands, including "Breakfast With St. Swithin", which appeared on Vancouver band The Town Pants' CD. Other bands have performed the band's "Token Celtic Drinking Song". Their songs have been featured in several television programs including MTV Live, American Restoration, Toddlers and Tiaras, The Willis Family, Southbound, Still Standing and Southie Rules. TV appearances The band has made several TV appearances, including The Tom Green Show, Rita & Friends (CBC), and Lunch TV (CITY TV Toronto). Festivals The band played at festivals including Northern Lights (Sudbury), Ottawa Folk Festival (Ottawa), Tulip Festival (Ottawa), Mariposa (Toronto), Music West (Vancouver), North By Northeast (NXNE) (Toronto), Canadian Music Week (Toronto) and Riverfest (Deep River). Videos One Convention (1995) Four Feet From Shore (1993) Discography A Month of Sundays (1993) Hotel Motel (1995) Same #$%! Different Day (2001) External links Jimmy George at BandCamp.com Canadian folk rock groups Celtic fusion groups Musical groups from Ottawa Musical groups established in 1991 1991 establishments in Ontario Canadian Celtic music groups

4044566

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Y.%20McCollister

John Y. McCollister

John Yetter McCollister (June 10, 1921 – November 1, 2013) was an American Republican politician. He was born to John M. McCollister and Ruth Yetter McCollister in Iowa City, Iowa. In 1939 he graduated from Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and in 1943 he graduated from the University of Iowa in Iowa City. He married Nanette Stokes on August 22, 1943. Career McCollister was a lieutenant in United States Naval Reserve from 1943 to 1946. From 1960 to 1971 and again from 1979 to 1986 he was president of McCollister & Co. For two terms from 1965 to 1970, he was the Douglas County Commissioner. He was a delegate to the Nebraska State Republican conventions from 1960 to 1970, and delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention. He was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-second United States Congress, defeating incumbent Glenn Cunningham in the Republican primary. He was reelected to the Ninety-third United States Congress and Ninety-fourth United States Congress serving from January 3, 1971 to January 3, 1977. In 1976, he decided to run instead for the U.S. Senate but was unsuccessful, losing to Omaha Mayor Edward Zorinsky by a 53% to 47% margin. He was a presidential elector for Nebraska in 2000. Personal life McCollister was a resident of Omaha, Nebraska. McCollister died of cancer in November 2013. McCollister is the father of John S. McCollister, current state senator from district 20 in Omaha. References Sources American Presbyterians County supervisors and commissioners in Nebraska Politicians from Iowa City, Iowa Politicians from Sioux Falls, South Dakota University of Iowa alumni 1921 births 2013 deaths Deaths from cancer in Nebraska United States Navy personnel of World War II United States Navy officers United States Navy reservists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska 20th-century American politicians Military personnel from Iowa Washington High School (Sioux Falls, South Dakota) alumni

4044587

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP18%20transmission

ZF 4HP18 transmission

The ZF 4HP18 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG for both longitudinal and transverse installation, identifiable by the suffix Q (german quer = transverse). Introduced in 1987, and produced through 1998, it was used in a variety of cars from Alfa Romeo, Audi, Citroën, Dodge, Eagle, Fiat, Lancia, and Saab. Specifications Technical data Applications 4HP18FL front wheel drive longitudinal engine 1988–1992 Renault 25 V6 2.8 1988–1992 Eagle Premier/Dodge Monaco V6 3.0 4HP18FLA (Audi Quattro 4x4) Audi version: longitudinal engine, quattro four-wheel drive 1992–1994 Audi S4 (C4) 5-cyl 2.2 Turbo 1992–1994 Audi 100 (C4) CS 2.8 V6 1995–1997 Audi A6 (C4) quattro 2.8 V6 1995–1997 Audi S6 (C4) quattro 5-cyl 2.2 Turbo 4HP18FLE (Audi FWD) longitudinal engine, (non-quattro) 1991–1994 Porsche 968 4-cyl 3.0 1992–1993 Audi 100 2.8 V6 1992–1994 Audi 100 CS 2.8 V6 1992–1994 Audi 100 S 2.8 V6 1995–1997 Audi A6 2.8 V6 1995–1997 Audi A6 2.5 TDI (AEL) (AAT) 4HP18Q front wheel drive transverse engine 1987–1989 Fiat 2000 2.0 1987–1989 Fiat 2500 2.5 1987–1998 Saab 9000 1989–1993 Alfa Romeo 164 V6 3.0 1989–1998 Citroën XM 2.0 1989–1998 Citroën XM V6 3.0 1989–1994 Fiat Croma 2.0 1989–1994 Lancia Thema 2.0 1989–1992 Lancia Thema V6 3.0 1989–1999 Peugeot 605 2.0 1989–1999 Peugeot 605 V6 3.0 4HP18QE front wheel drive transverse engine 1993–1997 Alfa Romeo 164 V6 3.0 1993–1994 Lancia Thema V6 3.0 4HP18EH front wheel drive transverse engine 1994–1998 Lancia Kappa V6 3.0 See also list of ZF transmissions References 4HP18

4044610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Captive

The Captive

The Captive may refer to: Films The Captive (1915 film), a 1915 drama film directed by Cecil B. DeMille The Captive, the English title of La Prisonnière, a 1968 film, the final work of French director Henri-Georges Clouzot La Captive (The Captive), a 2000 drama film directed by Chantal Akerman The Captive (2014 film), a 2014 film directed by Atom Egoyan Literature The Captive (1769 play), a work by the Irish writer Isaac Bickerstaffe The Captive, the English title of La Prisonnière, part of In Search of Lost Time, a 1927 novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust The Captive (play), a 1926 English-language adaptation by Arthur Hornblow, Jr. of the play La prisonnière by Édouard Bourdet Other arts, entertainment, and media The Captive (album), an album by former Dispatch member Braddigan The Captive (painting), by Joseph Wright of Derby See also Captive (disambiguation) Captivity (disambiguation)

4044623

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McCollister

John McCollister

John McCollister may refer to: John Y. McCollister (1921–2013), Nebraska politician, member of U.S. House of Representatives John S. McCollister (b. 1947), Nebraska politician, son of John Y. McCollister

4044625

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Frontiers%20program

New Frontiers program

The New Frontiers program is a series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA with the purpose of furthering the understanding of the Solar System. The program selects medium-class missions which can provide high science returns. NASA is encouraging both domestic and international scientists to submit mission proposals for the program. New Frontiers was built on the innovative approach used by the Discovery and Explorer Programs of principal investigator-led missions. It is designed for medium-class missions that cannot be accomplished within the cost and time constraints of Discovery, but are not as large as Large Strategic Science Missions (Flagship missions). There are currently three New Frontiers missions in progress and one in development. New Horizons, which was launched in 2006 and reached Pluto in 2015, Juno, which was launched in 2011 and entered Jupiter orbit in 2016, and OSIRIS-REx, launched in September 2016 towards asteroid Bennu for detailed studies from 2018 to 2021 and a sample return to Earth in 2023. On June 27, 2019, Dragonfly was selected to become the fourth mission in the New Frontiers program. History The New Frontiers program was developed and advocated by NASA and granted by Congress in CY 2002 and 2003. This effort was led by two long-time NASA executives at headquarters at that time: Edward Weiler, Associate Administrator of Science, and Colleen Hartman, Solar System Exploration Division Director. The mission to Pluto had already been selected before this program was successfully endorsed and funded, so the mission to Pluto, called New Horizons, was "grandfathered" into the New Frontiers program. The 2003 Planetary Science Decadal Survey from the National Academy of Sciences identified destinations that then served as the source of the first competition for the New Frontiers program. The NASA program name is based on President John F. Kennedy's "New Frontier" political agenda speech in 1960, in which he constantly used the words "New Frontier" to describe a variety of social issues and noted how pioneer exploration did not end with the American West as once thought. As President, Kennedy would also invest heavily in funding for NASA. Examples of proposed mission concepts include three broad groups based on Planetary Science Decadal Survey goals. From New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy Kuiper Belt Pluto Explorer (realized in New Horizons) Jupiter Polar Orbiter with Probes (led to Juno) Venus In Situ Explorer Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return Mission Comet Surface Sample Return Mission: Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) (see also the similar OSIRIS-REx, which targeted a near-Earth object, not a comet.) From Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022 Io Volcano Observer Lunar Geophysical Network Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe Trojan Tour and Rendezvous From Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 Centaur Orbiter and Lander Ceres Sample Return Enceladus Multiple Flyby Titan Orbiter Missions in progress New Horizons (New Frontiers 1) New Horizons, a mission to Pluto, was launched on January 19, 2006. After a Jupiter gravity assist in February 2007 the spacecraft continued towards Pluto. The primary mission flyby occurred on July 14, 2015, and the spacecraft was then targeted toward one Kuiper Belt object called 486958 Arrokoth for a January 1, 2019 flyby. Another mission that was considered with this mission was New Horizons 2. Juno (New Frontiers 2) Juno is a Jupiter exploration mission which launched on August 5, 2011, and arrived in July 2016. It is the first solar-powered spacecraft to explore an outer planet. The craft was placed into a polar orbit in order to study the planet's magnetic field and internal structure. NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter provided extensive knowledge about its upper atmosphere, however, further study of Jupiter is crucial not only to the understanding of its origin and nature of the Solar System, but also of giant extrasolar planets in general. The Juno spacecraft investigation is intended to address the following objectives for Jupiter: Understand Jupiter's gross dynamical and structural properties through determination of the mass and size of Jupiter's core, its gravitational and magnetic fields, and internal convection; Measure the Jovian atmospheric composition, particularly the condensable-gas abundances (H2O, NH3, CH4 and H2S), the Jovian atmospheric temperature profile, wind velocity profile, and cloud opacity to greater depths than achieved by the Galileo entry probe with a goal of 100 bar at multiple latitudes; and Investigate and characterize the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere. OSIRIS-REx (New Frontiers 3) OSIRIS-REx stands for "Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer", and was launched on 8 September 2016. This mission plan was to orbit an asteroid, at the time named (now 101955 Bennu), by 2020. After extensive measurements, the spacecraft collected a sample from the asteroid's surface for return to Earth in 2023. The mission, minus the cost of the launch vehicle ($183.5 million), is expected to cost approximately $800 million. The returned sample will help scientists answer long-held questions about the formation of the Solar System and the origin of complex organic molecules necessary for the origin of life. Asteroid Bennu is a potential future Earth impactor and is listed on the Sentry Risk Table with the third highest rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale (circa 2015). In the late 2100s there is a cumulative chance of about 0.07% it could strike Earth, therefore there is a need to measure the composition and Yarkovsky effect of the asteroid. Planned missions Dragonfly (New Frontiers 4) Dragonfly will send a mobile robotic rotorcraft to Saturn's biggest moon Titan and will make use of Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (MMRTG) for power to navigate through the atmosphere of Titan. The development cost cap is approximately $1 billion. As of May 2021, Dragonfly is scheduled for launch in June 2027. The competition for the fourth mission began in January 2017. Per recommendation by the Decadal Survey, NASA's announcement of opportunity was limited to six mission themes: Comet Surface Sample Return - a comet nucleus lander and sample return mission Lunar South Pole Sample Return - a mission to land at the Moon's South Pole–Aitken basin and return samples to Earth Ocean Worlds (Titan and/or Enceladus) Saturn Probe - an atmospheric probe Trojan Tour and Rendezvous - a mission to fly by two or more Trojan asteroids Venus Lander NASA received and reviewed 12 proposals: Comet Surface Sample Return Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return (CONDOR), to retrieve a sample from 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return (CORSAIR) would sample comet 88P/Howell. Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return (CAESAR) to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko Lunar South Pole Sample Return MoonRise, a sample return mission to explore the lunar South Pole–Aitken basin Ocean Worlds Oceanus, an orbiter to investigate Titan's potential habitability. Dragonfly, a rotorcraft that would fly over the landscape and oceans of Titan to study prebiotic chemistry. Enceladus Life Finder (ELF), an astrobiology orbiter to Enceladus. Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability (ELSAH) Saturn Probe Saturn PRobe Interior and aTmosphere Explorer (SPRITE), an atmospheric probe to investigate Saturn's atmosphere and composition. Trojan Tour and Rendezvous None Venus Lander Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE), a Venus atmospheric probe and lander. Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI), a lander. Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), a Venus orbiter. Out of 12 initial proposals, NASA selected two for additional concept studies on 20 December 2017, including Dragonfly. The two finalists, CAESAR and Dragonfly, each received $4 million funding through the end of 2018 to further develop and mature their concepts. On June 27, 2019, NASA announced the selection of Dragonfly as the New Frontiers 4 mission for a launch in 2026, later delayed to June 2027. New Frontiers 5 The Decadal Survey recommends that two New Frontiers missions be selected per decade. The 2018 Midterm Review of the 2013–2022 Decadal Survey found that NASA was falling behind on this cadence, and recommended the release of the New Frontiers 5 Announcement of Opportunity no later than December 2021. Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, responded positively to the Midterm Review's recommendation, stating that NASA was "committed to conducting two New Frontiers competitions per decade" and planned to release the Announcement of Opportunity in 2021 or 2022, though the Midterm Review estimated a release date as late as 2023. The Decadal Survey recommended the Io Observer and Lunar Geophysical Network proposals for New Frontiers 5, in addition to the previous recommendations. NASA released the draft of the Announcement of Opportunity New Frontiers 5 on January 10, 2023. On August 24, 2023, NASA announced that due to budgetary constraints enacted through the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, the official release of the Announcement of Opportunity for New Frontiers 5 would be delayed to no earlier than 2026. See also Cosmic Vision, ESA program that has several mission classes Notes References External links New Frontiers Program website NASA programs

4044629

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP20%20transmission

ZF 4HP20 transmission

The ZF 4HP20 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1995, it remains in production, and has been used in a variety of cars from Citroën, Lancia, Mercedes-Benz, Peugeot, and Renault. Applications 1996–2004 Peugeot 406 V6 3.0 1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz Vito 1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz V-Class 1997–2001 Citroën Xantia V6 2.9 1997–2001 Citroën XM V6 2.9 1997–1999 Peugeot 605 V6 2.9 1998–2002 Alfa Romeo 166 V6 2.5, V6 3.0 1998–2005 Lancia Kappa, Phedra V6 3.0 1998–2008 Renault Laguna 3.0 1998–2002 Renault Espace V6 3.0 1999–2000 Renault Safrane V6 3.0 24V 2001–2008 Citroën C5 and Citroën C8 V6 2.9, Peugeot 807 V6 2.9 and Peugeot 607 with DW12 2.2 HDi 2004–2010 Peugeot 407 with DW12 2.2 HDi 2003–2006 Fiat Ducato 2.8 JTD(244 Baumuster) See also List of ZF transmissions The maximum torque capacity is 330 Nm. References 4HP20

4044633

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebae%20anemone

Sebae anemone

The sebae anemone (Heteractis crispa), also known as leathery sea anemone, long tentacle anemone, or purple tip anemone, is a species of sea anemone belonging to the family Stichodactylidae and native to the Indo-Pacific area. It was first described in 1834 by Wilhelm Hemprich and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as Actinia crispa. The name accepted by the World Register of Marine Species is Radianthus crispa. Description The sebae anemone is characterized by a flared oral disc that reaches between 20 and 50 cm in diameter and with multiple and long tentacles measuring 10 to 15 cm. These tentacles have rounded tip and the end is often colored with a purple or blue spot. The column, external structure of an anemone visible when the animal is closed, is gray in color and dotted with sticky whitish "warts". The sea anemone, being member of the Hexacorallia, usually carries a number of tentacles multiple of six and they are positioned in concentric circles. These are light beige to purple. Distribution and habitat The sebae anemone is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area from the eastern coasts of Africa, Red Sea included, to Polynesia and from south Japan to Australia and New-Caledonia. This sea anemone prefers hard base substrates slightly covered with sand but it can also cling to branching corals from the surface to 40 meters deep. Biology The sebae anemone has two ways to feed. The first one is through the inside via photosynthesis of its symbiotic hosts zooxanthellae, living in its tissues. And the second one is through a normal way by capturing its prey via its tentacles that allow it to immobilize its prey (small invertebrates, fry, or juvenile fish). Its reproduction can be sexual by simultaneous transmission of male and female gametes in the water or asexual by scissiparity; the anemone divides itself into two separate individuals from the foot or the mouth. The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is highly nested in structure. With 15 species of hosted anemonefish, the sebae anemone is highly generalist, and mostly hosts generalist anemonefish. A. latezonatus, the wide-band anemonefish, is a specialist only hosted by H. crispa.. In the Red Sea, it is considered a nursery anemone as sexually mature fish are rarely hosted by H. crispa. A study in the northern Red Sea found anemone density affected whether H. crispa hosted anemonefish, with clusters of juvenile fish only found at low-density sites, while either one or no juvenile anemonefish were found in H. crispa at the high-density site. The authors theorised that H. crispa was a nursery anemone due to being unable to adequately protect adult anemonefish from predation, active emigration of fish to Entacmaea quadricolor and/or environmentally controlled cessation of fish growth. Why this would be so in the Red Sea is not clear, when in the western Pacific, adult pairs are found in individuals of H. crispa. The anemone fish hosted by the sebae anemone are: Amphiprion akindynos (Barrier Reef anemonefish) A. barberi (Barber's anemonefish) A. bicinctus (two-band anemonefish) A. chrysopterus (orange-fin anemonefish) A. clarkii (Clark's anemonefish) A. ephippium (red saddleback anemonefish) A. latezonatus (wide-band anemonefish) A. leucokranos (white-bonnet anemonefish) A. melanopus (red and black anemonefish) A. omanensis (Oman anemonefish) A. percula (clown anemonefish) A. perideraion (pink skunk anemonefish) A. polymnus (saddleback anemonefish) A. sandaracinos (orange anemonefish) A. thiellei A. tricinctus (three-band anemonefish) Juveniles of Dascyllus trimaculatus are also associated with H. crispa''. Gallery Anemonefish in H. crispa Notes References External links Stichodactylidae Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean Marine fauna of Asia Marine fauna of Oceania Marine fauna of Southeast Asia Anthozoa of Australia Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Animals described in 1834 Taxa named by Wilhelm Hemprich

4044636

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20River%20%28Iowa%29

Maple River (Iowa)

The Maple River is a river in the United States. It flows through western Iowa and is long. The Maple River rises in Buena Vista County, and flows generally southwest through Ida Grove, Battle Creek, Danbury, and Mapleton finally joining with the Little Sioux River near Turin. Much of the river has been channelized. The Maple River was named from the soft maple trees along its banks. See also List of Iowa rivers References Rivers of Iowa Rivers of Buena Vista County, Iowa Rivers of Ida County, Iowa Rivers of Woodbury County, Iowa Rivers of Monona County, Iowa

4044641

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Jevne%20State%20Park

Franz Jevne State Park

Franz Jevne State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA. It is located on the Rainy River (which demarks the Canada–United States border) between International Falls and Baudette in Koochiching County. Mammalian species of beaver, timber wolf, and moose roam in this park. Many birds are found along the Rainy River by visitors such as various songbirds, woodpeckers, pelicans, and bald eagles. The land for the park was donated to the state by the Franz Jevne family; the park was created in 1967 by the Minnesota Legislature. By area, it is the smallest of Minnesota's state parks. References External links Franz Jevne State Park 1967 establishments in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1967 Protected areas of Koochiching County, Minnesota State parks of Minnesota

4044649

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20process%20variation

Natural process variation

Natural process variation, sometimes just called process variation, is the statistical description of natural fluctuations in process outputs. Equations The following equations are used for an x-bar-control chart: In the example, with n = 10 samples, the targeted mean, , and standard error of the mean, are: That is, independent 10-sample means should themselves have a standard deviation of 0.0316. It is natural that the means vary this much, for by the central limit theorem the means should have a normal distribution, regardless of the distribution of the samples themselves. The importance of knowing the natural process variation becomes clear when we apply statistical process control. In a stable process, the mean is on target; in the example, the target is the filling, set to 1 litre. The variation within the upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL) is considered the natural variation of the process. Usage When a sample average (size n = 10 in this case) is located outside the control limits, then this is an indication that the process is out of (statistical) control. To be more specific: The Western Electric rules conclude that the process is out of control if: One point plots outside the 3σ-limits (the UCL and LCL). Two out of three consecutive points plot beyond a 2σ-limit. Four out of five consecutive points plot at a distance of 1σ or beyond from the centerline. Eight consecutive points plot on one side of the center line. Goal The most important goal of understanding the principle of natural process variation is to consider the natural variance in the output before we make any changes to the process. Since SPC tends to minimize the process variations in time, as we better understand the process and have more experience with running it, we try to reduce the variation of it. The knowledge of the principle of natural variance helps us avoid making any unnecessary changes to the process, which might add variance to the process, instead of removing it. References Douglas C. Montgomery, George C. Runger. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 4/e. Wiley, 2006. . An Introduction to Understanding Variation Respecting Natural Variation Statistical process control

4044658

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP22%20transmission

ZF 4HP22 transmission

The 4HP 22 is a four-speed automatic transmission from ZF Friedrichshafen AG for passenger cars with rear wheel drive or 4X4 layout. Introduced in 1980, it was produced through 2003, and has been used in a variety of cars from BMW, General Motors, Jaguar, Land Rover, Maserati, Peugeot, Porsche, and Volvo. Specifications Torque The ZF 4HP 22 can handle from 100 to 380 NM of input torque. Technical data Applications 4HP 22 BMW E30 1984–1988 316 M10/B18 1987–1988 316i M10/B18 1988–1994 316i M40/B16 1984–1987 318i M10/B18 1987–1994 318i M40/B18 1982–1993 320i M20/B20 1982–1986 323i M20/B23 1985–1990 324d M21/D24 1987–1990 324td M21/D24 1983–1988 325e M20/B27: Type A 1985–1993 325i M20/B25: Type A 1986–1992 325ix M20/B25: Type A E28 1981–1987 518i M10/B18: Type B 1981–1987 520i M20/B20: Type B 1986–1988 524d M21/D24: Type B 1983–1987 524td M21/D24: Type B 1983–1988 525e M20/B27: Type A 1981–1987 525i M30/B25: Type A 1981–1987 528e M20/B27 1981–1987 528i M30/B28: Type A 1983–1984 533i M30/B32 1984–1988 535i M30/B34: Type A E24 1983–1989 633CSi M30/B32 1983–1987 635CSi M30/B34 E23 1983–1984 733i M30/B32 1984–1987 735i M30/B34: Type A 1984–1987 745i (South African version) M88/3: Type A E34 1988–1992 520i M20/B20: Type A 1988–1992 524td M21/D24: Type B 1988–1990 525i M20/B25 : Type A 1988–1992 530i M30/B30 : Type A 1988–1993 535i M30/B35: Type A E32 1986–1994 730i M30/B30: Type A 1986–1992 735i M30/B35: Type A 1986–1992 735iL M30/B35: Type A Chevrolet Opala 1988–1992 2.5 (151): Type A 1988–1992 4.1 (250): Type A Jaguar XJ40 1987–1993 3.6 X300 1994–1997 3.2 XJS 1987–1991 3.6 Land Rover Defender 1997 90 V8 4.0L North America Spec 1998 90 V8 4.0L Defender 50th Special Edition Discovery (Series I) 1992–1999 V8 3.9L Discovery (Series II) 1999–2002 V8 4.0L Range Rover 1987–2002 (except 4.6) Lincoln Continental 1984–1985 2.4 litre (BMW-Steyr turbodiesel) Lotus Lotus Excel Excel SA 1986 –1991 Twin Cam 4 Cyl Lotus 2.2L 180bhp Maserati Biturbo 1988–1997 2.5 V6 1988–1997 2.8 V6 Quattroporte 1994–1998 2.8 V6 Peugeot 505 1986–1997 2.0 (XN,): Type A 1986–1997 2.0 (ZEJ): Type A 1986–1997 2.2 (N9T,): Type A 1986–1997 2.2 (ZDJ): Type A 1986–1997 2.5 (XD3): Type A 1986–1997 2.8 (ZN3J): Type A 604 1987–1989 2.5 Volvo 740 pre–1985 GL, GLE 2.3 (non turbo) B230F: Type B 1986–after GL, GLE 2.3 (non turbo) B230F: Type A 1984–1986 2.4L TD (ZF 4HP 22L) 760 1986–1991 2.3L 1983–1986 GLE 2.4 Turbo Diesel D24T: Type B 940 1991–1995 2.3 4HP 22EH Four-wheel drive configuration Land Rover Discovery (Series II) 1999–2004 TD5 Diesel 4HP 22HL Rear-engine design rear-wheel drive configuration Porsche 1989–1993 Porsche 911 Carrera II 3.6 1993–1998 Porsche 993 3.6 See also List of ZF transmissions References 4HP 22

4044662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilonis%20%28daughter%20of%20Leotychidas%29

Chilonis (daughter of Leotychidas)

Chilonis () was a Spartan princess, daughter of Leotychidas, wife of Cleonymus, then Acrotatus, with whom she had Areus II. She is known from Plutarch's "Life of Pyrrhus". Biography Her much older husband Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes II, had not been allowed to succeed to his father's throne because of his violent and tyrannical behaviour, and had spent many years away from Sparta as a soldier of fortune. Chilonis was unfaithful to him with Acrotatus, son of the king Areus I. Areus was away with his army in Gortyn, Crete (272 BC) when Cleonymus attacked his homeland with the help of Pyrrhus of Epirus. Chilonis preferred death to a return to her husband; in Plutarch's account of the battle, she kept a rope tied around her neck ready to commit suicide in the case of defeat. With the help of their women, the Spartans, led by Acrotatus, were able to withstand the attack, until the return of the king from Gortyn. He was able to defeat Pyrrhus and Cleonymus decisively. Chilonis and Acrotatus had a child, who later ruled as Areus II, Agiad King of Sparta. Notes References Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Pyrrhus Smith, William "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited",Little, Brown Co, 1870 Sarah B. Pomeroy, Spartan Women, Oxford University Press, 2002 Spartan princesses Spartan women in ancient warfare 3rd-century BC Spartans 3rd-century BC Greek women

4044685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle%20%28electoral%20district%29

Argyle (electoral district)

Argyle is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1981 and 2013 and since 2021. It elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was created in 1981 when the district of Yarmouth was split into two separate districts. The district comprises most of the Municipality of the District of Argyle, an Acadian area occupying the eastern half of Yarmouth County. The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was largely replaced by the new electoral district of Argyle-Barrington. It was re-created following the 2019 electoral boundary review out of Argyle-Barrington. Geography The riding of Argyle has of landmass. Members of the Legislative Assembly The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 2021 general election 2017 general election (transposed) 2009 general election 2006 general election 2003 general election 1999 general election 1998 general election 1993 general election 1988 general election 1984 general election 1981 general election References Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia

4044691

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%204HP24%20transmission

ZF 4HP24 transmission

The ZF 4HP24 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1987, it was used in a variety of cars from Audi, BMW, Jaguar, and Land Rover. Applications 4HP24 1986–1994 BMW E32 750i M70/B50 1986–1994 BMW E32 750iL M70/B50 1986–1994 Jaguar XJ40 1989–1994 BMW E31 850Ci M70/B50 1989–1994 BMW E31 850i M70/B50 1989–1996 Jaguar XJS 4.0 1995–1997 Jaguar XJ6 (X300) 4.0 1994–2002 Range Rover V8 4.6L 1999–2002 Range Rover V8 4.0L 2003–2004 Land Rover Discovery V8 4.6L 4HP24A Audi version 1990–1991 Audi V8 3.6 V8 1992–1994 Audi V8 4.2 V8 1994–1996 Audi D2 A8 4.2 V8 quattro 1995–1997 Audi S6 4.2 V8 C4 100 See also List of ZF transmissions References 4HP24

4044698

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled%20green

Marbled green

The marbled green (Cryphia muralis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1771. It is found in Europe. Its wings are white with several shades of green. However, the green fades. Technical description and variation The wingspan is 27–34 mm. The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. Forewing smooth, unspeckled green, the markings black and prominent: the claviform (club-shaped) and orbicular (round) stigmata coalescing to form a blotch; ab. par Hbn. is grey green, with darker green dusting; the black markings obsolete. — ab. impar Warr. is green dusted with black or rufous; the lines more or less obsolete: the green colour fades more quickly than in typical muralis; this form occurs only at Cambridge, where the type form is nonexistent. Four further aberrations have been differentiated; ab. viridis Tutt, rich green, without black or grey dusting; ab. flavescens Tutt, like the type, but with the green changed to yellow, even in bred specimens; ab. pallida Tutt, with typical markings on a whitish-grey ground colour; and ab. obscura Tutt, dull brownish grey, with the markings obscured and without any trace of green; all these forms are found on the coast of Kent and at Queenstown in Ireland. Biology The moth flies from June to September depending on the location. Larva dark grey with a greenish tinge: dorsal line broadly white, sometimes interrupted; a pale line above feet. greenish tinge: dorsal line broadly white, sometimes interrupted; a pale line above feet. The larvae feed on various lichen. References External links Fauna Europaea. syn. Lepiforum e. V. De Vlinderstichting. syn. Cryphia Moths described in 1771 Moths of Europe Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster

