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The VP of Sales Operations will manage and provide strategic direction to the Sales Operations function in support of our broader sales organization. The ideal candidate will possess a broad understanding of enterprise SaaS sales & be an expert at managing a world-class deal desk. They will also have expertise in system implementation and process refinements that directly impact sales business and operations functions. They will be data-driven, detail-oriented, customer-focused, and intellectually curious. They’ll thrive in a highly dynamic environment while implementing the necessary processes and tools to advance best practices for our organization.
A growth mindset and strong people development focus to; build, nurture and support a talented and rapidly evolving Sales Ops organization.
Highly collaborative and inclusive leadership style, able to work together with adjacent teams, senior leaders and Execs to drive the business forward together as one team.
Planning & Forecasting: Work with the CCO & regional sales leadership to design the field quota/coverage model, drive the annual business planning process which includes defining coverage model, setting and deploying quotas and managing critical sales initiatives.
Deal Desk Management: Support field sales on pricing, deal structuring, product configuration, and business terms to drive agreement closure, including end-to-end deal review process and ensuring compliance with published sales and business approval policies.
Execution: Manage day-to-day operational tasks, including but not limited to Salesforce.com database quality and optimization of sales execution workflow. Improve processes and increase efficiencies for the sales organization as well as for the sales operations group. Establish processes, sales policies, business requirements, and data governance to ensure accurate forecasting. Identify and execute on pipeline and sales efficiency initiatives.
Sales Compensation: Help develop and manage variable compensation plan, including understanding sales behaviors and gathering field input. Contribute to managing bonus structures and spiffs.
Sales Enablement: Provide vision, guidance, resources to the Sales Enablement team to optimize effectiveness of the Sales team. | 403 | 377 |
The Police Chief in Syracuse is voicing his support for Senator Joe Donnelly's legislation proposed to combat heroin use and prescription drug abuse. Chief Tony Ciriello, who also serves as President of Indiana Association of Chiefs of Police, says the entire group supports this bill as a way to reduce or eliminate the abuse and illegal sales of these drugs and the associated crimes. The bill calls for a task force comprised of prescribers, pharmacists and others from the medical community to develop best practices in the prescribing of pain medication. It would also authorize a prescription drug monitoring program for law enforcement and health officials to take in data related to prescriptions for controlled substances.
| 131 | 132 |
Teachers and Subs
For substitute teachers we need as little as a few hours notice but of course prefer as much time as possible to best fit your needs. We will send you a teacher that reflects the rate you are looking to pay, plus transportation costs. An invoice will be sent at the end of the week. You will ONLY be charged if you use our teachers, there are NO subscription fees of any kind.
We also provide full time teachers for your entire dance season. This works exactly like using our subs except that we are obligated to make sure that the slot is ALWAYS filled. If in the unlikely event our teacher is sick we will provide a substitute of equal or greater skill level for the same rate per hour.
Master Classes and Workshops
We provide workshops for your studio in one or multiple dance styles. Let us do all the scheduling and provide your kids with a fun and exciting day with professionals currently working in the business.
Professional dancers for your Nutcracker or other performances
Dance temp can provide you with NYC principal dancers to help make your Nutcracker, Spring performance or any other performance stand out. Our stable of performers are well versed in classical choreography and can fill the following roles:
- Sugar Plum
- Snow Queen
- Act two soloist roles
- Spanish, Arabian, Chinese, Russian, etc...
We can also provide professional dancers in ALL disciplines for any type of performance.
Competition Choreography
Looking for a change this year for your competition choreography? The best way is to bring in a guest choreographer! We have the best choreographers who specialize in competition numbers and know exactly what the judges are looking for. Most of them have been dance captains on various productions and in touring companies and are currently judges themselves for many prestigious competition/conventions. Our stable of talented teachers can lend a professional eye to your performance piece in any style or discipline. We also provide cleaning of already complete numbers. | 400 | 392 |
Getting Tested for HIV
Here are some common questions and answers about HIV testing. AIDS Action delivers HIV testing and counseling services within our targeted prevention programs.
- Why Is HIV Testing Important?
- How Do HIV Tests Work?
- What Are the Different Possible Results of HIV Tests, and What Do They Mean?
- What Are Some Important Testing Terms?
- What Are the Different Types of HIV Tests?
- Who Should Get Tested for HIV?
- When Should Someone Get an HIV Test?
Testing is the only way to know your status when it comes to HIV. Many people who are infected with HIV don’t have symptoms. While testing may sound and feel scary – so does not knowing! These days, it’s pretty simple to get an HIV test at your doctor’s office or at a specialized HIV counseling and testing location. If you don’t know where to go for a test you can find updated testing sites at hivtest.cdc.gov.
When HIV enters the body, the immune system responds by producing antibodies – substances that recognize germs (such as viruses or bacteria) or cancer cells and mobilize the body to fight them. Unfortunately, the antibodies that the body makes in response to HIV cannot effectively control the virus.
However, the presence of HIV antibodies is an indication that a person has been infected with the virus. HIV antibody tests are designed to detect HIV antibodies rather than the HIV virus itself. In contrast, HIV antigen tests detect parts of the virus that trigger the body to produce antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction tests, typically called PCR tests for short, detect the genetic material of HIV itself.
The most common HIV tests detect HIV infection in a sample of blood. Some tests can also detect HIV in urine, fluid from the mouth, or a scraping from inside the cheek. Although it takes a few days to get the results of some HIV tests, rapid HIV tests can give results within an hour – sometimes as little as 10 to 20 minutes.
A positive (reactive) test result means that the test has found some evidence of HIV infection – HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material, depending on the type of test. A negative (nonreactive) test result means that no evidence of HIV infection has been found.
Occasionally, a person will get an indeterminate or inconclusive test result, which means that the test result is unclear. When a person gets an indeterminate result, the test should be repeated. If the second test also has an indeterminate result, then other types of tests may be performed to provide a clearer result.
Any positive HIV test result must be followed up by another test – called a confirmatory test – to confirm the positive result. It can take a few days to a few weeks to get the results of a confirmatory test.
Before considering different HIV tests in more detail, it is useful to define several important testing terms.
The window period of an HIV test is the amount of time from when a person is first infected with the virus to the appearance of detectable evidence of their HIV infection, such as HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material. Most people develop detectable HIV antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks after becoming infected; the average time is 25 days. According to CDC, 97% of persons develop antibodies in the first 3 months after becoming infected with HIV, although in very rare cases, it may take up to 6 months to develop HIV antibodies.
The sensitivity of an HIV test refers to the test's ability to detect what it is looking for, such as HIV antibodies. For example, a highly sensitive HIV antibody test will nearly always detect HIV antibodies if they are present. Such a test will have very few false-negative results.
The specificity of an HIV test refers to the test's ability to eliminate findings that are similar to, but not, what it is looking for. For example, a highly specific HIV antibody test does a very good job distinguishing HIV antibodies from other substances that are somewhat similar to HIV antibodies. Such a test will have very few false-positive results.
The accuracy of an HIV test reflects both the test's sensitivity and specificity. For example, a highly accurate HIV antibody test is one that has both high sensitivity and specificity in detecting HIV antibodies. Such a test will have very few false-positive and very few false-negative results.
As mentioned earlier, there are a number of different types of HIV tests. These include:
Standard (Conventional) HIV Antibody Test
This is also often called ELISA (short for "enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay") or EIA (short for "enzyme immunoassay"). In the standard HIV antibody test, a blood sample is drawn and then sent to a laboratory for testing. Results are usually available in 2 to 10 business days.
Western Blot Test
This antibody test may be used to confirm HIV infection in persons who have a positive result on an EIA. The Western blot can rule out false-positive results by distinguishing HIV antibodies from other antibodies that may react to the EIA. Results of Western blot tests are usually available in a few days to a few weeks. Antibody tests using an EIA, followed up with a Western blot, as needed, have about a 99.5% accuracy.
This antibody test may also be used to confirm HIV infection in persons who have a positive result on an EIA. It is more sensitive, more specific, faster, and less expensive than the Western blot. It can also distinguish between the two types of HIV – HIV-1 and HIV-2.
In the OraSure test, a swab is rubbed between the cheek and lower gum to collect a small sample of the tissue lining the inside of the mouth, which is then sent out for testing. It is recommended that people taking the OraSure test not eat, drink, or smoke within 20 minutes before the test is administered. At the lab, an EIA (and, if necessary, a confirmatory test) is performed on the sample to detect HIV antibodies. Results are typically available in 5 to 10 business days.
A rapid HIV antibody test provides results within an hour, and sometimes substantially less. This test is done by a trained counselor through a finger prick or, in some places, an oral swab.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two home HIV antibody tests: the Home Access HIV-1 Test System and the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test. In the Home Access test, a person extracts a few drops of blood through a finger prick and collects the drops on a special card that is mailed in for testing. The OraQuick home test is designed to detect HIV in a sample of oral fluid. It can provide results in 20 minutes. A positive test result on these home HIV tests should be followed up with a confirmatory test.
p24 Antigen Test
This test detects an HIV protein called p24. The p24 antigen can be detected 2 weeks after a person is infected.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
This is a highly sensitive PCR test that can detect HIV RNA – the virus's genetic material. The NAAT test can detect the virus during acute HIV infection.
4th Generation HIV EIA Test
The 4th generation test can detect p24 antigen, HIV-1 antibodies, and HIV-2 antibodies, but it cannot tell them apart. A positive result on the 4th generation test is followed up with a Multispot confirmatory test to detect whether antibodies to HIV-1 or HIV-2 are present. If no antibodies are detected, the NAAT test is used to detect HIV RNA. The 4th generation test has a window period of 2 weeks, compared to 2 to 8 weeks for a standard or rapid HIV antibody test.
Other Types of HIV Tests
It is worth noting that some other types of HIV tests – viral load tests and resistance tests – are also available, but they are not used for diagnosing HIV infection. These tests are used instead for monitoring HIV disease and guiding HIV treatment decisions in persons who are already known to be infected with the virus.
According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2013 HIV screening recommendations, healthcare providers should offer routine HIV screening to all adolescents and adults between 15 and 65 years old. The USPSTF also recommends HIV screening for all pregnant women, including women in labor who do not know their HIV status, as well as for teens younger than age 15 and adults older than 65 who are at increased risk for HIV infection.
Persons that the USPSTF considers to be at increased risk for HIV infection include: men who have sex with men (MSM); active injection drug users; persons who engage in unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse; persons with sexual partners who are HIV-infected, bisexual, or injection drug users; and persons who exchange sex for drugs or money.
Other persons considered at high risk include those who have acquired other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or have requested testing for STIs. In addition, persons under age 15 or older than 65 with new sexual partners may also be considered to be at increased risk for infection and candidates for HIV screening.
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health also strongly endorses routine HIV screening in primary and urgent care "due to the significant individual and public health benefits associated with knowledge of HIV status and prompt linkage to medical care and preventive services."
Routine HIV Screening
If a person is a candidate for routine HIV screening (see section above) and has had no potential exposure to HIV – such as through unprotected sex or needle-sharing – within the previous 8 weeks, then they can undergo testing without waiting.
HIV Testing Following a Recent Potential Exposure to HIV
If a person is being tested following a recent potential exposure to HIV, then they should typically wait until the window period for their particular HIV test has elapsed before undergoing testing. As described earlier, the window period is the time after a person is infected when there may not yet be enough evidence – such as HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material – for the test to produce an accurate result. So if, for example, a person wanted to use a home antibody test, they would wait at least 8 weeks after their most recent potential HIV exposure to take the test, because it takes up to 8 weeks for most people to develop detectable HIV antibodies.
Repeat HIV Testing
In its 2013 HIV screening recommendations, the USPSTF notes there is not yet enough evidence to determine the best frequency for repeated HIV testing among persons who may have a higher-than-usual risk of HIV infection. In the meantime, "One reasonable approach would be one-time screening of adolescent and adult patients to identify persons who are already HIV-positive, with repeated screening of those who are known to be at risk for HIV infection, those who are actively engaged in risky behaviors, and those who live or receive medical care in a high-prevalence setting." According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a high-prevalence setting is a geographic location or community in which at least 1% of the population is infected with HIV. These settings include STI clinics, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, tuberculosis clinics, clinics serving gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), and adolescent health clinics with a high prevalence of STIs.
If you have specific questions about HIV testing or other HIV-related health issues, please contact AIDS Action’s Health Library at 617-450-1432 or visit the Health Library page. | 2,404 | 2,362 |
April 22 is a day designed to inspire our awareness and caring of our environment on this Earth Day
April 22 is a day designed to inspire our awareness and caring of our environment on this Earth Day. This is the forty years after the first Earth Day. U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson founded this event on April 22, 1970. As a environment lover, green manner we should take this wonderful opportunity to teach the importance of our environment, recycle, reduce and reuse the resources we have. You know, nowadays the world is in greatest peril than ever, one of the greatest challenge for our environment is the climate change. In the last decades this climate change is an issue that has become more exposed to the public as a Global warming. This Global warming is been showing lot of impact to the world in a Varity of ways not only affecting humans with warmer temperatures as rising sea levels, etc..
Recycling The Scrap Materials
Recycling is the only best way to processing used materials in to new product without polluting the environment such us reduce air pollution and water pollution. It helps develop a healthy habit for life. On this Earth day, edify the important of recycling out around the house or at our backyard. Try to have some recycling bin in your area that can be used for collect news papers to recycle it and create the awareness throwing away the waste in the public places. Eventually this Earth Day 2010 could be a turning point to advance climate policy, energy efficiency, renewable energy and green jobs. Earth Day Network is galvanizing millions who make personal commitments to sustainability. Make a personal commitment to put your thinking in action and take promise as I would never use plastic bags here on. I’ll plant at least 1 tree ever year and grow it for my green environment like that. I Just urge to pay attention and you would be a turning point to advance climate policy, energy efficiency, renewable... "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." — Mahatma Gandhi
This morning we have celebrated the earth day by giving thanks to “Mother Earth” and all our office staff have got saplings from our administrator and we all have committed personal vow to use recyclable products mostly and pay importance to recycle the old things., turn off computers and A/C when walk away from the work space. I really wanna to thank my colleges for giving me full support to celebrate the Earth Day. | 492 | 491 |
Living responsibly during pregnancy and breastfeeding
Pregnancy and breastfeeding are two very special phases for a woman as life becomes more enriched and day after day we experience a new life growing – a person for whom we are entirely responsible. A responsible lifestyle plays a particularly important role for both mother and child at this stage. A healthy diet both during and after pregnancy with food that is rich in micronutrients can boost your own well-being and the development of your child.
Nine months of anticipation
When you feel your baby moving for the first time, the happiness is breathtaking. As an expectant mother, you can do a lot for the development of your child by maintaining a well-balanced diet. A sufficient supply of micronutrients boosts your health and is important for a trouble-free pregnancy; it also helps your child to develop normally both physically and intellectually. It is therefore important that you consume enough micronutrients because you are your child’s sole source of nutrition at this stage in its life.
Gherkins and cheesecake
Daily energy requirements increase by about 200-300 calories (approx. +13%) as of the fourth month of pregnancy. This roughly corresponds to just one portion of curd cheese (quark) with fruit. But there is a far greater increase in the need for certain micronutrients that are especially important for mother and child. In addition, cravings for certain foods which are experienced during pregnancy, and which can range from gherkins to cheesecake, can frequently lead to an unbalanced diet that is anything but rich in micronutrients.
