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Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present monte carlo simulations using an equilibrium lattice - gas model for the electrosorption of cl on ag(100 ) single - crystal surfaces . fitting the simulated isotherms to chronocoulometry experiments , we extract parameters such as the electrosorption valency @xmath0 and the next - nearest - neighbor lateral interaction energy @xmath1 . both coverage - dependent and coverage independent @xmath0 were previously studied , assuming a constant @xmath1 [ i. abou hamad , th . wandlowski , g. brown , p.a . rikvold , j. electroanal . chem . 554 - 555 ( 2003 ) 211 ] . here , a self - consistent , entirely electrostatic picture of the lateral interactions with a coverage - dependent @xmath1 is developed , and a relationship between @xmath1 and @xmath0 is investigated for cl on ag(100 ) . _ * keywords : * _ chlorine electrosorption ; lateral interactions ; electrosorption valency ; chronocoulometry ; continuous phase transition ; lattice - gas model ; monte carlo simulation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: studies of lateral interactions between adsorbed particles are motivated by the need to understand the origin of the wide variety of ordered overlayers and phase transitions at fractional adsorbate coverage on metal surfaces . these interactions have contributions ranging from short - range and van der waals to long - range dipole - dipole , and lattice - mediated interactions @xcite . hard - square short - range interactions and dipole - dipole long - range interactions are the major contributions to the lateral interactions for bromine adsorption on ag(100 ) @xcite . in this paper. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, we explore the validity and applicability of such a model for adsorption of chlorine on ag(100 ) . halide electrosorption on single - crystal metal electrode surfaces is a good model system for studying the properties of the electrode - electrolyte interface in an electrochemical cell . due to its relative simplicity

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: thanks to instrumental advances , new , very large kinematic datasets for nearby dwarf spheroidal ( dsph ) galaxies are on the horizon . a key aim of these datasets is to help determine the distribution of dark matter in these galaxies . past analyses have generally relied on specific dynamical models or highly restrictive dynamical assumptions . we describe a new , non - parametric analysis of the kinematics of nearby dsph galaxies designed to take full advantage of the future large datasets . the method takes as input the projected positions and radial velocities of stars known to be members of the galaxies , but does not use any parametric dynamical model , nor the assumption that the mass distribution follows that of the visible matter . the problem of estimating the radial mass distribution , @xmath0 ( the mass interior to true radius @xmath1 ) , is converted into a problem of estimating a regression function non - parametrically . from the jeans equation we show that the unknown regression function is subject to fundamental shape restrictions which we exploit in our analysis using statistical techniques borrowed from isotonic estimation and spline smoothing . simulations indicate that @xmath0 can be estimated to within a factor of two or better with samples as small as 1000 stars over almost the entire radial range sampled by the kinematic data . the technique is applied to a sample of 181 stars in the fornax dsph galaxy . we show that the galaxy contains a significant , extended dark halo some ten times more massive than its baryonic component . though applied here to dsph kinematics , this approach can be used in the analysis of any kinematically hot stellar system in which the radial velocity field is discretely sampled . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: despite their humble appearances , the dwarf spheroidal ( dsph ) satellites of the milky way provide a source of persistent intrigue . mysteries concerning their origin , evolution , mass density , and dynamical state make it difficult to know where to place these common galaxies in the context of standard ( e.g. cold dark matter ) models of structure formation . are they primordial building blocks of bigger galaxies , or debris from galaxy interactions ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

while dsph galaxies have stellar populations similar in number to those of globular clusters ( @xmath2 ) , their stars are spread over a much larger volume ( @xmath3-@xmath4 kpc compared to @xmath5-@xmath6 pc in globular clusters ) resulting in the lowest luminosity ( i.e. , baryonic ) densities known in any type of galaxy . in many cases it is unclear how these galaxies could have avoided tidal disruption by the milky way over their lifetimes without the addition of considerable unseen mass .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: realization and design of topological insulators emerging from electron correlations , called topological mott insulators ( tmis ) , is pursued by using mean - field approximations as well as multi - variable variational monte carlo ( mvmc ) methods for dirac electrons on honeycomb lattices . the topological insulator phases predicted in the previous studies by the mean - field approximation for an extended hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice turn out to disappear , when we consider the possibility of a long - period charge - density - wave ( cdw ) order taking over the tmi phase . nevertheless , we further show that the tmi phase is still stabilized when we are able to tune the fermi velocity of the dirac point of the electron band . beyond the limitation of the mean - field calculation , we apply the newly developed mvmc to make accurate predictions after including the many - body and quantum fluctuations . by taking the extrapolation to the thermodynamic and weak external field limit , we present realistic criteria for the emergence of the topological insulator caused by the electron correlations . by suppressing the fermi velocity to a tenth of that of the original honeycomb lattice , the topological insulator emerges in an extended region as a spontaneous symmetry breaking surviving competitions with other orders . we discuss experimental ways to realize it in a bilayer graphenesystem . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently , topological properties of time - reversal - invariant band insulators in two and three dimensions have been extensively studied@xcite . a class of insulators preserving the time reversal symmetry is called topological insulators characterized by non - trivial topological invariants@xcite.the topological insulators have been intensively studied because of the existence and potential applications of robust surface metallic states . both in two and three dimensions , the topological phases are typically realized in the systems with strong spin - orbit interaction@xcite . all the known topological insulators contain heavy or rare metal elements , such as bismuth or iridium , which poses constraints on the search for topological materials .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

irrespective of constitutents , ubiquitous mutual coulomb repulsions among electrons have been proposed to generate effective spin - orbit couplings @xcite . it has been proposed that an extended hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice can generate an effective spin - orbit interaction from a spontaneous symmetry breaking at the hartree - fock mean - field level leading to a topologically non - trivial phase@xcite . since the honeycomb - lattice system , which is dirac semimetals in the non - interacting limit , becomes a topologically nontrivial insulator driven by the coulomb interaction , this phase

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we review the fabrication and key transport properties of graphene double layers , consisting of two graphene monolayers placed in close proximity , independently contacted , and separated by an ultra - thin dielectric . we outline a simple band structure model relating the layer densities to the applied gate and inter - layer biases , and show that calculations and experimental results are in excellent agreement both at zero and in high magnetic fields . coulomb drag measurements , which probe the electron - electron scattering between the two layers reveal two distinct regime : ( i ) diffusive drag at elevated temperatures , and ( ii ) mesoscopic fluctuation - dominated drag at low temperatures . we discuss the coulomb drag results within the framework of existing theories . = 1 graphene , double layer , coulomb drag , quantum hall 73.22.pr , 73.43.-f , 73.22.gk , 71.35.-y . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: closely spaced double layer electron systems possess an additional , layer degree of freedom , which in certain conditions stabilizes ground states with no counterpart in the single layer case . notable examples include fractional quantum hall states ( qhs ) at even denominator fillings , such as @xmath0 @xcite and @xmath1 @xcite , or a peculiar qhs at total filling factor @xmath2 ( layer filling factor 1/2 ) @xcite . the @xmath2 qhs in interacting double layers displays striking transport properties such as enhanced inter - layer tunneling @xcite and counterflow superfluidity @xcite , and has been likened to a bcs exciton condensate @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

dipolar superfluidity has been posited to also occur at zero magnetic field @xcite in spatially separated , closely spaced two - dimensional electron and hole systems , thanks to the pairing of carriers in opposite layers . although remarkable progress has been made in the realization of high mobility electron - hole bilayers @xcite , an unambiguous signature of electron - hole pairing remains to be experimentally observed .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we introduce a new particle - based hybrid code for planetary accretion . the code uses an @xmath0-body routine for interactions with planetary embryos while it can handle a large number of planetesimals using a super - particle approximation , in which a large number of small planetesimals are represented by a small number of tracers . tracer - tracer interactions are handled by a statistical routine which uses the phase - averaged stirring and collision rates . we compare hybrid simulations with analytic predictions and pure @xmath0-body simulations for various problems in detail and find good agreements for all cases . the computational load on the portion of the statistical routine is comparable to or less than that for the @xmath0-body routine . the present code includes an option of hit - and - run bouncing but not fragmentation , which remains for future work . accretion ; planetary formation ; planetary rings ; planets , migration ; origin , solar system . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: terrestrial planets and cores of giant planets are generally considered to have formed through accretion of many small bodies called planetesimals . to simulate accretion processes of planets , two methods , which are complementary to each other , have been applied . the first one is @xmath0-body simulations in which orbits of all bodies are numerically integrated and gravitational accelerations due to other bodies are calculated in every time step ( e.g. , kokubo and ida , 1996 ; chambers and wetherill , 1998 ; richardson et al . , 2000 ;. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

morishima et al . , 2010 ) . @xmath0-body simulations are accurate and can automatically handle any complicated phenomena , such as resonant interactions and spatially non - uniform distributions of planetesimals .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: despite much interest in engineering new topological surface(edge ) states using structural defects , such topological surface states have not been observed yet . we show that recently imaged tilt boundaries in gated multi - layer graphene should support topologically protected gapless edge states . we approach the problem from two perspectives : the microscopic perspective of a tight - binding model and an ab - initio calculation on a bilayer , and the symmetry protected topological ( spt ) states perspective for a general multi - layer . hence we establish the tilt boundary edge states as the first concrete example of edge states of symmetry enriched @xmath0-type spt , protected by no valley mixing , electron number conservation , and time reversal @xmath1 symmetries . further we discuss possible phase transitions between distinct spt s upon symmetry changes . combined with recently imaged tilt boundary network , our findings offer a natural explanation for the long standing puzzle of sub - gap conductance in gated bilayer graphene , which can be tested through future transport experiments on tilt boundaries . in particular , the tilt boundaries offer an opportunity for in - situ imaging of topological edge transport . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: graphene has garnered interest from broad spectrum of communities , ranging from those aiming at atomic scale circuit devices to those searching for new topological phases . both communities sought after ways to gap the massless dirac spectrum . the realization of a gate - induced band - gap in the bernal stacked bi - layer graphene @xcite following the prediction in ref . @xcite brought the holy grail of graphene based transistor one step closer to reality .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

however , the sub - gap conductance measured by @xcite with weak temperature dependence well below the optically measured gap as large as 250 mev@xcite introduced a new puzzle and obstacle : the gapped bilayer is not as insulating as it should be . dominant transport along physical edge of the samples proposed earlier by @xcite have been ruled out by corbino geometry measurements@xcite , which observed two - dimensional variable range hopping type temperature dependence , independent of geometry . in this paper

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present an exact diagonalization study of the half - filled hubbard model on bipartite quasi - one - dimensional lattices . in particular , we emphasize the dependence of the ferrimagnetic ground state properties , and its associated magnetic excitations , on the coulomb repulsion @xmath0 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the last years the physics of quasi - one - dimensional compounds has been the object of intense theoretical and experimental investigations . in this work we study the ground state ( gs ) and magnetic excitations of two bipartite chains motivated by low - dimensional inorganic @xcite and organic @xcite ferrimagnets : the @xmath1 chain in fig . [ fsmhei](a ) and the @xmath2 chain in fig . [ fsmhei](b ) , respectively .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

we shall use the simplest approach for interacting electron systems on a lattice with @xmath3 sites , namely the one - band hubbard model ( hm ) : @xmath4 where @xmath5 ( @xmath6 ) is the creation ( annihilation ) operator for electrons with spin @xmath7 at site @xmath8 ; @xmath9 is the hopping parameter and @xmath0 is the on site coulomb repulsion . for the extremely localized regime ( @xmath10 ) and @xmath11 , where @xmath12 is the number of particles , the hm can be mapped onto the antiferromagnetic heisenberg model ( ahm ) @xcite : @xmath13 where @xmath14 . we should mention that macdo et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the relation between the incompatibility of quantum measurements and quantum nonlocality . we show that a set of measurements is not jointly measurable ( _ i.e._incompatible ) if and only if it can be used for demonstrating einstein - podolsky - rosen steering , a form of quantum nonlocality . moreover , we discuss the connection between bell nonlocality and joint measurability , and give evidence that both notions are inequivalent . specifically , we exhibit a set of incompatible quantum measurements and show that it does not violate a large class of bell inequalities . this suggest the existence of incompatible quantum measurements which are bell local , similarly to certain entangled states which admit a local hidden variable model . the correlations resulting from local measurements on an entangled quantum state can not be explained by a local theory . this aspect of entanglement , termed quantum nonlocality , is captured by two inequivalent notions , namely bell nonlocality @xcite and epr steering @xcite . the strongest form of this phenomenon is bell nonlocality , witnessed via the violation of bell inequalities . steering represents a strictly weaker form of quantum nonlocality @xcite , witnessed via violation of steering inequalities @xcite . both aspects have been extensively investigated in recent years , as they play a central role in the foundations of quantum theory and in quantum information processing . interestingly quantum nonlocality is based on two central features of quantum theory , namely entanglement and incompatible measurements . specifically , performing ( i ) arbitrary local measurements on a separable state , or ( ii ) compatible measurements on an ( arbitrary ) quantum state can never lead to any form of quantum nonlocality . hence the observation of quantum nonlocality implies the presence of both entanglement and incompatible measurements . it is interesting to explore the converse problem . two types of questions can be asked here.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our task is to compute the maximal quantum violation @xmath80 of a two - party bell inequality defined by the vector of coefficients @xmath81 , given a fixed set of measurements operators @xmath82 for alice . let s write @xmath83 for the assemblage created on alice s side by bob s measurements on the state @xmath0 . with this , we have the conditional probabilities @xmath84 and we have to maximize @xmath85 for fixed @xmath86 and @xmath1 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the following sdp program is a relaxation of the above problem : @xmath87 it is well known that one can always find a quantum state @xmath0 and quantum measurements @xmath88 for bob which attain the maximum @xmath89 . hence , @xmath90 , and the above sdp provides the exact quantum bound of @xmath80 for a fixed set of alice s measurements @xmath1 on the bell inequality defined by coefficients @xmath81 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on a high angular resolution survey of circumstellar disks around 24 northern sky be stars . the @xmath0-band continuum survey was made using the chara array long baseline interferometer ( baselines of 30 331 m ) . the interferometric visibilities were corrected for the flux contribution of stellar companions in those cases where the be star is a member of a known binary or multiple system . for those targets with good ( @xmath1 ) coverage , we used a four - parameter gaussian elliptical disk model to fit the visibilities and to determine the axial ratio , position angle , @xmath0-band photospheric flux contribution , and angular diameter of the disk s major axis . for the other targets with relatively limited ( @xmath1 ) coverage , we constrained the axial ratio , inclination angle , and/or disk position angle where necessary in order to resolve the degeneracy between possible model solutions . we also made fits of the ultraviolet and infrared spectral energy distributions to estimate the stellar angular diameter and infrared flux excess of each target . the mean ratio of the disk diameter ( measured in @xmath0-band emission ) to stellar diameter ( from sed modeling ) is 4.4 among the 14 cases where we reliably resolved the disk emission , a value which is generally lower than the disk size ratio measured in the higher opacity h@xmath2 emission line . we estimated the equatorial rotational velocity from the projected rotational velocity and disk inclination for 12 stars , and most of these stars rotate close to or at the critical rotational velocity . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: classical be stars are non - supergiant , b - type stars that are surrounded by hot gaseous disks . this circumstellar gas is responsible for many observational characteristics such as hydrogen balmer emission lines , ir flux excess , and short- and long - term flux variability @xcite . optical and infrared interferometry has become an important tool in characterizing be stars and their disks @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the first interferometric survey of be stars was made by @xcite to resolve the h@xmath2 emission in seven be stars . their survey showed that the emitting regions are flattened , which is strong observational evidence of a disk - like geometry . @xcite combined optical interferometry and spectropolarimetry to derive the disk position angle on the sky , and they found good agreement between these techniques .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the melting condition for two - dimensional wigner solid ( p.m. platzman , h.fukuyama , 1974 ) is shown to contain an error of a factor of @xmath0 . the analysis of experimental data for apparent 2d metal - to - insulator transition shows that the wigner solidification ( b.tanatar , d.m.ceperley , 1989 ) has been never achieved . within routine fermi gas model both the metallic and insulating behavior of different 2d system for actual range of carrier densities and temperatures is explained . recently , much interest has been focused on the anomalous transport behavior of a wide variety of low density two - dimensional ( 2d ) systems . it has been found that below some critical density , cooling causes an increase in resistivity , whereas in the opposite , high - density case , the resistivity decreases . the apparent metal to insulator transition was observed in n - si mosfet @xcite , p - gaas@xcite , n - gaas@xcite , n - sige@xcite and p - sige @xcite 2d systems . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let us provide the rigorous analysis of the experimental data regarding fermi gas vs wigner solid transition . according to ref.@xcite , the melting diagram of 2d wigner solid obeys the condition @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is the coefficient assumed to be a constant at the phase transition , @xmath3 is the coulomb energy associated to neighboring pair of electrons , @xmath4 is the 2d density . within conventional fermi gas model , @xmath5 is the average kinetic energy of single electron , where @xmath6 is the fermi integral of the order of @xmath7 , @xmath8 the dimensionless temperature . note that the average kinetic energy @xmath9 coincides with the thermal energy @xmath10 for classical boltzmann carriers @xmath11 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

in contrast , @xmath12 for degenerate electrons @xmath13 . in general , the solidification of strongly degenerated electrons is believed to occur at certain value of the coulomb to fermi energy ratio @xmath14 . we therefore conclude that @xmath15 . in refs.@xcite , this ratio has been erroneously defined as @xmath16 , thus provides wrong estimate for wigner crystal solidification . for low - disorder 2d system wigner