4044720

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bergen%20Interscholastic%20Athletic%20League

North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League

The North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League, abbreviated NBIL or NBIAL, was an athletic conference of twelve high schools located in the northern part of Bergen County, New Jersey. Wayne Hills High School, located in Wayne, Passaic County, New Jersey, was the only school not located in Bergen County. Member schools There are twelve member NBIAL schools, which are split up into two divisions. Division 1 is made up of all Group III schools, while Division 2 is made up of Group II schools. Group is a classification of the school size as determined by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). The bigger the Group, the more students that go to that school. The league had originally eight members, but added Westwood and Wayne Hills in the mid-1970s. It expanded further, adding Bergenfield and Fair Lawn in the early 1990s, and split into two divisions for most sports. Mahwah replaced Westwood when the latter left the league, and Ramsey replaced longtime league member River Dell. After the original NJSIAA realignment in 2009, Paramus Catholic High School was added to the NBIL while Wayne Hills and Fair Lawn left to join the North Jersey Tri-County Conference. The NBIL ceased to exist following the 2009–10 seasons, and its remaining member institutions joined with most of the NJTCC schools to form the Big North Conference. Pascack Hills, who participated in the NBIL in every sport except for football (where they were a member of the Bergen County Scholastic League), was the only school that did not and followed its football conferencemates to the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference; they eventually reconsidered and moved to the Big North in 2012. Division 1 (Note: Wayne Valley High School, despite belonging to the same school district as Wayne Hills High School, is not part of the NBIL.) Division 2 (Note: Pascack Hills High School did not participate in the NBIL for football.) League sports The North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League allows member schools to compete with each other in many sports spread out among three seasons. Although the league does not have a cheerleading division, many member schools have their own cheerleading teams. Other sports, such as fencing, are offered by some schools, but like cheerleading, are not included as part of the NBIL. The following is a list of the sports that the NBIL offers. Some sports do not have a team from every school, while other sports have teams from all twelve schools. Each bullet is technically an individual team, but in sports marked with an asterisk (*), these two teams usually practice together (depending on the school and sport) and have almost every if not all of their meets, games, matches, competitions, and other events at the same time. (For example, although the boys and girls track teams from a single school usually practice together and have meets at the same time, there are separate events at their meets for boys and for girls; therefore, the teams compete and score separately.) Fall sports Cross Country (Boys)* Cross Country (Girls)* Football - NOTE: Pascack Hills plays football in the Carpenter Division of the Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League. Soccer (Boys) Soccer (Girls) Tennis (Girls) Volleyball (Girls) Winter sports Basketball (Boys) Basketball (Girls) Bowling (Boys)* Bowling (Girls)* Fencing* Ice Hockey Swimming (Boys)* Swimming (Girls)* Winter Guard Winter Track (Boys)* Winter Track (Girls)* Wrestling Spring sports Baseball Golf (Boys)* Golf (Girls)* Lacrosse Softball Tennis (Boys) Track and Field (Boys)* Track and Field (Girls)* Volleyball (Boys) League Code of Conduct The NBIL encourages parents and spectators to support good sportsmanship and to be positive role models to student athletes. Smoking is not allowed (per NBIL rules, some local laws, and state legislation) at NBIL events. Spectators are asked to "enthusiastically encourage" their own teams, to refrain from booing and using negative remarks, and to applaud "outstanding play" by any team. State and NBIL regulations prohibit noisemakers, signs, and banners at competitions. External links North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League Website (Site not regularly maintained) Education in Bergen County, New Jersey New Jersey high school athletic conferences

4044727

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20George%27s%20Church%2C%20Portobello

St George's Church, Portobello

St George's Church, Portobello, is a former Church of England parish church in the City of Sheffield, England. It is now part of the University of Sheffield and is a lecture theatre and student housing. St George's is the first of three Commissioners' churches to have been built in Sheffield under the Church Building Act 1818. The other two are St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane and St Philip's Church, Netherthorpe (demolished 1951). St George's is a Gothic Revival building designed by the architects Woodhead and Hurst in a Perpendicular Gothic style. It was built at a cost of £15,181 (), the whole cost being met by the Church Building Commission. The building is long and wide, and consisted of a flat-ceilinged nave with six bays, a single-bay chancel, and a -high tower. Galleries extended the length of the north and south walls, and there was a two-tiered gallery on the west wall. In total the church could seat 380 people. The foundation stone was laid on 19 July 1821, and the church was consecrated by Archbishop Vernon Harcourt on 29 June 1825. The church was declared redundant and closed in 1981. It stood unused for a number of years until the University of Sheffield acquired it and in 1994 had it converted into a lecture theatre and student accommodation. Prior to this it had been the last of the Commissioners' churches in Sheffield to retain its original form. It is a Grade II listed building. In 2010 a nest-box was placed on the church rooftop, which is now home to a breeding pair of peregrine falcons that can be seen via live stream webcam. See also Listed buildings in Sheffield List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire References 19th-century Church of England church buildings Churches completed in 1825 Saint George Church of England church buildings in South Yorkshire Commissioners' church buildings Former Church of England church buildings Gothic Revival church buildings in England Grade II listed buildings in Sheffield Grade II listed churches in South Yorkshire Halls of residence in the United Kingdom Sheffield University buildings and structures

4044730

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug%20In%20and%20Hang%20On%3A%20Live%20in%20Tokyo

Plug In and Hang On: Live in Tokyo

Plug In and Hang On: Live in Tokyo is a live album by heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1992. The material for this CD was recorded in Kawasaki, Japan at Club Citta. Track listing "Abandoned" "Savior from Anger" "Down to the Temple" "Ship of Fools" "Lady Took a Chance" "When Love Comes Down" "March or Die" "Don't Wait for Me" Personnel Geoff Thorpe: Guitars Mark McGee: Guitars Carl Albert: Vocals Dave Starr: Bass Larry Howe: Drums 1992 live albums Vicious Rumors albums

4044756

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Molinos

Los Molinos

Los Molinos may refer to: Places Spain Los Molinos, Madrid, a municipality in Community of Madrid Los Molinos (Arén), in Huesca Province Los Molinos de Sipán, a locality in the municipality of Loporzano, Huesca Province Los Molinos (Sobrarbe), a locality in the municipality of El Pueyo de Araguás, Huesca Province Los Molinos, Lanzarote, a village in the Canary Islands Calzada de los Molinos, a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León Elsewhere Los Molinos, La Rioja, a municipality in La Rioja Province, Argentina Los Molinos Dam, dam over the course of the Los Molinos River in the province of Córdoba, Argentina Los Molinos, California, a census-designed place (CDP) in Tehama County, California Los Molinos, Chile, coastal village and harbour near Valdivia, Chile San José de los Molinos District, district of the province Ica, Peru Rancho Rio de los Molinos, a 22,172-acre (89.73 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Tehama County, California Other uses 10476 Los Molinos, an asteroid Los Molinos CF, a football club in Spain Los Molinos Observatory, in Uruguay See also El Molino (disambiguation) Molinos (disambiguation)

4044762

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempegowda%20International%20Airport

Kempegowda International Airport

Kempegowda International Airport is an international airport serving Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka, India. Spread over , it is located about north of the city near the suburb of Devanahalli. It is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public–private consortium. The airport opened in May 2008 as an alternative to increased congestion at HAL Airport, the original primary commercial airport serving the city. It is named after Kempe Gowda I, the founder of Bangalore. Kempegowda International Airport became Karnataka's first fully solar powered airport, developed by CleanMax Solar. The airport is the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic, air traffic movements and domestic and total cargo handled in India, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai, and is the 29th busiest airport in Asia. In the FY 2021–22, the airport handled around 16.2 million passengers and of cargo. The airport offers connecting flights to all six inhabited continents, and direct flights to five of them. The airport has two passenger terminals that handles both domestic and international operations, and two runways, the second of which was commissioned on 6 December 2019. The second terminal was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in December 2022 and began domestic operations in January 2023, with all international operations being moved to the new terminal in September 2023. There is also a cargo village and three cargo terminals. The airport serves as a hub for AIX Connect, Alliance Air, Go First, IndiGo, Star Air and DHL Aviation and is a focus city for Air India and SpiceJet. History Planning (1991–2004) The original airport serving Bangalore was HAL Airport, located from the city centre. It was the primary airport serving Bangalore city until 2008. Originally established in 1942 for military and defence purposes, HAL began domestic operations for the first time in the late 1970s. The unexpected popularity of the newly offered domestic flights encouraged rapid expansion of the airport. In the late 1990s, the first international flights started. Air India was the first airline to offer international flights, flying to Singapore. In 2000, the first foreign airline started operations from HAL Airport, with Royal Nepal Airlines to Kathmandu, followed by Lufthansa's A340 a year later from Germany. Several other major international carriers such as British Airways and Air France were already serving the old airport by 2005. However, as Bangalore grew into the Silicon Valley of India and passenger traffic to the city rose, HAL Airport with a single runway and limited aircraft parking space was unable to cope with this increased traffic. In 2007 it saw a footfall of 8 million passengers, more than double its original capacity of 3.6 million. There was no room for expansion and the airport apron could only park six aircraft. In March 1991, former chairman of the National Airports Authority of India (NAAI) S. Ramanathan convened a panel to select the site for a new airport. The panel decided on Devanahalli, a village about north of Bangalore. The State Government made a proposal to build the airport with private assistance, which the Union Government approved in 1994. Finally in 1995, Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Government of Karnataka decided to call for international consortia to own, build and operate the new Greenfield airport of the city. In December 1995, a consortium of Tata Group, Raytheon and Singapore Changi Airport signed a memorandum of understanding with the State Government regarding participation in the project. In June 1998, however, the consortium announced it was pulling out of the project due to delays in government approval. These included disputes over the location of the airport and the fate of HAL Airport. In May 1999, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and the Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (KSIIDC) of the State Government signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the nature of the project. It would be a public–private partnership, with AAI and KSIIDC having a 26% share and private companies having the remaining 74%. In January 2001, the State Government created the company Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) as a special purpose entity and began searching for partners. By November, the project had attracted Unique Zürich Airport, Siemens Project Ventures and Larsen & Toubro. Construction was expected to begin in October 2002; however, governmental delays persisted. The concession agreement between the State Government, the Union Government and BIAL was signed in July 2004. In it, BIAL required the closure of HAL Airport. It took nearly a decade from the initial stage of land allocation and acquisition, to signing of shareholder agreements in 2002 and until start of construction. During the formation of legal framework, BIAL's main observation was the unprecedented growth that aviation industry faced. Designing BIAL, when the project was first designated, had anticipated traffic of approximately 5 million in the first year of operations in 2008. However, HAL Airport had handled over 8 million passengers by the time the construction of the new greenfield airport started. It took more than nine months to redesign the process along with gaining the necessary approvals, and when the approval for increased project was sanctioned, the construction was half done. The project was well on track despite the challenge and was expected to be ready by its initial given open date. The revised increased capacity project was constructed to cater to eleven million passengers per annum, up from the previous plan of 5 million passengers per annum. BIAL increased project had plans to build a terminal with eight passengers boarding bridges, one double arm aerobridge, nine remote bus gates and a runway measuring 4,000 metres with efficient taxiways. BIAL also planned to build an apron with 42 Code-C aircraft stands (with eight contact stands) as well as an air- and land-side road system. The estimated cost for the entire project was Rs 1,930 crore (approximately US$430 million). Construction and opening (2005–2008) Construction finally commenced on 2 July 2005. When a study predicted the airport would receive 6.7 million passengers in 2008, the airport was redesigned from its initial capacity of 4.5 million passengers to 11 million, with the terminal size expanded and the number of aircraft stands increased. The cost of the airport rose to . Construction was completed in 32 months, and BIAL set the launch date for 30 March 2008. However, due to delays in establishing air traffic control services at the airport, the launch date was pushed to 11 May and finally 24 May 2008. As the opening date for the airport approached, public criticism arose, mainly directed toward the closure of HAL Airport. In March 2008, AAI employees conducted a massive strike against the closure of HAL Airport along with Begumpet Airport in Hyderabad, fearing they would lose their jobs. The Bangalore City Connect Foundation, a group of citizens and businessmen, staged a rally in mid-May, claiming the new airport was too small for the latest demand projections. On 23 May, a hearing was held at the Karnataka High Court over poor connectivity between the city and the airport. Ultimately, the State Government decided to go ahead with inaugurating the new airport and closing HAL Airport. The first flight to the airport, Air India Flight 609 from Mumbai, was allowed to land the previous night as it would be continuing to Singapore shortly after midnight. The aircraft touched down at 10:40 pm on 23 May. The airport became the third greenfield airport under a public–private partnership to open in India, after Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad and Cochin International Airport. Renaming and expansion (2009–present) The original name of the airport was "Bangalore International Airport". In February 2009, the State Government sent a proposal to the Union Government to rename the airport after the founder of Bangalore, Kempe Gowda I. When no action was taken, the State Government passed a resolution for the name change in December 2011. The Union Government accepted the proposal in 2012 and formally approved it in July 2013. The airport was officially renamed "Kempegowda International Airport" on 14 December 2013 amid the inauguration of the expanded terminal building. Kingfisher Airlines once operated a hub and was one of the largest airlines at the airport. Following its collapse in October 2012, other airlines stepped in to fill the gap in domestic connectivity by adding more flights. In addition, Air Pegasus and AirAsia India launched hub operations at the airport in 2014. The first phase of expansion was launched in June 2011 and finished in December 2013. The project doubled the size of the passenger terminal to , involving the construction of additional facilities for check-in, immigration, security and baggage reclaim. One domestic gate and three international gates were added as well. A large, sweeping roof connects the original building with the expanded areas. The expanded terminal, dubbed "Terminal 1A", has raised the annual passenger capacity of the airport to 25 million. In September 2022, Qantas began flying to Sydney with Airbus A330s. This is the first nonstop service between Bangalore and Australia. The following month, Emirates introduced the Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger plane, on one of its flights to Dubai, marking Bangalore's first A380 service. Air India started a scheduled flight to San Francisco aboard Boeing 777s in December 2022. Ownership The airport is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public limited company. The Government of India has granted BIAL the right to operate the airport for 30 years, with the option to continue for another 30 years. The company is a public–private consortium venture. GVK initially owned 43% of the shares in Bangalore Airport. In 2016, GVK decided to divest its 33% share of in BIAL to Fairfax Financial for ₹2149 cr. In March 2017, GVK confirmed having done so. Finally, in January 2018, GVK decided to sell the remaining 10% shares to Fairfax Financial for ₹1,290 crore and exit Bangalore Airport completely. 26% is held by government entities Karnataka State Industrial Investment and Development Corporation (13%) and Airports Authority of India (13%), and 74% is held by private companies Fairfax Financial (54%) and Siemens Project Ventures (20%). In March 2021 the Airports Authority of India announced their plans to sell their 13% stake in order to raise funds. Between FY 2022–2025, the Government aims to raise as much as ₹20,782 crore through aviation. The process will start with the selling of stakes of Bangalore Airport followed by Hyderabad, Mumbai and Delhi. Facilities Runways Kempegowda International Airport has two runways in use. Four years after it was laid, the first runway (now designated 09L/27R) was entirely resurfaced because of a serious decline in quality. From 11 March to 3 April 2012, it was closed daily between 10:30 am and 5:30 pm. As a result, BIAL accused construction company Larsen & Toubro of building the runway poorly. South of runway 09L/27R are a full-length parallel taxiway and the apron, which extends from the Blue Dart/DHL terminal to the passenger terminal. The construction of the second runway at the airport is now complete, and was officially in use from 6 December 2019, when an IndiGo airlines flight (6E 466) to Hyderabad took off from runway 09R. The runway will cater to all types of aircraft including Code-F aircraft like Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 and is equipped with CAT IIIB ILS. The runway also features an associated parallel taxiway and two cross-field taxiways on the east linking the new runway to the existing north runway and the aprons at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The first runway (09L/27R) was also upgraded as part of the expansion work. The old runway (Runway 09L/27R) was closed from 22 June 2020 for nine months for rehabilitation and strengthening. The runway was opened for service again on 31 March 2021 and put into service with the south runway, making KIA the first airport in South India to have parallel runway operations. Terminals Terminal 1 A single integrated passenger terminal accommodates domestic operations. It covers and can handle 20 million passengers annually. Check-in and baggage reclaim areas are situated on the lower floor, while departure gates are located on the first floor. Gates 1, 2, 12–18, 28–30 on the first floor are used for domestic departures, gates 31–42 on the first floor were used for international departures, gates 3–9 and gates 19–25 form the Western and Eastern bus gates respectively. Gate 41–42 is equipped to serve the world's largest passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380. Lounges are provided by Travel Food Services, which also operates a transit hotel in the terminal. For VIPs there is a separate lounge. There are two lounges in Terminal 1, the 080 Domestic and the 080 International lounges. Named "080" after the trunk dial code of the city of Bangalore, the lounges aim to pay an ode to the Garden City of Bangalore with local artistry, culture-inspired interiors and botanical elements, each zone in the lounge is carefully crafted to bring alive the stories of the city it’s inspired by. Both the lounges are operated by Travel Food Services. Starting from 12 September, Terminal 1 will handle only domestic flights operated by Indigo, Akasa Air, Alliance Air and SpiceJet, following the transfer of all international operations to Terminal 2. It is undergoing renovations as part of its conversion to a domestic terminal since January 2023. Terminal 2 The airport's second terminal, designed as a tribute to the "Garden City" of Bangalore by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and constructed by Larsen & Toubro was inaugurated on 11 November 2022, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The first phase of terminal 2, built at a cost of around ₹ 5,000 crore, with a size of 255,000 sq.m., will help augment the capacity of the airport by an additional 25 million passengers per annum. The second phase of terminal 2 is planned and is expected to provide an additional capacity of 20 million passengers per annum, thereby increasing the overall capacity of the terminal to over 45 million passengers per annum. Construction of the first phase of terminal 2 commenced in 2018, but the project faced delays owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. The arrivals area of terminal 2 is situated on the ground floor, while departures are planned on the first floor. The first phase of terminal 2 features 95 check-in counters, 17 security check lanes, 9 baggage claim belts, 34 conventional and 6 electronic immigration gates. With provisions for tarmac gates and jet bridge gates, including Code-F gates to handle larger aircraft like the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 747-8, the first phase of terminal 2 started with domestic operations on 15 January 2023, with Star Air being the first airline to operate out of the new terminal. On 12 September 2023, Terminal 2 started handling all international operations, with Saudia operating the first international arrival to Terminal 2. In additional to handling all international operations, Terminal 2 also handles domestic flights operated by Air India, AIX Connect, Vistara and Star Air. Aviation fuel services The airport has a fuel farm, spread over west of the cargo village and passenger terminal. It was built by Indian Oil Skytanking Ltd (IOSL) but is shared by multiple oil companies. In October 2008, Indian Oil commissioned a fuel pipeline between its storage terminal in Devanagonthi and Kempegowda Airport. Previously, jet fuel had to be transported to the airport by tank trucks, which created traffic and pollution problems. Cargo facilities Kempegowda Airport has three cargo terminals. One is operated by AISATS (Air India Singapore Airport Terminal Services) Ltd and has a capacity for of cargo; it includes a facility for storing pharmaceuticals. DHL and Blue Dart Aviation jointly operate a terminal. The third cargo terminal is operated by Menzies Aviation Bobba (Bangalore) Pvt. Ltd, a joint venture between Menzies Aviation and Bobba Group (a sales agency for Lufthansa Cargo). The 170,000 sq ft. cargo terminal began operations in May 2008.The terminal has the capacity to handle tons of cargo annually. BIAL inaugurated a separate cargo village in December 2008. The village is spread over and includes office space, conference rooms, a cafeteria for staff and parking space for nearly 80 trucks. It did not open for occupation until 2010 and initially suffered low occupancy, which some cargo agents attributed to the opening delay, high rent and limited infrastructure. Other facilities IndiGo iFly Training Academy On 4 September 2019, India's leading airline, IndiGo announced that it will extend its learning academy, iFly to Bangalore, its 2nd such facility in India. The facility will be built in the Airport campus. Starting 6 September 2019, iFly facilitated training to the airline employees. With over 27,000 employees, there are over 100 instructors in the academy, who conducts workshops on a regular basis. The iFly learning academy of IndiGo Airlines facilitates special trainings throughout the year to its employees, including skills for required for on-job performance, customer services, ramp and marshalling training, safety and emergency procedures, departure control system, communication and leadership training and e-learning to name a few. IndiGo Maintenance Repair and Overhaul Facility IndiGo has its second facility to service their fleet of predominantly Airbus aircraft. The facility, which has a volume of around 218,000 ft.², has capacity for narrow-body aircraft and houses a single bay catering for widebody aircraft. The MRO is completed and is operational since November 2022. Central Kitchen Food services provider SATS proposed to setup their first central kitchen, a 14,000sqm facility with an investment of Rs. 210 crore to cater to the demand in the region. SATS already has a long standing partnership with the airport through its aviation catering associate Taj SATS and ground handling associate AISATS. The facility will be located at the Kempegowda International Airport and is expected to be operational in the year 2022. Future plans The second phase of expansion is underway, which encompasses the construction of a second runway and a passenger terminal in two phases. When fully completed, Kempegowda International Airport will be able to handle 55 million passengers per year. The estimated project received clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in September 2014. Ground work on the second runway began in February 2016 and the runway opened in December 2019. Located south of Terminal 1, it is parallel to runway 09/27 and measures , wider than the original runway so it can accommodate larger aircraft. The new runway is also CAT III certified, allowing for landings in fog and other low visibility conditions. A second terminal has been constructed to meet the airport's expected growth. This terminal has been designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and the construction contract has been awarded to Larsen & Toubro. In the first phase, the terminal will cater to 25 million passengers annually, and in the second phase, it will cater another 20 million passengers annually. Terminal 2 was inaugurated in December 2022 and began operations in January 2023. A third runway, north of the current runway is being planned to cater to the growth of air traffic in the airport which will be situated 1500 meters north of the current runway. Dubbed as the "New North Parallel Runway", the officials hope to ease air traffic congestion with the third runway. Along with this, a third passenger terminal has also been proposed for the airport. It is expected to begin construction from 2024 and be completed in the late 2030s. Airlines and destinations Passenger Cargo Statistics Ground transport Road Kempegowda Airport is connected to the city of Bangalore by National Highway 44 (NH 44). In January 2014, a six-lane flyover was completed over NH 44 between Hebbal and the airport, helping to reduce travel time to and from the city. Two alternative routes are under construction and will be completed by March 2017, one through Thanisandra and the other through Hennur. The airport car park is located at ground level and can hold 2,000 vehicles. The airport is served by several taxi and rental car companies. In addition, ride-sharing companies Ola Cabs and Uber have their own pick-up zones outside the terminal. The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) provides bus transportation to major parts of the city through the Vayu Vajra (Kannada for "Diamond in the Air") service. It is operated using a fleet of Volvo B7RLE buses. In addition, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates a nonstop bus service called "Flybus" between Kempegowda Airport and Mysore, as well as a route to Manipal via Mangalore. Rail A halt at the KIA boundary commenced operations in January 2021. The train halt is connected to the airport terminal via short five-minute shuttle busses. Every day five trains from the city towards Devanahalli stop at the KIA halt and five trains head back. Future plans include electrification of the route to introduce comfortable MEMU trains to the airport. MEMU trains from Mysore that terminate at Yelahanka could be extended up to Devanahalli via the KIA halt station, benefitting airport-bound passengers from Mysore, Channapatna, Ramanagaram and Bidadi. Metro The plan to build a metro link between Bangalore and the airport with two stations at the airport was revived in 2020 and is now under construction. In January 2019, Karnataka Government approved the Bangalore Airport Metro line. The project which is envisioned to link Bangalore City with the airport is under Phase 2B of Namma Metro, and is 37 km long. The blue line also known as Line-5 (KR Puram-Hebbal-Kempegowda International Airport) will have 17 stations as an extension of Line-5 (ORR Line) via KR Puram, Nagawara, Hebbal And Yelahanka. The project is estimated to be completed by December 2024. There are two metro stops being built in the airport campus, one near the upcoming Airport City, which will be partly elevated and the other one in the Multi Modal Transport Hub opposite the upcoming Terminal 2. The cost of building these two stations is estimated to be Rs 800 crore. The total cost of the project is expected to be Rs14,788 Crores. To ensure last-mile connectivity for passengers, a service road will be provided around the Metro Stations in the Airport premises, for integration with BMTC buses. Plans are to build a 6m wide road. High Speed Rail Link (HSRL) In August 2021, Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai declared plans of building a High Speed Rail Link (HSRL) connecting the airport and the city. If constructed, the airport will be connected by three different railway lines: the Metro, Suburban rail and High-speed rail, making it a distinctive airport connected with all three (modes of transportation). This is not the first time this is planned. Plans to build an HSRL was earlier planned in 2001 and was revived again in 2013, but was shelved both times due to issues in land acquisition and high costs involved. More recently, the plan has been revived, as the Chief Minister believes that this has been their dream and they are going to get it done as no international airport in the world has got all three (modes of transportation). Awards In 2017, the airport was ranked first in ensuring timely takeoffs and landings to and from the airport, as the Most Punctual Airport of India by the DGCA. In 2020, the airport was recognised as the Best Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region with 25 to 40 million passengers per year by Airports Council International. In December 2022, the airport was not only considered again as the most punctual airport of India, but it was ranked among the most punctual airports in the world, in which it ranked 20th, by Cirium, an aviation data analytics company. In March 2023, the airport was ranked first by the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) Survey for Arrivals, conducted by Airports Council International for 2022, globally. In October 2023, the airport was declared the most punctual airport in the world by Cirium, after ranking it first in on-time performance list for three consecutive months since July 2023. See also List of airports in India List of airports in Karnataka List of busiest airports in India References External links Vayu Vajra Bus Timings to and from BIAL Airports in Bangalore Airports in Karnataka International airports in India 2008 establishments in India Airports established in 2008 Fairfax Financial

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Serranos

Los Serranos

Los Serranos (Valencian: Serrans) is a comarca in the province of Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain. It is part of the Spanish-speaking area in the Valencian Community. Geographically and historically Chera (Xera) was part of this comarca. Nowadays, according to the current administrative division pattern of the Valencian Community, Chera is officially part of the Requena-Utiel comarca. Municipalities Alcublas Alpuente Andilla Aras de los Olmos Benagéber Bugarra Calles Chelva Chulilla Domeño Gestalgar Higueruelas Losa del Obispo Pedralba Sot de Chera Titaguas Tuéjar Villar del Arzobispo La Yesa See also Requena-Utiel References External links Institut Valencià d'Estadística Comarques of the Valencian Community Geography of the Province of Valencia

4044766

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20Centre-Whitney%20Pier

Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier

Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier, formerly Cape Breton Centre is a provincial electoral district in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Its Member of the Legislative Assembly is Kendra Coombes. The district consists of the area around New Waterford, including Dominion, Grand Lake Road, Reserve Mines, Gardiner Mines, Lingan Road, Lingan, River Ryan, Scotchtown, New Victoria, Victoria Mines, South Bar. It was created in 1925 when the counties of Cape Breton and Richmond were divided into three electoral districts. In 2003, it expanded west to include New Victoria. In 2013, it gained South Bar, Lingan Road, and part of Grand Lake Road from Cape Breton Nova. It was re-named Cape Breton Centre-Whitney Pier for the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Single-member district (1933-present) Dual-member district (1925-1933) Election results 1925 general election 1928 general election 1933 general election 1937 general election 1941 general election 1945 general election 1949 general election 1953 general election 1956 general election 1960 general election 1963 general election 1967 general election 1970 general election 1974 general election 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2013 general election |New Democratic Party |Frank Corbett |align="right"|3,440 |align="right"|45.29 |align="right"|-33.25 |- |Liberal |David Wilton |align="right"|3,282 |align="right"|43.21 |align="right"|+30.71 |- |Progressive Conservative |Edna Lee |align="right"|873 |align="right"|11.49 |align="right"|+4.14 |} 2015 by-election 2017 general election 2020 by-election 2021 general election References Elections Nova Scotia, Summary Results from 1867 to 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 30, 1956). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (June 7, 1960). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 8, 1963). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (May 30, 1967). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 13, 1970). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (April 2, 1974). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (September 19, 1978). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 6, 1981). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (November 6, 1984). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (September 6, 1988). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Return of By-Elections for the House of Assembly 1989 and 1990. Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (May 25, 1993). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (March 24, 1998). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (July 27, 1999). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (August 5, 2003). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (June 13, 2006). Retrieved June 28, 2014 Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll by Poll Results (June 9, 2009). Retrieved June 28, 2014 External links Electoral history for Cape Breton Centre 2013 riding profile Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough%20State%20Park