Eating for your baby
Your diet during pregnancy is the key to your child’s health. The better you eat, the more your child benefits. The nutrients provided by you from your daily diet are your baby’s only source of food.
- For instance, folic acid contributes to normal maternal tissue growth during pregnancy. It also plays a role in the process of cell division and contributes to normal functioning of the immune system.
- The mother’s uptake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contributes to the normal development of the brain and eyes in the foetus and breastfed infant. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be aware that a positive effect is noticeable with a daily uptake of 200 mg DHA, in addition to the recommended daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids amounting to 250 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
- Vitamin D boosts the immune system and contributes to the maintenance of normal bones.
- Probiotics are living microorganisms. They include, for example, certain lactic acid bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. In the gut, probiotics are part of the gut flora.
- Iodine and iron contribute to normal cognitive functioning.
Breast milk is the best choice for a child
Pregnancy and giving birth are often extremely hard work for the body. A balanced selection of micronutrients helps you to get fit again quickly. During this phase the body uses a particularly large amount of micronutrients for the development and regeneration of its cells. Breastfeeding women achieve something really quite unbelievable: about 800 ml of milk is produced for the baby every day and the body needs nutrients in order to do this. So it is especially important during this time that women maintain a balanced diet. They are free to eat protein-rich foods such as dairy products, eggs, meat and nuts. And a sufficient intake of liquids, which also increases the quantity of milk produced, should also be ensured.
Increased need for micronutrients during breastfeeding
Women who are breastfeeding have an increased need for micronutrients because they have to meet not only their own requirements, but also those of their child via their breast milk. Breast milk is now the most important source of nutrients for the child, who benefits from the micronutrients via the breast milk. For example, the uptake of omega-3 fatty acids contributes to normal development of the brain and eyes. In addition, vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and vitamin D and also folic acid, iron, zinc, selenium and copper contribute to normal functioning of the immune system. A sufficient supply of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, probiotics and minerals (incl. trace elements) creates a good foundation that enables the child to develop properly. It is ideal if babies are breastfed on demand. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women exclusively breastfeed their babies for the first six months.
Tips for pregnancy and breastfeeding
Several portions of fresh fruit and vegetables and also wholegrain products should be consumed every day. Dairy products incl. cheese should be made from pasteurised and where possible low-fat milk. You should also remember to eat about two portions of meat and fish per week. Raw or semi-cooked foods such as carpaccio, sushi, Mettwurst (smoked sausage spread), mayonnaise or products made with raw milk should be strictly avoided. In addition to a healthy diet, some moderate exercise or gentle endurance sports can do you good and make pregnancy and breastfeeding less of a strain. | 1,081 | 1,050 |
Istanbul is the largest city and seaport of Turkey. Occupying a strategic location, the city straddles the Bosporus, a narrow strait that divides the continents of Europe and Asia. For centuries the ancient city of Istanbul was known as Constantinople, the name it was given when it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The city later served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire. While it is no longer a capital city, Istanbul is still the cultural center of Turkey.
Stamboul, the heart of old Istanbul, covers a hilly peninsula. The Sea of Marmara is on the south, the Bosporus on the east, and a deep inlet called the Golden Horn on the north. The western boundary of the old city is marked by the remains of a 5th-century wall that stretches more than 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn. At the easternmost point of the peninsula stands the restored Topkapi Palace, once the home of the Ottoman sultans and now a museum. At the northern edge of the palace grounds is the Sirkeci (“vinegar makers”) district of nightclubs, restaurants, and entertainment. The picturesque Galata pontoon bridge, lined with shops and cafés, crosses the Golden Horn to the Galata business district.
Istanbul attracts numerous immigrants from the countryside, some of whom live in shantytowns on the outskirts of the city. Most of Istanbul’s people are Turks. Kurds now form the largest ethnic minority in the city.
The Turks and Kurds are predominantly Muslim. The city’s Christian and Jewish minorities have decreased in number. Both Islam and Christianity have dominated the city at different times in its history. The great Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya) was completed in Istanbul in 537. It later became a mosque but is now a museum. The Muslim sultans of the Ottoman Empire built many famous mosques in the city. Among them is the Mosque of Süleyman, constructed in 1550–57 by the architect Sinan. It ranks as another of the world’s great buildings. Perhaps the best-known mosque in Istanbul is the Blue Mosque, which was built by Sultan Ahmed I between 1609 and 1616. The mosques and other historic landmarks of the old city of Istanbul were collectively designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO (a United Nations agency) in 1985.
Istanbul is Turkey’s center of industry. Textiles, flour milling, tobacco processing, cement, and glass are the city’s principal manufactures. Tourism is a growing source of income for Istanbul. Trade and commerce are also important. The Grand Bazaar, or Covered Bazaar, features more than 4,000 shops that sell gold jewelry, carpets, and ceramic, copper, and brass ware.
Istanbul is Turkey’s largest port and center of wholesale commerce and transportation. The excellent natural harbor it maintained for centuries in the Golden Horn and the city’s key location on the trade routes between Europe and Asia made it a major transshipping point.
Greeks founded the colony of Byzantium in the 8th century bc. The Roman emperor Constantine proclaimed it his capital in ad 330 and renamed it Constantinople. He and his successors built walls, aqueducts, cisterns, and public fountains in the city. For more than 1,000 years Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city and made it the capital of the Ottoman Empire. After the defeat of the Ottomans in World War I and the subsequent creation of the Turkish Republic, the seat of government was moved from Constantinople to the city of Ankara. The former capital remained the republic’s economic center, however, under the Turkish name of Istanbul. Population (2013 estimate), 13,522,528.
| 813 | 798 |
The £1.45bn (e2.08bn) Derbyshire County Council pension fund in the UK has consolidated the custody of its four portfolios under ABN Amro Mellon after UBS Global Asset Management gave up custody of one of them.
ABN Amro Mellon will provide custody and cash management services for European and UK equities and European bonds. It has had custody of the scheme’s US portfolio since 2001.
UBS, which acted as manager and custodian of the European equity portfolio, withdrew from the custody business last September.
“An open tender was issued, with the shortlist including two other global custodians,” ABN Amro Mellon said. As a result, the custodian was awarded the full mandate.
According to the business plan 2004-2005 published by the investment committee, the fund invests in UK and international bonds as well as UK, Japanese, Asia Pacific and emerging markets equities through its in-house management team.
UBS is in charge of European equities, while Wellington Management International deals with US equities in a “discretionary capacity”.
Derbyshire said that it acted as its own custodian for UK equities, gilts, index-linked and investment trusts through CREST. It also said that overseas bonds were held by the Bank of England, while US bonds were managed in-house.
UBS Global Asset Management spokesperson Charles Gorman said the decision to give up custody of the portfolio was not specific to the Derbyshire pension fund but reflected the UK pension industry’s trend to adopt global custody. | 332 | 318 |
Conflict risk and lethal violence continued to increase in the Niger Delta during the second quarter of 2017 (See page 2). According to data, while the nature of violence in the region varies, organized criminality, land disputes and communal clashes remain primary causes of lethal violence during the period.
This quarterly tracker looks at the trends and patterns of conflict risk factors and incidents of violence, and the related pressures on peace and stability in the Niger Delta..
DOWNLOAD Niger-Delta-Conflict-Tracker-2017-Q2.pdf (36 downloads) | 110 | 109 |
LITERATURE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The 17th century was one of the most stormy periods of English history. The growing contradictions between the new class, the bourgeoisie, and the old forces of feudalism brought about the English Bourgeois Revolution in the 1640s. As a result of the revolution the king was dethroned and beheaded and England was proclaimed a republic. Though very soon monarchy was restored, the position of the bourgeoisie had changed.
The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a capitalist country. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another. Small towns grew into large cities. The industrial revolution began: new machinery was invented that turned Britain into the first capitalist power of the world. While in France the bourgeoisie was just beginning its struggle against feudalism, the English bourgeoisie had already become one of the ruling classes.
The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. Isaac Newton's discoveries in the field of physics, Adam Smith’s economic theories, the philosophical ideas of Hobbes, Locke and others enriched the materialistic thought and implanted in people's minds belief in great powers of man's intellect. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too: portraiture reached its peak in the works of William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds as well as Thomas Gainsborough, who was equally good at landscape and portrait painting.
In spite of the progress of industry and culture in England, the majority of the English people were still very ignorant. That is why one of the most important problems that faced the country was the problem of education.
The 17th and 18th centuries are known in the history of European culture as the period of Enlightenment. The Enlighteners defended the interests of... | 368 | 367 |
Your argument is terrible: "it will cost too much to do the right thing" has been tried and failed to convince, a million times. Also, it always turns out not to be true.
Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it. Alcohol (a drug) was prohibited in the 1920s. All Prohibition did was hand billions to the Mafia, just as laws against drugs hand billions to modern crime syndicates. It does not stop drugs and does not prevent addicts, so you are paying for them, one way or another, now. Treating addicts while they remain free and productive members of society will cost no more, and almost certainly less, than locking them up and not giving them any real effective treatment, which is the present system.
But cost isn't the real issue, actually. The issue is that people like you don't even understand addiction. Studies show that the vast majority of drug users, some 90%, are not addicts. They use drugs responsibly just as most people drink responsibly.
Also also, how many states have legal recreational marijuana now? How many have collapsed due to pot being legal? | 232 | 231 |
by Raymond Carver
Cathedral Theme of Dissatisfaction
"Cathedral" shows a distinct movement from dissatisfaction to satisfaction. The unnamed man who narrates the story oozes dissatisfaction from every pore at the very beginning. We can see that he probably loves his wife, but that the marriage is far from happy and healthy. His most immediate reason for dissatisfaction is the impending arrival of his wife's ex-boss and long time friend. His movement from dissatisfaction to satisfaction is most pronounced because the story is told through his eyes, but the other main characters undergo similar movements. The end of the story doesn't guarantee lasting satisfaction, but it does offer hope of happiness and meaningful connections to other people through creativity and broad vision.
Questions About Dissatisfaction
- Assuming the narrator is dissatisfied, what are the major causes?
- Is the narrator's wife dissatisfied with the narrator? Why or why not? What evidence supports your answer?
- Do alcohol and or drugs factor into any of the characters' dissatisfaction? Why or why not?
- Are all of the characters satisfied at the end of story? Are there moments of satisfaction before the ending?
- Will the woman be satisfied that the narrator has done his best to make Robert feel comfortable?
Chew on This
"Cathedral" argues that intimate friendships can make the small dissatisfactions in life more tolerable.
It's likely that the narrator will return to his state of dissatisfaction after the initial excitement of his renewed vision has faded. | 304 | 300 |
Italian composer. A pupil of Vincento Ruffo (in Verona) and Rore, he moved to Cremona well before 1572, where he was prefect of music (by 1578) and later maestro di capella(by 1579) at the cathedral; it was in that city that Monteverdi studied with him. He published ten books of sacred music and eight of madrigals. Though he showed himself fairly conventional in the former, the madrigals were in the modern manner after Rore; Monteverdi considered them to belong to the Seconda Prattica. Twenty-seven responseries for Holy Week by him were long considered to be by Palestrina. | 141 | 145 |
I must start this article on the Rusty-spotted Cat by touching on the subject of conservation, the most pressing of issues for all the wildcats. In 2002 the Cat Survival Trust website, which was last updated in June 2002, says that this cat was not considered to be threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ (Red List). This would make the classification at that time, NT (Not Threatened). Today, at June 2009, the Red List classifies this wildcat as Vulnerable (VU). This is one more stage towards extinction. I discuss this further below.
These fine photographs of the Rusty-spotted Cat are by Joachim S. Müllerand published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivs creative commons License — this site is for charitable purposes in funding cat rescue and wild cats.
See Rusty-spotted cat description. The scientific name is: Prionailurus rubiginosus. It would seem that the most noticeable feature of this wildcat is its diminutive size. It is one of the two smallest of the wildcats, the other being the Black-footed Cat. Their weight is similar to that of a domestic miniature cat. These are the vital statistics and some interesting comparisons:
|Length of head+body||35-48 centimetres (14-17 inches)|
|Average weight (approximate)||1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)|
|Average weight females||1 kg (2.2 lbs)|
|Average domestic cat weight – for comparison||8 lbs|
|Average weight of miniature domestic cat for comparison||3.5 lbs|
|Average weight of Black-footed Cat – for comparison||3.5 lb|
The coat is the usual heavily ticked tabby coat with very particular markings. The best known domestic cat with a ticked coat is the Abyssinian cat. As can be seen in the lower picture above, the coat has a ground colour of grey with rust coloured spots and markings over the body and face with a white underbelly. The eyes are very large and round. If a cat breeder bred a cat with eyes that large it would raise eyebrows! The large size must have evolved for survival as a nocturnal and arboreal cat. This means the cat is active at night and spends a lot of time in the forest trees.
In general the overall body conformation is what a person in the cat fancy might consider to be balanced and moderate (i.e. of pretty normal appearance).
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ Assessment
As mentioned the classification is VU – vulnerable. The assessment has been in place from 2008 to present.:
This is in the category of threatened species. The reason for this classification is as follows:
- although found across most of India and Sri Lanka the distribution of the Rusty-spotted Cat is “relatively restricted”. This must mean in comparison to other wild cats with a wider distribution that covers much larger areas, e.g. Eurasian lynx.
- low estimated population at less than 10,000 mature cats.
- habitat loss
- decreasing population
- subpopulations containing 1,000 or less individual cats. A “sub-population” means a part or subdivision of a population.
Range, Habitat and Ecology
The Rusted-spotted Cats range in indicated below in the map (but see the map lower down):
The map above (modified by me) is published under Wikimedia® creative commons license = Attribution-ShareAlike License. User: MichaelFrey. The map above is slightly different from the one below that I made up from information from the Red List website using a free blank map from the About.com website:
In this more recent assessment of range, it is larger in the north and the boundary in the north is not a straight line. This would seem to be due to research in 2002 and beyond, which established that it is found over a much larger area of India. [Sunquist and Sunquist 2002, Patel and Jackson 200 6, Manakadan and Sivakumar 2006, Patel 2006, Vyas et al. 2007. (src: Red List)].
Also the range in Sri Lanka does not completely cover the country as in the older map. There is an area in the west where the Rusty-spotted Cat is not found according to the Red List – see map.
Update: the map below is the also based on the Red List map but made up using Google My Maps. It is an open collaboration project and can been seen here in large format: Rusty-spotted cat range
View Rusty-spotted Cat Range in a larger map
This wild cat is only found in India and Sri Lanka (see picture). What does the Indian landscape look like? Here is a fine photograph, which gives a feel for it and more:
Photo above by mindstock.
The Rusty-spotted Cat prefers dense vegetation and rocky areas. I would have thought that the dense vegetation in the picture above would do nicely. They occupy:
- moist & dry deciduous forest (deciduous forest: “typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally….” – Wikipedia)
- scrub and grassland
- agricultural areas
- settled areas (areas where there are people)
- forested areas as they are “highly arboreal”
They prey on:
- frogs (one cat observed hunting frogs)
- rodents – this may lead this cat into settled areas where rodents may be more abundant.
Threats and Conservation
- It might sound cynical to say it but the usual reasons apply, namely human population growth and accompanying activity, which translates to habitat loss and cultivated land. The Rusty-spotted Cat can and does exist in settled (human settlements) areas but how far can this go? Is this going to be transformed into modern day domestication? The best prospects for survival for this cat are probably to become domesticated as the wild cat did generally some 9,000 year ago. The nearest this seems to have got is the creation of a hybrid Rusty-spotted Cat/domestic cat, which was observed (see Wildcat Hybrids. This offspring was larger in size (hybrid vigour), had long legs and “unusual markings” on a pale ground colour.