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: one of the central problems in supernova theory is the question how massive stars explode . understanding the physical processes that drive the explosion is crucial for linking the stellar progenitors to the final remnants and for predicting observable properties like explosion energies , neutron star and black hole masses , nucleosynthetic yields , explosion anisotropies , and pulsar kicks . in this article we review different suggestions for the explosion mechanism and discuss the constraints that can or can not be deduced from observations . the prompt hydrodynamical bounce - shock mechanism has turned out not to work for typical stellar iron cores and empirical values of the compressibility of bulk nuclear matter . magnetohydrodynamical models on the other hand contain a number of imponderabilities and are still far behind the level of refinement that has been achieved in nonmagnetic simulations . in view of these facts the neutrino - driven mechanism must still be considered as the standard paradigm to explain the explosion of ordinary supernovae , although its viability has yet to be demonstrated convincingly . since spherically symmetric models do not yield explosions , the hope rests on the helpful effects of convection inside the nascent neutron star , which could boost the neutrino luminosity , and convective overturn in the neutrino - heated region behind the stalled shock , which increases the efficiency of neutrino - energy transfer in this layer . here we present the first two - dimensional simulations of these processes which have been performed with a boltzmann solver for the neutrino transport and a state - of - the - art description of neutrino - matter interactions . although our most complete models fail to explode , convection brings them encouragingly close to a success . an explosion could be obtained by just a minor modification of the neutrino transport , in which case the exploding model fulfills important requirements from observations . we discuss necessary.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: supernova explosions of massive stars are powered by the gravitational binding energy that is released when the initial stellar core collapses to a compact remnant and its radius shrinks from typically a few thousand kilometers to little more than ten kilometers . for solar - metallicity progenitors with main - sequence masses of less than the compact leftover will be neutron star . in case of more massive stars a black hole will be formed , most likely by the fallback on a timescale of seconds to hours of matter that does not become unbound in the stellar explosion .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

but also the direct collapse of the stellar core to a black hole on a multiple of the dynamical timescale is possible ( @xcite ) . since the collapse proceeds essentially adiabatically the total energy of the stellar core is conserved during the implosion .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i review the approach @xcite to the one - loop low - energy effective action in the hypermultiplet sector for @xmath0 superconformal models . any such a model contains an @xmath0 vector multiplet and some number of hypermultiplets . we found a general expression for the low - energy effective action in the form of a proper - time integral . the leading space - time dependent contributions to the effective action are derived and their bosonic component structure is analyzed . the component action contains terms with three and four space - time derivatives of component fields and has the chern - simons - like form . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: i am very glad to take part in this book devoted to celebration of the 60 birth day of remarkable scientist and my dear friend ioseph l. buchbinder . four - dimensional @xmath0 supersymmetric gauge theories are formulated in terms of @xmath0 vector multiplet coupled to a massless hypermultiplets in certain representations @xmath1 of the gauge group @xmath2 . all such models possess only one - loop divergences @xcite and can be made finite at certain restrictions on representations and field contents . in the model with @xmath3 hypermultiplets in representations. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xmath4 of the gauge group @xmath5 the finiteness condition has simple and universal form @xmath6 where @xmath7 is the quadratic casimir operator for the adjoint representation and @xmath8 is the quadratic casimir operator for the representation @xmath9 . a simplest solution to eq.([fin ] ) is @xmath10 sym theory where @xmath11 and all fields are taken in the adjoint representation . it is evident that there are other solutions , e.g. for the case of @xmath12 group and hypermultiplets in the fundamental representation one gets @xmath13 , @xmath14 and @xmath15 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using the leading twist approach to nuclear shadowing , which is based on the relationship between nuclear shadowing and diffraction on a nucleon , we calculate next - to - leading order nuclear parton distribution functions ( npdfs ) and structure functions in the region @xmath0 and @xmath1 gev@xmath2 . the uncertainties of our predictions due the uncertainties of the experimental input and the theory are quantified . we determine the relative role of the small ( @xmath3 ) and large ( @xmath4 ) diffractive masses in nuclear shadowing as a function of @xmath5 and find that the large mass contribution , which is an analog of the triple pomeron exchange , becomes significant only for @xmath6 . comparing our predictions to the available fixed - target nuclear dis data , we argue , based on the current experimental studies of the leading twist diffraction , that the data at moderately small @xmath7 and @xmath8 gev@xmath2 could contain significant higher twist effects hindering the extraction of npdfs from that data . also , we find that the next - to - leading order effects in nuclear shadowing in the ratio of the nucleus to nucleon structure functions @xmath9 are quite sizable . within the same formalism , we also present results for the impact parameter dependence of npdfs . we also address the problem of extracting of the neutron @xmath10 from the deuteron and proton data . we suggest a simple and nearly model - independent procedure of correcting for nuclear shadowing effects using @xmath11 ratios . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one way to analyze the microscopic structure of atomic nuclei is to study the distribution of quarks and gluons , as well as their correlations , in nuclei . these nuclear parton distribution functions ( npdfs ) can be accessed using various deep inelastic scattering ( dis ) processes : inclusive scattering of leptons , high - mass dimuon production using proton beams , exclusive electroproduction of vector mesons . none of the above processes determines npdfs comprehensively , only taken together do these experiments provide stringent constraints on npdfs .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the discussion of the present paper is centered around the nuclear effects of nuclear shadowing and antishadowing ( enhancement ) , which affect npdfs at small values of bjorken variable @xmath5 , @xmath12 . nuclear shadowing of npdfs is developing into an increasingly important subject because it is involved in the interpretation of the rhic data on jet production , evaluation of hard phenomena in proton - nucleus and nucleus - nucleus collisions at the lhc , estimates of the black limit scattering regime in dis , etc .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: effect of decoherence and correlated noise on the entanglement of @xmath0-type state of the dirac fields in the non - inertial frame is investigated . a two qubit @xmath0-state is considered to be shared between the partners where alice is in inertial frame and rob in an accelerated frame . the concurrence is used to quantify the entanglement of the @xmath0-state system influenced by time correlated amplitude damping , depolarizing and bit flip channels . it is seen that amplitude damping and bit flip channels heavily influence the entanglement of the system as compared to the depolarizing channel . it is found possible to avoid entanglement sudden death ( esd ) for all the channels under consideration for @xmath1 for any type of initial state . no esd behaviour is seen for depolarizing channel in the presence of correlated noise for entire range of decoherence parameter @xmath2 and rob s acceleration @xmath3 . it is also seen that the effect of environment is much stronger than that of acceleration of the accelerated partner . furthermore , it is investigated that correlated noise compensates the loss of entanglement caused by the unruh effect.pacs : 04.70.dy ; 03.65.ud ; 03.67.mnkeywords : quantum decoherence ; correlated noise ; non - inertial frames . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum entanglement is the major resource in quantum information science and can be used as a potential source for quantum teleportation of unknown states [ 1 ] , quantum key distribution [ 2 ] , quantum cryptography [ 3 ] and quantum computation [ 4 , 5 ] . entanglement sudden death for bipartite and multipartite systems has been the main focus of researchers during recent years [ 6 - 11 ] . another important feature , entanglement sudden birth ( esb ) has also been investigated where the initially unentangled qubits can be entangled after a finite evolution of time [ 12 - 13 ] .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

recently , entanglement behavior in non - inertial frames was investigated by alsing et al . [ 14 ] . they studied the fidelity of teleportation between relative accelerated partners .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the dynamics of electron spin qubits in quantum dots . measurement of the qubit state is realized by a charge current through the dot . the dynamics is described in the framework of the quantum trajectory approach , widely used in quantum optics , and we show that it can be applied successfully to problems in condensed matter physics . the relevant master equation dynamics is unravelled to simulate stochastic tunneling events of the current through the dot . quantum trajectories are then used to extract the counting statistics of the current . we show how , in combination with an electron spin resonance ( esr ) field , counting statistics can be employed for quantum state tomography of the qubit state . further , it is shown how decoherence and relaxation time scales can be estimated with the help of counting statistics , in the time domain . finally , we discuss a setup for single shot measurement of the qubit state without the need for spin - polarized leads . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: controlling and preserving coherent quantum dynamics in the framework of quantum information processing is a challenging task.@xcite very recently , more and more experiments on implementing such ideas in mesoscopic systems based on solid state devices @xcite have been realized , e.g. josephson junctions,@xcite and also single electron spins in single defect centers.@xcite the electron spin in quantum dots has been recognized early as a potential carrier of quantum information,@xcite but experimental developments of suitable mesoscopic devices have only recently been pursued . in previous work it was shown how quantum dots may serve as spin filters , or memory devices for electron spin.@xcite important progress was made in both theoretical and experimental research focusing on measurement schemes through charge currents.@xcite even a single - shot readout of the electron spin state has been realized @xcite and allows for the measurement of the relaxation time of a single spin . still , the decoherence time of a single electron spin in a quantum dot has not yet been determined experimentally .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

in some of these experiments important quantities are the counting statistics of tunneling electrons.@xcite as for charge qubits , a measurement on the single electron level may be achieved through a single electron transistor ( set ) device @xcite or with a quantum point contact ( qpc ) close to the quantum dot.@xcite it is important to realize that the measurement through a charge current itself has dynamical implications for the measured qubit . we are thus lead to the problem of noise and statistics induced by the measurement process in these mesoscopic systems.@xcite such problems have been tackled some time ago very elegantly through the concept of _ quantum trajectories _ in quantum optical applications.@xcite in particular , jump processes to describe the time evolution of open systems while counting emitted quanta are well established in the framework of systems that are described by a master equation of lindblad type .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the interaction of the heliosphere with interstellar clouds has attracted interest since the late 1920 s , both with a view to explaining apparent quasi - periodic climate `` catastrophes '' as well as periodic mass extinctions . until recently , however , models describing the solar wind - local interstellar medium ( lism ) interaction self - consistently had not been developed . here , we describe the results of a two - dimensional ( 2d ) simulation of the interaction between the heliosphere and an interstellar cloud with the same properties as currently , except that the h@xmath0 density is increased from the present value of @xmath1(h@xmath0)@xmath20.2 @xmath3 to 10 @xmath3 . the mutual interaction of interstellar neutral hydrogen and plasma is included . the heliospheric cavity is reduced considerably in size ( approximately 10 14 au to the termination shock in the upstream direction ) and is highly dynamical . the interplanetary environment at the orbit of the earth changes markedly , with the density of interstellar h@xmath0 increasing to @xmath22 @xmath3 . the termination shock itself experiences periods where it disappears , reforms and disappears again . considerable mixing of the shocked solar wind and lism occurs due to rayleigh - taylor - like instabilities at the nose , driven by ion - neutral friction . implications for two anomalously high concentrations of @xmath4be found in antarctic ice cores 33 kya and 60 kya , and the absence of prior similar events , are discussed in terms of density enhancements in the surrounding interstellar cloud . the calculation presented here supports past speculation that the galactic environment of the sun moderates the interplanetary environment at the orbit of the earth , and possibly also the terrestrial climate . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the solar system today is embedded in a warm low density interstellar cloud ( t@xmath27000 k , n(h@xmath5+h@xmath6)@xmath20.3 @xmath3 ) , which flows through the solar system with a relative sun - cloud velocity of @xmath226 km s@xmath7 . neutral interstellar gas penetrates the charged solar wind of the heliosphere 98% of the diffuse material in the heliosphere is interstellar gas , and the densities of neutral interstellar gas and the solar wind are equal at approximately the orbit of jupiter .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the galactic environment of the sun is regulated by the properties of the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system . however , when the surrounding cloud is of low density , the solar wind prevents most interstellar gas and dust from reaching 1 au , the location of the earth . the discovery of small scale structure with column densities @xmath8 10@xmath9 @xmath10 in cold interstellar matter ( @xcite ) , and the structured nature of the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system , allow the possibility that the spatial density of the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system may change within the next 10@xmath1110@xmath12 years ( frisch 1995,1997a,1997b,1998 ; hereafter referred to as fr ) . over the past century

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the extremely young cluster ic 348 has been monitored photometrically over 5 observing seasons from dec 1998 to march 2003 in cousins _ i _ with a 0.6 m telescope at van vleck observatory . twenty - eight periodic variables and 16 irregular variables have been identified . the variability study is most sensitive for stars with i @xmath0 14.3 mag ; at that brightness level we find that 24 of the 27 known pms cluster members in the monitored field are variables , illustrating the value of photometric monitoring for identifying pms cluster members . among this brighter sample , 14 of the 16 known k or m - type wtts were found to be periodic variables , while all 5 of the known ctts were found to be irregular variables . in the full sample , which includes 150 stars with i mag as faint as 18 , we find that 40% of the 63 wtts are detected as variables , nearly all of them periodic , while 55% of the 20 ctts are also detected as variable , with _ none of them periodic . _ our study suggests that 80 - 90% of all wtts in young clusters will be detected as periodic variables given sufficiently precise and extended monitoring , whereas ctts will reveal themselves primarily or solely as irregular variables . this has clear consequences for pms rotational studies based on photometric periods , suggesting that any such sample may be biased against stars which are currently actively accreting ( i.e. ctts ) . we examine the stability of the periodic light curves from season to season . all periodic stars show modulations of their amplitude , mean brightness and light curve shape on time scales of less than 1 yr , presumably due to changes in spot configurations and/or physical characteristics . in no case , however , can we find definitive evidence of a change in period , indicating that differential rotation is probably much less on wtts than it is on the sun . while some stars show a hint of what could be cyclic behavior analogous to the sunspot cycle , no clear cycles could be found . it appears that.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is well known that t tauri stars ( tts ) vary on many timescales , both periodicially and irregularly . while a few photometric or spectroscopic observations can give us valuable `` snapshot '' information about the characteristics of these objects , more extended monitoring is needed to observe their full range of behavior and , ultimately , to understand it . by analyzing changes in light curves over several years , we hope to gain an improved understanding of the physical mechanisms affecting the light of tts .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

while this endeavor requires large amounts of telescope time , ccd s have rendered such monitoring feasible with relatively small telescopes . for over a decade , the 0.6 m telescope at van vleck observatory , located on the campus of wesleyan university , has been used to monitor several nearby extremely young open clusters .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: starting from the @xmath0-electron pariser - parr - pople ( ppp ) hamiltonian which includes both strong electron - phonon and electron - electron interactions , we propose some strongly correlated wave functions of increasing quality for the ground state of conjugated polymers . these wavefunctions are built by combining different finite sets of local configurations extended at most over two nearest - neighbour monomers . with this picture , the doped case with one additional particle is expressed in terms of quasi - particle . thus , the polaron formation problem goes back to the study of a holstein like model . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the nature of the first excited states of conjugated polymers is an important and still unsolved question in condensed matter sciences @xcite . knowing if they are band to band excitations or exciton states , if polarons , bipolarons or solitons are stable quasiparticles in the doping case , are fundamental issues for the understanding of the electronic properties of these compounds . the low - lying excited states are supposed to be suitably described by the well - known @xmath0-electron pariser - parr - pople ( ppp ) hamiltonian . this model hamiltonian takes into account both strong electron - phonon and electron - electron interaction terms yielding only exact numerical solutions for the smallest oligomers@xcite . for the thermodynamic limit ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the situation remains unclear since the calculations for the ground state and the excited states , including electron correlations , are uneasy to achieve and some drastic approximations are needed @xcite . however , a first qualitative understanding of this complicated physics can be done by the use of some simplified hamiltonian .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we show that we can obtain a reducible spherical curve from any non - trivial spherical curve by four or less inverse - half - twisted splices , i.e. , the reductivity , which represents how reduced a spherical curve is , is four or less . we also discuss unavoidable sets of tangles for spherical curves . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a _ spherical curve _ is a smooth immersion of the circle into the sphere where the self - intersections are transverse and double points ( we call the double point _ crossing _ ) . in this paper we assume every spherical curve is oriented , and has at least one crossing . we represent , if necessary , the orientation of a spherical curve by an arrow as depicted in the left - hand side of fig .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

[ ex - reductivity ] . a spherical curve @xmath0 is _ reducible _ and has a _

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the hawking radiation of massive spin-1 vector particles , which are coupled to vacuum fluctuations of a quantum field , from rindler modified schwarzschild black hole . rindler acceleration is used to produce the post - general relativistic theory of gravity for the distant field of a point mass . the gravitational lensing problem of the rindler modified schwarzschild black hole is also studied . we compute the deflection angle for the ir region ( large distance limit as _ infrared _ ) by using the gaussian curvature of the optical metric of this back hole . our investigations clarify how the rindler acceleration plays a role on the hawking radiation and gravitational lensing . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: until the mid-1970s , it was believed that black holes ( bhs ) are the super absorbent objects in the universe that nothing can come out from them . in 1974 , hawking @xcite , showed that a bh can thermally create and emit virtual particles until it snuffs out its energy . it means that if a bh does not gain mass from any other source , eventually it could shrink itself out of existence , and evaporate completely : hawking radiation ( hr ) . on the other hand , hr is an intriguing puzzle resulting from the amalgamation of general relativity and quantum mechanics .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

as is the case with black - body radiation , hr quanta do not carry information . thermal radiation is quantum mechanically characterized by the density matrix , not with the unitary operator of the quantum wave function . since mathematically there is no transformation between the unitary operator and the density matrix , the information encoded in the wave function

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present three - dimensional numerical simulations of particle clumping and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks with varying amounts of solid material . as centimeter - size pebbles settle to the mid - plane , turbulence develops through vertical shearing and streaming instabilities . we find that when the pebble - to - gas column density ratio is 0.01 , corresponding roughly to solar metallicity , clumping is weak , so the pebble density rarely exceeds the gas density . doubling the column density ratio leads to a dramatic increase in clumping , with characteristic particle densities more than ten times the gas density and maximum densities reaching several thousand times the gas density . this is consistent with unstratified simulations of the streaming instability that show strong clumping in particle dominated flows . the clumps readily contract gravitationally into interacting planetesimals of order 100 km in radius . our results suggest that the correlation between host star metallicity and exoplanets may reflect the early stages of planet formation . we further speculate that initially low metallicity disks can be particle enriched during the gas dispersal phase , leading to a late burst of planetesimal formation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the concentration of particles to high spatial densities promotes the formation of planetesimals , the super - kilometer scale building blocks of planets . drag forces on pebbles and rocks in disks lead to spontaneous particle clumping @xcite . the discovery of a linear streaming instability @xcite shows that clumping is a robust consequence of particles drifting in and gas flowing out in disks with some radial pressure support @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite studied the non - linear saturation of the streaming instability , neglecting vertical gravity and self - gravity . those simulations showed that groups of boulders accelerate the gas around them towards the keplerian velocity , reducing the radial drift locally and leading to temporary concentrations of boulders ( see also * ? ? ? * ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: speculations that encounters with interstellar clouds modify the terrestrial climate have appeared in the scientific literature for over 85 years . the articles in this volume seek to give substance to these speculations by examining the exact mechanisms that link the pressure and composition of the interstellar medium surrounding the sun to the physical properties of the inner heliosphere at the earth . heliosphere , interstellar clouds , interstellar medium , cosmic rays , magnetosphere , atmosphere , climate , solar wind , paleoclimate . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: if the solar galactic environment is to have a discernible effect on events on the surface of the earth , it must be through a subtle and indirect influence on the terrestrial climate . the scientific and philosophical literature of the 18th , 19th and 20th centuries all include discussions of possible cosmic influences on the terrestrial climate , including the effect of cometary impacts on earth ( @xcite ) , and the diminished solar radiation from sunspots , which herschel attributed to `` holes '' in the luminous fluid on the surface of the sun ( @xcite ) . the discovery of interstellar material in the 20th century led to speculations that encounters with dense clouds initiated the ice ages ( @xcite ) , and many papers appeared that explored the implications of such encounters , including the influence of interstellar material ( ism ) on the interplanetary medium and planetary atmospheres ( e.g. @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the ism - modulated heliosphere was also believed to affect climate stability and astrospheres ( e. g. @xcite ) . recent advances in our understanding of the solar wind and heliosphere ( e. g. @xcite ) justify a new look at this age - old issue .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: low loss crystals with defects due to paramagnetic or rare earth impurity ions is a major area of investigation for quantum hybrid systems at both optical and microwave frequencies . in this work we examine the single crystal yttrium aluminium perovskite , yalo@xmath0 using the whispering gallery mode technique . multiple resonant microwave modes were measured from room temperature to 20 mk allowing precise characterization of the permittivity tensor at microwave frequencies . we show that it is biaxial and characterize the tensor as a function of temperature with estimated uncertainties below 0.26% . electron spin resonance spectroscopy was also performed at 20 mk , with new transitions identified with zero - field splittings of 16.72 and 9.92 ghz . spin - photon couplings of order 4.2 and 8.4 mhz were observed for residual levels of concentration , which are stronger than the photon cavity linewidths of 116 khz but the same order of the linewidths of the discovered spin transitions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the yttrium aluminum perovskite ( yap ) is an inorganic material well known for its interesting mechanical and chemical properties . its high light yield and good resolution have made it suitable for a variety of applications in optical physics , ranging from solid state lasers @xcite and scintillators @xcite to medical apparatus @xcite and recording media @xcite . this rare - earth ( re ) aluminate has also demonstrated very good performance in the microwave range , with a relative permittivity value of order 16 and low loss@xcite , which are valuable for the design of dielectric resonators . also , due its high heat conductivity , it has found use as a substrate material for thin films of high temperature superconductors with a wide range for microwave component applications , such as use in microstrip lines @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

recently , experimentalists have shown that re electron spin defects in yap have great potential for the development of crucial components for quantum computers and quantum communication devices @xcite . in fact , strong coupling has been demonstrated in circuit qed experiments using erbium doped yap , er@xmath1:yalo@xmath2@xcite at microwave frequencies , with the aim to implement quantum memories using hybrid architecture . however , the microwave properties of yap are not well characterized and such experiments would greatly benefit from a rigorous characterization of the material properties , especially at dilution fridge temperatures .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: planar brushes of flexible , semiflexible and rodlike diblock polyampholytes are studied using molecular dynamics simulations in a wide range of the grafting density . simulations show linear dependence of the average thickness on the grafting density in all cases regardless of different flexibility of anchored chains and the brushes different equilibrium conformations . slopes of fitted lines to the average thickness of the brushes of semiflexible and rodlike polyampholytes versus the grafting density are approximately the same and differ considerably from that of the brushes of flexible chains . the average thickness of the brush of flexible diblock polyampholytes as a function of the grafting density is also obtained using a simple scaling analysis which is in good agreement with our simulations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: macromolecules containing ionizable groups when dissolve in a polar solvent such as water , dissociate into charged macromolecules and counterions ( ions of opposite charge ) . depending on acidic or basic property of their monomers , ionizable polymers in solution can be classified into polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes . polyelectrolytes contain a single sign of charged monomers and polyampholytes bear charged monomers of both signs .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

these macromolecules are often water - soluble and have numerous industrial and medical applications . many biological macromolecules such as dna , rna , and proteins are charged polymers . in polymer science