Glendalough State Park

Glendalough State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, in Otter Tail County near Battle Lake close to Minnesota State Highway 78. It is named after Glendalough in Ireland. The park was once used as a resort and game farm by the owners of Cowles Media Company, owner of what is today the Star Tribune newspaper. The park contains on land and on the water. Cowles Media Company transferred title to Glendalough to the Nature Conservancy in 1990, and the Nature Conservancy transferred title to the State of Minnesota in 1992. Glendalough was officially declared a state park with a celebration on Earth Day, April 22, 1992. History In 1903, Ezra G. Valentine developed that land into a summer retreat called Valentine's Camp. In 1905 the park was left to Valentine's children, John Alden and Miss Blanche, who later sold the land to Fred A. Everts. Everts sold the Valentine camp to F.E. Murphy who owned and operated the Minneapolis Tribune. Murphy renamed the land Glendalough, after a monastery in Ireland. With the depression in the 1930s and land becoming available for purchase, Murphy expanded the camp and started a game farm. In 1941, Glendalough, along with the Minneapolis Tribune, was purchased by Cowles Media Company, which was partially owned by John Cowles, Sr. Glendalough Game Farm hosted important individuals such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower, President Richard Nixon and Vice President Walter Mondale during its time. On Earth Day in 1990, the land was donated to The Nature Conservancy by Cowles Media Company, and in 1992 the title was transferred to the State of Minnesota. While that transfer took place in June, celebrations of the park's anniversary are held around Earth Day. 2004 and 2005 blowdown In August 2004, a severe thunderstorm with straight-line winds came through the area, causing severe damage to the landscape. As a result of this devastating incident, the park was closed to the public for a week to clean up debris left by the storm. Less than ten months later, in 2005, Glendalough State Park was hit by another thunderstorm resulting in damage. Following the 2005 storm, the state park was able to remain open with aid from the staff and volunteers of the park. The staff and volunteers used signs and notices warning park visitors of hazards of downed trees throughout the park. Recreation Glendalough State Park has many forms of recreation facilities that are provided to park visitors, including fishing, camping, hiking, birding, picture taking, boating, kayaking and canoeing. The park has a Historic Lodge where former Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon, and former Vice President Walter Mondale stayed when they visited Glendalough State Park. While camping at Glendalough State Park, it is highly advised that any food be stored into a food locker that the park provides with the site. The park discourage visitors from storing their food in the tents because the wildlife can easily tear open the tents and get to the food. Lodging Glendalough State Park has the historic Glendalough Lodge at the park. The lodge is rented out to parties for tours or family gatherings. The state park also has the Trail Center near the Glendalough Lodge. Camping At Glendalough State Park, there are three sites designated for camping. The west shore of Annie Battle Lake, between south Annie Battle Lake and North of Molly Stark Lake and on the Southeast corner of Annie Battle Lake. Picnicking and swimming Glendalough offers picnicking and swimming areas, often with solitude. Glendalough has two swimming areas for the visitors: on the north shore of Annie Battle Lake near the historic Lodge and Trail Center, and on the north shore of Molly Stark Lake near the Picnic Shelter. Cart-in site The campsite along the west side of Annie Battle Lake is designated as a cart-in campground. The state park wants the park visitors to have a primitive setting while camping. This location has four cabins; four electric cabins with one of the cabins being designated as handicapped accessible for the park visitors who need these accommodations. Group camp There is one group camp site in the state park: along the creek that flows from Molly Stark Lake to Annie Battle Lake. The group camp is designated for more than seven people for a regular site but no more than 45. Canoe-in campground The canoe-in campsites is one of the primitive settings that Glendalough State Park has to offer. Over at the canoe-in sites are three tent sites and two yurts. Glendalough State Park is one of three state parks in Minnesota to have yurts available for campers to stay in. Rustic camping Between Labor Day and Memorial Day, the facility at the main campground shuts down for the season for a more rustic style of living. Biology and ecology Plant life Glendalough State Park has a few restored acres of land designated as prairie restoration. Within this restoration land, prairie plants such as Big Bluestem, Pasque Flower, and Pussy toe may be found. Wildlife Wildlife at Glendalough State Park consists of red-winged blackbirds, white-tailed deer, bald eagles, ospreys, turtles, Canada geese, wood ducks, pied-billed grebes, barred owls, red foxes, blue-winged teals, beavers, raccoons and snakes. References Further reading Glendalough State Park pamphlet handout 2008 Otter Tail County Recorder's Office External links Glendalough State Park 1992 establishments in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1992 Protected areas of Otter Tail County, Minnesota State parks of Minnesota

4044779

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend%20Live

Weekend Live

Weekend Live is an American news/talk television program on Fox News Channel. The program featured live news story updates from correspondents, analysis from a number of different regular contributors, interviews with newsmakers of the week, and regular subject specific segments. Compared to other programming on the network, it didn't feature a commentary segment, but does have regular one-minute "Fox Real Time" news recaps. Broadcast live from the network's Washington, D.C. studios from 2:00-4:00 p.m. Saturday and 12:00–2:00 p.m. Sunday ET, the show was hosted by Bret Baier. The show had been previously hosted by Tony Snow from 2002 until 2003 on both ends of the weekend, and from 2003 until his departure to join the White House, on Saturdays, followed by Brian Wilson. Correspondents such as Catherine Herridge and Molly Henneberg served as hosts during its later run. In March 2008, the program was rebranded as America's Election Headquarters during the 2008 presidential election campaign. It was rebranded as America's News Headquarters after the election. External links Weekend Live on FoxNews.com Brian Wilson's Bio on FoxNews.com Fox News original programming 2002 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s American television talk shows

4044783

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20the%20Mississippi

Miss the Mississippi

Miss the Mississippi is the seventh studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in September 1979, it peaked at #3 on the Billboard Country Albums chart. The album was her first album for Columbia Records, and contained three Country top ten hits; "Half the Way" (#2), "It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" (#1) and "The Blue Side" (#8). "Half the Way" also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1980. Track listing Personnel Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone (tracks: A4, A5) – drums, percussion Joe Allan (track: B2), Joe Osborn (tracks A3 to A5), Spady Brannan (tracks A1, A2, B1, B3, B4), Bob Moore (track B5) – bass guitar Charles Cochran, Hargus "Pig" Robbins, Bobby Wood – keyboards Chris Leuzinger, Jerry McEwen, Billy Sanford, Rod Smarr, Barry "Byrd" Burton – guitars Lloyd Green – dobro on (track B5) Billy Puett, Denis Solee – saxophone Roger Bissell, Dennis Good, Rex Peer, Terry Williams – trombone Terry McMillan – harmonica (track: B3) Crystal Gayle - backing vocals (tracks A2 to A4, B4) Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Allen Reynolds - backing vocals (track B1) Allen Reynolds, Crystal Gayle, Garth Fundis, Frank Saulino, Jennifer Kimball, Jim Valenti, Spady Brannan - backing vocals (track A1) Vickie Carrico, Pebble Daniel, Allen Reynolds, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle – backing vocals (track A5) Pebble Daniel, Marcia Routh, Crystal Gayle, Vickie Carrico - backing vocals (track B4) Cover photographs by Francesco Scavullo Production Produced by Allen Reynolds Recorded and engineered by Garth Fundis References External links Crystal Gayle albums 1979 albums Albums produced by Allen Reynolds Columbia Records albums

4044789

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20Nova

Cape Breton Nova

Cape Breton Nova is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1956 and 2013. It elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. In its last configuration, the district included the northern parts of Sydney including Whitney Pier, as well as a small area of Cape Breton County, all within the Cape Breton Regional Municipality. The district was created in 1956. In 1993, it gained the Ashby area between Welton Street and Ashby Road from Cape Breton South and the Grand Lake Road area from Cape Breton West. It lost the Scotchtown and River Ryan/Lingan areas to Cape Breton Centre. In 2003, it lost the New Victoria area and gained part of northern Sydney. In 2013, Cape Breton Nova was absorbed by Cape Breton Centre, Sydney River-Mira-Louisbourg, and Sydney-Whitney Pier. Members of the Legislative Assembly The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1956 general election 1960 general election 1963 general election 1967 general election 1970 general election 1974 general election 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election References External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20South

Cape Breton South

Cape Breton South may refer to either of two ridings in Nova Scotia, Canada: Cape Breton South (federal electoral district), a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1911 and from 1925 to 1968 Cape Breton South (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district from 1933 to 2013

4044802

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Should%20Be%20Together%20%28album%29

We Should Be Together (album)

We Should Be Together is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Allen Reynolds returned to produce this album, and released on June 19, 1979, it was her sixth and final album for United Artists Records. It peaked at #9 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, with two of its tracks reaching the Top Ten Country Singles chart: "Your Kisses Will" (#7) and "Your Old Cold Shoulder" (#5). The album title comes from the album's last song, written by Allen Reynolds, and which was previously a hit single for Don Williams in 1974. Track listing Personnel Crystal Gayle Chris Leuzinger, David Kirby, Jimmy Colvard, Ray Edenton, Rod Smarr, Sonny Curtis - guitar Lloyd Green - steel guitar Buddy Spicher - fiddle Bob Moore, Joe Allen, Spady Brannan - bass Bobby Wood, Dwight Scott, Hargus "Pig" Robbins - keyboards Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements Gene Chrisman, Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone, Steve Krawczyn - drums Dennis Good, Don Sheffield - horns Allen Reynolds, Garth Fundis - backing vocals The Shelly Kurland Strings - strings References 1979 albums Crystal Gayle albums Albums produced by Allen Reynolds United Artists Records albums

4044806

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Jangueo

El Jangueo

El Jangueo (Hanging) was a popular radio morning talk show. It was hosted by entertainers Jimmy Nieves (Puerto Rican) and Frederick Martinez, "El Pacha" (Dominican). "El Jangueo" aired from La Kalle 105.9 FM, New York's official Reggaeton station. The show is no longer on the air. Some of their comments could be seen to include bigoted, and misogynistic remarks about various religious groups and genders - though one of their trademarks was that they made fun of everybody equally, even themselves. They were believed to be two of the highest-paid Hispanic radio personalities in the United States. El Jangueo was a high energy show full of jokes, pranks, news, and interviews. Almost every major Latino celebrity and personality had been a guest on the show. The show was from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. when first launched on Latino Mix 105.9, and became the number one Spanish show, dominating one of the most significant demographics (18-34 Arbitron), even against English-language stations. "El Jangueo", changed to the morning 6:00 to 10:00 am slot, after Latino Mix switched format to La Kalle 105.9. External links La Kalle 105.9 FM Radio Notas Radio Al Aire DondeJangueo.com Jangueo, El Spanish-language radio in the United States

4044824

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Breton%20South%20%28provincial%20electoral%20district%29

Cape Breton South (provincial electoral district)

Cape Breton South is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed from 1933 to 2013. It elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. In its last configuration, the district included Sydney and its western suburbs until the North West Arm and south along the Sydney River until Blacketts Lake. In 1933, the County of Cape Breton was divided into five electoral districts, one of which was named Cape Breton South. In 2003, it lost part of the Ashby area to Cape Breton Nova and gained Balls Creek and the Coxheath area. Following the 2012 electoral boundary review, the district was dissolved into Northside-Westmount, Sydney-Whitney Pier and Sydney River-Mira-Louisbourg. Members of the Legislative Assembly The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1933 general election 1937 general election 1941 general election 1945 general election 1949 general election 1953 general election 1956 general election 1960 general election 1963 general election 1967 general election 1970 general election 1974 general election 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election References Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll by Poll Results (June 9, 2009). Retrieved August 5, 2009 External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

4044830

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Star%20Project

The Black Star Project

Founded by Phillip Jackson in 1996, the Black Star Project is an educational nonprofit reform organization located in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. Its focus is to eliminate the racial academic achievement gap by improving the lives of those living in African American and Latino communities. By providing mentoring and tutoring services, the Black Star Project ensures that students, parents, and community members become productive citizens in their neighborhoods. The project focuses on one-on-one interactions with students; but also involves parents so that they can have positive influences on their children's education. The Black Star Project provides a range of activities including parent and mentoring programs, school outreach programs, special events and national initiatives. Programs The Black Star Project has a selection of diverse programs for children, parents, and community members listed on the Black Star Project's official website. The academic programs that are offered for African American youth include Saturday University, Math Boot Camp, Private Tutoring and reading academy. There are also parent programs like the Million Father's March, Father's Club and Parent University. The mentoring programs and special events are put in place in order to bring the African American and Latino communities together. In the end, the organization hopes to improve the lives of African American youth by focusing on education reform and fair discipline policies. On June 24, 2017, the Black Star Project started their fourth annual ceremony for black males’ graduation. At a Mass Black Male Graduation and a Transition to Manhood Ceremony, Philip Jackson outlines the Black Star Project's vision "To improve violence in Chicago, the best way to improve our city, is to improve these young men." Academic programs The academic programs include Saturday University, Math Boot Camp, Private Tutoring, and a reading academy for youth. All the students must register online. The academic programs are free except for private tutoring. Saturday University Saturday University launched in the Spring of 2011, consists of voluntary tutors, workers and organizers. It focuses on improving academic performance for African American youths through offering free math, reading and writing sessions. The program is based on a network of Saturday schools and completely free for children of all races to join for 10 weeks.The class sizes usually have 15-20 students ranged from kindergarteners to high schoolers. The session holds at The Black Star Project's headquarters at 3509 D Martin Luther King DR, but the locations have extended to the communities that far from the headquarter, in a purpose to benefit more kids. Math Boot Camp The 2013 National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP) reports that, in Chicago, African American children are below a basic level in mathematics performing. Math Boot Camps focuses on 5th through 8th grade students for math tutoring in order strengthen basic math conception and problem solving. Private tutoring Private tutoring is focused on assessing the areas that students need help in, and matching students with specialized tutors. This is a charged one-on-one private tutoring program for students in kindergarten through 12 grade. Students must available to schedule as low as one hour each week. Black Male Reading Academy This program is targeted toward elementary school children who are in 1st to 4th grade. Reading academy focuses on developing comprehension and vocabulary. The National Assessment for Educational Progress report shows that reading proficiency is below a basic level in 8th grade, within Chicago's African American community. The Black Males Reading Academy aims to build a positive life and hopeful future. Parent programs The parent programs include Million Father's March, Father's Club. Million Father's March One of the Black Star Project's national initiative is the Million Father March that started in 2004. In this program fathers, uncles, grandfathers, and father figures accompany children on their first day of school. Due to this initiative, an increase was seen in 2004 and in 2007 on the first-day of school attendance. It went up from 86% to 93%. Fathers Club This club strives to create affordable events for fathers to spend quality time with their children. Philip Jackson, the founder, and executive director created this program because of the recognition of the importance of a male figure in a child's life. The Black Star Project holds events around the Chicago area to build bonding experience for father to children relationships. Different events that have been held were at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Pavilion, Brookfield Zoo, Shedd Aquarium. References Educational organizations based in the United States

4044832

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikarian

Hikarian

, also called Hikarian: Great Railroad Protector, is a Japanese anime and toy franchise by Tomy. The first television series, , is about a series of bullet trains that are turned into robots. The robots, along with two humans named Tetsuyuki Shinbashi (新橋 テツユキ Shinbashi Tetsuyuki) and Minayo Kanda (神田 ミナヨ Kanda Minayo), have to stop an alien invasion. Some of the OVAs even appeared after Tomica VHS tapes. A second television series, , was later created. The new series stars a new Hikarian, Lightning West, and a new human lead, Kenta Hijiribashi (聖橋 ケンタ Hijiribashi Kenta). Enoki Films has licensed the series for an English release. The company has suggested name changes (e.g. Tetsuyuki becomes Terry and Minayo becomes Mina), but the series is not yet available in English, and Enoki may sublicense the series to another company who may decide to keep the original Japanese names, use Enoki's suggested English names, or use original English names. Characters The main characters in Hikarian are the Hikarians who fight against the Blatcher gang and their plan operation Darkness. All of the characters, except the Black Express, are based on real life trains. The series depicts them operating as normal trains during times of peace. Hikarians Nozomi: The most dynamic hero of the entire Hikarian members. He is full of fighting spirit. He uses a shield and sword. Tsubasa: He is very sharp and agile even in narrow places or on highlands. Max: The biggest Hikarian. He has strong muscles and uses a huge hammer. Hikari: The Captain of Hikarians. Always resourceful and calm. Windash: She is a test car called "Win 350." She possesses the power to see the future. E2 Jet: He flies at tremendous speed. He scrambles to rescue friends like fighter planes. He uses turbine lasers that pack a punch. Police-Win: Patrol Train of the Railroad Police. He uses a laser that helps him in sticky situations. Fire N'ex: Fire Engine of the Railroad. Sniper Sonic: Defense Force of railroad. He has a big cannon. Dr. 300X: A test car. He is a very intelligent scientist and invents special cars. Nankai Lapito: A ninja Hikarian. He uses a ninja sword with a shuriken shield. His attacks are super fast and ninja style. Azusa: The rescue car of the railroad. Lighting West: A most advanced super express. She runs on rails at the highest speed in the world. The wing sensor on her back gives her the power to search the time tunnel. Main character of the second series. Can combine with Sky Garuda to form Lightning Garuda. Doctor Yellow: An engineer of Hikarian Headquarters. He assists Dr. 300X. E3 Racer: Unlike other Hikarians he has got wheels on feet. E2 Jet's friend. E4 Power: Max's friend. Loves to clean with his broom used also as weapon. Yamabiko K-kun: Youngest of the Hikarians. Kodama: Oldest of the Hikarians. STAR21: Experimental engineer Seven Eurostar Blue Euro: Eurostar only appears in the series twice. After one fight, he is so badly damaged that he has to undergo a treatment that will eventually become the Blue Euro. (The treatment was in the background so only the creators knew how it was). Hitachi Brothers: There are four in total. Odakyū Romancecar Skyliner Rescue: American Hikarian Road Fire Engine. Hikarian X/Shadow X: Combines with Sphinx and Nazca to form God X. Humans Tetsuyuki Shinbashi (新橋 テツユキ Shinbashi Tetsuyuki) / Terry : Friends with the Hikarians and a lover of trains. Minayo Kanda (神田 ミナヨ Kanda Minayo) / Mina : Terry's girlfriend. Blatcher Gang Black Express: The boss of the Blatcher Gang. He uses an electric maces and most times hides in black smoke. Dozilas: The henchmen of Black Express. They have a mild heart and like to play with children. Wookary: A careless and daydreaming Streamlined locomotive. Silver Express Mastermind of the Blatcher Gang. Smoke Jo: The gigantic locomotive made by the Blatchers. When it passes by, everything will turn totally black. Baron Euro Star: Black Express' daughter (probably) Chinese CGI knockoff In January 2011, it was announced Pat Lee would be working with Carloon Animation to create a CGI cartoon about trains called (高铁侠). In July 2011, Chinese viewers of previews were shocked that it was a shot-for-shot knockoff of Hikarian. After Pat Lee was sued by TV Tokyo & Takara Tomy when they found out about the cartoon being a rip-off of Hikarian, Pat Lee created a revised version called Train Heroes (トレインヒーロー) which began airing in Japan in April 2013. References External links Toho Amusement Park Hikarian website - Enoki Films USA 1996 anime OVAs 1997 anime television series debuts 2002 anime television series debuts Mecha anime and manga TV Tokyo original programming Takara Tomy franchises

4044836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mad%20Ghoul

The Mad Ghoul

The Mad Ghoul is a 1943 American horror film directed by James Hogan and starring Turhan Bey, Evelyn Ankers, and David Bruce, and featuring George Zucco, Robert Armstrong, and Milburn Stone. The film is about the scientist Dr. Alfred Morris and his assistant Ted Allison. Morris, who is obsessed with an ancient Mayan life-preserving process to the point of madness, has fallen in love with Allison's girlfriend, the concert singer Isabel Lewis. Morris decides to use Allison for his eternal-life experiments, transforming him into a zombie who slowly recalls his past life, but is unaware of his undead status. The Mad Ghoul was developed at Universal Pictures in February 1943 under the title The Mystery of the Mad Ghoul. Filming was completed in May for a release on November 12 the same year. Plot Dr. Alfred Morris (Zucco) is curious about the effects of an ancient nerve gas, used by the Mayans during rituals of human dissection to appease their gods. He takes medical student Ted Allison (David Bruce) under his wing to assist him with his experiments in using the gas on modern animals. Despite Ted's enthusiasm for the success of their effort to revive Morris's dead monkey Choco (who was earlier exposed to the gas and died) by using a fluid from the heart of another creature, Ted also has on his mind his girlfriend Isabel Lewis (Evelyn Ankers), of whom Morris has also become enamored. Later, on the night of the duo's first experiment, Ted brings Isabel to Morris's house, where Morris notices Isabel's discomfort about her relationship with Ted. He confers with Isabel, saying that she does indeed need a man more involved with her love of music, secretly meaning himself. Isabel, however, is afraid of hurting Ted's feelings and getting him to understand what she wants, but Morris promises to take care of the situation himself. Unbeknownst to Isabel, Morris's evil plan involves destroying Ted by exposing him to the lethal Mayan gas the next day, and in effect, making him a mindless ghoul who, like Choco, must continually rely on the fluid of human hearts to survive (obtained by performing cardioectomies on freshly dead persons). This sets Ted and Morris on a grave-robbing spree through several towns where Isabel is also performing on her tour. Morris tries to get Ted to return home, but Ted is committed to being with Isabel whenever possible, whenever he is not in his unknowing ghoulish state. But, when Ted does become a ghoul again, Morris once more uses him to try to kill off the one person Isabel truly seems to love—Eric Iverson (Turhan Bey), her partner and pianist. Although his attempt is unsuccessful, Ted is able to obtain another heart, keeping himself alive. Eventually the police, aided by ace reporter "Scoop" McClure (Robert Armstrong), realize that the mysterious "ghoul"-style killings are on the same route of Isabel's tour. McClure tries to set a trap in Scranton, the last city of Isabel's tour, by making it seem to the public that he is someone else who has recently died, and, by waiting in a coffin for the ghoul, nearly captures Ted and Morris once they arrive to perform another cardioectomy. However, Morris distracts McClure as Ted comes into view and kills him. With Isabel back home, the police attempt to question her about why the killings were made in the same cities she performed in, but even though she claims to know nothing, she thinks for a moment how Ted and Dr. Morris are the only people associated with her that also have a knowledge of how to perform cardioectomies. She later performs for her home crowd, and Morris, in a last attempt to get Isabel for himself, sends Ted to kill "First Eric, then myself", as he constantly repeats under his spell. Before Ted becomes a ghoul, he is able to write a letter to Isabel that explains what happened to him and who did all of the killings. Plus, he exposes Morris to the gas just before he reverts to his ghoul state, and leaves to fulfill Morris's final bidding. Upon entering the stage where. Isabel is, he is promptly dispatched by detectives, just as he is about to shoot Eric, who read the note to Isabel that Ted left in his hands. She and Eric hold each other, knowing that Ted always intended the best for them, and that Morris was behind all of the trouble with which Ted and many others were involved. Morris, meanwhile, being drained of nearly all life by the gas, almost succeeds in getting fluid from another heart for himself, but fatally collapses by the grave he is digging up. In the end, words that Ted said earlier to Morris are repeated: "It's all over, Doctor. There's nothing left of it now but you, and me, and... death!" Cast Cast is sourced from the book Universal Horrors. Production The Mad Ghoul was developed to support Son of Dracula as a double feature. It began development in February 1943 with a script by Paul Gangelin and Brenda Weisberg based on a story by Hans Kraly. It was developed under the title The Mystery of the Mad Ghoul. The director assigned to the film was James Hogan who had just signed to Universal Studios in April after seven years working at Paramount. He died of a heart attack on November 4, 1943, one week before The Mad Ghoul was released. Among the cast was David Bruce who appeared in minor roles in Warner Bros. films in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After a role in Republic films Flying Tigers, he signed on for a three-year contract with Universal. Bruce was cast as the walking corpse of Ted Allison in the film. In the film, his make-up effects by Jack Pierce has degenerative effect to represent a corpse in an accelerated state of decomposition. Bruce recalled that his make-up was green and his hair was made bright red, and applied "false skin" to him, a process he described as "absolute murder". Bruce wore the effects for three days and when it was removed it caused him to bleed as they had to peel off the make-up. According to a 1995 interview with Bruce's daughter, he would return home from filming and scaring her mother with his make-up and that Bruce had a very pleasant experience on the set, specifically getting along very well with George Zucco. Also among the cast was Turhan Bey, who recalled that director Hogan was "very matter-of-fact, but an excellent craftsman. And a craftsman was what you had to be when you made B pictures". The film began shooting on May 13, 1943 and finished shooting before the end of May. Initially, Universal had planned for Evelyn Ankers to perform her own songs in the film, but the idea was scrapped at the last moment. Library recordings of Lillian Cornell singing were used as a replacement. Release The Mad Ghoul was distributed theatrically by Universal Pictuers Company on November 12, 1943. On June 7, a film titled Chamber of Horrors was announced by The Hollywood Reporter, noting that the cast would include a cast of Boris Karloff, Lon Chaney Jr., Bela Lugosi, Peter Lorre, Claude Rains, George Zucco and James Barton as well as including the characters The Invisible Man, The Mad Ghoul, The Mummy and "other assorted monsters". Chambers of Horror never went into production. It was released for the first time on DVD by Willette Acquisition Corporation on October 7, 2014. Along with Murders in the Zoo, The Mad Doctor of Market Street and The Strange Case of Doctor Rx, The Mad Ghoul was released on blu ray as part of Scream! Factory's Universal Horror Collection Volume 2 on July 23, 2019. Reception From contemporary reviews, Wanda Hale of The New York Daily News said the film "you'll get your creeps and chills in abundance at what George Zucco, making with his evil yes does to corpses and a human being [...] Enough occurs to prevent the chills from leaving you until it's over". Floy Stone of The Motion Picture Herald declared the film as "well done, but just that. Zucco's performance is the only one which will command audience attention". Frank Quinn of the New York Daily Mirror found the film was a "reash of Frankenstein, while finding the film "interesting enough to whet the appetite". John T. McManus declared that along with Captive Wild Woman, Son of Dracula and Phantom of the Opera were "unaccountable cinemisdeeds". Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called The Mad Ghoul "definitely a second-rate ghoul. And if anyone is privileged enough to be crazy, it's us poor folks who have to look at such thing". From retrospective reviews, Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, noting that the strong cast helped buoy the film's grim story. See also List of horror films of the 1940s List of Universal Pictures films (1940–1949) References Sources External links 1943 horror films 1943 films American black-and-white films Mad scientist films Films directed by James Patrick Hogan 1940s science fiction horror films Universal Pictures films 1940s English-language films