- Another threat is the usual body parts trade (skins).
- Killed by farmers protecting livestock (presumed poultry etc.).
- Killed for food.
- Domestic trade is uncontrolled in Sri Lanka
There are two levels of listings under CITES:
- In India the cat is listed in Appendix I (“..threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial”)
- In Sri Lanka the cat is listed in Appendix II (“..lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled”)
- Hunting is banned in India (how good is enforcement?)
- Hunting is banned in Sri Lanka (as above)
- There are protected areas in both India & Sri Lanka such as:
- Yala National Park in Sri Lanka
- Gir Forest National Park in India (also the home of the lion in India, the only place in India where the lion is found).
- Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India. | 1,555 | 1,513 |
General Knowledge Ancient Indian History Question Answers Video 1 – here are a Few General Knowledge Questions – Q In the mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization, where have evidences of house – wells come from among Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal and Banawali?
Q Which city of the harappan period was discovered first?
Q Among Ropar, Kalibangan, Lothal and Banawali, which city was located in Gujarat?
Q Which was the main port city of the Harappan people?
Q At which Place has the Great Bath of Indus Valley Civilization been found?
Q Which of the Harappan cities among Chanhudaro, Kalibangan, Lothal and Surkotada not fortified?
Q The earliest evidence for the occurrence of silver in India has been found from: Harappan Culture with which age is the Indus Civilization related? | 186 | 182 |
Have you walked down a suburban street at night and noticed how bright the lights inside some houses are; conflagrations of illumination, mimicking the brightest sunshine.
As well as being a waste of electricity, bright lights can interfere with production of melatonin in our brains, which has an affect on our body clocks.
Melatonin and the human body clock
Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone that is key to sleep and the sleep-wake cycle in humans and other animals. In the body, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in the brain when night falls. The retina detects failing light, and the level of melatonin gradually increases, reaching its peak in the middle of the night in natural circumstances.
Our circadian rhythm (or ‘body clock’) is therefore influenced by melatonin. Melatonin is not a sedative, it works as a cue for innate night-time behaviour. In the morning when plasma levels of melatonin decrease, sleep ends and wakefulness begins.
In humans, melatonin induces heat loss, reduces arousal and related brain activity and delays production of cortisol, thus decreasing blood pressure and blood sugar, in preparation for sleep.
Intense light at night interferes with your body clock.
Research indicates that room light exerts a profound suppressive effect on levels of melatonin thus shortening the body’s internal perception of night duration. Hence, regularly exposing oneself to electrical lighting in the late evening disrupts melatonin signalling and could therefore potentially impact sleep, thermoregulation, blood pressure, and glucose homeostasis.
The research results were clear, showing that exposure to room light before bedtime shortened melatonin duration by about 90 minutes, compared to dim light exposure. In addition, the researchers say, exposure to room light during the usual hours of sleep suppressed melatonin levels by more than 50%.
The benefits of muted light
Some people prefer dim lights at night. Soft, muted light is more calming and seems to be conducive to night-time endeavours like reading, writing and hobbies. Of course you need sufficient light to see what you are doing, but this is surprisingly little. Whilst you can’t damage your eyesight by reading in dim light, if the light is too dim you will become easily fatigued.
For centuries people have used candle lamps and oil lamps, and before that people only had firelight. These were all dim lights that didn’t turn the night time into the day time. These light sources simply provided enough illumination so that people could see what was in front of them. The light didn’t do harm to the darkness, it gently spread it away with a soft glow.
Electric lights can be much brighter, and often are. However, most of the light is wasted because it is brightly illuminating rooms that are either empty, or mostly empty. Of course, there is a place for bright lights, an operating theatre for example. But, unless you are planning on operating on one of your family members before heading off to bed, you certainly don’t need those searing lights at home.
As already mentioned, dim light, as opposed to bright light, does not disrupt our body clocks. On the contrary, it seems to help relax us and lets us gently wind down. It’s reassuring warm glow is conducive to reflection, as well as focussing our attention on what is at hand.
Save electricity and your body clock by dimming those lights. You could even light a beeswax candle and enjoy the added benefits of burning beeswax. | 731 | 708 |
STAFF REPORT
ISLAMABAD
The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) on Tuesday suspended officials of the local governments across the country.
All district mayors, deputy mayors, chairmen and vice-chairmen of the local government bodies would remain suspended until July 25. The chiefs of the cantonment boards across the country were also suspended. The decision was taken to ensure free and fair elections, the ECP said.
The parliamentary polls are scheduled to be held on July 25.
The commission had earlier transferred civil servants across the country in order to ensure that no bureaucrat is able to exert influence during the pre-poll and poll process.
The ECP in a notification on Tuesday said that the army officials deployed for polling duty have been given powers of a first-class magistrate.
The election body also said that the security officials deployed for the polls have to take an oath. Letters has been sent to the secretaries of interior and defence along with the Inspector Generals of Police of all four provinces and the capital territory in this regard.
The returning officers will conduct the oath of security in-charges deployed in their respective districts, the letter said. The presiding officers will take oath from the personnel deployed at polling stations..
The ECP on July 7 had issued the code of conduct for security personnel deployed for election duties and to be deployed for security on polling day (July 25, 2018) inside and outside the polling stations. | 295 | 296 |
A stochastic journey to stochastic games
In stochastic games, the games people play today depend on their previous decisions and on chance. The story of our article is a perfect example.
The story of our article, “The evolution of cooperation in stochastic games”, now published in Nature, could already have started eight years ago. It would have started without me, and most likely I wouldn’t have played a part in it.
Back then in 2010, Krish was invited to deliver a lecture in Martin’s lab, the Program of Evolutionary Dynamics (PED). While the two of them are close collaborators now, they hardly knew each other back then. Krish asked Martin which kind of talk would be most relevant to the diverse audience at PED, offering either a talk on auctions or on stochastic games. Martin found the first topic to be more appealing, so Krish held a lecture on auctions. It was the beginning of a fruitful collaboration at the interface of computer science and biology. In the meanwhile, the other topic of stochastic games pretty much ended up in a time-out state. It remained there for the next five years.
Krish, Christian, and Martin, eight years after the project on stochastic games could have started.
In 2015, I moved from Boston to Vienna. After a two-year postdoc at PED, I was looking forward to working in Krish’s group at IST Austria. Due to a coincidence, Martin happened to be in Austria, too. On my first workday at IST we all sat together and discussed possible research topics. After contemplating various ideas on extortion in repeated games, a topic I had been working on for years, Krish took another chance on proposing stochastic games. This time we were excited immediately.
The topic seemed to be a perfect fit. Just like repeated games, stochastic games deal with strategic situations where individuals interact over multiple rounds. However, the exact strategic situation that individuals face could change from one round to the next, depending on the outcome of the previous round and on chance. We were intrigued by this basic premise, the idea that past decisions could affect future possibilities. The framework seemed to be amenable to several open questions in direct reciprocity. Can cooperation evolve if individuals interact in several prisoner’s dilemma games over time? What if the length of a repeated game is not predetermined, but affected by the players’ decisions?
One of our first results: players are more cooperative in the prisoner’s dilemma if their decisions affect the number of rounds to be played.
Within a few weeks, we obtained first promising results. We noted that certain stochastic games could facilitate the evolution of cooperation in a way we did not anticipate. At the same time, we noted that the framework offered immense possibilities. A systematic analysis would take time, and we would need all the help we could get. Fortunately, Štěpán, an extremely talented math student from Charles University, had just started an internship at IST to work on his bachelor’s thesis. He happily joined the project, and quickly derived beautiful results on the effect of chance events. Over time, we collected more and more examples highlighting crucial differences between stochastic games and repeated games. By that time, we were sure we had taken the right path, and that a goal was in sight.
Štěpán discovered the positive impact of chance events on cooperation.
In stochastic games, a simple decision made today can alter the future. The consequences of such a decision may not be immediately apparent, and they may depend on further coincidences, and quite often, on luck. In many ways, our journey to explore stochastic games resembled the very object we were setting out to explore. | 785 | 728 |
Finding Chicago's food gardens with Google EarthJanuary 3, 2013 in Biology / Other
Urban agriculture is promoted as a strategy for dealing with food insecurity, stimulating economic development, and combating diet-related health problems in cities. However, up to now, no one has known how much gardening is taking place in urban areas. Researchers at the University of Illinois have developed a methodology that they used to quantify the urban agriculture in Chicago.
John Taylor, a doctoral candidate working with crop sciences researcher Sarah Taylor Lovell, was skeptical about the lists of urban gardens provided to him by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
"Various lists were circulating," he said. "One of them had almost 700 gardens on it."
On closer inspection, however, many of these "gardens" turned out to be planter boxes or landscaping and were not producing food. On the other hand, Taylor suspected that there were unnoticed gardens in backyards or vacant lots.
"There's been such a focus on community gardens and urban farms, but not a lot of interest in looking at backyard gardens as an area of research," Lovell agreed. An accurate map of these sites would be helpful for advocacy groups and community planners.
Taylor uploaded the lists from the NGOs into Google Earth, which automatically geocoded the sites by street address. He used a set of reference images of community gardens, vacant lot gardens, urban farms, school gardens, and home food gardens to determine visual indicators of food gardens.
Taylor then looked at Google Earth images of Chicago to locate food production sites. This work took more than 400 hours over an 8-month period. He identified 4493 possible sites, most of which were residential gardens of 50 square meters or less, and visited a representative sample of gardens on vacant land to confirm that they were really producing food.
All the large sites and a sample of the small sites were digitized as shapefiles (digital vector storage formats for storing geometric location and associated attribute information) in Google Earth. These shapefiles were imported into Arc Map 10, a geographic information system (GIS) mapping tool, to calculate the total area.
The final estimate was 4,648 urban agriculture sites with a production area of 264,181 square meters. Residential gardens and single-plot gardens on vacant lots accounted for almost three-fourths of the total.
To map the gardens onto community areas, the shapefiles were joined with 2010 Census tract shapefiles and shapefiles of 77 community areas and neighborhoods from Chicago's GIS portal. The tract information was subsequently joined with the Census Bureau's 2005-2009 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates of demographic and housing characteristics.
The maps showed that garden concentration varied by neighborhood. "Chinatown, Bridgeport was kind of a hot spot," Taylor said. Both of these neighborhoods have large Chinese-origin populations. Even outside those areas, many of the larger gardens were associated with households headed by people of Chinese origin. Neighborhoods in the northwest with large numbers of Polish and Eastern and Southern European immigrants also had a high density of backyard gardens.
They were not all growing the same kind of food. "There are distinctions between these cultural groups because the crops they select are sometimes from their home areas in addition to the suite of crops we can all grow in our backyards," Lovell explained.
As people move across borders, they often bring seeds with them. "In a Mexican neighborhood where we were working, a lot of people grow a tropical corn that is 12 to 16 feet high," Taylor said. "It's grown not for the ears of corn but for the leaves, which are used to make tamales."
He noted that many older African-Americans in Chicago who came north during the Great Migration from the south from the early 1900s to the 1970s remember farming and growing up with gardens. "They are almost reproducing in miniature in their backyards the southern landscape and gardening practices that they associated with their youth," he said.
Garden type varied by neighborhood as well. Home food gardens are concentrated in the northwest, where people tend to live in detached houses. Vacant lot gardens are concentrated in the economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in the south and west sides, as are the community gardens.
Lovell said that, in some communities, more than half of the lots are vacant, and making use of them could be a huge opportunity. Chicago has a program that allows people living next to a vacant lot to purchase it at a fraction of what it would normally cost.
The results of this study suggest that both backyard gardens and vacant lot gardens contribute substantially to Chicago's total food production.
"Home gardens actually contribute to food security," Taylor said. "They're underappreciated and unsupported." He noted that people grow not only for themselves but for their neighbors as well, which is particularly important in food deserts where fresh produce is in short supply.
"There is also potential for empowering people because they are using their own space to deal with their own food security concerns," Lovell added.
The study, "Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth" by John R. Taylor and Sarah Taylor Lovell, published in Landscape and Urban Planning, is available online at www.sciencedirect.com/science/ … ii/S016920461200237X
Provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
"Finding Chicago's food gardens with Google Earth" January 3, 2013 https://phys.org/news/2013-01-chicago-food-gardens-google-earth.html | 1,153 | 1,138 |
The premises are well located on Grainger Street and forms part of the retail core of the city, with McDonalds opposite, CEX, Taco Bell, Greggs, and Start Fitness all in close proximity. The Bigg Market is undergoing substantial investment and regeneration of which the unit is adjacent, and opposite the new Maldon Hotel has been developed housing a large leisure scheme and adding to the already strong footfall due to Grainger Streets links to Newcastle Central Station.
Subject to vacant possession the property is available on a new Full Repairing and Insuring Lease for a term of years to be agreed, at an initial rent of £45,000 p a excl.
Interested parties are advised to contact the Local Rating Authority for verification of the above.
The Energy Performance Asset Rating is Band D (77). A full copy of the EPC is available for inspection if required.
| 180 | 176 |
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Scottsdale Airport has received more than $5.4 million in grants from the Federal Aviation Administration to improve the efficiency, safety and capacity at the airport.
A view of aircraft lined up at Scottsdale Airport. New funding will provide construction to the airport runup area as well as reconstruct a portion of the taxiway to alleviate busy times.
These grants will provide funding to construct an aircraft runup area, reconstruct a portion of the taxiway and taxiway connectors to current FAA safety standards, and rehabilitate a taxiway connector.
During Scottsdale Airport’s busy season — especially during event season with Barrett Jackson Auto Auction, WM Phoenix Open and the Arabian Horse Show — there are spikes in business jet operations. With a boost in operations from a mixture of aircraft types from smaller propeller, turbo prop and business jet aircraft — they all compete to depart.
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Aviation staff, in collaboration with Mead & Hunt, the airport’s on-call engineer, and the FAA Air Traffic Control staff, designed the project to introduce five aircraft run-up positions at the north end of the runway. This provides adequate spacing for aircraft and allows the Air Traffic Control Tower to efficiently clear aircraft for departure.
The FAA recognized the importance of this project — especially with Super Bowl LVII coming this January — and awarded these grants to Scottsdale earlier than expected, the press release stated.
| 361 | 346 |
In absorbing knowledge, the discerning public today is presented with a limitless platter of documents, data, and research analyses to pick and choose from. In all compartments of human interface, the documentation base has reached an unprecedented high. For the researcher, the dangers in such a situation of information overspill are obvious: he is constantly hit with “word pictures” from all directions, and more often than not it is the researcher’s insight that helps absorb the good information and filter out the residue.
For the economic historian, however, such vivid descriptions of economic activity are either missing or enmeshed with irrelevant information, and his job becomes quite mind-numbing. While India is chalking its own path of modernity and breaking new ground in all aspects of economic endeavor—infrastructure, agriculture, industry, trade, the demand and supply equation, and fiscal policies—this post presents a random selection of word pictures that depict activities related to agriculture, irrigation, and migration of farmers at various milestones of Indian civilization.
Migration of Farmers and Agrarian History
India in circa 1500 BCE was a predominantly agrarian economy; 3500 years later, agriculture is even now the largest economic sector in the sense that it still accounts for about 60% of employment in the country, although its share in India’s GDP has been steadily declining (while it was ±17% in 2007–08, this share is likely to decline to 13.7% in FY13). The government is constantly devising new ways and methods to augment agricultural production, just as farmers are engaged in hitting on the right crop to produce. Our hunt for word pictures begins in the Vedic period, to which the first written records belong.