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this article , we take the scalar diquarks as point particles and describe them as basic quantum fields , then introduce the @xmath0 color gauge interaction and new vacuum condensates to study the nonet scalar mesons as tetraquark states with the qcd sum rules . comparing with the conventional quark currents , the diquark currents have the outstanding advantage to satisfy the two criteria of the qcd sum rules more easily . + zhi - gang wang + department of physics , north china electric power university , baoding 071003 , p. r. china pacs numbers : 12.38.lg ; 13.25.jx ; 14.40.cs * key words : * nonet scalar mesons , qcd sum rules . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the light flavor scalar mesons present a remarkable exception for the naive quark model , and the structures of those mesons have not been unambiguously determined yet . the numerous candidates with @xmath1 below @xmath2 can not be accommodated in one @xmath3 nonet , some are supposed to be glueballs , molecular states and tetraquark states ( or their special superpositions ) @xcite . the @xmath4 and @xmath5 are good candidates for the @xmath6 molecular states @xcite , however , their cousins @xmath7 and @xmath8 lie considerably higher than the corresponding thresholds , it is difficult to identify them as the @xmath9 and @xmath10 molecular states , respectively. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

. there may be different dynamics which dominate the @xmath11 mesons below and above @xmath12 respectively , and result in two scalar nonets below @xmath13 @xcite . the strong attractions between the diquark states @xmath14 and @xmath15 in relative @xmath16-wave may result in a nonet tetraquark states manifest below @xmath12 , while the conventional @xmath17 @xmath3 nonet have masses about @xmath18 , and the well established @xmath19 and @xmath20 @xmath3 nonets with @xmath21 and @xmath22 respectively lie in the same region . furthermore , there are enough candidates for the @xmath17 @xmath3 nonet mesons , @xmath23 , @xmath24 , @xmath25 , @xmath26 and @xmath27 @xcite . in the tetraquark scenario ,

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: ordered chains ( such as chains of amino acids ) are ubiquitous in biological cells , and these chains perform specific functions contingent on the sequence of their components . using the existence and general properties of such sequences as a theoretical motivation , we study the statistical physics of systems whose state space is defined by the possible permutations of an ordered list , i.e. , the symmetric group , and whose energy is a function of how certain permutations deviate from some chosen correct ordering . such a non - factorizable state space is quite different from the state spaces typically considered in statistical physics systems and consequently has novel behavior in systems with interacting and even non - interacting hamiltonians . various parameter choices of a mean - field model reveal the system to contain five different physical regimes defined by two transition temperatures , a triple point , and a quadruple point . finally , we conclude by discussing how the general analysis can be extended to state spaces with more complex combinatorial properties and to other standard questions of statistical mechanics models . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: chains of amino acids are important components of biological cells , and for such chains the specific ordering of the amino acids is often so fundamental to the resulting function and stability of the folded chain that if major deviations from the correct ordering were to occur , the final chain could fail to perform its requisite function within the cell , proving fatal to the organism . more specifically , we see the relevance of correct ordering in the study of protein structure , which is often divided into the protein folding and protein design problem . while the protein _ folding _ problem concerns finding the three - dimensional structure associated with a given amino acid sequence , the protein _ design _ problem ( also termed the inverse - folding problem ; see figure [ fig : design ] ) concerns finding the correct amino acid sequence associated with a given protein structure . + an aspect of one solution to the protein design problem is to maximize the energy difference between the low - energy folded native structure and the higher energy misfolded / denatured structures . in doing so , one takes native structure as fixed and then determines the sequence yielding the minimum energy , under the assumption ( termed the `` fixed amino - acid composition '' assumption ) that only certain quantities of amino - acids appear in the chain @xcite . in this resolution ( specifically termed heteropolymer models @xcite @xcite ) the correct amino acid sequence is found by implementing an mc algorithm in sequence space given a certain fixed amino acid composition .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this entails assuming the number of various types of amino acids does not change , and distinct states in sequence space are permutations of one another . for example , for a polypeptide chain with @xmath0 residues , rather than searching over the entire sequence space ( of size @xmath1 ) , one searches over a space of sequences ( of size @xmath2 ) which are defined by a fixed number of each amino acid .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent work has shown that both the milky way and the andromeda galaxies possess the unexpected property that their dwarf satellite galaxies are aligned in thin and kinematically coherent planar structures . it is now important to evaluate the incidence of such planar structures in the larger galactic population , since the local group may not be a sufficiently representative environment . here we report that the measurement of the velocity of pairs of diametrically opposed galaxy satellites provides a means to determine statistically the prevalence of kinematically coherent planar alignments . in the local universe ( redshift @xmath0 ) , we find that such satellite pairs out to a galactocentric distance of @xmath1 are preferentially anti - correlated in their velocities ( 99.994% confidence level ) , and that the distribution of galaxies in the larger scale environment ( beyond @xmath1 and up to @xmath2 ) is strongly elongated along the axis joining the inner satellite pair ( @xmath3 confidence ) . our finding may indicate that co - rotating planes of satellites , similar to that seen around the andromeda galaxy , are ubiquitous in nature , while their coherent motion also suggests that they are a significant repository of angular momentum on @xmath4 scales . lyce international des pontonniers , 1 rue des pontonniers , f-67000 strasbourg , france . observatoire astronomique de strasbourg , universit de strasbourg , cnrs , umr 7550 , 11 rue de luniversit , f-67000 strasbourg , france sydney institute for astronomy , school of physics , a28 , the university of sydney , nsw 2006 , australia the satellite galaxies of the milky way have long been known to be preferentially located close to a plane@xcite , but this observation could be dismissed as a mere coincidence . however , as faint galaxies were uncovered in the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss)@xcite , it became clear that our galaxy hosts a planar structure of satellites with a close to polar orientation@xcite . the complications due.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our test uses satellites that are diametrically opposite each other around their host to quantify the incidence of rotating planar alignments . the signature of coherent rotation is an enhancement in the number of anti - correlated satellites . using a small tolerance angle ( fig . 1a ) and a minimum velocity difference , samples can be generated with a higher probability of containing edge - on planar structures , if they are present .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

we first test this method on a simple toy model , to show the expected behaviour to choices of the tolerance angle parameter @xmath7 ( fig . 1b ) : the contrast of the planar component is seen to decrease with increasing @xmath7 , suggesting that small values of @xmath7 should preferably be used for the tests . to construct a somewhat more realistic model , we select galaxies and their satellites from the millennium ii cosmological simulation , and reassign some of the satellites to planar structures .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the measured data on the nuclear modification factor for pions and reconstructed jets as well as on the high-@xmath0 elliptic flow at rhic and lhc energies are compared to results from a linear pqcd and a highly non - linear hybrid ads holographic model of jet - energy loss . we find that the high-@xmath0 ellitic flow requires to include realistic medium transverse flow fields and a jet - medium coupling including the effects of the energy of the jet , the temperature of the bulk medium , and non - equilibrium effects close to the phase transition . we extend our jet - energy loss model that is coupled to state - of - the - art hydrodynamic prescriptions to backgrounds generated by the parton cascade bamps . we demonstrate that the results for the hydrodynamic and the parton - cascade backgrounds show a remarkable similarity . unfortunately , the results for both the pion and a parton - jet nuclear modification factor are insensitive to the jet - path dependence of the models considered . jet quenching , viscous hydrodynamics , transport model , jet holography . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one of the formidable tasks in heavy - ion physics is to identify a precise understanding of the jet - medium dynamics , the jet - medium interactions , and the jet - energy loss formalism . below , we study the influence of the details of the jet - medium coupling and the medium background on the simultaneous description of the nuclear modification factor ( @xmath1 ) and the high-@xmath0 elliptic flow ( @xmath2 ) measured at rhic and lhc @xcite for a radiative pqcd energy - loss ansatz @xcite . we contrast media determined via the viscous hydrodynamic approach vish2 + 1 @xcite with the parton - cascade bamps @xcite as well as a jet - medium coupling depending on the collision energy with a jet - medium coupling influenced by the energy of the jet , the temperature of the medium and non - equilibrium effects around the phase transition .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

besides this , we compare the jet - energy loss based on radiative pqcd @xcite with the hybrid ads energy - loss ansatz of ref . we contrast the pion nuclear modification factor obtained via the radiative pqcd - energy loss @xcite and the hybrid ads energy - loss ansatz with a parton - jet nuclear modification factor that can be considered as an idealized lo jet @xmath1 at rhic and lhc energies .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in the available literature , only the becchi - rouet - stora - tyutin ( brst ) symmetries are known for the jackiw - pi model of three ( 2 + 1)-dimensional ( 3d ) massive non - abelian gauge theory . we derive the full set of off - shell nilpotent ( @xmath0 ) and absolutely anticommuting ( @xmath1 ) ( anti-)brst transformations @xmath2 corresponding to the _ usual _ yang - mills gauge transformations of this model by exploiting the augmented " superfield formalism where the horizontality condition and gauge invariant restrictions blend together in a meaningful manner . this superfield formalism leads to the derivation of ( anti-)brst invariant curci - ferrari restriction which plays a key role in the proof of absolute anticommutativity of @xmath2 . the derivation of the proper anti - brst symmetry transformations is important from the point of view of geometrical objects called gerbes . a novel feature of our present investigation is the derivation of ( anti-)brst transformations for the auxiliary field @xmath3 from our superfield formalism which is _ neither _ generated by the ( anti-)brst charges _ nor _ obtained from the requirements of nilpotency and/or absolute anticommutativity of the ( anti-)brst symmetries for our 3d non - abelian 1-form gauge theory . _ keywords _ : jackiw - pi model ; 3d massive gauge theory ; superfield formalism ; ( anti- ) brst symmetries ; nilpotency and absolute anticommutativity ; curci - ferrari condition . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the 4d ( non-)abelian 1-form gauge theories are at the heart of standard model ( sm ) of particle physics where there is a stunning degree of agreement between theory and experiment . one of the weak links of sm is connected with the very existence of the esoteric higgs particle which is responsible for the mass generation of gauge bosons and fermions . in view of the fact that higgs particle has not yet been observed experimentally with a hundred percent certainty , other theoretical tools for the mass generation of gauge bosons ( in various dimensions of spacetime ) have become important and they have generated a renewed interest in the realm of theoretical physics . in the context of the above. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, it may be mentioned that the 4d topologically massive ( non-)abelian gauge theories have been studied in the past [ 1 - 4 ] where there is merging and mixing of 1-form and 2-form ( non-)abelian gauge fields through the celebrated topological @xmath4 term . in such models , it has been shown that the ( non-)abelian 1-form gauge field acquires a mass in a very natural fashion without taking any recourse to the higgs mechanism .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the well - covered dimension of various individual graphs and graph families are computed . special families , such as the crown graphs , are studied and they yield well - covered dimensions that change depending on the characteristic of the field chosen as the field of scalars . also , formulas to find the well - covered dimension of graphs obtained by vertex blowups on a known graph , and to the lexicographic product of two known graphs are given . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , a graph is understood to be undirected and have no loops or multiple edges . while graphs with multiple edges could be taken under consideration , it is not necessary to do so as multiple edges do not add any difficulty or important properties . a set of vertices in a graph @xmath0 is said to be independent if no two vertices in the set are joined by an edge .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

an independent set @xmath1 of @xmath0 is called maximal if no independent set of @xmath0 properly contains @xmath1 . the largest ( in terms of cardinality ) maximal independent set ( or sets ) of @xmath0 is called a maximum independent set of @xmath0 , and a graph is said to be well - covered if every maximal independent set of @xmath0 is also maximum . a well - covered graph could also be defined by the property of all maximal independent sets having the same cardinality .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a few years ago , richard kadison thoroughly analysed the diagonals of projection operators on hilbert spaces and asked the following question : let @xmath0 be a masa in a type @xmath1 factor @xmath2 and let @xmath3 be a positive contraction . letting @xmath4 be the canonical normal conditional expectation from @xmath2 to @xmath0 , can one find a projection @xmath5 so that @xmath6 in a later paper , kadison and arveson , as an extension , conjectured a schur - horn theorem in type @xmath1 factors . in this paper , i give a proof of this conjecture of arveson and kadison . i also prove versions of the schur - horn theorem for type @xmath7 and type @xmath8 factors as well as finite von neumann algebras . dedicated to the memory of william arveson(1934 - 2011 ) . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the classical schur horn theorem@xcite , @xcite , relates the digonal and the eigenvalue list of a hermitian matrix : let @xmath9 be a positive semidefinite element of @xmath10 and let @xmath11 and @xmath12 be the lists of diagonal entries and eigenvalues respectively , both sorted in non - increasing order . then , the schur - horn theorem says that we must have @xmath13 the above condition on the lists is denoted by saying that the diagonal list is majorized by the eigenvalue list , written @xmath14 . the schur - horn theorem states that further , given two positive lists @xmath15 with @xmath14 , then there is a positive semi - definite matrix @xmath9 with eigenvalues @xmath16 and diagonal @xmath17 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

majorization can also be defined for matrices . given two positive operators @xmath18 in @xmath10 , we say that @xmath19 if the eigenvalue sequence of @xmath9 is majorized by the eigenvalue sequence of @xmath20 . the schur - horn theorem

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the nambu jona - lasinio model of chiral symmetry breaking predicts a second order chiral phase transition . if the fermions in addition have non - abelian gauge interactions then the transition is expected to become a crossover as the njl term enhances the ir chiral symmetry breaking of the gauge theory . we study this behaviour in the holographic dynamic ads / qcd description of a non - abelian gauge theory with the njl interaction included using witten s multi - trace prescription . we study the behaviour of the mesonic spectrum as a function of the njl coupling and the ratio of the uv cut off scale to the dynamical scale of the gauge theory . the gauged nambu jona - lasinio ( njl ) model @xcite @xmath0 with a uv cut off @xmath1 , provides an interesting study of two competing chiral symmetry breaking interactions . the njl term triggers symmetry breaking at a second order transition if the coupling exceeds a critical value of @xmath2 @xcite . the qcd - like non - abelian gauge interactions run from asymptotic freedom to strong coupling in the infrared ( ir ) and again trigger chiral symmetry breaking @xcite . in combination the two mechanisms enhance each other and the njl transition is changed to a cross - over as the dynamics change from being dominated by the ir gauge theory to the ultraviolet ( uv ) njl term @xcite . over the years there has been interest in the model for possible roles in strongly coupled beyond the standard model physics but it remains an interesting system in itself . it has been studied previously using gap equation @xcite and lattice techniques @xcite . here we wish to study the model holographically @xcite . quarks with couplings to conformal @xmath3 gauge dynamics can be described , in the quenched limit , by probe d7 branes in ads@xmath4 @xcite . the dirac born infeld ( dbi ) action provides a very simple description of the mesonic spectrum . in a very small number of cases supersymmetry can be broken by , for example , a background u(1)@xmath5.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quarks can be associated in ads / cft with strings stretching between a probe d7 brane and the d3 branes from which the @xmath3 sym gauge fields originate @xcite . in the probe approximation the d7 branes lie in the @xmath12 field theory directions , @xmath13 and @xmath14 coordinates of the transverse space in the ads@xmath4 metric @xmath15 a flat d7 brane that intersects the d3 at the origin would lie at @xmath16 and describe massless quarks . the dbi action is @xmath17 where the dilaton factor is constant in pure ads but is non - zero in the presence , for example , of a supersymmetry breaking u(1)@xmath5 magnetic field @xcite or one could imagine it as some running gauge coupling @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

one might now substitute the metric , integrate over the inert @xmath14 and expand in small @xmath18 to study the instability of the brane from the flat massless state @xcite . one essentially finds @xcite . here

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , pseudo - transient continuation method has been modified and implemented in power system long - term stability analysis . this method is a middle ground between integration and steady state calculation , thus is a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency . pseudo - transient continuation method can be applied in the long - term stability model directly to accelerate simulation speed and can also be implemented in the qss model to overcome numerical difficulties . numerical examples show that pseudo - transient continuation method can provide correct approximations for the long - term stability model in terms of trajectories and stability assessment . pseudo - transient continuation , long - term stability model , quasi steady - state model , long - term stability . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: ime - domain simulation is an important approach for power system dynamic analysis . however , the complete system model , or interchangeably the long - term stability model , typically includes different components where each component requires several differential and algebraic equations ( dae ) to represent , at the same time , these dynamics involve different time scales from millisecond to minute . as a result , the total number of dae of a real power system can be formidably large and complex such that time domain simulation over long time intervals is expensive@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

these constraints are even more stringent in the context of on - line stability assessment . intense efforts have been made to accelerate the simulation of long - term stability model .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the physics at an @xmath0 linear collider with a center of mass energy of 3 - 5 tev is reviewed . the following topics are covered : experimental environment , higgs physics , supersymmetry , fermion pair - production , @xmath1 scattering , extra dimensions , non - commutative theories , and black hole production . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: presently planned @xmath0 linear collider ( lc ) projects will operate at an initial center of mass system ( cms ) energy of about 500 gev , with upgrades to higher energies designed in from the start . the tev class colliders tesla @xcite and nlc / jlc @xcite target 800 gev and 1 - 1.5 tev , respectively , as their maximum cms energies . increasing the energy further would require either a change in acceleration technology or an extension in accelerator length beyond the presently foreseen 30 - 40 km @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this would also increase the number of active elements , which will likely decrease the overall efficiency of such a facility . the nature of the new physics which will hopefully be discovered and studied at the lhc and a tev class lc will determine the necessity and importance of exploring the multi - tev range with a precision machine such as an @xmath2 collider .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: [ txt : abstract ] we study the quantum scattering in two spatial dimensions ( 2d ) without the usual partial - wave formalism . the analysis beyond the partial - wave approximation allows a quantitative treatment of the anisotropic scattering with a strong coupling of different angular momenta nonvanishing even at the zero - energy limit . high efficiency of our method is demonstrated for the 2d scattering on the cylindrical potential with the elliptical base and dipole - dipole collisions in the plane . we reproduce the result for the 2d scattering of polarized dipoles in binary collisions obtained recently by ticknor [ phys . rev . a * 84 * , 032702 ( 2011 ) ] and explore the 2d collisions of unpolarized dipoles . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent years , the problem of anisotropic quantum scattering in two spatial dimensions ( 2d ) attracts increasing interest . it is stimulated by the spectacular proposals for prospects to create exotic and highly correlated quantum systems with dipolar gases @xcite . particularly , there were considered anisotropic superfluidity @xcite , 2d dipolar fermions @xcite , and few - body dipolar complexes @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the recent experimental production of ultracold polar molecules in the confined geometry of optical traps @xcite has opened up ways to realize these phenomena . noteworthy also is a rather long history of research of 2d quantum effects in condensed matter physics .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper presents archival _ rosat _ pspc observations of the g65.2@xmath05.7 supernova remnant ( also known as g65.3 + 5.7 ) . little material obscures this remnant and so it was well observed , even at the softest end of _ rosat _ s bandpass ( @xmath1 to 0.28 kev ) . these soft x - ray images reveal the remnant s centrally - filled morphology which , in combination with existing radio frequency observations , places g65.2@xmath05.7 in the thermal composite ( mixed morphology ) class of supernova remnants . not only might g65.2@xmath05.7 be the oldest known thermal composite supernova remnant , but owing to its optically revealed cool , dense shell , this remnant supports the proposal that thermal composite supernova remnants lack x - ray bright shells because they have evolved beyond the adiabatic phase . these observations also reveal a slightly extended point source centered on ra = 19@xmath2 36@xmath3 46@xmath4 , dec = 30@xmath5 40 07 and extending 6.5 arcmin in radius in the band 67 map . the source of this emission has yet to be discovered , as there is no known pulsar at this location . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: within a decade of being identified as a supernova remnant ( snr ) , g65.2@xmath05.7 ( also called g65.3 + 5.7 ) was the subject of several observational papers published in quick succession . however , once its radio and optical images and its optical and x - ray spectra were recorded , the remnant was ignored . now , a quarter of a century later , g65.2@xmath05.7 has once again become interesting , this time because it helps to explain an unusual class of supernova remnants called thermal composite snrs ( also known as mixed morphology snrs ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

both of these terms describe the combination of a shell - like radio continuum morphology with a centrally - bright x - ray morphology in which the x - ray emission is due to thermal , rather than synchrotron , processes . compared with shell - type and plerionic snrs , these remnants have more mysterious origins .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider a magnetic rotator wind - disk(mrwd ) model for the formation of keplerian disks around be stars . material from low latitudes of the stellar surface flows along magnetic flux tubes and passes through a shock surface near the equatorial plane to form a _ pre - keplerian _ disk region . initially , the density in this region is small and the magnetic field helps to maintain super - keplerian rotation speeds . after a fill - up time , the density of the disk is significantly larger and the magnetic force in this region becomes negligible compared with the centrifugal force . the material then moves outwards to form a quasi - steady keplerian disk . during the fill - up stage , the meridional component @xmath0 of the magnetic field at the stellar surface must be larger than a minimum value @xmath1 . the radial extent of the quasi - steady keplerian region will be larger when @xmath0 is larger or when viscosity plays a role . in b - type stars , the values of @xmath1 are of order 1 g to 10 g. we find that a condition for the formation of shock - compressed disk regions is that in faster rotating stars , the wind speed must be correspondingly larger . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the mrwd ( magnetic rotator wind - disk ) model for the formation of keplerian disks involves two processes . the first is a fill - up process in which material from a star flows along magnetic field lines and passes through a shock surface to form a pre - keplerian disk region . the magnetic field supplies angular momentum to the wind and assists the flow of material towards the disk region .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