4044859

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gelb

Peter Gelb

Peter Gelb (born 1953) is an American arts administrator. Since August 2006, he has been General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Career Early career While in high school, Gelb began his association with the Metropolitan Opera as an usher. At age 17, Gelb began his career in classical music as office boy to impresario Sol Hurok. Gelb managed the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s 1979 China tour. The following year Gelb became Vladimir Horowitz's manager. Gelb assisted the pianist in the revival of his performing career, and managed his return to Russia in 1986. In 1982, Gelb founded, and was president of, CAMI Video, a division of Columbia Artists Management. In this capacity, for six years he was executive producer of "The Metropolitan Opera Presents", the Met's series of televised opera broadcasts. Gelb produced 25 televised productions for the Met. Sony Classical Gelb was president of Sony Classical Records from 1995 to 2006. Gelb pursued a strategy of emphasizing crossover music over mainstream classical repertoire. Examples include cellist Yo-Yo Ma, who was encouraged to record Americana, including an album with fiddler and composer Mark O'Connor and double-bassist and composer Edgar Meyer, Appalachia Waltz; electronic composer Vangelis, who recorded the choral symphony Mythodea; and Charlotte Church, a pop artist who started her career as a classical singer. Metropolitan Opera Gelb became the 16th General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera, taking over from Joseph Volpe, on August 1, 2006. He launched his tenure with several new productions, including Madama Butterfly directed by Anthony Minghella; The Barber of Seville by Bartlett Sher; and Tan Dun's new opera The First Emperor directed by Zhang Yimou. Gelb launched a number of new ventures for the Met, such as taking advantage of new media technology to distribute Met performances to a wider global audience. This became The Met: Live in HD series, the Met becoming the first performing arts company to offer live high definition broadcasts of its operas to cinemas and other performing arts centers in many countries of the world. The series gained both a Peabody and an Emmy Award. Several digitally recorded performances were later offered on public television stations and released on DVDs for purchase. During his tenure at the Met, Gelb has spearheaded the production of contemporary works, including the staging of two of John Adams's operas, Doctor Atomic and Nixon in China, with a third Adams opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, premiering in October 2014. His other ideas have included an annual "family-oriented" presentation at Christmas time, and collaborations with Lincoln Center Theater to develop new musical works with musicians such as Wynton Marsalis, Rachel Portman, and Rufus Wainwright. In January 2007 Gelb announced a commission for a new opera from Osvaldo Golijov, tentatively scheduled for the 2010-11 season. However, following the death in 2008 of Anthony Minghella who was to have written the libretto, the premiere was postponed to 2018. Gelb, whose contract was extended in November 2019 until 2027,  has taken measures to increase ticket sales, suspending performances in February when sales are slowest, extending the season until June and adding Sunday matinees. The Met also instituted Fridays under 40, a program offering discounted tickets to younger audience members. The Met also raised the number of new productions, including those of recent operas and works written for the Met. In 2021-22, in collaboration with Met Music Director Yannick Nezet-Seguin, he programed three contemporary works and seven new productions in 2022-23. Gelb has also diversified casts and staff at the Met. Fire Shut Up in My Bones, which opened the 2021-22 season, was the first work on the Met stage by a Black composer and featured the Met’s first Black director, Camille A. Brown (who co-directed with James Robinson). X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X by Anthony Davis will receive a new production in the fall of 2023. Mr. Gelb also named three composers of color to its commissioning program: Valerie Coleman, Jessie Montgomery and Joel Thomson. In 2021, he appointed Marcia Sells as the Met’s first chief diversity officer. Five women conductors took the podium in 2021-22, the most ever in a Met season. Metropolitan Opera and the pandemic In 2020, while live performances were on hiatus due to the pandemic, Gelb organized the start of Nightly Met Opera Streams, free online presentations of archival performances. The program lasted 16 months, with over 20 million views. In July 2020, The Met launched the Met Stars Live in Concert initiative, a pay-per-view service. Metropolitan Opera and Ukraine Under Mr. Gelb’s leadership, the Metropolitan Opera acted to express solidarity with Ukraine over the Russian invasion. Within days of the attack, the Met opera and chorus sang the Ukrainian national anthem ahead of a regularly scheduled performance. Two weeks later, the Met organized a benefit concert on behalf of Ukraine. Mr. Gelb, in cooperation with the Polish National Opera, organized the Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra, which was made up of Ukrainian musicians inside and outside of the country. The orchestra, led by Mr. Gelb’s wife, the conductor Keri-Lynn Wilson, toured during the summer of 2022, traveling to 12 cities in Europe and the United States as an expression of support for Ukraine and to raise money for its people. The Met continues to present Russian works and engage Russian singers, performing Tchaikovsky’s “Eugene Onegin” in the spring of 2022 and Shostakovich’s “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk” in the fall of 2023. Awards and recognitions In 2013, Gelb received the Sanford Prize from the Yale School of Music, and was named Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur by the French President. In 2019, he received the Gold Medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences. On May 28, 2020, Italian President Sergio Mattarella decorated Mr. Gelb as an Ufficiale nell’Ordine della Stella d’Italia. He was awarded the Order of Merit, Ukraine, by President Volodymyr Zelensky in August 2022. Controversies Gelb's history at Sony Classical caused concern among critics when he was appointed to take over as General Manager at the Metropolitan Opera. He responded to fears that he would dilute the Met's artistic standards as he seeks a wider audience for the company, saying “I think what I’m doing is exactly what the Met engaged me to do, which is build bridges to a broader public. This is not about dumbing down the Met, it’s just making it accessible." Gelb's relationship with the press became strained during his time at the Metropolitan Opera, that his new production of Der Ring des Nibelungen and, by extension his tenure as the company's general manager, received poor reviews. In 2012, radio station WQXR-FM rescinded a blog post by critic Olivia Giovetti reportedly after Gelb complained to the station's chief executive. Giovetti's piece opined that the Met under Gelb "bears the mothball-like scent of an oligarchy." In a phone call to the station, Gelb called the piece "awful and nasty." Weeks later, following an equally critical essay about the Met under Gelb by Brian Kellow and a negative review of the Met's new production of The Ring, the magazine Opera News—produced by the Met Opera Guild, a support organization—announced it would no longer review Metropolitan Opera productions. Gelb said the decision was made “in collaboration with the guild". However, due to negative public reaction, the decision was quickly reversed. In 2014 Gelb and the Met were dogged by new controversy with a production of John Adams's opera The Death of Klinghoffer, due to criticism that the work was antisemitic. In response to the controversy Gelb canceled the scheduled worldwide HD video presentation of a performance, but refused demands to cancel the live performances scheduled for October and November 2014. Demonstrators held signs and chanted "Shame on Gelb". Gelb was contacted by a police detective in October 2016 about allegations of sexual abuse of a minor by Met conductor James Levine. Gelb had been aware of the accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in a 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation, but did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation until over a year later. Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said: "Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago." Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused: "I’m not sure the Met can survive Levine’s disgrace." Similarly, The Wall Street Journal'''s drama critic Terry Teachout wrote an article entitled: “The Levine Cataclysm: How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera”. Personal life Peter Gelb is the son of Arthur Gelb, former managing editor of The New York Times, and writer Barbara Gelb. Gelb is married to conductor Keri Lynn Wilson. He has two children from a previous marriage. His elder son, David Gelb, is a director and cinematographer, most known for his documentary Jiro Dreams of Sushi. His younger son, Matthew Gelb, is a film editor based in New York City. In 2019, Gelb received an Honorary Doctorate from Manhattan School of Music. Videography The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010 New Year's Eve Concert 1992: Richard Strauss Gala, Kultur Video DVD, D4209, 2007 Dvořák in Prague: a Celebration'' (1993), Kultur Video DVD, D4211, 2007 References External links appointment to the Met Gelb on Future of Classical Recordings Official biography 1953 births 20th-century American Jews American people of Russian-Jewish descent American record producers American theatre managers and producers American music industry executives Grammy Award winners Living people Opera managers Metropolitan Opera people 21st-century American Jews

4044862

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Croix%20State%20Park

Saint Croix State Park

St. Croix State Park is a state park in Pine County, Minnesota, USA. The park follows the shore of the St. Croix River for and contains the last of the Kettle River. At it is the largest Minnesota state park. It was developed as a Recreational Demonstration Area in the 1930s, and is one of the finest surviving properties of this type in the nation. 164 structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration survive, the largest collection of New Deal projects in Minnesota. As a historic district they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places and proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1997. Natural history The St. Croix River Valley was carved by meltwater during the last glacial period circa 10,000 BC. The water deposited a variety of sediments, which compose over 30 different types of soil within the park. Some soils are very sandy while others are made of red or yellow clay. The St. Croix River's exposure of a characteristic yellow clay deposit gave the historic Yellowbanks section of the park its name. The bedrock of the area is mostly buried under of these glacial till deposits. However the underlying basalt and sandstone is exposed in one area along the Kettle River known as the Highbanks, where a final ancient flood of meltwater scoured away the sediments. In addition to the two rivers, at least ten other streams flow through the park, creating a watershed of hundreds of square miles. St. Croix State Park is located on the eastern edge of the Mille Lacs Uplands. Initially dominated by red and white pines, the vegetation has been altered by logging and farming. The present secondary forest is a mix of pines, black spruce, sugar maple, and basswood. More open areas form meadows, oak savanna, and jack pine barrens. Numerous lakes, marshes, and streams support wetland and riparian zone plants. Wetlands with no outlet and high acidity support tamarack bogs. Large mammals found in the park include white-tailed deer, coyotes, raccoons, gray and red foxes, beavers, bobcats, black bears, and timber wolves. Birds include the ruffed grouse, warbler, flycatcher, eagles, owls, and osprey. They roam along the St. Croix River. A tornado hit part of the park on July 4, 1977. Straight-line winds toppled trees over hundreds of acres on July 11, 2008 and again on July 1, 2011. In the latter storm, many of the historical structures were damaged. However, there were no injuries as the park was closed due to the 2011 Minnesota state government shutdown. Cultural history Evidence of Native American occupation in the park and the St. Croix River Valley has been found dating back 5,000 years. The region was inhabited by the Dakota people by the late 17th century, when French traders began exploring the region. However the Dakota were soon displaced by the Ojibwe. Fur traders became more numerous, and a trading post was established within what is now St. Croix State Park. Following an 1837 treaty with the Ojibwe the region was opened up to logging, although harvesting in the park did not begin until later in the 19th century. From 1894 to 1898 the Empire Lumber Company operated a rail line, the Flemming Railroad, to transport logs cut farther inland to the St. Croix River. The line ended at Yellowbanks where the logs were rolled down the steep bluffs and floated to sawmills downriver. St. John's Landing, at the northeast end of the park, is named for Ed St. John, who opened a popular boarding house there for lumbermen. The area was logged out by 1915 and farmers were attracted to the newly cleared land. However the sandy soil was poor and not productive enough to make a living. Most settlers moved away and much of the land was tax-forfeited. Pine County had the most tax delinquent property in Minnesota and suffered abject environmental degradation from cultivation and wildfires like the Great Hinckley Fire. In 1934 the area was selected for a Recreational Demonstration Area, a New Deal program that provided jobs, paid farmers for poor cropland, and created outdoor recreation opportunities near urban areas (the site is midway between Minneapolis–St. Paul and Duluth). An initial of land were transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior, as the National Park Service would direct the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). A CCC camp was constructed at Yellowbanks, populated first by Company #2762 and later #2706. Crews built the main park road, following the old Flemming Railroad route, and another of road. Trails and scenic overlooks were established while farm buildings were demolished. From Camp Yellowbanks the crews used sandstone and lumber from within the park to develop five separate areas for visitors. First was park headquarters, second Riverview Campground and a lodge which is now the interpretive center. The other three were group centers constructed by WPA crews: Norway Point for boys, St. John's Landing for girls, and Head of the Rapids for handicapped children. Some crews planted pine, spruce, and hardwood trees to begin reforestation while others conducted wildlife and fire protection work. A CCC crew built a fire tower in 1937. As additional properties were added, St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area grew to , only slightly smaller than the country's largest RDA at Custer State Park in South Dakota. As planned following federal development, St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area was transferred to the state to become St. Croix State Park in 1943. The fire tower was staffed during fire season until 1981, when aerial surveys became the preferred spotting method. St. John's Landing Group Center is now a camp for the Minnesota Conservation Corps. Recreation The St. Croix and Kettle Rivers are navigable by canoe or kayak. Camping in the Fall is breathtaking. You can see all the Fall foliage. October is a great time to go. The St. Croix is entirely flat water while the Kettle contains some rapids. Both rivers support game fish like northern pike, bass, sauger, and muskellunge. Hay Creek and some of the park's other streams contain trout. Hay Creek widens into Lake Clayton, which has a swimming beach and picnic area. A paved trail leads from Lake Clayton to the drive-in campground, which has three loops with a total of 211 sites. Elsewhere there are eight group campsites and remote campsites for backpackers and canoers. More modern accommodation is provided by two group centers, five cabins, and two guest houses. Of the trails in the park, are open for hiking, for horseback riding, for mountain biking, for snowmobiles, and for cross-country skiing. The Willard Munger State Trail passes through the length of the park. Visitors can climb the 134 steps to the cab of the fire tower; interpretive signs describe the layers of the forest habitat and features of the surrounding countryside. St. Croix State Park borders Chengwatana State Forest to the southwest and Saint Croix State Forest to the northeast. Governor Knowles State Forest lies across the river in Wisconsin. The entire river corridor is part of the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. The Kettle River is designated a State Wild and Scenic River. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places listings in Pine County, Minnesota References External links St. Croix State Park St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area National Historic Landmark summary 1943 establishments in Minnesota Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1943 Protected areas of Pine County, Minnesota Recreational Demonstration Areas National Park Service rustic in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Works Progress Administration in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Pine County, Minnesota

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarang

Kamarang

Kamarang is an Amerindian village, standing at the confluence of the Kamarang River and Mazaruni River, in the Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region of Guyana. Kamarang has a Primary School, Hospital, Police station and can be accessed by air via the Kamarang Airport. The village has seen extensive economic growth at the start of the 21st century because of gold and diamond mining, however as of 2019, the output has started to decline. Its altitude is 490 metres (1601 feet). Demography According to the 2002 population census, it had 349 inhabitants. References Populated places in Cuyuni-Mazaruni Indigenous villages in Guyana

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Staveley

William Staveley

Lieutenant-General William Staveley (29 July 1784 – 4 April 1854) was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War and later became Commander and Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong. Military career Staveley was born in York, the son of William Staveley and Henrietta Henderson. He entered the British Army in 1798 as an ensign. Staveley fought in several conflicts in the Peninsular War (Battle of Talavera, Battle of Fuentes de Onoro, Battle of Vittoria, Battle of the Pyrenees, Battle of Toulouse, Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo and Battle of Badajoz and many other minor actions). At the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, Staveley was present as a captain in the Royal Staff Corps, afterwards receiving the Companion of the Bath (CB) and a promotion to brevet Lieutenant-colonel. He went to Mauritius in 1821 and served in various roles (deputy quartermaster-general and commandant of Port Louis) before becoming Commander and Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong in 1847. After leaving Hong Kong in 1851, he was given command of the Bombay Army. In 1853, he was made Colonel of the 24th Regiment of Foot and appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras Army (with local rank of lieutenant-general). He died in the Nilgiri Hills, and was buried at Ootacamund. Staveley Street Staveley Street () is a street in Central on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, named after Staveley. The street is for pedestrians only and parallel to Peel Street. Family He married Sarah Mather in 1817. Their children included Charles William Dunbar Staveley, Harriet Frances Staveley, and Caroline Octavia Emma Staveley, who in 1847 married Talavera Vernon Anson RN. References External links Jackson, Louis (1935). "One of Wellington's Staff Officers: Lieut.-General William Staveley, C.B.". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 14 (55): 155–166. Bibliography in Staveley genealogy His son's bibliography in Worcestershire Regiment |- |- 1784 births 1854 deaths British Army lieutenant generals British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars Commanders of Hong Kong Companions of the Order of the Bath Military personnel from York Royal Staff Corps officers People of the Battle of Waterloo

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20%28computer%20science%29

Recursion (computer science)

In computer science, recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. Recursion solves such recursive problems by using functions that call themselves from within their own code. The approach can be applied to many types of problems, and recursion is one of the central ideas of computer science. Most computer programming languages support recursion by allowing a function to call itself from within its own code. Some functional programming languages (for instance, Clojure) do not define any looping constructs but rely solely on recursion to repeatedly call code. It is proved in computability theory that these recursive-only languages are Turing complete; this means that they are as powerful (they can be used to solve the same problems) as imperative languages based on control structures such as and . Repeatedly calling a function from within itself may cause the call stack to have a size equal to the sum of the input sizes of all involved calls. It follows that, for problems that can be solved easily by iteration, recursion is generally less efficient, and, for large problems, it is fundamental to use optimization techniques such as tail call optimization. Recursive functions and algorithms A common algorithm design tactic is to divide a problem into sub-problems of the same type as the original, solve those sub-problems, and combine the results. This is often referred to as the divide-and-conquer method; when combined with a lookup table that stores the results of previously solved sub-problems (to avoid solving them repeatedly and incurring extra computation time), it can be referred to as dynamic programming or memoization. Base case A recursive function definition has one or more base cases, meaning input(s) for which the function produces a result trivially (without recurring), and one or more recursive cases, meaning input(s) for which the program recurs (calls itself). For example, the factorial function can be defined recursively by the equations and, for all , . Neither equation by itself constitutes a complete definition; the first is the base case, and the second is the recursive case. Because the base case breaks the chain of recursion, it is sometimes also called the "terminating case". The job of the recursive cases can be seen as breaking down complex inputs into simpler ones. In a properly designed recursive function, with each recursive call, the input problem must be simplified in such a way that eventually the base case must be reached. (Functions that are not intended to terminate under normal circumstances—for example, some system and server processes—are an exception to this.) Neglecting to write a base case, or testing for it incorrectly, can cause an infinite loop. For some functions (such as one that computes the series for ) there is not an obvious base case implied by the input data; for these one may add a parameter (such as the number of terms to be added, in our series example) to provide a 'stopping criterion' that establishes the base case. Such an example is more naturally treated by corecursion, where successive terms in the output are the partial sums; this can be converted to a recursion by using the indexing parameter to say "compute the nth term (nth partial sum)". Recursive data types Many computer programs must process or generate an arbitrarily large quantity of data. Recursion is a technique for representing data whose exact size is unknown to the programmer: the programmer can specify this data with a self-referential definition. There are two types of self-referential definitions: inductive and coinductive definitions. Inductively defined data An inductively defined recursive data definition is one that specifies how to construct instances of the data. For example, linked lists can be defined inductively (here, using Haskell syntax): data ListOfStrings = EmptyList | Cons String ListOfStrings The code above specifies a list of strings to be either empty, or a structure that contains a string and a list of strings. The self-reference in the definition permits the construction of lists of any (finite) number of strings. Another example of inductive definition is the natural numbers (or positive integers): A natural number is either 1 or n+1, where n is a natural number. Similarly recursive definitions are often used to model the structure of expressions and statements in programming languages. Language designers often express grammars in a syntax such as Backus–Naur form; here is such a grammar, for a simple language of arithmetic expressions with multiplication and addition: <expr> ::= <number> | (<expr> * <expr>) | (<expr> + <expr>) This says that an expression is either a number, a product of two expressions, or a sum of two expressions. By recursively referring to expressions in the second and third lines, the grammar permits arbitrarily complicated arithmetic expressions such as (5 * ((3 * 6) + 8)), with more than one product or sum operation in a single expression. Coinductively defined data and corecursion A coinductive data definition is one that specifies the operations that may be performed on a piece of data; typically, self-referential coinductive definitions are used for data structures of infinite size. A coinductive definition of infinite streams of strings, given informally, might look like this: A stream of strings is an object s such that: head(s) is a string, and tail(s) is a stream of strings. This is very similar to an inductive definition of lists of strings; the difference is that this definition specifies how to access the contents of the data structure—namely, via the accessor functions head and tail—and what those contents may be, whereas the inductive definition specifies how to create the structure and what it may be created from. Corecursion is related to coinduction, and can be used to compute particular instances of (possibly) infinite objects. As a programming technique, it is used most often in the context of lazy programming languages, and can be preferable to recursion when the desired size or precision of a program's output is unknown. In such cases the program requires both a definition for an infinitely large (or infinitely precise) result, and a mechanism for taking a finite portion of that result. The problem of computing the first n prime numbers is one that can be solved with a corecursive program (e.g. here). Types of recursion Single recursion and multiple recursion Recursion that contains only a single self-reference is known as , while recursion that contains multiple self-references is known as . Standard examples of single recursion include list traversal, such as in a linear search, or computing the factorial function, while standard examples of multiple recursion include tree traversal, such as in a depth-first search. Single recursion is often much more efficient than multiple recursion, and can generally be replaced by an iterative computation, running in linear time and requiring constant space. Multiple recursion, by contrast, may require exponential time and space, and is more fundamentally recursive, not being able to be replaced by iteration without an explicit stack. Multiple recursion can sometimes be converted to single recursion (and, if desired, thence to iteration). For example, while computing the Fibonacci sequence naively entails multiple iteration, as each value requires two previous values, it can be computed by single recursion by passing two successive values as parameters. This is more naturally framed as corecursion, building up from the initial values, while tracking two successive values at each step – see corecursion: examples. A more sophisticated example involves using a threaded binary tree, which allows iterative tree traversal, rather than multiple recursion. Indirect recursion Most basic examples of recursion, and most of the examples presented here, demonstrate direct recursion, in which a function calls itself. Indirect recursion occurs when a function is called not by itself but by another function that it called (either directly or indirectly). For example, if f calls f, that is direct recursion, but if f calls g which calls f, then that is indirect recursion of f. Chains of three or more functions are possible; for example, function 1 calls function 2, function 2 calls function 3, and function 3 calls function 1 again. Indirect recursion is also called mutual recursion, which is a more symmetric term, though this is simply a difference of emphasis, not a different notion. That is, if f calls g and then g calls f, which in turn calls g again, from the point of view of f alone, f is indirectly recursing, while from the point of view of g alone, it is indirectly recursing, while from the point of view of both, f and g are mutually recursing on each other. Similarly a set of three or more functions that call each other can be called a set of mutually recursive functions. Anonymous recursion Recursion is usually done by explicitly calling a function by name. However, recursion can also be done via implicitly calling a function based on the current context, which is particularly useful for anonymous functions, and is known as anonymous recursion. Structural versus generative recursion Some authors classify recursion as either "structural" or "generative". The distinction is related to where a recursive procedure gets the data that it works on, and how it processes that data: Thus, the defining characteristic of a structurally recursive function is that the argument to each recursive call is the content of a field of the original input. Structural recursion includes nearly all tree traversals, including XML processing, binary tree creation and search, etc. By considering the algebraic structure of the natural numbers (that is, a natural number is either zero or the successor of a natural number), functions such as factorial may also be regarded as structural recursion. is the alternative: This distinction is important in proving termination of a function. All structurally recursive functions on finite (inductively defined) data structures can easily be shown to terminate, via structural induction: intuitively, each recursive call receives a smaller piece of input data, until a base case is reached. Generatively recursive functions, in contrast, do not necessarily feed smaller input to their recursive calls, so proof of their termination is not necessarily as simple, and avoiding infinite loops requires greater care. These generatively recursive functions can often be interpreted as corecursive functions – each step generates the new data, such as successive approximation in Newton's method – and terminating this corecursion requires that the data eventually satisfy some condition, which is not necessarily guaranteed. In terms of loop variants, structural recursion is when there is an obvious loop variant, namely size or complexity, which starts off finite and decreases at each recursive step. By contrast, generative recursion is when there is not such an obvious loop variant, and termination depends on a function, such as "error of approximation" that does not necessarily decrease to zero, and thus termination is not guaranteed without further analysis. Implementation issues In actual implementation, rather than a pure recursive function (single check for base case, otherwise recursive step), a number of modifications may be made, for purposes of clarity or efficiency. These include: Wrapper function (at top) Short-circuiting the base case, aka "Arm's-length recursion" (at bottom) Hybrid algorithm (at bottom) – switching to a different algorithm once data is small enough On the basis of elegance, wrapper functions are generally approved, while short-circuiting the base case is frowned upon, particularly in academia. Hybrid algorithms are often used for efficiency, to reduce the overhead of recursion in small cases, and arm's-length recursion is a special case of this. Wrapper function A wrapper function is a function that is directly called but does not recurse itself, instead calling a separate auxiliary function which actually does the recursion. Wrapper functions can be used to validate parameters (so the recursive function can skip these), perform initialization (allocate memory, initialize variables), particularly for auxiliary variables such as "level of recursion" or partial computations for memoization, and handle exceptions and errors. In languages that support nested functions, the auxiliary function can be nested inside the wrapper function and use a shared scope. In the absence of nested functions, auxiliary functions are instead a separate function, if possible private (as they are not called directly), and information is shared with the wrapper function by using pass-by-reference. Short-circuiting the base case Short-circuiting the base case, also known as arm's-length recursion, consists of checking the base case before making a recursive call – i.e., checking if the next call will be the base case, instead of calling and then checking for the base case. Short-circuiting is particularly done for efficiency reasons, to avoid the overhead of a function call that immediately returns. Note that since the base case has already been checked for (immediately before the recursive step), it does not need to be checked for separately, but one does need to use a wrapper function for the case when the overall recursion starts with the base case itself. For example, in the factorial function, properly the base case is 0! = 1, while immediately returning 1 for 1! is a short circuit, and may miss 0; this can be mitigated by a wrapper function. The box shows C code to shortcut factorial cases 0 and 1. Short-circuiting is primarily a concern when many base cases are encountered, such as Null pointers in a tree, which can be linear in the number of function calls, hence significant savings for algorithms; this is illustrated below for a depth-first search. Short-circuiting on a tree corresponds to considering a leaf (non-empty node with no children) as the base case, rather than considering an empty node as the base case. If there is only a single base case, such as in computing the factorial, short-circuiting provides only savings. Conceptually, short-circuiting can be considered to either have the same base case and recursive step, checking the base case only before the recursion, or it can be considered to have a different base case (one step removed from standard base case) and a more complex recursive step, namely "check valid then recurse", as in considering leaf nodes rather than Null nodes as base cases in a tree. Because short-circuiting has a more complicated flow, compared with the clear separation of base case and recursive step in standard recursion, it is often considered poor style, particularly in academia. Depth-first search A basic example of short-circuiting is given in depth-first search (DFS) of a binary tree; see binary trees section for standard recursive discussion. The standard recursive algorithm for a DFS is: base case: If current node is Null, return false recursive step: otherwise, check value of current node, return true if match, otherwise recurse on children In short-circuiting, this is instead: check value of current node, return true if match, otherwise, on children, if not Null, then recurse. In terms of the standard steps, this moves the base case check before the recursive step. Alternatively, these can be considered a different form of base case and recursive step, respectively. Note that this requires a wrapper function to handle the case when the tree itself is empty (root node is Null). In the case of a perfect binary tree of height h, there are 2h+1−1 nodes and 2h+1 Null pointers as children (2 for each of the 2h leaves), so short-circuiting cuts the number of function calls in half in the worst case. In C, the standard recursive algorithm may be implemented as: bool tree_contains(struct node *tree_node, int i) { if (tree_node == NULL) return false; // base case else if (tree_node->data == i) return true; else return tree_contains(tree_node->left, i) || tree_contains(tree_node->right, i); } The short-circuited algorithm may be implemented as: // Wrapper function to handle empty tree bool tree_contains(struct node *tree_node, int i) { if (tree_node == NULL) return false; // empty tree else return tree_contains_do(tree_node, i); // call auxiliary function } // Assumes tree_node != NULL bool tree_contains_do(struct node *tree_node, int i) { if (tree_node->data == i) return true; // found else // recurse return (tree_node->left && tree_contains_do(tree_node->left, i)) || (tree_node->right && tree_contains_do(tree_node->right, i)); } Note the use of short-circuit evaluation of the Boolean && (AND) operators, so that the recursive call is made only if the node is valid (non-Null). Note that while the first term in the AND is a pointer to a node, the second term is a boolean, so the overall expression evaluates to a boolean. This is a common idiom in recursive short-circuiting. This is in addition to the short-circuit evaluation of the Boolean || (OR) operator, to only check the right child if the left child fails. In fact, the entire control flow of these functions can be replaced with a single Boolean expression in a return statement, but legibility suffers at no benefit to efficiency. Hybrid algorithm Recursive algorithms are often inefficient for small data, due to the overhead of repeated function calls and returns. For this reason efficient implementations of recursive algorithms often start with the recursive algorithm, but then switch to a different algorithm when the input becomes small. An important example is merge sort, which is often implemented by switching to the non-recursive insertion sort when the data is sufficiently small, as in the tiled merge sort. Hybrid recursive algorithms can often be further refined, as in Timsort, derived from a hybrid merge sort/insertion sort. Recursion versus iteration Recursion and iteration are equally expressive: recursion can be replaced by iteration with an explicit call stack, while iteration can be replaced with tail recursion. Which approach is preferable depends on the problem under consideration and the language used. In imperative programming, iteration is preferred, particularly for simple recursion, as it avoids the overhead of function calls and call stack management, but recursion is generally used for multiple recursion. By contrast, in functional languages recursion is preferred, with tail recursion optimization leading to little overhead. Implementing an algorithm using iteration may not be easily achievable. Compare the templates to compute xn defined by xn = f(n, xn-1) from xbase: For an imperative language the overhead is to define the function, and for a functional language the overhead is to define the accumulator variable x. For example, a factorial function may be implemented iteratively in C by assigning to a loop index variable and accumulator variable, rather than by passing arguments and returning values by recursion: unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n) { unsigned int product = 1; // empty product is 1 while (n) { product *= n; --n; } return product; } Expressive power Most programming languages in use today allow the direct specification of recursive functions and procedures. When such a function is called, the program's runtime environment keeps track of the various instances of the function (often using a call stack, although other methods may be used). Every recursive function can be transformed into an iterative function by replacing recursive calls with iterative control constructs and simulating the call stack with a stack explicitly managed by the program. Conversely, all iterative functions and procedures that can be evaluated by a computer (see Turing completeness) can be expressed in terms of recursive functions; iterative control constructs such as while loops and for loops are routinely rewritten in recursive form in functional languages. However, in practice this rewriting depends on tail call elimination, which is not a feature of all languages. C, Java, and Python are notable mainstream languages in which all function calls, including tail calls, may cause stack allocation that would not occur with the use of looping constructs; in these languages, a working iterative program rewritten in recursive form may overflow the call stack, although tail call elimination may be a feature that is not covered by a language's specification, and different implementations of the same language may differ in tail call elimination capabilities. Performance issues In languages (such as C and Java) that favor iterative looping constructs, there is usually significant time and space cost associated with recursive programs, due to the overhead required to manage the stack and the relative slowness of function calls; in functional languages, a function call (particularly a tail call) is typically a very fast operation, and the difference is usually less noticeable. As a concrete example, the difference in performance between recursive and iterative implementations of the "factorial" example above depends highly on the compiler used. In languages where looping constructs are preferred, the iterative version may be as much as several orders of magnitude faster than the recursive one. In functional languages, the overall time difference of the two implementations may be negligible; in fact, the cost of multiplying the larger numbers first rather than the smaller numbers (which the iterative version given here happens to do) may overwhelm any time saved by choosing iteration. Stack space In some programming languages, the maximum size of the call stack is much less than the space available in the heap, and recursive algorithms tend to require more stack space than iterative algorithms. Consequently, these languages sometimes place a limit on the depth of recursion to avoid stack overflows; Python is one such language. Note the caveat below regarding the special case of tail recursion. Vulnerability Because recursive algorithms can be subject to stack overflows, they may be vulnerable to pathological or malicious input. Some malware specifically targets a program's call stack and takes advantage of the stack's inherently recursive nature. Even in the absence of malware, a stack overflow caused by unbounded recursion can be fatal to the program, and exception handling logic may not prevent the corresponding process from being terminated. Multiply recursive problems Multiply recursive problems are inherently recursive, because of prior state they need to track. One example is tree traversal as in depth-first search; though both recursive and iterative methods are used, they contrast with list traversal and linear search in a list, which is a singly recursive and thus naturally iterative method. Other examples include divide-and-conquer algorithms such as Quicksort, and functions such as the Ackermann function. All of these algorithms can be implemented iteratively with the help of an explicit stack, but the programmer effort involved in managing the stack, and the complexity of the resulting program, arguably outweigh any advantages of the iterative solution. Refactoring recursion Recursive algorithms can be replaced with non-recursive counterparts. One method for replacing recursive algorithms is to simulate them using heap memory in place of stack memory. An alternative is to develop a replacement algorithm entirely based on non-recursive methods, which can be challenging. For example, recursive algorithms for matching wildcards, such as Rich Salz' wildmat algorithm, were once typical. Non-recursive algorithms for the same purpose, such as the Krauss matching wildcards algorithm, have been developed to avoid the drawbacks of recursion and have improved only gradually based on techniques such as collecting tests and profiling performance. Tail-recursive functions Tail-recursive functions are functions in which all recursive calls are tail calls and hence do not build up any deferred operations. For example, the gcd function (shown again below) is tail-recursive. In contrast, the factorial function (also below) is not tail-recursive; because its recursive call is not in tail position, it builds up deferred multiplication operations that must be performed after the final recursive call completes. With a compiler or interpreter that treats tail-recursive calls as jumps rather than function calls, a tail-recursive function such as gcd will execute using constant space. Thus the program is essentially iterative, equivalent to using imperative language control structures like the "for" and "while" loops. The significance of tail recursion is that when making a tail-recursive call (or any tail call), the caller's return position need not be saved on the call stack; when the recursive call returns, it will branch directly on the previously saved return position. Therefore, in languages that recognize this property of tail calls, tail recursion saves both space and time. Order of execution Consider these two functions: Function 1 void recursiveFunction(int num) { printf("%d\n", num); if (num < 4) recursiveFunction(num + 1); } Function 2 void recursiveFunction(int num) { if (num < 4) recursiveFunction(num + 1); printf("%d\n", num); } Function 2 is function 1 with the lines swapped. In the case of a function calling itself only once, instructions placed before the recursive call are executed once per recursion before any of the instructions placed after the recursive call. The latter are executed repeatedly after the maximum recursion has been reached. Also note that the order of the print statements is reversed, which is due to the way the functions and statements are stored on the call stack. Recursive procedures Factorial A classic example of a recursive procedure is the function used to calculate the factorial of a natural number: The function can also be written as a recurrence relation: This evaluation of the recurrence relation demonstrates the computation that would be performed in evaluating the pseudocode above: This factorial function can also be described without using recursion by making use of the typical looping constructs found in imperative programming languages: The imperative code above is equivalent to this mathematical definition using an accumulator variable : The definition above translates straightforwardly to functional programming languages such as Scheme; this is an example of iteration implemented recursively. Greatest common divisor The Euclidean algorithm, which computes the greatest common divisor of two integers, can be written recursively. Function definition: Recurrence relation for greatest common divisor, where expresses the remainder of : if The recursive program above is tail-recursive; it is equivalent to an iterative algorithm, and the computation shown above shows the steps of evaluation that would be performed by a language that eliminates tail calls. Below is a version of the same algorithm using explicit iteration, suitable for a language that does not eliminate tail calls. By maintaining its state entirely in the variables x and y and using a looping construct, the program avoids making recursive calls and growing the call stack. The iterative algorithm requires a temporary variable, and even given knowledge of the Euclidean algorithm it is more difficult to understand the process by simple inspection, although the two algorithms are very similar in their steps. Towers of Hanoi The Towers of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle whose solution illustrates recursion. There are three pegs which can hold stacks of disks of different diameters. A larger disk may never be stacked on top of a smaller. Starting with n disks on one peg, they must be moved to another peg one at a time. What is the smallest number of steps to move the stack? Function definition: Recurrence relation for hanoi: Example implementations: Although not all recursive functions have an explicit solution, the Tower of Hanoi sequence can be reduced to an explicit formula. Binary search The binary search algorithm is a method of searching a sorted array for a single element by cutting the array in half with each recursive pass. The trick is to pick a midpoint near the center of the array, compare the data at that point with the data being searched and then responding to one of three possible conditions: the data is found at the midpoint, the data at the midpoint is greater than the data being searched for, or the data at the midpoint is less than the data being searched for. Recursion is used in this algorithm because with each pass a new array is created by cutting the old one in half. The binary search procedure is then called recursively, this time on the new (and smaller) array. Typically the array's size is adjusted by manipulating a beginning and ending index. The algorithm exhibits a logarithmic order of growth because it essentially divides the problem domain in half with each pass. Example implementation of binary search in C: /* Call binary_search with proper initial conditions. INPUT: data is an array of integers SORTED in ASCENDING order, toFind is the integer to search for, count is the total number of elements in the array OUTPUT: result of binary_search */ int search(int *data, int toFind, int count) { // Start = 0 (beginning index) // End = count - 1 (top index) return binary_search(data, toFind, 0, count-1); } /* Binary Search Algorithm. INPUT: data is a array of integers SORTED in ASCENDING order, toFind is the integer to search for, start is the minimum array index, end is the maximum array index OUTPUT: position of the integer toFind within array data, -1 if not found */ int binary_search(int *data, int toFind, int start, int end) { //Get the midpoint. int mid = start + (end - start)/2; //Integer division if (start > end) //Stop condition (base case) return -1; else if (data[mid] == toFind) //Found, return index return mid; else if (data[mid] > toFind) //Data is greater than toFind, search lower half return binary_search(data, toFind, start, mid-1); else //Data is less than toFind, search upper half return binary_search(data, toFind, mid+1, end); } Recursive data structures (structural recursion) An important application of recursion in computer science is in defining dynamic data structures such as lists and trees. Recursive data structures can dynamically grow to a theoretically infinite size in response to runtime requirements; in contrast, the size of a static array must be set at compile time. "Recursive algorithms are particularly appropriate when the underlying problem or the data to be treated are defined in recursive terms." The examples in this section illustrate what is known as "structural recursion". This term refers to the fact that the recursive procedures are acting on data that is defined recursively. As long as a programmer derives the template from a data definition, functions employ structural recursion. That is, the recursions in a function's body consume some immediate piece of a given compound value. Linked lists Below is a C definition of a linked list node structure. Notice especially how the node is defined in terms of itself. The "next" element of struct node is a pointer to another struct node, effectively creating a list type. struct node { int data; // some integer data struct node *next; // pointer to another struct node }; Because the struct node data structure is defined recursively, procedures that operate on it can be implemented naturally as recursive procedures. The list_print procedure defined below walks down the list until the list is empty (i.e., the list pointer has a value of NULL). For each node it prints the data element (an integer). In the C implementation, the list remains unchanged by the list_print procedure. void list_print(struct node *list) { if (list != NULL) // base case { printf ("%d ", list->data); // print integer data followed by a space list_print (list->next); // recursive call on the next node } } Binary trees Below is a simple definition for a binary tree node. Like the node for linked lists, it is defined in terms of itself, recursively. There are two self-referential pointers: left (pointing to the left sub-tree) and right (pointing to the right sub-tree). struct node { int data; // some integer data struct node *left; // pointer to the left subtree struct node *right; // point to the right subtree }; Operations on the tree can be implemented using recursion. Note that because there are two self-referencing pointers (left and right), tree operations may require two recursive calls: // Test if tree_node contains i; return 1 if so, 0 if not. int tree_contains(struct node *tree_node, int i) { if (tree_node == NULL) return 0; // base case else if (tree_node->data == i) return 1; else return tree_contains(tree_node->left, i) || tree_contains(tree_node->right, i); } At most two recursive calls will be made for any given call to tree_contains as defined above. // Inorder traversal: void tree_print(struct node *tree_node) { if (tree_node != NULL) { // base case tree_print(tree_node->left); // go left printf("%d ", tree_node->data); // print the integer followed by a space tree_print(tree_node->right); // go right } } The above example illustrates an in-order traversal of the binary tree. A Binary search tree is a special case of the binary tree where the data elements of each node are in order. Filesystem traversal Since the number of files in a filesystem may vary, recursion is the only practical way to traverse and thus enumerate its contents. Traversing a filesystem is very similar to that of tree traversal, therefore the concepts behind tree traversal are applicable to traversing a filesystem. More specifically, the code below would be an example of a preorder traversal of a filesystem. import java.io.File; public class FileSystem { public static void main(String [] args) { traverse(); } /** * Obtains the filesystem roots * Proceeds with the recursive filesystem traversal */ private static void traverse() { File[] fs = File.listRoots(); for (int i = 0; i < fs.length; i++) { System.out.println(fs[i]); if (fs[i].isDirectory() && fs[i].canRead()) { rtraverse(fs[i]); } } } /** * Recursively traverse a given directory * * @param fd indicates the starting point of traversal */ private static void rtraverse(File fd) { File[] fss = fd.listFiles(); for (int i = 0; i < fss.length; i++) { System.out.println(fss[i]); if (fss[i].isDirectory() && fss[i].canRead()) { rtraverse(fss[i]); } } } } This code is both recursion and iteration - the files and directories are iterated, and each directory is opened recursively. The "rtraverse" method is an example of direct recursion, whilst the "traverse" method is a wrapper function. The "base case" scenario is that there will always be a fixed number of files and/or directories in a given filesystem. Time-efficiency of recursive algorithms The time efficiency of recursive algorithms can be expressed in a recurrence relation of Big O notation. They can (usually) then be simplified into a single Big-O term. Shortcut rule (master theorem) If the time-complexity of the function is in the form Then the Big O of the time-complexity is thus: If for some constant , then If , then If for some constant , and if for some constant and all sufficiently large , then where represents the number of recursive calls at each level of recursion, represents by what factor smaller the input is for the next level of recursion (i.e. the number of pieces you divide the problem into), and represents the work that the function does independently of any recursion (e.g. partitioning, recombining) at each level of recursion. See also Functional programming Computational problem Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL Kleene–Rosser paradox Open recursion Recursion Sierpiński curve McCarthy 91 function μ-recursive functions Primitive recursive functions Tak (function) Notes References (viii+64 pages) Theoretical computer science Recursion Computability theory Articles with example pseudocode Programming idioms Subroutines