A Rigvedic hymn vivifies the importance of the produce of the land, and agriculture was obviously the mainstay of the Vedic people. The hymn also shows that the Vedic Aryan was well-acquainted with the art of sowing. In fact, several rituals were associated with sowing activity in those times. Besides sowing of seeds and ploughing, Vedic texts also mention other agricultural processes such as proper land usage, irrigation, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, and storage of grains. As we move forward a few centuries to circa 300 BCE, the literature sheds its predominant religious/ spiritual tenor and becomes even more graphic in the description of agricultural practices. The Arthashastra casts a clear picture of the importance of rainfall and irrigation in agriculture, various crops and the cropping pattern, and the harvesting and gathering procedure. Today, when there is a global concern over climate change and changing pattern of the monsoons, it interesting to compare the geographical distribution of rainfall in circa 300 BCE with that of the 21st century.
|Region||Rainfall recorded in the Arthashastra||Rainfall in modern times|
|Jangala (unidentified, possibly referred to forest land)||16 dronas = 100 cm|
|Avanti (Malwa, mod. west Madhya Pradesh)||23 dronas = 140 cm||75-100 cm|
|Asmaka (south of the Vindhyas, in the Deccan plateau||13.5 dronas = 85 cm||40-75 cm|
|western countries (west coast of India)||“immense quantity”||
While accepting that the measurement system in early India might only be taken to be indicative, it is still apparent that rainfall patterns have remained largely unchanged over time. A normal monsoon in those days is remarkably close to the pattern today. Thus, the Arthashastra clearly shows the importance of not only adequate amount of rainfall, but also its proper timing and distribution over various parts of the territory. All these three factors are equally important for agriculture, and even a 10% variance in the monsoons can cause havoc with agriculture.
Speaking of irrigation technology in early India, the Baburnama (memoirs of Mughal ruler Babur, 16th century) provides a vivid description of the irrigation devices used in various parts of India. Interestingly, as Irfan Habib writes, the Persian wheel had by this time become the principal means of lifting water for irrigation in northwestern India and the trans-Jamuna region.
(Left) Figure 2. ‘Saharanpore with a Persian wheel for raising water,’ from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Mohumdy to Gheen Vol. V’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15. Print at The British Museum Online Gallery
(Right) Figure 3. The Persian wheel on a chilly morning on the Ganges Plain. Photograph: Bret Wallach, © The Great Mirror, 2009
The wheel continued to be used for irrigation through the Mughal and British periods, and Babur’s graphic description of the wheel, based on his personal observations, is a perfect fit even for the system followed in the 19th century (Figure 2), and the system followed modern times (Figure 3). It is worthwhile to emphasize the major factors that have contributed to the produce of the land through history.
Migration of Farmers
Besides the dependence on monsoons, availability of land in plenty, and irrigation technology, the migration of cultivators was another critical factor. The Baburnama refers to the migration of entire villages, the ease with which new settlements were established, and the setting up of the required economic “infrastructure” in no time. In today’s context, migration is almost entirely to the cities to support urban industry and infrastructure (and of course eke out a living), but in early India setting up new agrarian settlements was a frequent phenomenon. Babur’s reference to migration and new agricultural settlements is not surprising because, even in the 5th century CE, we hear of migrations of farmers and various other occupation groups. The major factor that worked in favor of migration in early India was the availability of land in plenty, unlike the situation today where it is at a premium or not available at all.
Migration of farmers and its impact on agriculture in early India are thus well-evidenced in literature. It will surely be a worthwhile proposition to look at such evidence for other indicators of the economic fabric in early India and juxtapose such indicators with those in modern times. | 1,331 | 1,298 |
Outside seating available for food or drink, plus takeaway food.
Message Facebook link below or phone 023 8084 2356 to book a table (state if for food or drinks) or order takeaway.
The pub stands in verdancy at the south-eastern edge of town, on a single-track road that forms part of the Solent Way, and close to Hythe Spartina Marshes nature reserve. It was built as a cottage in the 1700s and, although extended and refurbished, still looks the part with its sash windows and pretty porch. The interior is modern, and the small garden has fine views over a narrow, grassy valley. The menu includes Saturday & Sunday breakfasts (it may be that alcohol sales start later than 9am) & Sunday roasts. Events include Sunday evening quiz, Monday's meat draw, & live music.
From Enterprise list.
Quiz Sun eve, meat draw Mon eve.
Circular routes, opposite directions. | 203 | 197 |
Protect the reputation of the banking sector through working with the Central Bank and all banks.
Seek to apply full transparency through the application of domestic and international banking rules in cooperation with the Central Bank and all banks to present the position of the Sultanate as a regional and global financial hub.
Promote the activities of banks in Oman at the local and international levels.
Support training and vocational qualification programs in the banking sector.
Work as a meeting point and a channel of communication among Licensees and other parties on matters and issues of concern to the banking sector.
Develop strategies and initiatives towards the development of the status of the Sultanate and its reputation in the banking sector on the global level.
Strengthen the links between executives in the banking sector through the formation of specialized committees, membership of stakeholders and specializations of various banks.
Coordinate with the Central Bank and all banks to develop a Code of Best Practices on Credit Facilities granted to clients and bank charges to ensure conformity with the interests of banks clients. | 206 | 198 |
There is no better man than Shahid Afridi to lead Pakistan at the World Cup next year in February.
Afridi may not have the clam of a Mohammad Yousuf, or the honest command of a Younis Khan, but he has something that neither of these men do.
Afridi has the ability to unite a team, have people rally around him, and lift spirits even at the worse of times.
He may not do it by leading from the front with the bat or the ball, but the way he lifts the team on the field, no one can.
Even when he was not captain, his impact on the team was visible. Constantly encouraging the fielders and bowlers, setting high standards while fielding, and just being out there in support is what makes Shahid Afridi such a central character in Pakistan cricket.
He's got the difficult task of uniting several senior players who have not got along in the past, and set an example for the youth that has just started taking their first steps in international cricket.
And there is no better man to do this for Pakistan than Shahid Afridi.
Afridi's openness and honesty is what is needed right now. He was the first one to say that he doesn't have the temperament for test cricket - how many players have you come across who would put their hands up and say they are not good enough for test cricket?
Considering that he recognizes and accepts his own flaws, he can pass on the same message to his team and they will listen. They will listen to him more than anyone else.
When I first read about Younis Khan's return, I was pleased. Extremely pleased. But I also feared that it may trigger a new clash for captaincy between YK and Afridi. After all, Younis is returning to a team that ousted him as captain. Yes he played under Yousuf in Australia, but he has not played under Afridi before.
And which Pakistani cricketer does not want the honour of leading their country in a World Cup?
Every Pakistani wants to emulate Imran Khan.
Wasim Akram tried his best to get back to the helm of the team prior to the 2003 World Cup and it backfired disastrously.
Both, YK and Afridi, have openly stated their ambitions of leading Pakistan to World Cup glory in the past. YK was there when he led the team to the World T20 title and Afridi had a major role to play in that.
Will roles reverse at the World Cup in 4 months time?
YK was originally slated to be captain for the tournament before his falling out with the team and then the board.
His return, however, changes the dynamics immensely.
YK's statement that he is only interested in playing for the country and not in the captaincy is a blessing, but then we all know that in Pakistan what you say is not what you get.
For Pakistan to even have a remote chance at success, they need both Afridi and YK. Afridi leading the team, and YK as the key batsman guiding the inexperienced batting order, along with a hopefully fit again Yousuf.
We simply cannot afford any more clashes.
The next 2 series against South Africa and New Zealand will be crucial in building this new relationship between Afridi and YK and I'm glad that Intikhab Alam is there to help ease them into these new roles.
Its not going to be easy for either of them, but lets hope that for the sake of Pakistan cricket, we can have a drama free 4 months leading up to the World Cup in February.
Pakistan's issues with captaincy are only a by-product of many things that are wrong with Pakistan cricket. Governance, Selection, Management, the captain and the team.
Afridi the best man to lead Pakistan. Couldn't disagree more. A leader has to command respect not only amongst his team mates but also in his opponents. I doubt Afridi scores on either front.
200% agree, but PCB is the big question mark for Pakistan Cricket. | 857 | 825 |
Daily British Colonist, June 28, 1864.
Mr. Waddington has requested us to published the following letter which he has just received, together with his accompanying remarks.
New Westminster, B.C., June 21st, 1864.
In your letter to the Colonist dated June 13th, relating to the causes of the massacre of the unfortunate people at Bute Inlet, I observe a paragraph mentioning a certain Mr. N.
It is difficult to correct an assertion not put “in propria persona” as however there can be little doubt as to whom you thus accuse, I write privately in the belief that you might have given credit for what had been told you, and which you under a sore feeling repeated; I can thus forgive you for a perhaps unintentional jury.
Should no foundation lie in my surmise that the names “N.” and my own are identical a simple note to this effect will be grateful to me, and I shall feel sorry this letter has been sent. But if otherwise, and after your perusal of facts I hereafter mention I can scarcely doubt but you will devise a way to contradict what may lead to misapprehension; should I in both instances be mistaken in you, I can in no way consider you an honest man.
I left Alexandria in September ’61 with 3 pack horses; so much of provisions as would enable Mr. Cain (my companion) to return were only taken back; I remained at Bella Coola alone till the day after Christmas; the same year my provisions being exhausted I hired Indians to take me to Fort Rupert. The only articles I had to purchase from the Indians were wild fowl and game; an equivalent was always given. I returned from Victoria in May ’62 with over 2 tons of goods chiefly intended for Carriboo; a part of this was forwarded in August. I thus never had occasion “to live at the expense of the Indians” (fortunately) as such an arrangement is quite contrary to their habits. The Indians engaged to build a store for me and Mr. Hood, hardly commenced their work, and I was obliged to hire white men in their place. The split boards were obtained from a ranch deserted by them since the small pox broke out, and for the few delivered the Chief was paid, the rest were brought in by myself. At the first agreement I gave the Indians a written promise of payment (invariably the custom) - and they received many things in advance. But I certainly would not pay them eventually for work they were too lazy to perform and for which through their neglect I was put to great inconvenience and expense by being obliged to employ other labor.
The scrip so called is probably in their hands; I returned to Alexandria after purchasing the house in November.
A. Waddington, Esq., Victoria, V. I.
The gentleman who gave me the information which is here complained of, has been living for a considerable time at Bella Coola, and the facts were scrupulously taken down from his own mouth; the name alone was suppressed from a feeling which the public will appreciate. I regret to find that this person is absent from the colony, which hinders any further explanation for the present, but Mr. Venables shall not the less have the benefit of all the publicity he desires; I must remark, however, that the whole story has been in circulation from other sources long since. The system alluded to of giving Indians a written promise of payment for work not yet begun, is something perfectly new to me and very unbusiness like. It may be the invariable custom at Bella Coola, but the contrary has been my invariable custom at Bute Inlet, and I suspect is pretty nearly so everywhere else.
Source: "The Causes of the Bute Massacre," Daily British Colonist, June 28, 1864. | 797 | 789 |
Formerly one of Los Angeles’ last rental darkrooms, this commercial storefront in the hip Ocean Park neighborhood of Santa Monica was re-purposed for Image Mechanics, a Los Angeles-based digital capture company, rental studio, and full-service post production facility that caters to leading advertising and celebrity portrait photographers worldwide.
The 1,000-square-foot studio space includes a client lounge, a hair and makeup room along with a private client editing and retouching suite. Also part of the program are back-of-house offices, post-production workstations, digital printing facilities and storage for the firm’s extensive digital capture equipment.
Low-impact measures used to create the eco-friendly studio include low or zero VOC paints in most of the space; warm fluorescent lighting in every fixture with the exception of a few specialty lamps; laminate click-in-place floors that were manufactured in California and installed without toxic glues; and dual-flush, low-flow toilets and LEED-certified hand dryers in the bathrooms. Nearly all of the furniture in the new space has been reused or repurposed from the firm’s former studio in Hollywood. Image Mechanics has also implemented an aggressive reuse/recycling office policy and uses an environmentally friendly cleaning crew that cleans with green products. | 270 | 249 |
Lupus or SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) is one of the auto-immune diseases where the body appears to attack itself because it doesn’t recognise the tissue it is attacking. Lupus, like other auto-immune conditions, is a chronic condition that affects the sufferer for some time. Symptoms of lupus are either confined to the skin, called discoid lupus, or affect the joints, as well as some internal organs.
For most people, lupus is mild condition that is relatively easy to control by avoiding triggers and stress, and by taking medication to treat the symptoms when the condition is having a flare-up. It is also important to enjoy the periods of remission.
In New Zealand, lupus is relatively common; women as well as Māori and Pacific people are more likely to develop lupus.
Lupus sufferers report feeling tired and having aching joints, particularly in the wrists, fingers and feet at the start of their illness. These vague symptoms persist while other conditions, such as skin rashes, occur in a pattern that indicates that lupus may be causing the symptoms.
Once diagnosed, lupus is usually treated with anti-inflammatory medicines. Often pain relieving medicines, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, are used, but occasionally severe lupus is managed with steroids and other disease-modifying medicines.
When you or one of your family or friends is diagnosed with lupus, it is important for them to realise what makes the condition worse, so that the triggers can be avoided in order to prevent or delay a relapse. Relaxation techniques, avoiding stress, and in particular sunlight, is helpful in managing this painful and distressing condition. Stopping smoking, as well as avoiding smoky environments, is also helpful in lessening the effects of lupus. If managed properly symptoms can disappear and these remissions can last for many months.
If lupus affects you or someone in your family then discuss your concerns with your community pharmacist. Your pharmacist can refer you to a doctor to get the condition diagnosed or excluded. They can also discuss treatments to help treat the symptoms, as well as provide advice on strategies to prevent or delay lupus flare-ups. | 474 | 447 |
In kindergarten making valentines activated my joy of communicating love visually. Today memories of childhood inspire me with passion to create lighthearted art! This aspect of my painting turns on the flow of bright colors, sparkles and upbeat vibes worldwide! Original works, commissions, cards and reproductions are available for purchase. | 63 | 66 |
PIs: Daphne Bavelier, Justin Halberda, Alan Gershenfeld, Michael Angst, Michael Levine
University of Rochester
This project focuses on development of number sense in 7 to 11 year old students through a 3D action game that will train the brain. The project tests a hypothesis that playing a number-sense action game can help children learn beyond the game, making them better overall at number-line sense, precision of numerosity, speed of numerical judgments, and ability to multitask numerical tasks. The innovation is twofold: a game, adapted from first-person shooter games, to train number sense, and a platform that makes it easy to vary aspects of the game (e.g., repetition, speed, number of possibilities) to be able to analyze what is it that is making a difference with respect to learning. Research is identifying the qualities of computer games that will train the brain to be automatic in its judgments and at qualities of experiences that promote such automaticity.
This project aims to promote fundamental mathematical competence in a way that makes the mathematics learning feel effortless and genuinely fun. In particular, the aim is to help children develop number sense, an ability to very quickly make estimates and numerical judgments. Such capability is key to keeping up in mathematics; children without that sense tend to lose interest in mathematics because mathematical computation becomes too frustrating. Training number sense, and, in turn, fostering mathematical performance, should allow more learners to think of themselves as “good at math.” Cultivating a child’s interest in mathematics from a young age has been identified as key to feeding STEM career paths.