initially , the density in the pre - keplerian region is small and it increases significantly during this process . the second process occurs after the magnetic force in the disk region becomes small compared to the centrifugal force . then , super - keplerian material in the pre - keplerian region expands to form a quasi - steady keplerian disk .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we explore various techniques to compress a permutation @xmath0 over @xmath1 integers , taking advantage of ordered subsequences in @xmath0 , while supporting its application @xmath2 and the application of its inverse @xmath3 in small time . our compression schemes yield several interesting byproducts , in many cases matching , improving or extending the best existing results on applications such as the encoding of a permutation in order to support iterated applications @xmath4 of it , of integer functions , and of inverted lists and suffix arrays . jrmy barbay gonzalo navarro . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: permutations of the integers @xmath5 = \{1,\ldots , n\}$ ] are a basic building block for the succinct encoding of integer functions @xcite , strings @xcite , and binary relations @xcite , among others . a permutation @xmath0 is trivially representable in @xmath6 bits , which is within @xmath7 bits of the information theory lower bound of @xmath8 bits . and @xmath9=\{1,\ldots , x\}$ ] . ] in many interesting applications , efficient computation of both the permutation @xmath2 and its inverse @xmath3 is required .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the lower bound of @xmath8 bits yields a lower bound of @xmath10 comparisons to sort such a permutation in the comparison model . yet , a large body of research has been dedicated to finding better sorting algorithms which can take advantage of specificities of each permutation to sort . trivial examples are permutations sorted such as the identity , or containing sorted blocks @xcite ( e.g. @xmath11 or @xmath12 ) , or containing sorted subsequences @xcite ( e.g. @xmath13 ) : algorithms performing only @xmath7 comparisons on such permutations , yet still @xmath14 comparisons in the worst case , are achievable and obviously preferable .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a systematic study of asymptotic behavior of ( generalised ) @xmath0functions and heat kernels used in noncommutative geometry and clarify their connections with dixmier traces . we strengthen and complete a number of results from the recent literature and answer ( in the affirmative ) the question raised by m. benameur and t. fack @xcite . zeta function , heat kernel formulae , dixmier trace , noncommutative geometry . primary : 58b34,46l51 , 46l52,58j42 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the interplay between dixmier traces , @xmath0functions and heat kernel formulae is a cornerstone of noncommutative geometry @xcite . these formulae are widely used in physical applications . to define these objects , let us fix a hilbert space @xmath1 and let @xmath2 be the algebra of all bounded operators on @xmath1 with its standard trace @xmath3 let @xmath4 and @xmath5 be positive operators from @xmath6 consider the following @xmath7$]-valued functions @xmath8 and , for fixed @xmath9 @xmath10 when these functions are finitely valued , they are frequently referred to as @xmath0functions and heat kernel functions associated with the operators @xmath4 and @xmath11 when these functions are bounded , a particular interest is attached to their asymptotic behavior when @xmath12 which is usually measured with the help of some generalised limit @xmath13 yielding the following functionals @xmath14 and , @xmath15 a natural class of operators for which the formulae and are well defined ( respectively , and ) is given by the set @xmath16 ( respectively , @xmath17 ) of compact operators from @xmath6 more precisely , denote by @xmath18 @xmath19 the singular values of a compact operator @xmath20 ( the singular values are the eigenvalues of the operator @xmath21 arranged with multiplicity in decreasing order , ( @xcite ). Please generate the next two sentences of the article

. then @xmath22 defines a banach ideal of compact operators . we set @xmath23 it is important to observe that the subset @xmath17 is not dense in @xmath16 ( see e.g. @xcite ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we examine the lattice boundary formulation of chiral fermions with either an explicit majorana mass or a higgs - majorana coupling introduced on one of the boundaries . we demonstrate that the low - lying spectrum of the models with an explicit majorana mass of the order of an inverse lattice spacing is chiral at tree level . within a mean - field approximation we show that the systems with a strong higgs - majorana coupling have a symmetric phase , in which a majorana mass of the order of an inverse lattice spacing is generated without spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry . we argue , however , that the models within such a phase have a chiral spectrum only in terms of the fermions that are singlets under the gauge group . the application of such systems to nonperturbative formulations of supersymmetric and chiral gauge theories is briefly discussed . -0.6 cm uthep-360 + ut - ccp - p21 + april 1997 + 1.0truecm s. aoki , institute of physics , university of tsukuba tsukuba , ibaraki 305 , japan k. nagai , and s. v. zenkin center for computational physics , university of tsukuba tsukuba , ibaraki 305 , japan 1.0truecm 1 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: on a lattice left - handed weyl fermions @xmath0 are always accompanied by their right - handed counterparts @xmath1 , unless certain mild conditions for the action are broken @xcite . such a doubling is present both in the wilson @xcite and in the domain wall formulations @xcite ( for a review , see @xcite ) , being the main obstacle to the non - perturbative definition of chiral gauge theories . so far all attempts to make the chiral counterpart @xmath1 sterile , in a way that does not use a hard breaking of gauge symmetry and leaves an interacting chiral theory , have failed ( see , for example , reviews @xcite and references therein ) . another conceivable way to define a theory with only fermion fields. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xmath0 is to decouple @xmath1 by giving them majorana masses of the order of the inverse lattice spacing . it can be done directly if the fermions belongs to real representation of the gauge group .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the phase diagram for quark matter is investigated within a simple nambu jona - lasinio model without vector correlations . it is found that the phase structure in the temperature density plane depends sensitively on the parametrization of the model . we present two schemes of parametrization of the model where within the first one a first order phase transition from a phase with broken chiral symmetry to a color superconducting phase for temperatures below the triple point at @xmath0 mev occurs whereas for the second one a second order phase transition for temperatures below @xmath1 mev is found . in the latter case , there is also a coexistence phase of broken chiral symmetry with color superconductivity , which is a new finding within this class of models . possible consequences for the phenomenology of the qcd phase transition at high baryon densities are discussed . rostock university + preprint no . mpg - vt - ur 235/02 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the phenomenon of color superconductivity @xcite is of general interest , in particular , in studies of the qcd phase structure @xcite and applications in the astrophysics of compact stars @xcite . observable consequences are expected for , e. g. , the cooling behavior @xcite . different aspects have been investigated so far , whereby models of the njl type have been widely employed @xcite in studies of the phase structure in the vicinity of the hadronization transition .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

recently , it has been shown in these investigations that for low temperatures ( @xmath2 ) and not too large chemical potentials ( @xmath3 ) the two - flavor color superconductivity ( 2sc ) phase is favored over alternative color superconducting phases @xcite . according to @xcite , the color - flavor - locked ( cfl ) phase occurs only at @xmath4 mev . it is generally agreed that at low temperatures the transition of the matter from the phase with broken chiral symmetry to the color superconducting phase is of the first order ( see e. g. @xcite ) . from the point of view of phenomenological applications , as e.g. in compact star physics , the order of the phase transition to quark superconducting matter plays an important role .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have identified the occurrence of chimera states for various coupling schemes in networks of two - dimensional and three - dimensional hindmarsh - rose oscillators , which represent realistic models of neuronal ensembles . this result , together with recent studies on multiple chimera states in nonlocally coupled fitzhugh - nagumo oscillators , provide strong evidence that the phenomenon of chimeras may indeed be relevant in neuroscience applications . moreover , our work verifies the existence of chimera states in coupled bistable elements , whereas to date chimeras were known to arise in models possessing a single stable limit cycle . finally , we have identified an interesting class of mixed oscillatory states , in which desynchronized neurons are uniformly interspersed among the remaining ones that are either stationary or oscillate in synchronized motion . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: about ten years ago , a peculiar dynamical phenomenon was discovered in populations of identical phase oscillators : under nonlocal symmetric coupling , the coexistence of coherent ( synchronized ) and incoherent oscillators was observed @xcite . this highly counterintuitive phenomenon was given the name chimera state after the greek mythological creature made up of different animals @xcite . since then the study of chimera states has been the focus of extensive research in a wide number of models , from kuramoto phase oscillators @xcite to periodic and chaotic maps @xcite , as well as stuart - landau oscillators @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the first experimental evidence of chimera states was found in populations of coupled chemical oscillators as well as in optical coupled - map lattices realized by liquid - crystal light modulators @xcite . recently , moreover , martens and coauthors showed that chimeras emerge naturally from a competition between two antagonistic synchronization patterns in a mechanical experiment involving two subpopulations of identical metronomes coupled in a hierarchical network @xcite . in the context of neuroscience

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: wireless cellular networks evolve towards a heterogeneous infrastructure , featuring multiple types of base stations ( bss ) , such as femto bss ( fbss ) and macro bss ( mbss ) . a wireless device observes multiple points ( bss ) through which it can access the infrastructure and it may choose to receive the downlink ( dl ) traffic from one bs and send uplink ( ul ) traffic through another bs . such a situation is referred to as _ decoupled dl / ul access_. using the framework of stochastic geometry , we derive the association probability for dl / ul . in order to maximize the average received power , as the relative density of fbss initially increases , a large fraction of devices chooses decoupled access , i.e. receive from a mbs in dl and transmit through a fbs in ul . we analyze the impact that this type of association has on the average throughput in the system . smiljkovikj , popovski gavrilovska : decoupling of uplink and downlink transmissions heterogeneous networks , decoupled downlink / uplink , average throughput . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the quest for better wireless connectivity and higher data rates , the cellular network is becoming heterogeneous , featuring multiple types of base stations ( bss ) with different cell size . heterogeneity implies that the traditional strategies in cell planning , deployment and communication should be significantly revised @xcite . since the number of bss becomes comparable to the number of devices @xcite and the deployment pattern of the bss is rather irregular , there are multiple bss from which a device can select one to associate with . the key issue in a wireless heterogeneous setting is the way in which a device selects an access point ( ap ) . the authors in @xcite and @xcite indicate that the ap selected for downlink ( dl ) , termed downlink ap ( dlap ) , is not necessarily the same as the uplink ap ( ulap ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the current cellular networks use a criterion applicable to the dl for association in both directions , i.e. a device selects the bs that offers maximal signal - to - interference - plus - noise ratio ( sinr ) in the dl and then uses the same bs for ul transmission . when dlap@xmath0ulap , we say that the device has a _ decoupled access_. there are two main drivers for decoupled access : ( 1 ) the difference in signal power and interference in dl as compared to ul @xcite ; and ( 2 ) the difference in congestion between bss @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we derive critical field @xmath0 equations for antiferromagnetic _ s_-wave , @xmath1-wave , and @xmath2-wave superconductors with effective mass anisotropy in three dimensions , where we take into account ( i ) the jaccarino - peter mechanism of magnetic - field - induced superconductivity ( fisc ) at high fields , ( ii ) an extended jaccarino - peter mechanism that reduces the pauli paramagnetic pair - breaking effect at low fields where superconductivity and an antiferromagnetic long - range order with a canted spin structure coexist , and ( iii ) the fulde - ferrell - larkin - ovchinnikov ( fflo or loff ) state . as an example , experimental phase diagrams observed in organic superconductor @xmath3 are theoretically reproduced . in particular , the upper critical field of low - field superconductivity is well reproduced without any additional fitting parameter other than those determined from the critical field curves of the fisc at high fields . therefore , the extended jaccarino - peter mechanism seems to occur actually in the present compound . it is predicted that the fflo state does not occur in the fisc at high fields in contrast to the compound @xmath4 , but it may occur in low - field superconductivity for _ s_-wave and @xmath1-wave pairings . we also briefly discuss a possibility of compounds that exhibit unconventional behaviors of upper critical fields . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently , magnetic - field - induced superconductivity ( fisc ) has been observed in organic superconductors @xmath4 and @xmath3 @xcite , where bets is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene . in these salts , localized spins on fe@xmath5 exhibit antiferromagnetic long - range order at ambient pressure at low temperatures . the fisc in these compounds is considered to be due to the jaccarino - peter mechanism @xcite , where the localized spins are aligned uniformly at high fields .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

et al . _ have observed in the compound @xmath3 that superconductivity coexists with the antiferromagnetic long - range order in a low - field region around the zero field @xcite . they have fitted the experimental phase diagrams by fisher s theory @xcite based on the jaccarino - peter mechanism .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using archival batse ( burst and transient source experiment ) 20 - 60 kev band x - ray flux and pulse frequency time series , we look for correlations between torque , luminosity and specific angular momentum for three high mass x - ray binary pulsars vela x-1 , gx 301 - 2 and oao 1657 - 415 . our results show that there is no correlation between pulse frequency derivative and flux which may be an indication of the absence of stable prograde accretion disk . from the strong correlation of specific angular momentum and torque , we conclude that the accretion geometry changes continuously as suggested by the hydrodynamic simulations(blondin et al . 1990 ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: observations of accretion powered pulsars began with the discovery of periodic x - ray pulsations from cen x-3 by _ uhuru _ ( giacconi et al . 1971 ; schreier et al . . qualitative understanding of accretion powered pulsars was achieved in the 1970s ( pringle & rees 1972 ; davidson & ostriker 1973 ; lamb et al . 1973 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

ghosh and lamb presented an accretion disk theory to address the accretion powered pulsar observations in the 1970s in terms of a fastness parameter , material and magnetic torques in the case of a stable prograde accretion disk ( ghosh&lamb , 1979a , b ) . in the absence of a stable accretion disk , numerical simulations were used to probe the nature of accretion ( anzer et al . 1987 ; taam&fryxell 1988a,1988b,1989 ; blondin et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the past decade has led to significant improvements in our understanding of the physical structure of the molecular cores of cold dark clouds . observational efforts , in combination with improved knowledge of cloud structure , now provide clear evidence that the chemistry of dark clouds is dominated by the depletion of gaseous species onto grain surfaces . we outline the basis of these observational efforts and show how the abundance determinations have moved beyond single point analyses to the derivation of abundance profiles . we discuss the basic physics of the interaction between molecules and grain surfaces and show that when physics is coupled into a chemical model there is excellent agreement , for a limited set of species , between theory and observations . we discuss our improved understanding of cloud chemistry can be used as a new tool for studies of the formation of stars and planetary systems . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the formation of dense molecular condensations , and eventually stars , involves large changes in the physical properties of the atomic and molecular gas . these changes also have very specific consequences on the chemical interactions of the gas and dust inside the forming cores / stars . in particular as the density increases molecules in the gas phase collide with dust grains with greater frequency and , if the molecules stick with any reasonable efficiency , they will deplete from the gas phase .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

thus , the density gradient that results from core condensation is accompanied by chemical gradients , with the inner parts of the core representing high density chemistry ( with freeze - out onto grains ) , and the outer parts representing the original low density molecular composition . indeed , these molecular depletions have been suggested as the primary chemical indicator of the earliest stages of the star formation process ( mundy & mcmullin 1997 ; bergin & langer 1997 ) . such chemical structure should be particularly evident in dark clouds because the low temperatures ( @xmath0 k ) preclude thermal evaporation of the molecules frozen in the mantle .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we compute the leading quark mass dependence of the matrix elements of isovector twist-2 operators between octet baryon states in quenched qcd using quenched chiral perturbation theory . there are contributions of the form @xmath0 and @xmath1 , in analogy with qcd , but there are also contributions of the form @xmath2 from hairpin interactions . the nucleon does not receive such hairpin contributions . # 1#2#3#4#1 * # 2 * , # 3 ( # 4 ) . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the parton distribution functions ( pdf s ) of the nucleon are fundamental quantities associated with the strong interactions . extensive experimental investigations have been undertaken during the past three decades to measure these distributions via deep - inelastic scattering ( dis ) of leptons from protons and light nuclei . due to the intrinsically non - perturbative nature of the strong interactions in the low - momentum region , theoretical efforts to understand these distributions have had only limited success . with the ever increasing power of computers and significant developments in algorithms used to numerically simulate qcd on the lattice , it is hoped that properties of the pdf s can be determined from first principle @xcite at some point in the not so distant future ( for a review see ref .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is the forward matrix elements of twist-2 operators that are computed numerically and these matrix elements are directly related to moments of the pdf s . of course , only matrix elements computed with unquenched qcd with the physical values of the quark masses , @xmath1 , are to be directly compared with experimental data , but at this point in time such computations are not possible .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study numerical simulations of satellite galaxy disruption in a potential resembling that of the milky way . our goal is to assess whether a merger origin for the stellar halo would leave observable fossil structure in the phase - space distribution of nearby stars . we show how mixing of disrupted satellites can be quantified using a coarse - grained entropy . although after 10 billion years few obvious asymmetries remain in the distribution of particles in configuration space , strong correlations are still present in velocity space . we briefly describe how we can understand these effects based on the conservation of fine - grained phase - space density in an action - angle formalism . we also discuss the implications of our results on the known properties of the stellar halo . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: currently popular theories of structure formation in the universe postulate that structure grows through the amplification by gravitational forces of initially small density fluctuations ( see white 1996 for a review ) . depending on the characteristics of the spectrum of fluctuations , small objects can be the first to collapse ; they then merge to form progressively larger systems giving rise to the complex structure we observe today . in this hierarchical structure formation scenario our galaxy , as a typical galaxy , should also have been formed in part by merging and accretion of smaller galaxies , or ` building blocks ' . these events should be imprinted in some of its present - day components , presumably as residual structure . for example , when a galaxy is disrupted it leaves trails of stars along its orbit .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

these could be superposed in a spheroidal component such as a stellar halo . in fact , numerous observations suggest substructure in the halo of the galaxy ( see majewski in this volume ) . in this paper