4044882

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare%20%28electoral%20district%29

Clare (electoral district)

Clare is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1949-2013 and since 2021. Prior to 1949, Clare was part of Digby district. It elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The electoral district includes most of the Municipality of the District of Clare, an Acadian area occupying the southwestern half of Digby County. For four consecutive elections from 1988 to 1999, the district had the highest voter turnout in the province. The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was largely replaced by the new electoral district of Clare-Digby. It was re-created out of Clare-Digby following the 2019 Electoral Boundary Review. Geography The land area of Clare is . Members of the Legislative Assembly The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1949 general election 1953 general election 1956 general election 1960 general election 1963 general election 1967 general election 1970 general election 1974 general election 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2017 general election (transposed) 2021 general election References External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll by Poll Results Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia

4044883

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20M.%20Harkness

Anna M. Harkness

Anna Maria Richardson Harkness (October 25, 1837 – March 27, 1926) was an American philanthropist. Early life She was born on October 25, 1837, in Dalton, Ohio, and was the daughter of James Richardson and Anna (née Ranck) Richardson. Not much is known about her early life. Married life On February 13, 1854, then sixteen-year-old Anna was married to the 34-year-old Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness, an early investor with John D. Rockefeller who became the second-largest shareholder in Standard Oil before his death in March 1888. Stephen had previously been married to Laura Osborne, who died in August 1852, and with whom he had three children, only one of whom, Lamon V. Harkness, was living at the time of their marriage. Together, Anna and Stephen lived at his estate on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland (known as Millionaires' Row) and were the parents of four more children, three of whom survived to adulthood: Jennie A. Harkness (1856–1864), who died young. Charles William Harkness (1860–1916), who married Mary Warden (1864–1916) in 1896; both died of influenza in 1916. Florence Harkness (1864–1895), who married the widower Louis Henry Severance (1838–1913). Edward Stephen Harkness (1874–1940), who married Mary Stillman (1874–1950), daughter of New York attorney Thomas Stillman, in 1904. Her husband died aboard his yacht on March 6, 1888, and was buried in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery. He left an estate valued at $150 million (equivalent to $ in ) and Anna inherited one-third of his fortune: $50 million (equivalent to $ in ), consisting primarily of stock in Standard Oil. In 1891, Anna moved to New York City, but continued to maintain a home in Willoughby, Ohio. She died on March 27, 1926, at her home, 820 Fifth Avenue in New York City. After a private funeral, she was buried alongside her late husband in Lake View Cemetery. At her death, she had already given away $40 million, yet her wealth had increased to nearly $85 million (equivalent to $ in ). Philanthropy Their first child, Jennie, died aged seven in 1864. After her death, the Harknesses erected and furnished a memorial pavilion at Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland as a memorial to her. On July 29, 1895, within a year of Florence's marriage to Louis Severance, the former Treasurer of Standard Oil, their second daughter also died. Similarly, Anna and her son-in-law Louis donated the funds for the construction of the Florence Harkness Memorial Chapel at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. After her eldest son Charles died in 1916, Anna gave $3 million (equivalent to $ in ) to Yale University for the construction of Memorial Quadrangle in Charles's memory, including Harkness Tower, the most visible symbol of Yale on the New Haven skyline. Anna's portrait by Albert Herter is displayed in the dining hall of Saybrook College, part of the Memorial Quadrangle. In 1920, she donated an additional $3 million to Yale towards increases in faculty salaries. In October 1918, Anna established the Commonwealth Fund, a foundation dedicated to the improvement of healthcare with an initial gift of $10 million (equivalent to $ in ). Along with her son, Edward, the foundation made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of $2 billion in 2005 dollars, including funds for the establishment of the Harkness Fellowships, the construction of St. Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews, the Butler Library at Columbia University, and many of the undergraduate dormitories at Harvard and Yale Universities (known as "houses" and "residential colleges," respectively). The fund was also a major benefactor of the Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, the Museum of Natural History in New York, the New York Zoological Society and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, the New York Public Library and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it established the Museum's collection of ancient Egyptian art. The Harkness Pavilion at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center is also named for the family. References External links The Commonwealth Fund Pictures and history of Harkness House, current home to the Commonwealth Fund 1837 births 1926 deaths American philanthropists Anna M. Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland People from Wayne County, Ohio

4044887

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDF

USDF

USDF may refer to: United States Dressage Federation USDF model (United we stand, divided we fall), from econophysics Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, the Military of Swaziland Utah State Defense Force, active during World War II United Student Democratic Federation, Indian leftist student association See also "United we stand, divided we fall", a motto

4044906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Super%20Fight

The Super Fight

The Super Fight was a fictional boxing match between Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali shot in 1969 and released in 1970. At the time, Ali and Marciano were the only undefeated heavyweight champions in history and fans often debated who would win had they met in their primes. Ali and Marciano were filmed sparring for 75 one-minute rounds producing several possible scenarios for a genuine fight, with the result claimed to have been determined using probability formulas entered into a computer. The final film was only shown once in select cinemas around the world, grossing ( adjusted for inflation) from 1,500 theaters across North America and Europe. After its run in theaters, the film was broadcast on television before eventually being released as a DVD over three decades later. Background In 1967, radio producer Murray Woroner had the idea of determining the all-time great heavyweight champion of the world by placing boxing champions of different eras in a series of fantasy fights. Woroner sent out a survey to 250 boxing experts and writers to help determine which boxers would be used in what would become a fantasy tournament. Hank Meyer, president and salesman with one other partner in SPS, was instrumental in setting this competition up and contended at the time that it was his idea. Woroner picked the first round of fantasy matches to be: Jack Dempsey vs. Gentleman Jim Corbett John L. Sullivan vs. Jim Braddock Bob Fitzsimmons vs. Jack Sharkey Jim Jeffries vs. Jersey Joe Walcott Joe Louis vs. Jess Willard Max Baer vs. Jack Johnson Rocky Marciano vs. Gene Tunney Muhammad Ali vs. Max Schmeling Punch-by-punch details of the boxer's records during their prime were entered into an NCR 315 computer. Their strengths, weaknesses, fighting styles and patterns and other factors and scenarios that the boxers could go through were converted into formulas. The NCR-315 with 20K of memory was supplied by SPS (Systems Programming Services), an independent service bureau in Miami, Florida. The algorithms were supplied by an NCR mathematician, and programming was done in Fortran by an employee of SPS. Hank Meyer, President and salesman with one other partner in SPS, was instrumental in setting this competition up and contended at the time that it was his idea. The actual running of the software was done the night before each broadcast round of the 'computer championship' and took approximately 45 minutes to run, the output was a formatted report containing a series of codes describing each punch. This was then written to magnetic tape, the tape was then manually transferred to a Univac 1005 and printed. This took place in early 1968. The outcomes were then staged as radio plays with Woroner and radio announcer Guy LeBow as the commentators. The fantasy fights were broadcast worldwide. Even the boxers who were still alive at the time listened to the programs and some of them participated as commentators. After the series of elimination rounds, the final fight was between Dempsey and Marciano. Marciano defeated Dempsey and was considered to be the all-time greatest heavyweight champion by the computer. Woroner awarded the real Marciano a gold and diamond championship belt worth $10,000. The film After Ali lost a fantasy fight in one of the radio broadcasts, he filed a $1 million lawsuit against Woroner for defamation of character, stating his anger at his elimination at the second round to Jim Jeffries, a boxer Ali had previously called "history's clumsiest, most slow-footed heavyweight." The lawsuit was settled when Woroner offered to pay Ali $10,000 while also getting his agreement to participate in a filmed version of a fantasy fight in which he would fight Marciano. Ali and Marciano agreed on the condition that they would also receive a cut of the film's profits. Marciano, whose last fight before retiring undefeated at 49–0 was 14 years prior, also agreed to participate with a similar deal. In preparation for the film, Rocky lost over and wore a toupee in order to look as he did in his prime. Both he and Ali were reported to be enthusiastic about meeting each other and getting back in the ring. The same formulas as the radio fantasy fights were used and entered into the NCR 315, with filming commencing February 1969 in a Miami studio. The two fighters sparred for between 70 and 75 rounds, exchanging mainly body blows with some head shots in-between, which were later edited together according to the findings of the computer. Braddock, Louis, Schmeling, Sharkey and Walcott also recorded commentary to be used in the film. The outcome would not be revealed until the release of the film on January 20, 1970, shown in 1,500 theaters by video link in the United States, Canada, and throughout Europe. American and Canadian audiences were shown a version of Marciano knocking out Ali in the 13th round, as staged by the boxers, while European audiences were shown another ending in which Ali was depicted as the winner after opening cuts on Marciano, also simulated. Box office and reaction In the United States, the film grossed more than from more than a thousand theaters. Across North America and Europe, the film grossed ( adjusted for inflation) from 1,500 theaters. Three weeks after filming was completed, Rocky Marciano died in a plane crash on the eve of what would have been his 46th birthday. No feedback was recorded from him personally regarding the film, with the exception of Marciano's brother Peter who claimed that upon Rocky being asked whether he would win the fantasy fight, he was confident that he would win. Ali attended a screening of the film on the night of its release. He immediately relaunched legal proceedings against Woroner, again stating defamation of character, alleging the film's marketing had misled audiences worldwide to believe the fight was actual, while also stating any version of the film which depicted him losing was a result of him not taking the simulation seriously. He also claimed American audiences were left angered by Marciano being depicted as the winner and disputed whether the NCR 315 computer was used at all during or after filming. Ali later dropped the lawsuit upon discovering his depicted win in European theatres, while also having been made aware of the filmmaker's plans to destroy remaining prints of the film to prevent potential legal action. In a 1976 interview, Ali briefly recapped the film maintaining his ridicule of the style of filming and depicted outcomes. He however praised Marciano as a boxer stating they left filming on good terms. Destruction of film prints and recovery During the buildup to the film's release, concerns were held regarding Ali's ban from boxing being active at the time of the film's conceptualization, recording and release, and were later fueled by allegations that marketing and promotional work for the film did not clearly detail that the fight was fictional and the outcome was decided by the NCR 315 computer as well as opinions of boxing experts. Upon the film's release, believing audiences were misled to believe the fight was actual and Ali threatening a second lawsuit upon Woroner, the producers announced all film prints had been destroyed. Debates subsequently took place over the next three decades as to whether at least one print of the film had survived. It was cited that many theaters had continued to play the film long after January 20, 1970, and was also noted that the film had one airing on ABC's Wide World of Sports in 1970, and another on CBS late night in 1977, with many more broadcasts alleged throughout. Following an official discovery of a surviving print in 2005, the film was authorized for release and distribution. On December 27, 2005, The Superfight: Marciano vs. Ali was released on DVD and has been televised several times since. The DVD includes a documentary about the film, audio of the original radio fantasy fights, archival interviews with the fighters that were chosen, and other features. Legacy The Super Fight was featured in and inspired the plot of the 2006 film Rocky Balboa. References Boxing: All-Time Heavyweight Championship of the World, reproduced from The People's Almanac External links Official site for the DVD. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. January 20, 1970 UPI newspaper article January 21, 1970 AP newspaper article January 19, 1970 Time Magazine article January 4, 1970 El Paso Times newspaper article The Core Memory Project: Boxing Simulation All-Time Heavyweight Championship of the World 1970 films 1970s sports films American boxing films Wide World of Sports (American TV series) Rocky Marciano Cultural depictions of boxers Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Cultural depictions of Joe Louis Cultural depictions of Max Schmeling Cultural depictions of Jack Dempsey 1970s English-language films 1970s American films

4044914

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea%20opposita

Dioscorea opposita

Dioscorea opposita is an obsolete synonym of two species of yams: Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya), a widely cultivated yam native to China Dioscorea oppositifolia, a yam native to the Indian subcontinent Species Latin name disambiguation pages opposita

4044917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Marshall%20%28author%29

James Marshall (author)

James Edward Marshall (October 10, 1942 – October 13, 1992) was an American illustrator and writer of children's books, probably best known for the George and Martha series of picture books (1972–1988). He illustrated books exclusively as James Marshall; when he created both text and illustrations he sometimes wrote as Edward Marshall. In 2007, the U.S. professional librarians posthumously awarded him the bi-ennial Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for "substantial and lasting contribution" to American children's literature. Life and death James Marshall was born in 1942, in San Antonio, Texas, where he grew up on his family's 85-acre farm. His father worked on the railroad and had a band. His mother sang in the local church choir. The family later moved to Beaumont, Texas. Marshall said: "Beaumont is deep south and swampy and I hated it. I knew I would die if I stayed there so I diligently studied the viola, and eventually won a scholarship to the New England Conservatory in Boston." He entered the New England Conservatory of Music but injured his hand, ending his music career. He returned to Texas, where he attended San Antonio College, and later transferred to Southern Connecticut State University where he received degrees in French and history. He lived between an apartment in the Chelsea district of New York City and a home in Mansfield Hollow, Connecticut. He died on October 13, 1992, three days after his 50th birthday. His obituary states that he died of a brain tumor; however, his sister has since clarified that he died of AIDS. Career It is stated that he discovered his vocation on a 1971 summer afternoon, lying in a hammock and drawing. His mother was watching Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, and the main characters, George and Martha, ultimately became characters in one of his children's books (as two hippos). Marshall continued creating books for children until his untimely death in 1992 from AIDS-related complications. In 1999, George and Martha became the stars of an eponymous animated TV show, which aired on HBO Family and Canadian YTV. Marshall was a friend of the late Maurice Sendak, who called him the "last in the line" of children's writers for whom children's books were a cottage industry. Sendak said that Marshall was "uncommercial to a fault" and, as a consequence, was little recognized by the awards committees. (As illustrator of Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Marshall was a runner-up for the Caldecott Medal in 1989; the "Caldecott Honor Books" may display silver rather than gold seals. He won a University of Mississippi Silver Medallion in 1992. Over his career, he was three times recognized by the New York Times Book Review as one of the best illustrated children's book of the year.) Sendak said that in Marshall you got "the whole man", who "scolded, gossiped, bitterly reproached, but always loved and forgave" and "made me laugh until I cried." In introduction to the collected George and Martha, Sendak called him the "last of a long line of masters" including Randolph Caldecott, Jean de Brunhoff, Edward Ardizzone, and Tomi Ungerer. Beside the lovable hippos George and Martha, James Marshall created dozens of other uniquely appealing characters and illustrated over 70 books. He is well known for his Fox series (which he wrote as "Edward Marshall"), as well as the Miss Nelson books (or Miss Viola Swamp, written by Harry Allard), The Stupids (written by Allard), the Cut-ups, and many more. James Marshall had the uncanny ability to elicit wild delight from readers with relatively little text and simple drawings. With only two minute dots for eyes, his illustrated characters are able to express a wide range of emotion, and produce howls of laughter from both children and adults. Works See also References External links Guide to the James Marshall papers at the University of Oregon Authors and illustrators of books for children and young adults — directory including Marshall Guide to the James Marshall papers at the University of Connecticut James Marshall Papers in the de Grummond Children's Literature Collection Edward Marshall at LC Authorities, with 12 records, and Edward at WorldCat Edward Marshall in the German national library (with 2 records likely for another Edward Marshall) 1942 births 1992 deaths American children's book illustrators American children's writers Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners Writers from San Antonio Place of death missing American male writers 20th-century American writers Southern Connecticut State University alumni Artists from Texas Deaths from brain tumor People from Chelsea, Manhattan Writers who illustrated their own writing