The vehicle for promoting such mathematics learning is a new type of video game with foundations in first-person shooter games. Rather than shooting, players cast spells that require quick numerical estimates. There is reason to believe that such a game will be as engaging as first-person shooter games are. First-person shooter games have been shown to increase attention and executive control in adults, the kinds of cognitive skills known to foster academic achievement. Because engaging video games will reach and be played by a wide range of children; such a game has potential to reach at-risk populations who most need to better develop their number sense and those important skills. The intent is for the game to be used in informal settings, providing a complementary tool for educators to foster mathematics skills. Research that is done in the context of this game will identify the characteristics of game play that promote skill automation, foundational knowledge that is needed to provide a road map for creating child-friendly consumer video games to improve other important aspects of core cognition beyond number sense. | 537 | 526 |
Location of Manhattan on Montana map.
Manhattan is a town located in the county of Gallatin in the U.S. state of Montana. Its population at the 2010 census was 1,520 and a population density of 336 people per km². After 10 years in 2020 city had an estimated population of 1,917 inhabitants.
Manhattan is located at 45°51'24"N 111°19'57"W (45.8566000, -111.3324600).
The population of Manhattan increased by 20.71% in 10 years.
People born in Manhattan, including serial killer David Meirhofer, politician from Montana Walt Sales, you can see a list of people who born in Manhattan.
Manhattan , New York borough of New York City, New York, United States with a population of 1,644,518 people.
Manhattan , Illinois village in Illinois with a population of 8,798 people.
Manhattan , Kansas borough of New York City, New York, United States with a population of 2,314 people.
| 225 | 227 |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Rerender for python 3.6
username_0: I think this addresses the issues in #7
<issue_comment>username_1: LGTM, but note the comment about the `build number`.
<issue_comment>username_0: See response, thanks for looking at this @username_1
<issue_comment>username_0: build number set to zero
<issue_comment>username_1: [Appveyor failed](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/conda-forge/pytables-feedstock/build/1.0.15) because of some IO error in the py34 build, nothing serious. Other CIs pass: Merging. | 163 | 147 |
package indi.mybatis.flying.annotations;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
/**
*
* @date 2021年4月24日 11:56:08
*
* @author 李萌
* @email <EMAIL>
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
@Inherited
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ ElementType.FIELD })
public @interface HavingOr {
/**
* 仅作用于having子句
*
* Acts only on the having clause
*
* @since 1.1.0
* @return ConditionMapperAnnotation
*/
ConditionMapperAnnotation[] value();
}
| 269 | 168 |
Polysaccharide Vaccine Type | Usage | Precautions | Side Effects
- Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a gram-negative bacteria, is a common cause of meningitis and septicemia.
- Outbreaks of meningococcal disease occur in persons living in close contact like college students living in dormitories and army recruits.
- 13 serotypes of meningococci have been identified thus far; six of them (A, B, C, Y, W-135 and X) are believed to be the cause of virtually all human infections.
- Polysaccharide Vaccine.
- MenACWY: a quadrivalent vaccine against A,C,W, and Y serotypes
- MenCY -TT: bivalent meningococcal vaccine against C and Y serotypes and H.influenzae type b.
Polysaccharide (unconjugated vaccines): MPSV4 – a quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine against A, C, W, and Y.
Serogroup B Vaccines: MenB – a monovalent vaccine against serotype B.
- Routine vaccination for children 10 years or younger is not currently recommended.
- Children aged 2 months – 10 years should be immunized with a conjugated vaccine if they are at increased risk of meningococcal infections like:
Children with asplenia (functional or anatomic), complement pathway deficiencies, travelling to or residing in areas with high meningococcal prevalence, or if a meningococcal outbreak occur in the community.
A 4-dose schedule (2, 4, 6, 12-15months) is recommended when vaccination is started at 2 months age. When started late, less doses may be required. See age-specific guidelines with your local health-authorities.
- Routine vaccination with conjugated quardivalent vaccine is recommended for teens and pre-teens.
- First dose is given at 11 years of age, followed by a booster dose at the age of 16 years. Persons who receive their first dose at or after the age of 16 years do not need a booster dose.
- Immunization with either MenACWY or MPSV4 is recommended for adults who have an underlying risk factor for meningococcal infection like: Asplenia (functional or anatomic), complement pathway deficiencies, travelling to or residing in a meningococcal prevalent area, microbiologist involved with handling of meningococci, army recruits or students living in dormitories, or if a person is part of community which is suffering from a meningococcal outbreak.
- Person who continue to remain at increased risk may be considered for a booster dose.
- A person who had severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine, or who is allergic to any component of the vaccine.
- Serogroup B and MenACWY are relatively new vaccines and experience regarding their use in pregnancy is limited. They should be used in pregnancy only if clearly indicated. MPSV4 is fairly safe in pregnancy.
- Vaccination may be delayed in acutely ill patients until they are well again. | 666 | 644 |
<reponame>paddycarey/nacelle
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Tests for nacelle's mail functionality
"""
# marty mcfly imports
from __future__ import absolute_import
# stdlib imports
import base64
# third-party imports
import webapp2
from nacelle.conf import settings
from nacelle.test.testcases import NacelleTestCase
# local imports
from nacelle.contrib import mail
from nacelle.contrib.mail import routes
wsgi = webapp2.WSGIApplication(routes.ROUTES, debug=True, config={
'webapp2_extras.sessions': {'secret_key': '<KEY>'},
})
# attach dispatcher and error_handler to the WSGI app
dispatcher = webapp2.import_string(settings.DISPATCHER_MODULE)
wsgi.router.set_dispatcher(dispatcher)
def _make_test_request(url, post_data=None, headers=None):
"""Make a test request against the app
"""
request = webapp2.Request.blank(url, POST=post_data, headers=headers)
return request.get_response(wsgi)
def _run_tasks(taskq_stub, q_name):
"""Since nose runs our tests single threaded, appengine can't run tests in
the background, thus we need to run them manually at the appropriate point
during our tests.
"""
tasks = taskq_stub.GetTasks(q_name)
taskq_stub.FlushQueue(q_name)
while tasks:
for task in tasks:
params = base64.b64decode(task["body"])
yield _make_test_request(task["url"], post_data=params, headers=[('X-AppEngine-TaskName', 'task1')])
tasks = taskq_stub.GetTasks(q_name)
taskq_stub.FlushQueue(q_name)
def _test_data(**overrides):
"""Returns a valid set of test data to use during API integration tests
overrides allows the caller to replace one or more items in the returned
dictionary without having to specify the entire thing every time.
"""
test_data = {
'sender': '<EMAIL>',
'to': 'someother<EMAIL>',
'subject': 'Just a test email',
'body': 'Just some test content'
}
for key, value in overrides.items():
test_data[key] = value
return test_data
class MailTests(NacelleTestCase):
"""Test nacelle's email functionality
"""
def test_valid_email(self):
"""Test that sending a valid email succeeds
"""
mail.send(**_test_data())
messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages()
self.assertEqual(1, len(messages))
self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to)
def test_valid_email_empty_body(self):
"""Test that sending a valid email (with an empty body) succeeds
"""
mail.send(**_test_data(body=''))
messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages()
self.assertEqual(1, len(messages))
self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to)
def test_valid_email_no_body(self):
"""Test that sending a valid email (with no body) succeeds
"""
_td = _test_data()
del _td['body']
mail.send(**_td)
messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages()
self.assertEqual(1, len(messages))
self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to)
def test_invalid_email_empty_sender(self):
"""Test that sending an invalid email (empty sender) raises the appropriate exception
"""
_td = _test_data(sender='')
with self.assertRaises(mail.InvalidEmailError):
mail.send(**_td)
def test_invalid_email_empty_to(self):
"""Test that sending an invalid email (empty to) raises the appropriate exception
"""
_td = _test_data(to='')
with self.assertRaises(mail.InvalidEmailError):
mail.send(**_td)
def test_invalid_no_sender(self):
"""Test that sending an invalid email (no sender) raises the appropriate exception
"""
_td = _test_data()
del _td['sender']
with self.assertRaises(mail.MissingSenderError):
mail.send(**_td)
def test_invalid_no_to(self):
"""Test that sending an invalid email (no to) raises the appropriate exception
"""
_td = _test_data()
del _td['to']
with self.assertRaises(mail.MissingRecipientsError):
mail.send(**_td)
def test_valid_email_async(self):
"""Test that sending a valid email asynchronously succeeds
"""
mail.send_async(**_test_data())
# check that mail hasn't been sent yet
messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages()
self.assertEqual(0, len(messages))
# run the queued tasks and check they succeed
for response in _run_tasks(self.taskq_stub, settings.EMAIL_QUEUE):
self.assertEqual(response.status_int, 200)
# check that mail was actually sent after the que's been run
messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages()
self.assertEqual(1, len(messages))
self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to)
| 1,983 | 1,086 |
You Are Here Home Dedicated Server HostGator vs DreamHost: Which web hosting solution is better?
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only about four millimeters wide, the collection of cells, researchers have bred in the laboratory – but they allow to map the development of the human brain during the first few weeks of an embryo. Although it is not a true mini-brains, which is why the researchers cautiously speak of “cerebral organoids”. But with their help, developmental disorders and diseases could be better than exploring, for example, in mice.
the team at Madeline Lancaster and Jürgen Knoblich the Vienna Institute for Molecular Biotechnology of the scientific journal “Nature” writes the structures from human embryonic stem cells created. In further experiments, the researchers use so-called iPS cells: ordinary body cells that have been reprogrammed to become stem cells
stem cells possess an enormous capacity for self-organization. Under suitable conditions, they self-assemble into three-dimensional tissues. The researchers took advantage of this and let the stem cells at a certain stage of development grow in a rotating bioreactor. By the rotation of the nutrient supply to the cells is improved.grown in two months
period of about two months, the organoids reached their final size. The tissues were viable indefinitely, the researchers write. Some had already lived for ten months in the reactors. Because it did not have blood vessels that provide nutrients and oxygen transported into the interior of the size of the organoids, however, is limited. Therefore, the cells in the core structures of the die, the scientists explain.
studies demonstrated that the organoids were divided into different areas distinguishable from one another, as is the case with front-, middle-and hindbrain. Similar to the natural development of the human cerebral cortex different layers formed in organ culture in which different cell populations were formed around nerve cells and glial cells. Individual, spatially distant areas were interconnected. “On average, brain-organoids can mimic the development of brain structures until the ninth week of pregnancy,” says Lancaster.
“Nature” provide researchers an example of the application of their organoids before: the study of microcephaly. Of this developmental disorder sufferers have an unusually small head and a small brain. They are usually mentally retarded. In animal studies with mice can explore this disorder bad, because crucial steps in developing rat brain have been different.The researchers
a microcephaly patient withdrawals some skin cells, which they converted to iPS cells. Subsequently cultured organoids compared them with those that had emerged from healthy cells. In microcephaly organoids, the team found a total of less progenitor cells and already differentiated neurons. With microcephaly, the stem cells begin therefore too early to form combinations neurons, rather than to continue to divide and thus to increase their number. Finally, can the less nerve cells are formed.No “brain in a Petri dish”
“In the future we would also like other diseases that may be associated with developmental brain disorders – such as autism or schizophrenia – rebuild in culture and explore,” says study leader Knoblich
for the pharmaceutical industry such culture systems might be of importance, such as the effect of drugs and chemicals to test. So far, this is done either in animals or in cell cultures.
Despite the compelling data to realize a “brain in a Petri dish” was further out of reach, says the German stem cell researcher Oliver Brustle of the University of Bonn, the investigation of his colleagues. Within the Organoid the different brain areas were randomly distributed. They did not possess the same shape and spatial organization as in the brain.
work but was impressively shown that such cultures in developmental biology and biomedical applications could be used as a tool.
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Net Future Value (NFV) is the value in the future of a series of financial streams.
At its core, it combines a number of different future value calculations added together.
Each year is a separate future value calculation that are added together.
The future value formula is:
Future Value = Present Value x (1 + Rate of Return)Number of Periods
- “Present Value” is a sum of money in the present.
- “Rate of return” is a decimal value rate of return per period (the calculator above uses a percentage). A return of “2.2%” per year would be calculated as “0.022.”
- “Number of Periods” are the number of compounding periods. In the case of Net Future Value, it is the number of years until the future value year.
Assuming a 2.2% rate of return, what is the net future value of $1,000 1 year before the date, $2,000 2 years before the date, and $5,000 3 years before the date?
- FV of $1,000 over 1 year = $1,022.00
- FV of $2,000 over 2 years = $2,088.97
- FV of $5,000 over 3 years = $5,337.31
Total of all FV sums = $8448.28
What is the difference between future value and net future value?
Net future value is the sum of multiple future value calculations.
What is the difference between net future value and net present value?
Net present value (NPV) calculates the value of a sum of money in today’s dollars.
Net future value (NFV) calculates the value of a sum of money at some point in the future. | 387 | 371 |
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Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from lordos "bent backward") or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in most mammals including rodents, elephants, and cats. The primary characteristics of the behavior are a lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spine and a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail. During lordosis, the spine curves dorsoventrally so that its apex points towards the abdomen.
Lordosis is a reflex action that causes many non-primate female mammals to adopt a body position that is often crucial to reproductive behavior. The posture moves the pelvic tilt in an anterior direction, with the posterior pelvis rising up, the bottom angling backward and the front angling downward. Lordosis aids in copulation as it elevates the hips, thereby facilitating penetration by the penis. It is commonly seen in female mammals during estrus (being "in heat"). Lordosis occurs during copulation itself and in some species, like the cat, during pre-copulatory behavior.
The lordosis reflex arc is hardwired in the spinal cord, at the level of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae (L1, L2, L5, L6 and S1). In the brain, several regions modulate the lordosis reflex. The vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum, via the vestibular tract, send information which makes it possible to coordinate the lordosis reflex with postural balance. More importantly, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends projections that inhibit the reflex at the spinal level, so it is not activated at all times. Sex hormones control reproduction and coordinate sexual activity with the physiological state. Schematically, at the breeding season, and when an ovum is available, hormones (especially estrogen) simultaneously induce ovulation and estrus (heat). Under the action of estrogen in the hypothalamus, the lordosis reflex is uninhibited. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization.
When a male mammal mounts the female, tactile stimuli on the flanks, the perineum and the rump of the female are transmitted via the sensory nerves in the spinal cord. In the spinal cord and lower brainstem, they are integrated with the information coming from the brain, and then, in general, a nerve impulse is transmitted to the muscles via the motor nerves. The contraction of the longissimus and transverso-spinalis muscles causes the ventral arching of the vertebral column.
Hormonal and cerebral regulation of lordosis
Sexual behaviour is optimized for reproduction, and the hypothalamus is the key brain area which regulates and coordinates the physiological and behavioural aspects of reproduction. Most of the time, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) inhibits lordosis. But when environmental conditions are favorable and the female is in estrus, the estrogen hormone, estradiol, induces sexual receptivity by the neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and other areas of the brain. The ventromedial hypothalamus sends impulses down axons synapsing with neurons in the periaqueductal gray. These convey an impulse to neurons in the medullary reticular formation which project down the reticulospinal tract and synapse with the neurobiological circuits of the lordosis reflex in the spinal cord (L1–L6). These neurobiological processes induced by estradiol enable the tactile stimuli to trigger lordosis.