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we established a new algorithm for correlation process in radio astronomy . this scheme consists of the 1st - stage fourier transform as a filter and the 2nd - stage fourier transform for spectroscopy . the `` ffx '' correlator stands for filter and fx architecture , since the 1st - stage fourier transform is performed as a digital filter , and the 2nd - stage fourier transform is performed as a conventional fx scheme . we developed the ffx correlator hardware not only for the verification of the ffx scheme algorithm but also for the application to the atacama submillimeter telescope experiment ( aste ) telescope toward high - dispersion and wideband radio observation at submillimeter wavelengths . in this paper , we present the principle of the ffx correlator and its properties , as well as the evaluation results with the production version . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the signals received by the antennas obey the stationary stochastic process and then ergodic process . the ergodic theory can be applied to the auto - correlation function for a spectrometer and the cross - correlation function for radio interferometer . under such conditions , weinreb ( 1963 ) developed the first digital spectrometer .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this digital spectrometer is called the xf correlator in which the correlation is calculated before fourier transform . meanwhile , chikada et al . ( 1987 ) developed the first the fx correlator of an another design , in which fourier transform is performed before cross multiplication .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study statistics of first passage inside a cone in arbitrary spatial dimension . the probability that a diffusing particle avoids the cone boundary decays algebraically with time . the decay exponent depends on two variables : the opening angle of the cone and the spatial dimension . in four dimensions , we find an explicit expression for the exponent , and in general , we obtain it as a root of a transcendental equation involving associated legendre functions . at large dimensions , the decay exponent depends on a single scaling variable , while roots of the parabolic cylinder function specify the scaling function . consequently , the exponent is of order one only if the cone surface is very close to a plane . we also perform asymptotic analysis for extremely thin and extremely wide cones . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: random walks are widely used to model natural processes in physics , chemistry , and biology @xcite . in particular , first - passage and persistence statistics @xcite of multiple random walks underlie reaction - diffusion processes @xcite , spin systems @xcite , and polymer dynamics @xcite . first - passage processes involving multiple random walks are equivalent to diffusion in a restricted region of space . for example , the probability that @xmath0 ordinary random walks do not meet is equivalent to the probability that a `` compound '' walk in @xmath0 dimensions remains confined to the region .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this probability decays as in the long - time limit @xcite . when there are only two or three particles , the compound walk is , in many cases , confined to a wedge , formed by two intersecting planes . moreover , the well - known properties of diffusion inside an absorbing wedge @xcite explain the long - time kinetics @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we describe the behavior of solutions of the klein - gordon equation , @xmath0 , on lorentzian manifolds @xmath1 which are anti - de sitter - like ( ads - like ) at infinity . such manifolds are lorentzian analogues of the so - called riemannian conformally compact ( or asymptotically hyperbolic ) spaces , in the sense that the metric is conformal to a smooth lorentzian metric @xmath2 on @xmath3 , where @xmath3 has a non - trivial boundary , in the sense that @xmath4 , with @xmath5 a boundary defining function . the boundary is conformally time - like for these spaces , unlike asymptotically de sitter spaces studied in @xcite , which are similar but with the boundary being conformally space - like . here we show local well - posedness for the klein - gordon equation , and also global well - posedness under global assumptions on the ( null)bicharacteristic flow , for @xmath6 below the breitenlohner - freedman bound , @xmath7 . these have been known under additional assumptions , @xcite . further , we describe the propagation of singularities of solutions and obtain the asymptotic behavior ( at @xmath8 ) of regular solutions . we also define the scattering operator , which in this case is an analogue of the hyperbolic dirichlet - to - neumann map . thus , it is shown that below the breitenlohner - freedman bound , the klein - gordon equation behaves much like it would for the conformally related metric , @xmath2 , with dirichlet boundary conditions , for which propagation of singularities was shown by melrose , sjstrand and taylor @xcite , though the precise form of the asymptotics is different . [ section ] [ lemma]proposition [ lemma]theorem [ lemma]corollary [ lemma]result [ lemma]remark [ lemma]definition . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper we consider asymptotically anti de sitter ( ads ) type metrics on @xmath9-dimensional manifolds with boundary @xmath3 , @xmath10 . we recall the actual definition of ads space below , but for our purposes the most important feature is the asymptotic of the metric on these spaces , so we start by making a bold general definition . thus , an asymptotically ads type space is a manifold with boundary @xmath3 such that @xmath11 is equipped with a pseudo - riemannian metric @xmath12 of signature @xmath13 which near the boundary @xmath14 of @xmath3 is of the form @xmath15 @xmath16 a smooth symmetric 2-cotensor on @xmath3 such that with respect to some product decomposition of @xmath3 near @xmath14 , @xmath17 , @xmath18 is a section of @xmath19 ( rather than merely would have variable order , and the restrictions on @xmath6 that arise here , @xmath20 , would have to be modified . ] @xmath21 ) and is a lorentzian metric on @xmath14 ( with signature @xmath22 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

note that @xmath14 is time - like with respect to the conformal metric @xmath23 i.e. the dual metric @xmath24 of @xmath2 is negative definite on @xmath25 , i.e. on @xmath26 , in contrast with the asymptotically de sitter - like setting studied in @xcite when the boundary is space - like . moreover , @xmath14 is _ not _ assumed to be compact ; indeed , under the assumption ( tf ) below , which is useful for global well - posedness of the wave equation , it never is .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in a recent comment , it has been shown that in a quantum secret sharing protocol proposed in [ s. bagherinezhad , v. karimipour , phys . rev . * a * , 67 , 044302 , ( 2003 ) ] , one of the receivers can cheat by splitting the entanglement of the carrier and intercepting the secret , without being detected . in this reply we show that a simple modification of the protocol prevents the receivers from this kind of cheating . * reply to `` comment on quantum secret sharing based on reusable greenbergr - horne - zeilinger states as secure carriers '' * + v. karimipour + department of physics , sharif university of technology , + p.o . box 11365 - 9161 , + tehran , iran pacs numbers : 03.67.dd , 03.65.ud . to set up the context and the notations , it is appropriate to first review briefly the protocol itself @xcite and the basic feature of the attack or cheating suggested in @xcite . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: first we need the concept of a reusable secure carrier @xcite , . a bell state like @xmath0 shared between alice(a ) and bob(b ) can be used as a reusable secure carrier between two parties as follows . alice entangles a qubit @xmath1 by the action of a cnot gate @xmath2 ( acting on the qubit @xmath3 and controlled by @xmath4 ) , which produces a state like @xmath5 at the destination bob disentangles the qubit by a cnot operation @xmath6 , leaving the carrier in its original state for reusing . during the transmission the qubit has been disguised in a highly mixed state .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

+ any of the bell states [ bells ] |^_ab = ( |00|11)_ab,|^_ab = ( |01|10)_abcan be used as a carrier . + for three parties @xcite , a carrier shared between alice(a ) , bob(b ) and charlie(c ) can be a ghz state like @xmath7 or an even parity state like @xmath8 throughout @xcite , the comment @xcite and the present reply the subscripts @xmath9 and @xmath10 are used for the quibts shared by , or the local operators acted by , alice , bob and charlie respectively , while the subscripts @xmath3 and @xmath11 are used for the qubits sent to bob and charlie respectively . +

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the possibility of chaining qubits by letting pairs of nearest neighbours qubits dissipating into common environments . we then study entanglement dynamics within the chain and show that steady state entanglement can be achieved . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is nowadays well established that entanglement represents a fundamental resource for quantum information tasks @xcite . however , being a purely quantum feature it is fragile with respect to enviromental contamination . notwithstanding that , the possibility to achieve entangled states as stationary ones in open quantum systems has been put forward in many different contexts ( for what concern qubits systems see e.g. refs.@xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the subject has attracted a lot of attention up until a recent striking experiment on long living entanglement @xcite . the works on this topic can be considered as falling into two main categories : one where all qubits are plunged in the same environment @xcite and the other where each qubit is plunged in its own environment @xcite . in the former case

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i review the models suggested , to date , as an explanation for the so called `` ridge '' phenomenon , an elongation in rapidity of 2-particle correlations seen at rhic and lhc energies . i argue that these models can be divided into two phenomenologically distinct classes : `` hotspot+flow '' driven correlations , where initial state correlations created by structures local in configuration space are collimated by transverse flow , and models where the azimuthal correlation is created through local partonic interactions in a high gluon density initial state . i argue that the measurement of a strong double ridge in @xmath0 and @xmath1 collisions allows a good opportunity to understand the ridge s origin because it allows to see if a common knudsen number scaling , expected if the ridge has a hydrodynamic origin , can be used to understand all data . i show that current data presents evidence that this scaling is lacking , presenting a challenge to the hydrodynamic models . on the other hand , particle - identified correlations are a particularly promising way of testing the assumption , which distinguishes the two models , of whether the correlation is formed initially in the partonic phase , or as a final state effect . assuming fragmentation occurs `` as in vacuum '' can be used to predict scaling trends which are generally broken by models , such as hydrodynamics , where the ridge is created as a final state effect . while evidence is again not fully conclusive , data does seem to follow a scaling compatible with hydrodynamics @xcite . i close by discussing experimental observables capable of clarifying the situation . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the so - called `` ridge '' , found in hadronic collisions at rhic and lhc energies , @xcite , has been subject to years of intense theoretical and experimental investigation and can be regarded as a crucial observable in the study of dense qcd . the ridge is a 2-particle correlation focused in the azimuthal difference @xmath2 and elongated in pseudo - rapidity @xmath3 . this correlation seems to be specific to high multiplicity hadronic processes ( more central high @xmath4 heavy ion , pa , da @xcite , and very high multiplicity pp collisions @xcite ) , suggesting it to be related to the appearance of a `` medium '' .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is further possible to relate ridge physics to bulk anisotropies particle production @xcite : the two - particle correlation function , including the ridge , can be successfully decomposed in fourier components ( commonly known as @xmath5 ) w.r.t . the reaction plane @xmath6 @xmath7 it is trivial to see that a single ridge is mostly generated by @xmath8 components .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a detailed study of nucleon parton distribution functions is performed within a radiative next - to - next - to leading order ( nnlo ) parton model whose low - scale input is rigidly described by wave functions which include quarks and dressing meson - cloud . the light - front hamiltonian dynamics fixes the three - quark wave functions and the meson cloud is introduced by means of high - order fock components in time - ordered perturbation theory in the infinite momentum frame . non - strange as well as strange meson - baryon fluctuations are considered ( @xmath0 , @xmath1 , @xmath2 , @xmath3 and @xmath4 , together with @xmath5 , @xmath6 , @xmath7 and @xmath8 ) and the effects on strange and non - strange parton distributions investigated showing the large effects due to ( non - strange ) sea asymmetries and the delicate balance of the strange asymmetry . the non - strange and the strange components , the valence as well as the gluon distributions are compared with available experimental data confirming the need of both non - perturbative degrees of freedom and perturbative ( nnlo ) radiative effects . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the dressing of a nucleon with its meson cloud is deeply and consistently connected to the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking exhibited by quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) . in the specific case of deep - inelastic - scattering ( dis ) , the presence of a meson cloud has relevant consequences as first discussed by feynman and sullivan @xcite,@xcite . one had to wait till the discovery of the gottfried sum rule violation @xcite , to realize that the cloud contribution can quantitatively account for the excess of @xmath9 anti - quarks over @xmath10 anti - quarks @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the inclusion of a strange component into the meson cloud has been first discussed by signal and thomas @xcite showing that the strange cloud component exhibits peculiar characteristics since all the @xmath11 antiquarks come from the kaon , whereas all the @xmath12 quarks come from the hyperon . in particular it was demonstrated that the meson cloud contribution to the anti - strange distribution is softer than the contribution to the strange component . some shortcomings were present in the approach proposed in refs.@xcite and a better formulation of the meson cloud model was proposed within a time ordered perturbation theory in the infinite momentum frame @xcite . using time ordered approach one has , in fact , the advantage that the struck hadrons remain on - mass - shell avoiding ambiguities and allowing the use of experimental structure functions as input .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this is the first of two papers about the structure of kauffman networks . in this paper we define the relevant elements of random networks of automata , following previous work by flyvbjerg @xcite and flyvbjerg and kjaer @xcite , and we study numerically their probability distribution in the chaotic phase and on the critical line of the model . a simple approximate argument predicts that their number scales as @xmath0 on the critical line , while it is linear with @xmath1 in the chaotic phase and independent on system size in the frozen phase . this argument is confirmed by numerical results . the study of the relevant elements gives useful information about the properties of the attractors in critical networks , where the pictures coming from either approximate computation methods or from simulations are not very clear . 48 pt -1.5 truecm -1.2 truecm 16.5 cm 23 cm @xmath2dipartimento di fisica , universit `` la sapienza '' , p.le aldo moro 2 , i-00185 roma italy @xmath3hlrz , forschungszentrum jlich , d-52425 jlich germany keywords : disordered systems , genetic regulatory networks , random boolean networks , cellular automata . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: kauffman networks are disordered dynamical systems proposed by kauffman in 1969 as a model for genetic regulatory systems @xcite . they attracted the interest of physicists in the 80 s @xcite , due to their analogy with the disordered systems studied in statistical mechanics , such as the mean field spin glass @xcite . a dynamical phase transition was found and studied in the framework of mean field theory . in this and in the next paper. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite we deal with some structural properties of the networks that determine their attractors . in the present paper we introduce the relevant elements , a notion that was suggested by flyvbjerg @xcite and flyvbjerg and kjaer @xcite , and we study their probability distribution . in the next one

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present extensive new photometry in @xmath0 of the large globular cluster ( gc ) system around ngc 3311 , the central cd galaxy in the hydra cluster . our gmos data cover a @xmath1 field of view and reach a limiting magnitude @xmath2 , about 0.5 magnitude fainter than the turnover point of the gc luminosity function . we find that ngc 3311 has a huge population of @xmath3 gcs , closely similar to the prototypical `` high specific frequency '' virgo giant m87 . the color - magnitude distribution shows that the metal - poor `` blue '' gc sequence and the metal - richer `` red '' sequence are both present , with nearly equal numbers of clusters . bimodal fits to the color distributions confirm that the blue sequence shows the same trend of progressively increasing metallicity with gc mass that has previously been found in many other large galaxies ; the correlation we find corresponds to a scaling of gc metallicity with mass of @xmath4 . by contrast , the red sequence shows no change of mean metallicity with mass , but it shows an upward extension to much higher than normal luminosity into the ucd - like range , strengthening the potential connections between massive gcs and ucds . the gc luminosity function , which we measure down to the turnover point at @xmath5 , also has a normal form like those in other giant ellipticals . within the hydra field , another giant elliptical ngc 3309 is sitting just @xmath6 from the cd ngc 3311 . we use our data to solve simultaneously for the spatial structure and total gc populations of both galaxies at once . their specific frequencies are @xmath7 and @xmath8 . ngc 3311 is completely dominant and entirely comparable with other cd - type systems such as m87 in virgo . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one of the most distinctive features of the supergiant cd - type galaxies found at the centers of rich environments is the very obvious presence of huge populations of old - halo globular clusters ( gcs ) , often numbering above 10,000 gcs in a single system and spanning radii upwards of 100 kpc ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ) . these `` high specific frequency '' ( `` high-@xmath9 '' ) globular cluster systems ( gcss ) provide a platform for statistical studies of halo cluster properties that can not be carried out in any other environment . despite their rarity , they are therefore prime targets for both observations and interpretive modelling on the formation and evolution of gcs and their host galaxies .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the gcss in cd galaxies ( most of which are also `` brightest cluster galaxies '' or bcgs ) have been used to identify a new correlation between gc luminosity ( or mass ) and color ( or metallicity ) . while the cluster metallicity distribution function ( mdf ) usually has a bimodal shape ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: formal laplace operators are analyzed for a large class of resistance networks with vertex weights . the graphs are completed with respect to the minimal resistance path metric . compactness and a novel connectivity hypothesis for the completed graphs play an essential role . a version of the dirichlet problem is solved . self adjoint laplace operators and the probability semigroups they generate are constructed using reflecting and absorbing conditions on subsets of the graph boundary . _ mathematics subject classification . _ primary 34b45 _ keywords . _ boundary value problems on networks , resistance networks , dirichlet forms , markov chain explosions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this work has its roots in the challenge of extending differential equation models for diffusion or wave propagation from domains in euclidean space to infinite graphs intended to resemble biological transport systems such as the arteries of the human circulatory system . such biological systems can include enormous numbers of branching segments . short time transport across the network is essential , so treelike structures with small numbers of large edges and vast collections of microscopic edges are typical . faced with such complex heterogeneous structures , one hopes that appropriate infinite graph models will suggest useful structural features and robustly posed problems . building on an earlier quantum graph analysis of such problems. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite , this work uses infinite graph and operator theoretic methods to treat a class of continuous time markov chains . recall that continuous time markov chains use a system of constant coefficient differential equations @xmath0 to describe the evolution of probability densities @xmath1 on a finite or countably infinite set of states . an associated graph may be constructed by connecting states ( vertices ) @xmath2 and @xmath3 with an edge if @xmath4 . in the finite state case

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: spin - superflow turbulence ( sst ) in spin-1 ferromagnetic spinor bose - einstein condensates is theoretically and numerically studied by using the spin-1 spinor gross - pitaevskii ( gp ) equations . sst is turbulence in which the disturbed spin and superfluid velocity fields are coupled . applying the kolmogorov - type dimensional scaling analysis to the hydrodynamic equations of spin and velocity fields , we theoretically find that the @xmath0 and @xmath1 power laws can appear in spectra of the superflow kinetic and the spin - dependent interaction energy , respectively . our numerical calculation of the gp equations with a phenomenological small - scale energy dissipation confirms sst with the coexistence of disturbed spin and superfluid velocity field with two power laws . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: turbulence is a strong nonequilibrium phenomenon , exhibiting unpredictable behavior of the velocity field , which can result from the multiple degrees of freedom and nonlinearity of fluid systems @xcite . this situation complicates our understanding of turbulence , making it one of the unresolved problems in modern physics . the studies on turbulence in quantum fluids have possibility to shed new light on our understanding of turbulence . in quantum turbulence ( qt ) for quantum fluids such as superfluid helium and one - component atomic bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) @xcite , many quantized vortices with quantized circulation are nucleated , forming tangles .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this situation is drastically different from classical turbulence ( ct ) realized in classical fluids because the circulation of velocity field is not quantized in this system . therefore , the element of qt is more obvious than that in ct , and qt is believed to be useful for the understanding of ct .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we proposed a probabilistic algorithm to solve the multiple sequence alignment problem . the algorithm is a simulated annealing ( sa ) that exploits the representation of the multiple alignment between @xmath0 sequences as a directed polymer in @xmath0 dimensions . within this representation we can easily track the evolution in the configuration space of the alignment through local moves of low computational cost . at variance with other probabilistic algorithms proposed to solve this problem , our approach allows for the creation and deletion of gaps without extra computational cost . the algorithm was tested aligning proteins from the kinases family . when @xmath1 the results are consistent with those obtained using a complete algorithm . for @xmath2 where the complete algorithm fails , we show that our algorithm still converges to reasonable alignments . moreover , we study the space of solutions obtained and show that depending on the number of sequences aligned the solutions are organized in different ways , suggesting a possible source of errors for progressive algorithms . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the multiple sequence alignment ( msa ) problem constitutes one of the fundamental research areas in bioinformatics . while at first sight it may seem a simple extension of the two - string alignment problem _ two strings good , four strings better _ , for biologists , the multiple alignment of proteins or dna is crucial in deducing their common properties @xcite . quoting arthur lensk @xcite : _ one or two homologous sequences whisper ... a full multiple alignment shouts out loud_. in general , the sequences consist of a linear array of symbols from an alphabet of @xmath3-letters ( @xmath4 for dna and @xmath5 for proteins ) . given @xmath0 sequences to determine a good multiple sequence alignment is a relative task . usually one defines a score function that depends on the distances between the letters of the alphabet , and assumes that the better alignment is the one that minimizes this score function .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is a common use to define the msa score in terms of the scores of the pairwise global alignments of the sequences ( sum of pairs score)@xcite . given two sequences @xmath6 and @xmath7 let @xmath8 be a cost of the mutation of @xmath9 into @xmath10 and @xmath11 the cost of inserting or deleting of the letter . extending @xmath8 so that @xmath12 and @xmath13 and considering that a null ( - ) symbol isolated from others ( - ) pays an extra cost @xmath14 @xcite we may define the score of a pairwise alignment @xmath15 for sequences @xmath16 and @xmath17 of size @xmath18 as : @xmath19 where @xmath20 is the number of isolated ( - ) . then , the score for the multiple alignment is given by : @xmath21 the multiple sequence alignment has at least three important applications in biology : classification of protein families and superfamilies , the identification and representation of conserved sequences features of both dna or proteins that correlate structure and/or function and the deduction of the evolutionary history of the sequences studied @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the unique properties of quantum hall devices arise from the ideal one - dimensional edge states that form in a two - dimensional electron system at high magnetic field . tunnelling between edge states across a quantum point contact ( qpc ) has already revealed rich physics , like fractionally charged excitations , or chiral luttinger liquid . thanks to scanning gate microscopy , we show that a single qpc can turn into an interferometer for specific potential landscapes . spectroscopy , magnetic field and temperature dependences of electron transport reveal a quantitatively consistent interferometric behavior of the studied qpc . to explain this unexpected behavior , we put forward a new model which relies on the presence of a quantum hall island at the centre of the constriction as well as on different tunnelling paths surrounding the island , thereby creating a new type of interferometer . this work sets the ground for new device concepts based on coherent tunnelling . + electron phase coherence is the cornerstone of quantum devices and computation @xcite . in that perspective , quantum hall ( qh ) devices are particularly attractive in view of their large coherence times @xcite . quantum hall edge states ( es ) formed by landau levels ( ll ) crossing the fermi energy near sample borders are ideal one - dimensional ( 1d ) systems in which scattering vanishes exponentially at low temperature @xmath0 @xcite . edge state loops surrounding potential hills or wells , referred to as localized states or quantum hall islands ( qhis ) , then form unique zero - dimensional ( 0d ) systems @xcite . the last few years witnessed great progresses in the transport spectroscopy of model qh localized states created by patterning quantum dots @xcite or antidots @xcite in a two - dimensional electron system ( 2des ) . in parallel , new tools were developed to probe the microscopic structure of confined electron systems in the qh regime . in particular , scanning gate microscopy @xcite ( sgm.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: = 9.5 t , @xmath0 = 4.2 k , and @xmath5 = -4 v. continuous lines correspond to the edges of the qpc . the black bar represents 1 @xmath6 m . ( b ) @xmath7-dependence of @xmath8-profiles over the region marked with a dashed line in ( a ) , with @xmath5 = -6 v. using eq .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

( [ rosenow ] ) for the two consecutive fringes highlighted with the white dashed lines in ( b ) , we calculate in ( c ) the diameter of the qhi as the tip - qhi distance @xmath9 is varied . , width=10 ] our sample is a qpc etched in an ingaas / inalas heterostructure holding a 2des 25 nm below the surface .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we study families of degree @xmath0 parabolic - like mappings @xmath1 ( as we defined in @xcite ) . we prove that the hybrid conjugacies between a nice analytic family of degree @xmath0 parabolic - like mappings and members of the family @xmath2 induce a continuous map @xmath3 , which under suitable conditions restricts to a ramified covering from the connectedness locus of @xmath1 to the connectedness locus @xmath4 of @xmath2 . as an application , we prove that the connectedness locus of the family @xmath5 presents baby @xmath6 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a degree @xmath7 polynomial - like mapping is a degree @xmath7 proper holomorphic map @xmath8 , where @xmath9 and @xmath10 are topological disks and @xmath9 is compactly contained in @xmath11 . this definition captures the behaviour of a polynomial in a neighbourhood of its filled julia set . the filled julia set is defined in the polynomial - like case as the set of points which do not escape the domain .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the external class of a polynomial - like map is the ( conjugacy classes of ) the map which encodes the dynamics of the polynomial - like map outside the filled julia set . the external class of a degree @xmath7 polynomial - like map is a degree @xmath7 real - analytic orientation preserving and strictly expanding self - covering of the unit circle : the expansivity of such a circle map implies that all the periodic points are repelling , and in particular not parabolic . in order to avoid this restriction , in @xcite

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a novel modulation level classification ( mlc ) method based on probability distribution distance functions . the proposed method uses modified kuiper and kolmogorov - smirnov distances to achieve low computational complexity and outperforms the state of the art methods based on cumulants and goodness - of - fit tests . we derive the theoretical performance of the proposed mlc method and verify it via simulations . the best classification accuracy , under awgn with snr mismatch and phase jitter , is achieved with the proposed mlc method using kuiper distances . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: modulation level classification ( mlc ) is a process which detects the transmitter s digital modulation level from a received signal , using a priori knowledge of the modulation class and signal characteristics needed for downconversion and sampling . among many modulation classification methods @xcite , a cumulant ( cm ) based classification @xcite is one of the most widespread for its ability to identify both the modulation class and level . however , differentiating among cumulants of the same modulation class , but with different levels , i.e. 16qam vs. 64qam , requires a large number of samples .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

a recently proposed method @xcite based on a goodness - of - fit ( gof ) test using kolmogorov - smirnov ( ks ) statistic has been suggested as an alternative to the cm - based level classification which require lower number of samples to achieve accurate mlc . in this letter , we propose a novel mlc method based on distribution distance functions , namely kuiper ( k ) @xcite ( * ? ? ?