4044926

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace%20Bay-Dominion

Glace Bay-Dominion

Glace Bay-Dominion is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The Member of the Legislative Assembly since 2021 is John White of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia. It was created in 1933 when the district of Cape Breton was divided into five electoral districts, one of which was named Cape Breton East. In 2001, the district name was changed to Glace Bay. In 2003, the district lost a small area at its southern tip to Cape Breton West. Following the 2019 redistribution, it gained the Dominion area from Cape Breton Centre and was re-named Glace Bay-Dominion. Geography The land area of Glace Bay-Dominion is . Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1925 general election 1928 general election 1933 general election 1937 general election 1941 general election 1945 general election 1949 general election 1953 general election 1956 general election 1960 general election 1963 general election 1967 general election 1970 general election 1974 general election 1978 general election 1980 by-election |- |PC |Donnie MacLeod |align="right"|4,505 |align="right"| |align="right"| |- |NDP |Reeves Matheson |align="right"|2,996 |align="right"| |align="right"| |- |Liberal |Vincent Kachafanas |align="right"|2,904 |align="right"| |align="right"| |- |Independent |Ignatius V. Kennedy |align="right"|101 |align="right"| |align="right"| |} 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2000 by-election |- |Liberal |Dave Wilson |align="right"|4,017 |align="right"|43.33 |align="right"| |- |NDP |Cecil Saccary |align="right"|3,609 |align="right"|38.93 |align="right"| |- |PC |Brad Kerr |align="right"|1,644 |align="right"|17.74 |align="right"| |} 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2010 by-election |NDP |Myrtle Campbell |align="right"|2,281 |align="right"|31.52 |align="right"| |PC |Michelle Wheelhouse |align="right"|759 |align="right"|10.48 |align="right"| |Independent |Edna Lee |align="right"|195 |align="right"|2.69 |align="right"| 2013 general election |- |Liberal |Geoff MacLellan |align="right"|5,547 |align="right"|80.36 |align="right"| |NDP |Mary Beth MacDonald |align="right"|1,001 |align="right"|14.50 |align="right"| |- |PC |Thomas Bethell |align="right"|355 |align="right"|5.14 |align="right"| |} 2017 general election 2021 general election References External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results June 9, 2009 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts Politics of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

4044935

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Yoffie

Eric Yoffie

Eric H. Yoffie is a Reform rabbi, and President Emeritus of the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), the congregational arm of the Reform movement in North America, which represents an estimated 1.5 million Reform Jews in more than 900 synagogues across the United States and Canada. He was the unchallenged head of American Judaism's largest denomination from 1996 to 2012. Following his retirement in 2012, he has been a lecturer and writer; his writings appear regularly in The Huffington Post, The Jerusalem Post, and Haaretz. Family and career Rabbi Yoffie was raised in Worcester, Massachusetts, where his family belonged to historic Temple Emanuel, and he was involved in the Reform Movement's Youth organization, the North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY). He first held the position of president in the Northeast Region of NFTY before moving on to be the organization's Vice President in 1965–1966. After high school Yoffie spent his first year at Stanford University, and graduated from Brandeis University. He received his Rabbinical ordination from Hebrew Union College in New York in 1974. He served congregations in Lynbrook, NY, and Durham, NC, before joining the URJ as director of the Midwest Council in 1980. In 1983 he was named Executive Director of the Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA). In 1992 he became vice president of the URJ and director of the Commission on Social Action. In addition, he served as executive editor of the Reform Judaism magazine. On July 1, 1996, he succeeded Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler as president of the Union for Reform Judaism. In 1999 The Jewish Daily Forward named Yoffie the number one Jewish leader in America. In 2009 Newsweek named him # 8 on its list of "50 Influential Rabbis." He is married to Amy Jacobson Yoffie. The couple has two children, and reside in Westfield, New Jersey. On June 10, 2010, Rabbi Yoffie announced his intention to step down from the post of president of the URJ at the age of 65, in June 2012. He was succeeded by Rabbi Rick Jacobs, who had served as the senior rabbi at Westchester Reform Temple in Scarsdale, NY. Views on Jewish life Rabbi Yoffie has been a proponent of increased traditionalism within Reform Judaism, encouraging a greater focus on Jewish text study and prayer. Dr. Jonathan Sarna, the dean of American Jewish historians, noted that Yoffie devoted time as President of the URJ to bringing "old ideas" to Reform Judaism, "urging its rank and file to focus on enriching their spiritual lives and expanding their knowledge of Judaism." During his tenure, he announced two major worship initiatives. The first, in 1999, was designed to help congregations become "houses in which we pray with joy." The second, eight years later, fostered Shabbat observance among individual Reform Jews while encouraging congregations to rethink their Shabbat morning worship. Rabbi Yoffie was also a proponent of lifelong Jewish study and helped synagogues to develop programs that increased Jewish literacy among adults. In 2005, he introduced the Sacred Choices curriculum to teach sexual ethics to teens in Reform camps and congregations. In his recent writings, Yoffie has argued against understandings of Judaism that are primarily secular or cultural, referring to such Jews as "self-delusional," and suggesting that such understandings mistake a part for the whole and that a religiously-grounded Judaism is essential to assure the Jewish future. Views on interfaith relations Rabbi Yoffie has been a pioneer in interfaith relations and launched Movement-wide dialogue programs with both Christians and Muslims. In 2005, he was the first Jew to address the Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Later that year, he harshly criticized some positions of the Religious Right, but in 2006 he accepted the invitation of the Rev. Jerry Falwell to address the students and faculty of Liberty University; as the first Rabbi to appear at a university-wide convocation, he talked frankly of areas of agreement and disagreement between Evangelical Christians and Jews. Yoffie first spoke on shared values of family and morality before defending church-state separation and gay marriage, which elicited boos from the students. On August 21, 2007, Rabbi Yoffie was the first leader of a major Jewish organization to speak at the convention of the Islamic Society of North America. In his remarks he spoke of "a huge and profound ignorance of Islam" by Jews and Christians in North America. He stated that "the time has come to listen to our Muslim neighbors speak, from their heart and in their own words, about the spiritual power of Islam and their love for their religion." He also asked Muslims for more understanding of Judaism: “The dialogue will not be one way, of course. You will teach us about Islam and we will teach you about Judaism. We will help you to overcome stereotyping of Muslims, and you will help us to overcome stereotyping of Jews.” Rabbi Yoffie later was a supporter of the Park51 Community Center, and he has been a strong advocate for the rights of Muslim Americans. In contrast to these above interfaith efforts, Yoffie strongly disagrees with atheism, claiming that it lacks "humility, imagination, and curiosity." Views on social justice As President of the URJ, Rabbi Yoffie spoke to a wide variety of social justice issues. He opposed the death penalty, supported LBGT rights, and was a prominent spokesperson for gun control. He was the only religious leader to appear at the Million Mom March in Washington, D.C., declaring that "the indiscriminate distribution of guns is an offense against God and humanity." Rabbi Yoffie went on to state that "our gun-flooded society has turned weapons into idols, and the worship of idols must be recognized for what it is—blasphemy. And the only appropriate religious response to blasphemy is sustained moral outrage." Views on relations with Israel Rabbi Yoffie has devoted much of his public life to working on behalf of the Jewish state and promoting close ties between Israel and American Jews. During his years as URJ President, he met frequently with Israel's elected officials to present the concerns of the Reform movement and North American Jewry. He has been a prominent advocate of religious freedom and religious pluralism in Israel, arguing that the cause of Judaism can only be advanced by education and persuasion and not by coercion. In an incident that drew international headlines, Rabbi Yoffie in June 2006 declined to meet with Israeli President Moshe Katsav after Katsav refused to address Rabbi Yoffie with the title "rabbi". The Chief Rabbinate of Israel does not recognize rabbinic ordinations from non-Orthodox institutions. In 2014, Rabbi Yoffie challenged the presidential candidate Reuven Rivlin by asking if he would address Reform rabbis by the title "rabbi." While Rivlin did not respond directly to this issue while a candidate, a source close to him responded that he "has always received Rabbi Yoffie respectfully and will continue to have a wonderful relationship with Diaspora Jews." Contemporary spirituality In his recent writings, in the Huffington Post and elsewhere, Rabbi Yoffie has addressed broad questions of belief and spirituality in American life. In particular, he has applied a progressive religious point of view to issues of sin, atheism, and community, as well as contemporary matters such as immigration, health care, and economic justice. In "What it Means to be a Liberal Person of Faith" and in other widely read articles, he has suggested that progressive religion has a vital role to play during a time of "culture wars," fear of terrorism, and economic uncertainty. References External links Rabbi Eric H. Yoffie, biography Our New President Rabbi Eric H. Yoffie: Teacher of Living Torah, Interview by Aron Hirt-Manheimer, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Fall 1996 Rabbi Eric H. Yoffie Contemplations, Interview by Aron Hirt-Manheimer, Union for Reform Judaism, Spring 2012 Living people 1940s births American Reform rabbis Rabbis from Massachusetts Brandeis University alumni Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion alumni 20th-century American rabbis 21st-century American rabbis Clergy from Worcester, Massachusetts People from Lynbrook, New York People from Durham, North Carolina People from Westfield, New Jersey

4044946

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Emblem

National Emblem

"National Emblem", also known as the National Emblem March, is a U.S. march composed in 1902 and published in 1906 by Edwin Eugene Bagley. It is a standard of the U.S. march repertoire, appearing in eleven published editions. The U.S. military uses the trio section as ceremonial music for the entry of the ceremony's official party. History Bagley composed the score during a 1902 train tour with his family band, Wheeler's Band of Bellows Falls, Vermont. He became frustrated with the ending, and tossed the composition in a bin. Members of the band retrieved it and secretly rehearsed the score in the baggage car. Bagley was surprised when the band informed him minutes before the next concert that they would perform it. It became the most famous of all of Bagley's marches. Despite this the composition did not make Bagley wealthy; he sold the copyright for $25. In the first strain, Bagley incorporated the first twelve notes of "The Star-Spangled Banner" played by euphonium, bassoon, alto clarinet, tenor saxophone, and trombone, disguised in duple rather than triple time. The rest of the notes are all Bagley's, including the four short repeated A-flat major chords that lead to a statement by the low brass that is now reminiscent of the national anthem. Unusually, Bagley's march does not incorporate either a breakstrain or a stinger. However the exact repetition of the trio's melody at a chromatic mediant (A-flat Major/m.3 of Trio, then C Major/m.10 of Trio) is suggestive of a breakstrain. The band of Arthur Pryor made the first recording of the march on May 19, 1908, followed by a United States Marine Band recording on March 21, 1914 (both recordings by the Victor Talking Machine Company). Reception John Philip Sousa was once asked to list the three most effective street marches ever written. Sousa listed two of his own compositions, but he selected "National Emblem" for the third. When Sousa formed and conducted the 350-member U.S. Navy Jacket Band at the Naval Station Great Lakes he chose five marches for World War I Liberty bond drives. Four were by Sousa—"Semper Fidelis", "Washington Post", "The Thunderer", "Stars and Stripes Forever", and Bagley's "National Emblem March". Legacy "National Emblem March" was the favorite march composition of Frederick Fennell, who made an arrangement of it in 1981. Fennell called the piece "as perfect a march as a march can be". Besides Fennell's arrangement, there are also band arrangements by Albert Morris (1978), Andrew Balent (1982), Paul Lavender (1986), and Loris J. Schissel (2000). In popular culture In 1960 a group of studio musicians led by Ernie Freeman recorded a rock and roll arrangement of the tune, which was subsequently released as a Liberty Records single under the title National City and credited to the Joiner (Arkansas) Junior High School Band. It became a minor hit, reaching #53 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The march has been featured in films such as The Dirty Dozen, Protocol and Hot Shots!. A theme from the march is quoted in Phil Ochs's song The War Is Over. References Further reading External links Piano score at IN Harmony: Sheet Music from Indiana at website of Indiana University United States Marine Band Ceremonial Music (MP3s) Sheet music cover and MP3 of music at the Illinois Digital Archive 1902 compositions 1902 songs American marches American patriotic songs Concert band pieces

4044947

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levsen%20Organ%20Company

Levsen Organ Company

Levsen Organ Company is a manufacturer of pipe organs based out of Buffalo, Iowa, which is near the Quad Cities. Levsen began operations as a tuning and repair facility for electric pianos and organs in 1954. For the first 11 years, this would be the scope of the business. Company founder Rodney E. Levsen began working with a major pipe organ builder, and completed an apprenticeship. After this he began offering his services tuning and repairing pipe organs. In 1980 he began building organs under the Levsen name. , he has built 53 organs of a variety of sizes, and is currently working on an additional six organs. Levsen organs can be found throughout the United States. He also helps service and maintain over 150 existing instruments, mainly in the upper midwest. In addition to organ work, his company has developed tools and computer software that is also used by other builders. References External links Levsen Organ Company Pipe organ building companies Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States

4044954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisztina%20Czak%C3%B3

Krisztina Czakó

Krisztina Czakó (born 17 December 1978) is a Hungarian former figure skater. She is the 1997 European silver medalist and 1994 Skate Canada International champion. Career Czakó was born in Budapest, Hungary. Her mother Klara was a speed skater, while her father and coach György Czakó was himself a figure skater and a former Hungarian men's national champion. György began teaching Krisztina how to skate before she was a year old, making her a pair of skates himself when none could be found that were small enough to fit her. Czakó was the youngest athlete to compete in the 1992 Winter Olympics, at age 13 years and 2 months. She was so young that she was still able to compete in the World Junior Championship in 1994 and 1995 (finishing second and third, respectively), despite her Olympic experience. She made her second Olympic appearance in Lillehammer, Norway in 1994, finishing 11th. She intended to compete in her third Olympics in 1998 but had to withdraw due to injury. Czakó won the silver medal at the 1997 European Championships skating her long program to the music of The Addams Family. It was the first medal for Hungary in the European ladies' event since 1971. Czakó also achieved a career-best 7th-place finish at the 1997 World Championships. Czakó was a seven-time Hungarian national champion (1992-1998), and represented her country in two Olympics, six World Championships, and six European championships, along with numerous other competitions. She is now retired from competitive skating. Results GP: Champions Series (Grand Prix) References External links Krisztina Czakó official home page Navigation 1978 births Living people Hungarian female single skaters Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics Olympic figure skaters for Hungary European Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade Figure skaters from Budapest

4044955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faded%20%28Kate%20DeAraugo%20song%29

Faded (Kate DeAraugo song)

"Faded" is a song written by Matthew Gerrard, Jessica Origliasso, Lisa Origliasso, and Robbie Nevil, produced by Gerrard and Bryon Jones for Australian singer Kate DeAraugo's first album A Place I've Never Been (2005). It was released as the album's second single in Australia on 20 February 2006 as a CD single. Two of the song's co-writers—Jessica and Lisa Origliasso of the Veronicas—recorded a demo of "Faded" prior to DeAraugo's release. They have been known to perform the song live. "Faded" was DeAraugo's second top-10 single following her number-one hit "Maybe Tonight" after winning series three of Australian Idol. DeAraugo went on to achieve two other top-10 singles with girl group the Young Divas. In 2008, the song was covered by German dance music act Cascada for their second studio album, Perfect Day (2007). Music video The video begins with DeAraugo in her car with a photograph of her partner, The words "FADED" appear in the shadow of underneath her car. As the chorus begins, we see her performing the song in a large warehouse with her band. She then texts her boyfriend "Can you come over?", who we see stumbling down an alley in the presumption he is drunk, checking out another woman. After she receives the text, he drives to the same warehouse and opens the door to find photos of him with other woman scattered all over the floor, with the words "Cheat", "Liar", "Coward", "Fake", "Two Timer", and "User" put over his face. He then runs out, and upon trying to leave his car won't start, leaving him stranded there. Track listing "Faded" – 3:31 "Faded (Reactor mix)" – 3:40 "Faded (Chameleon mix)" – 4:59 "World Stands Still" – 3:56 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Cascada cover German Eurodance group Cascada covered the song on their American/Canadian release of their album Perfect Day. In the U.S. "Faded" was digitally released on 5 August 2008 and then released on a CD Maxi 26 August 2008. Although the song did not receive much attention on United States charts, it did rank as No. 55 on New York's Radio Station Z100's Top 100 Songs of 2008. The track was also released in certain European countries such as Finland and Germany as a digital download in 2010. Formats and track listing United States "Faded" (Album Version) – 2:50 "Faded" (Dave Ramone Electro Club Edit) – 2:57 "Faded" (Wideboys Electro Radio Edit) – 2.36 "Faded" (Dave Ramone Pop Radio Mix) – 2:54 "Faded" (Album Extended Version) – 4:26 "Faded" (Dave Ramone Electro Club Extended) – 6:25 "Faded" (Wideboys Electro Club Mix) – 6:07 "Faded" (Dave Ramone Pop Extended Mix) – 5:51 "Faded" (Lior Magal Remix) – 5:27 "Faded" (Giuseppe D's Dark Fader Club Mix) – 7:20 Europe "Faded" (Radio Edit) – 2:48 "Faded" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 2:36 "Faded" (Extended Mix) – 4:24 "Faded" (Dave Ramone Remix) – 5.48 France "Faded" (Wideboys Miami House Mix) – 6:04 Charts Release history References 2005 songs 2006 singles Kate DeAraugo songs Song recordings produced by Matthew Gerrard Songs written by Jessica Origliasso Songs written by Lisa Origliasso Songs written by Matthew Gerrard Songs written by Robbie Nevil Sony BMG singles

4044962

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester%20North%20%28provincial%20electoral%20district%29

Colchester North (provincial electoral district)

Colchester North is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was created in 1978 when the former district of Colchester was redistributed. The Member of the Legislative Assembly is Tom Taggart of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia, who replaced Karen Casey who had held the seat from 2006 to 2021 as both a Conservative and then a Liberal. The riding includes the northern half of Colchester County. Communities include Debert, Great Village, and Tatamagouche. Geography The land area of Colchester North is . Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2013 general election |Liberal | Karen Casey |align="right"| 5,003 |align="right"| 61.00 |align="right"| |- |Progressive Conservative | John Kendrick MacDonald |align="right"| 2,162 |align="right"| 26.36 |align="right"| |- |New Democratic Party | Jim Wyatt |align="right"| 1,037 |align="right"| 12.64 |align="right"| |} 2017 general election 2021 general election References External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll by Poll Results Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts

4044969

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%2C%20du%20liegst%20mir%20im%20Herzen

Du, du liegst mir im Herzen

"Du, du liegst mir im Herzen" ("You, you are in my heart") is a German folk song about the excruciating pain of unrequited love, which is believed to have originated in northern Germany around 1820. Bavarian flautist Theobald Boehm, inventor of the fingering system for the modern western concert flute, composed a theme and variations for flute and piano on this tune. Notable performances The song is heard in the 1961 film Judgment at Nuremberg during a key scene between Spencer Tracy and Marlene Dietrich. In 1974's Blazing Saddles, Madeline Kahn, satirising Dietrich, sings it with a group of Nazis. It also features in Top Secret!, The Winds of War, Le Silence de la mer, the Barbara Stanwyck film Ever in My Heart and in Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat, sung by Walter Slezak. It was sung by the Kenneth Mars character, Franz Liebkind, in The Producers. In the 1991 film, What About Bob?, a gleeful Richard Dreyfuss whistles the melody of the chorus. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961). German-American jazz keyboardist Clare Fischer recorded two dramatically contrasting versions in 1975 and 1980, a solo piano performance on Alone Together and his arrangement for a Latin jazz ensemble supplemented by the vocal quartet 2+2 on the eponymous album 2+2. Bill W., cofounder of Alcoholics Anonymous recorded this song in 1947 to send as part of a communication on reel to reel to his friend, cofounder Dr. Bob S. This is the only known recording of Bill playing the violin, and can be listened to at Dr. Bob's Home in Akron, Ohio. Lyrics Du, du liegst mir im Herzen du, du liegst mir im Sinn. Du, du machst mir viel Schmerzen, weißt nicht wie gut ich dir bin. Ja, ja, ja, ja, weißt nicht wie gut ich dir bin. So, so wie ich dich liebe so, so liebe auch mich. Die, die zärtlichsten Triebe fühl' ich allein nur für dich. Ja, ja, ja, ja, fühl' ich allein nur für dich. Doch, doch darf ich dir trauen dir, dir mit leichtem Sinn? Du, du kannst auf mich bauen weißt ja wie gut ich dir bin! Ja, ja, ja, ja, weißt ja wie gut ich dir bin! Und, und wenn in der Ferne, mir, mir dein Bild erscheint, dann, dann wünscht ich so gerne daß uns die Liebe vereint. Ja, ja, ja, ja, daß uns die Liebe vereint. You, you are in my heart, you, you are in my mind. You, you cause me much pain, you don't know how good I am for you. Yes, yes, yes, yes you don't know how good I am for you. So, as I love you so, so love me too. The most tender desires I alone feel only for you. Yes, yes, yes, yes, I alone feel only for you. But, but may I trust you you, you with a light heart? You, you know you can rely on me, you do know how good for you I am! Yes, yes, yes, yes you do know how good for you I am! And, and if in the distance, it seems to me like your picture, then, then I wish so much that we were united in love. Yes, yes, yes, yes, that we were united in love. Music External links Lyrics , Marlene Dietrich , Hermann Prey Volkslied 1820s songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown

4044975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20highways

List of United States Virgin Islands highways

Below is a list of highways in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). US Virgin Islands code places responsibility for highways in the territory to the USVI Department of Public Works. In the USVI, highways which begin with the numbers 1-2 are located on the island of St. John, 3-4 are located on St. Thomas, and 5-8 are located on St. Croix. Unlike elsewhere in the U.S., traffic in the USVI drives on the left. Highways on St. John Highway 10 Highway 20 Highway 104 Highway 107 Highway 108 Highway 206 Highways on St. Thomas Highway 30 Highway 32 Highway 33 Highway 35 Highway 37 Highway 38 Highway 39 Highway 40 Highway 42 Highway 301 Highway 302 Highway 303 Highway 304 Highway 305 Highway 306 Highway 308 Highway 313 Highway 314 Highway 315 Highway 318 Highway 322 Highway 332 Highway 333 Highway 334 Highway 379 Highway 382 Highway 384 Highway 386 Highway 388 Highway 394 Highway 404 Highways on St. Croix Highway 58 Highway 60 Highway 62 Highway 63 Highway 64 Highway 65 Highway 66 Highway 68 Highway 69 Highway 70 Highway 72 Highway 73 Highway 74 Highway 75 Highway 76 Highway 78 Highway 79 Highway 80 Highway 81 Highway 82 Highway 83 Highway 85 Highway 622 Highway 624 Highway 661 Highway 663 Highway 669 Highway 681 Highway 682 Highway 701 Highway 702 Highway 704 Highway 705 Highway 707 Highway 708 Highway 751 Highway 752 Highway 753 Highway 763 Highway 765 Highway 7010 Highway 7013 Highway 7532 See also References United States Virgin Islands

4044982

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%20Harbour-Eastern%20Passage

Cole Harbour-Eastern Passage

Cole Harbour—Eastern Passage was a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The district was created in 1992 from Cole Harbour. In 2003, the district lost an area south of the Circumferential Highway and the eastern side of Morris Lake to Dartmouth South, and lost an area south of Portland Street to Cole Harbour. In 2013, the district gained the area south of Russell Lake and east of Highway 111 from Dartmouth South-Portland Valley. The district was abolished at the 2021 Nova Scotia general election, mostly into Eastern Passage and parts of Cole Harbour-Dartmouth and Cole Harbour. Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results |- |Liberal |Joyce Treen |align="right"|3,057 |align="right"|40.62 |align="right"|+25.02 |- |New Democratic Party |Becky Kent |align="right"|2,914 |align="right"|38.72 |align="right"|-26.45 |- |Progressive Conservative |Lloyd Jackson |align="right"|1,555 |align="right"|20.66 |align="right"|+4.76 |} |- |New Democratic Party |Becky Kent |align="right"|4,402 |align="right"|65.17 |align="right"|+20.78 |- |Progressive Conservative |Lloyd Jackson |align="right"|1,074 |align="right"|15.90 |align="right"|-17.73 |- |Liberal |Orest Ulan |align="right"|1,054 |align="right"|15.60 |align="right"|-1.70 |- |} |- |New Democratic Party |Becky Kent |align="right"|2,459 |align="right"|44.39 |align="right"|-20.01 |- |Progressive Conservative |Michael Eddy |align="right"|1,863 |align="right"|33.63 |align="right"|+14.71 |- |- |} |- |New Democratic Party |Kevin Deveaux |align="right"|3,997 |align="right"|58.44 |align="right"|+19.17 |- |Progressive Conservative |Harry McInroy |align="right"|1,641 |align="right"|23.99 |align="right"|-13.36 |- |Liberal |Brian Churchill |align="right"|1,121 |align="right"|16.39 |align="right"|-6.99 |} |- |New Democratic Party |Kevin Deveaux |align="right"|3,721 |align="right"|39.27 |align="right"|- |- |Progressive Conservative |Nadune Cooper Mont |align="right"|3,539 |align="right"|37.35 |align="right"|- |- |Liberal |Colin MacEachern |align="right"|2,216 |align="right"|23.38 |align="right"|- |} |- |New Democratic Party |Kevin Deveaux |align="right"|4,411 |align="right"|45.73 |align="right"|- |- |Progressive Conservative |Randy Anstey |align="right"|3,303 |align="right"|34.24 |align="right"|- |- |Liberal |Linda DeGrace |align="right"|1,931 |align="right"|20.02 |align="right"|- |} |- |Liberal |Dennis Richards |align="right"|4,702 |align="right"|48.13 |align="right"|- |- |Progressive Conservative |John Gold |align="right"|3,409 |align="right"|34.89 |align="right"|- |- |New Democratic Party |Ash Shaihk |align="right"|1,501 |align="right"|15.36 |align="right"|- |- |Natural Law Party |Helen Creighton |align="right"|158 |align="right"|1.62 |align="right"|- |} References External links 2003 riding profile 2006 riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia Politics of Halifax, Nova Scotia

4045016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Mayall

Margaret Mayall

Margaret Walton Mayall (January 27, 1902 – December 6, 1995) was an American astronomer. She was the director of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) from 1949 to 1973. Early life and education Mayall (born Margaret Lyle Walton) was born in Iron Hill, Maryland, on 27 January 1902. She attended the University of Delaware, where her interest in astronomy grew after taking math and chemistry courses. She then moved to Swarthmore College, where she received her Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics in 1924. She earned an MA in Astronomy from Radcliffe College, Harvard University, in 1928 and worked as a research assistant and astronomer at Harvard College Observatory from 1924 to 1954, initially working with Annie Jump Cannon on classifying star spectra and estimating star brightness. She was a research staff member at the Heat Research Laboratory, Special Weapons Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1943 to 1946. Personal life While working in Nantucket, she met Robert Newton Mayall, a member of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). They married in 1927. She died of congestive heart failure in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 6 December 1995. Awards In 1958 she won the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy. References Further reading External links Letters at the AAVSO Oral history interview with Margaret Mayall on 11 August 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I Oral history interview with Margaret Mayall on 12 September 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II The Harold C. Ernst Collection of Portable Sundials 1902 births 1995 deaths American women astronomers Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy 20th-century American women scientists People from Cecil County, Maryland 20th-century American scientists Radcliffe College alumni Swarthmore College alumni Harvard College Observatory people

4045025

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester-Musquodoboit%20Valley

Colchester-Musquodoboit Valley

Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The district was created in 1978 from Colchester, and was called Colchester South until 1993. In 1993, the name was changed to Colchester-Musquodoboit Valley and it gained the Salmon River and Musquodoboit Valley areas from Bedford-Musquodoboit Valley, and Millbrook 27 from Truro-Bible Hill. It includes the southern half of Colchester County (not including the Truro area) plus the Musquodoboit Valley region of the Halifax Regional Municipality. Geography The landmass of Colchester-Musquodoboit Valley is . Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1978 general election 1981 general election 1984 general election 1988 general election 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2013 general election |- |Progressive Conservative |Larry Harrison |align="right"|3,304 |align="right"|42.27 |align="right"|+13.28 |- |New Democratic Party |Gary Burrill |align="right"|2,293 |align="right"|29.33 |align="right"|-18.76 |- |Liberal | Tom Martin |align="right"|2,220 |align="right"|28.40 |align="right"|+7.79 |} 2017 general election 2021 general election References Election Summary From 1867 - 2007 1993 Poll by Poll Results 1988 Poll by Poll Results 1984 Poll by Poll Results 1981 Poll by Poll Results 1978 Poll by Poll Results External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll by Poll Results Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts

4045032

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning%20sun

Morning sun

Morning sun may refer to: Sun, the Solar System's star Sunrise Places in the United States Morning Sun, Iowa Morning Sun Township, Louisa County, Iowa Morning Sun, Ohio Morning Sun, Tennessee Music Morning Sun (album), by Barbara Mandrell, 1990 Morning Sun (EP), by the Beautiful Girls, 2002 "Morning Sun" (Robbie Williams song), 2010 "Morning Sun" (Robin Thicke song), 2015 "Morning Sun", a song by Sault from 11 (2022) "Morning Sun", a song by the Spencer Davis Group from With Their New Face On, 1968 Newspapers The Morning Sun, Pittsburg, Kansas, US Morning Sun, published by Judson King in Denison, Texas, US Other uses Morning Sun (film), a 2003 American documentary about China's Cultural Revolution Morning Sun, a 1952 painting by Edward Hopper Morning Sun, a 1963 off-Broadway musical with a book by Fred Ebb