The mechanisms of regulation of this estrogen-dependent lordosis reflex have been identified through different types of experiments. When the VMN is lesioned lordosis is abolished; this suggests the importance of this cerebral structure in the regulation of lordosis. Concerning hormones, displays of lordosis can be affected by avariectomy, injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, or exposure to stress during puberty. Specifically, stress can suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and therefore decrease concentrations of gonadal hormones. Consequently, these reductions in exposure to gonadal hormones around puberty can result in decreases in sexual behavior in adulthood, including displays of lordosis.
Lordosis behavior is non-functional in humans, although lordosis-like positions can be observed in women being mounted from behind.
In a 2017 study, using 3D models and eye-tracking technology it is shown that the slight thrusting out of a woman's hips influences how attractive others perceive her to be and captures the gaze of both men and women. The authors argue "while reflexive lordosis posture is not exhibited by human females and receptivity is not passive or obligatory for them, a manifestation of lumbar curvature might serve as a vestigial remnant of proceptivity-/receptivity-communicative signal between men and women". Previously, anthropologist Helen Fisher also speculated that when a human female wears high-heeled footwear the buttocks thrust out and the back arches into a pose that simulates lordosis behavior, which is why high heels are considered "sexy".
- "lordosis". The American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- Pfaff D. W. , Schwartz-Giblin S., Maccarthy M. M., Kow L-M (1994). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors", in Knobil E., Neill J. D. The physiology of reproduction, Raven Press, 2nd edition.
- Kow L.M., Florea C., Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Devidze N., Kami K.H., Lee A., Zhou J., Maclaughlin D., Donahoe P., Pfaff D. (2007). "Development of a sexually differentiated behavior [lordosis] and its underlying CNS arousal functions". Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 79: 37–59. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)79002-0. ISBN 9780123739131. PMID 17498546.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Flanagan-Cato L.M. (2011). "Sex differences in the neural circuit that mediates female sexual receptivity". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 32 (2): 124–136. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.008. PMC 3085563. PMID 21338620.
- Plant T., Zeleznik A. (Eds). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition, 2015
- Kow LM, Pfaff DW (May 1998). "Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system". Behav. Brain Res. 92 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00189-7. PMID 9638959.
- Olster, D.H.; Blaustein, J.D. (1989). "Development of steroid-induced lordosis in female guinea pigs: effects of different estradiol and progesterone treatments, clonidine, and early weaning". Hormones and Behavior. 23 (1): 118–129. doi:10.1016/0018-506x(89)90079-2. PMID 2538389.
- Jasmina Kercmar; Stuart Tobet; Gregor Majdic (2014). "Social Isolation during Puberty Affects Female Sexual Behavior in Mice". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 8: 337. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00337. PMC 4179611. PMID 25324747.
- D. Daniels; LM. Flanagan-Cato (2000). "Social Isolation during Puberty Affects Female Sexual Behavior in Mice". Journal of Neurobiology. 45 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/1097-4695(200010)45:1<1::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10992252.
- Pfaus, J. G.; Flanagan-Cato, L. M.; Blaustein, J. D. "Female sexual behavior". in Plant T., Zeleznik A. (Eds). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition, 2015
- Elizabeth Hawkins (October 25, 2017). "Why arched backs are attractive". springer.com.
- Pazhoohi, F.; Doyle, J.F.; Macedo, A.F.; Arantes, J. (2017). "Arching the Back (Lumbar Curvature) as a Female Sexual Proceptivity Signal: an Eye-Tracking Study". Evolutionary Psychological Science. 4 (2): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0123-7.
- Laura T. Coffey (Sep 23, 2009). "Do high heels empower or oppress women?". TODAY msnbc.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. | 1,974 | 1,970 |
Test to sound diabetes alert ten years before symptoms appear
The test could stop the number of patients with type 2 diabetes from soaring beyond the current two million mark
A blood test that reveals if someone is at risk of diabetes at least a decade before symptoms appear has been developed.
By measuring levels of five markers in the blood, doctors are able to predict the onset of type 2 diabetes.
It could act as an early warning for those most at risk – giving them time to improve their diet or change their lifestyles.
A man performs a blood test on himself: A new type of test could allow a patient to take preventative action against diabetes
Dr Thomas Wang, who developed the test, said: ‘These findings could provide insight into metabolic pathways that are altered very early in the process leading to diabetes.
‘They also raise the possibility that, in selected individuals, these measurements could identify those at greatest risk of developing diabetes so that early preventative measures could be instituted.’
Diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin – the hormone that controls blood sugar – or when its insulin does not work properly.
Dr Wang and colleagues from the Massachusetts General Hospital looked at historic blood samples taken from 189 diabetics before they developed symptoms of the disease and compared them to blood from 189 healthy people.
After measuring levels of 61 metabolites – by-products of metabolism – they discovered five amino acids that were higher in the people who developed diabetes.
Some of these markers had previously been shown to be higher in people with obesity or insulin resistance.
When the researchers looked at people most likely to develop type 2 diabetes – such as those who are overweight or who have a family history – they found that those with the highest levels of the markers were up to five times more likely to get the disease than those with the lowest levels. The results are published in the journal Nature Medicine.
Victoria King, head of research at Diabetes UK, said early diagnosis and effective management was crucial to reduce the risk of complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and blindness.
‘This research could lead to ways to help us identify those at risk, as well as giving us new insights into how and why type 2 diabetes develops,’ she said.
Around two million Britons have type 2 diabetes, the kind linked to being overweight in middle age. Another 700,000 are thought to suffer without realising it. | 495 | 485 |
Radical feminism was a by product of the 50s and 60s where the political route that the classic feminist movement used didn't work fast enough for the women of the time, as the world had changed a lot, and now it was more about protests as the people, not working the political pathways. The second wave accomplished their mission. Just like the first wave did. The third wave has no idea what their mission is, so they jump on many different issues, some legitimate, some not. It is from the extra radical fringes of the already radical feminists of the third wave that we get the dreaded "feminazi" and those who identify themselves as radfems.
MGM groups are born in opposition for a radical element of an already radical element. And the people that most identify with the MGM are just like the movement they oppose. And are more about hating the other sex than actually discussing gender rights and issues.
And that's why I'm egalitarian. | 199 | 201 |
Neurogenic bladder is lack of bladder control because of a nerve problem such as a stroke, spinal cord injury, or tumor.
Several muscles and nerves must work together for the body to control urination.
Neurogenic bladder may be
Flaccid: A flaccid bladder does not contract and the bladder fills up until it overflows. Then urine dribbles out.
Spastic: The person has involuntary bladder contractions and feels the need to urinate even when there is little or no urine in the bladder. Bladder contractions are typically poorly coordinated with the muscle that closes the opening of the bladder (urinary sphincter).
Mixed: Some people have elements of both flaccid and spastic bladder.
Any condition that damages or interferes with nerves that control the bladder or the bladder outlet can cause neurogenic bladder. Causes include stroke, spinal cord damage or injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and nerve damage caused by pelvic surgery.
The primary symptom is urinary incontinence. People continually release small amounts of urine. Men tend to have erectile dysfunction. Some people with spastic neurogenic bladder also need to urinate frequently, often with an urgent need, and need to get up during the night to urinate. People with spastic neurogenic bladder may have damage to other nerves that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and/or loss of sensation in the legs.
People with neurogenic bladder are at risk for urinary tract infections and stones in the urinary tract. People are also at risk of hydronephrosis (see Figure: Hydronephrosis: A Distended Kidney) when urine retained in the bladder causes urine to back up in the kidneys.
Doctors may suspect neurogenic bladder in people with nerve disorders who have incontinence. Usually, doctors measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after the person urinates (postvoid residual volume) by inserting a catheter into the bladder or using ultrasonography. Ultrasonography of the entire urinary tract is also done to detect abnormalities, and some blood tests are done to assess kidney function (see Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract).
Further tests may be needed depending on the person's condition. More detailed studies of the urinary tract (for example, cystography, cystoscopy, and cystometrography) may be done to check bladder function or to help determine the duration and cause of neurogenic bladder.
Prompt treatment can help prevent permanent dysfunction and kidney damage. Catheterization or techniques to trigger urination can help prevent urine from remaining too long in the bladder. For example, some people with spastic bladder can trigger urination by pressing their lower abdomen or scratching their thighs. When urine remains in the bladder for too long, the person is at risk of urinary tract infections. Inserting a catheter into the bladder periodically is usually safer than leaving a catheter in continuously.
People are encouraged to drink sufficient fluids and to limit calcium in the diet to prevent stones from developing. Doctors also monitor kidney function regularly.
Sometimes drugs given to treat urge incontinence can be helpful (see Table: Some Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Incontinence). Rarely, people need surgery to create another way for urine to leave the body. | 686 | 667 |
Bose Design Services is one of the top-rung names in the Plant Design service industry. We are dedicated to helping EPC contractors, plant owners, equipment suppliers and consulting firms in expediting project delivery and minimizing design risks. As one of the premier engineering services companies in India, we have years of experience and expertise in the development of digital design information for piping, process, structural and mechanical engineering functions for tailored plant design requirements.
We work with a team of highly-skilled and certified engineers who are experts at providing 3D CAD modeling, 2D drafting, FEA/CFD analysis and engineering solutions for steel plants, power plants and other such processing and manufacturing facilities. From process engineering to structural engineering, mechanical or equipment design to piping design, our personnel will take care of your every need. By engaging our engineering services in Pune, you can expect turnkey solutions. We will offer our full support and assistance at every step of the way, from the initial concept design to the completion of the project.
Bose Design Services is one of the leading engineering services companies in India and we have access to state-of-the-art technologically advanced equipment and tools, such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Inventor, Revit, Creo and Tekla for 2D drawings and 3D modeling development.
To avail personalized engineering services in Mumbai, get in touch with Bose Design Services. From the designing to the analysis and assessment, our engineers will offer you the best solution with your budget requirements. | 310 | 305 |
Title: amazing Review: Unbelievable!Ordinary men do extraordinary things. A true expose' on what it means to be an "ordinary" American. A true American hero. Does this product review convey a negative or positive sentiment?
A:
Positive | 55 | 52 |
Do not hesitate to get in touch with the knowledgeable workplace accident lawyers at Mirman, Markovits & Landau, Pc to understand about your legal rights and choices. Since 1977, we’ve been advocating on behalf of New Yorkers who’ve been hurt at perform. Our difficult work pays off our law firm has secured much more than $1 Billion in settlements and verdicts for our injured customers. Soon after all, the workers’ compensation program is an administrative method created to be comparatively straightforward for workers to navigate.
“Contingency fee basis” indicates that we only get paid if you get paid, and you owe us absolutely nothing till your compensation comes by way of. Every person deserves high-high quality representation, irrespective of whether they have cash or not. Kherkher Garcia, LLP is primarily based in Houston, Texas, but our attorneys have considerable trial practical experience and expertise all through the nation.
Nevertheless, simply because you function a desk job, you had been able to return to perform relatively quickly and your ankle healed inside a few weeks. However, you likely would not even get wage loss added benefits in most states for the reason that you were only out of function for a few days. According to a report by the BLS‚ there were 2‚976‚400 circumstances of workplace injuries and illnesses in the United States in 2012.
Workplace injuries are a prevalent occurrence in the United States and, when a lot of of these injuries are suffered by workers whose job includes physical labor, desk or office jobs can lead to injuries also. The California Workers Compensation Act states that firms in San Diego are held liable if an employee is injured on the job and must supply medical compensation and income replacement. 1st, your assigned legal group will gather records associated to your claim, which includes healthcare records, healthcare bills, and insurance policy info. Medical advantages provide payments for affordable and necessary medical care to treat a perform injury or illness.
If you have been injured at function our California workplace injury attorneys can assist. Workers who are injured at work are entitled to complete and just compensation. Every year work-associated accidents and injuries cause immeasurable pain and suffering to hundreds of thousands of employee and their households. Report the accident to your employer, and seek quick healthcare therapy for your injuries.
You may perhaps be entitled to compensation for your injuries and possibly for discomfort and suffering, as nicely. When you’re injured on the job, it can be complicated to know what kind of claim to file and who to seek compensation from. You may possibly have substantial health-related bills and be unable to perform for a extended period of time. A Houston workplace accident lawyer can assist you determine what kind of claim you can make and who is accountable for compensating you.
This is the agency that will hear disputes in the event your workers’ compensation claim is denied. It is only if the course of action is appealed beyond the reviewing board that the case will be forwarded to the state court technique. Our Massachusetts workers’ compensation attorneys have secured workers’ compensation positive aspects for clients in the higher Boston area for decades. In reality, our dedication and commitment to fighting on behalf of injured workers is a single of the founding principles of our firm.
Your first consultation is no cost, so contact us by telephone or reach out to us online to schedule yours currently. We represent customers across New York, so contact us if you’ve been hurt at operate in Brooklyn, the Bronx, Extended Island, Manhattan, Staten Island, Queens, or Westchester. If settlement negotiations are unsuccessful, your attorney is ready to go to trial and present your case in the strongest doable kind. Your attorney and legal team will investigate your accident in wonderful detail to collect the required evidence. These documents will help your attorney have an understanding of the extent of your injury, and construct your case for compensation. Most vulnerable are young Hispanic immigrant workers for little construction businesses, according to the National Institute for Occupational Security and Well being and the American Society of Safety Engineers .
As for what are some diverse kinds of function injuries, a single extremely critical function injury is amputation of a finger, hand, arm, toe, foot or leg. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as a lot of as 10,000 American workers yearly are victims of an amputation injury. You deserve somebody in your corner creating confident that you get what you are entitled to.
All through this time, we are usually accessible to answer your questions and supply updates on your case.
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This liable person or enterprise is the third celebration, distinct from you and your employer.
You could also be eligible for a permanent partial disability award, which is a sum of funds paid to a worker for the harm brought on to their body.
If your workplace accident demands health-related focus, contact 911 immediately.
Whether you were injured at the workplace, on a construction web-site, in the retailer where you work, or while driving your personal automobile, if you were injured on the job, you should speak with an lawyer about your rights.
The award is determined from a list of awards produced by the government and in no way fully compensates the victim – in particular for a significant injury. Some injuries are not covered at all or have low limits for awards such as for emotional distress or psychological injuries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, operate-associated accidents took the lives of a reported four,585 workers in 2013, averaging 12 deaths each day and seriously injured slightly a lot more than three million. Operate-associated accidents take place on and off operate premises, prior to and after normal operate hours, and often involve a third party such as an equipment manufacturer. They can also occur in any industry, but are most generally observed in building, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, warehousing and hospitality. This is extra prevalent when there is a lack of eyewitnesses or other physical proof, such as clear harm from a developing collapse or fire.
| 1,250 | 1,218 |
new to the forum and fixing my own imac.
So looking around to replace the 6970m, (the 2gbs are pretty pricey) so if i dropped in a 1024 or 1gb version would it just run a bit slower or would it have other issue?
Yes, you can swap the 2GB Radeon HD 6970M for the 1Gb version and will probably not even notice the difference (depending on what you're using your iMac for).
Depending on how familiar you are with disassembly/assembly, I'd allow anywhere between 3hrs to most of the day for doing this. Also, you will require some tools, but if you don't have these you can easily purchase them online.