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the impact of neutral - current ( nc ) non - standard neutrino interactions ( nsi ) on the determination of the neutrino mass ordering . we show that in presence of nsi there is an exact degeneracy which makes it impossible to determine the neutrino mass ordering and the octant of the solar mixing angle @xmath0 at oscillation experiments . the degeneracy holds at the probability level and for arbitrary matter density profiles , and hence , solar , atmospheric , reactor , and accelerator neutrino experiments are affected simultaneously . the degeneracy requires order - one corrections from nsi to the nc neutrino quark interaction and can be tested in neutrino nucleus nc scattering experiments . fermilab - pub-16 - 115-t . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: neutrino oscillation physics has entered the precision era . present data determines all three leptonic mixing angles and the absolute value of the two mass - squared differences with few percent precision @xcite . crucial goals of future oscillation experiments are ( @xmath1 ) the determination of the neutrino mass ordering and the cp - violating phase @xmath2 , and ( @xmath3 ) establishing the robustness of three - flavour oscillations with respect to physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) . in the present work. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

we show that those two items are intimately related . we consider the hypothesis that additional interactions affect the neutrino sector , beyond the sm weak interaction @xcite , see @xcite for recent reviews .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: suppose that @xmath0 are i.i.d . rotationally invariant @xmath1-by-@xmath1 matrices . let @xmath2 . it is known that @xmath3 converges to a nonrandom limit . we prove that under certain additional assumptions on matrices @xmath4 the speed of convergence to this limit does not decrease when the size of matrices , @xmath1 , grows . . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath5 be a sequence of independent @xmath6 random matrices and @xmath7 in a celebrated paper furstenbergkesten60 , furstenberg and kesten proved that @xmath8 converges provided that @xmath9 later , oseledec in @xcite proved convergence for other singular values of @xmath10 and cohen and newman in @xcite studied the behavior of the limit in the situation when @xmath1 approaches infinity . this paper investigates the question of how the speed of convergence depends on the dimension of matrices @xmath1 . consider a dynamical system ( a gas , an economy , an ecosystem , etc . ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

its evolution can be described by a mapping @xmath11 where @xmath12 is a vector that describes the state of the system at time @xmath13 we can often model the mapping as a multiplication by a random matrix @xmath14 stability and other long - run properties of the system depend on the growth in the norm of the product @xmath15 which we can measure by calculating the quantity @xmath16 the sub - multiplicativity property of the norm ( @xmath17 ) ensures that @xmath18 converges to @xmath19 where @xmath20 is an arbitrary vector . intuitively , this means that it is not important what was the starting vector of the system . after some time , all products grow at the same rate independently of the initial state .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the modest extinction and reasonably face - on viewing geometry make the luminous infrared galaxy ngc 1614 an ideal laboratory for study of a powerful starburst . _ hst_/nicmos observations show : 1 . ) deep co stellar absorption , tracing a starburst nucleus about 45pc in diameter ; 2 . ) surrounded by a @xmath0pc diameter ring of supergiant hii regions revealed in pa@xmath1 line emission ; 3 . ) lying within a molecular ring indicated by its extinction shadow in @xmath2 ; 4 . ) all at the center of a disturbed spiral galaxy . the luminosities of the giant hii regions in the ring are extremely high , an order of magnitude brighter than 30 doradus ; very luminous hii regions , comparable with 30 dor , are also found in the spiral arms of the galaxy . luminous stellar clusters surround the nucleus and lie in the spiral arms , similar to clusters observed in other infrared luminous and ultraluminous galaxies . the star forming activity may have been initiated by a merger between a disk galaxy and a companion satellite , whose nucleus appears in projection about 300pc to the ne of the nucleus of the primary galaxy . the relation of deep stellar co bands to surrounding ionized gas ring to molecular gas indicates that the luminous starburst started in the nucleus and is propagating outward into the surrounding molecular ring . this hypothesis is supported by evolutionary starburst modeling that shows that the properties of ngc 1614 can be fitted with two short - lived bursts of star formation separated by 5myr ( and by inference by a variety of models with a similar duration of star formation ) . the total dynamical mass of the starburst region of @xmath3 is mostly accounted for by the old pre - starburst stellar population . although our starburst models use a modified salpeter initial mass function ( turning over near 1 m@xmath4 ) , the tight mass budget suggests that the imf may contain relatively more 10 - 30 m@xmath4 stars and fewer low mass stars than the salpeter function . the.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: numerical simulations of collisions between gas - rich galaxies ( e.g. , barnes & hernquist 1996 and references therein ) and even minor mergers between a gas - rich galaxy and a satellite companion ( e.g. , mihos & hernquist 1994 ) show that these processes are very efficient in transporting large quantities of molecular gas into the galaxy nuclei . as a result of the concentration of gas , a strong burst ( or various bursts ) of star - formation may occur , and an agn may be activated , as observed in many infrared luminous and ultraluminous galaxies ( lirgs and ulirgs ) . sanders et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

( 1988 ) suggested that the lirg and ulirg galaxies are the initial stage for the appearance of a quasar ( see also the review by sanders & mirabel 1996 ) . however , recent results from mid - infrared spectroscopy seem to indicate that most lirgs and many ulirgs may be powered by star formation ( lutz et al . 1999 ) . these objects therefore allow probing the process of star formation on an extreme scale and intensity .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the discovery of h@xmath0o maser emission at 1.35 cm wavelength in seven active galactic nuclei ( at distances up to @xmath1 mpc ) during a survey conducted at the 70-m diameter antenna of the nasa deep space network near canberra , australia . the detection rate was @xmath2 . two of the maser sources are particularly interesting because they display satellite high - velocity emission lines , which are a signature of emission from the accretion disks of supermassive black holes when seen edge on . three of the masers are coincident , to within uncertainties of @xmath3 , with continuum emission sources we observed at about @xmath4 cm . we also report the discovery of new spectral features in the circinus galaxy h@xmath0o maser that broaden the known velocity range of emission therein by a factor of @xmath5 . if the new spectral features originate in the circinus accretion disk , then molecular material must survive at radii @xmath6 times smaller than had been believed previously ( @xmath7 pc or @xmath8 schwarzschild radii ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: water maser emission ( @xmath9 cm in the rest frame ) is known to trace warm , dense gas at radii of 0.1 to 1 pc in the accretion disks surrounding supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei ( e.g. , * ? ? ? it can also trace material heated by jet activity ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) and wide - angle nuclear winds @xcite . emission from disks is visible when they are viewed close to edge - on and amplification paths are longest . several have been mapped with very long baseline interferometry ( vlbi ) : ngc4258 @xcite , ngc1068 @xcite , and the circinus galaxy @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

`` maser disks '' may also exist in ic2560 @xcite , ngc5793 @xcite , and mrk1419 @xcite , though confirmation awaits further study . triply peaked spectra characterize emission from accretion disks that are well populated by masers . emission close to the systemic velocity of the host galaxies ( i.e. , low - velocity emission ) occurs where orbital motion is transverse to the line of sight .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the problem of finding the efficient frontier associated with the risk - return portfolio optimization model . we derive the analytical expression of the efficient frontier for a portfolio of @xmath0 risky assets , and for the case when a risk - free asset is added to the model . also , we provide an r implementation , and we discuss in detail a numerical example of a portfolio of several risky common stocks . portfolio optimization , efficient frontier , r. . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: optimization is a challenging problem in economic analysis and risk management , which dates back to the seminal work of markowitz [ 1 ] . the main assumption is that the return of any financial asset is described by a random variable , whose expected mean and variance are assumed to be reliably estimated from historical data . the expected mean and variance are interpreted as the reward , and respectively the risk of the investment .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the portfolio optimization problem can be formulated as following : given a set of financial assets , characterized by their expected mean and their covariances , find the optimal weight of each asset , such that the overall portfolio provides the smallest risk for a given overall return [ 1 - 5 ] . therefore , the problem reduces to finding the `` efficient frontier '' , which is the set of all achievable portfolios that offer the highest rate of return for a given level of risk . using the quadratic optimization mathematical framework

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present spectroscopic and photometric observations of sn 1992ar , the more distant sn in the caln / tololo survey . we compare its spectrum with those of nearby type ia and ic sne and conclude that the latter type is a better match to sn 1992ar . using k corrections based on the spectra of well observed type ic and ia sne we compute different possible rest frame light curves of sn 1992ar and compare them with those of representative sne of each type observed in the nearby universe . from the photometry and the spectra , we are able to conclude that sn 1992ar can not be matched by any known example of a type ia sn . even though the data set collected is fairly complete ( one spectrum and 10 photometric points ) , it is not possible to decide whether sn 1992ar was a fast type ic sn , like sn 1994i , or a slow one , like sn 1983v . the absolute v magnitudes at maximum implied by each of these possibilities are @xmath0 and @xmath1 , respectively . the latter would make sn 1992ar one of the brightest sne on record . sn 1992ar , hence , illustrates the problem of contamination faced by the high z type ia sne samples whose luminosity distances are used to determine the cosmological parameters of the universe . we present observational criteria to distinguish the two sn types when the siii@xmath26355 line is redshifted out of the sensitivity range of typical ccd detectors , and discuss the effect that these luminous type ic sne would have on the measured cosmological parameters , if not removed from the high z type ia sn samples . @xmath2 submitted to _ astrophysical journal _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: sn 1992ar is one of the supernovae ( sne ) discovered by the caln / tololo collaboration ( hamuy et al . it was found by r. antezana , on a plate taken with the ctio curtis schmidt telescope on ut 1992 july 27.23 ( hamuy & maza 1992 ) , close to a tight group of three anonymous galaxies ( see figure [ fi : chart ] ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the new object was confirmed as a sn 6 days later , through a spectrum taken with ctio 4.0 m telescope . spectra of the nearby galaxies indicated that the group was at a redshift of @xmath30.15 , which made this the most distant sn discovered during the caln / tololo survey .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we give a criterion which ensures that a group generated by cartan involutions in the automorph group of a rational quadratic form of signature @xmath0 is `` thin '' , namely it is of infinite index in the latter . it is based on a graph defined on the integral cartan root vectors , as well as vinberg s theory of hyperbolic reflection groups . the criterion is shown to be robust for showing that many hyperbolic hypergeometric groups for @xmath1 are thin . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath2 and consider the @xmath1 hypergeometric differential equation @xmath3 where @xmath4 and @xmath5 . assuming , as we do , that @xmath6 , @xmath7 , and the @xmath8 s and @xmath9 s are distinct , the @xmath10-functions @xmath11 where @xmath12 denotes omit @xmath13 , are linearly independent solutions to ( [ deq ] ) . here @xmath1 is the hypergeometric function @xmath14 and @xmath15. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

. equation ( [ deq ] ) is regular away from @xmath16 and its monodromy group @xmath17 is generated by the local monodromies @xmath18 ( @xmath19 ) gotten by analytic continuation of a basis of solutions along loops about @xmath20 , and @xmath21 respectively , see @xcite for a detailed description . the local monodromies of equations that come from geometry are quasi - unipotent which is one reason for our restricting @xmath8 and @xmath9 to be rational .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a total - colored graph is a graph @xmath0 such that both all edges and all vertices of @xmath0 are colored . a path in a total - colored graph @xmath0 is a total rainbow path if its edges and internal vertices have distinct colors . a total - colored graph @xmath0 is total - rainbow connected if any two vertices of @xmath0 are connected by a total rainbow path of @xmath0 . the total rainbow connection number of @xmath0 , denoted by @xmath1 , is defined as the smallest number of colors that are needed to make @xmath0 total - rainbow connected . these concepts were introduced by liu et al . notice that for a connected graph @xmath0 , @xmath2 , where @xmath3 denotes the diameter of @xmath0 and @xmath4 is the order of @xmath0 . in this paper we show , for a connected graph @xmath0 of order @xmath4 with minimum degree @xmath5 , that @xmath6 for @xmath7 and @xmath8 , while @xmath9 for @xmath10 and @xmath11 for @xmath12 , where @xmath13 . this implies that when @xmath5 is in linear with @xmath4 , then the total rainbow number @xmath1 is a constant . we also show that @xmath14 for @xmath15 , @xmath16 for @xmath17 and @xmath18 for @xmath19 . furthermore , an example shows that our bound can be seen tight up to additive factors when @xmath7 . * keywords * : total - colored graph ; total rainbow connection ; minimum degree ; 2-step dominating set . * ams subject classification 2010 * : 05c15 , 05c40 , 05c69 , 05d40 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , all graphs considered are simple , finite and undirected . we refer to book @xcite for undefined notation and terminology in graph theory . let @xmath0 be a connected graph on @xmath4 vertices with minimum degree @xmath5 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

a path in an edge - colored graph @xmath0 is a _ rainbow path _ if its edges have different colors . an edge - colored graph @xmath0 is _ rainbow connected _ if any two vertices of @xmath0 are connected by a rainbow path of @xmath0 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we introduce the `` sequential empirical bayes method '' , an adaptive constrained - curve fitting procedure for extracting reliable priors . these are then used in standard augmented-@xmath0 fits on separate data . this better stabilizes fits to lattice qcd overlap - fermion data at very low quark mass where _ a priori _ values are not otherwise known . lessons learned ( including caveats limiting the scope of the method ) from studying artificial data are presented . as an illustration , from local - local two - point correlation functions , we obtain masses and spectral weights for ground and first - excited states of the pion , give preliminary fits for the @xmath1 where ghost states ( a quenched artifact ) must be dealt with , and elaborate on the details of fits of the roper resonance and @xmath2 previously presented elsewhere . the data are from overlap fermions on a quenched @xmath3 lattice with spatial size @xmath4 and pion mass as low as @xmath5 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the recent advocacy of the use of bayesian statistics for the analysis of data from lattice simulations , in the guise of the methods of constrained curve fitting @xcite , or maximum entropy @xcite , has eased considerably the ambiguity and irritation associated with estimating the systematic errors due to curve fitting , especially when extracting masses , spectral weights and matrix elements from monte carlo estimates of correlation functions . previously , monte carlo estimates , @xmath6 , of two - point hadronic correlators had been fit to a theoretical model , such as @xmath7 where @xmath8 is the spectral weight of the @xmath9 state , by the maximum - likelihood procedure of minimizing the @xmath0 @xmath10 with covariance matrix @xmath11 traditionally , these had been fit only at large euclidean times @xmath12 , where contributions from excited states are exponentially damped . the art had been to choose a value of @xmath13 which compromises between unnecessarily high statistical errors for large @xmath13 and high systematic errors ( from contamination from excited states ) for small @xmath14 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

lattice alchemy provided various recipes for making the compromise and estimating the systematic errors , but the procedures were often suspect and always frustrating . the truncation of the data set to only a few large @xmath15 was deemed necessary because the alternative ( of including more time slices but also more terms in the fit model ) resulted in unacceptably unstable fits to the sum of decaying exponentials ( traditionally a bane of numerical analysts ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the high - frequency radio spectra of twenty low - luminosity active galactic nuclei ( llagns ) with compact radio cores . our millimetre survey with the nobeyama millimetre array ( nma ) and analyses of submillimetre archival data that had been obtained with the submillimetre common user bolometer array ( scuba ) on the james clerk maxwell telescope ( jcmt ) reveal the following properties . at least half of the llagns show inverted spectra between 15 and 96 ghz ; we use published data at 15 ghz with the very large array ( vla ) in a 0.15-arcsec resolution and our measurements at 96 ghz with the nma in a 7-arcsec resolution . the inverted spectra are not artificially made due to their unmatched beam sizes , because of little diffuse contamination from dust , regions , or extended jets in these llagns . such high - frequency inverted spectra are apparently consistent with a ` submillimetre bump ' , which is predicted by an advection - dominated accretion flow ( adaf ) model . we find a strong correlation between the high - frequency spectral index and low - frequency core power measured with very - long - baseline - interferometry ( vlbi ) instruments . the inverted spectra were found exclusively in low - core - power sources , while steep spectra were in high - core - power ones with prominent pc - scale jets . this suggests that the adaf and nonthermal jets may coexists . the flux ratios between disc and jet seem to be different from llagn to llagn ; disc components can be seen in nuclear radio spectra only if the jets are faint . [ firstpage ] galaxies : active galaxies : seyfert radio continuum : galaxies submillimetre . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: low - luminosity active galactic nuclei ( llagns ) , operationally defined as a h@xmath0 luminosity of @xmath1 , reside in about 40 per cent of nearby bright galaxies , and occupy majority of the population of agns @xcite . its low luminosities are thought to be caused by very low accretion rate on to super - massive black holes . such accretion has often been explained by the model of optically - thin disc such as an advection - dominated accretion flow ( adaf ; @xcite ) , rather than optically - thick disc ( ` standard disc ' ; ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is predicted that the adaf has a ` submillimetre bump ' in its spectral - energy distribution ( sed ) , while the standard disc is responsible for a big - blue bump in the sed of luminous agns such as quasars . since a high brightness temperature of @xmath2 k in radio bands is expected from the adaf model , the first imaging investigations for accretion discs must be promising with future very - long - baseline - interferometry ( vlbi ) instruments that will provide micro - arcsec resolutions @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the influence of gribov copies , in the landau gauge , on the lattice renormalisation constant @xmath0 of the axial current , obtained from a ward identity on quark state correlation functions , with the clover action , in quenched @xmath1 gauge theory . a comparison between the gauge invariant determination of @xmath0 and the gauge dependent one is discussed . on a @xmath2 lattice at @xmath3 and with @xmath4 , the values , on a sample of 36 configurations , are : @xmath0 = 1.08(5 ) ( gauge dependent calculation ) and @xmath0 = 1.06(2 ) ( gauge independent calculation ) . we find that the residual gauge freedom associated to gribov copies induces observable effects , which , at the level of numerical accuracy of our simulation , are included in the statistical uncertainty inherent in a monte carlo simulation . doubling the statistics suggests that the fluctuation due to the lattice gribov ambiguity scales down at least as fast as a pure statistical error . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in continuum non abelian field theories , most popular choices of fixing the gauge ( e.g. landau , coulomb ) suffer from the gribov ambiguity @xcite . it is now well established that this problem also affects the lattice formulation of these theories @xcite-@xcite . this problem has been neglected for a long time because , in principle , the computation of gauge invariant operators in compact lattice theories does not require gauge fixing . fixing the gauge is , however , necessary in several cases .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

monopole studies in su(2 ) pure gauge theory have been done in the unitary gauge and the effect of the gribov ambiguity on the number of su(2 ) monopoles has been investigated @xcite . the authors conclude that , in their case , the gribov noise does not exceed the statistical uncertainty . in su(3 )