4045043

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina%20Curry%20Rogers

Kristina Curry Rogers

Kristina "Kristi" Curry Rogers (born June 20, 1974) is an American vertebrate paleontologist and a professor in Biology and Geology at Macalester College. Her research focuses on questions of dinosaur paleobiology, bone histology, growth, and evolution, especially in a subgroup of sauropods called Titanosauria. She has named two dinosaur species from Madagascar, Rapetosaurus, the most complete Cretaceous sauropod and titanosaur found to date, and Vahiny, so far known only from a partial skull. She and Jeffrey A. Wilson co-authored The Sauropods, Evolution and Paleobiology, published in December 2005. Her research includes field work in Argentina, Madagascar, Montana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Early life and education Rogers was born in Sikeston, Missouri, where her passion for paleontology was fostered at an early age. By the time she began research during her undergraduate education under the guidance of Jack Horner, her future career in research was fossilized. Her experience ignited a long-term fascination with the long-necked, giant dinosaurs known as sauropods. She graduated with a degree in Biology from Montana State University in 1996. Rogers completed both her MSc and PhD in Anatomical Sciences from State University of New York at Stony Brook. by 2001. Her graduate advisors, Catherine Forster and David W. Krause, were founding members of the Mahajanga Basin Project, a long-term, National Science Foundation and National Geographic Society-supported research program focused on the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation. Her graduate research focused on the evolutionary history of Titanosauria. Since then, she has continued to publish work elucidating titanosaur anatomy and paleobiology. Career In 2001, Rogers was hired as the Curator of Paleontology at the Science Museum of Minnesota, where she worked until 2008. At that time, she moved to Macalester College, where she was jointly appointed in the Biology and Geology Departments. In 2019, she was appointed as Chair of Biology at Macalester College. She is also an active member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, the Geological Society of America, and the Society for Integrative Comparative Biology. Awards and honours Rogers has been the recipient of a number of National Science Foundation grants, including the prestigious NSF CAREER award. Rogers was awarded the Macalester College Jack and Marty Rossman Excellence in Teaching Award in 2015. Rogers has also served as an on screen expert for numerous documentaries with the BBC, PBS, the National Geographic Channel, and the Discovery Channel, and is featured in the large format film Titanosaur 3D: The Story of Maximo. She was also a guest speaker on the MPR News in 2012 where she discussed dinosaur bones and has starred in a video describing the way in which dinosaurs grow. Family She is married to Macalester College geologist, Ray Rogers, and has two daughters. Partial bibliography Castanet, J., K. Curry Rogers, J. Cubo, and J. J. Boisard. 2000. Quantification of periosteal osteogenesis in ostrich and emu: Implications for studies of extinct dinosaurian bone histology. Comptes Rendus l'Académie des Sciences. Curry Rogers, K. 2001. "Growth Rates among the dinosaurs" in The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs (Paul, G., ed.). pp. 297–309. Rogers, R.R., D.W. Krause, and K. Curry Rogers. (2003). Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur Majungatholus atopus. Nature. 422:515-518. Curry Rogers, K and Forster, C. A. (2004) The skull of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(1): 121–143. Rogers, R.R., K. Curry Rogers, D. Munyikwa, R. Terry, and B. Singer. (2004). New insights into Karoo-equivalent rocks in the Limpopo Valley of Zimbabwe, with observations on the preservation of early dinosaurs. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 40:147-161. Curry Rogers, K. A., (2005), "Titanosauria: A Phylogenetic Overview" in Curry Rogers and Wilson (eds), The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology pp. 50–103 Krause, D. W., P. M. O’Connor, K. Curry Rogers, S. Sampson, G. Buckley, and R. R. Rogers. (2006). Late Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American Biogeography. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93:178-208. Salgado, L., R. A. Coria, C. M. Magalhaes Ribeiro, A. Garrido, R. Rogers, M. E. Simón, A. B. Arcucci, K. Curry Rogers, A.P. Carabajal, S. Apesteguía, M. Fernández, R. A. García, and M. Talevi. (2007). Upper Cretaceous dinosaur nesting sites of Río Negro (Salitral Ojo de Agua and Salinas de Trapalcó-Salitral de Santa Rosa), northern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 28:392-404. Rogers, R. R., D. W. Krause, K. Curry Rogers, A. H. Rasoamiaramanana, and L. Rahantarisoa. (2007). Paleoenvironment and Paleoecology of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8 27(suppl. to 2):21-31. Erickson, G. M., K. Curry Rogers, D. J. Varricchio, M. A. Norell, and Xing Xu. (2007). Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveal the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition. Biological Letters 3:558-561. Wilson, J. A., M. D. D’emic, K. Curry Rogers, D. M. Mohabey, and S. Sen. (2009). Reassessment of the sauropod dinosaur Jainosaurus (= “Antarctosaurus”) septentrionalis from the Upper Cretaceous of India. Contributions from the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology 32:17-40. Curry Rogers, K. (2009). The postcranial anatomy of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:1046-1086. Stein, K., Z. Csiki, K. Curry Rogers, D. B. Weishampel, R. Redelstorff, J. L. Carballido, and P. M. Sander. (2010). Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 107: 9258-9263. Wilson, J. A. and K. Curry Rogers. (2012). The Sauropods, in M. Brett-Surman, T. Holtz, Jr., and J. O. Farlow (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, Second Edition. Indiana University Press, Bloomington: 444-481. Curry Rogers, K. and M. D’Emic. (2012). Triumph of the Titans. Scientific American 306(5): 48-55. Curry Rogers, K. and J. A. Wilson. (2014). Vahiny depereti gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation, Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 606-617. Curry Rogers, K., M. Whitney, M. D’Emic, and B. Bagley. (2016). Precocity in a tiny titanosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 352:450-454. Rogers, R. R., M. Carrano, K. Curry Rogers, M. Perez, and A. Regan. (2017). Isotaphonomy in concept and practice: an exploration of vertebrate microfossil bonebeds in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation, north-central Montana. Paleobiology 43:248-273. Books Reviews: References External links Kristi Curry Rogers – Macalester College Geology Department She studies dinos in Madagascar Questions and answers about Curry Rogers' research from Science Museum of Minnesota visitors. Skeleton of New Dinosaur "Titan" Found in Madagascar – D.L. Parsell – National Geographic News, August 1, 2001 www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/r-is-for-rapetosaurus Living people 1974 births American paleontologists Women paleontologists Stony Brook University alumni Macalester College faculty

4045063

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20North

Cumberland North

Cumberland North is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Prior to 1993, it was part of Cumberland East. The communities of Amherst and Pugwash are within its boundaries. Geography Cumberland North covers . Members of the Legislative Assembly This electoral district has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1993 general election 1997 by-election |- |Progressive Conservative |Ernie Fage |align="right"|4954 |align="right"| |align="right"| |- |Liberal |Russell Scott |align="right"|2123 |align="right"| |align="right"| |- |New Democratic Party |Dorothy Jorgensen |align="right"|1014 |align="right"| |align="right"| |} 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2013 general election |- |Liberal |Terry Farrell |align="right"| 2,944 |align="right"| 39.81 |align="right"| |- |Progressive Conservative |Judith Marie Giroux |align="right"| 2,230 |align="right"| 30.15 |align="right"| |- |New Democratic Party |Brian Skabar |align="right"| 1,943 |align="right"| 26.27 |align="right"| |- |} 2017 general election 2021 general election Notes For both the 2009 and 2021 general elections in this riding, the results of both the Independent and Progressive Conservative candidates are compared to the PC total in the respective previous elections. In both races, the incumbent sought re-election as an Independent after being elected as a PC MLA in the previous election. External links riding profile June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results References Election Summary From 1867 - 2007 1993 Poll by Poll Results 1988 Poll by Poll Results 1984 Poll by Poll Results 1981 Poll by Poll Results 1978 Poll by Poll Results 1974 Poll by Poll Results 1970 Poll by Poll Results 1967 Poll by Poll Results Amherst, Nova Scotia Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts

4045071

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20A.%20Wilson

Jeffrey A. Wilson

Jeffrey A. Wilson, also known as JAW, is a paleontologist and professor of geological sciences and assistant curator at the Museum of Paleontology at the University of Michigan. His doctoral dissertation was on sauropod evolution and phylogeny, and he has continued this work in cladistic analysis and revision of the group (see e.g. Wilson and Sereno 1994, 1998, Wilson 2005b, and especially Wilson 2002). With Paul Sereno, he defined the clades Macronaria and Somphospondyli (Wilson & Sereno 1998). Wilson was also involved in the discovery and description of Pabwehshi pakistanensis, the first discovery of decent (diagnostic) Cretaceous crocodylian fossil remains from the Indian subcontinent, in the discovery of Rajasaurus narmadensis, the most completely known theropod dinosaur from India and a member of the family Abelisauridae, description of a number of North African dinosaurs (theropods and sauropods) from Niger, and rediscriptions of the Cretaceous sauropods Titanosaurus colberti (as Isisaurus) and Nemegtosaurus (previously thought to be a diplodocoid, but now recognised as a titanosaur). His younger brother, Dr. Gregory P. Wilson, studies Mesozoic mammals and is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Washington, and adjunct curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. List of dinosaurs named Bibliography Wilson, J. A. and Sereno, P. C. (1994) Higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Supplement 14:52A. Wilson, J.A. & Sereno, P.C. (1998). Early evolution and Higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 5, 1-68. (includes definitions of the clades Macronaria and Somphospondyli) Sereno, P. C., Beck, A.L., Dutheil, D.B., Gado, B., Larsson, H.C.E., Lyon, G.H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R.W., Sidor, C.A., Varricchio, D.J., Wilson, G. P. & Wilson, J. A. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282:1298-1302. document in pdf format (description of Suchomimus, and spinosaur relationships) Wilson, J. A. and M. T. Carrano, (1999). Titanosaurs and the origin of 'wide-gauge' trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion. Paleobiology 25:252-267. (Titanosaurs had a different gait to earlier sauropods - the legs are spaced further apart, may have facilitated tripodal feeding) Wilson, J. A., R. N. Martinez & O. Alcober. (1999). Distal tail segment of a titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:591-594. Wilson, J A. (1999). A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(4):639-653. (vertebral laminae can play an important role in sauropod classification) Wilson, J.A. (1999) The evolution and phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 384pp [in 2 vols.] Sereno, P.C., Beck, A.L., Dutheil, D.B., Larsson, H.C.E., Lyon, G.H., Moussa, B., Sadleir, R.W., Sidor, C.A., Varricchio, D.J., Wilson, G. P. & Wilson, J. A., (1999), Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs, Science 286(5443): 1342-1347 (Nov 12 1999) (describes two new African sauropods: Jobaria tiguidensis, a late persisting primitive sauropod, and Nigersaurus taqueti, a Rebbachisaur)) Wilson, J.A., Malkani, M.S., and Gingerich, P.D. (2001) New crocodyliform (Reptilia, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous Pab Formation of Vitakri, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(12): 321–336. (on Pabwehshi pakistanensis) Wilson, J.A. (2002) Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136(2):215-275 (a detailed cladistic analysis of sauropod phylogeny) Wilson, J.A. and Upchurch, P (2003) A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria-Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a "Gondwanan" distribution, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology Volume 1 Issue 3 - September 2003 (a revision of 14 species of the genus Titanosaurus shows that only five of these are valid. The type species T. indicus is considered a nomen dubium, and therefore the abandonment of suprageneric taxa based on it - e.g. Titanosaurinae, Titanosauridae, and Titanosauroidea - is suggested. The species T. colberti is renamed Isisaurus colberti) Wilson, J.A., Sereno, P.C., Srivastava, S., Bhatt, D.K., Khosla, A. and Sahni, A. (2003) A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(1):1-42 (description of Rajasaurus narmadensis) Wilson, J.A. (2005). Redescription of the Mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis Nowinski (Dinosauria: Saurischia) and comments on Late Cretaceous sauropod diversity. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3: 283–318. (shows that Nemegtosaurus and Quaesitosaurus are closely related and belong to the titanosaur group, rather than the diplodocoidea; redefines the family Nemegtosauridae. See New Nemegtosaurus paper for more. Curry Rogers, K. A. and Wilson, J.A. 2005, The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology, University of California Press, Berkeley, Wilson, J.A. (2005b) "Overview of Sauropod Phylogeny and Evolution", in The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology (broad overview of phylogenetic characteristics and evolution development of the main sauropod clades, also phylocode-style definitions for each clade. Wilson, J. A. and Sereno, P. C. (2005) "Structure and Evolution of a Sauropod Tooth Battery" in The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology (Nigersaurus skull and dentition, illustrating Rebbachisaur feeding adaptations) American paleontologists Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American curators University of Michigan staff

4045074

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi%20%28Lee%20Harding%20song%29

Wasabi (Lee Harding song)

"Wasabi" is a song written by Adrian Hannan, Barbara Hannan, Emma Graham and Tommy Rando, produced by Adrian Hannan for Australian singer Lee Harding's debut album, What's Wrong with This Picture? (2006). Harding was a contestant on season three of Australian Idol (July–November 2005). Harding's debut single was issued on 12 December 2005 as a double A-side with his cover version of Survivor's "Eye of the Tiger". It peaked at 1 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks. In 2009, a Herald Sun poll ranked "Wasabi" as the sixth-worst Australian song of all time. Track listing CD single "Wasabi" – 3:03 "Eye of the Tiger" – 2:45 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certification See also Australian Idol Music of Australia List of number-one singles of 2005 (Australia) List of number-one singles of 2006 (Australia) References 2005 singles 2005 songs Number-one singles in Australia

4045078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92dipe%20%C3%A0%20Colone

Œdipe à Colone

is an operatic tragédie lyrique by Antonio Sacchini first performed at Versailles on 4 January 1786 in the presence of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The libretto, by Nicolas-François Guillard, is based on the play Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles. The premiere, intended to inaugurate the new theatre at Versailles, was not a success, possibly due to the quality of the performances, the staging, or the acoustics. Marie Antoinette promised Sacchini a better production at Fontainebleau in the autumn, but the Affair of the Diamond Necklace meant she was unable to have her wish. The news that the production was cancelled is said to have hastened the death of the already seriously ill composer on October 9, 1786. Œdipe was given a posthumous performance by the Paris Opera at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin on February 1, 1787. This time the audience was warmly appreciative and the opera became one of the most popular pieces in the repertoire for several decades, reaching a total of almost 600 performances by 1844. Roles Synopsis Background The plot is based on the myth of Oedipus, King of Thebes. Oedipus has been expelled from the city after it was revealed he had killed his father and married his mother. Now blind and aged he wanders through Greece accompanied only by his daughter Antigone. Meanwhile, the throne of Thebes has been divided between Oedipus' two sons, Eteocles and Polynices. But the two have quarrelled and Eteocles has driven out Polynices, who seeks refuge with Theseus, King of Athens. Act 1 The opera begins with Polynices and Theseus striking a pact: Polynices will marry Theseus' daughter, Eriphyle, and Theseus will help him retake the throne of Thebes, thus forging an alliance between that city and Athens. The Athenians celebrate and Theseus and Polynices go to the temple to offer a sacrifice. Polynices feels guilty he banished his father Oedipus from Thebes. As he sacrifices, the temple fire goes out, a symbol of the anger of the Furies. Act 2 Polynices wanders outside the temple where he sees an old man being led by a girl. It is Oedipus and Antigone. Oedipus senses the presence of the Furies and is sent temporarily insane. Antigone pleads with the gods to have mercy on her father. A crowd appears and when they learn the identity of Oedipus they want to drive him away, but Theseus stops them and offers the old man his hospitality. Act 3 Polynices tells Antigone he is so remorseful he would give up everything, including Eriphyle, to be forgiven by his father. Antigone tries to reconcile Oedipus and his son, but Oedipus reacts by accusing her of disloyalty and cursing both Polynices and Eteocles. Only when Polynices begs his father to kill him with his own hands does Oedipus take pity on his son. This act of forgiveness earns the mercy of the gods. The wrath of the Furies is appeased. Instrumentation Œdipe à Colone is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 horns, timpani, and strings. Like most classical period works, the presence of continuo instruments like bassoons and harpsichord is assumed as well. Some modern performances have used a thunder sheet to represent the stormy anger of the gods portrayed at the end of Act I. Recordings Order of characters: Œdipe, Antigone, Polynice, Thésée, Eriphile, the High Priest, an Athenian woman, a coryphaeus, a herald MRF (Morgan Recording Federation) 153 (1977) – Renato Bruson, Radmila Bakočević, Herbert Handt, Juan Oncina, Maria Candida, Robert Amis El-Age, Nicoletta Panni, Walter Brighi (tenore), Giuseppe Scaleo – Coro e Orchestra da camera "Alessandro Scarlatti" Napoli Radiotelevisione italiana, conducted by Franco Caracciolo (radio live recording 1971, sung in Italian) Dynamic 494/1-2 CD – Sviatoslav Smirnov (baritone), Manon Feubel (soprano), Fabrice Mantegna (tenor), Daniel Galvez-Vallejo (tenor), Raphaëlle Farman (soprano), Jacques Gay (bass-baritone), Géraldine Casey (soprano), not indicated, Chœur de Chambre et Orchestre de la Camerata de Bourgogne, conducted by Jean-Paul Penin (first world recording June 2004, published 2005) Naxos, 2006 CD – François Loup (bass-baritone), Nathalie Paulin (soprano), Robert Getchell (tenor), Tony Boutté (tenor), Kirsten Blaise (soprano), Jonathan Kimple (bass-baritone), Kara Morgan, Philip Cave (tenor), Jason Kaminski (baritone), Opera Lafayette Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Ryan Brown Notes Sources External links Charles T. Downey blog review of Opera Lafayette production (15 May 2005), accessed 5 August 2008 Libretto with English translation Review of Opera Lafayette production (16 May 2005), accessed 5 August 2008 Operas French-language operas Tragédies en musique Operas by Antonio Sacchini 1786 operas Operas based on classical mythology Operas based on works by Sophocles Libretti by Nicolas-François Guillard

4045085

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Fentener%20van%20Vlissingen

Paul Fentener van Vlissingen

Paul Fentener van Vlissingen (21 March 1941 in Utrecht – 21 August 2006 in Langbroek) was a Dutch businessman and philanthropist who was CEO of SHV Holdings for three decades. He contributed to the development of game reserves in Africa and purchased the Letterewe estate in Scotland in 1978. He pledged the right to roam there prior to the passage of the Scottish Land Reform Act of 2003. Early life and background Paul Fentener van Vlissingen was the youngest son of Frits Fentener van Vlissingen II. The van Vlissingen family was a leading Dutch industrialist family whose fortune was based on shipping coal on the Rhine in the 19th century. Paul's father, described as one of the "fathers of the Dutch economy", had co-founded SHV Holdings through a merger with eight other Dutch trading families in 1896 and later bought out most of the other families. Originally Europe's largest coal wholesaling business, SHV is the largest privately owned company in the Netherlands. Career at SHV Holdings Paul inherited a significant shareholding in the company SHV Holdings from his father and studied economics at the University of Groningen before joining SHV. In May 1974, he joined the SHV board and he succeeded his brother, Frits III, as chairman in 1980. Paul led SHV as chief executive officer for three decades from the mid-1960s. Under his leadership the company diversified into new areas ahead of the collapse of the coal market in the 1960s. The areas he became involved with included retail, through the Makro and Otto Reichelt chains of grocery supermarkets and cash & carries, and energy, through the acquisitions of liquified petroleum gas companies including Calor Gas in the UK and Primagaz in France. He also diversified into scrap metal, recycling, oil exploration, renewable energy and private equity. In 1995 he stepped down and then served as non-executive chairman. Fentener van Vlissingen had a maverick and unconventionally philosophical leadership style. He allowed young managers whom he trusted to establish Makro operations in overseas markets, giving them unusual amounts of autonomy. He recognised the possibility of global warming as early as the early 1990s and had a love for cryptic aphorisms. In 2001 he wrote a book discussing his business experiences directing a large multi-national conglomerate entitled Ondernemers zijn ezels, which can be translated as Entrepreneurs are Jackasses. He followed this up in 2002 with a book entitled Overstekende ezels, translated Crossing Jackasses. In this second book he discussed his views regarding entrepreneurs, corruption, ambition, the euro, money, honesty, change and success. Philanthropy and conservation Fentener Van Vlissingen was recognised as a conservationist and contributed to the development of game reserves in Scotland, South Africa, Malawi, Zambia and Ethiopia. In 1978 he bought the wild and roadless Letterewe estate in Wester Ross, and in 2006 was described as the largest foreign landowner in Scotland. "I don't call myself the owner," he said of Letterewe. "You can't own a place like this. It belongs to the planet. I'm only the guardian of it." The Letterewe Accord, an agreement that gave ramblers freedom of access to the entire Letterewe estate in exchange for a pledge to respect the land, predated the Scottish Parliament's own right-to-roam legislation by over a decade. He was known for the "habit of inviting everyone, whether landowners, journalists, birdwatchers or ramblers, to visit the estate and talk about issues face to face." He sometimes saddled a pony with a week's provisions and disappeared into the hills, staying at a bothy without lights or a toilet. He also proposed reintroducing wolves and lynx to this estate. After a near fatal brush with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1980, he founded the Van Vlissingen Cancer Fund, which is now one of the major cancer fundraisers in the Netherlands. From 1994 until his death, his home was the Conholt Park estate in Wiltshire, England, on the border with Hampshire. Here, too, he applied sustainable land management and nature conservation. Van Vlissingen was also a great supporter of Scottish Gaelic and in 2006 donated £250,000 to Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, a Gaelic college on Skye. Death and legacy In April 2006, van Vlissingen announced that he had terminal pancreatic cancer and that he would not be having chemotherapy. He said: "In the Western world we mistakenly try to keep death at bay. I look to Native Americans instead. When they see their death approaching, they visit good friends and family to share happy memories and look back at the good things." In an interview with the Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf published in April 2006, he said: "Our planet is in a much sorrier state than it was when I was a child. The destruction cannot go on at this pace. My generation should be ashamed of the condition in which we are passing on our planet to future generations." In August 2006, the cancer got worse and led to his death on the night of 20–21 August 2006. The news of his death was released to the public on 22 August. In February 2006 it emerged that in his will Fentener van Vlissingen left a significant portion of his estate to his partner, the former Guardian art critic Caroline Tisdall, as well as several million to his lover, the Dutch businesswoman Suzanne Wolff. The Scotsman reported that Tisdall had been prepared to tolerate the billionaire's relationship with Wolff in his latter years. He left the bulk of his fortune and the Letterewe Estate in north-west Scotland to his two daughters, Alicia and Tet, and to their children. Frits III, his eldest brother, died in March 2006. John, the middle brother, is the last of the three brothers alive. Footnotes 1941 births 2006 deaths 20th-century Dutch businesspeople Deaths from pancreatic cancer Businesspeople from Utrecht (city) Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands Dutch billionaires Dutch expatriates in Scotland

4045089

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang%20Jang-yop

Hwang Jang-yop

Hwang Jang-yop (; 17 February 192310 October 2010) was a North Korean politician who served as the Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly from 1972 to 1983 and was largely responsible for crafting Juche, the state ideology of North Korea. He defected to South Korea in 1997, the highest-ranking North Korean to have defected. Early life and education Hwang was born in Kangdong, South Pyongan Province, during the period of Chōsen. He graduated from the Pyongyang Commercial School in 1941, and then went to Tokyo in 1942 to attend Chuo University's law school; however, he quit two years later and returned to Pyongyang, where he taught mathematics at his old school. He joined the Workers' Party of Korea in 1946, soon after its founding; from 1949 to 1953, he was sent to study at Moscow University in the Soviet Union,. Upon his return to North Korea, he became head lecturer in philosophy at Kim Il-sung University. He would later ascend to the presidency of that university in April 1965. Career Sometime in the late 1950s, Hwang discovered a 1955 speech, On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work, in which Kim Il-sung said, "Juche means Chosun's revolution" (Chosun being the traditional name for Korea). At the time, Kim wanted to develop his own version of Marxism-Leninism, and Hwang was largely responsible for developing what became known as "the Juche Idea." As part of this, he helped scrub all of the paeans to Joseph Stalin that had been typical of Kim's speeches in the 1940s and early 1950s. He also supervised the rewriting of Korean Communist history to make it look like Kim had been the founder and leader of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea from its inception. In 1972, Hwang became Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, a position which he would hold for 11 years. In 1983, however, he was removed from the Assembly and his standing deteriorated; though he had been Kim Jong-il's teacher at Kim Il-sung University, Kim now spoke to him only to criticize him, specifically admonishing him for taking too close an interest in China's capitalist reforms. Remarking on his role as advisor to Kim Jong-il, Hwang stated: "When I proposed something, he would pretend to listen at first, but in the end, he would never listen." Defection Hwang, along with his aide Kim Duk-hong, the president of a North Korean trading firm in Beijing, defected on returning from a February 1997 trip to Tokyo by walking into the South Korean embassy in Beijing and posing as South Korean diplomats with the use of fake South Korean passports. Once their true identities were discovered, Pyongyang immediately threatened retaliation, while Beijing police sealed off the South Korean embassy. Three days later, North Korean defector Yi Han-yong, the nephew of Kim Jong-il's mistress Song Hye-rim, was shot outside of his home in South Korea in Bundang, Gyeonggi-do, by unknown assailants widely suspected to be North Korean special forces agents; South Korean Prime Minister Lee Soo-sung described the attack as retaliation for Hwang's defection. A few days later, Kim Jong-il was quoted on Radio Pyongyang as saying, "Cowards, leave if you want to. We will defend the red flag of revolution to the end", a message seen as marking acceptance of Hwang's defection. Chinese authorities eventually permitted Hwang to depart for South Korea via the Philippines several weeks later. Considering Hwang's prominent role in the North Korean regime, his defection caused a stir, with The Washington Post saying it was "as if Joseph Goebbels had defected from Nazi Germany". After his defection, Hwang's wife back in North Korea died by suicide, and one of his daughters died under mysterious circumstances by falling off a truck; his other children, a daughter and a son, as well his grandchildren, are thought to have been sent to labour camps. After his arrival in South Korea, he became a harsh critic of North Korea, publishing over 12 books and treatises, many of which accused Kim Jong-il of "betraying Juche and building feudalism instead of socialism", and used his position as chairman of the Unification Policy Research Institute to spread his message. However, under the Sunshine Policy of president Kim Dae-jung, who took office in 1998, Hwang found himself increasingly marginalised; in November 2000, he was removed from the chairmanship of the Unification Policy Research Institute, leading him to complain that the South Korean government wanted him to stay quiet so as not to upset the North. Hwang contributed to the Daily NK, an online newspaper set up by South Koreans with North Korean staff. He described his feelings surrounding the defection in the paper. In April 2010, the South Korean National Intelligence Service announced that it had arrested two North Korean agents who had allegedly been sent to assassinate Hwang. The two agents had reportedly trained for four years in preparation for their mission. They had posed as defectors, but were discovered during questioning by South Korean authorities. They claimed that they would receive assistance from North Korean sympathisers in the South, but refused to give any names when questioned. Hwang commented on the assassination attempt, "Death is just death. There is no difference from dying of old age or being killed by Kim Jong-il." In June 2010, South Korea sentenced the two would-be assassins to 10 years in prison. Death Hwang was found dead in his home in Seoul, South Korea, on the morning of 10 October 2010. Initial reports stated that he died of a heart attack. He died while bathing, and as such a large amount of water entered his lungs; however, an autopsy found no poison or drugs in his body, and footage from surveillance cameras showed no signs of forcible entry. On those grounds, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (SMPA) stated that there was no evidence that his death might be murder and that they would close their investigation. On 20 October, just shortly after Hwang's death, the SMPA announced that it had arrested another would-be assassin of Hwang, Ri Dong-sam, who had also entered South Korea posing as a North Korean defector; however, the charges had no connection to Hwang's death. Bibliography Hwang published 20 books after his defection to South Korea: See also North Korean defectors North Koreans in South Korea South Korean defectors Choe Deok-sin, South Korean foreign minister, highest-ranking defector from the South References Further reading External links A collection of North Korean press releases about Hwang Jang-yop Hwang Jang-yop Holds Press Conference To Explain Why He Defected from North Korea Federation of American Scientists Daily NK, a pro-democracy online newspaper set up by North Korean exiles in South Korea 1923 births 2010 deaths Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Korean communists Korean nationalists Juche Academic staff of Kim Il-sung University North Korean defectors North Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union People from South Pyongan Province Jang-yop Members of the 6th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea Former Marxists