Is it possible to replace the GPU in this 2006 iMac? | 161 | 168 |
Heather Luttrell and the Possumden have been peddlin’ their whiskey-soaked traveling show of Blues and Americana up and down the East Coast tirelessly for the past 10 years, gaining fans, notoriety and a few speeding tickets. With four part harmonies, acoustic guitar, resonator, bass, banjo, drums and kazoo, the band brings a big sound, often surprising venues and fans with the large powerful voice that comes tearing out of Heather’s wiry tattooed frame like a freight train. | 110 | 111 |
The Planetary Society's Cosmos-1 team is still looking at the data that was received at the three ground stations on launch day in hopes of finding out what happened to their spacecraft. However with Makeev reporting that that the rocket's stages never separated, it seems too optimistic to hope that the spacecraft achieved even a low, non-nominal, orbit and it is far more likely that the craft was destroyed along with its malfunctioning launch vehicle. | 89 | 91 |
At this moment Stromsgodset II from Norway on last 18 matches played, wins 10 times (55%), draws 1 times (5%) and loses 7 times (38%).
They scored 3 goals/match and and take approximative 1.39 goals/match.
In same manner, Vard Haugesund from Norway on last 22 matches played, wins 5 times (22%), draws 3 times (13%) and loses 14 times (63%).
They scored 1.27 goals/match and and take approximative 2.05 goals/match.
Our prediction football advice: 1X2 Bet Tip: 1, under/over: +5.5 and a correct score 4-2. | 145 | 158 |
Barium is used in fireworks (green).
Standard State: solid at 298 K
Color: silvery white
Sir Humphrey Davy discovered Barium in 1808. Barium is found only in combinations with other elements. It resembles calcium
chemically and is soft and belongs to the alkaline earth group. Barite is used
extensively as a weighing agent in oil-well drilling fluids. The carbonate of Barium
has been used as a rat poison. | 99 | 99 |
|MadSci Network: Earth Sciences|
Dear Ester: Your question is: What is hematite and copper? And Where can you find copper and hematite?. Hematite and copper are both naturally occurring metallic (metal) minerals. Hematite is a form of iron with the chemical formula of Fe2O3. Hematite is a common component of weathered rock materials (red colored soils or rust appearing rocks) and occurs as a sedimentary ore (for iron metal) in very large quantities. Iron is one of the most produced metals of our industrial society with its primary uses as iron metal and steel. Hematite is found in mineable quantities in many places in the United States with huge deposits found to the south and west of Lake Superior (called the Lake Superior District and is found in parts of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota). Other large deposit are mined in the countries of Brazil, Venezuela, Australia, China, and Canada. Copper is a native metallic mineral. Native means that copper can occur in nature by itself as metallic copper, however, copper it is more commonly found as some form of copper compound with other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, or carbonate Copper was one of the first metals used by man because when combined with tin it makes a metal called bronze. Bronze tools have been found in the eastern Mediterranean countries which are believed to be 7,000 years old. Copper has many industrial uses and is a very important industrial metal (most electrical wire is copper). Copper can be found in many different types of ore deposits and large copper mines are found in the United States, Canada, Japan, Chile, in Central Africa, and Russia. Your local library or university geology and/or geography departments are good sources for further studies about mineral and mineral deposits. If you have any additional questions about hematite or copper, please send me additional questions. Robert Chesson
Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Earth Sciences. | 408 | 401 |
Photosynthesis is a process found in plant cells which converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars that the plant can store and use at any time. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, an organelle only found in plant cells, and consists of two parts: the light dependent reaction, which converts light energy into ATP, and the Calvin cycle, which converts ATP into glucose.
Photosynthesis is one of the major processes on this planet it's the way that all plants and algae are able to add energy to our eco-system so it's very important for you to understand. In general photosynthesis is the using of the light energy in order to make sugars and oxygen gas. Now sometimes kids think that plants do photosynthesis to give them the food, they don't plants are greedy they're doing it to make food themselves. Also if you've ever been in the force you very rarely been worried about being eaten by the tree. So how is it that a tree or a bush makes more tree or more bush, they do it by adding in more building materials from the air. Unlike you where you can just say, give me my berry and you can toss more building materials into your stomach and then use whatever it is that you ate whether it's a rabbit or a tomato or a banana you use those materials to build your body they have to use air and so they do it through this process here.
Let's go through the basic chemical equation of photosynthesis and then we'll start getting into some of the details. The basic equation is 6 carbon dioxide molecules plus 6 water molecules plus the energy of light and remember to make any chemical reaction occur often you need to add energy especially when you're building a more complicated molecule. You use this light energy to force these atoms to rearrange themselves to form glucose C6H12O6 plus as a waste product 6 oxygen molecules. So let's look a little bit closer at all of this and discuss the chloroplast which is the organelle of photosynthesis now I want to make sure that we remember that this is something that's happening in a plant cell. So here we see a plant cell and remember every leaf and plant is made up of thousands cells or a natural plant is probably out of millions if not billions of cells and each one of these cells will have several chloroplasts in them.
If we take a closer look at a chloroplast we'll see the inner and outer membrane and then we'll see these stacks of discs each stack is called a granum and individual disks are called thylakoids. Floating around them, these stacks are floating within this liquidy medium called the stroma and we've got to remember these 2 main areas the stroma and the thylakoid because those are where the 2 major processes of photosynthesis occur. The 2 basic parts of photosynthesis are the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions. Now those are the proper names, but a lot of times you'll notice that those are long and scientists like everybody else, are humans and we're lazy and so we like to shorten things.
A lot of times people call the light dependent reactions simply the light reactions because they're the ones that depend on light, they take in the light. And Dr. Calvin is the person who figured out a lot of the steps of the light independent reactions the ones that don't require light. So very often you'll just call these the light reactions in the Calvin cycle. So basically what happens is that the light reactions on the thylakoid membrane you've got special molecules that can absorb light. Using that energy they strip off electrons and put them onto a high energy electron carrier called NADPH they also use the energy of those electrons to make a molecule called ADP an energy molecule that's going to be needed later on in the Calvin cycle. Where do they get some of these electrons that they're putting on to NADPH? Ultimately they take these electrons from water molecules, so they rip apart the water taking the electrons that were holding the hydrogen's onto the oxygen and release the oxygen as oxygen gas. Now the ATP and NADPH are sent off to the Calvin cycle that is happening in the stroma. In the stroma you've got all these enzymes floating around, they grab carbon dioxide then using the energy of ATP and the high energy electrons of NADPH and hydrogens that are being carried on the NADPH. They build glucose or other sugars ultimately you recycle the building materials that you're using and you send the now used up NADPH which become NADP positive and you send the used up ATP it's now adenosine diphosphate and unattached phosphate ion and those go back to be recharged by the light dependent reactions to begin the cycle again.
And one last thing it is you may notice this NADPH if you've done aerobic respiration the break down of glucose in cells, you've seen a very similar molecule called NADH I've often had my students get confused between NADH which is used in respiration and NADPH which is used in photosynthesis. Very similar and they wonder if there was only some easy way to remember that plants during photosynthesis use NADPH you may want to think about that for a while before you van figure out a way to remember. | 1,076 | 1,087 |
Sydney's Coolest Country, the program broadcast by Ken Date since January 1993, has come to an end and its last broadcast has been made.
Ken announced his departure from radio station 2RRR in November 2011, wishing his listeners farewell and thanking them for their support over nearly 20 years that Ken enjoyed on air at 2RRR.
Ken is taking a hiatus from radio but will return to the airwaves sometime in the future - keep checking this website for details. | 97 | 102 |
Your home could also be experiencing mold and a stale smell because of a moist under floor. It may well be that you just have poor drainage around your house. This results in sitting water whenever it rains.With time the water will find its thanks to your sub-floor making it moist. It could even be that there’s a pipe that’s leaking in your under floor which must be fixed by a plumber. the matter could even be because of poor ventilation.
When you contact a ventilation expert, he will check your under floor and ensure that the reason for your damp under floor is poor aeration. There can be many reasons for the leakage problem. It may well be that you just live in a very home that was built a few years ago and also the ground has shifted over the years. this may cause the location of the vents to be altered which then affects ventilation.
Your under floor could even have been built with insufficient vents or vents that are too small. you will even have dole out some landscaping which ended up blocking the vents that are meant for ventilation.
The contractor will come up with a plan to address the ventilation issues of your sub-floor. He can try this by calculating the air flow which is able to enable him to understand the amount of ventilation that needed and also the sort of ventilation that may be effective. you’ll either use natural or mechanical ventilation to air your under floor. the sort of house you have got, the sort of soil that it’s built on and also the atmospheric condition experienced in your locality are considered when selecting the sort of ventilation.
The expert must make sure that the vents are placed correctly in order that fresh air comes in from one direction only and also the stale air is extracted from the alternative side. so as for the ventilation to be effective, it’s going to must be regulated at one point or another. Mechanical ventilation may be used in order that the fans are changed when the air outside is humid in order that this air isn’t introduced into the under floor.
If you’re getting to build your home, you ought to confirm that the sub floor ventilation requirements are addressed. this may make sure that your house is built on the proper foundation and you are doing not must accommodate a moist under floor in a while.
The sub floor could be a vital a part of your home because it holds your floor and also the entire home. A sub floor that’s properly designed will protect your home from movements within the soil. Soil can expand and consent response to the quantity of moisture and it also can move because of the load of your home. the proper ventilation will make sure that the structure of your home remains intact. | 557 | 530 |
|Acids and bases|
An acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. Their importance becomes apparent in analyzing acid–base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these concepts was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776.
- 1 Acid–base definitions
- 2 Acid–base equilibrium
- 3 Acid–alkali reaction
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acids
The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier in around 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as HNO
3 (nitric acid) and H
4 (sulfuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former" (from the Greek οξυς (oxys) meaning "acid" or "sharp" and γεινομαι (geinomai) meaning "engender"). The Lavoisier definition was held as absolute truth for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in H
2S, H2Te, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that "acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances". One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals.
Liebig's hydrogen theory of acids
In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.
The first modern definition of acids and bases in molecular terms was devised by Svante Arrhenius. A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903.
As defined by Arrhenius:
- an Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+); that is, an acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution.
This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the hydronium (H3O+) ion.[note 1] Thus, in modern times, the symbol H+ is interpreted as a shorthand for H3O+, because it is now known that a bare proton does not exist as a free species in aqueous solution.
- an Arrhenius base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH−) ions; that is, a base increases the concentration of OH− ions in an aqueous solution.
The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure H2SO4 and HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten NaOH and solutions of calcium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline.
Overall, to qualify as an Arrhenius acid, upon the introduction to water, the chemical must either cause, directly or otherwise:
- an increase in the aqueous hydronium concentration, or
- a decrease in the aqueous hydroxide concentration.
Conversely, to qualify as an Arrhenius base, upon the introduction to water, the chemical must either cause, directly or otherwise:
- a decrease in the aqueous hydronium concentration, or
- an increase in the aqueous hydroxide concentration.
- acid + base → salt + water
In this traditional representation an acid–base neutralization reaction is formulated as a double-replacement reaction. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric acid, HCl, with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solutions produces a solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, and some additional water molecules.
- HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O
The modifier (aq) in this equation is important. It was implied by Arrhenius, not included explicitly. It indicates that the substances are dissolved in water. In fact though all three substances, HCl, NaOH and NaCl are capable of existing as pure compounds, in aqueous solutions they are fully dissociated into the (aquated) ions H+, Cl−, Na+ and OH−.
|Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry|
The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H+)—otherwise known as protons—to bases, which "accept" them.[note 2]
An acid–base reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base. The removal of a hydrogen ion from an acid produces its conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed. The reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added.
Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base. In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, making it more all-encompassing than the Arrhenius model.
The general formula for acid–base reactions according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition is:
- HA + B → BH+ + A−
where HA represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A− represents the conjugate base of HA.
For example, a Brønsted-Lowry model for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous solution would be the following:
- HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl−
The removal of H+ from the HCl produces the chloride ion, Cl−, the conjugate base of the acid. The addition of H+ to the H2O (acting as a base) forms the hydronium ion, H3O+, the conjugate acid of the base.
- H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH−
This equation is demonstrated in the image below:
Here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating an H+ and forming the conjugate base, OH−, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+.
As an example of water acting as an acid, consider an aqueous solution of pyridine, C5H5N.
- C5H5N + H2O ⇌ [C5H5NH]+ + OH−
In this example, a water molecule is split into a hydrogen ion, which is donated to a pyridine molecule, and an hydroxide ion.
3COOH + NH
3 ⇌ NH+
4 + CH
An H+ ion is removed from acetic acid, forming its conjugate base, the acetate ion, CH3COO−. The addition of an H+ ion to an ammonia molecule of the solvent creates its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion, NH+
The Brønsted–Lowry model calls hydrogen-containing substances (like HCl) acids. Thus, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO3 or BCl3, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert N. Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen." Furthermore, KOH and KNH2 are not considered Brønsted bases, but rather salts containing the bases OH− and NH−
The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938. Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an electron pair, and an acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can receive this electron pair.
For example, boron trifluoride, BF3 is a typical Lewis acid. It can accept a pair of electrons as it has a vacancy in its octet. The fluoride ion has a full octet and can donate a pair of electrons. Thus
- BF3 + F− → BF−
is a typical Lewis acid, Lewis base reaction. All compounds of group 13 elements with a formula AX3 can behave as Lewis acids. Similarly, compounds of group 15 elements with a formula DY3, such as amines, NR3, and phosphines, PR3, can behave as Lewis bases. Adducts between them have the formula X3A←DY3 with a dative covalent bond, shown symbolically as ←, between the atoms A (acceptor) and D (donor). Compounds of group 16 with a formula DX2 may also act as Lewis bases; in this way, a compound like an ether, R2O, or a thioether, R2S, can act as a Lewis base. The Lewis definition is not limited to these examples. For instance, carbon monoxide acts as a Lewis base when it forms an adduct with boron trifluoride, of formula F3B←CO
Adducts involving metal ions are referred to as co-ordination compounds; each ligand donates a pair of electrons to the metal ion. The reaction
- [Ag(H2O)4]+ + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 4H2O
can be seen as an acid–base reaction in which a stronger base (ammonia) replaces a weaker one (water)
The Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are consistent with each other since the reaction
- H+ + OH− ⇌ H2O
is an acid–base reaction in both theories.
Solvent system definition
One of the limitations of the Arrhenius definition is its reliance on water solutions. Edward Curtis Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to the water-based Arrhenius theory. Albert F. O. Germann, working with liquid phosgene, COCl
2, formulated the solvent-based theory in 1925, thereby generalizing the Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents.
Germann pointed out that in many solutions, there are ions in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules:
- solvonium:[note 3] A generic name for a positive ion.
- solvate:[note 4] A generic name for a negative ion.
- 2 H
2O ⇌ H
- 2 NH
3 ⇌ NH+
4 + NH−
Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride:
4 ⇌ NO+
- 2 SbCl
3 ⇌ SbCl+
2 + SbCl−
2 ⇌ COCl+
A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the concentration of solvate ions is defined as an acid. A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvate ions and a decrease in the concentration of the solvonium ions is defined as a base.
Thus, in liquid ammonia, KNH
2 (supplying NH−
2) is a strong base, and NH
3 (supplying NH+
4) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (SO
2), thionyl compounds (supplying SO2+
) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying SO2−
3) behave as bases.
The non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water:
- + → Na
- + → [Zn(NH
Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid:
- + 2 H
4 → NO+
2 + H
+ 2 HSO−
The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents; for example, in liquid N
- + → +
Because the solvent system definition depends on the solute as well as on the solvent itself, a particular solute can be either an acid or a base depending on the choice of the solvent: HClO
4 is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid; this characteristic of the theory has been seen as both a strength and a weakness, because some substances (such as SO
3 and NH
3) have been seen to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory has been criticized as being too general to be useful. Also, it has been thought that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, a property not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts.