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i discuss two related nonlinear mechanisms of tidal dissipation that require finite tidal deformations for their operation : the elliptical instability and the precessional instability . both are likely to be important for the tidal evolution of short - period extrasolar planets . the elliptical instability is a fluid instability of elliptical streamlines , such as in tidally deformed non - synchronously rotating or non - circularly orbiting planets . i summarise the results of local and global simulations that indicate this mechanism to be important for tidal spin synchronisation , planetary spin - orbit alignment and orbital circularisation for the shortest period hot jupiters . the precessional instability is a fluid instability that occurs in planets undergoing axial precession , such as those with spin - orbit misalignments ( non - zero obliquities ) . i summarise the outcome of local mhd simulations designed to study the turbulent damping of axial precession , which suggest this mechanism to be important in driving tidal evolution of the spin - orbit angle for hot jupiters . avenues for future work are also discussed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: tidal interactions between short - period planets and their host stars are thought to play an important role in the evolution of the planetary orbit as well as the stellar and planetary spins ( e.g. zahn @xcite ; mathis et al . @xcite ; ogilvie @xcite ) . the clearest evidence of tidal evolution in extrasolar planetary systems is the eccentricity distribution of the approximately jupiter - mass planets ( here taken to mean masses @xmath0 ) , which is shown in fig .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

planets with @xmath1 d have a wide range of eccentricities , whereas the population with @xmath2 d has much lower eccentricities and displays a strong preference for circular orbits . tidal dissipation inside the planet ( and perhaps partly also the star ) is thought to be responsible for this dichotomy , since it tends to damp the orbital eccentricities of the shortest - period planets ( it may also have played a role in their formation if they underwent a period of high eccentricity migration " to attain such periods e.g. wu & lithwick @xcite ; naoz et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we consider the 1d schrdinger operator @xmath0 with periodic point interactions . we show an @xmath1 bound for the time evolution operator @xmath2 restricted to each energy band with decay order @xmath3 as @xmath4 , which comes from some kind of resonant state . the order @xmath3 is optimal for our model . we also give an asymptotic bound for the coefficient in the high energy limit . for the proof , we give an asymptotic analysis for the band functions and the bloch waves in the high energy limit . especially we give the asymptotics for the inflection points in the graphs of band functions , which is crucial for the asymptotics of the coefficient in our estimate . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the one - electron models of solids are based on the study of schrdinger operator with periodic potential . there are a lot of studies on the periodic potential , in particular , for periodic point interactions , we can show the spectral set explicitly ( albeverio et . @xcite is the best guide to this field for readers ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

most fundamental case is the one - dimensional schrdinger operator with periodic point interactions , called the _ kronig penney model _

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: supersymmetric models often predict a lightest superpartner ( lsp ) which is electrically charged and stable on the timescales of collider experiments . if such a particle were to be observed experimentally , is it possible to determine whether or not it is stable on cosmological timescales ? charged , stable particles are usually considered to be excluded by cosmological arguments coupled with terrestrial searches for anomalously heavy water molecules . but when the cosmology is significantly altered , as can happen in models with large extra dimensions , these arguments are in turn significantly weakened . in this paper we suggest an alternate way to use searches for superheavy water to constrain the lifetimes of long - lived , charged particles , independent of most cosmological assumptions . by considering susy production by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere , we are able to use current bounds on superheavy water to constrain the mass scale of squarks and gluinos to be greater than about @xmath0 , assuming a stable , charged lsp . this bound can be increased , but only by significantly increasing the size of the initial water sample tested . @=11 caption#1[#2]#3 @=12 .7ex .7ex gev mev ev kev tev m_z m_pl _ _ fc ^-1 ^-1 * d * * d^ * * u * * u^ * * y_d * * y_d^ * * y_u * * y_u^ * * v * * v^ * * v^0 * * v^0 * * x * b^0-|b^0 # 1#1 | # 1| # 1 * m * m_susy m_unif # 1#2#3nucl . phys . * b#1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3phys . lett . * b#1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3phys . lett . * # 1b * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3phys . rev . * d#1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3phys . . lett . * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3phys . rep . * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3ann . rev . . astrophys . * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3ann . rev . nucl . part . sci . * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3mod . . lett . * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3zeit . fr physik * c#1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3ap . j. * # 1 * ( 19#2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3ann . phys . *.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one of the primary goals of the current generation of colliders is the discovery of the mechanism by which the mass scale of the weak interactions is generated and stabilized . whether that mechanism is supersymmetry ( susy ) , technicolor , extra dimensions or something not yet considered , it will generically require a number of new particle states . one or more of these particles are often stable , at least on experimental time scales , thanks to discrete symmetries in the model or suppressed couplings .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the archetypes for such particles are the `` lsp '' ( lightest susy particle ) in the most susy models , and the nlsp ( next - to - lightest susy particle ) in gauge - mediated models . if a new particle produced at a collider lives long enough to escape the detector , there is no simple way to measure its lifetime . of utmost importance

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we studied different levels of resummations of the exactly solvable bloch - nordsieck model in order to be able to compare the approximations with an exact result . we studied one - loop perturbation theory , 2pi resummation and schwinger - dyson equations truncated in a way to maintain ward - identities . at all levels we carefully performed renormalization . we found that although the 2pi resummation does not exhibit infrared ( ir ) sensitivity at the mass shell , as the one - loop perturbation theory does , but it is still far from the exact solution . the method of truncated schwinger - dyson equations , however , is exact in this model , so it provides a new way of solving the bloch - nordsieck model . this method can also be generalized to other , more complicated theories . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in field theories we often encounter infrared ( ir ) divergences of different kind . some of them have physical meaning while others are just artifacts of the perturbation theory . a common feature , however , is that the ir divergences appear at each order of perturbation theory , usually being more and more severe at higher loop orders . in order to consistently define the theory ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

these ir divergences must be summed up . 2pi resummations provide a consistent resummation framework known for a long time @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an ensemble of rubidium atomic fountain clocks has been put into operation at the u.s . naval observatory ( usno ) . these fountains are used as continuous clocks in the manner of commercial cesium beams and hydrogen masers for the purpose of improved timing applications . four fountains have been in operation for more than two years and are included in the ensemble used to generate the usno master clock . individual fountain performance is characterized by a white - frequency noise level below @xmath0 and fractional - frequency stability routinely reaching the low @xmath1s . the highest performing pair of fountains exhibits stability consistent with each fountain integrating as white frequency noise , with allan deviation surpassing @xmath2 at @xmath3 s , and with no relative drift between the fountains at the level of @xmath4/day . as an ensemble , the fountains generate a timescale with white - frequency noise level of @xmath5 and long - term frequency stability consistent with zero drift relative to the world s primary standards at @xmath6/day . the rubidium fountains are reported to the bipm as continuously running clocks , as opposed to secondary standards , the only cold - atom clocks so reported . here we further characterize the performance of the individual fountains and the ensemble during the first two years in an operational environment , presenting the first look at long - term continuous behavior of fountain clocks . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the performance of atomic clocks has improved more than seven orders of magnitude since the first cesium clock was demonstrated by essen and parry over 50 years ago @xcite . in the past two decades , improvement has been driven by several major scientific developments . most recently , optical frequency combs , narrow line width lasers , and methods of confining atoms and ions without perturbing the clock frequency have led to optical clocks , with reference frequencies and corresponding @xmath7s orders of magnitude higher than previous systems .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

prior to optical clocks , the ground breaking techniques of laser cooling and trapping of atomic gases brought about dramatic improvements in atomic clock performance by enabling the creation of ultra - cold samples of atoms , providing longer interaction times and reduced systematic uncertainties . the first clocks based on cold atoms were atomic fountains , which are in some sense the natural progression of atomic beam clocks .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i explore the possibility that the laws of physics might be laws of inference rather than laws of nature . what sort of dynamics can one derive from well - established rules of inference ? specifically , i ask : given relevant information codified in the initial and the final states , what trajectory is the system expected to follow ? the answer follows from a principle of inference , the principle of maximum entropy , and not from a principle of physics . the entropic dynamics derived this way exhibits some remarkable formal similarities with other generally covariant theories such as general relativity . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the study of changes in the natural world , dynamics , is divided among several distinct disciplines . thermodynamics , for example , considers changes between special states , the so - called states of equilibrium , and addresses the question of which final states can be reached from any given initial state . mechanics studies the changes we call motion , chemistry deals with chemical reactions , quantum mechanics with transitions between quantum states , and the list goes on . in all of these examples we want to predict or explain the observed changes on the basis of information that is codified in a variety of ways into what we call the states . in some cases. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the final state can be predicted with certainty , in others the information available is incomplete and we can , at best , only assign probabilities . the theory of thermodynamics holds a very special place among all these forms of dynamics . with the development of statistical mechanics by maxwell , boltzmann , gibbs and others , and eventually culminating in the work of jaynes @xcite

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: tantalizing evidence has been presented supporting the suggestion that a large population of extragalactic gas clouds permeates the local group , a population which has been associated with the galactic high - velocity clouds ( hvcs ) . we comment on both the strengths and weaknesses of this suggestion , informally referred to as the blitz / spergel picture . theoretical predictions for the spatial and kinematic distributions , metallicities , distances , and emission properties of blitz / spergel hvcs will be confronted with extant observational data . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: simulations of the local group s formation ( klypin et al . 1999 ) predict that an order of magnitude more satellites should be associated with the milky way and m31 than are actually observed . this discrepancy is a significant challenge to hierarchical clustering scenarios. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

. an intriguing suggestion as to the whereabouts of the `` missing '' satellites is provided by the local group infall model of blitz et al . ( 1999 ) , who speculate that a large fraction of the classical ensemble of hvcs are these local group building blocks .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the possible scaling limits of percolation interfaces in two dimensions on the triangular lattice . when one lets the percolation parameter @xmath0 vary with the size @xmath1 of the box that one is considering , three possibilities arise in the large - scale limit . it is known that when @xmath0 does not converge to @xmath2 fast enough , then the scaling limits are degenerate , whereas if @xmath3 goes to zero quickly , the scaling limits are sle(6 ) as when @xmath4 . we study some properties of the ( non - void ) intermediate regime where the large scale behavior is neither sle(6 ) nor degenerate . we prove that in this case , the law of any scaling limit is singular with respect to that of sle(6 ) , even if it is still supported on the set of curves with hausdorff dimension equal to @xmath5 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , we study site percolation on the triangular planar lattice . recall that this can be viewed as a random coloring of the hexagonal cells of a honeycomb lattice , where the color ( black or white ) of each cell is chosen independently of the others : each of these cells has a probability @xmath6 to be black and @xmath7 to be white , for some parameter @xmath6 between @xmath8 and @xmath9 . in percolation theory , one is interested in the connectivity properties of the set of black hexagons ( or the set of white ones ) . they can be regrouped into connected components ( or clusters ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the phase transition for percolation on this lattice occurs at @xmath10 . often , it is described mathematically as follows , in terms of almost sure properties of percolation in the infinite lattice : when @xmath11 , there exists with probability @xmath9 no infinite cluster of black sites ( subcritical regime ) and an infinite cluster of white sites , and conversely when @xmath12 , there is an infinite cluster of black sites ( supercritical regime ) but no infinite cluster of white sites . in the critical case where @xmath10 , there exists neither an infinite white cluster , nor an infinite black cluster

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we describe an extension of the variable neighbourhood search ( vns ) which integrates the basic vns with other complementary approaches from machine learning , statistics and experimental algorithmic , in order to produce high - quality performance and to completely automate the resulting optimization strategy . the resulting intelligent vns has been successfully applied to a couple of optimization problems where the solution space consists of the subsets of a finite reference set . these problems are the labelled spanning tree and forest problems that are formulated on an undirected labelled graph ; a graph where each edge has a label in a finite set of labels @xmath0 . the problems consist on selecting the subset of labels such that the subgraph generated by these labels has an optimal spanning tree or forest , respectively . these problems have several applications in the real - world , where one aims to ensure connectivity by means of homogeneous connections . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper we scratch an intelligent variable neighbourhood search ( int - vns ) aimed to achieve further improvements of a successful vns for the minimum labelling spanning tree ( mlst ) and the @xmath1-labelled spanning forest ( @xmath1lsf ) problems . this approach integrates the basic vns with other complementary intelligence tools and has been shown a promising strategy in @xcite for the mlst problem and in @xcite for the @xmath1lsf problem . the approach could be easily adapted to other optimization problems where the space solution consists of the subsets of a reference set ; like the feature subset selection or some location problems .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

first we introduced a local search mechanism that is inserted at top of the basic vns to get the complementary variable neighbourhood search ( co - vns ) . then we insert a probability - based constructive method and a reactive setting of the size of shaking process .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a non - perturbative method @xcite which combines constraints from chiral symmetry breaking and coupled channel unitarity is used to describe meson - meson interactions up to @xmath0 gev , extending in this way the range of applicability of the information contained in chiral perturbation theory ( @xmath1 ) @xcite , since this perturbative series is typically restricted to @xmath2 mev . the approach uses the @xmath3 and @xmath4 @xmath1 lagrangians . the seven free parameters resulting from the @xmath4 lagrangian are fitted to the experimental data . the approach makes use of the expansion of @xmath5 instead of the amplitude itself as done in @xmath1 . the former expansion is suggested by analogy with the effective range approximation in quantum mechanics and it appears to be very useful . the results , in fact , are in good agreement with a vast amount of experimental analyses @xcite . the amplitudes develop poles corresponding to the @xmath6 , @xmath7 , @xmath8 , @xmath9 , the octet contribution to the @xmath10 , @xmath11 and @xmath12 @xcite . the total and partial decay widths of the resonances are also well reproduced . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: @xmath1 is the low energy effective theory of the strong interactions . it is given as a power expansion of the external four - momenta of the pseudo - goldstone bosons @xmath13 , @xmath14 and @xmath15 on the scale @xmath161 gev . as a result , the expansion is typically valid up to @xmath17500 mev .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

however , the constraints coming from the spontaneous / explicit chiral symmetry are not restricted to the low energy region @xcite . in this work , we present a way of resummation of the @xmath1 series that in fact can be applied to any other system whose dynamics can be described by low energy chiral lagrangians .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this work we present four different results concerning the signature and the cubature of fractional brownian motion ( fbm ) . the first result regards the rate of convergence of the dyadic approximation of the expected signature of the fbm to its exact value , for a value of the hurst parameter @xmath0 $ ] . we show that the rate of convergence is given by @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is the size of a single time step of the dyadic approximation . we believe that this rate is sharp as it is consistent with the result of ni and xu @xcite , who showed that the sharp rate of convergence for the brownian motion ( i.e. fbm with @xmath3 ) is given by @xmath2 . the second result regards the bound of the _ coefficient _ of the rate of convergence obtained in the first result . for this result we also analyse the behaviour of this bound as the number of iterated integrals of the signature of fbm goes to infinity , showing that the bound of the @xmath4-th term in the signature is uniformly bounded by @xmath5 , where @xmath6 is a constant and @xmath7 is the number of iterated integrals . the third result regards the bound of the expected signature of the fbm . we show that the bound for the @xmath4-th term of the signature is simply given by @xmath8 . this is a sharper estimate than the one obtained by chevyrev and lyons in @xcite , who showed that the expected signature has infinite radius of convergence , but not a factorial decay , and than the one by friz and riedel @xcite , who proved a factorial decay of @xmath9 . the last result concerns the cubature formula for the one dimensional fbm for @xmath10 up to degree 5 . this result extends the work of lyons and victoir @xcite who focused on the multidimensional brownian motion cubature formula . + + * key words : * fractional brownian motion , signature , rate of convergence , cubature method . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the signature of a @xmath11-dimensional fractional brownian motion is a sequence of iterated stratonovich integrals along the paths of the fractional brownian motion ; it is an object taking values in the tensor algebra over @xmath12 . + signatures were firstly studied by k.t .- chen in 1950 s in a series of papers @xcite , @xcite and @xcite . in the last twenty years. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the attention devoted to signatures has increased rapidly . this has been caused by the pivotal role they have in rough path theory , a field developed in the late nineties by terry lyons culminating in the paper @xcite , which is also at the base of newly developed theory of regularity structures @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present three methods for measuring the slope of the galactic dust extinction law , @xmath0 , and a method for measuring the fine - scale structure of dust clouds in the direction of differentially - reddened globular clusters . we apply these techniques to @xmath1 photometry of stars in the low - latitude galactic globular cluster ngc 4833 which displays spatially - variable extinction / reddening about a mean @xmath2 . an extensive suite of monte carlo simulations is used to characterize the efficacy of the methods . the essence of the first two methods is to determine , for an assumed value of @xmath0 , the _ relative _ visual extinction @xmath3 of each cluster horizontal branch ( hb ) star with respect to an empirical hb locus ; the locus is derived from the color - magnitude diagram ( cmd ) of a subset of stars in a small region near the cluster center for which differential extinction / reddening are relatively small . a star - by - star comparison of @xmath3 from the ( @xmath4 , @xmath5 ) cmd with that from the ( @xmath6 , @xmath5 ) cmd is used to find the optimal @xmath0 . in the third method , @xmath0 is determined by minimizing the scatter in the hb in the ( @xmath4 , @xmath5 ) cmd after correcting the photometry for extinction and reddening using the schlegel , finkbeiner , & davis ( 1998 ) dust maps . the weighted average of the results from the three methods gives @xmath7 for the dust along the line of sight to ngc 4833 . the fine - scale structure of the dust is quantified via the difference , @xmath8 , between pairs of cluster hb stars ( @xmath9,@xmath10 ) as a function of their angular separation @xmath11 . the variance ( mean square scatter ) of @xmath12 is found to have a power - law dependence on angular scale : @xmath13 , with @xmath14 . this translates into an angular power spectrum @xmath15 , with the index @xmath16 for @xmath17@xmath18 , where @xmath19 . the dust angular power spectrum on small scales ( from optical data ) matches smoothly onto the larger -.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: scattering , absorption , and reradiation of photons by dust grains affect the propagation of starlight and play a key role in regulating the energy balance in the interstellar medium . studies of these processes have provided a great deal of insight into the physical and chemical properties of dust grains ( for reviews of dust properties , see mathis 1990a ; witt 2003 ) . it is also important to disentangle the effects of intervening dust from many kinds of astronomical observations , ranging from photometry and spectroscopy of galactic stars and external galaxies to mapping small - scale anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation ( cmbr ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the degree of absorption and scattering by dust depends , in general , on the wavelength of the incident radiation ( whitford 1958 ) . this dependence can be quantified in terms of the normalized dust extinction law @xmath20 ( or reddening law ) , where extinction is the sum of absorption plus scattering .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the discovery of multiple condensations in the prestellar core candidate smm1a in the rcra cloud , which may represent the earliest phase of core fragmentation observed thus far . the separation between the condensations is between 1000 and 2100au , and their masses range from about 0.1 to 0.2@xmath0 . we find that the three condensations have extremely low bolometric luminosities ( @xmath1@xmath2 ) and temperatures ( @xmath3k ) , indicating that these are young sources that have yet to form protostars . we suggest that these sources were formed through the fragmentation of an elongated prestellar core . our results , in concert with other observed protostellar binary systems with separations in the scale of 1000au , support the scenario that prompt fragmentation in the isothermal collapse phase is an efficient mechanism for wide binary star formation , while the fragmentation in the subsequent adiabatic phase may be an additional mechanism for close ( @xmath4100au ) binary star formation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the origin of binary stars is still a puzzle in our understanding of star formation . numerous theoretical simulations support the hypothesis that the fragmentation of collapsing molecular cloud cores , promoted by either rotation or turbulence , is the main mechanism for the formation of binary / multiple stellar systems ( see reviews by bodenheimer et al . 2000 , tohline 2002 , and goodwin et al . 2007 ) . nevertheless. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, many key questions concerning this fragmentation process , e.g. , when exactly does the fragmentation start , are still under debate ( see tohline 2002 ) . although it is generally assumed that cloud cores do not fragment during the free - fall collapse phase , several groups ( e.g. , bate & burkert 1997 ; tsuribe & inutsuka 1999 ; boss et al . 2000 ) found that fragmentation can occur at the end of the isothermal phase ( generally referred to as prompt fragmentation ) , while others ( e.g. , truelove et al . 1997 , 1998 ; machida et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present the first observations of propane ( c@xmath0h@xmath1 ) on titan that unambiguously resolve propane features from other numerous stratospheric emissions . this is accomplished using a @xmath2 spectrometer ( texes ) to observe propane s @xmath3 rotation - vibration band near 748 @xmath4 . we find a best - fit fractional abundance of propane in titan s stratosphere of @xmath5 in the altitude range to which we are sensitive ( 90 - 250 km or 13 - 0.24 mbar ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: titan s thick atmosphere is simultaneously analogous to and extraordinarily different from that of earth . both atmospheres are composed mostly of nitrogen . both atmospheres have a major component that can exist as a solid , liquid , or gas ( water on earth , methane on titan ) . both have similar vertical temperature - pressure structures , although titan s atmosphere is @xmath6200 k cooler and is greatly extended relative to earth due to much lower surface gravity . on titan. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