4045090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20South

Cumberland South

Cumberland South is a provincial electoral district in Cumberland Country, Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The riding was created before the 1993 election from most of Cumberland West and Cumberland Centre ridings and a small part of Cumberland East. The communities of Oxford, Parrsboro and Springhill are within its boundaries. The Member of the Legislative Assembly since 1998 has been held by the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia. A Tory stronghold, Cumberland South has been dominated by Progressive Conservative Murray Scott for over a decade and now Tory Rushton The 2012 redistribution saw the riding gain territory from Cumberland North. Geography The land area of Cumberland South is . Members of the Legislative Assembly This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 1993 general election 1998 general election 1999 general election 2003 general election 2006 general election 2009 general election 2010 by-election |- |Progressive Conservative |Jamie Baillie |align="right"|3,262 |align="right"|57.20% |align="right"|-10.26 |New Democratic Party |Scott McKee |align="right"|276 |align="right"|4.84% |align="right"|-21.06 |} 2013 general election |- |Progressive Conservative |Jamie Baillie |align="right"| 3,655 |align="right"| 51.0% |align="right"| -6.2 |- |Liberal |Kenny Jackson |align="right"| 2,884 |align="right"| 40.2% |align="right"| +2.2 |- |New Democratic Party |Larry Duchesne |align="right"| 486 |align="right"| 6.8% |align="right"| +2.0 |- |- |} 2017 general election 2018 by-election 2021 general election References Cumberland County, Nova Scotia Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts

4045113

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro-Bible%20Hill-Millbrook-Salmon%20River

Truro-Bible Hill-Millbrook-Salmon River

Truro-Bible Hill-Millbrook-Salmon River is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The electoral district was created in 1978 and was named Truro-Bible Hill until it was renamed in the 2012 electoral boundary review; there were no boundary changes. The present name for the electoral district was used beginning with the 2013 provincial election. Geography Truro-Bible Hill-Millbrook-Salmon River covers of land area. Members of the Legislative Assembly The electoral district has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results 2021 general election 2020 by-election 2017 general election 2013 general election |- |New Democratic Party |Lenore Zann |align="right"|3,165 |align="right"|38.05 |align="right"|-10.31 |- |Liberal |Barry J. Mellish |align="right"|2,682 |align="right"|32.25 |align="right"|+12.72 |Progressive Conservative |Charles Cox |align="right"|2,470 |align="right"|29.70 |align="right"|-0.53 |- |} 2009 general election |- |New Democratic Party |Lenore Zann |align="right"|4,070 |align="right"|48.37 |align="right"|+19.73 |- |Progressive Conservative |Hughie MacIsaac |align="right"|2,544 |align="right"|30.23 |align="right"|-17.04 |- |Liberal |Bob Hagell |align="right"|1,643 |align="right"|19.52 |align="right"|-1.80 |- |} 2006 general election |- |Progressive Conservative |Jamie Muir |align="right"|3,711 |align="right"|47.27 |align="right"|+0.16 |- |New Democratic Party |Jim Harpell |align="right"|2,248 |align="right"|28.64 |align="right"|+0.41 |- |Liberal |Ron Chisholm |align="right"|1,674 |align="right"|21.32 |align="right"|-3.33 |- |} 2003 general election |- |Progressive Conservative |Jamie Muir |align="right"|3,862 |align="right"|47.11 |align="right"|-6.47 |- |New Democratic Party |Jim Harpell |align="right"|2,314 |align="right"|28.23 |align="right"|+0.02 |- |Liberal |Jeff Yuill |align="right"|2,021 |align="right"|24.66 |align="right"|+6.45 |} 1999 general election |- |Progressive Conservative |Jamie Muir |align="right"|4,747 |align="right"|53.58 |align="right"|+11.55 |- |New Democratic Party |Ibel Scammell |align="right"|2499 |align="right"|28.21 |align="right"|-1.82 |- |Liberal |Matthew Graham |align="right"|1,613 |align="right"|18.21 |align="right"|-9.73 |} 1998 general election 1993 general election 1988 general election 1984 general election 1981 general election 1978 general election References External links Riding profile Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts Truro, Nova Scotia

4045114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Okean%20Nakhodka

FC Okean Nakhodka

Okean Nakhodka was a Russian football club based in Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai. The club's colours were white and blue. History In 1989 Okean won the RSFSR Cup, and in 1991 they won the regional league. Okean spent 1992 and 1993 seasons in the Top League, being one of the founding members, aided by the fact that the clubs from other Soviet republics walked away from the existing Soviet league system to form their own leagues. They thus became the easternmost club to compete in the Top League (and by extension, all of Europe's top flight leagues, though they never made any European competition), a record they hold until 2017 (when SKA-Khabarovsk won promotion to the top tier of Russian football). The best result they achieved was a 14th position in 1992. After relegation in 1993 Okean played in the First League in 1994–1996, after which they were relegated again. Okean played in the Second Division after 1997. The best result was achieved in 2005, when they finished as runners-up. In 2010 they finished 11th or last in East Zone of Second Division and were relegated to the Amateur Football League for 2011, losing professional status. The club was liquidated in 2015. Phoenix Club The club was reformed in 2018 and competed in the Primorsky Kray championship during 2019 , winning this competition and being promoted to the Russian Amateur Football League (level 3) - Far Eastern Championship for the 1921 season Notable persons and matches Oleg Garin is considered the best footballer in club's history. One of the club's best matches was played on 30 July 1992, when Okean defeated CSKA at home 5–2. The last defending Soviet champions lost to the debutants of the Top League. Reserve squad Okean's reserve squad played professionally as FC Okean-d Nakhodka in the Russian Second League in 1993. Notable past players Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Okean. Sergey Sokolov Konstantin Ledovskikh Viktor Fayzulin Rifäd Timraliýew Sergey Lushan Andrei Rezantsev References External links Official website Fans' website Association football clubs established in 1986 Association football clubs disestablished in 2015 Defunct football clubs in Russia Sport in Nakhodka 1986 establishments in Russia 2015 disestablishments in Russia

4045115

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarinite-%28Ce%29

Gagarinite-(Ce)

Gagarinite-(Ce) previously zajacite-(Ce) is a rare radioactive fluoride mineral with formula Na(REExCa1−x)(REEyCa1−y)F6. REE refers to rare-earth elements, mostly those belonging to the lanthanide series. It crystallizes in the trigonal rhombohedral system and has a white vitreous appearance with a conchoidal fracture. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 4.44 to 4.55. Zajacite is transparent with refractive indices nω = 1.483 and nε = 1.503. Gagarinite-(Y) is a yttrium-rich analog. It occurs as creamy to white anhedral to subhedral grains in pegmatite and aplite pods or lenses in a peralkaline igneous intrusion. It was discovered in 1993 at Strange Lake, Quebec – Labrador, (56°20'N, 64°10'W) and was initially named for Ihor Stephan Zajac, who led the expedition responsible for its discovery, and who first recognized the presence of the new mineral. The mineral was renamed gagarinite-(Ce) in 2010 by the IMA. The new name is for Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968). See also List of minerals List of minerals named after people References Lanthanide minerals Sodium minerals Calcium minerals Fluorine minerals Trigonal minerals Minerals in space group 147

4045128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming%20model

Programming model

A programming model is an execution model coupled to an API or a particular pattern of code. In this style, there are actually two execution models in play: the execution model of the base programming language and the execution model of the programming model. An example is Spark where Java is the base language, and Spark is the programming model. Execution may be based on what appear to be library calls. Other examples include the POSIX Threads library and Hadoop's MapReduce. In both cases, the execution model of the programming model is different from that of the base language in which the code is written. For example, the C programming language has no behavior in its execution model for input/output or thread behavior. But such behavior can be invoked from C syntax, by making what appears to be a call to a normal C library. What distinguishes a programming model from a normal library is that the behavior of the call cannot be understood in terms of the language the program is written in. For example, the behavior of calls to the POSIX thread library cannot be understood in terms of the C language. The reason is that the call invokes an execution model that is different from the execution model of the language. This invocation of an outside execution model is the defining characteristic of a programming model, in contrast to a programming language. In parallel computing, the execution model often must expose features of the hardware in order to achieve high performance. The large amount of variation in parallel hardware causes a concurrent need for a similarly large number of parallel execution models. It is impractical to make a new language for each execution model, hence it is a common practice to invoke the behaviors of the parallel execution model via an API. So, most of the programming effort is done via parallel programming models rather than parallel languages. The terminology around such programming models tends to focus on the details of the hardware that inspired the execution model, and in that insular world the mistaken belief is formed that a programming model is only for the case when an execution model is closely matched to hardware features. References Computer programming

4045131

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacatec

Bacatec

Established in 2000, BaCaTec for Bavaria California Technology Center is a technology platform for research exchange between universities in the federal states of Bavaria in Germany and the state of California in the United States of America. Mission The mission of BaCaTeC is to increase and promote cooperations between researchers, including academic and commercial efforts, located in Bavaria and California, by providing a data basis for the identification of potential partners and assists initial contacts. BaCaTeC also sponsors projects with seed money to start up new collaborations amongst the participants. BaCaTeC strongly encourages the expansion and development of research projects by academic and/or commercial Bavarian and Californian institutions which have the potential to attract external funding in the future. Areas of Study Participants in active exchange between the universities are involved in the following areas of study: life sciences information and communication technologies new materials environmental technologies and mechatronics Status As of July 2009, there have been 299 joint research projects, on which BaCatec spent about €1.6 million. References External links Official Website (German/English) Official Website (English) Computing platforms 2000 introductions Education in Bavaria Education in California Scientific societies based in Germany Germany–United States relations

4045142

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%20of%20the%20World%20%28The%20Carpenters%20song%29

Top of the World (The Carpenters song)

"Top of the World" is a 1972 song written and composed by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis and first recorded by American pop duo Carpenters. It was a Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit for the duo for two consecutive weeks in 1973. Carpenters originally intended the song to be only an album cut. However, after country singer Lynn Anderson covered the song and it became a number two hit on the country charts, they reconsidered. The Carpenters version Background Written by Richard Carpenter (music) and John Bettis (lyrics), “Top Of The World” was originally recorded for and released on the duo's 1972 studio album A Song for You. The song was initially intended to just remain an album cut, however, when Lynn Anderson’s version, released in mid-1973, was a success, the duo was upset that they hadn’t released their version as a single to begin with. The Carpenters’ version was later released as a single on September 17, 1973. Karen Carpenter re-recorded her lead vocal for the single release as she was not quite satisfied with the original. The new version appeared on the duo’s first compilation album, The Singles: 1969-1973. Following its single release, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in late 1973, becoming the duo's second of three No. 1 singles, following "(They Long to Be) Close to You" and preceding "Please Mr. Postman." In Japan, it was used as the opening theme song for the 1995 Japanese drama Miseinen. In 2003, another drama, Beginner, had it as its ending theme song. It is heard in Shrek Forever After as Shrek enjoys being a "real ogre" and terrifying the villagers, as well as in a prominent scene of the 2012 film Dark Shadows, where a performance by the Carpenters is seen on a television screen. It has been used as the opening song of the Season 2, Episode 1 of Netflix series After Life. In his Oscars acceptance speech for Best Original Song, "Naatu Naatu," composer M.M. Keeravani mentioned the Carpenters and briefly interpolated his thanks to the tune of "Top Of The World." Cash Box praised Karen Carpenter's "strong lead vocal" and the pair's vocal harmonies. Personnel Karen Carpenter – lead and backing vocals Richard Carpenter – backing vocals, Wurlitzer electronic piano, orchestration Joe Osborn – bass guitar Hal Blaine – brushed drums Tony Peluso – electric guitar Buddy Emmons – pedal steel guitar Uncredited – tambourine Chart performance Year-end charts All-time charts Certifications Lynn Anderson version Background Country music singer Lynn Anderson covered the song in 1973 for her studio album Top of the World, released on Columbia Records. It was the first single released from her album and her version became the first hit. Anderson's cover reached No. 2 on the US country singles chart and No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 in mid-1973. The success of Anderson's version prompted the Carpenters to release a new version as a single, where it topped the US pop singles chart for two weeks in December 1973. Anderson's recording was produced by her husband Glenn Sutton and Clive Davis. She later re-recorded the song for her 2004 album, The Bluegrass Sessions. Chart performance Other versions In early 1973, New Zealand singer Steve Allen took his version to #1 in New Zealand for a week, sharing the top with The Carpenters version. In 1974, the Swedish dansband Vikingarna had a Svensktoppen hit with a Swedish version by Benny Borg, "På världens tak (On the roof of the world)", which was the first Vikingarna song to chart on the Svensktoppen. A version by Japanese alternative rock band Shonen Knife appeared on the 1994 Carpenters tribute album If I Were A Carpenter, and plays during the closing credits of the 1995 movie The Last Supper. It is also used in the 1998 movie The Parent Trap during the cafeteria scene at the girls' camp. See also List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973 (U.S.) References External links 1972 songs 1973 singles The Carpenters songs Lynn Anderson songs Vikingarna (band) songs Steve Allen (singer) songs Anti-war songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs with lyrics by John Bettis Songs written by Richard Carpenter (musician) Japanese television drama theme songs Columbia Records singles A&M Records singles Mona Gustafsson songs Song recordings produced by Glenn Sutton

4045155

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalais%20de%20Porcairagues

Azalais de Porcairagues

Azalais de Porcairagues (also Azalaïs) or Alasais de Porcaragues was a trobairitz (woman troubadour), composing in Occitan in the late 12th century. The sole source for her life is her vida, which tells us that she came from the country around Montpellier; she was educated and a gentlewoman; she loved Gui Guerrejat, the brother of William VII of Montpellier, and made many good songs about him; meaning, probably, that the one poem of hers known to the compiler had been addressed to Gui. Gui was perhaps born around 1135; he fell ill early in 1178, became a monk, and died later in that year. Nothing is known of the dates of Azalais's birth and death. From her name, and from the statement in the Biographies cited above, it can be concluded that she came from the village of Portiragnes, just east of Béziers and about ten kilometers south of Montpellier, close to the territories that belonged to Gui and to his brothers. Aimo Sakari argues that she is the mysterious joglar ("jongleur") addressed in several poems by Raimbaut of Orange (a neighbour, and a cousin of Gui Guerrejat). One poem attributed to Azalais, classically simple and emotional, survives today. As usually printed, it has fifty-two lines, but the text varies considerably between manuscripts, suggesting that it was not written down immediately on its composition. No music is attached to it. The poem alludes to the death in 1173 of Raimbaut of Orange; it was possibly first composed before that date and emended afterwards. The poem's envoi seems to mention Ermengarde of Narbonne (1143–1197), a well known patroness of troubadour poetry. As observed by Sakari, the third strophe of the poem seems to contribute to a poetical debate begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier as to whether a lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. Raimbaut of Orange also comments in his poem A mon vers dirai chanso. Soon afterwards there follows a partimen on the topic between Dalfi d'Alvernha and Perdigon, and then a tensó between Guiraut de Bornelh and king Alfonso II of Aragon. Excerpt Sources and bibliography Pierre Bec, Chants d'amour des femmes-troubadours: trobairitz et chansons de femme (Paris: Stock, 1995) pp. 65–70: complete poem in Occitan and French. Biographies des troubadours ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz (Paris: Nizet, 1964) pp. 341–2. A. Sakari, 'Azalais de Porcairagues, le "Joglar" de Raimbaut d'Orange' in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen vol. 50 (1949) pp. 23–43, 56-87, 174-198. Notes French women poets 12th-century French troubadours 12th-century French women writers Trobairitz People from Hérault Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown

4045158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimby%20Pipe%20Organs

Quimby Pipe Organs

Quimby Pipe Organs, Inc. is an American builder of pipe organs, based in Warrensburg, Missouri. The firm was founded in 1970 by Michael Quimby, President and Tonal Director, and incorporated in the State of Missouri in 1980. The company has built and restored organs throughout the United States, including the Cathedral of St. John the Divine (New York City), St. Paul's Cathedral (San Diego), St. Margaret’s Episcopal Church (Palm Desert, CA), and Catalina United Methodist Church (Tucson, Arizona). Along with building new instruments and restorations, Quimby Pipe Organs maintains and tunes instruments in the Midwest and across the country. Quimby Pipe Organs is a member firm of APOBA, the Associated Pipe Organ Builders of America, and co-sponsors the American Guild of Organists' biannual Regional Competitions for Young Organists. Further reading Pickering, David (2012). The Auditorium Organ. Richmond: OHS Press. Whitney, Craig R. (2003). All the Stops: the Glorious Pipe Organ and its American Masters. New York: PublicAffairs. External links Quimby Pipe Organs, Inc. Pipe organ building companies Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States

4045159

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comite%20River

Comite River

The Comite River () is a right-bank tributary of the Amite River, with a confluence near the city of Denham Springs, east of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The river is long. Its drainage basin comprises about , and includes portions of Wilkinson and Amite Counties in Mississippi, and East Feliciana and East Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana. The river's source lies in the hills of the East and West Feliciana Parishes, and empties into the Amite River just north of U.S. Route 190 (Florida Blvd) near the eastern boundary of Baton Rouge. Flooding Following heavy rainfall, the water drains into the river. During flood events, homes in outlying areas east of Baton Rouge can become flooded. The flood of record saw floodwaters cover Greenwell Springs Road. See also 2016 Louisiana floods References Rivers of Louisiana Bodies of water of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana Bodies of water of East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana

4045168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20yam

Chinese yam

Dioscorea polystachya or Chinese yam (), also called cinnamon-vine, is a species of flowering plant in the yam family. It is sometimes called Chinese potato or by its Korean name ma. It is also called huaishan in Mandarin and waisan in Cantonese. It is a perennial climbing vine, native to East Asia. The edible tubers are cultivated largely in Asia and sometimes used in alternative medicine. This species of yam is unique as the tubers can be eaten raw. Range This plant grows throughout East Asia. It is believed to have been introduced to Japan in the 17th century or earlier. Introduced to the United States as early as the 19th century for culinary and cultural uses, it is now considered an invasive plant species. The plant was introduced to Europe in the 19th century during the European Potato Failure, where cultivation continues to this day for the Asian food market. Taxonomy The botanical names Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea oppositifolia have been consistently misapplied to Chinese yam. The name D. opposita is now an accepted synonym of D. oppositifolia. Botanical works that point out the error may list, e.g., Dioscorea opposita auct. as a synonym of D. polystachya. Furthermore, neither D. oppositifolia nor the prior D. opposita have been found growing in North America and have no historical range in China or East Asia, this grouping is native only to the subcontinent of India and should not be confused with Dioscorea polystachya. Description Dioscorea polystachya vines typically grow long, and can be longer. They twine clockwise. The leaves are up to long and wide. They are lobed at the base and larger ones may have lobed edges. The arrangement is variable; they may be alternately or oppositely arranged or borne in whorls. In the leaf axils appear warty rounded bulbils under long. The bulbils are sometimes informally referred to as "yam berries" or "yamberries". New plants sprout from the bulbils or parts of them. The flowers of Chinese yam are cinnamon-scented. The plant produces one or more spindle-shaped or cylindrical tubers. The largest may weigh and grow underground. Dioscorea polystachya is more tolerant to frost and cooler climates than other yams, which is attributed to its successful introductions and establishment on many continents. Common names In Chinese it is known as shānyào (), huáishān ( or ), or huáishānyào ( or , i.e. the Huai Qing Fu () region). Rarely, it is also referred to as shǔyù (). The yam bulbils are referred to as shanyao dou () or shanyao dan (). In Japan, three groups of this species in cultivation are recognized. The common long, cylindrical type is known as . The bears a flat, shape, and the is round or . The term is used particularly in the Kantō region for the ichōimo in the market, but this is confusing since traditionally yamatoimo has also referred to tsukuneimo, especially if produced in Yamato Province (now Nara Prefecture). Cultivars of this species (such as yamatoimo) is sometimes called "Japanese mountain yam", though that term should properly be reserved for the native Dioscorea japonica. In Korea it is called ma (), sanu (), seoyeo (), or sanyak (). In Sri Lanka in Sinhala it is called wal ala (). It is sometimes called Korean yam. In Vietnam, the yam is called củ mài or khoai mài. When this yam is processed to become a medicine, the yam is called hoài sơn or tỳ giải. In the Ilocano of the northern Philippines it is called tuge. In Latin American countries it is known as camote del cerro or white ñame. In Manipuri it is called as "Ha". In alternative medicine Creams and dietary supplements made from the related Dioscorea villosa are claimed to contain human hormones and promoted as a medicine for a variety of purposes, including cancer prevention and the treatment of Crohn's disease and whooping cough. However, according to the American Cancer Society, the claims are false and there is no evidence to support these substances being either safe or effective. Huáishān has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine. As an invasive species Dioscorea polystachya was introduced to the United States in the 1800s when it was planted as an ornamental or food crop. It and other introduced yam species now grow wild there. It is troublesome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where its range is "rapidly expanding", particularly into the Tennessee Valley where different native, hybrid and/or invasive non-native variants of morning glory and bindweed as well as invasive kudzu and cuscuta (dodder) have all become problematic and are similar in appearance to the fast-moving and often mishandled tubers. As Chinese yam and air potatoes continue to destroy entire swaths of gardens and yards though are not yet classified as invasive in these areas, residents seeking to eat the tuber plant their vines in unprotected land while residents seeking removal chop the tops off of vines at ground level and compost or mulch them before realizing this only makes the problem worse and that no weed killers on the market are able to rid a garden or yard of the plant. The newest solution from Florida for people in Florida and surrounding states experiencing harm to their property and wishing a reprieve from these plant pests is to request free Air Potato Beetles. However, the beetles continue to elude Tennesseans due to various government regulations and the lack of others. It is most prevalent in moist habitat types. It is more tolerant of frost than other yams and can occur in temperate climates as far north as New York. Uses The tubers of D. polystachya can be eaten raw (grated or sliced), while most other yams must be cooked before consumption (due to harmful substances in the raw state). First the skin needs to be removed by peeling (or by scraping off using a hard-bristled brush). This may cause a slight irritation to the hand, and wearing a latex glove is advised, but if an itch develops then lemon juice or vinegar may be applied. The peeled whole tubers are briefly soaked in a vinegar-water solution, to neutralize irritant oxalate crystals found in their skin, and to prevent discoloration. The raw vegetable is starchy and bland, mucilaginous when cut or grated, and may be eaten plain as a side dish, or added to noodles, etc. Japanese cuisine In Japanese cuisine, both the Chinese yam cultivars and the Japanese yam (often wild foraged) are used interchangeably in dishes. The difference is that the nagaimo tends to be more watery, while the native Japanese yam is more viscous. The is the mucilaginous purée made by grating varieties the Chinese yam (nagaimo, ichōimo, tsukuneimo) or the native Japanese yam. The classic Japanese culinary technique is to grate the yam by grinding it against the rough grooved surface of a suribachi, which is an earthenware mortar. Or the yam is first grated crudely using an oroshigane grater, and subsequently worked into a smoother paste in the suribachi using a wooden pestle. The tororo is mixed with other ingredients that typically include tsuyu broth (soy sauce and dashi), sometimes wasabi or green onions, and eaten over rice or (steam-cooked blend of rice and barley). The tororo poured over raw tuna (maguro) sliced into cubes is called yamakake, and eaten with soy sauce and wasabi. The tororo may also be poured over noodles to make tororo udon/soba. Noodles with grated yam over it is also called yamakake. Grated yam is also used as binding agent in the batter of okonomiyaki. Sometimes the grated yam is used as an additive for making the skin of the manjū confection, in which case the product is called . The yam is also used in the making a regional confection called karukan, a specialty of the Kyūshū region. Chinese cuisine Chinese yam is referred to as shānyào (), or mountain medicine, in Chinese traditional medicine, or referred to as huáishān (怀山; 懷山 or 淮山) in the culinary usage. The tuber is consumed raw, steamed, or deep-fried. It is added to savory soups, or can be sweetened with a berry sauce. When used fresh, the tuber is peeled before slicing and using them in stir-fries (mainly in Cantonese cuisine). Oftentimes, Chinese yam can be found sold in prepared, dried slices in dried goods specialty shops. When using the dry ingredient in soups, the slices need to be soaked before adding them to soups to cook. Korean cuisine In Korea, there are two main types of Chinese yam: The straight, tube-shaped variant is called jangma (), while danma () refers to the variant, which grows shorter, cluster-like tubes. Both are used in cooking and the tubers are prepared in a variety of ways. They are most commonly consumed raw, after the skinned roots have been blended with water, milk or yogurt (occasionally with additional honey) to create a nourishing drink known as majeup () or "ma juice" (). Alternatively, the peeled tubers are cut into pieces and served—either raw, after cooking, steaming or frying, along with seasoning sauces. Growing Chinese yam The Chinese yam's growing cycle spans approximately one year, and should be planted between winter and spring. The traditional methods growing it are: using smaller tubers, top cut of bigger tubers or through cuttings of branches. The first two methods can produce 20 cm (7.8 in) long tubers and above. The latter produces smaller tubers (10 cm or 4 in) that are usually replanted for the next year. Between 7 and 9 months of replanting Chinese yam tubers, their leaves start to get dry (a common fact in plants that grow tubers), which indicates that the tubers are ready for harvest. In home gardens generally only what will be consumed is harvested, with the rest left in the pot in moist soil. See also Yam (vegetable) Dioscorea oppositifolia Dioscorea villosa Diosgenin List of ineffective cancer treatments Tremella fuciformis References Citations Bibliography External links Walck, J. L., et al. (2010). Understanding the germination of bulbils from an ecological perspective: a case study on Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya). Ann Bot 106 (6): 945–955. Plants for a Future. Dioscorea batatas Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, Chinese yam Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. Root vegetables Yams (vegetable) Dioscorea Flora of Eastern Asia Flora of China Tropical agriculture Plants described in 1837 Edible plants Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatnall%20School

Tatnall School

The Tatnall School is a private college preparatory private school in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware; it has a Wilmington postal address and is adjacent to, but not in, the Greenville census-designated place. The school is for students from three years old through 12th grade. The school was founded as an all-girls school in 1930 by Frances Dorr Swift Tatnall at her home in downtown Wilmington, Delaware, and moved to its current location in 1952. Tatnall began to admit boys in 1952 (the class of 1964). The school's mascot is the hornet. Its motto is "Omnia in caritate", which means all things in love. Accreditation Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Arts Tatnall offers a variety of visual and performing arts programs, including photography, drawing, instrumental and vocal performance. In September 2017, Tatnall opened its 23,000 square foot Laird Performing Arts Center. The center boasts a 471-seat theater. Here, the Tatnall arts program puts on its annual Showcase advanced theater class and performance, now in its 48th year. One notable instructor is Wilson Somers, who is also a composer and performer; Somers was also a recipient of an Emmy award in 2000. Students at the school are required to participate in art programs, and have won numerous state awards throughout the years. 2008 election Tatnall was a Delaware polling booth in the 2008 United States presidential election. Senator Joe Biden (a native Pennsylvanian but Delaware resident since 1953), who lives near the school, cast his vote in Tatnall's main lobby in that election cycle. Some of Joe Biden's grandchildren attend the school. Notable alumni Zach Baylin - American Screenwriter Scott Beale - Associate Director for Global Operations at Peace Corps Jake Bergey - American Lacrosse Player Wayne Kimmel - American venture capitalist Margaret H. Marshall - 24th chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Miriam E. Nelson - New York Times bestselling Author Hallie Olivere Biden - School counselor and wife of Beau Biden Sam Parsons - Professional runner for Adidas Mick Purzycki - CEO of Jerry Media References External links Educational institutions established in 1930 Private elementary schools in Delaware High schools in New Castle County, Delaware Schools in New Castle County, Delaware Private middle schools in Delaware Private high schools in Delaware Private K–12 schools in the United States 1930 establishments in Delaware Girls' schools in the United States History of women in Delaware

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertillon

Bertillon

Bertillon is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914), French police officer and biometrics researcher Jacques Bertillon (1851–1922), French statistician and demographer Louis Bertillon (1821–1883), French statistician and demographer Suzanne Bertillon (1891-1980), French decorator, journalist, lecturer, and resistance fighter See also Bertillonage French-language surnames French families