This acid–base theory was a revival of oxygen theory of acids and bases, proposed by German chemist Hermann Lux in 1939, further improved by Håkon Flood circa 1947 and is still used in modern geochemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts. This definition describes an acid as an oxide ion (O2−
) acceptor and a base as an oxide ion donor. For example:
- + → MgCO
- + → CaSiO
- + → NO+
2 + 2 SO2−
Mikhail Usanovich developed a general theory that does not restrict acidity to hydrogen-containing compounds, but his approach, published in 1938, was even more general than Lewis theory. Usanovich's theory can be summarized as defining an acid as anything that accepts negative species or donates positive ones, and a base as the reverse. This defined the concept of redox (oxidation-reduction) as a special case of acid–base reactions
Some examples of Usanovich acid–base reactions include:
- + → 2 Na+
4 (species exchanged: O2−
- + → 6 NH+
4 + 2 SbS3−
4 (species exchanged: 3 S2−
- + → 2Na+
(species exchanged: 2 electrons)
In 1963, Ralph Pearson proposed a qualitative concept known as Hard Soft Acid Base principle. later made quantitative with help of Robert Parr in 1984. 'Hard' applies to species that are small, have high charge states, and are weakly polarizable. 'Soft' applies to species that are large, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable. Acids and bases interact, and the most stable interactions are hard–hard and soft–soft. This theory has found use in organic and inorganic chemistry.
The reaction of a strong acid with a strong base is essentially a quantitative reaction. For example,
- HCl(aq) + Na(OH)(aq) → H2O + NaCl(aq)
In this reaction both the sodium and chloride ions are spectators as the neutralization reaction,
- H+ + OH− → H2O
does not involve them. With weak bases addition of acid is not quantitative because a solution of a weak base is a buffer solution. A solution of a weak acid is also a buffer solution. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base an equilibrium mixture is produced. For example, adenine, written as AH can react with a hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO2−
- AH + HPO2−
4 ⇌ A− + H
The equilibrium constant for this reaction can be derived from the acid dissociation constants of adenine and of the dihydrogen phosphate ion.
- [A−][H+] = Ka1[AH]
4][H+] = Ka2[H
The notation [X] signifies "concentration of X". When these two equations are combined by eliminating the hydrogen ion concentration, an expression for the equilibrium constant, K is obtained.
4] = K[AH][HPO2−
4]; K = Ka1/
An acid–alkali reaction is a special case of an acid–base reaction, where the base used is also an alkali. When an acid reacts with an alkali salt (a metal hydroxide), the product is a metal salt and water. Acid–alkali reactions are also neutralization reactions.
In general, acid–alkali reactions can be simplified to
by omitting spectator ions.
Acids are in general pure substances that contain hydrogen cations (H+
) or cause them to be produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H
4) are common examples. In water, these break apart into ions:
- HCl → H+
(aq) + Cl−
4 → H+
(aq) + HSO−
The alkali breaks apart in water, yielding dissolved hydroxide ions:
- NaOH → Na+
(aq) + OH−
- Acid–base titration
- Electron configuration
- Lewis structure
- Nucleophilic substitution and Redox reactions
- Protonation and Deprotonation
- Resonance structure
- More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term "hydronium" be used in favor of the older accepted term "oxonium" to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted–Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid–base character.
- "Removal of a proton from the nucleus of an atom does not occur - it would require very much more energy than is involved in the dissociation of acids."
- The term solvonium has replaced the older term lyonium.
- the term solvate has replaced the older term lyate.
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – Table of discoveries attributes Antoine Lavoisier as the first to posit a scientific theory in relation to oxyacids.
- Hall, Norris F. (March 1940). "Systems of Acids and Bases". Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (3): 124–128. Bibcode:1940JChEd..17..124H. doi:10.1021/ed017p124.
- Miessler & Tarr 1991
- Meyers 2003, p. 156
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – table of discoveries attributes Justus von Liebig's publication as 1838
- Finston & Rychtman 1983, pp. 140–146
- Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) p.154 ISBN 0-13-841891-8
- Whitten K.W., Galley K.D. and Davis R.E. General Chemistry (4th ed., Saunders 1992) p.356 ISBN 0-03-072373-6
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 165
- Murray, Kermit K.; Boyd, Robert K.; Eberlin, Marcos N.; Langley, G. John; Li, Liang; Naito, Yasuhide (June 2013) . "Standard definition of terms relating to mass spectrometry recommendations". Pure and Applied Chemistry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 85 (7). doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06. (In this document, there is no reference to deprecation of "oxonium", which is also still accepted, as it remains in the IUPAC Gold book, but rather reveals preference for the term "Hydronium".)
- "oxonium ylides". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (interactive version) (2.3.3 ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2014-02-24. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- LeMay, Eugene (2002). Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 602. ISBN 0-13-054383-7.
- Brönsted, J. N. (1923). "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen" [Some observations about the concept of acids and bases]. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. 42 (8): 718–728.
- Lowry, T. M. (1923). "The uniqueness of hydrogen". Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 42 (3): 43–47.
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, pp. 167–169 – According to this page, the original definition was that "acids have a tendency to lose a proton"
- Clayden et al. 2000, pp. 182–184
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – Table of discoveries attributes the date of publication/release for the Lewis theory as 1923.
- Miessler & Tarr 1991, pp. 170–172
- Germann, Albert F. O. (6 October 1925). "A General Theory of Solvent Systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 47 (10): 2461–2468. doi:10.1021/ja01687a006.
- Franz, H. (1966). "Solubility of Water Vapor in Alkali Borate Melts". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 49 (9): 473–477. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb13302.x.
- Lux, Hermann (1939). ""Säuren" und "Basen" im Schmelzfluss: die Bestimmung. der Sauerstoffionen-Konzentration". Z. Elektrochem. (in German). 45 (4): 303–309.
- Flood, H.; Forland, T. (1947). "The Acidic and Basic Properties of Oxides". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 1 (6): 592–604. PMID 18907702. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.01-0592.
- Drago, Russel S.; Whitten, Kenneth W. (1966). "The Synthesis of Oxyhalides Utilizing Fused-Salt Media". Inorganic Chemistry. 5 (4): 677–682. doi:10.1021/ic50038a038.
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1056. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- Pearson, Ralph G. (1963). "Hard and Soft Acids and Bases.". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 85 (22): 3533–3539. doi:10.1021/ja00905a001.
- Parr, Robert G.; Pearson, Ralph G. (1983). "Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (26): 7512–7516. doi:10.1021/ja00364a005.
- Pearson, Ralph G. (2005). "Chemical hardness and density functional theory" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Sciences. 117 (5): 369–377. doi:10.1007/BF02708340.
- Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2000). Organic Chemistry (First ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Finston, H. L.; Rychtman, A. C. (1983). A New View of Current Acid-Base Theories. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Meyers, R. (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press.
- Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (1991). Inorganic Chemistry. | 5,635 | 5,565 |
<reponame>fgrid/iso20022<filename>AdditionalParameters23.go
package iso20022
// Specifies additional parameters to the message or transaction.
type AdditionalParameters23 struct {
// Specifies whether there exists a pre-confirmation.
PreConfirmation *PreConfirmation1Code `xml:"PreConf,omitempty"`
// Specifies partial settlement information.
PartialSettlement *PartialSettlement2Code `xml:"PrtlSttlm,omitempty"`
// Unique reference identifying the triparty collateral management transaction from the triparty agent's point of view.
TripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification *Max35Text `xml:"TrptyAgtCollTxId,omitempty"`
// Unique reference identifying the triparty collateral management transaction from the client's point of view.
ClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification *Max35Text `xml:"ClntTrptyCollTxId,omitempty"`
}
func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetPreConfirmation(value string) {
a.PreConfirmation = (*PreConfirmation1Code)(&value)
}
func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetPartialSettlement(value string) {
a.PartialSettlement = (*PartialSettlement2Code)(&value)
}
func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetTripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification(value string) {
a.TripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification = (*Max35Text)(&value)
}
func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification(value string) {
a.ClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification = (*Max35Text)(&value)
}
| 397 | 320 |
The geographical origins of Western literature lie in areas as diverse as the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Central European Forests and the North western coasts, each of which had a lot of myths, legends and some of them were written down.
Now, if you see Greek mythology, the family tree is so vague and confusing, that it will take any human more than 1 life to understand this tree. Let me put before you a few facts about the mythology of Greece :-
- Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
- It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece.
- The word mythology, (“exposition of myths”), comes from Middle French ‘mythologie’, from Late Latin ‘mythologia’, from Greek ’μυθολογία mythologia’ (“legendary lore, a telling of mythic legends; a legend, story, tale”) from μῦθος mythos (“myth”) and –’λογία –logia’ (“study”).
- Greek mythology has over a 1000 gods and goddesses, most of them being a product of inbreeding.
- The prominent Gods of Greek mythology are… ……
- Zeus – The All -Father
- Poseidon – The god of Water (Restricted mostly to oceans)
- Hades – The god of the Underworld
- Apollo – The sun god and Zeus’s son
- Hermes – The god of mischief
- Dionysus – The god of wine
- Eros – The god of Love
- Hercules – The god of strength
- Ares – The god of war
- Hephaestus – The god of the blacksmiths
- The prominent goddesses are …….
- Hera – Zeus’s sister as well as his wife
- Aphrodite – The goddess of lust and Zeus’s sister
- Athena – Zeus’s sister and daughter
- Demeter – The goddess of fertility
- Artemis – Goddess of hut
- Hestia – The goddess of hearth and domestic life
- Hecate – The goddess of magic
- Hygea – The goddess of health and hygiene
- Iris – The goddess of rainbows
- Tyche – The goddess of prosperity and fortune | 539 | 484 |
1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression
Thursday, June 2, 2016
What Does Evidence-based Therapy for Children Look Like?
If you’ve never been in psychotherapy, the idea can be a pretty scary one. Revealing ourselves and our problems can seem so intimidating that we may think we’d rather just have the problems. Taking your child to psychotherapy is even scarier-- what will they do when I’m not there? What will they talk about? Will they say the problems are all my fault? Will my child learn to disrespect me? Will the therapist work against our family values? Parents may have to feel pretty desperate before they are ready to face some of the possible answers to these questions!
When people start talking about evidence-based therapies, that can be scary too. The term just means that these treatments have been systematically tested and shown to give good results, but many parents are not sure what’s evidence-based and what isn’t, or how these “scientific” methods look different from any other kind of treatment. (Maybe they even involve electric shock, some may fear.)
Fortunately, you can now have a good look at what happens in some evidence-based treatments for children, thanks to Dr. Cynthia Hartung of the University of Wyoming and her graduate students. They have made a series of youtube presentations that describe and give examples of treatments for certain childhood problems—I found these not only informative but quite fun to watch. You will enjoy watching them yourselves, but I will give a little summary about each.
1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression
by Brooke Merrow & Kendal Binion
This presentation gives an excellent discussion of the basic ideas of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This treatment is based on the very real links between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Changing the way people think about situations or people (including themselves) can change the feelings they have, and that in turn can change their behavior. Or things can work the other way around-- if behavior can be changed, the result can be that people think and feel differently about some aspects of their lives. Depressed behavior (like staying in bed all day) can create negative feelings and subsequent negative thoughts about the world, for example, and changing that behavior can give someone a chance to experience better feelings and more positive thoughts.
2. Coping Cat to Treat Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
by Andrea Slosser & Shira Kern
This presentation discusses treatment for the debilitating anxiety some children and adolescents experience, anxiety that interferes with many of their normal behaviors and experiences. It affects school performance, sports, friendships, and family relationships. An important point is that children’s anxiety may not be shown by restlessness or a fearful expression as we might expect, but instead may show up as irritability. Sleep problems may also occur and are likely to make parents more irritable too, as their sleep is disturbed by the child’s disturbance.
3. Parent Management Training for Childhood Behavior Problems
by Adam Ripley & Alejandra Reyna
This presentation focuses on way parents can learn to help children whose behavior is hyperactive, oppositional, or aggressive. These children may have been diagnosed as having Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or Conduct Disorder. The point of parent management training is not to blame parents or say they have caused a child’s problems, but to call to their attention how they can respond to the child’s behavior in ways that can make “good” behavior more likely.
The basic idea is that under certain circumstances (antecedents), an unwanted behavior may occur. The consequences or results that follow that behavior will help to determine whether the behavior will happen again if the same antecedents are present (for instance, a child being teased or frustrated). To help decrease unwanted behaviors and increase wanted ones, parents need to follow the wanted behaviors by a positive reinforcement. (The video gives an excellent discussion of rewards and punishments.) Methods like time-out try to ensure that children are not accidentally rewarded for unwanted behaviors.
Of course, for any of this to work, the child must be able to do what is wanted, or to stop doing what is unwanted.
4. What is Trauma-Focused CBT for Children & Adolescents?
by Kati Lear & Sarah Steinmetz
This treatment is aimed at reducing the distress and anxiety children and families experience after a child has been exposed to trauma-- an incident in which there is extreme fear and helplessness. A recent example of such a traumatizing event is the experience of the Cincinnatti family whose three-year-old slipped into the gorilla pit at the zoo during the Memorial Day weekend of 2016. A child who experiences a very frightening event may later have “flashback” memories as if re-experiencing the incident, may have family and other relationship problems and emotional outbursts along with difficulty in obeying rules, and these problems may last over some time, with impact on the family members’ states of mind and ability to help the child. The treatment helps child and parents identify and talk about the emotions connected with the event and eventually become able to talk to each other calmly about what happened.
I hope that readers who are concerned about child emotional problems and who are hoping for effective treatment will look at these videos (thanks, Dr. Hartung and students!) and will also have a look at www.effectivetherapy.com for further discussion of evidence-based treatments for children. Do note that these treatments are not a matter of interminable psychotherapy-- generally, they involve fewer than 20 sessions, once a week. | 1,193 | 1,147 |
Taiwanese soldier with C-UAV gun.
The Taiwan Ministry of National Defense (MND) announced the deployment handheld of counter-unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) guns to Kinmen and Matsu, which are a group of islands located close to the Chinese mainland by controlled by Taiwan.
The move follows several incidents involving UAVs – believed to be commercial or hobby-class platforms – originating from the mainland which have captured photos and videos of Taiwanese soldiers stationed on Kinmen islands. In one incident, surprised troops could be seen throwing rocks at the intruding UAV in an attempt to disable it. Another instance saw Taiwanese troops shooting down a UAV near the Kinmen islands.
The new C-UAV guns constitute part of a new approach to address such harassment tactics, the MND stated. The devices are designed to disrupt communication between the UAV and its controller, causing it to perform a forced landing or return to its point of origin. The MND also revealed that at least one UAV had been repulsed from Kinmen islands by a C-UAV system on 3 September.
The MND earlier announced that it will roll out new C-UAV defences at its bases in 2023, with bases on its outlying islands given priority. The ministry said development of a remote-controlled defence system has been completed and will be deployed at 45 facilities across Taiwan through 2026.
It did not disclose details of the new C-UAV capability, but local media reports indicate that development has been led by the state-run National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) under a contract worth about US$147 million. NCSIST will reportedly install the systems at critical facilities such as air, naval, and missile bases, including those in remote areas and on outlying islands.
NCSIST has stated that the C-UAV system can detect, track, and classify suspicious UAVs, and can offer several modes of disruption to halt UAV incursions.
| 419 | 399 |
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