a complicated network of photochemical reactions leads from methane ( ch@xmath7 ) to the formation of numerous heavier hydrocarbons , including propane ( @xmath8 ) . measuring the abundances of titan s hydrocarbons provides an important test of models of titan s atmospheric chemistry and , more generally , of our fundamental understanding of atmospheric chemical and physical processes .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the laser - wire will be an essential diagnostic tool at the international linear collider . it uses a finely focussed laser beam to measure the transverse profile of electron bunches by detecting the compton - scattered photons ( or degraded electrons ) downstream of where the laser beam intersects the electron beam . such a system has been installed at the petra storage ring at desy , which uses a piezo - driven mirror to scan the laser - light across the electron beam . latest results of experimental data taking are presented and compared to detailed simulations using the geant4 based program bdsim . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the international linear collider ( ilc ) will be a tev - scale lepton collider that will require non - invasive beam size monitors with micron and sub - micron resolution for beam phase space optimisation @xcite . laser - wire monitors operate by focussing a laser to a small spot size that can be scanned across the electron beam , producing compton - scattered photons ( and degraded electrons ) . these photons can then be detected further downstream using the total energy observed as a function of the laser spot position to infer the transverse profile of the electron bunch .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the laser - wire system installed in the petra ring is part of an ongoing effort in the r&d of producing a feasible non - invasive beam size diagnostic tool . the petra accelerator was chosen for the installation of the laser - wire experiment because it is capable of producing bunch patterns similar to the ilc .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate phase - sensitive interference effects in a periodically @xmath0-driven , artificial two - state system connected to a microwave resonator at @xmath1 mhz . we observe two kinds of multiphoton transitions in the two - state system , accompanied by : 1 ) several quanta from the drive at @xmath2 and 2 ) one quantum at @xmath2 and several at @xmath3 . the former are described using phase - sensitive landau - zener transitions , while the latter are discussed in terms of vibronic transitions in diatomic molecules . interference effects in the vibronic transitions governed by franck - condon coefficients are also considered . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: interference effects have been found to play an important role in the dynamics of qubits @xcite . for their understanding , the interference phenomena can be considered from different points of view : as interference between successive landau - zener ( lz ) tunneling events @xcite , analogous to mach - zehnder interference @xcite , or in terms of spin dynamics @xcite . in charge - phase qubits , strongly coupled to a microwave resonator , analogy with vibrational transitions in diatomic molecules has been pointed out @xcite . the fact that the latter phenomena are related to interference effects has its origin in the phase - space dynamics @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the state of a superconducting charge - phase qubit or a cooper - pair box ( cpb ) can be monitored continuously by measuring its reactive response , either as an effective capacitance or inductance , which both are due to the curvature of the qubit s energy bands with respect to charge or phase degrees of freedom . when such a system is made as a part of an electric @xmath4-oscillator circuit , any change of reactance , caused by the evolution of occupancies of the qubit s energy levels , will shift the resonance frequency of the resonator .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a dry deposition model suitable for use in the moment method has been developed . contributions from five main processes driving the deposition - brownian diffusion , interception , impaction , turbulent impaction , and sedimentation - are included in the model . the deposition model was employed in the moment method solver implemented in the openfoam framework . applicability of the developed expression and the moment method solver was tested on two example problems of particle dispersion in the presence of a vegetation on small scales : a flow through a tree patch in 2d and a flow through a hedgerow in 3d . comparison with the sectional method showed that the moment method using the developed deposition model is able to reproduce the shape of the particle size distribution well . the relative difference in terms of the third moment of the distribution was below 10% in both tested cases , and decreased away from the vegetation . main source of this difference is a known overprediction of the impaction efficiency . when tested on the 3d test case , the moment method achieved approximately eightfold acceleration compared to the sectional method using 41 bins . dry deposition , vegetation , microscale modeling , moment method , particle dispersion . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: urban vegetation is receiving a significant amount of attention from researchers in recent years . this interest stems from its impacts on the environment , affecting the pedestrian comfort and mitigating the negative health effects of the air pollution @xcite . microscale modelling using the computational fluid dynamics ( cfd ) proved to be an indispensable tool for assessing the impacts of the vegetation in the urban settings .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

some numerical studies focused only on the effects of the vegetation on the flow @xcite or on the thermal comfort of the pedestrian @xcite . others investigated pollutant dispersion in the presence of the vegetation , but without taking the deposition of the pollutant into account @xcite . when including the deposition , authors opted both for simplified model with constant deposition velocity @xcite and complex models expressing the dependence of the deposition velocity on various parameters such as the particle size or the wind speed @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the random walk formalism is used across a wide range of applications , from modelling share prices to predicting population genetics . likewise quantum walks have shown much potential as a framework for developing new quantum algorithms . in this paper , we present explicit efficient quantum circuits for implementing continuous - time quantum walks on the circulant class of graphs . these circuits allow us to sample from the output probability distributions of quantum walks on circulant graphs efficiently . we also show that solving the same sampling problem for arbitrary circulant quantum circuits is intractable for a classical computer , assuming conjectures from computational complexity theory . this is a new link between continuous - time quantum walks and computational complexity theory and it indicates a family of tasks which could ultimately demonstrate quantum supremacy over classical computers . as a proof of principle we have experimentally implemented the proposed quantum circuit on an example circulant graph using a two - qubit photonics quantum processor . quantum walks are the quantum mechanical analogue to the well - known classical random walk and they have established roles in quantum information processing @xcite . in particular , they are central to quantum algorithms created to tackle database search @xcite , graph isomorphism @xcite , network analysis and navigation @xcite , and quantum simulation @xcite , as well as modelling biological processes @xcite . meanwhile , physical properties of quantum walks have been demonstrated in a variety of systems , such as nuclear magnetic resonance @xcite , bulk @xcite and fiber @xcite optics , trapped ions @xcite , trapped neutral atoms @xcite , and photonics @xcite . almost all physical implementations of quantum walk so far followed an analog approach as for quantum simulation @xcite , whereby the apparatus is dedicated to implement specific instances of hamiltonians without translation onto quantum logic . however.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a circulant graph of @xmath7 vertices is fully described by an @xmath7-by-@xmath7 symmetric circulant adjacency matrix @xmath67 defined as follows . @xmath68\end{aligned}\ ] ] where @xmath69 . obviously , every circulant matrix can be generated given any row of the matrix conventionally we use the first row of the matrix , denoted as @xmath70 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is clear that @xmath67 has at most @xmath7 distinct eigenvalues which are given by @xmath71 , where @xmath72 and @xmath73 @xcite . if @xmath67 is singular , some of the eigenvalues of @xmath67 are zeros . the complete graph and complete bipartite graph are straightforward examples of circulant graphs with few distinct eigenvalues .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on cyg x-1 observations performed by the spi telescope onboard the integral mission and distributed over more than 6 years . we investigate the variability of the intensity and spectral shape of this peculiar source in the hard x - rays domain , and more particularly up to the mev region . we first study the total averaged spectrum which presents the best signal to noise ratio ( 4 ms of data ) . then , we refine our results by building mean spectra by periods and gathering those of similar hardness . several spectral shapes are observed with important changes in the curvature between 20 and 200 kev , even at the same luminosity level . in all cases , the emission decreases sharply above 700 kev , with flux values above 1 mev ( or upper limits ) well below the recently reported polarised flux ( laurent et al . 2011 ) , while compatible with the mev emission detected some years ago by cgro / comptel ( mcconnell et al . , 2002 ) . finally , we take advantage of the spectroscopic capability of the instrument to seek for spectral features in the 500 kev region with negative results for any significant annihilation emission on 2 ks and days timescales , as well as in the total dataset . + . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: cyg x-1 is an unavoidable target for any high energy instrument . being one of the most luminous sources ( up to the mev range ) , it represents an ideal lab to study the mechanism at work in the direct environment of a black hole . there , the accretion flow is thought to form an optically thick disk and/or an optically thin corona , while the observed radio jets could originate from the same area ( see e.g.the review by done , gierliski & kubota 2007 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the high energy radiation provides insights on the physical processes at work in this region . thanks to its persistent high flux ( @xmath0 1 crab ) and usually hard spectrum , cygnus x-1 is easy to observe and there are numerous measurements of its the spectrum and variability in the x - rays . at higher energies however , the results are very scarce .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: within the framework of chiral effective field theory , we study various electromagnetic processes with light vector resonances : @xmath0 , @xmath1 and the @xmath2 form factors . with two multiplets of vector resonances being introduced , we fit the decay widths of @xmath3 , @xmath4 , and the pertinent measurements from the @xmath5 cross sections , such as moduli and relative phases between the isoscalar and isovector components from babar collaboration , together with the @xmath6 form factors from na60 , snd and cleo collaborations . the values of resonance couplings , masses and widths of the excited vector states @xmath7 and @xmath8 are then determined . the @xmath9-@xmath8 mixing angle is discussed and turns out to be quite different from the ideal mixing case . three sources of @xmath10 symmetry breaking effects in the @xmath11 decays are identified and analyzed in detail . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: electromagnetic transition form factor of light mesons is one of the key ingredients to study hadron properties and it recently gains intensive interests . there are fruitful updated measurements from different experimental collaborations , such as na60 @xcite , snd @xcite and babar @xcite . on the theoretical side , the transition form factor provides us an important tool to study the intrinsic properties of light hadrons , including light pseudoscalar mesons and vector resonances . of more importance , it may also help to reduce the hadronic uncertainties in the light by light scattering , which is an important source of theoretical uncertainties of the muon anomalous magnetic moment @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the transition form factor of @xmath12 is one of the most important form factors in the light by light scattering . physics involved in this kind of form factor is quite complicated , since one needs to handle different dynamics within a broad range of energy region . in the very high and low energy regions , we have reliable and model - independent theoretical tools , namely pqcd and chiral perturbation theory ( @xmath13pt ) . while this is not the case in the intermediate energy region , where various resonances enter . in the present work ,

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: our efficient numerical approach has been applied to modeling the asymmetric circumstellar dust disk around @xmath0 pictoris as observed with the hst / stis . we present a new model on the origin of the warping of the @xmath0 pic disk . we suggest that the observed warp is formed by the gravitational influence of a planet with a mass of about 10 masses of earth , at a distance of 70 au , and a small inclination ( @xmath1 ) of the planetary orbit to the main dust disk . results of our modeling are compared with the stis observations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in circumstellar disks , the major sources of dust are thought to be minor bodies , like comets . both the stellar radiation drag ( poynting - robertson drag ) and stellar wind drag tend to induce dust inflow toward the star . as the dust passes by planets in its infall , it interacts with them , for example , by accumulating in planetary resonances ( liou & zook 1999 , ozernoy et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the inner region of the @xmath0 pictoris dusty disk is tilted by a few degrees with respect to the outer disk ( burrows et al . 1996 , mouillet et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: motivated by the recent synthesis of @xmath0-li@xmath1iro@xmath2 a spin - orbit entangled @xmath3 mott insulator with a three - dimensional lattice structure of the ir@xmath4 ions we consider generalizations of the kitaev model believed to capture some of the microscopic interactions between the iridium moments on various trivalent lattice structures in three spatial dimensions . of particular interest is the so - called hyperoctagon lattice the premedial lattice of the hyperkagome lattice , for which the ground state is a gapless quantum spin liquid where the gapless majorana modes form an extended two - dimensional majorana fermi surface . we demonstrate that this majorana fermi surface is inherently protected by lattice symmetries and discuss possible instabilities . we thus provide the first example of an analytically tractable microscopic model of interacting su(2 ) spin-1/2 degrees of freedom in three spatial dimensions that harbors a spin liquid with a two - dimensional spinon fermi surface . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: frustrated quantum magnets can exhibit highly unconventional ground states , in which local moments are highly correlated but nevertheless evade a conventional ordering transition and remain strongly fluctuating down to zero temperature . these unusual states are commonly referred to as quantum spin liquids @xcite despite their rather diverse physical properties ranging from gapped states with an emergent topological order to gapless states with an emergent spinon fermi surface . a common motif in the search for quantum spin liquids has been to look for quantum antiferromagnets on geometrically frustrated lattices , i.e. lattices where the elementary building blocks prohibit the formation of a conventional nel state .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

paradigmatic examples of geometric frustration include lattices formed by corner - sharing tetraedra such as the pyrochlore lattice , or by corner - sharing triangles such as the kagome lattice in two spatial dimensions and the hyperkagome lattice in three spatial dimensions . an alternative route to induce frustration in a quantum magnet is to look for systems , in which competing interactions can not be simultaneously satisfied .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the initial results of a millimeter ( co ) survey of infrared - excess , optically - selected quasars from the palomar - green ( pg ) bright quasar survey ( bqs ) with redshifts in the range @xmath0 are presented . these observations represent the first step towards establishing with a complete sample whether or not quasi - stellar objects ( qsos ) reside in molecular gas - rich galaxies , as well as towards determining how the infrared and molecular gas properties of qsos compare with those of ultraluminous infrared galaxies ( uligs ) , which are a possible evolutionary precursor of qsos . the sample consists of qsos having absolute blue magnitudes , @xmath1 , and infrared excesses , @xmath2 , where the contribution to the bolometric luminosity of infrared thermal dust emission for all pg qsos is typically 2040% . six out of 10 of the qsos observed are detected in the co(@xmath3 ) emission line ; two detections confirm previous , less sensitive detections of co(@xmath3 ) in pg 1613 + 658 and pg 0838 + 770 , and four additional qsos are detected for the first time ( pg 1119 + 120 , pg 1351 + 640 , pg 1415 + 451 , and pg 1440 + 356 ) . these six detections , plus two previous detections of co in izw1 and mrk 1014 , bring the total number of @xmath4 infrared - excess pg qsos detected in co to date to eight , and provide possible evidence that , in addition to fueling star formation , molecular gas may also serve as a primary source of fuel for qso activity . both the eight qsos detected in co and the four qsos with non - detections have high infrared - to - co luminosity ratios , @xmath5 , relative to most infrared luminous galaxies of the same @xmath6 . the placement of these qsos on the @xmath7 plane may be due to significant contributions to dust heated by the qso in their host galaxies , due to dust heated by massive stars formed with high efficiency ( i.e. , per unit molecular gas mass ) relative to most infrared luminous galaxies , or a combination of both . if the observed high values.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there exists substantial evidence that the bulges of nearby massive galaxies contain quiescent supermassive nuclear black holes ( @xmath13 m@xmath14 : magorrian et al . 1998 ; van der marel 1999 ; kormendy et al . 1998 ) . the almost ubiquitous presence of such objects , in combination with the possibility that nuclear black hole mass scales with stellar bulge mass ( i.e. , the magorrian relation : magorrian et al . 1998 ) , indicates that supermassive black holes are an essential part of spheroid formation , and that mass accretion onto nuclear black holes during stellar bulge formation likely resulted in periods of agn activity .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

there also exists growing observational evidence that core formation and agn activity may be linked with ultraluminous infrared galaxy ( ulig ) \gtrsim 10^{12}$ ] l@xmath14 . ] mergers , lending support to the evolutionary connection between uligs and qsos first proposed by sanders et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: three - dimensional magnetohydrodynamical large eddy simulations of solar surface convection using realistic model physics is conducted . the effects of magnetic fields on thermal structure of convective motions into radiative layers , the range of convection cell sizes and penetration depths of convection is investigated . we simulate a some portion of the solar photosphere and the upper layers of the convection zone , a region extending 30 x 30 mm horizontally from 0 mm down to 18 mm below the visible surface . we solve equations of the fully compressible radiation magnetohydrodynamics with dynamical viscosity and gravity . for numerical simulation we use : 1)realistic initial model of sun and equation of state and opacities of stellar matter , 2 ) high order conservative tvd scheme for solution magnetohydrodynamics , 3 ) diffusion approximation for solution radiative transfer 4 ) calculation dynamical viscosity from subgrid scale modelling . simulations are conducted on horizontal uniform grid of 320 x 320 and with 144 nonuniformly spaced vertical grid points on the 128 processors of supercomputer mbc-1500 with distributed memory multiprocessors in russian academy of sciences . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: convection near solar surface has strongly non - local and dynamical character . hence numerical simulation provide useful information on the structure spatial scales by convection and help to construct consistent models of the physical processes underlying the observed solar phenomena . we investigate effects of compressibility and weak of magnetic field on formation non - local structure of convection using realistic physics and conservative tvd numerical scheme of godunov type .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the previous simulations were confined by small computational domain and studied processes on scales order size of granulation [ @xcite ] . in order to investigate collective interaction of convective modes different scales and process of formation of supergranulation we conducted calculation in three dimensional computational box by size 30 mm in horizontal direction and by size 18 mm in vertical direction . we take distribution of the main thermodynamic variables by radius due to standard solar model [ @xcite ] with parameters @xmath0 , where @xmath1 and @xmath2 are hydrogen and helium abundance by mass , and @xmath3 is the ratio of mixing length to pressure scale height in convection region .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present an overview of the present status and prospects for progress in electroweak measurements at future collider experiments leading to precision tests of the standard model of electroweak interactions . special attention is paid to the measurement of the @xmath0 mass , the effective weak mixing angle , and the determination of the top quark mass . their constraints on the higgs boson mass are discussed . 0d # 1#1@xmath1 0.5 cm 0.7 cm fermilab - conf-96/423 + ub - het-96 - 06 * precision electroweak physics at future collider experiments * u. baur + + + * working group members * + c. balazs _ ( msu ) _ , d. errede _ ( urbana ) _ , s. errede _ ( urbana ) _ , t. han _ ( davis ) _ , + s. keller _ ( fnal ) _ , y - k . kim _ ( berkeley ) _ , a.v . kotwal _ ( columbia ) _ , f. merritt _ ( chicago ) _ , + s. rajagopalan _ ( stony brook ) _ , r. sobey _ ( davis ) _ , m. swartz _ ( slac ) _ , + d. wackeroth _ ( fnal ) _ , j. womersley _ ( fnal ) _ * abstract * + . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the standard model ( sm ) of strong and electroweak interactions , based on the gauge group @xmath2 , has been extremely successful phenomenologically . it has provided the theoretical framework for the description of a very rich phenomenology spanning a wide range of energies , from the atomic scale up to the @xmath3 boson mass , @xmath4 . it is being tested at the level of a few tenths of a percent , both at very low energies and at high energies @xcite , and has correctly predicted the range of the top quark mass from loop corrections .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

however , the sm has a number of shortcomings . in particular , it does not explain the origin of mass , the observed hierarchical pattern of fermion masses , and why there are three generations of quarks and leptons .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate numerically the dynamical behaviour of a polymer chain collapsing in a dilute solution . the rate of collapse is measured with and without the presence of hydrodynamic interactions . we find that hydrodynamic interactions both accelerate polymer collapse and alter the folding pathway . + * pacs : 83.80 . rs * 2 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: when a polymer is placed in solution hydrophobic interactions between monomers and solvent molecules can cause it to undergo a collapse transition to a compact state@xcite . the statistical physics of the polymer transition from the extended to the collapsed state is well understood . however the dynamics of the transition and in particular the effect on that dynamics of the hydrodynamic properties of the solvent remains unclear .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

therefore in this letter we investigate numerically the dynamical behaviour of a polymer chain collapsing in a dilute solution . the collapse is measured with and without the presence of hydrodynamic interactions thus allowing a direct investigation of their effect .